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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and
+Reminiscences Vol 2 (of 2), by James Marchant
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences Vol 2 (of 2)
+
+Author: James Marchant
+
+Release Date: June 7, 2005 [EBook #15998]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE: ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Digital & Multimedia Center, Michigan State
+University Libraries., Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Josephine
+Paolucci, Joshua Hutchinson and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's note: Footnotes moved to end of book]
+
+
+
+
+ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE
+
+LETTERS AND REMINISCENCES
+
+[Illustration: A.R. WALLACE (1913)]
+
+
+
+
+Alfred Russel Wallace
+
+Letters and Reminiscences
+
+
+By James Marchant
+
+_With Two Photogravures and Eight Half-tone Plates_
+
+IN TWO VOLUMES
+
+Volume II
+
+
+CASSELL AND COMPANY, LTD
+
+London, New York, Toronto and Melbourne
+
+1916
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS OF VOLUME II
+
+
+PART III
+
+
+I. WALLACE'S WORKS ON BIOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
+
+II. CORRESPONDENCE ON BIOLOGY, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, ETC. (1864-98)
+
+III. CORRESPONDENCE ON BIOLOGY, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, ETC.
+(1894-1913)
+
+
+PART IV
+
+HOME LIFE
+
+
+PART V
+
+SOCIAL AND POLITICAL VIEWS
+
+
+PART VI
+
+SOME FURTHER PROBLEMS
+
+I. ASTRONOMY
+
+II. SPIRITUALISM
+
+
+PART VII
+
+CHARACTERISTICS
+
+APPENDIX: LISTS OF WALLACE'S WRITINGS
+
+INDEX
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF PLATES IN VOLUME II
+
+
+A.R. WALLACE (1913)   _Photogravure Frontispiece_
+
+
+MRS. A.R. WALLACE (ABOUT 1895)
+
+THE STUDY AT "OLD ORCHARD"
+
+A.R. WALLACE ADMIRING EREMURUS ROBUSTUS (ABOUT 1905)
+
+GRAVE OF ALFRED RUSSEL AND ANNIE WALLACE
+
+WALLACE AND DARWIN MEDALLIONS IN THE NORTH AISLE OF THE CHOIR OF
+WESTMINSTER ABBEY
+
+
+
+
+Alfred Russel Wallace
+
+Letters and Reminiscences
+
+
+
+
+PART III
+
+
+
+
+I.--Wallace's Works on Biology and Geographical Distribution
+
+    "I have long recognised how much clearer and deeper your insight
+    into matters is than mine."
+
+    "I sometimes marvel how truth progresses, so difficult is it for
+    one man to convince another, unless his mind is vacant."
+
+    "I grieve to differ from you, and it actually terrifies me, and
+    makes me constantly distrust myself. I fear we shall never quite
+    understand each other."
+
+    --DARWIN TO WALLACE.
+
+
+During the period covered by the reception, exposition, and gradual
+acceptance of the theory of Natural Selection, both Wallace and Darwin
+were much occupied with closely allied scientific work.
+
+The publication in 1859 of the "Origin of Species"[1] marked a distinct
+period in the course of Darwin's scientific labours; his previous
+publications had, in a measure, prepared the way for this, and those
+which immediately followed were branches growing out from the main line
+of thought and argument contained in the "Origin," an overflow of the
+"mass of facts" patiently gathered during the preceding years. With
+Wallace, the end of the first period of his literary work was completed
+by the publication of his two large volumes on "The Geographical
+Distribution of Animals," towards which all his previous thought and
+writings had tended, and from which, again, came other valuable works
+leading up to the publication of "Darwinism" (1889).
+
+It will be remembered that Darwin and Wallace, on their respective
+returns to England, after many years spent in journeyings by land and
+sea and in laborious research, found the first few months fully occupied
+in going over their large and varied collections, sorting and arranging
+with scrupulous care the rare specimens they had taken, and in
+discovering the right men to name and classify them into correct groups.
+
+At this point it will be useful to arrange Darwin's writings under three
+heads, namely: (1) His zoological and geological books, including "The
+Voyage of the _Beagle_" (published in 1839), "Coral Reefs" (1842), and
+"Geological Observations on South America" (1846). In this year he also
+began his work on Barnacles, which was published in 1854; and in
+addition to the steady work on the "Origin of Species" from 1837
+onwards, his observations on "Earthworms," not published until 1881,
+formed a distinct phase of his study during the whole of these years
+(1839-59). (2) As a natural sequence we have "Variations of Animals and
+Plants under Domestication" (1868), "The Descent of Man" (1871), and
+"The Expression of the Emotions" (1872). (3) What may be termed his
+botanical works, largely influenced by his evolutionary ideas, which
+include "The Fertilisation of Orchids" (1862), "Movements and Habits of
+Climbing Plants" (1875), "Insectivorous Plants" (1876), "The Different
+Forms of Flowers and Plants of the same Species" (1877), and "The Power
+of Movement in Plants" (1880).
+
+A different order, equally characteristic, is discovered in Wallace's
+writings, and it is to be noted that while Darwin devoted himself
+entirely to scientific subjects, Wallace diverged at intervals from
+natural science to what may be termed the scientific consideration of
+social conditions, in addition to his researches into spiritualistic
+phenomena.
+
+The many enticing interests arising out of the classifying of his birds
+and insects led Wallace to the conclusion that it would be best to
+postpone the writing of his book on the Malay Archipelago until he could
+embody in it the more generally important results derived from the
+detailed study of certain portions of his collections. Thus it was not
+until seven years later (1869) that this complete sketch of his travels
+"from the point of view of the philosophic naturalist" appeared.
+
+Between 1862 and 1867 he wrote a number of articles which were published
+in various journals and magazines, and he read some important papers
+before the Linnean, Entomological, and other learned Societies. These
+included several on physical and zoological geography; six on questions
+of anthropology; and five or six dealing with special applications of
+Natural Selection. As these papers "discussed matters of considerable
+interest and novelty," such a summary of them may be given as will serve
+to indicate their value to natural science.
+
+The first of them, read before the Zoological Society in January, 1863,
+gave some detailed information about his collection of birds brought
+from Buru. In this he showed that the island was originally one of the
+Moluccan group, as every bird found there which was not widely
+distributed was either identical with or closely allied to Moluccan
+species, while none had special affinities with Celebes. It was clear,
+then, that this island formed the most westerly outlier of the Moluccan
+group.
+
+The next paper of importance, read before the same Society in November
+(1863), was on the birds of the chain of islands extending from Lombok
+to the great island of Timor. This included a list of 186 species of
+birds, of which twenty-nine were altogether new. A special feature of
+the paper was that it enabled him to mark out precisely the boundary
+line between the Indian and Australian zoological regions, and to trace
+the derivation of the rather peculiar fauna of these islands, partly
+from Australia and partly from the Moluccas, but with a strong recent
+migration of Javanese species due to the very narrow straits separating
+most of the islands from each other. In "My Life" some interesting
+tables are given to illustrate how the two streams of immigration
+entered these islands, and further that "as its geological structure
+shows  ... Timor is the older island and received immigrants from
+Australia at a period when, probably, Lombok and Flores had not come
+into existence or were unhabitable.... We can," he says, "feel confident
+that Timor has not been connected with Australia, because it has none of
+the peculiar Australian mammalia, and also because many of the commonest
+and most widespread groups of Australian birds are entirely wanting."[2]
+
+Two other papers, dealing with parrots and pigeons respectively
+(1864-5), were thought by Wallace himself to be among the most important
+of his studies of geographical distribution. Writing of them he says:
+"These peculiarities of distribution and coloration in two such very
+diverse groups of birds interested me greatly, and I endeavoured to
+explain them in accordance with the laws of Natural Selection."
+
+In March, 1864, having begun to make a special study of his collection
+of butterflies, he prepared a paper for the Linnean Society on "The
+Malayan Papilionidæ, as illustrating the Theory of Natural Selection."
+The introductory portion of this paper appeared in the first edition of
+his volume entitled "Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection"
+(1870), but it was omitted in later editions as being too technical for
+the general reader. From certain remarks found here and there, both in
+"My Life" and other works, butterflies would appear to have had a
+special charm and attraction for Wallace. Their varied and gorgeous
+colourings were a ceaseless delight to his eye, and when describing them
+one feels the sense of pleasure which this gave him, together with the
+recollection of the far-off haunts in which he had first discovered
+them.
+
+This series of papers on birds and insects, with others on the physical
+geography of the Archipelago and its various races of man, furnished all
+the necessary materials for the general sketch of the natural history of
+these islands, and the many problems arising therefrom, which made the
+"Malay Archipelago" the most popular of his books. In addition to his
+own personal knowledge, however, some interesting comparisons are drawn
+between the accounts given by early explorers and the impressions left
+on his own mind by the same places and people. On the publication of
+this work, in 1869, extensive and highly appreciative reviews appeared
+in all the leading papers and journals, and to-day it is still looked
+upon as one of the most trustworthy and informative books of travel.
+
+When the "Malay Archipelago" was in progress, a lengthy article on
+"Geological Climates and the Origin of Species" (which formed the
+foundation for "Island Life" twelve years later) appeared in the
+_Quarterly Review_ (April, 1869). Several references in this to the
+"Principles of Geology"--Sir Charles Lyell's great work--gave much
+satisfaction both to Lyell and to Darwin. The underlying argument was a
+combination of the views held by Sir Charles Lyell and Mr. Croll
+respectively in relation to the glacial epoch, and the great effect of
+changed distribution of sea and land, or of differences of altitude, and
+how by combining the two a better explanation could be arrived at than
+by accepting each theory on its own basis.
+
+His next publication of importance was the volume entitled
+"Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection," consisting of ten
+essays (all of which had previously appeared in various periodicals)
+arranged in the following order:
+
+1. On the Law which has regulated the Introduction of New Species.
+
+2. On the Tendency of Varieties to depart indefinitely from the Original
+Type.
+
+3. Mimicry, and other Protective Resemblances among Animals.
+
+4. The Malayan Papilionidæ.
+
+5. Instinct in Man and Animals.
+
+6. The Philosophy of Birds' Nests.
+
+7. A Theory of Birds' Nests.
+
+8. Creation by Law.
+
+9. The Development of Human Races under the Law of Natural Selection.
+
+10. The Limits of Natural Selection as applied to Man.
+
+His reasons for publishing this work were, first, that the first two
+papers of the series had gained him the reputation of being an
+originator of the theory of Natural Selection, and, secondly, that there
+were a few important points relating to the origin of life and
+consciousness and the mental and moral qualities of man and other views
+on which he entirely differed from Darwin.
+
+Though in later years Wallace's convictions developed considerably with
+regard to the spiritual aspect of man's nature, he never deviated from
+the ideas laid down in these essays. Only a very brief outline must
+suffice to convey some of the most important points.
+
+In the childhood of the human race, he believed, Natural Selection would
+operate mainly on man's body, but in later periods upon the mind. Hence
+it would happen that the physical forms of the different races were
+early fixed in a permanent manner. Sharper claws, stronger muscles,
+swifter feet and tougher hides determine the survival value of lower
+animals. With man, however, the finer intellect, the readier
+adaptability to environment, the greater susceptibility to improvement,
+and the elastic capacity for co-ordination, were the qualities which
+determined his career. Tribes which are weak in these qualities give way
+and perish before tribes which are strong in them, whatever advantages
+the former may possess in physical structure. The finest savage has
+always succumbed before the advance of civilisation. "The Red Indian
+goes down before the white man, and the New Zealander vanishes in
+presence of the English settler." Nature, careless in this stage of
+evolution about the body, selects for survival those varieties of
+mankind which excel in mental qualities. Hence it has happened that the
+physical characteristics of the different races, once fixed in very
+early prehistoric times, have never greatly varied. They have passed out
+of the range of Natural Selection because they have become comparatively
+unimportant in the struggle for existence.
+
+After going into considerable detail of organic and physical
+development, he says: "The inference I would draw from this class of
+phenomena is, that a superior intelligence has guided the development of
+man in a definite direction, and for a special purpose, just as man
+guides the development of many animal and vegetable forms." Thus he
+foreshadows the conclusion, to be more fully developed in "The World of
+Life" (1910), of an over-ruling God, of the spiritual nature of man, and
+of the other world of spiritual beings.
+
+An essay that excited special attention was that on Mimicry. The two on
+Birds' Nests brought forth some rather heated correspondence from
+amateur naturalists, to which Wallace replied either by adducing
+confirmation of the facts stated, or by thanking them for the
+information they had given him.
+
+With reference to the paper on Mimicry, it is interesting to note that
+the hypothesis therein adopted was first suggested by H.W. Bates,
+Wallace's friend and fellow-traveller in South America. The essay under
+this title dealt with the subject in a most fascinating manner, and was
+probably the first to arouse widespread interest in this aspect of
+natural science.
+
+The next eight years saw the production of many important and valuable
+works, amongst which the "Geographical Distribution of Animals" (1876)
+occupies the chief place. This work, though perhaps the least known to
+the average reader, was considered by Wallace to be the most important
+scientific work he ever attempted. From references in letters written
+during his stay in the Malay Archipelago, it is clear that the subject
+had a strong attraction for him, and formed a special branch of study
+and observation many years before he began to work it out systematically
+in writing. His decision to write the book was the outcome of a
+suggestion made to him by Prof. A. Newton and Dr. Sclater about 1872. In
+addition to having already expressed his general views on this subject
+in various papers and articles, he had, after careful consideration,
+come to adopt Dr. Sclater's division of the earth's surface into six
+great zoological regions, which he found equally applicable to birds,
+mammalia, reptiles, and other great divisions; while at the same time
+it helped to explain the apparent contradictions in the distribution of
+land animals. Some years later he wrote:
+
+In whatever work I have done I have always aimed at systematic
+arrangement and uniformity of treatment throughout. But here the immense
+extent of the subject, the overwhelming mass of detail, and above all
+the excessive diversities in the amount of knowledge of the different
+classes of animals, rendered it quite impossible to treat all alike. My
+preliminary studies had already satisfied me that it was quite useless
+to attempt to found any conclusions on those groups which were
+comparatively little known, either as regards the proportion of species
+collected and described, or as regards their systematic classification.
+It was also clear that as the present distribution of animals is
+necessarily due to their past distribution, the greatest importance must
+be given to those groups whose fossil remains in the more recent strata
+are the most abundant and the best known. These considerations led me to
+limit my work in its detailed systematic groundwork, and study of the
+principles and law of distribution, to the mammalia and birds, and to
+apply the principles thus arrived at to an explanation of the
+distribution of other groups, such as reptiles, fresh-water fishes, land
+and fresh-water shells, and the best-known insect Orders.
+
+There remained another fundamental point to consider. Geographical
+distribution in its practical applications and interest, both to
+students and to the general reader, consists of two distinct divisions,
+or rather, perhaps, may be looked at from two points of view. In the
+first of these we divide the earth into regions and sub-regions, study
+the causes which have led to the difference in their animal productions,
+give a general account of these, with the amount of resemblance to and
+difference from other regions; and we may also give lists of the
+families and genera inhabiting each, with indications as to which are
+peculiar and which are also found in adjacent regions. This aspect of
+the study I term zoological geography, and it is that which would be of
+most interest to the resident or travelling naturalist, as it would give
+him, in the most direct and compact form, an indication of the numbers
+and kinds of animals he might expect to meet with.[3]
+
+The keynote of the general scheme of distribution, as set forth in these
+two volumes, may be expressed as an endeavour to compare the extinct and
+existing fauna of each country and to trace the course by which what is
+now peculiar to each region had come to assume its present character.
+The main result being that all the higher forms of life seem to have
+originally appeared in the northern hemisphere, which has sent out
+migration after migration to colonise the three southern continents; and
+although varying considerably from time to time in form and extent, each
+has kept essentially distinct, while at the same time receiving
+periodically wave after wave of fresh animal life from the northward.
+
+This again was due to many physical causes such as peninsulas parting
+from continents as islands, islands joining and making new continents,
+continents breaking up or effecting junction with or being isolated from
+one another. Thus Australia received the germ of her present abundant
+fauna of pouched mammals when she was part of the Old-World continent,
+but separated from that too soon to receive the various placental
+mammals which have, except in her isolated area, superseded those older
+forms. So, also, South America, at one time unconnected with North
+America, developed her great sloths and armadilloes, and, on fusing with
+the latter, sent her megatheriums to the north, and received mastodons
+and large cats in exchange.
+
+Some of the points, such for instance as the division of the sub-regions
+into which each greater division is separated, gave rise to
+considerable controversy. Wallace's final estimate of the work stands:
+"No one is more aware than myself of the defects of the work, a
+considerable portion of which are due to the fact that it was written a
+quarter of a century too soon--at a time when both zoological and
+palæontological discovery were advancing with great rapidity, while new
+and improved classifications of some of the great classes and orders
+were in constant progress. But though many of the details given in these
+volumes would now require alteration, there is no reason to believe that
+the great features of the work and general principles established by it
+will require any important modification."[4]
+
+About this time he wrote the article on "Acclimatisation" for the
+"Encyclopædia Britannica"; and another on "Distribution-Zoology" for the
+same work. As President of the Biological Section of the British
+Association he prepared an address for the meeting at Glasgow; wrote a
+number of articles and reviews, as well as his remarkable book on
+"Miracles and Modern Spiritualism." In 1878 he published "Tropical
+Nature," in which he gave a general sketch of the climate, vegetation,
+and animal life of the equatorial zone of the tropics from his own
+observations in both hemispheres. The chief novelty was, according to
+his own opinion, in the chapter on "climate," in which he endeavoured to
+show the exact causes which produce the difference between the uniform
+climate of the equatorial zone, and that of June and July in England.
+Although at that time _we_ receive actually more of the light and heat
+of the sun than does Java or Trinidad in December, yet these places have
+then a mean temperature very much higher than ours. It contained also a
+chapter on humming-birds, as illustrating the luxuriance of tropical
+nature; and others on the colours of animals and of plants, and on
+various biological problems.[5]
+
+"Island Life"[6] (published 1880) was begun in 1877, and occupied the
+greater part of the next three years. This had been suggested by certain
+necessary limitations in the writing of "The Geographical Distribution
+of Animals." It is a fascinating account of the relations of islands to
+continents, of their unwritten records of the distribution of plant and
+animal life in the morning time of the earth, of the causes and results
+of the glacial period, and of the manner of reckoning the age of the
+world from geological data. It also included several new features of
+natural science, and still retains an important place in scientific
+literature. No better summary can be given than that by the author
+himself:
+
+In my "Geographical Distribution of Animals" I had, in the first place,
+dealt with the larger groups, coming down to families and genera, but
+taking no account of the various problems raised by the distribution of
+particular _species_. In the next place, I had taken little account of
+the various islands of the globe, excepting as forming sub-regions or
+parts of sub-regions. But I had long seen the great interest and
+importance of these, and especially of Darwin's great discovery of the
+two classes into which they are naturally divided--oceanic and
+continental islands. I had already given lectures on this subject, and
+had become aware of the great interest attaching to them, and the great
+light they threw upon the means of dispersal of animals and plants, as
+well as upon the past changes, both physical and means of dispersal and
+colonisation of animals is so connected with, and often dependent on,
+that of plants, that a consideration of the latter is essential to any
+broad views as to the distribution of life upon the earth, while they
+throw unexpected light upon those exceptional means of dispersal which,
+because they are exceptional, are often of paramount importance in
+leading to the production of new species and in thus determining the
+nature of insular floras and faunas.
+
+Having no knowledge of scientific botany, it needed some courage, or, as
+some may think, presumption, to deal with this aspect of the problem;
+but  ... I had long been excessively fond of plants, and  ... interested
+in their distribution. The subject, too, was easier to deal with, on
+account of the much more complete knowledge of the detailed distribution
+of plants than of animals, and also because their classification was in
+a more advanced and stable condition. Again, some of the most
+interesting islands of the globe had been carefully studied botanically
+by such eminent botanists as Sir Joseph Hooker for the Galapagos, New
+Zealand, Tasmania, and the Antarctic islands; Mr. H.C. Watson for the
+Azores; Mr. J.G. Baker for Mauritius and other Mascarene islands; while
+there were floras by competent botanists of the Sandwich Islands,
+Bermuda and St. Helena....
+
+But I also found it necessary to deal with a totally distinct branch of
+science--recent changes of climate as dependent on changes of the
+earth's surface, including the causes and effects of the glacial epoch,
+since these were among the most powerful agents in causing the dispersal
+of all kinds of organisms, and thus bringing about the actual
+distribution that now prevails. This led me to a careful study of Mr.
+James Croll's remarkable works on the subject of the astronomical causes
+of the glacial and interglacial periods.... While differing on certain
+details, I adopted the main features of his theory, combining with it
+the effects of changes in height and extent of land which form an
+important adjunct to the meteorological agents....
+
+Besides this partially new theory of the causes of glacial epochs, the
+work contained a fuller statement of the various kinds of evidence
+proving that the great oceanic basins are permanent features of the
+earth's surface, than had before been given; also a discussion of the
+mode of estimating the duration of geological periods, and some
+considerations leading to the conclusion that organic change is now less
+rapid than the average, and therefore that less time is required for
+this change than has hitherto been thought necessary. I was also, I
+believe, the first to point out the great difference between the more
+ancient continental islands and those of more recent origin, with the
+interesting conclusions as to geographical changes afforded by both;
+while the most important novelty is the theory by which I explained the
+occurrence of northern groups of plants in all parts of the southern
+hemisphere--a phenomenon which Sir Joseph Hooker had pointed out, but
+had then no means of explaining.[7]
+
+In 1878 Wallace wrote a volume on Australasia for Stanford's "Compendium
+of Geography and Travel." A later edition was published in 1893, which
+contained in addition to the physical geography, natural history, and
+geology of Australia, a much fuller account of the natives of Australia,
+showing that they are really a primitive type of the great Caucasian
+family of mankind, and are by no means so low in intellect as had been
+usually believed. This view has since been widely accepted.
+
+Having, towards the close of 1885, received an invitation from the
+Lowell Institute, Boston, U.S.A., to deliver a course of lectures in the
+autumn and winter of 1886, Wallace decided upon a series which would
+embody those theories of evolution with which he was most familiar, with
+a special one on "The Darwinian Theory" illustrated by a set of original
+diagrams on variation. These lectures eventually became merged into the
+well-known book entitled "Darwinism."
+
+On the first delivery of his lecture on the "Darwinian Theory" at
+Boston it was no small pleasure to Wallace to find the audience both
+large and attentive. One of the newspapers expressed the public
+appreciation in the following truly American fashion: "The first
+Darwinian, Wallace, did not leave a leg for anti-Darwinism to stand on
+when he had got through his first Lowell Lecture last evening. It was a
+masterpiece of condensed statement--as clear and simple as compact--a
+most beautiful specimen of scientific work. Dr. Wallace, though not an
+orator, is likely to become a favourite as a lecturer, his manner is so
+genuinely modest and straightforward."
+
+Wherever he went during his tour of the States this lecture more than
+all others attracted and pleased his audiences. Many who had the
+opportunity of conversing with him, and others by correspondence,
+confessed that they had not been able to understand the "Origin of
+Species" until they heard the facts explained in such a lucid manner by
+him. It was this fact, therefore, which led him, on his return home in
+the autumn of 1887, to begin the preparation of the book ("Darwinism")
+published in 1889. The method he chose was that of following as closely
+as possible the lines of thought running through the "Origin of
+Species," to which he added many new features, in addition to laying
+special emphasis on the parts which had been most generally
+misunderstood. Indeed, so fairly and impartially did he set forth the
+general principles of the Darwinian theory that he was able to say:
+"Some of my critics declare that I am more Darwinian than Darwin
+himself, and in this, I admit, they are not far wrong."
+
+His one object, as set out in the Preface, was to treat the problem of
+the origin of species from the standpoint reached after nearly thirty
+years of discussion, with an abundance of new facts and the advocacy of
+many new and old theories. As it had frequently been considered a
+weakness on Darwin's part that he based his evidence primarily on
+experiments with domesticated animals and cultivated plants, Wallace
+desired to secure a firm foundation for the theory in the variation of
+organisms in a state of nature. It was in order to make these facts
+intelligible that he introduced a number of diagrams, just as Darwin was
+accustomed to appeal to the facts of variation among dogs and pigeons.
+
+Another change which he considered important was that of taking the
+struggle for existence first, because this is the fundamental phenomenon
+on which Natural Selection depends. This, too, had a further advantage
+in that, after discussing variations and the effects of artificial
+selection, it was possible at once to explain how Natural Selection
+acts.
+
+The subjects treated with novelty and interest in their important
+bearings on the theory of Natural Selection were: (1) A proof that all
+_specific_ characters are (or once have been) either useful in
+themselves or correlated with useful characters (Chap. VI.); (2) a proof
+that Natural Selection can, in certain cases, increase the sterility of
+crosses (Chap. VII.); (3) a fuller discussion of the colour relations of
+animals, with additional facts and arguments on the origin of sexual
+differences of colour (Chaps. VIII.-X.); (4) an attempted solution of
+the difficulty presented by the occurrence of both very simple and
+complex modes of securing the cross-fertilisation of plants (Chap. XI.);
+(5) some fresh facts and arguments on the wind-carriage of seeds, and
+its bearing on the wide dispersal of many arctic and alpine plants
+(Chap. XII.); (6) some new illustrations of the non-heredity of acquired
+characters, and a proof that the effects of use and disuse, even if
+inherited, must be overpowered by Natural Selection (Chap. XIV.); and
+(7) a new argument as to the nature and origin of the moral and
+intellectual faculties of man (Chap. XV.).
+
+"Although I maintain, and even enforce," wrote Wallace, "my differences
+from some of Darwin's views, my whole work tends forcibly to illustrate
+the overwhelming importance of Natural Selection over all other agencies
+in the production of new species. I thus take up Darwin's earlier
+position, from which he somewhat receded in the later editions of his
+works, on account of criticisms and objections which I have endeavoured
+to show are unsound. Even in rejecting that phase of sexual selection
+depending on female choice, I insist on the greater efficacy of Natural
+Selection. This is pre-eminently the Darwinian doctrine, and I therefore
+claim for my book the position of being the advocate of pure Darwinism."
+
+In concluding this section which, like a previous one, touches upon the
+intimate relations between Darwin and Wallace, and the points on which
+they agreed or differed, it is well, as the differences have been
+exaggerated and misunderstood, to bear in mind his own declaration:
+"None of my differences from Darwin imply any real divergence as to the
+overwhelming importance of the great principle of natural selection,
+while in several directions I believe that I have extended and
+strengthened it."[8]
+
+With these explanatory notes the reader will now be able to follow the
+two groups of letters on Natural Selection, Geographical Distribution,
+and the Origin of Life and Consciousness which follow.
+
+
+
+
+PART III (_Continued_)
+
+
+
+
+II.--Correspondence on Biology, Geographical Distribution, etc.
+
+[1864-93]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+H. SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_29 Bloomsbury Square, W.C. May 19, 1864._
+
+My dear Sir,--When I thanked you for your little pamphlet[9] the other
+day, I had not read it. I have since done so with great interest. Its
+leading idea is, I think, undoubtedly true, and of much importance
+towards an interpretation of the facts. Though I think that there are
+some purely physical modifications that may be shown to result from the
+direct influence of civilisation, yet I think it is quite clear, as you
+point out, that the small amounts of physical differences that have
+arisen between the various human races are due to the way in which
+mental modifications have served in place of physical ones.
+
+I hope you will pursue the inquiry. It is one in which I have a
+direct interest, since I hope, hereafter, to make use of its
+results.--Sincerely yours,
+
+HERBERT SPENCER
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_53 Harley Street. May 22, [1864]._
+
+My dear Sir,--I have been reading with great interest your paper on the
+Origin of the Races of Man, in which I think the question between the
+two opposite parties is put with such admirable clearness and fairness
+that that alone is no small assistance towards clearing the way to a
+true theory. The manner in which you have given Darwin the whole credit
+of the theory of Natural Selection is very handsome, but if anyone else
+had done it without allusion to your papers it would have been wrong....
+With many thanks for your most admirable paper, believe me, my dear Sir,
+ever very truly yours,
+
+CHA. LYELL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_73 Harley Street. March 19, 1867._
+
+Dear Mr. Wallace,--I am citing your two papers in my second volume of
+the new edition of the "Principles"--that on the Physical Geography of
+the Malay Archipelago, 1863, and the other on Varieties of Man in ditto,
+1864. I am somewhat confounded with the marked line which you draw
+between the two provinces on each side of the Straits of Lombok. It
+seems to me that Darwin and Hooker have scarcely given sufficient weight
+to the objection which it affords to some of their arguments. First, in
+regard to continental extension, if these straits could form such a
+barrier, it would seem as if nothing short of a land communication could
+do much towards fusing together two distinct faunas and floras. But here
+comes the question--are there any land-quadrupeds in Bali or in Lombok?
+I think you told me little was known of the plants, but perhaps you know
+something of the insects. It is impossible that birds of long flight
+crossing over should not have conveyed the seeds and eggs of some
+plants, insects, mollusca, etc. Then the currents would not be idle, and
+during such an eruption as that of Tomboro in Sumbawa all sorts of
+disturbances, aerial, aquatic and terrestrial, would have scattered
+animals and plants.
+
+When I first wrote, thirty-five years ago, I attached great importance
+to preoccupancy, and fancied that a body of indigenous plants already
+fitted for every available station would prevent an invader, especially
+from, a quite foreign province, from having a chance of making good his
+settlement in a new country. But Darwin and Hooker contend that
+continental species which have been improved by a keen and wide
+competition are most frequently victorious over an insular or more
+limited flora and fauna. Looking, therefore, upon Bali as an outpost of
+the great Old World fauna, it ought to beat Lombok, which only
+represents a less rich and extensive fauna, namely the Australian.
+
+You may perhaps answer that Lombok is an outpost of an army that may
+once have been as multitudinous as that of the old continent, but the
+larger part of the host have been swamped in the Pacific. But they say
+that European forms of animals and plants run wild in Australia and New
+Zealand, whereas few of the latter can do the same in Europe. In my map
+there is a small island called Nousabali; this ought to make the means
+of migration of seeds and animals less difficult. I cannot find that you
+say anywhere what is the depth of the sea between the Straits of Lombok,
+but you mention that it exceeds 100 fathoms. I am quite willing to infer
+that there is a connection between these soundings and the line of
+demarcation between the two zoological provinces, but must we suppose
+land communication for all birds of short flight? Must we unite South
+America with the Galapagos Islands? Can you refer me to any papers by
+yourself which might enlighten me and perhaps answer some of these
+queries? I should have thought that the intercourse even of savage
+tribes for tens of thousands of years between neighbouring islands would
+have helped to convey in canoes many animals and plants from one
+province to another so as to help to confound them. Your hypothesis of
+the gradual advance of two widely separated continents towards each
+other seems to be the best that can be offered. You say that a rise of
+a hundred fathoms would unite the Philippine Islands and Bali to the
+Indian region. Is there, then, a depth of 600 feet in that narrow strait
+of Bali, which seems in my map only two miles or so in breadth?
+
+I have [been] confined to the house for a week by a cold or I should
+have tried to see you. I am afraid to go out to-day.--Believe me ever
+most truly yours,
+
+CHA. LYELL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_73 Harley Street. April 4, 1867._
+
+My dear Mr. Wallace,--I have been reading over again your paper
+published in 1855 in the _Annals_ on "The Law which has regulated the
+Introduction of New Species"; passages of which I intend to quote, not
+in reference to your priority of publication, but simply because there
+are some points laid down more clearly than I can find in the work of
+Darwin itself, in regard to the bearing of the geological and zoological
+evidence on geographical distribution and the origin of species. I have
+been looking into Darwin's historical sketch thinking to find some
+allusion to your essay at page xx., 4th ed., when he gets to 1855, but I
+can find no allusion to it. Yet surely I remember somewhere a passage in
+which Darwin says in print that you had told him that in 1855 you meant
+by such expressions as "species being created on the type of
+pre-existing ones closely allied," and by what you say of modified
+prototypes, and by the passage in which you ask "what rudimentary organs
+mean if each species has been created independently," etc., that new
+species were created by variation and in the way of ordinary generation.
+
+Your last letter was a great help to me, for it was a relief to find
+that the Lombok barrier was not so complete as to be a source of
+difficulty. I have also to thank you for your papers, one of which I had
+read before in the _Natural History Review_, but I am very glad of a
+separate copy. I am rather perplexed by Darwin speculating on the
+possibility of New Zealand having once been united with Australia (p.
+446, 4th Ed.). The puzzle is greater than I can get over, even looking
+upon it as an oceanic island. Why should there have been no mammalia,
+rodents and marsupials, or only one mouse? Even if the Glacial period
+was such that it was enveloped in a Greenlandic winding-sheet, there
+would have been some Antarctic animals? It cannot be modern, seeing the
+height of those alps. It may have been a set of separate smaller
+islands, an archipelago since united into fewer. No savages could have
+extirpated mammalia, besides we should have found them fossil in the
+same places with all those species of extinct Dinornis which have come
+to light. Perhaps you will say that the absence of mammalia in New
+Caledonia is a corresponding fact.
+
+This reminds me of another difficulty. On the hypothesis of the coral
+islands being the last remnants of a submerged continent, ought they not
+to have in them a crowd of peculiar and endemic types, each rivalling
+St. Helena, instead of which I believe they are very poor [in] peculiar
+genera. Have they all got submerged for a short time during the ups and
+downs to which they have been subjected, Tahiti and some others having
+been built up by volcanic action in the Pliocene period? Madeira and the
+Canaries were islands in the Upper Miocene ocean, and may therefore well
+have peculiar endemic types of very old date, and destroyed elsewhere. I
+have just got in Wollaston's "Coleoptera Atlantidum," and shall be glad
+to lend it you when I have read the Introduction. He goes in for
+continental extension, which only costs him two catastrophes by which
+the union and disunion with the nearest mainland may readily be
+accomplished.... --Believe me ever most truly yours,
+
+CHA. LYELL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_73 Harley Street. May 2, 1867._
+
+My dear Sir,--I forgot to ask you last night about an ornithological
+point which I have been discussing with the Duke of Argyll. In Chapter
+V. of his "Reign of Law" (which I should be happy to lend you, if you
+have time to look at it immediately) he treats of humming-birds, saying
+that Gould has made out about 400 species, every one of them very
+distinct from the other, and only one instance, in Ecuadór, of a species
+which varies in its tail-feathers in such a way as to make it doubtful
+whether it ought to rank as a species, an opinion to which Gould
+inclines, or only as a variety or incipient species, as the Duke thinks.
+For the Duke is willing to go so far towards the transmutation theory as
+to allow that different humming-birds may have had a common ancestral
+stock, provided it be admitted that a new and marked variety appears at
+once with the full distinctness of sex so remarkable in that genus.
+
+According to his notion, the new male variety and the female must both
+appear at once, and this new race or species must be regarded as an
+"extraordinary birth." My reason for troubling you is merely to learn,
+since you have studied the birds of South America, and I hope collected
+some humming-birds, whether Gould is right in saying that there are so
+many hundred very distinct species without instances of marked varieties
+and transitional forms. If this be the case, would it not present us
+with an exception to the rule laid down by Darwin and Hooker that when a
+genus is largely represented in a continuous tract of land the species
+of that genus tend to vary?
+
+I have inquired of Sclater and he tells me that he has a considerable
+distrust of Gould's information on this point, but that he has not
+himself studied humming-birds.
+
+In regard to shells, I have always found that dealers have a positive
+prejudice against intermediate forms, and one of the most philosophical
+of them, now no more, once confessed to me that it was very much against
+his trade interest to give an honest opinion that certain varieties were
+not real species, or that certain forms, made distinct genera by some
+conchologists, ought not so to rank. Nine-tenths of his customers, if
+told that it was not a good genus or good species, would say, "Then I
+need not buy it." What they wanted was names, not things. Of course
+there are genera in which the species are much better defined than in
+others, but you would explain this, as Darwin and Hooker do, by the
+greater length of time during which they have existed, or the greater
+activity of changes, organic and inorganic, which have taken place in
+the region inhabited by the generic or family type in question. The
+manufactory of new species has ceased, or nearly so, and in that case I
+suppose a variety is more likely to be one of the transitional links
+which has not yet been extinguished than the first step towards a new
+permanent race or allied species....
+
+Your last letter will be of great use to me. I had cited the case of
+beetles recovering from immersion of hours in alcohol from my own
+experience, but am glad it strikes you in the same light. McAndrew told
+me last night that the littoral shells of the Azores being European, or
+rather African, is in favour of a former continental extension, but I
+suspect that the floating of seaweed containing their eggs may dispense
+with the hypothesis of the submersion of 1,200 miles of land once
+intervening. I want naturalists carefully to examine floating seaweed
+and pumice met with at sea. Tell your correspondents to look out. There
+should be a microscopic examination of both these means of
+transport.--Believe me ever truly yours,
+
+CHA. LYELL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_73 Harley Street. July 3, 1867._
+
+My dear Mr. Wallace,--I was very glad, though I take in the _Westminster
+Review_, to have a duplicate of your most entertaining and instructive
+essay on Mimicry of Colours, etc., which I have been reading with great
+delight, and I may say that both copies are in full use here. I think it
+is admirably written and most persuasive.--Believe me ever most truly
+yours,
+
+CHA. LYELL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO HERBERT SPENCER
+
+
+_Hurstpierpoint, Sussex. October 26, 1867._
+
+My dear Mr. Spencer,--After leaving you yesterday I thought a little
+over your objections to the Duke of Argyll's theory of flight on the
+ground that it does not apply to insects, and it seems to me that
+exactly the same general principles do apply to insects as to birds. I
+read over the Duke's book without paying special attention to that part
+of it, but as far as I remember, the case of insects offers no
+difficulty in the way of applying his principles. If any wing were a
+rigid plane surface, it appears to me that there are only two ways in
+which it could be made to produce flight. Firstly, on the principle that
+the resistance in a fluid, and I believe also in air, increases in a
+greater ratio than the velocity (? as the square), the descending stroke
+might be more rapid than the ascending one, and the resultant would be
+an upward or forward motion. Secondly, some kind of furling or
+feathering by a rotatory motion of the wing might take place on raising
+the wings. I think, however, it is clear that neither of these actions
+occurs during the flight of insects. In both slow- and quick-flying
+species there is no appearance of such a difference of velocity, and I
+am not aware that anyone has attempted to prove that it occurs; and the
+fact that in so many insects the edges of the fore and hind wings are
+connected together, while their insertions at the base are at some
+distance apart, _entirely precludes a rotation of the wings_. The whole
+structure and form of the wings of insects, moreover, indicate an action
+in flight quite analogous to that of birds. I believe that a careful
+examination will show that the wings of almost all insects are slightly
+concave beneath. Further, they are all constructed with a strong and
+rigid anterior margin, while the outer and hinder margins are
+exceedingly thin and flexible. Yet further, I feel confident (and a
+friend here agrees with me) that they are much more rigid against
+_upward_ than against _downward_ pressure. Now in most insects (take a
+butterfly as an example) the body is weighted behind the insertion of
+the wings by the long and heavy abdomen, so as to produce an oblique
+position when freely suspended. There is also much more wing surface
+behind than before the fulcrum. Now if such an insect produces by
+muscular action a regular flapping of the wings, flight must result. At
+the downward stroke the pressure of the air against the hind wings would
+raise them all to a nearly horizontal position, and at the same time
+bend up their posterior margins a little, producing an upward and onward
+motion. At the upward stroke the pressure on the hind wings would
+depress them considerably into an oblique position, and from their great
+flexibility in that direction would bend down their hind margins. The
+resultant would be a slightly downward and considerably onward motion,
+the two strokes producing that undulating flight so characteristic of
+butterflies, and so especially observable in the broad-winged tropical
+species. Now all this is quite conformable to the action of a bird's
+wing. The rigid anterior margin, the slender and flexible hind margin;
+the greater resistance to upward than to downward pressure, and the
+slight concavity of the under surface, are all characters common to the
+wings of birds and most insects, and, considering the totally different
+structure and homologies of the two, I think there is at least an _a
+priori_ case for the function they both subserve being dependent upon
+these peculiarities. If I remember rightly, it is on these principles
+that the Duke of Argyll has explained the flight of birds, in which,
+however, there are of course some specialities depending on the more
+perfect organisation of the wing, its greater mobility and flexibility,
+its capacity for enlargement and contraction, and the peculiar
+construction and arrangement of the feathers. These, however, are
+matters of detail; and there are no doubt many and important differences
+of detail in the mode of flight of the different types of insects which
+would require a special study of each. It appeared to me that the Duke
+of Argyll had given that special study to the flight of birds, and
+deserved praise for having done so successfully, although he may not
+have quite solved the whole problem, or have stated quite accurately the
+comparative importance of the various causes that combine to effect
+flight.
+
+--Believe me yours very sincerely,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_57 Queen's Gardens, Bayswater, W. December 5, 1867._
+
+My dear Mr. Wallace,--I did not answer your last letter, being busy in
+getting out my second edition of "First Principles."
+
+I was quite aware of the alleged additional cause of flight which you
+name, and do not doubt that it is an aid. But I regard it simply as an
+aid. If you will move an outstretched wing backwards and forwards with
+equal velocity, I think you will find that the difference of resistance
+is nothing like commensurate with the difference in size between the
+muscles that raise the wings and the muscles that depress them. It seems
+to me quite out of the question that the principles of flight are
+fundamentally different in a bat and a bird, which they must be if the
+Duke of Argyll's interpretation is correct. I write, however, not so
+much to reply to your argument as to correct a misapprehension which my
+expressions seem to have given you. The objections are not made by
+Tyndall or Huxley; but they are objections made by me, which I stated to
+them, and in which they agreed--Tyndall expressing the opinion that I
+ought to make them public. I name this because you may otherwise some
+day startle Tyndall or Huxley by speaking to them of _their_ objections,
+and giving me as the authority for so affiliating them.--Very truly
+yours,
+
+HERBERT SPENCER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_73 Harley Street, London, W. November, 1867._
+
+Dear Wallace,--You probably remember an article by Agassiz in an
+American periodical, the _Christian Observer_, on the diversity of human
+races, etc., to prove that each distinct race was originally created for
+each zoological and botanical province. But while he makes out a good
+case for the circumscription of the principal races to distinct
+provinces, he evades in a singular manner the community of the Red
+Indian race to North and South America. He takes pains to show that the
+same American race pervades North and South America, or at least all
+America south of the Arctic region. This was Dr. Morton's opinion, and
+is, I suppose, not to be gainsaid. In other words, while the Papuan,
+Indo-Malayan, Negro and other races are strictly limited each of them to
+a particular region of mammalia, the Red Indian type is common to
+Sclater's Neo-arctic and Neo-tropical regions. Have you ever considered
+the explanation of this fact on Darwinian principles? If there were not
+barbarous tribes like the Fuegians, one might imagine America to have
+been peopled when mankind was somewhat more advanced and more capable of
+diffusing itself over an entire continent. But I cannot well understand
+why isolation such as accompanies a very low state of social progress
+did not cause the Neo-tropical and Neo-arctic regions to produce by
+varieties and Natural Selection two very different human races. May it
+be owing to the smaller lapse of time, which time, nevertheless, was
+sufficient to allow of the spread of the representatives of one and the
+same type from Canada to Cape Horn? Have you ever touched on this
+subject, or can you refer me to anyone who has?--Believe me ever most
+truly yours,
+
+CHA. LYELL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO SIR C. LYELL
+
+
+1867.
+
+Dear Sir Charles,--Why the colour of man is sometimes constant over
+large areas while in other cases it varies, we cannot certainly tell;
+but we may well suppose it to be due to its being more or less
+correlated with constitutional characters favourable to life. By far the
+most common colour of man is a warm brown, not very different from that
+of the American Indian. White and black are alike deviations from this,
+and are probably correlated with mental and physical peculiarities which
+have been favourable to the increase and maintenance of the particular
+race. I shall infer, therefore, that the brown or red was the original
+colour of man, and that it maintains itself throughout all climates in
+America because accidental deviations from it have not been accompanied
+by any useful constitutional peculiarities. It is Bates's opinion that
+the Indians are recent immigrants into the tropical plains of South
+America, and are not yet fully acclimatised.--Yours faithfully,
+
+A.R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_73 Harley Street. March 13, 1869._
+
+Dear Wallace,--  ...I am reading your new book,[10] of which you kindly
+sent me a copy, with very great pleasure. Nothing equal to it has come
+out since Darwin's "Voyage of the _Beagle_."  ... The history of the Mias
+is very well done. I am not yet through the first volume, but my wife is
+deep in the second and much taken with it. It is so rare to be able to
+depend on the scientific knowledge and accuracy of those who have so
+much of the wonderful to relate....--Believe me ever most truly yours,
+
+CHA. LYELL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CANON KINGSLEY TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_Eversley Rectory, Winchfield. May 5, 1869._
+
+My dear Sir,--I am reading--or rather have all but read--your new
+book,[10] with a delight which I cannot find words to express save those
+which are commonplace superlatives. Let me felicitate you on having, at
+last, added to the knowledge of our planet a chapter which has not its
+equal (as far as I can recollect) since our friend Darwin's "Voyage of
+the _Beagle_." Let me, too, compliment you on the modesty and generosity
+which you have shown, in dedicating your book to Darwin, and speaking of
+him and his work as you have done. Would that a like unselfish chivalry
+were more common--I do not say amongst scientific men, for they have it
+in great abundance, but--in the rest of the community.
+
+May I ask--as a very great favour--to be allowed to call on you some day
+in London, and to see your insects? I and my daughter are soon, I hope,
+going to the West Indies, for plants and insects, among other things;
+and the young lady might learn much of typical forms from one glance at
+your treasures.
+
+I send this letter by our friend Bates--being ignorant of your
+address.--Believe me, my dear Sir, ever yours faithfully,
+
+C. KINGSLEY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MISS A. BUCKLEY[11]
+
+
+_Holly House, Barking, E. February 2, 1871._
+
+Dear Miss Buckley,--I have read Darwin's first volume,[12] and like it
+very much. It is overwhelming as proving the origin of man from some
+lower form, but that, I rather think, hardly anyone doubts now.
+
+He is very weak, as yet, on my objection about the "hair," but promises
+a better solution in the second volume.
+
+Have you seen Mivart's book, "Genesis of Species"? It is exceedingly
+clever, and well worth reading. The arguments against Natural Selection
+as the exclusive mode of development are some of them exceedingly
+strong, and very well put, and it is altogether a most readable and
+interesting book.
+
+Though he uses some weak and bad arguments, and underrates the power of
+Natural Selection, yet I think I agree with his conclusion in the main,
+and am inclined to think it is more philosophical than my own. It is a
+book that I think will please Sir Charles Lyell.--Believe me, yours very
+truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MISS A. BUCKLEY
+
+
+_Holly House, Barking, E. March 3, 1871._
+
+Dear Miss Buckley,--Thanks for your note. I am hard at work criticising
+Darwin. I admire his Moral Sense chapter as much as anything in the
+book. It is both original and the most satisfactory of all the
+theories, if not quite satisfactory....--Believe me yours very
+faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+P.S.--Darwin's book on the whole is wonderful! There are plenty of
+points open to criticism, but it is a marvellous contribution to the
+history of the development of the forms of life.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_February 15, 1876._
+
+Dear Wallace,--I have read the Preface,[13] and like and approve of it
+much. I do not believe there is a word which Darwin would wish altered.
+It is high time this modest assertion of your claims as an independent
+originator of Natural Selection should be published.--Ever most truly,
+
+CHA. LYELL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR J. HOOKER TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_Royal Gardens, Kew. August 2, 1880._
+
+My dear Wallace,--I think you have made an immense advance to our
+knowledge of the ways and means of distribution, and bridged many great
+gaps.[14] Your reasoning seems to me to be sound throughout, though I am
+not prepared to receive it in all its details.
+
+I am disposed to regard the Western Australian flora as the latest in
+point of origin, and I hope to prove it by development, and by the
+absence of various types. If Western Australia ever had an old flora, I
+am inclined to suppose that it has been destroyed by the invasion of
+Eastern types after the union with East Australia. My idea is that these
+types worked round by the south, and altered rapidly as they proceeded
+westward, increasing in species. Nor can I conceive the Western Island,
+when surrounded by sea, harbouring a flora like its present one.
+
+I have been disposed to regard New Caledonia and the New Hebrides as the
+parent country of many New Zealand and Australian forms of vegetation,
+but we do not know enough of the vegetation of the former to warrant the
+conclusion; and after all it would be but a slight modification of your
+views.
+
+I very much like your whole working of the problem of the isolation and
+connection of New Zealand and Australia _inter se_ and with the
+countries north of them, and the whole treatment of that respecting
+north and south migration over the globe is admirable....--Ever most
+truly yours,
+
+J.D. HOOKER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR J. HOOKER TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_Royal Gardens, Kew. November 10, 1880._
+
+Dear Mr. Wallace,--I have been waiting to thank you for "Island Life"
+till I should have read it through as carefully as I am digesting the
+chapters I have finished; but I can delay no longer, if only to say that
+I heartily enjoy it, and believe that you have brushed away more cobwebs
+that have obscured the subject than any other, besides giving a vast
+deal that is new, and admirably setting forth what is old, so as to
+throw new light on the whole subject. It is, in short, a first-rate
+book. I am making notes for you, but hitherto have seen no defect of
+importance except in the matter of the Bahamas, whose flora is Floridan,
+not Cuban, in so far as we know it....--Very truly yours,
+
+JOS. D. HOOKER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO SIR W. THISELTON-DYER
+
+
+_Pen-y-bryn, St. Peter's Road, Croydon. January 7, 1881._
+
+Dear Mr. Thiselton-Dyer,--If I had had your lecture before me when
+writing the last chapters of my book I should certainly have quoted you
+in support of the view of the northern origin of the Southern flora by
+migration along existing continents. On reading it again I am surprised
+to find how often you refer to this; but when I read it on its first
+appearance I did not pay special attention to this point except to note
+that your views agreed more closely with those I had advanced, derived
+from the distribution of animals, than those of any previous writer on
+botanical distribution. When, at a much later period, on coming to the
+end of my work, I determined to give a chapter to the New Zealand flora
+in order to see how far the geological and physical relations between
+New Zealand and Australia would throw light on its origin, I went for my
+facts to the works of Sir Joseph Hooker and Mr. Bentham, and also to
+your article in the "Encyclopædia Britannica," and worked out my
+conclusions solely from these, and from the few facts referring to the
+migration of plants which I had collected. Had I referred again to your
+lecture I should certainly have quoted the cases you give (in a note, p.
+431) of plants extending along the Andes from California to Peru and
+Chile, and vice versa. Whatever identity there is in our views was
+therefore arrived at independently, and it was an oversight on my part
+not referring to your views, partly due to your not having made them a
+more prominent feature of your very interesting and instructive lecture.
+Working as I do at home, I am obliged to get my facts from the few books
+I can get together; and I only attempted to deal with these great
+botanical questions because the facts seemed sufficiently broad and
+definite not to be much affected by errors of detail or recent additions
+to our knowledge, and because the view which I took of the past changes
+in Australia and New Zealand seemed calculated to throw so much light
+upon them. Without such splendid summaries of the relations of the
+Southern floras as are given in Sir J. Hooker's Introductions, I should
+not have touched the subject at all; and I venture to hope that you or
+some of your colleagues will give us other such summaries, brought down
+to the present date, of other important floras--as, for example, those
+of South Africa and South Temperate America.
+
+Many thanks for additional peculiar British plants. When I hear what Mr.
+Mitten has to say about the mosses, etc., I should like to send a
+corrected list to _Nature_, which I shall ask you to be so good as to
+give a final look over.--Believe me yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+P.S.--Mr. Darwin strongly objects to my view of the migration of plants
+along mountain-ranges, rather than along lowlands during cold periods.
+This latter view seems to me as difficult and inadequate as mine does to
+him.--A.R.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Wallace was in frequent correspondence with Professor Raphael Meldola,
+the eminent chemist, a friend both of Darwin and of Wallace, a student
+of Evolution, and a stout defender of Darwinism. I received from him
+much help and advice in connection with this work, and had he lived
+until its completion--he died, suddenly, in 1914--my indebtedness to him
+would have been even greater.
+
+The following letter to Meldola refers to a suggestion that the white
+colour of the undersides of animals might have been developed by
+selection through the _physical_ advantage gained from the protection of
+the vital parts by a _lighter_ colour and therefore by a surface of less
+radiative activity. The idea was that there would be less loss of animal
+heat through such a white coating. We were at that time unaware of
+Thayer's demonstration of the value of such colouring for the purposes
+of concealment among environment. Wallace accepted Thayer's view at once
+when it was subsequently put forward; as do most naturalists at the
+present time.
+
+TO PROF. MELDOLA
+
+
+_Frith Hill, Godalming. April 8, 1885._
+
+My dear Meldola,--Your letter in _Nature_ last week "riz my dander," as
+the Yankees say, and, for once in a way, we find ourselves deadly
+enemies prepared for mortal combat, armed with steel (pens) and prepared
+to shed any amount of our own--ink. Consequently I rushed into the fray
+with a letter to _Nature_ intended to show that you are as wrong (as
+wicked) as are the Russians in Afghanistan. Having, however, the most
+perfect confidence that the battle will soon be over,... --Yours very
+faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The following letter refers to the theory of physiological selection
+which had recently been propounded by Romanes, and which Prof. Meldola
+had criticised in _Nature_, xxxix. 384.
+
+TO PROF. MELDOLA
+
+
+_Frith Hill, Godalming. August 28, 1886._
+
+My dear Meldola,--I have just read your reply to Romanes in _Nature_,
+and so far as your view goes I agree, but it does not go far enough.
+Professor Newton has called my attention to a passage in Belt's
+"Nicaragua," pp. 207-8, in which he puts forth very clearly exactly your
+view. I find I had noted the explanation as insufficient, and I hear
+that in Darwin's copy there is "No! No!" against it. It seems, however,
+to me to summarise _all_ that is of the slightest value in Romanes'
+wordy paper. I have asked Newton (to whom I had lent it) to forward to
+you at Birmingham a proof of my paper in the _Fortnightly_, and I shall
+be much obliged if you will read it carefully, and, if you can, "hold a
+brief" for me at the British Association in this matter. You will see
+that a considerable part of my paper is devoted to a demonstration of
+the fallacy of that part of "Romanes" which declares species to be
+distinguished generally by useless characters, and also that
+"simultaneous variations" do not usually occur.
+
+On the question of sterility, which, as you well observe, is the core of
+the question, I think I show that it could not work in the way Romanes
+puts it. The objection to Belt's and your view is, also, that it would
+not work unless the "sterility variation" was correlated with the
+"useful variation." You assume, I think, this correlation, when you
+speak of two of your varieties, B. and K., being _less fertile with the
+parent form_. Without correlation they could not be so, only some few of
+them. Romanes always speaks of his physiological variations as being
+independent, "primary," in which case, as I show, they could hardly ever
+survive. At the end of my paper I show a correlation which is probably
+general and sufficient.
+
+In criticising Romanes, however, at the British Association, I want to
+call your special attention to a point I have hardly made clear enough
+in my paper. Romanes always speaks of the "physiological variety" as if
+it were like any other _simple_ variety, and could as easily (he says
+more easily) be increased. Whereas it is really complex, requiring a
+remarkable correlation between different sets of individuals which he
+never recognises. To illustrate what I mean, let me suppose a case. Let
+there occur in a species three individual physiological varieties--A, B
+and C--each being infertile with the bulk of the species, but quite
+fertile with some small part of it. Let A, for example, be fertile with
+X, Y and Z. Now I maintain it to be in the highest degree improbable
+that B, a quite distinct individual, with distinct parents originating
+in a distinct locality, and perhaps with a very different constitution,
+merely because it also is sterile with the bulk of the species, should
+be fertile with the very same individuals, X, Y, Z, that A is fertile
+with. It seems to me to be at least 100 to 1 that it will be fertile
+with some other quite distinct set of individuals. And so with C, and
+any other similar variety. I express this by saying that each has its
+"sexual complements," and that the complements of the one are almost
+sure not to be the complements of the other. Hence it follows that A, B,
+C, though differing in the same character of general infertility with
+the bulk of the species, will really be three distinct varieties
+physiologically, and can in no way unite to form a single physiological
+variety. This enormous difficulty Romanes apparently never sees, but
+argues as if all individuals that are infertile with the bulk of the
+species must be or usually are fertile with the same set of individuals
+or with each other. This I call a monstrous assumption, for which not a
+particle of evidence exists. Take this in conjunction with my argument
+from the severity of the struggle for existence and the extreme
+improbability of the respective "sexual complements" coming together at
+the right time, and I think Romanes' ponderous paper is disposed of.
+
+I wrote my paper, however, quite as much to expose the great presumption
+and ignorance of Romanes in declaring that Natural Selection is _not_ a
+theory of the origin of species--as it is calculated to do much harm.
+See, for instance, the way the Duke of Argyll jumped at it like a trout
+at a fly!--Yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The earlier part of the next letter refers to "The Experimental Proof of
+the Protective Value of Colour and Markings in Insects in reference to
+their Vertebrate Enemies," in the _Proceedings of the Zoological Society
+of London_, 1887, p. 191.
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Frith Hill, Godalming. October 20, 1887._
+
+My dear Poulton,--It is very interesting to me to see how very generally
+the facts are in accordance with theory, and I am only surprised that
+the exceptions and irregularities are not more numerous than they are
+found to be. The only difficult case, that of _D. euphorbiæ_, is due
+probably to incomplete knowledge. Are lizards and sea-birds the only, or
+even the chief, possible enemies of the species? They evidently do not
+prevent its coming to maturity in considerable abundance, and it is
+therefore no doubt preserved from its chief enemies during its various
+stages of growth.
+
+The only point on which I differ from you--as you know--is your
+acceptance, as proved, of the theory of sexual colour selection, and
+your speaking of insects as having a sense of "the beautiful" in colour,
+as if that were a known fact. But that is a wide question, requiring
+full discussion.--Yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO SIR FRANCIS DARWIN
+
+
+_Frith Hill, Godalming. November 20, 1887._
+
+Dear Mr. Darwin,--Many thanks for the copy of your father's "Life and
+Letters," which I shall read with very great interest (as will all the
+world). I was not aware before that your father had been so
+distressed--or rather disturbed--by my sending him my essay from
+Ternate, and I am very glad to feel that his exaggerated sense of honour
+was quite needless so far as I was concerned, and that the incident did
+not in any way disturb our friendly relations. I always felt, and feel
+still, that people generally give me far too much credit for my mere
+sketch of the theory--so very small an affair as compared with the vast
+foundation of fact and experiment on which your father worked.--Believe
+me yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MRS. FISHER (_née_ BUCKLEY)
+
+
+_Frith Hill, Godalming. February 16, 1888._
+
+My dear Mrs. Fisher,--I know nothing of the physiology of ferns and
+mosses, but as a matter of fact I think they will be found to increase
+and diminish together all over the world. Both like moist, equable
+climates and shade, and are therefore both so abundant in oceanic
+islands, and in the high regions of the tropics.
+
+I am inclined to think that the reason ferns have persisted so long in
+competition with flowering plants is the fact that they thrive best in
+shade, flowers best in the light. In our woods and ravines the flowers
+are mostly spring flowers, which die away just as the foliage of the
+trees is coming out and the shade deepens; while ferns are often dormant
+at that time, but grow as the shade increases.
+
+Why tree-ferns should not grow in cold countries I know not, except that
+it may be the winds are too violent and would tear all the fronds off
+before the spores were ripe. Everywhere they grow in ravines, or in
+forests where they are sheltered, even in the tropics. And they are not
+generally abundant, but grow in particular zones only. In all the Amazon
+valley I don't remember ever having seen a tree-fern....
+
+I too am struggling with my "Popular Sketch of Darwinism," and am just
+now doing a chapter on the great "hybridity" question. I really think I
+shall be able to arrange the whole subject more intelligibly than Darwin
+did, and simplify it immensely by leaving out the endless discussion of
+collateral details and difficulties which in the "Origin of Species"
+confuse the main issue....
+
+The most remarkable steps yet made in advance are, I think, the theory
+of Weismann of the continuity of the germ plasm, and its corollary that
+acquired modifications are never inherited! and Patrick Geddes's
+explanation of the laws of growth in plants on the theory of the
+antagonism of vegetative and reproductive growth....--Yours very
+sincerely,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. MELDOLA
+
+
+_Frith Hill, Godalming. March 20, 1888._
+
+My dear Meldola,--I have been working away at my hybridity chapters,[15]
+and am almost disposed to cry "Eureka!" for I have got light on the
+problem. When almost in despair of making it clear that Natural
+Selection could act one way or the other, I luckily routed out an old
+paper that I wrote twenty years ago, giving a demonstration of the
+action of Natural Selection. It did not convince Darwin then, but it has
+convinced me now, and I think it can be proved that in some cases (and
+those I think most probable) Natural Selection will accumulate
+variations in infertility between incipient species. Many other causes
+of infertility co-operate, and I really think I have overcome the
+fundamental difficulties of the question and made it a good deal clearer
+than Darwin left it.... I think also it completely smashes up
+Romanes.--Yours faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The next letter relates to a question which Prof. Meldola raised as to
+whether, in view of the extreme importance of "divergence" (in the
+Darwinian sense) for the separation and maintenance of specific types,
+it might not be possible that sterility, when of advantage as a check to
+crossing, had in itself, as a physiological character, been brought
+about by Natural Selection, just as extreme fecundity had been brought
+about (by Natural Selection) in cases where such fecundity was of
+advantage.
+
+TO PROF. MELDOLA
+
+
+_Frith Hill, Godalming. April 12, 1888._
+
+My dear Meldola,--Many thanks for your criticism. It is a perfectly
+sound one as against my view being a _complete explanation_ of the
+phenomena, but that I do not claim. And I do not see any chance of the
+required facts being forthcoming for many years to come. Experiments in
+the hybridisation of animals are so difficult and tedious that even
+Darwin never undertook any, and the only people who could and ought to
+have done it--the Zoological Society--will not. There is one point,
+however, I think you have overlooked. You urge the improbability of the
+required infertility being correlated with the particular variations
+which characterised each incipient species. But the whole point of my
+argument is, that the physiological adjustments producing fertility are
+so delicate that they are disturbed by almost any variation or change of
+conditions--except in the case of domestic animals, which have been
+domesticated because they are not subject to this disturbance. The whole
+first half of the chapter is to bring out this fact, which Darwin has
+dwelt upon, and it certainly does afford a foundation for the assumption
+that usually, and in some considerable number of individuals, variation
+in nature, accompanied by somewhat changed conditions of life, is
+accompanied by, and probably correlated with, some amount of
+infertility. No doubt this assumption wants proving, but in the meantime
+I am glad you think that, granting the assumption, I have shown that
+Natural Selection is able to accumulate sterility variations.
+
+That is certainly a step in advance, and we cannot expect to do more
+than take very short theoretical steps till we get more facts to rest
+upon. If you should happen to come across any facts which seem to bear
+upon it, pray let me know. I can find none but those I have referred to.
+
+I have just finished a chapter on male ornament and display, which I
+trust will help to clear up that point--Believe me yours very
+faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO DR. W.B. HEMSLEY
+
+
+_Frith Hill, Godalming. August 26, 1888._
+
+Dear Mr. Hemsley,--You are aware that Patrick Geddes proposes to exclude
+Natural Selection in the origination of thorns and spines, which he
+imputes to "diminishing vegetativeness" or "ebbing vitality of the
+species." It has occurred to me that insular floras should afford a test
+of the correctness of this view, since in the absence of mammalia the
+protection of spines would be less needed.
+
+Your study of these floras will no doubt enable you to answer a few
+questions on this point. Spines and thorns are, I believe, usually
+abundant in arid regions of continents, especially in South Africa,
+where large herbivorous mammals abound. Now, if the long-continued
+presence of these mammals is a factor in the production of spines by
+Natural Selection, they should be wholly or comparatively absent in
+regions equally arid where there are no mammals. The Galapagos seem to
+be such a case--also perhaps some of the Sandwich Islands, and generally
+the extra-tropical volcanic islands. Also Australia comparatively, and
+the highlands of Madagascar.
+
+Of course, the endemic species must be chiefly considered, as they have
+had time to be modified by the conditions. If you can give me the facts,
+or your general impression from your study of these floras, I shall be
+much obliged. I see, of course, many other objections to Geddes's
+theory, but this seems to offer a crucial test.--Believe me yours very
+truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO DR. W.B. HEMSLEY
+
+
+_Frith Hill, Godalming. September 13, 1888._
+
+Dear Mr. Hemsley,--Many thanks for your interesting letter. The facts
+you state seem quite to support the usual view, that thorns and spines
+have been developed as a protection against other animals. The few spiny
+plants in New Zealand may be for protection against land molluscs, of
+which there are several species as large as any in the tropics. Of
+course in Australia we should expect only a comparative scarcity of
+spines, as there are many herbivorous marsupials in the
+country.--Believe me yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The next and several of the succeeding letters refer to the translations
+of Weismann's "Essays upon Heredity and Kindred Biological Problems"
+(Oxford, 1889), and to "Darwinism" (London, 1889).
+
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Frith Hill, Godalming. November 4, 1888._
+
+My dear Mr. Poulton,--I returned you the two first of Weismann's essays,
+with a few notes and corrections in pencil on that on "Duration of
+Life." Looking over some old papers, I have just come across a short
+sketch on two pages, on "The Action of Natural Selection in producing
+Old Age, Decay and Death," written over twenty years ago.[16] I had the
+same general idea as Weismann, but not that beautiful suggestion of the
+duration of life, in each case, being the _minimum_ necessary for the
+preservation of the species. _That_ I think masterly. The paper on
+"Heredity" is intensely interesting, and I am waiting anxiously for the
+concluding part. I will refer to these papers in notes in my book,
+though perhaps yours will be out first....--Yours faithfully,
+
+A.R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Frith Hill, Godalming. November 8, 1888._
+
+Dear Mr. Poulton,--I return herewith (but separately) the "proofs" I
+have of Weismann's Essays. The last critical one is rather heavy, and
+adds nothing of importance to the earlier one on Duration of Life. I
+enclose my "Note" on the subject, which was written, I think, about
+1867, certainly before 1870. You will see it was only a few ideas jotted
+down for further elaboration and then forgotten. I see however it _does_
+contain the germ of Weismann's argument as to duration of life being
+determined by the time of securing continuance of the species.--Yours
+faithfully,
+
+A.R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Frith Hall, Godalming. January 20, 1889._
+
+My dear Mr. Poulton,--My attention has been called by Mr. Herdman, in
+his Inaugural Address to the Liverpool Biological Society, to Galton's
+paper on "Heredity," which I read years ago but had forgotten. I have
+just read it again (in the _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_,
+Vol. V., p. 329, Jan., 1876), and I find a remarkable anticipation of
+Weismann's theories which I think should be noticed in a preface to the
+translation of his book.[17] He argues that it is the undeveloped germs
+or gemmules of the fertilised ovum that form the sexual elements of the
+offspring, and thus heredity and atavism are explained. He also argues
+that, as a corollary, "acquired modifications are barely if at all
+inherited in the correct sense of the word." He shows the imperfection
+of the evidence on this point, and admits, just as Weismann does, the
+heredity of changes in the parent like alcoholism, which, by permeating
+the whole tissues, may _directly_ affect the reproductive elements. In
+fact, all the main features of Weismann's views seem to be here
+anticipated, and I think he ought to have the credit of it.
+
+Being no physiologist, his language is not technical, and for this
+reason, and the place of publication perhaps, his remarkable paper
+appears to have been overlooked by physiologists.
+
+I think you will find the paper very suggestive, even supplying some
+points overlooked by Weismann.--Yours faithfully,
+
+A.R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Hamilton House, The Croft, Hastings. February 19, 1889._
+
+Dear Mr. Poulton,--Do you happen to have, or can you easily refer to,
+Grant Allen's small books of collected papers under such titles as
+"Vignettes from Nature," "The Evolutionist at Large," "Colin Clout's
+Calendar," and another I can't remember? In one of them is a paper on
+the Origin of Wheat, in which he puts forth the theory that the grasses,
+etc., are degraded forms which were once insect-fertilised, summing up
+his views in the phrase, "Wheat is a degraded lily," or something like
+that. Now Henslow, in his "Floral Structures,"[18] adopts the same
+theory for all the wind-fertilised or self-fertilised flowers, and he
+tells me that he is _alone_ in the view. I believe the view is a true
+one, and I want to give G. Allen the credit of first starting it, and
+want to see how far he went. If you have or can get this work of his
+with that paper, can you lend it me for a few days? I know not who to
+write to for it, as botanists of course ignore it, and G. Allen himself
+is, I believe, in Algeria....--Yours faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_38 Queen's Gardens, Lancaster Gate, W. May 18, 1889._
+
+Dear Mr. Wallace,--A few days ago there reached me a copy of your new
+book, "Darwinism," for which, along with this acknowledgment, I send my
+thanks. In my present state of health I dare not read, and fear I shall
+be unable to profit by the accumulation of evidence you have brought
+together. I see sundry points on which I might raise discussions, but
+beyond the fact that I am at present unable to enter into them, I doubt
+whether they would be of any use. I regret that you have used the title
+"Darwinism," for notwithstanding your qualification of its meaning you
+will, by using it, tend greatly to confirm the erroneous conception
+almost universally current.--Truly yours,
+
+HERBERT SPENCER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. November 28, 1889._
+
+My dear Mr. Poulton,--I have much pleasure in sending you Cope's
+book[19] (with the review of "Darwinism"), which I hope you will keep as
+long as you like, till you have mastered all its obscurities of style
+and eccentricities of argument. I think you will find a good deal in it
+to criticise, and it will be well for you to know what the leader of the
+Neo-Lamarckians regards as the foundation-stones of his theory. I
+greatly enjoyed my visit to Oxford, and only regretted that I could not
+leave more time for personal talk with yourself, for I am so deplorably
+ignorant of modern physiology that I am delighted to get intelligible
+explanations of its bearings on the subjects that most interest me in
+science. I quite see all its importance in investigations of the
+mechanism of colours, but there is so much still unknown that it will be
+very hard to convince me that there is no other possible explanation of
+the peacock's feather than the "continued preference by the females" for
+the most beautiful males, in _this one point_, "during a long line of
+descent"--as Darwin says! I expect, however, great light from your new
+book....--Believe me yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR FRANCIS GALTON TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_42 Rutland Gate, S.W. May 24, 1890._
+
+Dear Mr. Wallace,--I send the paper with pleasure, and am glad that you
+will read it, and I hope then see more clearly than the abstract could
+show the grounds of my argument.
+
+These finger-marks are most remarkable things. Of course I have made out
+much more about them since writing that memoir. Indeed I have another
+paper on them next Thursday at the Royal Society, but that only refers
+to ways of cataloguing them, either for criminal administration, or what
+I am more interested in, viz. racial and hereditary inquiry.
+
+What I have done in this way is not ready for publication, but I may
+mention (privately, please) that these persistent marks, which seem
+fully developed in the sixth month of foetal life, and appear under the
+reservations and in the evidence published in the memoir to be
+practically _quite_ unchanged during life, are _not_ correlated with
+any ordinary characteristic that I can discover. They are the same in
+the lowest idiots as in ordinary persons. (I took the impressions of
+some 80 of these, so idiotic that they mostly could not speak, or even
+stand, at the great Darenth Asylum, Dartford.) They are the same in
+clod-hoppers as in the upper classes, and _yet_ they are as hereditary
+as other qualities, I think. Their tendency to symmetrical distribution
+on the two hands is _marked_, and symmetry _is_ a form of kinship. My
+argument is that sexual selection can have had nothing to do with the
+patterns, neither can any other form of selection due to vigour, wits,
+and so forth, because they are not correlated with them. They just go
+their own gait, uninfluenced by anything that we can find or reasonably
+believe in, of a _naturally selective influence_, in the plain meaning
+of the phrase.--Very sincerely yours,
+
+FRANCIS GALTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO THEO. D.A. COCKERELL
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. March 10, 1891._
+
+Dear Mr. Cockerell,--  ... Your theory to account for the influence of a
+first male on progeny by a second seems very probable--and in fact if,
+as I suppose, spermatozoa often enter ova without producing complete
+fertilisation, it must be so. _That_ would be easily experimented on,
+with fowls, dogs, etc., but I do not remember the fact having been
+observed except with horses. It ought to be common, when females have
+young by successive males.--Yours faithfully,
+
+A.R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The next letter relates to a controversy with Romanes concerning Herbert
+Spencer's argument about Co-adaptation which Romanes had urged in
+support of Neo-Lamarckism as opposed to Natural Selection. Prof. Meldola
+endeavoured to show that the difficulties raised by Spencer and
+supported by Romanes had no real weight because the possibility of
+so-called "co-adaptations" being developed _successively_ in the order
+of evolution had not been reckoned with. There was no real divergence
+between Wallace and Prof. Meldola on this matter when they subsequently
+discussed it. The correspondence is in _Nature_, xliii. 557, and
+subsequently. _See also_ "Darwin and After Darwin," by Romanes, 1895,
+ii. 68.
+
+
+TO PROF. MELDOLA
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset, April 25, 1891._
+
+My dear Meldola,--You have now put your foot in it! Romanes _agrees_
+with you! Henceforth he will claim you as a disciple, converted by his
+arguments!
+
+There was one admission in your letter I was very sorry to see, because
+it cannot be strictly true, and is besides open to much
+misrepresentation. I mean the admission that Romanes pounces upon in his
+second paragraph. Of course, the number of individuals in a species
+being finite, the chance of four coincident variations occurring in any
+one individual--each such variation being separately very common--cannot
+be anything like "infinity to one." Why, then, do you concede it most
+fully?--the result being that Romanes takes you to concede that it is
+infinity to one against the coincident variations occurring in "_any
+individuals_." Surely, with the facts of coincident independent
+variation we now possess, the occurrence of three, four, or five,
+coincident variations cannot be otherwise than frequent. As a fact, more
+than half the whole population of most species seems to vary to a
+perceptible and measurable, and therefore sufficient, amount in scores
+of ways. Take a species with a million pairs of individuals--half of
+these vary sufficiently, either + or -, in the four acquired characters
+A, B, C, D: what will be the proportion of individuals that vary + in
+these four characters according to the law of averages? Will it not be
+about 1 in 64? If so it is ample--in many cases--for Natural Selection
+to work on, because in many cases less than 1/64 of offspring survives.
+
+On Romanes' view of the impossibility of Natural Selection doing
+anything alone, because the required coincident variations do not occur,
+the occurrence of a "strong man" or a racehorse that beats all others
+easily must be impossible, since in each of these cases there must be
+scores of coincident favourable variations.
+
+Given sufficient variation, I believe divergent modification of a
+species in two lines could easily occur, even if free intercrossing
+occurred, because, the numbers varying being a large proportion of the
+whole, the numbers which bred like with like would he sufficient to
+carry on the two lines of divergence, those that intercrossed and
+produced less perfectly adapted offspring being eliminated. Of course
+some amount of segregate breeding does always occur, as Darwin always
+maintained, but, as he also maintained, it is not absolutely essential
+to evolution. Romanes argues as if "free intercrossing" meant that none
+would pair like with like! I hope you will have another slap at him, and
+withdraw or explain that unlucky "infinity to one," which is Romanes'
+sheet-anchor.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. June 16, 1892._
+
+My dear Mr. Poulton,--Many thanks for sending me Weismann's additional
+Essays,[20] which I look forward to reading with much pleasure. I have,
+however, read the first, and am much disappointed with it. It seems to
+me the _weakest and most inconclusive_ thing he has yet written. At p.
+17 he states his theory as to degeneration of eyes, and again, on p. 18,
+of anthers and filaments; but in both cases he fails to _prove_ it, and
+apparently does not see that his panmixia, or "cessation of selection,"
+cannot possibly produce _continuous_ degeneration culminating in the
+total or almost total disappearance of an organ. Romanes and others have
+pointed out this weakness in his theory, but he does not notice it, and
+goes on calmly throughout the essay to _assume_ that mere panmixia must
+cause progressive degeneration to an unlimited extent; whereas all it
+can do is to effect a reduction to the average of the total population
+on which selection has been previously worked. He says "individuals with
+weak eyes would not be eliminated," but omits to notice that individuals
+with strong eyes would also "not be eliminated," and as there is no
+reason alleged why variations in _all directions_ should not occur as
+before, the free intercrossing would tend to keep up a mean condition
+only a little below that which was kept up by selection. It is clear
+that some form of selection must always co-operate in degeneration, such
+as economy of growth, which he hardly notices except as a possible but
+not a necessary factor, or actual injuriousness. It appears to me that
+what is wanted is to take a number of typical cases, and in each of them
+show how Natural Selection comes in to carry on the degeneration begun
+by panmixia. Weismann's treatment of the subject is merely begging the
+question.--Yours faithfully,
+
+A.R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. August 29, 1892._
+
+My dear Mr. Poulton,--As to panmixia you have quite misunderstood my
+position. By the "mean condition," I do not mean the "mean" during the
+whole course of development of the organ, as you seem to take it. That
+would indeed be absurd. I do mean the "mean" of the whole series of
+individual variations now occurring, during a period sufficient to
+contain all or almost all the variations to which the species is _now_
+subject. Take, for instance, such a case as the wings of the swallow, on
+the full development of which the life of the bird depends. Many
+individuals no doubt perish for lack of wing-power, due to deficiency in
+size or form of wing, or in the muscles which move it. The extreme
+limits of variation would be seen probably if we examined every swallow
+that had reached maturity during the last century. The average of all
+those would perhaps be 5 or 10 per cent. below the average of those that
+survive to become the parents of the next generation in any year; and
+what I maintain is, that panmixia alone could not reduce a swallow's
+wings below this first average. Any further reduction must be due either
+to some form of selection or to "economy of growth"--which is also,
+fundamentally, a form of selection. So with the eyes of cave animals,
+panmixia could only cause an imperfection of vision equal to the average
+of those variations which occurred, say, during a century before the
+animal entered the cave. It could only produce more effect than this if
+the effects of disuse are hereditary--which is a non-Weismannian
+doctrine. I think this is also the position that Romanes took.--Yours
+faithfully,
+
+A.R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. J.W. MARSHALL
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. September 23, 1892._
+
+My dear Marshall,--I am glad you enjoyed Mr. Hudson's book. His
+observations are inimitable--and his theories and suggestions, if not
+always the best, at least show thought on what he has observed.
+
+I was most pleased with his demonstration as to the supposed instincts
+of young birds and lambs, showing clearly that the former at all events
+are not due to inherited experience, as Darwin thought. The whole book,
+too, is pervaded by such a true love of nature and such a perception of
+its marvels and mysteries as to be unique in my experience. The modern
+scientific morphologists seem so wholly occupied in tracing out the
+mechanism of organisms that they hardly seem to appreciate the
+overwhelming marvel of the powers of life, which result in such
+infinitely varied structures and such strange habits and so-called
+instincts. The older I grow the more marvellous seem to me the mere
+variety of form and habit in plants and animals, and the unerring
+certitude with which from a minute germ the whole complex organism is
+built up, true to the type of its kind in all the infinitude of details!
+It is this which gives such a charm to the watching of plants
+growing, and of kittens so rapidly developing their senses and
+habitudes!...--Yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. February 1, 1893._
+
+My dear Poulton,--Thanks for the separate copy of your great paper on
+colours of larva, pupa, etc.[21] I have read your conclusions and looked
+over some of the experiments, and think you have now pretty well settled
+that question.
+
+I am reading through the new volume of the Life of Darwin, and am struck
+with the curious example his own case affords of non-heredity of
+acquired variations. He expresses his constant dread--one of the
+troubles of his life--that his children would inherit his bad health.
+It seems pretty clear, from what F. Darwin says in the new edition, that
+Darwin's constant nervous stomach irritation was caused by his five
+years sea-sickness. It was thoroughly established before, and in the
+early years of, his marriage, and, on his own theory his children ought
+all to have inherited it. Have they? You know perhaps better than I do,
+whether any of the family show any symptoms of that particular form of
+illness--and if not it is a fine case!--Yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Wallace was formally admitted to the Royal Society in June, 1893. The
+postscript of the following letter refers to his cordial reception by
+the Fellows.
+
+
+TO PROF. MELDOLA
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. June 10, 1893._
+
+My dear Meldola,--As we had no time to "discourse" on Thursday, I will
+say a few words on the individual adaptability question. We have to deal
+with facts, and facts certainly show that, in many groups, there is a
+great amount of adaptable change produced in the individual by external
+conditions, and that that change is not inherited. I do not see that
+this places Natural Selection in any subordinate position, because this
+individual adaptability is evidently advantageous to many species, and
+may itself have been produced or increased by Natural Selection. When a
+species is subject to great changes of conditions, either locally or at
+uncertain times, it may be a decided advantage to it to become
+individually adapted to that change while retaining the power to revert
+instantly to its original form when the normal conditions return. But
+whenever the changed conditions are permanent, or are such that
+individual adaptation cannot meet the requirements, then Natural
+Selection rapidly brings about a permanent adaptation which is
+inherited. In plants these two forms of adaptation are well marked and
+easily tested, and we shall soon have a large body of evidence upon it.
+In the higher animals I imagine that individual adaptation is small in
+amount, as indicated by the fact that even slight varieties often breed
+true.
+
+In Lepidoptera we have the two forms of colour-adaptability clearly
+shown. Many species are, in all their stages, permanently adapted to
+their environment. Others have a certain power of individual adaptation,
+as of the pupæ to their surroundings. If this last adaptation were
+strictly inherited it would be positively injurious, since the progeny
+would thereby lose the power of individual adaptability, and thus we
+should have light pupæ on dark surroundings, and vice versa. Each kind
+of adaptation has its own sphere, and it is essential that the one
+should be non-inheritable, the other heritable. The whole thing seems to
+me quite harmonious and "as it should be."
+
+Thiselton-Dyer tells me that H. Spencer is dreadfully disturbed on the
+question. He fears that acquired characters may not be inherited, in
+which case the foundation of his whole philosophy is undermined!--Yours
+very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+P.S.--I am afraid you are partly responsible for that kindly meant but
+too personal manifestation which disturbed the solemnity of the Royal
+Society meeting on Thursday!...
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. September 25, 1893._
+
+My dear Poulton,--I suppose you were not at Nottingham and did not get
+the letter, paper, and photographs I sent you there, but to be opened
+by the Secretary of Section D in case you were not there. It was about a
+wonderful and perfectly authenticated case of a woman who dressed the
+arm of a gamekeeper after amputation, and six or seven months afterwards
+had a child born without the forearm on the right side, exactly
+corresponding in _form_ and _length_ of stump to that of the man.
+Photographs of the man, and of the boy seven or eight years old, were
+taken _by the physician of the hospital_ where the man's arm was cut
+off, and they show a most striking correspondence. These, with my short
+paper, appear to have produced an effect, for a committee of Section D
+has been appointed to collect evidence on this and other
+matters....--Yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. November 17, 1893._
+
+My dear Poulton,--The letter I wrote to you at Nottingham was returned
+to me here (after a month), so I did not think it worth while to send it
+to you again, though it did contain my congratulations on your
+appointment,[22] which I now repeat. As you have not seen the paper I
+sent to the British Association, I will just say that I should not have
+noticed the subject publicly but, after a friend had given me the
+photographs (sent with my paper), I came across the following statement
+in the new edition of Chambers' Encyclopædia, art. Deformities (by Prof.
+A. Hare): "In an increasing proportion of cases which are carefully
+investigated, it appears that maternal impressions, the result of shock
+or unpleasant experiences, may have a considerable influence in
+producing deformities in the offspring." In consequence of this I sent
+the case which had been furnished me, and which is certainly about as
+well attested and conclusive as anything can be. The facts are these:
+
+A gamekeeper had his right forearm amputated at the North Devon
+Infirmary. He left before it was healed, thinking his wife could dress
+it, but as she was too nervous, a neighbour, a young recently married
+woman, a farmer's wife, still living, came and dressed it every day till
+it healed. About six months after she had a child born _without right
+hand and forearm_, the stump exactly corresponding in length to that of
+the gamekeeper. Dr. Richard Budd, M.D., F.R.C.P.,[23] of Barnstaple, the
+physician to the infirmary, when the boy was five or six years old,
+himself took a photograph of the boy and the gamekeeper side by side,
+showing the wonderful correspondence of the two arms. I have these facts
+_direct from Dr. Budd_, who was personally cognisant of the whole
+circumstances. A few years after, in November, 1876, Dr. Budd gave an
+account of the case and exhibited the photographs to a large meeting at
+the College of Physicians, and I have no doubt it is _one_ of the cases
+referred to in the article I have quoted, though Dr. Budd thinks it has
+never been published. It will be at once admitted that this is not a
+chance coincidence, and that all theoretical difficulties must give way
+to such facts as this,  ... Of course it by no means follows that similar
+causes should in all cases produce similar effects, since the
+idiosyncrasy of the mother is no doubt an important factor; but where
+the combined coincidences are so numerous as in this case--_place, time,
+person_ and exact correspondence of _resulting deformity_--some causal
+relation must exist.--Believe me yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+
+
+
+PART III (_Concluded_)
+
+
+
+
+III.--Correspondence on Biology, Geographical Distribution, etc.
+
+[1894--1913]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_Queen's Hotel, Cliftonville, Margate. August 10, 1894._
+
+Dear Mr. Wallace,--Though we differ on some points we agree on many, and
+one of the points on which we doubtless agree is the absurdity of Lord
+Salisbury's representation of the process of Natural Selection based
+upon the improbability of two varying individuals meeting. His
+nonsensical representation of the theory ought to be exposed, for it
+will mislead very many people. I see it is adopted by the _Pall Mall_. I
+have been myself strongly prompted to take the matter up, but it is
+evidently your business to do that. Pray write a letter to the _Times_
+explaining that selection or survival of the fittest does not
+necessarily take place in the way he describes. You might set out by
+remarking that whereas he begins by comparing himself to a volunteer
+colonel reviewing a regiment of regulars, he very quickly changes his
+attitude and becomes a colonel of regulars reviewing volunteers and
+making fun of their bunglings. He deserves a-severe castigation. There
+are other points on which his views should be rectified, but this is the
+essential point.
+
+It behoves you of all men to take up the gauntlet he has thrown
+down.--Very truly yours,
+
+HERBERT SPENCER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_Queen's Hotel, Cliftonville, Margate, Aug. 19, 1894._
+
+Dear Mr. Wallace,--I cannot at all agree with you respecting the
+relative importance of the work you are doing and that which I wanted
+you to do. Various articles in the papers show that Lord Salisbury's
+argument is received with triumph, and, unless it is disposed of, it
+will lead to a public reaction against the doctrine of evolution at
+large, a far more serious evil than any error which you propose to
+rectify among biologists. Everybody will look to you for a reply, and if
+you make no reply it will be understood that Lord Salisbury's objection
+is valid. As to the non-publication of your letter in the _Times_, that
+is absurd, considering that your name and that of Darwin are constantly
+coupled together.--Truly yours,
+
+HERBERT SPENCER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. September 8, 1894._
+
+My dear Poulton,--I was glad to see your exposure of another American
+Neo-Lamarckian in _Nature_.[24] It is astonishing how utterly illogical
+they all are! I was much pleased with your point of the adaptations
+supposed to be produced by the inorganic environment when they are
+related to the organic. It is I think new and very forcible. For nearly
+a month I have been wading through Bateson's book,[25] and writing a
+criticism of it, and of Galton, who backs him up with his idea of
+"organic stability."  ... Neither he nor Galton appears to have any
+adequate conception of what Natural Selection is, or how impossible it
+is to escape from it. They seem to think that, given a stable
+variation, Natural Selection must hide its diminished head!
+
+Bateson's preface, concluding reflections, etc., are often quite
+amusing.... He is so cocksure he has made a great discovery--which is
+the most palpable of mare's nests.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+P.S.--I allude of course to his grand argument--"environment
+_continuous_--species _discontinuous_--therefore _variations_ which
+produce species must be also _discontinuous_"! (Bateson--Q.E.D.).
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. February 19, 1895._
+
+My dear Poulton,--I have read your paper on "Theories of Evolution"[26]
+with great pleasure. It is very clear and very forcible, and I should
+think must have opened the eyes of some of your hearers. Your cases
+against Lamarckism were very strong, and I think quite conclusive. There
+is one, however, which seems to me weak--that about the claws of
+lobsters and the tails of lizards moving and acting when detached from
+the body. It may be argued, fairly, that this is only an incidental
+result of the extreme muscular irritability and contractibility of the
+organs, which might have been caused on Lamarckian as well as on the
+Darwinian hypothesis. The running of a fowl after its head is chopped
+off is an example of the same kind of thing, and this is certainly not
+useful. The detachment itself of claw and tail is no doubt useful and
+adaptive.
+
+When discussing the objection as to failures not being found fossil,
+there are two additional arguments to those you adduce: (1) Every
+failure has been, first, a success, or it could not have come into
+existence (as a species); and (2) the hosts of huge and very
+specialised animals everywhere recently extinct are clearly failures.
+They were successes as long as the struggle was with animal competitors
+only, physical conditions being highly favourable. But, when physical
+conditions became adverse, as by drought, cold, etc., they failed and
+became extinct. The entrance of new enemies from another area might
+equally render them failures. As to your question about myself and
+Darwin, I had met him once only for a few minutes at the British Museum
+before I went to the East.... --Yours very faithfully,
+
+A.R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. CLEMENT REID
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. November 18, 1894._
+
+My dear Clement Reid,--  ... The great, the grand, and long-expected, the
+prophesied discovery has at last been made--Miocene or Old Pliocene Man
+in India!!! Good worked flints found _in situ_ by the palæontologist to
+the Geological Survey of India! It is in a ferruginous conglomerate
+lying beneath 4,000 feet of Pliocene strata and containing hippotherium,
+etc. But perhaps you have seen the article in _Natural Science_
+describing it, by Rupert Jones, who, very properly, accepts it! Of
+course we want the bones, but we have got the flints, and they may
+follow. Hurrah for the missing link! Excuse more.--Yours very
+faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The next letter relates to the rising school of biologists who, in
+opposition to Darwin's views, held that species might arise by what was
+at the time termed "discontinuous variation."
+
+
+TO PROF. MELDOLA
+
+
+_February 4, 1895._
+
+My dear Professor Meldola,--I hope to have copies of my "Evolution"
+article in a few days, and will send you a couple. The article was in
+print last September, but, being long, was crowded out month after
+month, and only now got in by being cut in two. I think I have
+demolished "discontinuous variation" as having any but the most
+subordinate part in evolution of species.
+
+Congratulations on Presidency of the Entomological Society.
+
+A.R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. March 15, 1895._
+
+My dear Poulton,--I have now nearly finished reading Romanes, but do not
+find it very convincing. There is a large amount of special pleading. On
+two points only I feel myself hit. My doubt that Darwin really meant
+that _all_ the individuals of a species could be similarly modified
+without selection is evidently wrong, as he adduces other quotations
+which I had overlooked. The other point is, that my suggested
+explanation of sexual ornaments gives away my case as to the utility of
+all specific characters. It certainly does as it stands, but I now
+believe, and should have added, that all these ornaments, where they
+differ from species to species, are also recognition characters, and as
+such were rendered stable by Natural Selection from their first
+appearance.
+
+I rather doubt the view you state, and which Gulick and Romanes make
+much of, that a portion of a species, separated from the main body, will
+have a different average of characters, unless they are a local race
+which has already been somewhat selected. The large amount of variation,
+and the regularity of the curve of variation, whenever about 50 or 100
+individuals are measured in the same locality, shows that the bulk of a
+species are similar in amount of variation everywhere. But when a
+portion of a species begins to be modified in adaptation to new
+conditions, distinction of some kind is essential, and therefore any
+slight difference would be increased by selection. I see no reason to
+believe that species (usually) have been isolated first and modified
+afterwards, but rather that new species usually arise from species which
+have a wide range, and in different areas need somewhat different
+characters and habits. Then _distinctness_ arises both by adaptation and
+by development of recognition marks to minimise intercrossing.
+
+I wonder Darwin did not see that if the unknown "constant causes" he
+supposes can modify all the individuals of a species, either
+indifferently, usefully, or hurtfully, and that these characters so
+produced are, as Romanes says, very, very numerous in all species, and
+are sometimes the only specific characters, then the Neo-Lamarckians are
+quite right in putting Natural Selection as a very secondary and
+subordinate influence, since all it has to do is to weed out the hurtful
+variations.
+
+Of course, if a species with warning colours were, in part, completely
+isolated, and its colours or markings were accidentally different from
+the parent form, whatever set of markings and colours it had would be, I
+consider, rendered stable for recognition, and also for protection,
+since if it varied too much the young birds and other enemies would take
+a heavier toll in learning it was uneatable. It might then be said that
+the character by which this species differs from the parent species is a
+useless character. But surely this is not what is usually meant by a
+"useless character." This is highly useful in itself, though the
+difference from the other species is not useful. If they were in contact
+it would be useful, as a distinction preventing intercrossing, and so
+long as they are not brought together we cannot really tell if it is a
+species at all, since it might breed freely with the parent form and
+thus return back to one type. The "useless characters" I have always had
+in mind when arguing this question are those which are or are supposed
+to be absolutely useless, not merely relatively as regards the
+difference from an allied species. I think this is an important
+distinction.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_64 Avenue Road, Regent's Park, London, N.W. September 28, 1895_
+
+Dear Mr. Wallace,--As I cannot get you to deal with Lord Salisbury I
+have decided to do it myself, having been finally exasperated into doing
+it by this honour paid to his address in France--the presentation of a
+translation to the French Academy. The impression produced upon some
+millions of people in England cannot be allowed to be thus further
+confirmed without protest.
+
+One of the points which I propose to take up is the absurd conception
+Lord Salisbury sets forth of the process of Natural Selection. When you
+wrote you said you had dealt with it yourself in your volume on
+Darwinism. I have no doubt that it is also in some measure dealt with by
+Darwin himself, by implication or incidentally. You of course know
+Darwin by heart, and perhaps you would be kind enough to save me the
+trouble of searching by indicating the relevant passages both in his
+books and in your own. My reading power is very small, and it tries me
+to find the parts I want by much reading.--Truly yours,
+
+HERBERT SPENCER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To the following letter from Mr. Gladstone, Wallace attached this pencil
+note: "In 1881 I put forth the first idea of mouth-gesture as a factor
+in the origin of language, in a review of E.B. Tylor's 'Anthropology,'
+and in 1895 I extended it into an article in the _Fortnightly Review_,
+and reprinted it with a few further corrections in my 'Studies,' under
+the title 'The Expressiveness of Speech or Mouth-Gesture as a Factor in
+the Origin of Language.' In it I have developed a completely new
+principle in the theory of the origin of language by showing that every
+motion of the jaws, lips and tongue, together with inward or outward
+breathing, and especially the mute or liquid consonants ending words
+which serve to indicate abrupt or continuous motion, have corresponding
+meanings in so many cases as to show a fundamental connection. I thus
+enormously extended the principle of onomatopoeia in the origin of vocal
+language. As I have been unable to find any reference to this important
+factor in the origin of language, and as no competent writer has pointed
+out any fallacy in it, I think I am justified in supposing it to be new
+and important. Mr. Gladstone informed me that there were many thousands
+of illustrations of my ideas in Homer."--A.R.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+W.E. GLADSTONE TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_Hawarden Castle, Chester. October 18, 1895._
+
+Dear Sir,--Your kindness in sending me your most interesting article
+draws on you the inconvenience of an acknowledgment.
+
+My pursuits in connection with Homer, especially, have made me a
+confident advocate of the doctrine that there is, within limits, a
+connection in language between sound and sense.
+
+I would consent to take the issue simply on English words beginning with
+_st_. You go upon a kindred class in _sn_. I do not remember a perfectly
+_innocent_ word, a word habitually used _in bonam partem_, and beginning
+with _sn_, except the word "snow," and "snow," as I gather from
+_Schnee_, is one of the worn-down words.
+
+May I beg to illustrate you once more on the ending in _p_. I take our
+old schoolboy combinations: hop, skip and jump. Each motion an ending
+motion; and to each word closed with _p_ compare the words _run, rennen,
+courir, currere._
+
+But I have now a new title to speak. It is deafness; and I know from
+deafness that I run a worse chance with a man whose mouth is covered
+with beard and moustache.
+
+A young relation of mine, slightly deaf, was sorely put to it in an
+University examination because one of his examiners was _secretal_ in
+this way.
+
+I will not trouble you further except to express, with misgiving, a
+doubt on a single point, the final _f_.
+
+In driving with Lord Granville, who was deaf but not very deaf, I had
+occasion to mention to him the Duke of _Fife_, I used every effort, but
+in no way could I contrive to make him hear the word.
+
+I break my word to add one other particular. Out of 27,000 odd lines in
+Homer, every one of them expressed, in a sense, heavy weight or force;
+the blows of heavy-armed men on the breastplates of foes  ... [illegible]
+and the like.--With many thanks, I remain yours very faithfully,
+
+W.E. GLADSTONE.
+
+P.S.--I should say that the efficacy of lip-expression, undeniably, is
+most subtle, and defies definite description.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO DR. ARCHDALL REID
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. April 19, 1896._
+
+Dear Sir,--I am sorry I had not space to refer more fully to your
+interesting work.[27] The most important point on which I think your
+views require emendation is on _instinct_. I see you quote Spalding's
+experiments, but these have been quite superseded and shown to be
+seriously incorrect by Prof. Lloyd Morgan. A paper by him in the
+_Fortnightly Review_ of August, 1893, gives an account of his
+experiments, and he read a paper on the same subject at the British
+Association last year. He is now preparing a volume on the subject
+which will contain the most valuable series of observations yet made on
+this question. Another point of some importance where I cannot agree
+with you is your treating dipsomania as a disease, only to be eliminated
+by drunkenness and its effects. It appears to me to be only a vicious
+habit or indulgence which would cease to exist in a state of society in
+which the habit were almost universally reprobated, and the means for
+its indulgence almost absent. But this is a matter of comparatively
+small importance.--Believe me yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO DR. ARCHDALL REID
+
+
+_Parkstone. April 28, 1896._
+
+Dear Sir,--"We can but reason from the facts we know." We know a good
+deal of the senses of the higher animals, very little of those of
+insects. If we find--as I think we do--that all cases of supposed
+"instinctive knowledge" in the former turn out to be merely intuitive
+reactions to various kinds of stimulus, combined with very rapidly
+acquired experience, we shall be justified in thinking that the actions
+of the latter will some day be similarly explained. When Lloyd Morgan's
+book is published we shall have much information on this question.
+(_See_ "Natural Selection and Tropical Nature," pp. 91-7.)--Yours truly,
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. MELDOLA
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. October 12, 1896._
+
+My dear Meldola,--I got Weismann's "Germinal Selection" two or three
+months back and read it very carefully, and on the whole I admire it
+very much, and think it does complete the work of ordinary variation and
+selection. Of course it is a pure hypothesis, and can never perhaps be
+directly proved, but it seems to me a reasonable one, and it enables us
+to understand two groups of facts which I have never been able to work
+out satisfactorily by the old method. These two facts are: (1) the
+total, or almost total, disappearance of many useless organs, and (2)
+the continuous development of secondary sexual characters beyond any
+conceivable utility, and, apparently, till checked by inutility. It
+explains both these. Disuse alone, as I and many others have always
+argued, cannot do the first, but can only cause _regression to the
+mean_, with perhaps some further regression from economy of material.
+
+As to the second, I have always felt the difficulty of accounting for
+the enormous development of the peacock's train, the bird of paradise
+plumes, the long wattle of the bell bird, the enormous tail-feathers of
+the Guatemalan trogon, of some humming-birds, etc. etc. etc. The
+beginnings of all these I can explain as recognition marks, and this
+explains also their distinctive character in allied species, but it does
+not explain their growing on and on far beyond what is needful for
+recognition, and apparently till limited by absolute hurtfulness. It is
+a relief to me to have "germinal selection" to explain this.
+
+I do not, however, think it at all necessary to explain adaptations,
+however complex. Variation is so general and so large, in dominant
+species, and selection is so tremendously powerful, that I believe all
+needful adaptation may be produced without it. But, if it exists, it
+would undoubtedly hasten the process of such adaptation and would
+therefore enable new places in the economy of nature to be more rapidly
+filled up.
+
+I was thinking of writing a popular exposition of the new theory for
+_Nature_, but have not yet found time or inclination for it. I began
+reading "Germinal Selection" with a prejudice against it. That prejudice
+continued through the first half, but when I came to the idea itself,
+and after some trouble grasped the meaning and bearing of it, I saw the
+work it would do and was a convert at once. It really has no relation to
+Lamarckism, and leaves the non-heredity of acquired characters exactly
+where it was.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The next letter relates to the great controversy then being carried on
+with respect to Weismann's doctrine of the non-inheritance of "acquired"
+characters, which doctrine implied complete rejection of the last trace
+of Lamarckism from Darwinian evolution. Wallace ultimately accepted the
+Weismannian teaching. Darwin had no opportunity during his lifetime of
+considering this question, which was raised later in an acute form by
+Weismann.
+
+
+TO PROF. MELDOLA
+
+
+_Parkstane, Dorset. January 6, 1897._
+
+My dear Meldola,--The passage to which you refer in the "Origin" (top of
+p. 6) shows Darwin's firm belief in the "heredity of acquired
+variations," and also in the importance of definite variations, that is,
+"sports," though elsewhere he almost gives these up in favour of
+indefinite variations; and this last is now the view of all Darwinians,
+and even of many Lamarckians. I therefore always now assume this as
+admitted. Weismann's view as to "possible variations" and "impossible
+variations" on p. 1 of "Germinal Selection" is misleading, because it
+can only refer to "sports" or to "cumulative results," not to
+"individual variations" such as are the material Natural Selection acts
+on. Variation, as I understand it, can only be a slight modification in
+the offspring of that which exists in the parent. The question whether
+pigs could possibly develop wings is absurd, and altogether beside the
+question, which is, solely, so far as direct evidence goes, as to the
+means by which the change from one species to another closely allied
+species has been brought about. Those who want to begin by discussing
+the causes of change from a dog to a seal, or from a cow to a whale, are
+not worth arguing with, as they evidently do not comprehend the A, B, C
+of the theory.
+
+Darwin's ineradicable acceptance of the theory of heredity of the
+effects of climate, use and disuse, food, etc., on the individual led to
+much obscurity and fallacy in his arguments, here and there.--Yours very
+sincerely,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON _Parkstone, Dorset. February 14, 1897._
+
+My dear Poulton,--Thanks for copy of your British Association
+Address,[28] which I did not read in _Nature_, being very busy just
+then. I have now read it with much pleasure, and think it a very useful
+and excellent discussion that was much needed. There is, however, one
+important error, I think, which vitiates a vital part of the argument,
+and which renders it possible so to reduce the time indicated by geology
+as to render the accordance of Geology and Physics more easy to effect.
+The error I allude to was made by Sir A. Geikie in his Presidential
+Address[29] which you quote. Immediately it appeared I wrote to him
+pointing it out, but he merely acknowledged my letter, saying he would
+consider it. To me it seems a most palpable and extraordinary blunder.
+The error consists in taking the rate of deposition as the same as the
+rate of denudation, whereas it is about twenty times as great, perhaps
+much more--because the area of deposition is at least twenty times less
+than that of denudation. In order to equal the area of denudation, it
+would require that _every_ bed of _every_ formation should have once
+extended over the _whole area_ of all the land of the globe! The
+deposition in narrow belts along coasts of all the matter brought down
+by rivers, as proved by the _Challenger_, leads to the same result. In
+my "Island Life," 2nd Edit., pp. 221-225, I have discussed this whole
+matter, and on reading it again I can find no fallacy in it. I have,
+however, I believe, overestimated the time required for deposition,
+which I believe would be more nearly one-fortieth than one-twentieth
+that of mean denudation; because there is, I believe, also a great
+overestimate of the maximum of deposition, because it is partly made up
+of beds which may have been deposited simultaneously. Also the maximum
+thickness is probably double the mean thickness.
+
+The mean rate of denudation, both for European rivers and for all the
+rivers that have been measured, is a foot in three million years, which
+is the figure that should be taken in calculations.--Believe me yours
+very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. MELDOLA
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. April 27, 1897._
+
+My dear Meldola,--  ... I thought Romanes' article in reply to Spencer
+was very well written and wonderfully clear for him, and I agree with
+most of it, except his high estimate of Spencer's co-adaptation
+argument. It is quite true that Spencer's biology rests entirely on
+Lamarckism, so far as heredity of acquired characters goes. I have been
+reading Weismann's last book, "The Germ Plasm." It is a wonderful
+attempt to solve the most complex of all problems, and is almost
+unreadable without some practical acquaintance with germs and their
+development.--Believe me yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. June 13, 1897._
+
+My dear Poulton,--  ... The rate of deposition might be modified in an
+archipelago, but would not necessarily be less than now, on the
+_average_. On the ocean side it might be slow, but wherever there were
+comparatively narrow straits between the islands it might be even faster
+than now, because the area of deposition would be strictly limited. In
+the seas between Java and Borneo and between Borneo and Celebes the
+deposition _may be_ above the average. Again, during the development of
+continents there were evidently extensive mountain ridges and masses
+with landlocked seas, or inland lakes, and in all these deposition would
+be rapid. Anyhow, the fact remains that there is no necessary equality
+between rates of denudation and deposition (in thickness) as Geikie has
+_assumed_.
+
+I was delighted with your account of Prichard's wonderful anticipation
+of Galton and Weismann! It is so perfect and complete.... It is most
+remarkable that such a complete statement of the theory and such a
+thorough appreciation of its effects and bearing should have been so
+long overlooked. I read Prichard when I was very young, and have never
+seen the book since. His facts and arguments are really useful ones, and
+I should think Weismann must be delighted to have such a supporter come
+from the grave. His view as to the supposed transmission of disease is
+quite that of Archdall Reid's recent book. He was equally clear as to
+Selection, and had he been a _zoologist_ and _traveller_ he might have
+anticipated the work of both Darwin and Weismann!
+
+To bring out such a book as his "Researches" when only twenty-seven, and
+a practising physician, shows what a remarkable man he was.--Believe me
+yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. MELDOLA
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. July 8, 1897._
+
+My dear Meldola,--  ... I am now reading a wonderfully interesting
+book--O. Fisher's "Physics of the Earth's Crust." It is really a grand
+book, and, though full of unintelligible mathematics, is so clearly
+explained and so full of good reasoning on all the aspects of this most
+difficult question that it is a pleasure to read it. It was especially a
+pleasure to me because I had just been writing an article on the
+Permanence of the Oceanic Basins, at the request of the Editor of
+_Natural Science_, who told me I was not orthodox on the point. But I
+find that Fisher supports the same view with very great force, and it
+strikes me that if weight of argument and number of capable supporters
+create orthodoxy in science, it is the other side who are not orthodox.
+I have some fresh arguments, and I was delighted to be able to quote
+Fisher. It seems almost demonstrated now that Sir W. Thomson was wrong,
+and that the earth _has_ a molten interior and a very thin crust, and in
+no other way can the phenomena of geology be explained....--Yours very
+truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO SIR OLIVER LODGE
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. March 8, 1898._
+
+My dear Sir,--My own opinion has long been--and I have many times given
+reasons for it--that there is always an ample amount of variation in all
+directions to allow any useful modification to be produced, very
+rapidly, as compared with the rate of those secular changes (climate and
+geography) which necessitate adaptation; hence no guidance of variation
+in certain lines is necessary. For proof of this I would ask you to look
+at the diagrams in Chapter III. of my "Darwinism," reading the
+explanation in the text. The proof of such constant indefinite
+variability has been much increased of late years, and if you consider
+that instead of tens or hundreds of individuals, Nature has as many
+thousands or millions to be selected from, every year or two, it will be
+clear that the materials for adaptation are ample.
+
+Again, I believe that the time, even as limited by Lord Kelvin's
+calculations, is ample, for reasons given in Chapter X., "On the Earth's
+Age," in my "Island Life," and summed up on p. 236. I therefore consider
+the difficulty set forth on p. 2 of the leaflet you send is not a real
+one. To my mind, the development of plants and animals from low forms of
+each is fully explained by the variability proved to exist, with the
+actual rapid multiplication and Natural Selection. For this no other
+intellectual agency is required. The problem is to account for the
+infinitely complex constitution of the material world and its forces
+which rendered living organisms possible; then, the introduction of
+consciousness or sensation, which alone rendered the animal world
+possible; lastly, the presence in man of capacities and moral ideas and
+aspirations which could not conceivably be produced by variation and
+Natural Selection. This is stated at p. 473-8 of my "Darwinism," and is
+also referred to in the article I enclose (at p. 443) and which you need
+not return.
+
+The subject is so large and complex that it is not to be wondered so
+many people still maintain the insufficiency of Natural Selection,
+without having really mastered the facts. I could not, therefore, answer
+your question without going into some detail and giving references....
+--Believe me yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. H.N. RIDLEY
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. October 3, 1898._
+
+My dear Mr. Ridley,--  ... We are much interested now about De Rougemont,
+and I dare say you have seen his story in the _Wide World Magazine_,
+while in the _Daily Chronicle_ there have been letters, interviews and
+discussions without end. A few people, who think they know everything,
+treat him as an impostor; but unfortunately they themselves contradict
+each other, and so far are proved to be wrong more often than De
+Rougemont. I firmly believe that his story is substantially true--making
+allowance for his being a foreigner who learnt one system of measures,
+then lived thirty years among savages, and afterwards had to reproduce
+all his knowledge in English and Australian idioms. As an intelligent
+writer in the _Saturday Review_ says, putting aside the sensational
+illustrations there is absolutely nothing in his story but what is quite
+_possible_ and even _probable_. He must have reached Singapore the year
+after I returned home, and I dare say there are people there who
+remember Jensen, the owner of the schooner _Veilland_, with whom he
+sailed on his disastrous pearl-fishing expedition. Jensen is said now to
+be in British New Guinea, and has often spoken of his lost cargo of
+pearls. ---- and ----, of the Royal Geographical Society, state that
+they are convinced of the substantial truth of the main outlines of his
+story, and after three interviews and innumerable questions are
+satisfied of his _bona fides_--and so am I.--With best wishes, believe
+me to be yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. SAMUEL WADDINGTON TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_7 Whitehall Gardens, London, S.W. February 19, 1901._
+
+Dear Sir,--I trust you will forgive a stranger troubling you with a
+letter, but a friend has asked me whether, as a matter of fact, Darwin
+held that _all_ living creatures descended from one and the same
+ancestor, and that the pedigree of a humming-bird and that of a
+hippopotamus would meet if traced far enough back. Can you tell me
+whether Darwin did teach this?
+
+I should have thought that as life was developed once, it probably could
+and would be developed many times in different places, as month after
+month, and year after year went by; and that, from the very first, it
+probably took many different forms and characters, in the same way as
+crystals take different forms and shapes, even when composed of the same
+substance. From these many developments of "life" would descend as many
+separate lines of evolution, one ending in the humming-bird, another in
+the hippopotamus, a third in the kangaroo, etc., and their pedigrees
+(however far back they might be traced) would not join until they
+reached some primitive form of protoplasm,--Yours faithfully,
+
+SAMUEL WADDINGTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. SAMUEL WADDINGTON
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. February 23, 1901._
+
+Dear Sir,--Darwin believed that all living things originated from "a few
+forms or from one"--as stated in the last sentence of his "Origin of
+Species." But privately I am sure he believed in the _one_ origin. Of
+course there is a possibility that there were several distinct origins
+from inorganic matter, but that is very improbable, because in that case
+we should expect to find some difference in the earliest forms of the
+germs of life. But there is no such difference, the primitive germ-cells
+of man, fish or oyster being almost indistinguishable, formed of
+identical matter and going through identical primitive changes.
+
+As to the humming-bird and hippopotamus, there is no doubt whatever of a
+common origin--if evolution is accepted at all; since both are
+vertebrates--a very high type of organism whose ancestral forms can be
+traced back to a simple type much earlier than the common origin of
+mammals, birds and reptiles.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO SIR FRANCIS DARWIN
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. July 3, 1901._
+
+Dear Mr. Darwin,--Thanks for the letter returned. I _do_ hold the
+opinion expressed in the last sentence of the article you refer to, and
+have reprinted it in my volume of Studies, etc. But the stress must be
+laid on the word _proof_. I intended it to enforce the somewhat similar
+opinion of your father, in the "Origin" (p. 424, 6th Edit.), where he
+says, "Analogy may be a deceitful guide." But I really do not go so far
+as he did. For he maintained that there was not any proof that the
+several great classes or kingdoms were descended from common ancestors.
+
+I maintain, on the contrary, that all without exception are now proved
+to have originated by "descent with modification," but that there is no
+proof, and no necessity, that the very same causes which have been
+sufficient to produce all the species of a genus or Order were those
+which initiated and developed the greater differences. At the same time
+I do _not_ say they were not sufficient. I merely urge that there is a
+difference between proof and probability.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. August 5, 1904._
+
+My dear Poulton,--  ... What a miserable abortion of a theory is
+"Mutation," which the Americans now seem to be taking up in place of
+Lamarckism, "superseded." Anything rather than Darwinism! I am glad Dr.
+F.A. Dixey shows it up so well in this week's _Nature_,[30] but too
+mildly!--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. April 3, 1905._
+
+My dear Poulton,--Many thanks for copy of your Address,[31] which I have
+read with great pleasure and will forward to Birch next mail. You have,
+I think, produced a splendid and unanswerable set of facts proving the
+non-heredity of acquired characters. I was particularly pleased with the
+portion on "instincts," in which the argument is especially clear and
+strong. I am afraid, however, the whole subject is above and beyond the
+average "entomologist" or insect collector, but it will be of great
+value to all students of evolution. It is curious how few even of the
+more acute minds take the trouble to reason out carefully the teaching
+of certain facts--as in the case of Romanes and the "variable
+protection," and as I showed also in the case of Mivart (and also
+Romanes and Gulick) declaring that isolation alone, without Natural
+Selection, could produce perfect and well-defined species (see _Nature_,
+Jan. 12, 1899).... --Yours faithfully,
+
+A.R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO SIR FRANCIS DARWIN
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. October 29, 1905._
+
+Dear Mr. Darwin,--I return you the two articles on "Mutation" with many
+thanks. As they are both supporters of de Vries, I suppose they put his
+case as strongly as possible. Professor Hubrecht's paper is by far the
+clearest and the best written, and he says distinctly that de Vries
+claims that all new species have been produced by mutations, and none by
+"fluctuating variations." Professor Hubrecht supports this and says that
+de Vries has proved it! And all this founded upon a few "sports" from
+one species of plant, itself of doubtful origin (variety or hybrid), and
+offering phenomena in no way different from scores of other cultivated
+plants. Never, I should think, has such a vast hypothetical structure
+been erected on so flimsy a basis!
+
+The boldness of his statements is amazing, as when he declares (as if it
+were a fact of observation) that fluctuating variability, though he
+admits it as the origin of all domestic animals and plants, yet "never
+leads to the formation of species"! (Hubrecht, p. 216.) There is one
+point where he so grossly misinterprets your father that I think you or
+some other botanist should point it out. De Vries is said to quote from
+"Life and Letters," II., p. 83, where Darwin refers to "chance
+variations"--explained three lines on as "the slight differences
+selected by which a race or species is at length formed." Yet de Vries
+and Hubrecht claim that by "chance variations" Darwin meant "sports" or
+"mutations," and therefore agrees with de Vries, while both omit to
+refer to the many passages in which, later, he gave less and less weight
+to what he termed "single large variations"--the same as de Vries'
+"mutations"!--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO SIR JOSEPH HOOKER
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. November 10, 1905._
+
+My dear Sir Joseph,--I am writing to apologise for a great oversight.
+When I sent my publishers a list of persons who had contributed to "My
+Life" in various ways, your name, which should have been _first_, was
+strangely omitted, and the omission was only recalled to me yesterday by
+reading your letters to Bates in Clodd's edition of his Amazon book,
+which I have just purchased. I now send you a copy by parcel-post, in
+the hope that you will excuse the omission to send it sooner.
+
+Now for a more interesting subject, I was extremely pleased and even
+greatly surprised, in reading your letters to Bates, to find that at
+that early period (1862) you were already strongly convinced of three
+facts which are absolutely essential to a comprehension of the method of
+organic evolution, but which many writers, even now, almost wholly
+ignore. They are (1) the universality and large amount of normal
+variability, (2) the extreme rigour of Natural Selection, and (3) that
+there is no adequate evidence for, and very much against, the
+inheritance of acquired characters.
+
+It was only some years later, when I began to write on the subject and
+had to think out the exact mode of action of Natural Selection, that I
+myself arrived at (1) and (2), and have ever since dwelt upon them--in
+season and out of season, as many will think--as being absolutely
+essential to a comprehension of organic evolution. The third I did not
+realise till I read Weismann, I have never seen the sufficiency of
+normal variability for the modification of species more strongly or
+better put than in your letters to Bates. Darwin himself never realised
+it, and consequently played into the hands of the "discontinuous
+variation" and "mutation" men, by so continually saying "_if_ they
+vary"--"without variation Natural Selection can do nothing," etc.
+
+Your argument that variations are not caused by change of environment is
+equally forcible and convincing. Has anybody answered de Vries yet?
+
+F. Darwin lent me Prof. Hubrecht's review from the _Popular Science
+Monthly_, in which he claims that de Vries has proved that new species
+have always been produced from "mutations," never through normal
+variability, and that Darwin latterly agreed with him! This is to me
+amazing! The Americans too accept de Vries as a second Darwin!--Yours
+very sincerely,
+
+ALFRED E. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR J. HOOKER TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_The Camp, Sunningdale. November 12, 1905._
+
+My dear Wallace,--My return from a short holiday at Sidmouth last
+Thursday was greeted by your kind and welcome letter and copy of your
+"Life." The latter was, I assure you, never expected, knowing as I do
+the demand for free copies that such a work inflicts on the writer. In
+fact I had put it down as one of the annual Christmas gifts of books
+that I receive from my own family. Coming, as it thus did, quite
+unexpectedly, it is doubly welcome, and I do heartily thank you for this
+proof of your greatly valued friendship. It will prove to be one of four
+works of greatest interest to me of any published since Darwin's
+"Origin," the others being Waddell's "Lhasa," Scott's "Antarctic
+Voyage," and Mill's "Siege of the South Pole."
+
+I have not seen Clodd's edition of Bates's "Amazon," which I have put
+down as to be got, and I had no idea that I should have appeared in it.
+Your citation of my letters and their contents are like dreams to me;
+but to tell you the truth, I am getting dull of memory as well as of
+hearing, and what is worse, in reading: what goes in at one eye goes out
+at the other. So I am getting to realise Darwin's consolation of old
+age, that it absolves me from being expected to know, remember, or
+reason upon new facts and discoveries. And this must apply to your query
+as to anyone having as yet answered de Vries. I cannot remember having
+seen any answer; only criticisms of a discontinuous sort. I cannot for a
+moment entertain the idea that Darwin ever assented to the proposition
+that new species have always been produced from mutation and never
+through normal variability. Possibly there is some quibble on the
+definition of mutation or of variation. The Americans are prone to
+believe any new things, witness their swallowing the thornless cactus
+produced by that man in California--I forget his name--which Kew exposed
+by asking for specimens to exhibit in the Cactus House....--I am, my
+dear Wallace, sincerely yours,
+
+JOS. D. HOOKER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. E. SMEDLEY
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. January 31, 1906._
+
+Dear Mr. Smedley,--I have read Oliver Lodge's book in answer to Haeckel,
+but I do not think it very well done or at all clearly written or well
+argued. A book[32] has been sent me, however, which is a masterpiece of
+clearness and sound reasoning on such difficult questions, and is a far
+more crushing reply to Haeckel than O. Lodge's. I therefore send you a
+copy, and feel sure you will enjoy it. It is a stiff piece of reasoning,
+and wants close attention and careful thought, but I think you will be
+able to appreciate it. In my opinion it comes as near to an intelligible
+solution of these great problems of the Universe as we are likely to
+get while on earth. It is a book to read and think over, and read again.
+It is a masterpiece....--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. July 27, 1907._
+
+My dear Poulton,--Thanks for your very interesting letter. I am glad to
+hear you have a new book on "Evolution"[33] nearly ready and that in it
+you will do something to expose the fallacies of the Mutationists and
+Mendelians, who pose before the world as having got _all_ wisdom, before
+which we poor Darwinians must hide our diminished heads!
+
+Wishing to know the best that could be said for these latter-day
+anti-Darwinians, I have just been reading Lock's book on "Variation,
+Heredity, and Evolution." In the early part of his book he gives a
+tolerably fair account of Natural Selection, etc. But he gradually turns
+to Mendelism as the "one thing needful"--stating that there can be "no
+sort of doubt" that Mendel's paper is the "most important" contribution
+of its size ever made to biological science!
+
+"Mutation," as a theory, is absolutely nothing new--only the assertion
+that new species originate _always_ in sports, for which the evidence
+adduced is the most meagre and inconclusive of any ever set forth with
+such pretentious claims! I hope you will thoroughly expose this absurd
+claim.
+
+Mendelism is something new, and within its very limited range,
+important, as leading to conceptions as to the causes and laws of
+heredity, but only misleading when adduced as the true origin of species
+in nature, as to which it seems to me to have no part.--Yours very
+truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. November 26, 1907._
+
+My dear Poulton,--Many thanks for letting me see the proofs.[34]  ... The
+whole reads very clearly, and I am delighted with the way you expose the
+Mendelian and Mutational absurd claims. That ought to really open the
+eyes of the newspaper men to the fact that Natural Selection and
+Darwinism are not only holding their ground but are becoming more firmly
+established than ever by every fresh research into the ways and workings
+of living nature. I shall look forward to great pleasure in reading the
+whole book. I was greatly pleased with Archdall Reid's view of Mendelism
+in _Nature_.[35] He is a very clear and original thinker.
+
+I see in Essay X. you use in the title the term "defensive coloration."
+Why this instead of the usual "protective"? Surely the whole function of
+such colours and markings is to protect from attack--not to defend when
+attacked. The latter is the function of stings, spines and hard coats. I
+only mention this because using different terms may lead to some
+misconception.
+
+Your illustration of mutation by throwing colours on a screen, and the
+argument founded on it, I liked much. That reminds me that H. Spencer's
+argument for inheritance of acquired variations--that co-ordination of
+many parts at once, required for adaptations, would be impossible by
+chance variations of those parts--applies with a hundredfold force to
+mutations, which are admittedly so much less frequent both in their
+numbers and the repetitions of them.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. December 18, 1907._
+
+My dear Poulton,--The importance of Mendelism to Evolution seems to me
+to be something of the same kind, but very much less in degree and
+importance, as Galton's fine discovery of the law of the average share
+each parent has in the characters of the child--one quarter, the four
+grandparents each one-sixteenth, and so on. That illuminates the whole
+problem of heredity, combined with individual diversity, in a way
+nothing else does. I almost wish you could introduce that!--Yours very
+truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO DR. ARCHDALL REID
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. January 19, 1908._
+
+Dear Sir,--  ... I was much pleased the other day to read, in a review of
+Mr. T. Rice Holmes's fine work on "Ancient Britain and the Invasions of
+Julius Cæsar," that the author has arrived by purely historical study at
+the conclusion that we have not risen morally above our primitive
+ancestors. It is a curious and important coincidence.
+
+I myself got the germ of the idea many years ago, from a very acute
+thinker, Mr. Albert Mott, who gave some very original and thoughtful
+addresses as President of the Liverpool Philosophical Society, one of
+which dealt with the question of savages being often, perhaps always,
+the descendants of more civilised races, and therefore affording no
+proof of progression. At that time (about 1860-70) I could not accept
+the view, but I have now come to think he was right.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. November 2, 1908._
+
+My dear Poulton,--  ... You may perhaps have heard that I have been
+invited by the Royal Institution (through Sir W. Crookes) to give them a
+lecture on the jubilee of the "Origin of Species" in January, After some
+consideration I accepted, because I _think_ I can give a broad and
+general view of Darwinism, that will finally squash up the Mutationists
+and Mendelians, and be both generally intelligible and interesting. So
+far as I know this has never yet been done, and the Royal Institution
+audience is just the intelligent and non-specialist one I shall be glad
+to give it to if I can.
+
+I have been very poorly the last three weeks, but am now recovering my
+health and strength slowly. It will take me all my time the next two
+months to get this ready, and now I must write a letter in reply to the
+absurd and gross misrepresentation of Prof. Hubrecht, as to
+imaginary differences between Darwin and myself, in the last
+_Contemporary_!--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The next letter relates to Wallace's Friday evening Discourse at the
+Royal Institution. His friends were afraid whether his voice could be
+sustained throughout the hour--fears which were abundantly dispelled by
+the actual performance. This was his last public lecture.
+
+
+TO PROF. MELDOLA
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. December 20, 1908._
+
+My dear Meldola,--Thanks for your kind offer to read for me if
+necessary. But when Sir Wm. Crookes first wrote to me about it, he
+offered to read all, or any parts of the lecture, if my voice did not
+hold out. I am very much afraid I cannot stand the strain of speaking
+beyond my natural tone for an hour, or even for half that time--but I
+may be able to do the opening and conclusion....
+
+I am glad that you see, as I do, the utter futility of the claims of the
+Mutationists. I may just mention them in the lecture, but I hope I have
+put the subject in such a way that even "the meanest capacity" will
+suffice to see the absurdity of their claims.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. January 26, 1909._
+
+My dear Poulton,--I had a delightful two hours at the Museum on Saturday
+morning, as Mr. Rothschild brought from Tring several of his
+glass-bottomed drawers with his finest new New Guinea butterflies. They
+_were_ a treat! I never saw anything more lovely and interesting!...
+
+As to your very kind and pressing invitation,[36] I am sorry to be
+obliged to decline it. I cannot remain more than one day or night away
+from home, without considerable discomfort, and all the attractions of
+your celebration are, to me, repulsions....
+
+My lecture, even as it will be published in the _Fortnightly_, will be
+far too short for exposition of all the points I wish to discuss, and I
+hope to occupy myself during this year in saying all I want to say in a
+book (of a wider scope) which is already arranged for. One of the great
+points, which I just touched on in the lecture, is to show that all that
+is usually considered the waste of Nature--the enormous number produced
+in proportion to the few that survive--was absolutely essential in order
+to secure the variety and continuity of life through all the ages, and
+especially of that one line of descent which culminated in man. That, I
+think, is a subject no one has yet dealt with.--Yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. March 1, 1909._
+
+Dear Poulton,--  ... I am glad that Lankester has replied to the almost
+disgraceful Centenary article in the _Times_. But it is an illustration
+of the widespread mischief the Mutationists, etc., are doing. I have no
+doubt, however, it will all come right in the end, though the end may be
+far off, and in the meantime we must simply go on, and show, at every
+opportunity, that Darwinism actually does explain the whole fields of
+phenomena that they do not even attempt to deal with, or even
+approach....--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MRS. FISHER
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. March 6, 1909._
+
+Dear Mrs. Fisher,--  ... Another point I am becoming more and more
+impressed with is, a teleology of fundamental laws and forces rendering
+development of the infinity of life-forms possible (and certain) in
+place of the old teleology applied to the production of each species.
+Such are the case of feathers reproduced annually, which I gave at end
+of lecture, and the still more marvellous fact of the caterpillar, often
+in two or three weeks of chrysalis life, having its whole internal,
+muscular, nervous, locomotive and alimentary organs decomposed and
+recomposed into a totally different being--an absolute miracle if ever
+there is one, quite as wonderful as would be the production of a complex
+marine organism out of a mass of protoplasm. Yet, because there has
+been continuity, the difficulty is slurred over or thought to be
+explained!--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. June 22, 1909._
+
+Dear Sir William,--On Saturday, to my great pleasure, I received a copy
+of the Darwin Commemoration volume. I at once began reading your most
+excellent paper on the Geographical Distribution of Plants. It is
+intensely interesting to me, both because it so clearly brings out
+Darwin's views and so judiciously expounds his arguments--even when you
+intimate a difference of opinion--but especially because you bring out
+so clearly and strongly his views on the general permanence of
+continents and oceans, which to-day, as much as ever, wants insisting
+upon. I may just mention here that none of the people who still insist
+on former continents where now are deep oceans have ever dealt with the
+almost physical impossibility of such a change having occurred without
+breaking the continuity of terrestrial life, owing to the mean depth of
+the ocean being at least six times the mean height of the land, and its
+area nearly three times, so that the whole mass of the land of the
+existing continents would be required to build up even _one small_
+continent in the depths of the Atlantic or Pacific! I have demonstrated
+this, with a diagram, in my "Darwinism" (Chap, XII.), and it has never
+been either refuted or noticed, but passed by as if it did not exist!
+Your whole discussion of Dispersal and Distribution is also admirable,
+and I was much interested with your quotations from Guppy, whose book I
+have not seen, but must read.
+
+Most valuable to me also are your numerous references to Darwin's
+letters, so that the article serves as a compendious index to the five
+volumes, as regards this subject.
+
+Especially admirable is the way in which you have always kept Darwin
+before us as the centre of the whole discussion, while at the same time
+fairly stating the sometimes adverse views of those who differ from him
+on certain points....--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_The Ferns, Witcombe, Gloucester. June 25, 1909._
+
+Dear Dr. Wallace,--It is difficult for me to tell you how gratified I am
+by your extraordinarily kind letter.... The truth is that success was
+easy. It has been my immense good fortune to know most of those who
+played in the drama. The story simply wanted a straightforward
+amanuensis to tell itself. But it is a real pleasure to me to know that
+I have met with some measure of success.
+
+There are many essays in the book that you will not like any more than I
+do. The secret of this lies in the fact, which you pointed out in your
+memorable speech at the Linnean Celebration, that no one but a
+naturalist can really understand Darwin.
+
+I did not go to Cambridge--I had my hands full here. I was not sorry for
+the excuse. There seemed to me a note of insincerity about the whole
+business. I am short-tempered. I cannot stand being told that the origin
+of species has still to be discovered, and that specific differences
+have no "reality" (Bateson's Essay, p. 89). People are of course at
+liberty to hold such opinions, but decency might have presented another
+occasion for ventilating them.--Yours sincerely,
+
+W.T. THISELTON-DYER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_The Ferns, Witcombe, Gloucester. July 11, 1909._
+
+Dear Mr. Wallace,--  ... I have just got F. Darwin's "Foundations." He
+tries to make out that his father could have dispensed with Malthus. But
+the selection death-rate in a slightly varying large population is _the_
+pith of the whole business. The Darwin-Wallace theory is, as you say,
+"the continuous adjustment of the organic to the inorganic world." It is
+what mathematicians call "a moving equilibrium." In fact, I have always
+maintained that it is a mathematical conception.
+
+It seemed to me there was a touch of insincerity about the whole
+celebration,[37] as the younger Cambridge School as a whole do not even
+begin to understand the theory.... I take it that the reason is, as you
+pointed out, that none of them are naturalists.--Yours sincerely,
+
+W.T. THISELTON-DYER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO DR. ARCHDALL REID
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. December 28, 1909._
+
+Dear Dr. Archdall Reid,--Many thanks for your very interesting and
+complimentary letter. I am very glad to hear of your new book, which I
+doubt not will be very interesting and instructive. The subjects you
+treat are, however, so very complex, and require so much accurate
+knowledge of the facts, and so much sound reasoning upon them, that I
+cannot possibly undertake the labour and thought required before I
+should feel justified in expressing an opinion upon your treatment of
+them....
+
+I rejoice to hear that you have exposed the fallacy of the claims of the
+Mendelians. I have also tried to do so, but I find it quite impossible
+for me to follow their detailed studies and arguments. It wants a
+mathematical mind, which I have not.
+
+But on the general relation of Mendelism to Evolution I have come to a
+very definite conclusion. This is, that it has no relation whatever to
+the evolution of species or higher groups, but is really antagonistic to
+such evolution! The essential basis of evolution, involving as it does
+the most minute and all-pervading adaptation to the whole environment,
+is extreme and ever-present plasticity, as a condition of survival and
+adaptation. But the essence of Mendelian characters is their rigidity.
+They are transmitted without variation, and therefore, except by the
+rarest of accidents, can never become adapted to ever-varying
+conditions. Moreover, when crossed they reproduce the same pair of types
+in the same proportions as at first, and therefore without selection;
+they are antagonistic to evolution by continually reproducing injurious
+or useless characters--which is the reason they are so rarely found in
+nature, but are mostly artificial breeds or sports. My view is,
+therefore, that Mendelian characters are of the nature of abnormalities
+or monstrosities, and that the "Mendelian laws" serve the purpose of
+eliminating them when, as usually, they are not useful, and thus
+preventing them from interfering with the normal process of natural
+selection and adaptation of the more plastic races. I am also glad to
+hear of your new argument for non-inheritance of acquired
+characters.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne, February 8, 1911._
+
+Dear Sir W. Thiselton-Dyer,--I thank you very much for taking so much
+trouble as you have done in writing your views of my new book.[38] I am
+glad to find that you agree with much of what I have said in the more
+evolutionary part of it, and that you differ only on some of my
+suggested interpretations of the facts. I have always felt the
+disadvantage I have been under--more especially during the last twenty
+years--in having not a single good biologist anywhere near me, with whom
+I could discuss matters of theory or obtain information as to matters of
+fact. I am therefore the more pleased that you do not seem to have come
+across any serious misstatements in the botanical portions, as to which
+I have had to trust entirely to second-hand information, often obtained
+through a long and varied correspondence.
+
+As to your disagreement from me in the conclusions arrived at and
+strenuously advocated in the latter portions of my work, I am not
+surprised. I am afraid, now, that I have not expressed myself
+sufficiently clearly as to the fundamental phenomena which seem to me
+absolutely to necessitate a guiding mind and organising power. Hardly
+one of my critics (I think absolutely not one) has noticed the
+distinction I have tried and intended to draw between Evolution on the
+one hand, and the fundamental powers and properties of Life--growth,
+assimilation, reproduction, heredity, etc.--on the other. In Evolution I
+recognise the action of Natural Selection as universal and capable of
+explaining all the facts of the continuous development of species from
+species, "from amoeba to man." But this, as Darwin, Weismann, Kerner,
+Lloyd-Morgan, and even Huxley have seen, has nothing whatever to do with
+the basic mysteries of life--growth, etc. etc. The chemists think they
+have done wonders when they have produced in their laboratories certain
+organic substances--always by the use of other organic products--which
+life builds up within each organism, and from the few simple elements
+available in air, earth, and water, innumerable structures--bone, horn,
+hair, skin, blood, muscle, etc. etc.; and these are not amorphous--mere
+lumps of dead matter--but organised to serve certain definite purposes
+in each living organism. I have dwelt on this in my chapter on "The
+Mystery of the Cell." Now I have been unable to find any attempt by any
+biologist or physiologist to grapple with this problem. One and all,
+they shirk it, or simply state it to be insoluble. It is here that I
+state guidance and organising power are essential. My little
+physiological parable or allegory (p. 296) I think sets forth the
+difficulty fairly, though by no means adequately, yet not one of about
+fifty reviews I have read even mentions it.
+
+If you know of any writer of sufficient knowledge and mental power, who
+has fully recognised and fairly grappled with this fundamental problem,
+I should be very glad to be referred to him. I have been able to find no
+approach to it. Yet I am at once howled at, or sneered at, for pointing
+out the facts that such problems exist, that they are not in any way
+touched by Evolution, but are far before it, and the forces, laws and
+agencies involved are those of existences possessed of powers, mental
+and physical, far beyond those mere mechanical, physical, or chemical
+forces we see at work in nature....--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_The Ferns, Witcombe, Gloucester. February 12, 1911._
+
+Dear Mr. Wallace,--  ... You must let me correct you on one technical
+point in your letter. It is no longer possible to say that chemists
+effect the synthesis of organic products "by the use of other organic
+substances." From what has been already effected, it cannot be doubted
+that eventually every organic substance will be built up from "the few
+simple elements available in air, earth and water." I think you may take
+it from me that this does not admit of dispute....
+
+At any rate we are in agreement as to Natural Selection being capable of
+explaining evolution "from amoeba to man."
+
+It is generally admitted that that is a mechanical or scientific
+explanation. That is to say, it invokes nothing but intelligible actions
+and causes.
+
+De Vries, however, asserts that the Darwinian theory is _not_ scientific
+at all, and that is of course a position he has a right to take up.
+
+But if we admit that it is scientific, then we are precluded from
+admitting a "directive power."
+
+This was von Baer's position, also that of Kant and of Weismann.
+
+But von Baer remarks that the naturalist is not precluded from asking
+"whether the _totality_ of details leads him to a general and final
+basis of intentional design." I have no objection to this, and offer it
+as an olive-branch which you can throw to your howling and sneering
+critics.
+
+As to "structures organised to serve certain definite purposes," surely
+they offer no more difficulty as regards "scientific" explanation than
+the apparatus by which an orchid is fertilised.
+
+We can work back to the amoeba to find ourselves face to face with a
+scarcely organised mass of protoplasm. And then we find ourselves face
+to face with a problem which will, perhaps, for ever remain insoluble
+scientifically. But as for that, so is the primeval material of which it
+(protoplasm) is composed. "Matter" itself is evaporating, for it is
+being resolved by physical research into something which is intangible.
+
+We cannot form the slightest idea how protoplasm came into existence.
+It is impossible to regard it as a mere substance. It is a mechanism.
+Although the chemist may hope to make eventually all the substances
+which protoplasm fabricates, and will probably do so, he can only build
+them up by the most complicated processes. Protoplasm appears to be able
+to manufacture them straight off in a way of which the chemist cannot
+form the slightest conception. This is one aspect of the mystery of
+_life_. Herbert Spencer's definition tells one nothing.
+
+Science can only explain nature as it reveals itself to the senses in
+terms of consciousness. The explanation may be all wrong in the eyes of
+omniscience. All one can say is that it is a practical working basis,
+and is good enough for mundane purposes. But if I am asked if I can
+solve the riddle of the Universe I can only answer, No. Brunetière then
+retorts that science is bankrupt. But this is equivocal. It only means
+that it cannot meet demands beyond its power to satisfy.
+
+I entirely sympathise with anyone who seeks an answer from some other
+non-scientific source. But I keep scientific explanations and spiritual
+craving wholly distinct.
+
+The whole point of evolution, as formulated by Lyell and Darwin, is to
+explain phenomena by known causes. Now, directive power is not a known
+cause. Determinism compels me to believe that every event is inevitable.
+If we admit a directive power, the order of nature becomes capricious
+and unintelligible. Excuse my saying all this. But that is the dilemma
+as it presents itself to _my_ mind. If it does not trouble other people,
+I can only say, so much the better for them. Briefly, I am afraid I must
+say that it is ultra-scientific. I think that would have been pretty
+much Darwin's view.
+
+I do not think that it is quite fair to say that biologists shirk the
+problem. In my opinion they are not called upon to face it. Bastian, I
+suppose, believed that he had bridged the gulf between lifeless and
+living matter. And here is a man, of whom I know nothing, who has
+apparently got the whole thing cut and dried.--Yours sincerely,
+
+W.T. THISELTON-DYER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. May 28, 1912._
+
+My dear Poulton,--Thanks for your paper on Darwin and Bergson.[39] I
+have read nothing of Bergson's, and although he evidently has much in
+common with my own views, yet all vague ideas--like "an internal
+development force"--seem to me of no real value as an explanation of
+Nature.
+
+I claim to have shown the necessity of an ever-present Mind as the
+primal cause both of all physical and biological evolution. This Mind
+works by and through the primal forces of nature--by means of Natural
+Selection in the world of life; and I do not think I could read a book
+which rejects this method in favour of a vague "law of sympathy." He
+might as well reject gravitation, electrical repulsion, etc. etc., as
+explaining the motions of cosmical bodies....--Yours very truly, ALFRED
+R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. BEN R. MILLER
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset, January 18, 1913._
+
+Dear Sir,--Thanks for your kind congratulations, and for the small
+pamphlet[40] you have sent me. I have read it with much interest, as the
+writer was evidently a man of thought and talent. The first lecture
+certainly gives an approach to Darwin's theory, perhaps nearer than any
+other, as he almost implies the "survival of the fittest" as the cause
+of progressive modification. But his language is imaginative and
+obscure. He uses "education" apparently in the sense of what we should
+term "effect of the environment."
+
+The second lecture is even a more exact anticipation of the modern views
+as to microbes, including their transmission by flies and other insects
+and the probability that the blood of healthy persons contains a
+sufficiency of destroyers of the pathogenic germs--such as the white
+blood-corpuscles--to preserve us in health.
+
+But he is so anti-clerical and anti-Biblical that it is no wonder he
+could not get a hearing in Boston in 1847.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. April 2, 1913._
+
+My dear Poulton,--About two months ago an American  ... sent me the
+enclosed booklet,[41] which he had been told was very rare, and
+contained an anticipation of Darwinism.
+
+This it certainly does, but the writer was highly imaginative, and, like
+all the other anticipators of Darwin, did not perceive the whole scope
+of his idea, being, as he himself says, not sufficiently acquainted with
+the facts of nature.
+
+His anticipations, however, of diverging lines of descent from a common
+ancestor, and of the transmission of disease germs by means of insects,
+are perfectly clear and very striking.
+
+As you yourself made known one of the anticipators of Darwin, whom he
+himself had overlooked, you are the right person to make this known in
+any way you think proper. As you have so recently been in America, you
+might perhaps ascertain from the librarian of the public library in
+Boston, or from some of your biological friends there, what is known of
+the writer and of his subsequent history.
+
+If the house at Down is ever dedicated to Darwin's memory it would seem
+best to preserve this little book there; if not you can dispose of it as
+you think best.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+P.S.--Two of my books have been translated into Japanese: will you
+ascertain whether the Bodleian would like to have them?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON[42]
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset, June 3, 1913._
+
+My dear Poulton,--I am very glad you have changed your view about the
+"Sleeper" lectures being a "fake." The writer was too earnest, and too
+clear a thinker, to descend to any such trick. And for what? "Agnostic"
+is not in Shakespeare, but it may well have been used by someone before
+Huxley. The parts of your Address of which you send me slips are
+excellent, and I am sure will be of great interest to your audience. I
+quite agree with your proposal that the "Lectures" shall be given to the
+Linnean Society.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. E. SMEDLEY
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. August 26, 1913._
+
+Dear Mr. Smedley,--I am glad to see you looking so jolly. I return the
+photo to give to some other friend. Mr. Marchant, the lecturer you
+heard, is a great friend of mine, but is now less dogmatic. The
+Piltdown skull does not prove much, if anything!
+
+The papers are wrong about me. I am not writing anything now; perhaps
+shall write no more. Too many letters and home business. Too much
+bothered with many slight ailments, which altogether keep me busy
+attending to them. I am like Job, who said "the grasshopper was a
+burthen" to him! I suppose its creaking song.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. W.J. FARMER
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. 1913._
+
+Dear Sir,--  ... I presume your question "Why?" as to the varying colour
+of individual hairs and feathers, and the regular varying of adjacent
+hairs, etc., to form the surface pattern, applies to the ultimate cause
+which enables those patterns to be hereditary, and, in the case of
+birds, to be reproduced after moulting yearly.
+
+The purpose, or end they serve, I have, I think, sufficiently dealt with
+in my "Darwinism"; the method by which such useful tints and markings
+are produced, because useful, is, I think, clearly explained by the law
+of Natural Selection or Survival of the Fittest, acting through the
+universal facts of heredity and variation.
+
+But the "why"--which goes further back, to the directing agency which
+not only brings each special cell of the highly complex structure of a
+feather into its exactly right position, but, further, carries pigments
+or produces surface striæ (in the case of the metallic or interference
+colours) also to their exactly right place, and nowhere else--is the
+mystery, which, if we knew, we should (as Tennyson said of the flower in
+the wall) "know what God and Man is."
+
+The idea that "cells" are all conscious beings and go to their right
+places has been put forward by Butler in his wonderful book "Life and
+Habit," and now even Haeckel seems to adopt it. All theories of
+heredity, including Darwin's pangenesis, do not touch it, and it seems
+to me as fundamental as life and consciousness, and to be absolutely
+inconceivable by us till we know what life is, what spirit is, and what
+matter is; and it is probable that we must develop in the spirit world
+some few thousand million years before we get to this knowledge--if
+then!
+
+My book, "Man's Place in the Universe," shows, I think, indications of
+the vast importance of that Universe as the producer of Man which so
+many scientific men to-day try to belittle, because of what may be, in
+the infinite!--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+
+
+
+PART IV
+
+Home Life
+
+(By W.G. WALLACE and VIOLET WALLACE)
+
+
+In our father's youth and prime he was 6 ft. 1 in. in height, with
+square though not very broad shoulders. At the time to which our first
+clear recollections go back he had already acquired a slight stoop due
+to long hours spent at his desk, and this became more pronounced with
+advancing age; but he was always tall, spare and very active, and walked
+with a long easy swinging stride which he retained to the end of his
+life.
+
+As a boy he does not appear to have been very athletic or muscularly
+strong, and his shortsightedness probably prevented him from taking part
+in many of the pastimes of his schoolfellows. He was never a good
+swimmer, and he used to say that his long legs pulled him down. He was,
+however, always a good walker and, until quite late in life, capable of
+taking long country walks, of which he was very fond.
+
+He was very quick and active in his movements at times, and even when 90
+years of age would get up on a chair or sofa to reach a book from a high
+shelf, and move about his study with rapid strides to find some paper to
+which he wished to refer.
+
+When out of doors he usually carried an umbrella, and in the garden a
+stick, upon which he leaned rather heavily in his later years. His hair
+became white rather early in life, but it remained thick and fine to the
+last, a fact which he attributed to always wearing soft hats. He had
+full beard and whiskers, which were also white. His eyes were blue and
+his complexion rather pale. He habitually wore spectacles, and to us he
+never looked quite natural without them. Towards the end of his life his
+eyes were subject to inflammation, and the glasses were blue. His hands,
+though large, were not clumsy, and were capable of very delicate
+manipulation, as is shown by his skill in handling and preserving
+insects and bird-skins, and also in sketching, where delicacy of touch
+was essential. His handwriting is another example of this; it remained
+clear and even to the end, in spite of the fact that he wrote all his
+books, articles, and letters with his own hand until the last few years,
+when he occasionally had assistance with his correspondence; but his
+last two books, "Social Environment" and "The Revolt of Democracy,"
+written when he was 90 years of age, were penned by himself, and the
+MSS. are perfectly legible and regular.
+
+He was very domestic, and loved his home. His interest extended to the
+culinary art, and he was fond of telling us how certain things should be
+cooked. This became quite a joke among us. He was very independent, and
+it never seemed to occur to him to ask to have anything done for him if
+he could do it himself--and he could do many things, such as sewing on
+buttons and tapes and packing up parcels, with great neatness. When
+unpacking parcels he never cut the string if it could be untied, and he
+would fold it up before removing the paper, which in its turn was also
+neatly folded.
+
+His clothes were always loose and easy-fitting, and generally of some
+quiet-coloured cloth or tweed. Out of doors he wore a soft black felt
+hat rather taller than the clerical pattern, and a black overcoat unless
+the weather was very warm. He wore no ornaments of any kind, and even
+the silver watch-chain was worn so as to be invisible. He wore low
+collars with turned-down points and a narrow black tie, which was,
+however, concealed by his beard. He was not very particular about his
+personal appearance, except that he always kept his hair and beard well
+brushed and trimmed.
+
+[Illustration: MRS. A.R. WALLACE (about 1895)]
+
+In our early days at Grays we children were allowed to run in and out of
+his study; but if he was busy writing at the moment we would look at a
+book until he could give us his attention. His brother in California
+sent him a live specimen of the lizard called the "horned toad," and
+this creature was kept in the study, where it was allowed to roam about,
+its favourite place being on the hearth.
+
+About this time he read "Alice through the Looking-glass," which pleased
+him greatly; he was never tired of quoting from it and using some of
+Lewis Carroll's quaint words till it became one of our classics.
+
+Some of our earliest recollections are of the long and interesting walks
+we took with our father and mother. He never failed to point out
+anything of interest and tell us what he knew about it, and would answer
+our numerous questions if possible, or put us off with some joking
+reference to Boojums or Jabberwocks. We looked upon him as an infallible
+source of information, not only in our childhood, but to a large extent
+all his life. When exploring the country he scorned "trespass boards."
+He read them "Trespassers will be persecuted," and then ignored them,
+much to our childish trepidation. If he was met by indignant gamekeepers
+or owners, they were often too much awed by his dignified and commanding
+appearance to offer any objection to his going where he wished. He was
+fond of calling our attention to insects and to other objects of natural
+history, and giving us interesting lessons about them. He delighted in
+natural scenery, especially distant views, and our walks and excursions
+were generally taken with some object, such as finding a bee-orchis or
+a rare plant, or exploring a new part of the country, or finding a
+waterfall.
+
+In 1876 we went to live at Dorking, but stayed there only a year or two.
+An instance of his love of mystifying us children may be given. It must
+have been shortly after our arrival at Dorking that one day, having been
+out to explore the neighbourhood, he returned about tea-time and said,
+"Where do you think I have been? To Glory!" Of course we were very
+properly excited, and plied him with questions, but we got nothing more
+out of him then. Later on we were taken to see the wonderful place
+called "Glory Wood"; and it had surely gained in glory by such
+preparation.
+
+Sometimes it would happen that a scene or object would recall an
+incident in his tropical wanderings and he would tell us of the sights
+he had seen. At the time he was greatly interested in botany, in which
+he was encouraged by our mother, who was an ardent lover of flowers; and
+to the end of his life he exhibited almost boyish delight when he
+discovered a rare plant. Many walks and excursions were taken for the
+purpose of seeing some uncommon plant growing in its natural habitat.
+When he had found the object of his search we were all called to see it.
+During his walks and holidays he made constant use of the one-inch
+Ordnance Maps, which he obtained for each district he visited, planning
+out our excursions on the map before starting. He had a gift for finding
+the most beautiful walks by means of it.
+
+In 1878 we moved to Croydon, where we lived about four years. It was at
+this time that he hoped to get the post of Superintendent of Epping
+Forest. We still remember all the delights we children were promised if
+we went to live there. We had a day's excursion to see the Forest, he
+with his map finding out the roads and stopping every now and then to
+admire a fresh view or to explain what he would do if the opportunity
+were given him. It was a very hot day, and we became so thirsty that
+when we reached a stream, to our great joy and delight he took out of
+his pocket, not the old leather drinking-cup he usually carried, but a
+long piece of black indiarubber tubing. We can see him now, quite as
+pleased as we were with this brilliant idea, letting it down into the
+stream and then offering us a drink! No water ever tasted so nice! Our
+mother used to be a little anxious as to the quality of the water, but
+he always put aside such objections by saying _running_ water was quite
+safe, and somehow we never came to any harm through it. The same happy
+luck attended our cuts and scratches; he always put "stamp-paper" on
+them, calling it plaster, and we knew of no other till years later. He
+used the same thing for his own cuts, etc., to the end of his life, with
+no ill effects.
+
+In 1881 we moved again, this time to Godalming, where he had built a
+small house which be called "Nutwood Cottage." After Croydon this was a
+very welcome change and we all enjoyed the lovely country round. The
+garden as usual was the chief hobby, and Mr. J.W. Sharpe, our old friend
+and neighbour in those days, has written his reminiscences of this time
+which give a very good picture of our father. They are as follows:
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+About thirty-five years ago Dr. Wallace built a house upon a plot of
+ground adjoining that upon which our house stood. I was at that time an
+assistant master at Charterhouse School; and Dr. Wallace became
+acquainted with a few of the masters besides myself. With two or three
+of them he had regular weekly games of chess; for he was then and for
+long afterwards very fond of that game; and, I understand, possessed
+considerable skill at it. A considerable portion of his spare time was
+spent in his garden, in the management of which Mrs. Wallace, who had
+much knowledge and experience of gardening, very cordially assisted him.
+Here his characteristic energy and restlessness were conspicuously
+displayed. He was always designing some new feature, some alteration in
+a flower-bed, some special environment for a new plant; and always he
+was confident that the new schemes would be found to have all the
+perfections which the old ones lacked. From all parts of the world
+botanists and collectors sent him, from time to time, rare or newly
+discovered plants, bulbs, roots or seeds, which he, with the help of
+Mrs. Wallace's practical skill, would try to acclimatise, and to
+persuade to grow somewhere or other in his garden or conservatory.
+Nothing disturbed his cheerful confidence in the future, and nothing
+made him happier than some plan for reforming the house, the garden, the
+kitchen-boiler, or the universe. And, truth to say, he displayed great
+ingenuity in all these enterprises of reformation. Although they were
+never in effect what they were expected to be by their ingenious author,
+they were often sufficiently successful; but, successful or not, he was
+always confident that the next would turn out to be all that he expected
+of it. With the same confidence he made up his mind upon many a
+disputable subject; but, be it said, never without a laborious
+examination of the necessary data, and the acquisition of much
+knowledge. In argument, of which intellectual exercise he was very fond,
+he was a formidable antagonist. His power of handling masses of details
+and facts, of showing their inner meanings and the principles underlying
+them, and of making them intelligible, was very great; and very few men
+of his time had it in equal measure.
+
+But the most striking feature in his conversation was his masterly
+application of general principles: these he handled with extraordinary
+skill. In any subject with which he was familiar, he would solve, or
+suggest a plausible solution of, difficulty after difficulty by
+immediate reference to fundamental principles. This would give to his
+conclusions an appearance of inevitableness which usually overbore his
+adversary, and, even if it did not convince him, left him without any
+effective reply. This, too, had a good deal to do, I am disposed to
+conjecture, with another very noticeable characteristic of his which
+often came out in conversation, and that was his apparently unfailing
+confidence in the goodness of human nature. No man nor woman but he took
+to be in the main honest and truthful, and no amount of
+disappointment--not even losses of money and property incurred through
+this faith in others' virtues--had the effect of altering this mental
+habit of his.
+
+His intellectual interests were very widely extended, and he once
+confessed to me that they were agreeably stimulated by novelty and
+opposition. An uphill fight in an unpopular cause, for preference a
+thoroughly unpopular one, or any argument in favour of a generally
+despised thesis, had charms for him that he could not resist. In his
+later years, especially, the prospect of writing a new book, great or
+small, upon any one of his favourite subjects always acted upon him like
+a tonic, as much so as did the project of building a new house and
+laying out a new garden. And in all this his sunny optimism and his
+unfailing confidence in his own powers went far towards securing him
+success.--J.W.S.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"Land Nationalisation" (1882), "Bad Times" (1885), and "Darwinism"
+(1889) were written at Godalming, also the series of lectures which he
+gave in America in 1886-7 and at various towns in the British Isles. He
+also continued to have examination papers[43] to correct each year--and
+a very strenuous time that was. Our mother used to assist him in this
+work, and also with the indexes of his books.
+
+We now began to make nature collections, in which he took the keenest
+interest, many holidays and excursions being arranged to further these
+engrossing pursuits. One or two incidents occurred at "Nutwood" which
+have left clear impressions upon our minds. One day one of us brought
+home a beetle, to the great horror of the servant. Passing at the
+moment, he picked it up, saying, "Why, it is quite a harmless little
+creature!" and to demonstrate its inoffensiveness he placed it on the
+tip of his nose, whereupon it immediately bit him and even drew blood,
+much to our amusment and his own astonishment. On another occasion he
+was sitting with a book on the lawn under the oak tree when suddenly a
+large creature alighted upon his shoulder. Looking round, he saw a fine
+specimen of the ring-tailed lemur, of whose existence in the
+neighbourhood he had no knowledge, though it belonged to some neighbours
+about a quarter of a mile away. It seemed appropriate that the animal
+should have selected for its attentions the one person in the district
+who would not be alarmed at the sudden appearance of a strange animal
+upon his shoulder. Needless to say, it was quite friendly.
+
+A year or so before we left Godalming he enlarged the house and altered
+the garden. But his health not having been very good, causing him a good
+deal of trouble with his eyes, and having more or less exhausted the
+possibilities of the garden, he decided to leave Godalming and find a
+new house in a milder climate. So in 1889 he finally fixed upon a small
+house at Parkstone in Dorset.
+
+Planning and constructing houses, gardens, walls, paths, rockeries,
+etc., were great hobbies of his, and he often spent hours making scale
+drawings of some new house or of alterations to an existing one, and
+scheming out the details of construction. At other times he would devise
+schemes for new rockeries or waterworks, and he would always talk them
+over with us and tell us of some splendid new idea he had hit upon. As
+Mr. Sharpe has noted, he was always very optimistic, and if a scheme did
+not come up to his expectations he was not discouraged but always
+declared he could do it much better next time and overcome the defects.
+He was generally in better health and happier when some constructional
+work was in hand. He built three houses, "The Dell" at Grays, "Nutwood
+Cottage" at Godalming, and the "Old Orchard" at Broadstone. The last he
+actually built himself, employing the men and buying all the materials,
+with the assistance of a young clerk of works; but though the enterprise
+was a source of great pleasure, it was a constant worry. He also
+designed and built a concrete garden wall, with which he was very
+pleased, though it cost considerably more than he anticipated. He had
+not been at Parkstone long before he set about the planning of
+"alterations" with his usual enthusiasm. We were both away from home at
+this time, and consequently had many letters from him, of which one is
+given as a specimen. His various interests are nearly always referred to
+in these letters, and in not a few of them his high spirits show
+themselves in bursts of exuberance which were very characteristic
+whenever a new scheme was afoot. The springs of eternal youth were for
+ever bubbling up afresh, so that to us he never grew old. One of us
+remembers how, when he must have been about 80, someone said, "What a
+wonderful old man your father is!" This was quite a shock, for to us he
+was not old. The letter referred to above is the following:
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. W.G. WALLACE
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset, February 1, 1891._
+
+My dear Will,--Another week has passed away into eternity, another month
+has opened its eyes on the world, and still the illustrious Charles
+[bricklayer] potters about, still the carpenter plies the creaking saw
+and the stunning hammer, still the plumber plumbs and the bellhanger
+rattles, still the cisterns overflow and the unfinished drains send
+forth odorous fumes, still the rains descend and all around the house
+is a muddle of muck and mire, and still there is so much to do that we
+look forward to some far distant futurity, when all that we are now
+suffering will be over, and we may look back upon it as upon some
+strange yet not altogether uninteresting nightmare!
+
+Briefly to report progress. The new pipe-man has finished the bathroom
+and nearly done the bells, and we have had gas alight the last three
+days. The balcony is finished, the bath and lavatory are closed up and
+waiting for the varnishers. Charles has finished the roof, and the
+scaffolding is removed. But though two plumbers have tried all their
+skill, the ball-cock in the cistern won't work, and when the water has
+been turned on an hour it overflows. The gutters and pipes to roof are
+not up, and the night before last a heavy flood of rain washed a
+quantity of muddy water into the back entrance, which flowed right
+across the kitchen into the back passage and larder, leaving a deposit
+of alluvial mud that would have charmed a geologist. However, we have
+stopped that for the future by a drain under the doorstep. The new
+breakfast-room is being papered and will look tidy soon. A man has been
+to measure for the stairs. The front porch door is promised for
+to-morrow, and the stairs, I suppose, in another week. A lot of fresh
+pointing is to be done, and all the rain-water pipes and the rain-water
+cistern with its overflow pipes, and then the greenhouse, and then all
+the outside painting--after which we shall rest for a month and then do
+the inside papering; but whether that can be done before Easter seems
+very doubtful....
+
+Our alterations still go on. The stairs just up--Friday night we had to
+go outside to get to bed, and Saturday and Sunday we _could_ get up, but
+over a chasm, and with alarming creaks. Now it is all firm, but no
+handrail yet. Painters still at work, and whitewashers. Porch
+door up, with two birds in stained glass--looks fine--proposed
+new name, "Dicky-bird Lodge." Bath fixed, but waiting to be
+varnished--luxurious!...
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Dr. Wallace had already received four medals from various scientific
+societies, and at our suggestion he had a case made to hold them all,
+which is referred to in the following letter. The two new medals
+mentioned were those of the Royal Geographical and Linnean Societies. He
+attached very little importance to honours conferred upon himself,
+except in so far as they showed acceptance of "the truth," as he called
+it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MISS VIOLET WALLACE
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. April 3, 1892._
+
+My dear Violet,--  ... I have got J.G. Wood's book on the horse. It is
+very good; I think the best book he has written, as his heart was
+evidently in it....
+
+A dreadful thing has happened! Just as I have had my medal-case made,
+"regardless of expense," they are going to give me another medal! Hadn't
+I better decline it, with thanks? "No room for more medals"!!--Your
+affectionate papa,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+P.S.--A poor man came here last night (Saturday) with a basket of
+primrose roots--had carried them eight miles, couldn't sell one in Poole
+or Parkstone--was 64 years old--couldn't get any work to do--had no
+home, etc. So, though I do not approve of digging up primrose roots as a
+trade, I gave him 1s. 6d. for them, pitying him as one of the countless
+victims of landlordism.--A.R.W.
+
+A poor man was sentenced to fourteen days' hard labour last week for
+picking snowdrops in Charborough Park. Shame!--A.R.W., Pres. L.N.
+Society.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO Miss VIOLET WALLACE
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. May 5, 1892._
+
+My dear Violet,--I have finished reading "Freeland." It is very good--as
+good a story as "Looking Backward," but not quite so pleasantly
+written--rather heavy and Germanic in places. The results are much the
+same as in "Looking Backward" but brought about in a different and very
+ingenious manner. It may be called "Individualistic Socialism." I shall
+be up in London soon, I expect, to the first Meetings of the Examiners
+in the great science of "omnium gatherum."[44]--Your affec. papa,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+While he lived at Parkstone our father built a small orchid house in
+which he cultivated a number of orchids for a few years, but the
+constant attention which they demanded, together with the heated
+atmosphere, were too much for him, and he was obliged to give them up.
+He was never tired of admiring their varied forms and colours, or
+explaining to friends the wonderful apparatus by which many of them were
+fertilised. The following letter shows his enthusiasm for orchids:
+
+
+TO Miss VIOLET WALLACE
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. November_ 25, 1894.
+
+My dear Violet,--  ... I have found a doctor at Poole (Mr. Turner) who
+has two nice orchid houses which he attends to entirely himself, and as
+I can thus get advice and sympathy from a fellow maniac (though he _is_
+a public vaccinator!) my love of orchids is again aroused to fever-heat,
+and I have made some alterations in the greenhouse which will better
+adapt it for orchid growing, and have bought a few handsome kinds very
+cheap, and these give me a lot of extra work and amusement....
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TO HIS WIFE
+
+
+_Hôtel du Glacier du Rhône. Wednesday evening, [July, 1895]._
+
+My dear Annie,--I send you now a box of plants I got on both sides of
+the Furka Pass yesterday, and about here to-day. The Furka Pass on both
+sides is a perfect flower-garden, and the two sides have mostly
+different species. The violets and anemones were lovely, and I have got
+two species of glorious gentians.... All the flowers in the box are very
+choice species, and have been carefully dug up, and having seen how they
+grow, I have been thinking of a plan of making a little bed for them on
+the top of the new rockery where there is now nothing particular. Will
+you please plant them out carefully in the zinc tray of peat and
+sphagnum that stands outside near the little greenhouse door? Just lift
+up the sphagnum and see if the earth beneath is moist, if not give it a
+soaking. Then put them all in, the short-rooted ones in the sphagnum
+only, the others through into the peat. Then give them a good syringing
+and put the tray under the shelf outside the greenhouse, and cover with
+newspaper for a day or two. After that I think they will do, keeping
+them moist if the weather is dry. I am getting hosts of curiosities.
+To-day we found four or five species of willows from 1/4 in. to 2 in.
+high, and other rarities.... In haste for post and dinner.--Your ever
+affectionate
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MISS VIOLET WALLACE
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. October 22, 1897._
+
+My dear Violet,--In your previous letter you asked me the conundrum, Why
+does a wagtail wag its tail? That's quite easy, on Darwinian principles.
+Many birds wag their tails. Some Eastern flycatchers--also black and
+white--wag their long tails up and down when they alight on the ground
+or on a branch. Other birds with long tails jerk them up in the air when
+they alight on a branch. Now these varied motions, like the motions of
+many butterflies, caterpillars, and many other animals, must have a use
+to the animal, and the most common, or rather the most probable, use is,
+either to frighten or to distract an enemy. If a hawk was very hungry
+and darted down on a wagtail from up in the air, the wagging tail would
+be seen most distinctly and be aimed at, and thus the bird would be
+missed or at most a feather torn out of the tail. The bird hunts for
+food in the open, on the edges of ponds and streams, and would be
+especially easy to capture, hence the wagging tail has been developed to
+baffle the enemy....
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MISS VIOLET WALLACE
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. March 8, 1899._
+
+My dear Violet,--  ... I have now finished reading the "Maha Bharata,"
+which is on the whole very fine--finer, I think, than the "Iliad." I
+have read a good deal of it twice, and it will bear reading many times.
+It corresponds pretty nearly in date with the "Iliad," the scenes it
+describes being supposed to be about B.C. 1500. Many of the ideas and
+moral teachings are beautiful; equal to the best teaching and superior
+to the general practice of to-day. I have made a lot of emendations and
+suggestions, which I am going to send to the translator, as the proofs
+have evidently not been carefully read by any English literary man.
+
+About the year 1899 Dr. Wallace began to think of leaving Parkstone,
+partly for reasons of health and partly to get a larger garden, if
+possible. He spent three years in looking for a suitable spot in many of
+the southern counties, and we were all pressed to join in the search.
+Finally he found just the spot he wanted at Broadstone; only three miles
+away. The following letters describe his final success--all written
+with his usual optimism and high spirits:
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. W.G. WALLACE
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. October 26, 1901._
+
+My dear Will,--At length the long quest has come to an end, and I have
+agreed to buy three acres of land at Broadstone. Ma and I have just been
+over again this morning to consider its capabilities, and the exact
+boundaries that will be the most advantageous, as I have here the great
+advantage of choosing exactly what I will have. I only wish I could
+afford five acres instead of three, or even ten; but the three will
+contain the very eye of the whole. I enclose you a bit of the 6-inch
+ordnance on which I have marked the piece I have finally fixed upon in
+red chalk. The attractive bit is the small enclosure of one acre, left
+rather paler, which is an old orchard in a little valley sloping
+downward to the S.S.E. There are, perhaps, a score of trees in
+it--apples, pears, plums and cherries, I believe, and under them a
+beautiful green short turf like a lawn--kept so, I believe, by rabbits.
+From the top of this orchard is a fine view over moor and heather, then
+over the great northern bay of Poole Harbour, and beyond to the Purbeck
+Hills and out to the sea and the Old Harry headland. It is not very
+high--about 140 feet, I think, but being on the edge of one of the
+plateaus the view is very effective. On the top to the left of the road
+track is a slightly undulating grass field, of which I have a little
+less than an acre. To the right of the fence, and coming down to the
+wood, is very rough ground densely covered with heather and dwarf gorse,
+a great contrast to the field. The wood on the right is mixed but
+chiefly oak, I think, with some large firs, one quite grand; while the
+wood on the left is quite different, having some very tall Spanish
+chestnuts loaded with fruit, some beeches, some firs--but I have not
+had time yet to investigate thoroughly. Thus this little bit of three
+acres has five subdivisions, each with a quite distinct character of its
+own, and I never remember seeing such variety in such a small area. The
+red wavy line is about where I shall have to make my road, for the place
+has now no road, and I think I am very lucky in discovering it and in
+getting it. Another advantage is in the land, which is varied to suit
+all crops. I fancy  ... I shall find places to grow most of my choice
+shrubs, etc., better than here. I expect bulbs of all kinds will grow
+well, and I mean to plant a thousand or so of snowdrops, crocuses,
+squills, daffodils, etc., in the orchard, where they will look lovely.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. W.G. WALLACE
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. November 6, 1901._
+
+My dear Will,--  ... I have taken advantage of a foggy cold day to trace
+you a copy of the ground plan of the proposed house.... Of course the
+house will be much larger than we want, but I look to future value, and
+rather than build it smaller, to be enlarged afterwards, I would prefer
+to leave the drawing-room and bedroom adjoining with bare walls inside
+till they can be properly finished. The house-keeper's room would be a
+nice dining-room, and the hall a parlour and drawing-room combined. But
+the outside must be finished, on account of the garden, creepers, etc.
+The S.E. side (really about S.S.E.) has the fine views. If you can
+arrange to come at Christmas we will have a picnic on the ground the
+first sunny day. I was all last week surveying--a very difficult job, to
+mark out exactly three acres so as to take in exactly as much of each
+kind of ground as I wanted, and with no uninterrupted view over any one
+of the boundary lines! I found the sextant, and it was very useful
+setting out the two right angles of the northern boundary. I have not
+got possession yet, but hope to do so by next week. The house, we
+reckon, can be built for £1,000 at the outside....
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MRS. FISHER
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. February 4, 1902._
+
+Dear Mrs. Fisher,--  ... You will be surprised to hear that I have been
+so rash as to buy land and to (propose to) build a house! Every other
+effort to get a pleasant country cottage with a little land having
+failed, we discovered, accidentally, a charming spot only four miles
+from this house and half a mile from Broadstone Station, and have
+succeeded in buying three acres, _chosen by myself_, from Lord Wimborne
+at what is really a reasonable price. In its contour, views, wood, and
+general aspect of wild nature it is almost perfection; and Annie,
+Violet, and Will are all pleased and satisfied with it. It is on the
+slope of the Broadstone middle plateau, looking south over Poole Harbour
+with the Purbeck Hills beyond, and a little eastward out to the sea....
+The ground is good loam in the orchard, with some sand and clay in the
+field, but this is so open to the sun and air that we are not afraid of
+it, as the _house-site_ will be entirely concreted over, and I have
+arranged for a heating stove in a cellar, which will warm and dry the
+whole basement. In a week or two we hope to begin building, so you may
+fancy how busy I am, especially as we are building it without a
+contractor, with the help of a friend.... I go over two or three times a
+week, as I have two gardeners at work. In the summer (should I be still
+in the land of the living) I hope you will be able to come and see our
+little estate, which is to be called by the descriptive name of "Old
+Orchard." I have got a good architect to make the working drawings and
+he has designed a very picturesque yet unpretentious house.--Yours very
+truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. W.G. WALLACE
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. March 2, 1902._
+
+My dear Will,--This week's progress has been fairly good although the
+wet after the frost has caused two falls in the cellar excavations, and
+we have had to put drain pipes to carry water out, though not much
+accumulated.... During the week some horses in the field have not only
+eaten off the tops of the privet hedge, but have torn up some dozens of
+the plants by the roots, by putting their heads over the 4-foot wire
+fence. I am therefore obliged in self-defence to raise the post a foot
+higher and put barbed wire along the top of it. Some cows also got in
+our ground one day and ate off the tops of the newly planted laurels,
+which I am told they are very fond of, so I have got a chain and padlock
+for our gate....
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We moved into the new house at Broadstone at the end of November, 1902,
+before it was quite finished, and here Dr. Wallace lived till the end of
+his life. The garden was an endless source of interest and occupation,
+being much larger than any he had had since leaving Grays.
+
+When writing he was not easily disturbed and never showed any impatience
+or annoyance at any interruption. If interrupted by a question he would
+pause, pen in hand, and reply or discuss the matter and then resume his
+unfinished sentence.
+
+[Illustration: THE STUDY AT "OLD ORCHARD"]
+
+He seemed to have the substance of his writing in his mind before he
+commenced, and did not often refer to books or to notes, though he
+usually had one or two books or papers on the table at hand, and
+sometimes he would jump up to get a book from the shelves to verify some
+fact or figure. When preparing for a new book or article he read a great
+many works and papers bearing on the subject. These were marked with
+notes and references on the flyleaves; and often by pencil marks to
+indicate important passages, but he did not often make separate notes.
+He had a wonderful memory, and stored in his mind the facts and
+arguments he wished to use, or the places where they were to be found.
+He borrowed many books from libraries, and from these he sometimes made
+a few notes. He was not a sound sleeper, and frequently lay awake during
+the night, and then it was that he thought out and planned his work. He
+often told us with keen delight of some new idea or fresh argument which
+had occurred to him during these waking hours.
+
+After spending months, or sometimes years, in reading and digesting all
+the literary matter he could obtain on a subject,--and forming a plan
+for the treatment of it, he would commence writing, and keep on steadily
+for five or six hours a day if his health permitted. He also wrote to
+people all over the world to obtain the latest facts bearing on the
+subject.
+
+In 1903 he began writing "Man's Place in the Universe."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. W.G. WALLACE
+
+
+_Old Orchard. July 8, 1903._
+
+My dear Will,--I have just finished going over your notes and
+corrections of the last four chapters. I can't think how I was so stupid
+to make the mistake in figures which you corrected. In almost all cases
+I have made some modification in accordance with your suggestions, and
+the book will be much improved thereby. I have put in a new paragraph
+about the stars in other parts than the Milky Way and Solar Cluster, but
+there is really nothing known about them. I have also cut out the first
+reference to Jupiter altogether. Of course a great deal is speculative,
+but any reply to it is equally speculative. The question is, which
+speculation is most in accordance with the known facts, and not with
+prepossessions only?
+
+Considering that the book has all been read up and written in less than
+three months, it cannot be expected to be as complete and careful as if
+three years had been expended on it, but then it is fresher perhaps. The
+bit about the pure air came to me while writing, and I let myself go.
+Why should I not try and do a little good and make people think a little
+on such matters, when I have the chance of perhaps more readers than all
+my other books?
+
+As to my making too much of Man, of course that is the whole subject of
+the book! And I look at it differently from you, because I know _facts_
+about him you neither know nor believe _yet_. If you are once convinced
+of the facts and teachings of Spiritualism, you will think more as I do.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The following letter refers to his little book on Mars.
+
+
+TO MR. W.G. WALLACE
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. September 26, 1907._
+
+My dear Will,--  ... After elaborate revision and correction I have sent
+my MS. of the little "Mars" book to Macmillans yesterday.... Will you
+read the whole proofs carefully, in the character of the "intelligent
+reader"? Your fresh eye will detect little slips, bad logic, too
+positive statements, etc., which I may have overlooked. It will only be
+about 100 or 150 pages large type--and I want it to be really good, and
+free from blunders that any fool can see....
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+For some years now he had suffered from repeated attacks of asthma and
+bronchitis. He had tried the usual remedies for these complaints without
+any good results, and, though still able to write, had then no thought
+of beginning any large work; in fact, he considered he had but a few
+more years to live. When Mr. Bruce-Joy came to see him in order to model
+the portrait medallion, he mentioned in the course of conversation that
+he had tried the Salisbury treatment with wonderful results. Our father
+was at first incredulous, but decided to try it in a modified form. He
+gave up all starchy foods and ate beef only, cooked in a special manner
+to render it more digestible. He found such relief from this change of
+diet that from this time onwards he followed a very strict daily
+routine, which he continued to the end of his life with slight
+variations.
+
+He made himself a cup of tea on a gas stove in his bedroom at 6 a.m.
+(the exact quantity of tea and water having been measured the previous
+evening), and boiled it in a small double saucepan for a definite time
+by the watch. He always said this cup of tea tasted better than at any
+other time of the day. He then returned to bed and slept till 8 a.m.
+During his last two or three years he suffered from rheumatism in his
+shoulder and it took him a long time to dress, and he called in the aid
+of his gardener in the last year, who acted as his valet. While dressing
+he prepared a cup of cocoa on the gas stove, which he carried into the
+study (next door) at 9 a.m. This was all he had for breakfast, and he
+took it while reading the paper or his letters.
+
+Dinner at one o'clock was taken with his family, and he usually related
+any interesting or striking news he had read in the paper, or in his
+correspondence, and commented upon it, or perhaps he would tell us of
+some new flower in the garden.
+
+He drank hot water with a little Canary sack and a dash of soda-water,
+to which he added a spoonful of plum jam. He was very fond of sweet
+things, such as puddings, but he had to partake sparingly of them, and
+it was a great temptation when some dish of which he was particularly
+fond was placed upon the table.
+
+After dinner he usually took a nap in the study before resuming work or
+going into the garden.
+
+Tea was at four o'clock, and consisted only of a cup of tea, which he
+made himself in the study, unless there were visitors whom he wished to
+see, when he would sometimes take it into the drawing-room and make it
+there.
+
+After tea he again wrote, or took a turn in the garden if the weather
+and season permitted. Latterly he spent a good part of the afternoon and
+evening reading and dozing on the sofa, and only worked at short
+intervals when he felt equal to it.
+
+Supper, at seven, was a repetition of dinner, and he took it with us in
+the dining-room. After supper he generally read a novel before the fire
+except in the very hottest weather, and he frequently dozed on and off
+till he retired at eleven. He made himself a cup of cocoa while
+preparing for bed, and drank it just before lying down.
+
+For the last year or two it was a constant difficulty with him to secure
+enough nourishment without aggravating his ailments by indigestion.
+During this time he suffered continuous discomfort, though he seldom
+gave utterance to complaint or allowed it to affect the uniform
+equability of his temper.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1903 his daughter came to live with her parents, who generously
+allowed her to take three or four children as pupils. At first we feared
+they might bother our father, but he really enjoyed seeing them about
+and talking to them. He was always interested in any new child, and if
+for a short time none were forthcoming, always lamented the fact. At
+dinner the children would ask him all sorts of questions, very amusing
+ones sometimes. They were also intensely interested in what he ate, and
+watched with speechless wonder when they saw him eating orange, banana,
+and sugar with his meat.
+
+One of these early pupils, Reginald B. Rathbone, has sent reminiscences
+which are so characteristic that we give them as they stand:
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"I have stayed at Dr. Wallace's house on three occasions; the first two
+were when I was only about eight or nine years old, and my recollections
+of him at that time are therefore necessarily somewhat dim. Certain
+things, however, have stuck in my memory. I went there quite prepared to
+see a very venerable and imposing-looking old gentleman, and filled in
+advance with much awe and respect for him. As regards his personal
+appearance I was by no mean disappointed, as his tall, slightly-stooping
+figure, long white hair and beard, and his spectacles fulfilled my
+highest expectations, I remember being struck with the kindly look of
+his eyes, and indeed they did not belie his nature, for he always
+treated me with great kindness, patience and indulgence, which is
+somewhat remarkable considering my age, and how exasperating I must have
+been sometimes. I soon began to regard him as a never-failing fount of
+wisdom, and as one who could answer any question one liked to put to
+him. Of this latter fact I was not slow to take advantage. I plied him
+with every kind of question my imaginative young brain could conceive,
+usually beginning with 'why.'
+
+"He nearly always gave me an answer, and what is more, a satisfactory
+one, and well within the scope of my limited understanding. These
+definite, satisfactory answers of his used to afford me great pleasure,
+it being quite a new experience for me to have all my questions answered
+for me in this way. These answers, as I have said, were nearly always
+forthcoming, though indeed, on one or two occasions, in answer to an
+especially ridiculous query of mine he would answer, 'That is a very
+foolish question, Reggie.' But this was very rare.
+
+"I remember taking a great interest in what Dr. Wallace ate. He had a
+hearty appetite, and was no believer in vegetarianism, for at lunch his
+diet consisted chiefly of cold beef, liberally seasoned with various
+sauces and relishes, also vinegar. I used to gaze at these bottles with
+great admiration. Whenever there were peas he used to take large
+quantities of sugar with them. This greatly aroused my curiosity, and I
+questioned him about it. 'Why,' said he, 'peas themselves contain sugar;
+it is, therefore, much more sensible to take sugar with them than salt.'
+And he recounted an anecdote of how an eminent personage he had once
+dined with had been waited on with great respect and attention by all
+present, but salt was offered to him with the peas. 'If you want to make
+me quite happy,' said the great man, 'you will give me some sugar with
+my peas.' His favourite drink, I remember, was Canary sack.
+
+"He had a strongly humorous side, and always enjoyed a good laugh. As
+an instance of this, I will recount the following incident: When I had
+returned home after my first visit to 'The Old Orchard,' my sister,
+three years older than myself, and I had a heated argument on the
+subject of the number of stomachs in a cow. I insisted it was three;
+she, on the other hand, held that it was seven. After a long and fierce
+dispute, I exclaimed: 'Well, let us write to Dr. Wallace, and he will
+settle it for us and tell us the real number.' This we did, the brazen
+audacity of the proceeding not striking us at the time. By return of
+post we received a letter which, alas! I have unfortunately not
+preserved, but the substance of which I well remember. 'Dear Irene and
+Reggie,' it ran, 'Your dispute as to the number of stomachs which a cow
+possesses can be settled and rectified by a simple mathematical process
+usually called subtraction, thus:
+
+  Irene's Cow         7 stomachs
+  Reggie's Cow        3 stomachs
+                      ----------
+  The Farmer's cow    4 stomachs.
+
+"Dr. Wallace then went on to explain the names and uses of the four
+stomachs.
+
+"Two instances of his fun come to my mind as I write. 'Why,' I asked,
+'do you sometimes take off your spectacles to read the paper?' 'Because
+I can see better without 'em,' he said. 'Then why,' I asked again, 'do
+you ever wear them?' 'Because I can see better with 'em,' was the reply.
+The other instance relates to chloroform. He was describing the agonies
+suffered by those who had to undergo amputation before the discovery of
+anæsthetics, whereas nowadays, he said, 'you are put under chloroform,
+then wake up and find your arm cut off, having felt nothing. Or you wake
+up and find your leg cut off. Or you wake up and find your head cut
+off!' He then laughed heartily at his own joke.
+
+"These are just a few miscellaneous reminiscences, many of them no doubt
+trivial, but they may perhaps be not entirely devoid of interest, when
+it is remembered that they are the impressions and recollections of one
+who was then a boy of eight years old."--B.B.K.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The year 1908 was very auspicious to Dr. Wallace. To begin with, it was
+the fiftieth anniversary of the reading of the Darwin and Wallace joint
+papers on the Origin of Species before the Linnean Society, an event
+which was commemorated in the way described elsewhere.
+
+In the autumn, and just as he was beginning to recover from a spell of
+bad health, he was invited to give a lecture at the Royal Institution,
+the prospect of which seemed to have upon him a most stimulating effect;
+he at once began to think about a suitable subject.
+
+Following closely on this came the news that the Order of Merit was to
+be conferred upon him. His letters to his son give the details of this
+eventful period:[45]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. W.G. WALLACE
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. October_ 28, 1908.
+
+My dear Will,--  ... I have a rather surprising bit of news for you. When
+I was almost at my worst, feeling very bad, I had a letter inviting me
+to give an evening lecture at the Royal Institution, for their Jubilee
+of the "Origin of Species"! Of course I decided at once to decline as
+impossible, etc., having nothing new to say, etc. But a few hours
+afterwards an idea suddenly came to me for a very fine lecture, if I can
+work it out as I hope--and the more I thought over it the better it
+seemed. So, two days back, I wrote to Sir W. Crookes--the Honorary
+Secretary, who had written to me--accepting provisionally!... Here is
+another "crowning honour"--the most unexpected of all!...
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. W.G. WALLACE
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. December 2, 1908._
+
+My dear Will,--  ... This morning the Copley Medals came, gold and
+silver, smaller than any of the others, but very beautifully designed;
+the face has the Royal Society's arms, with Copley's name, and
+"Dignissimo," and my name below. The reverse is the Royal Arms. By the
+same post came a letter from the Lord Chancellor's Office informing me,
+to my great relief, that the King had been graciously pleased to
+dispense with my personal attendance at the investiture of the Order of
+Merit,  ...
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. W.G. WALLACE
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. December 17, 1908._
+
+My dear Will,--The ceremony is over, very comfortably. I am duly
+"invested," and have got two engrossed documents, both signed by the
+King, one appointing me a member of the "Order of Merit" with all sorts
+of official and legal phrases, the other a dispensation from being
+personally "invested" by the King--as Col. Legge explained, to safeguard
+me as having a right to the Order in case anybody says I was not
+"invested."  ... Colonel Legge was a very pleasant, jolly kind of man,
+and he told us he was in attendance on the German Emperor when he was
+staying near Christchurch last summer, and went for many drives with the
+Emperor only, all about the country.... Col. Legge got here at 2.40, and
+had to leave at 3.20 (at station), so we got a carriage from Wimborne to
+meet the train and take him back, and Ma gave him some tea, and he said
+he had got a nice little place at Stoke Poges but with no view like
+ours, and he showed me how to wear the Order and was very pleasant: and
+we were all pleased....
+
+The next letter refers to the discovery of a rare moth and some beetles
+in the root of an orchid. It was certainly a strange yet pleasant
+coincidence that these creatures should find themselves in Dr. Wallace's
+greenhouse, where alone they would be noticed and appreciated as
+something uncommon.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. W.G. WALLACE
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. February 23, 1909._
+
+My dear Will,--  ... In my last letter I did not say anything about my
+morning at the Nat. Hist. Museum.... What I enjoyed most was seeing some
+splendid New Guinea butterflies which Mr. Rothschild[46] and his
+curator, Mr. Jordan, brought up from Tring on purpose to show me. I
+could hardly have imagined anything so splendid as some of these. I also
+saw some of the new paradise birds in the British Museum. But Mr.
+Rothschild says they have five times as many at Tring, and much finer
+specimens, and he invited me to spend a week-end at Tring and see the
+Museum. So I may go, perhaps--in the summer.
+
+But I have a curious thing to tell you about insect collecting at "Old
+Orchard." About five months back I was examining one of the clumps of an
+orchid in the glass case--which had been sent me from Buenos Ayres by
+Mr. John Hall--when three pretty little beetles dropped out of it, on
+the edge of the tank, and I only managed to catch two of them. They were
+pretty little Longicornes, about an inch long, but very slender and
+graceful, though only of a yellowish-brown colour. I sent them up to the
+British Museum asking the name, and telling them they could keep them if
+of any use. They told me they were a species of the large South American
+genus Ibidion, but they had not got it in the collection!
+
+On the Sunday before Christmas Day I was taking my evening inspection
+of the orchids, etc., in the glass case when a largish insect flew by my
+face, and when it settled it looked like a handsome moth or butterfly.
+It was brilliant orange on the lower wings, the upper being shaded
+orange brown, very moth-like, but the antennæ were clubbed like a
+butterfly's. At first I thought it was a butterfly that mimicked a moth,
+but I had never seen anything like it before.
+
+Next morning I got a glass jar half filled with bruised laurel leaves,
+and Ma got it in, and after a day or two I set it, clumsily, and meant
+to take it to London, but had no small box to put it in. I told Mr.
+Rothschild about it, and he said it sounded like a Castnia--curious
+South American moths very near to butterflies. So he got out the drawer
+with them, but mine was not there; then he got another drawer
+half-empty, and there it was--only a coloured drawing, but exactly like.
+It had been described, but neither the Museum nor Mr. Rothschild had got
+it! I had had the orchids nearly a year and a half, so it must have
+been, in the chrysalis all that time and longer, which Mr. Rothschild
+said was the case with the Castnias. On going home I searched, and found
+the brown chrysalis-case it had come out of among the roots of the same
+orchid the little Longicornes had dropped from. It is, I am pretty sure,
+a Brazilian species, and I have written to ask Mr. Hall if he knows
+where it came from. I have sent the moth and chrysalis to Prof. Poulton
+(I had promised it to him at the lecture) for the Oxford collection, and
+he is greatly pleased with it; and especially with its history--one
+quite small bit of an orchid, after more than a year in a greenhouse,
+producing a rare or new beetle and an equally rare moth!...
+
+I am glad to say I feel really better than any time the last ten
+years.--A.R.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge has kindly written his reminiscence of
+another very curious coincidence connected with a natural history
+object.
+
+"Some years ago, on looking over some insect drawers in my collection,
+Mr. A.R. Wallace exclaimed, 'Why, there is my old Sarawak spider!'
+'Well! that is curious,' I replied, 'because that spider has caused me
+much trouble and thought as to who might have caught it, and where; I
+had only lately decided to describe and figure it, even though I could
+give the name of neither locality nor finder, being, as it seemed to me,
+of a genus and species not as yet recorded; also I had, as you see,
+provisionally conferred your name upon it, although I had not the
+remotest idea that it had anything else to do with you.' 'Well,' said
+Mr. Wallace, 'if it is my old spider it ought to have my own private
+ticket on the pin underneath.' 'It has a ticket,' I replied, 'but it is
+unintelligible to me; the spider came to me among some other items by
+purchase at the sale of Mr. Wilson Saunders' collections.' 'If it is
+mine,' said Wallace (examining it), 'the ticket should be so-and-so. And
+it is! I caught this spider at Sarawak, and specially noted its
+remarkable form. I remember it as if it were yesterday, and now I find
+it here, and you about to publish it as a new genus and species to
+which, in total ignorance of whence it came or who caught it, you have
+given my name!' Thus it stands, and '_Friula Wallacii_, Camb. (family
+Gasteracanthidæ), taken by Alfred Russel Wallace at Sarawak,' is the
+(unique as I believe) type specimen, in my collection."--O.P.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Dr. Wallace was very fond of reading good novels, and usually spent an
+hour or two, before retiring to bed, with what he called a "good
+domestic story." One of his favourite authors was Marion Crawford.
+Poetry appealed to him very strongly, and he had a good memory for his
+favourite verses, especially for those he had learned in his youth.
+Amongst his books were over fifty volumes of poetry.
+
+He liked to see friends or interesting visitors, but he was rather
+nervous with strangers until he became interested in what they had to
+say. He enjoyed witty conversation, and especially a good story well
+told. No one laughed more heartily than he when he was much amused, and
+he would slap his hands upon his knees with delight.
+
+He was very accessible to anyone who might have something to say worth
+hearing, and he had a great many visitors, especially during the last
+ten years of his life. Many people distinguished in science, literature,
+or politics called upon him, and he always enjoyed these visits, and the
+excitement of them seemed to have no bad effect upon him, even in the
+last year, when we sometimes feared he might be fatigued by them. In
+consequence of his sympathy with many heterodox ideas he frequently had
+visits from "cranks" who wished to secure his support for some new
+theory or "discovery." He would listen patiently, perhaps ask a few
+questions, and then endeavour to point out their fallacies. He would
+amuse us afterwards by describing their "preposterous ideas," and if
+much bored, he would speak of them as "muffs." He was loath to hurt
+their feelings, but he generally ended by expressing his opinion quite
+clearly, occasionally to their discomfiture.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Dr. Littledale has contributed some reminiscences which may be
+introduced here.
+
+"When I first met Dr. Wallace the conversation turned on the types of
+visitors that came to see him, and he gave us an amusing account of two
+young women who called on him to read through a most ponderous treatise
+relating to the Universe (I think it was). At all events the treatise
+proved, amongst other things, that Kepler's laws were all wrong. Dr.
+Wallace was very busy at the time, and politely declined to undertake
+the task. I remember him well describing with his hands the size of this
+enormous manuscript and laughing heartily as he detailed how the writer
+of the manuscript, the elder of the two sisters, persistently tried to
+persuade him that her theories were all absolutely proved in the work,
+while the younger sister acted as a sort of echo to her sister. The
+climax came in a fit of weeping, and, as Dr. Wallace described it, the
+whole fabric of the universe was washed away in a flood of tears.
+
+"On one occasion, when I was asked by Mrs. Wallace to see Dr. Wallace
+professionally, he was lying on the sofa in his study by the fire
+wrapped up in rugs, having just got over a bad shivering attack or
+rigor. His temperature was 104° Fahr., and all the other usual signs of
+acute fever were present, but nothing to enable one to form a positive
+opinion as to the cause. It must have been forty years since he had been
+in the tropics, but I think he felt that it was an attack of malarial
+fever. Knowing my patient, my treatment consisted in asking what he was
+going to do for himself. 'Well,' he said, 'I am going to have a hot bath
+and then go to bed, and to-morrow I shall get up and go into the garden
+as usual.' And he was out in the garden next day when I went to see him.
+This was an instance, doubtless one of many, of the 'will to live,'
+which carried him through a long life.
+
+"Once, when he was talking about the gaps in the evolution of life, viz.
+between the inorganic and organic, between vegetable and animal, and
+between animal and man, I asked, 'Why postulate a beginning at all? We
+are satisfied with illimitability at one end, why not at the other?'
+'For the simple reason,' he said, 'that the mind cannot comprehend
+anything that has never had a beginning.'
+
+"What attracted me to him most, I think, was his remarkable simplicity
+of language, whatever the topic of conversation might be, and this not
+the simplicity of the great mind bringing itself down to the level of
+the ordinary individual, but his customary mode of expression. I have
+heard him say that he felt the need of the fluency of speech which
+Huxley possessed, as he had to cast about for the expression that he
+wanted. This may have been the case when he was lecturing, but I
+certainly never noticed it in conversation."--H.E.L.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Dr. Wallace was always interested in young men and others who were going
+abroad with the intention of studying Natural History, and gave them
+what advice and help he could. He much enjoyed listening to the
+accounts given by travellers of the scenes, animals and plants and
+native life they had seen, and deplored the so-called civilising of the
+natives, which, in his opinion, generally meant their exploitation by
+Europeans, leading to their deterioration and extermination.
+
+His nervousness with strangers sometimes led them to form quite
+erroneous impressions. It occasionally found expression in a nervous
+laugh which had nothing to do with amusement or humour, but was often
+heard when he was most serious and felt most deeply. One or two
+interviewers described it as a "chuckle," an expression which suggested
+feelings most opposite to those which he really experienced.
+
+Although he could draw and sketch well, he did not take much pleasure in
+it, and only exercised his skill when there was a definite object in
+view. His sketches show a very delicate touch, and denote painstaking
+accuracy, while some are quite artistic. He much preferred drawing with
+compasses and squares, there being a practical object in his mind for
+which the plans or drawings were only the first steps. Even in his
+ninety-first year he found much enjoyment in drawing plans, and spent
+many hours in designing alterations to a small cottage which his
+daughter had bought.
+
+He was interested in literary puzzles and humorous stories, and he
+preserved in an old scrap-book any that appealed to him. He would
+sometimes read some of them on festive occasions, or when we had
+children's parties, and sometimes he laughed so heartily himself that he
+could not go on reading.
+
+In reviewing the years during which Dr. Wallace lived at Broadstone, the
+last decade, when he was between eighty and ninety years of age, this
+period seems to have been one of the most eventful, and as full of work
+and mental activity as any previous period. He never tired of his
+garden, in which he succeeded in growing a number of rare and curious
+shrubs and plants. Our mother shared his delight and interest in the
+garden, and knew a great deal about flowers. She had an excellent memory
+for their botanical names, and he often asked her the name of some
+plant which he was pointing out to a friend and which for the moment he
+had forgotten. She was very fond of roses and of primroses, and there
+was a fine display of these flowers at "Old Orchard." She was successful
+in "budding" and in hybridising roses, and produced several beautiful
+varieties. She was proficient in raising seeds, and he sometimes placed
+some which he received from abroad in her charge.
+
+When he first came to live at Broadstone he frequently took short walks
+to the post or to the bank, and sometimes went by train to Poole on
+business, but he gradually went out less and less, till in the last few
+years he seldom went outside the garden, but strolled about looking at
+the flowers or supervising the construction of a new bed or rockery.
+During his last years his gardener wheeled him about the garden in a
+bath-chair when he did not feel strong enough to walk all the time.
+
+In 1913, after his last two small books were written, he did no more
+writing except correspondence. This he attended to himself, except on
+one or two occasions when he was not very well or felt tired, when he
+asked one of us to answer a few letters for him. He took great interest
+in a small cottage which had recently been acquired on the Purbeck Hills
+near the sea, and in September, much against our wishes, he went there
+for two nights, taking the gardener to look after him. Luckily the
+weather was fine, and the change and excitement seemed to do him good,
+and during the next month he was very bright and cheerful, though, as
+some of his letters to his old friend Dr. Richard Norris and to Dr.
+Littledale show, he had been becoming increasingly weak.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MISS NORRIS
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. December 10, 1912._
+
+My dear Miss Norris,--I am very sorry to hear that your father is so
+poorly. The weather is terribly gloomy, and I have not been outside my
+rooms and greenhouse for more than an hour a week perhaps, for the last
+two months, and feel the better for it. Just now I feel better than I
+have done for a year past, having at last, I think, hit upon a proper
+diet, though I find it very difficult to avoid eating or drinking too
+much of what I like best.... It is one of my fads that I hate to waste
+anything, and it is that partly which makes it so difficult for me to
+avoid overeating. From a boy I was taught to leave no scraps on my
+plate, and from this excellent general rule of conduct I now suffer in
+my old age!...--Yours very sincerely,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO DR. LITTLEDALE
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. January 11, 1913._
+
+Dear Dr. Littledale,--Many thanks for your kind congratulations and good
+wishes.[47] I am glad to say I feel still able to jog on a few years
+longer in this _very good_ world--for those who can make the best of it.
+
+I am now suffering most from "eczema," which has settled in my legs, so
+that I cannot stand or walk for any length of time. Perhaps that is an
+outlet for something worse, as I still enjoy my meals, and usually feel
+as well as ever, though I have to be very careful as to _what_ I
+eat.--With best wishes for your prosperity, yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO DR. NORRIS
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. October 4, 1913._
+
+My dear Dr. Norris,--Except for a continuous weakness I seem improving a
+little in general health, and the chronic rheumatic pain in my right
+shoulder has almost passed away in the last month (after about three
+years), and I can impute it to nothing but about a quarter of a pint a
+day of Bulmer's Cider! A most agreeable medicine! The irritability of
+the skin, however, continues, though the inflammation of the legs has
+somewhat diminished....
+
+My increasing weakness is now my most serious trouble, as it prevents me
+really from doing any more work, and causes a large want of balance, and
+liability to fall down. Even moving about the room after books, etc.,
+dressing and undressing, make me want to lie down and rest....
+
+With kind remembrances to your daughter, believe me yours very
+sincerely,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In disposition Dr. Wallace was cheerful, and very optimistic, and
+remarkably even-tempered. If irritated he quickly recovered, and soon
+forgot all about the annoyance, but he was always strongly indignant at
+any injustice to the weak or helpless. When worried by business
+difficulties or losses he very soon recovered his optimism, and seemed
+quite confident that all would come right (as indeed it generally did),
+and latterly he became convinced that all his past troubles were really
+blessings in disguise, without which as a stimulant he would have done
+no useful work.
+
+His life was a happy one, and even the discomforts caused by his
+ailments, which were at times very acute for days together, never
+prevented him from enjoying the contemplation of his flowers, nor
+disturbed the serenity of his temper, nor caused him to complain.
+
+Although rather delicate all his life, he rarely stayed in bed; in fact,
+only once in our memory, during an illness at Parkstone, did he do so,
+and then only for one day.
+
+On Saturday, November 1st (1913), he walked round the garden, and on the
+following day seemed very bright, and enjoyed his dinner and supper, but
+about nine o'clock he felt faint and shivered violently. We called in
+Dr. Norman, who came in about an hour, and we heard them having a long
+talk and even laughing, in the study. As the doctor left he said,
+"Wonderful man! he knows so much. I can do nothing for him."
+
+The next day he did not get up at the usual time, but we felt no anxiety
+until noon, when he still showed no inclination to rise. He appeared to
+be dozing, and said he wanted nothing. From that time he gradually sank
+into semi-consciousness, and at half-past nine in the morning of Friday,
+November 7th, quietly passed on to that other life in which he was such
+a firm believer.
+
+
+
+
+PART V
+
+Social and Political Views
+
+    "When a country is well governed, poverty and a mean condition are
+    things to be ashamed of. When a country is ill governed, riches
+    and honour are things to be ashamed of."--CONFUCIUS.
+
+
+In the above sentences, written long before the dawn of Christian
+civilisation, we have an apt summary of the social and political views
+of Alfred Russel Wallace.
+
+As we have stated in a previous chapter, it was during his short stay in
+London as a boy, when he was led to study the writings and methods of
+Robert Owen, of New Lanark, that his mind first opened to the
+consideration of the inequalities of our social life.
+
+During the six years which he spent in land-surveying he obtained a more
+practical knowledge of the laws pertaining to public and private
+property as they affected the lives and habits of both squire and
+peasant.
+
+The village inn, or public-house, was then the only place where men
+could meet to discuss topics of mutual interest, and it was there that
+young Wallace and his brother spent some of their own leisure hours
+listening to and conversing with the village rustics. The conversation
+was not ordinarily of an educational character, but occasionally
+experienced farmers would discuss agricultural and land problems which
+were beginning to interest Wallace.
+
+In reading his books and essays written more than seventy years later,
+we are struck with the exceptional opportunities which he had of
+comparing social conditions, and commercial and individual prosperity
+during that long period, and of witnessing the introduction of many
+inventions. He used to enjoy recalling many of the discussions between
+intelligent mechanics which he heard of in his early days regarding the
+introduction of the steam-engine. One and another declared that the grip
+of the engine on the rails would not be sufficient to draw heavy trucks
+or carriages; that the wheels, in fact, would whiz round instead of
+going on, and that it would be necessary to sprinkle sand in front of
+the wheels, or make the tyres rough like files. About this time, too,
+there arose a keen debate upon the relative merits of the new railroads
+and the old canals. Many thought that the former could never compete
+with the latter in carrying heavy goods; but facts soon proved
+otherwise, for in one district alone the traffic of the canal, within
+two years of the coming of the railway, decreased by 1,000,000 tons.
+
+It was during these years, and when he and his brother were making a
+survey for the enclosure of some common lands near Llandrindod Wells,
+that Wallace finally became aware of the injustice towards the labouring
+classes of the General Enclosure Act.
+
+In this particular locality the land to be enclosed consisted of a large
+extent of moor, and mountain which, with other common rights, had for
+many years enabled the occupants of the scattered cottages around to
+keep a horse, cow, or a few sheep, and thus make a fairly comfortable
+living. Under the Act, the whole of this open land was divided among the
+adjacent landowners of the parish or manor, in proportion to the size or
+value of their estates. Thus, to those who actually possessed much, much
+was given; whilst to those who only nominally owned a little land, even
+that was taken away in return for a small compensation which was by no
+means as valuable to them as the right to graze their cattle. In spite
+of the statement set forth in the General Enclosure Act--"Whereas it is
+expedient to facilitate the enclosure and improvement of common and
+other lands now subject to the rights of property which obstruct
+cultivation and the productive employment of labour," Wallace
+ascertained many years later that no single part of the land so enclosed
+had been cultivated by those to whom it was given, though certain
+portions had been let or sold at fabulous prices for building purposes,
+to accommodate summer visitors to the neighbourhood. Thus the
+unfortunate people who had formerly enjoyed home, health, and
+comparative prosperity in the cottages scattered over this common land
+had been obliged to migrate to the large towns, seeking for fresh
+employment and means of subsistence, or had become "law-created
+paupers"; whilst to crown all, the piece of common originally "reserved"
+for the benefit of the inhabitants had been turned into golf-links!
+
+Again and again Wallace drew attention to the fundamental duties of
+landownership, maintaining that the public, as a whole, had become so
+blinded by custom that no effectual social reform would ever be
+established unless some strenuous and unremitting effort was made to
+recover the land by law from those who had made the land laws and who
+had niched the common heritage of humanity for their own private
+aggrandisement.
+
+With regard to the actual value of land, Wallace pointed out that the
+last valuation was made in the year 1692, and therefore, with the
+increase of value through minerals and other products since then, the
+arrears of land tax due up to 1905 would amount to more than the value
+of all the agricultural land of our country at the present time;
+therefore existing landlords, in clamouring for their alleged rights of
+property, might find out that those "rights" no longer exist.
+
+Yet another point on which he insisted was the right of way through
+fields or woodlands, and especially beside the sea. With the advent of
+the motor-car and other swift means of locomotion, the public roads are
+no longer safe and pleasurable for pedestrians; besides the iniquitous
+fact that hundreds are kept from enjoying the beauties of nature by the
+utterly selfish and useless reservations of such by-paths by the
+landowner.
+
+"This all-embracing system of land-robbery," again he writes, "for which
+nothing is too great or too small; which has absorbed meadow and forest,
+moor and mountain, which has appropriated most of our rivers and lakes
+and the fish that live in them; making the agriculturist pay for his
+seaweed manure and the fisherman for his bait of shell-fish; which has
+desolated whole counties to replace men by sheep or cattle, and has
+destroyed fields and cottages to make a wilderness for deer and grouse;
+which has stolen the commons and filched the roadside wastes; which has
+driven the labouring poor into the cities, and thus been the chief cause
+of the misery, disease, and early death of thousands  ... it is the
+advocates of this inhuman system who, when a partial restitution of
+their unholy gains is proposed, are the loudest in their cries of
+'robbery'!
+
+"But all the robbery, all the spoliation, all the legal and illegal
+filching, has been on _their_ side.... They made the laws to legalise
+their actions, and, some day, we, the people, will make laws which will
+not only legalise but justify our process of restitution. It will
+justify it, because, unlike their laws, which always took from the poor
+to give to the rich--to the very class which made the laws--ours will
+only take from the superfluity of the rich, _not_ to give to the poor or
+to any individuals, but to so administer as to enable every man to live
+by honest work, to restore to the whole people their birthright in their
+native soil, and to relieve all alike from a heavy burden of unnecessary
+and unjust taxation. _This_ will be the true statesmanship of the
+future, and it will be justified alike by equity, by ethics, and by
+religion."
+
+These, then, are the facts and reasons upon which Dr. Wallace based his
+strenuous advocacy of Land Nationalisation.[48] It was only by slow
+degrees that he arrived at some of the conclusions propounded in his
+later years, but once having grasped their full importance to the social
+and moral well-being of the community, he held them to the last.
+
+The first book which tended to fasten his attention upon these matters
+was "Social Statics," by Herbert Spencer, but in 1870 the publication of
+his "Malay Archipelago" brought him into personal contact with John
+Stuart Mill, through whose invitation he became a member of the General
+Committee of the Land Tenure Reform Association. On the formation of the
+Land Nationalisation Society in 1880 he retired from the Association,
+and devoted himself to the larger issues which the new Society embraced.
+
+Soon after the latter Society was started, Henry George, the American
+author of "Progress and Poverty," came to England, and Wallace had many
+opportunities of hearing him speak in public and of discussing matters
+of common interest in private. In spite of the ridicule poured upon
+Henry George's book by many eminent social reformers, Wallace
+consistently upheld its general principles.
+
+His second work on these various subjects was a small book entitled "Bad
+Times," issued in 1885, in which he went deeply into the root causes of
+the depression in trade which had lasted since 1874. The facts there
+given were enlarged upon and continually brought up to date in his later
+writings. Articles which had appeared in various magazines were gathered
+together and included, with those on other subjects, in "Studies,
+Scientific and Social." His last three books, which include his ideas on
+social diseases and the best method of preventing them, were "The
+Wonderful Century," "Social Environment and Moral Progress," and "The
+Revolt of Democracy"; the two last being issued, as we have seen, in
+1913, the year of his death.
+
+In "Social Environment and Moral Progress" the conclusion of his
+vehement survey of our moral and social conditions was startling: "_It
+is not too much to say that our whole system of Society is rotten from
+top to bottom, and that the social environment as a whole in relation to
+our possibilities and our claims is the worst that the world has ever
+seen_."
+
+That terrible indictment was doubly underscored in his MS.
+
+What, in his mature judgment, were the causes and remedies? He set them
+out in this order:
+
+1. The evils are due, broadly and generally, to our living under a
+system of universal competition for the means of existence, the remedy
+for which is equally universal co-operation.
+
+2. It may also be defined as a system of economic antagonism, as of
+enemies, the remedy being a system of economic brotherhood, as of a
+great family, or of friends.
+
+3. Our system is also one of monopoly by a few of all the means of
+existence--the land, without access to which no life is possible; and
+capital, or the results of stored-up labour, which is now in the
+possession of a limited number of capitalists, and therefore is also a
+monopoly. The remedy is freedom of access to land and capital for all.
+
+4. Also, it may be defined as social injustice, inasmuch as the few in
+each generation are allowed to inherit the stored-up wealth of all
+preceding generations, while the many inherit nothing. The remedy is to
+adopt the principle of equality of opportunity for all, or of universal
+_inheritance by the State in trust for the whole community_.
+
+"We have," he finally concluded, "ourselves created an immoral or
+unmoral social environment. To undo its inevitable results we must
+reverse our course. We must see that _all_ our economic legislation,
+_all_ our social reforms, are in the very opposite direction to those
+hitherto adopted, and that they tend in the direction of one or other of
+the four fundamental remedies I have suggested. In this way only can we
+hope to change our existing immoral environment into a moral one, and
+_initiate a new era of Moral Progress._" The "Revolt of Democracy"[49]
+was addressed directly to the Labour Party. And once again he drew a
+vivid picture of how, during the whole of the nineteenth century, there
+was a continuous advance in the application of scientific discovery to
+the arts, especially to the invention and application of labour-saving
+machinery; and how our wealth had increased to an equally marvellous
+extent.
+
+He pointed out that various estimates which had been made of the
+increase in our wealth-producing capacity showed that, roughly speaking,
+the use of mechanical power had increased it more than a hundredfold
+during the century; yet the result had been to create a limited upper
+class, living in unexampled luxury, while about one-fourth of the whole
+population existed in a state of fluctuating penury, often sinking below
+the margin of poverty. Many thousands were annually drawn into this gulf
+of destitution, and died from direct starvation and premature exhaustion
+or from diseases produced by unhealthy employment.
+
+During this long period, however, although wealth and want had alike
+increased side by side, public opinion had not been sufficiently
+educated to permit of any effectual remedy being applied. The workers
+themselves had failed to visualise its fundamental causes, land monopoly
+and the competitive system of industry giving rise to an ever-increasing
+private capitalism which, to a very large extent, had controlled the
+Legislature. All through the last century this rapid accumulation of
+wealth due to extensive manufacturing industries led to a still greater
+increase of middlemen engaged in the distribution of the products, from
+the wealthy merchant to the various grades of tradesmen and small
+shop-keepers who supplied the daily wants of the community.
+
+To those who lived in the midst of this vast industrial system, or were
+a part of it, it seemed natural and inevitable that there should be rich
+and poor; and this belief was enforced on the one hand by the clergy,
+and on the other by political economists, so that religion and science
+agreed in upholding the competitive and capitalistic system of society
+as the only rational and possible one. Hence it came to be believed that
+the true sphere of governmental action did not include the abolition of
+poverty. It was even declared that poverty was due to economic causes
+over which governments had no power; that wages were kept down by the
+"iron law" of supply and demand; and that any attempt to find a remedy
+by Acts of Parliament only aggravated the disease. During the
+Premiership of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman this attitude was, for the
+first time, changed. On numerous occasions Sir Henry declared that he
+held it to be the duty of a government to deal with problems of
+unemployment and poverty.
+
+In 1908 three great strikes, coming in rapid succession--those of the
+Railway and other Transport Unions, the Miners, and the London Dock
+Labourers--brought home to the middle and upper classes, and to the
+Government, how completely all are dependent on the "working classes."
+This and similar experiences showed us that when the organisation of
+the trade unions was more complete, and the accumulated funds of several
+years were devoted to this purpose, the bulk of the inhabitants of
+London, and of other great cities, could be made to suffer a degree of
+famine comparable with that of Paris when besieged by the German army in
+1870.
+
+Wallace's watchword throughout these social agitations was "Equality of
+Opportunity for All," and the ideal method by which he hoped to achieve
+this end was a system of industrial colonisation in our own country
+whereby _all_ would have a fair, if not an absolutely equal, share in
+the benefits arising from the production of their own labour, whether
+physical or mental.[50]
+
+With regard to the education of the people, especially as a
+stepping-stone to moral and intellectual reform, Wallace believed in the
+training of individual natural talent, rather than the present system of
+general education thrust upon every boy or girl regardless of their
+varying mental capacities. He also urged that the building-up of the
+mind should be alternated with physical training in one or more useful
+trades, so that there might be, not only at the outset, but also in
+later life, a choice of occupation in order to avoid the excess of
+unemployment in any one direction.
+
+In his opinion, one of the injurious results of our competitive system,
+having its roots, however, in the valuable "guilds" of a past epoch, was
+the almost universal restriction of our workers to only one kind of
+labour. The result was a dreadful monotony in almost all spheres of
+work, the extreme unhealthiness of many, and a much larger amount of
+unemployment than if each man or woman were regularly trained in two or
+more occupations. In addition to two of what are commonly called trades,
+every youth should be trained for one day a week or one week in a
+month, according to the demand for labour, in some of the various
+operations of farming or gardening. Not only would this improve the
+general health of the workers, but it would also add much to the
+interest and enjoyment of their lives.
+
+"There is one point," he wrote, "in connection with this problem which I
+do not think has ever been much considered or discussed. It is the
+undoubted benefit to all the members of a society of _the greatest
+possible diversity of character_, as a means both towards the greatest
+enjoyment and interest of association, and to the highest ultimate
+development of the race. If we are to suppose that man might have been
+created or developed with none of those extremes of character which now
+often result in what we call wickedness, vice, or crime, there would
+certainly have been a greater monotony in human nature, which would,
+perhaps, have led to less beneficial results than the variety which
+actually exists may lead to. We are more and more getting to see that
+very much, perhaps all, the vice, crime, and misery that exists in the
+world is the result, not of the wickedness of individuals, but of the
+entire absence of sympathetic training from infancy onwards. So far as I
+have heard, the only example of the effects of such a training on a
+large scale was that initiated by Robert Owen at New Lanark, which, with
+most unpromising materials, produced such marvellous results on the
+character and conduct of the children as to seem almost incredible to
+the numerous persons who came to see and often critically to examine
+them. There must have been all kinds of characters in his schools, yet
+_none_ were found to be incorrigible, _none_ beyond control, _none_ who
+did not respond to the love and sympathetic instruction of their
+teachers. It is therefore quite possible that _all_ the evil in the
+world is directly due to man, not to God, and that when we once realise
+this to its full extent we shall be able, not only to eliminate almost
+completely what we now term evil, but shall then clearly perceive that
+all those propensities and passions that under bad conditions of society
+inevitably led to it, will under good conditions add to the variety and
+the capacities of human nature, the enjoyment of life by all, and at the
+same time greatly increase the possibilities of development of the whole
+race. I myself feel confident that this is really the case, and that
+such considerations, when followed out to their ultimate issues, afford
+a complete solution of the great problem of the ages--the origin of
+evil."[51]
+
+Closely allied with the welfare of the child is another "reform" with
+which Wallace's name will long be associated. That is his strong
+denunciation of Vaccination. For seven years he laboured to show medical
+and scientific men that statistics proved beyond doubt the futility of
+this measure to prevent disease. A few were converted, but public
+opinion is hard to move.
+
+In his ideal of the future, Dr. Wallace gave a large and honoured sphere
+to women. He considered that it was in the highest degree presumptuous
+and irrational to attempt to deal by compulsory enactments with the most
+vital and most sacred of all human relationships, regardless of the fact
+that our present phase of social development is not only extremely
+imperfect, but, as already shown, vicious and rotten to the core. How
+could it be possible to determine by legislation those relations of the
+sexes which shall be best alike for individuals and for the race in a
+society in which a large proportion of our women are forced to work long
+hours daily for the barest subsistence, with an almost total absence of
+the rational pleasures of life, for the want of which thousands are
+driven into uncongenial marriages in order to secure some amount of
+personal independence or physical well-being. He believed that when men
+and women are, for the first time in the course of civilisation, equally
+free to follow their best impulses; when idleness and vicious and
+hurtful luxury on the one hand, and oppressive labour and the dread of
+starvation on the other, are alike unknown; when _all_ receive the best
+and broadest education that the state of civilisation and knowledge will
+admit; when the standard of public opinion is set by the wisest and the
+best among us, and that standard is systematically inculcated in the
+young--then we shall find that a system of truly "Natural Selection" (a
+term that Wallace preferred to "Eugenics," which he utterly disliked)
+will come spontaneously into action which will tend steadily to
+eliminate the lower, the less developed, or in any way defective types
+of men, and will thus continuously raise the physical, moral, and
+intellectual standard of the race.
+
+He further held that "although many women now remain unmarried from
+necessity rather than from choice, there are always considerable numbers
+who feel no strong impulse to marriage, and accept husbands to secure
+subsistence and a home of their own rather than from personal affection
+or sexual emotion. In a state of society in which all women were
+economically independent, where all were fully occupied with public
+duties and social or intellectual pleasures, and had nothing to gain by
+marriage as regards material well-being or social position, it is highly
+probable that the numbers of unmarried from choice would increase. It
+would probably come to be considered a degradation for any woman to
+marry a man whom she could not love and esteem, and this reason would
+tend at least to delay marriage till a worthy and sympathetic partner
+was encountered." But this choice, he considered, would be further
+strengthened by the fact that, with the ever-increasing approach to
+equality of opportunity for every child born in our country, that
+terrible excess of male deaths, in boyhood and early manhood especially,
+due to various preventable causes, would disappear, and change the
+present majority of women to a majority of men. This would lead to a
+greater rivalry for wives, and give to women the power of rejecting all
+the lower types of character among their suitors.
+
+"It will be their special duty so to mould public opinion, through home
+training and social influence, as to render the women of the future the
+regenerators of the entire human race." He fully hoped and believed that
+they would prove equal to the high and responsible position which, in
+accordance with natural laws, they will be called upon to fulfil.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mr. D.A. Wilson, who visited him in 1912, writes:
+
+He surprised me by saying he was a Socialist--one does not expect a man
+like him to label himself in any way. It appeared to be unconscious
+modesty, like a school-boy's, which made him willing to be labelled; but
+no label could describe him, and his mental sweep was unlimited.
+Although in his ninetieth year, he seemed to be in his prime. There was
+no sign of age but physical weakness, and you had to make an effort at
+times to remember even that. His eye kindled as he spoke, and more than
+once he walked about and chuckled, like a schoolboy pleased.
+
+An earnest expression like Carlyle's came over his countenance as he
+reprobated the selfish, wild-cat competition which made life harder and
+more horrible to-day for a well-doing poor man in England than among the
+Malays or Burmese before they had any modern inventions. Co-operation
+was the upward road for humanity. Men grew out of beasthood by it, and
+by it civilisation began. Forgetting it, men retrograded, subsiding
+swiftly, so that there were many individuals among us to-day who were in
+body, mind, and character below the level of our barbarian ancestors or
+contemporary "savages," to say nothing of civilised Burmese or Malays.
+What he meant by Socialism can be seen from his books. Nothing in them
+surprised me after our talk. His appreciation of Confucius, when I
+quoted some things of the Chinese sage's which confirmed what he was
+saying, was emphatic, and that and many other things showed that
+Socialism to him implied the upward evolution of humanity. It was
+because of the degradation of men involved that he objected to letting
+individuals grab the public property--earth, air and water. Monopolies,
+he thought, should at once revert to the public, and we had an argument
+which showed that he had no objection to even artificial monopolies if
+they were public property. He defended the old Dutch Government
+monopolies of spices, and declared them better than to-day's free trade,
+when cultivation is exploited by men who always tended to be mere
+money-grabbers, selfish savages let loose. In answer I mentioned the
+abuses of officialdom, as seen by me from the inside in Burma, and he
+agreed that the mental and moral superiority of many kinds of Asiatics
+to the Europeans who want to boss them made detailed European
+administration an absurdity. We should leave these peoples to develop in
+their own way. Having conquered Burma and India, he proceeded, the
+English should take warning from history and restrict themselves to
+keeping the peace, and protecting the countries they had taken. They
+should give every province as much home rule as possible and as soon as
+possible, and study to avoid becoming parasites.--D.A.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We may fittingly conclude this brief summary of Wallace's social views
+and ideals by citing his own reply to the question: "Why am I a
+Socialist?" "I am a Socialist because I believe that the highest law for
+mankind is justice. I therefore take for my motto, 'Fiat Justitia, Ruat
+Coelum'; and my definition of Socialism is, 'The use, by everyone, of
+his faculties for the common good, and the voluntary organisation of
+labour for the equal benefit of all.' That is absolute social justice;
+that is ideal Socialism. It is, therefore, the guiding star for all true
+social reform."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+He corresponded with Miss Buckley not only on scientific but also on
+public questions and social problems:
+
+TO MISS BUCKLEY
+
+
+_Rosehill, Dorking. Sunday, [? December, 1878]._
+
+Dear Miss Buckley,--  ... How wonderfully the Russians have got on since
+you left! A very little more and the Turkish Government might be turned
+out of Europe--even now it might be with the greatest ease if our
+Government would join in giving them the last kick. Whatever power they
+retain in Europe will most certainly involve another war before twenty
+years are over.--Yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MISS BUCKLEY
+
+
+_Waldron Edge, Croydon. May 2, 1879._
+
+Dear Miss Buckley,--  ... My "Reciprocity" article seems to have produced
+a slight effect on the _Spectator_, though it did snub me at first, but
+it is perfectly sickening to read the stuff spoken and written, in
+Parliament and in all the newspapers, about the subject, all treating
+our present practice as something holy and immutable, whatever bad
+effects it may produce, and though it is not in any way "free trade" and
+would I believe have been given up both by Adam Smith and Cobden.--Yours
+very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+He was always ready, even eager, to discuss his social and land
+nationalisation principles with his scientific friends, with members of
+his own family, and indeed with anyone who would lend a willing ear.
+
+HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_38 Queen's Gardens, Bayswater, W. April 25, 1881._
+
+Dear Mr. Wallace,--As you may suppose, I fully sympathise with the
+general aims of your proposed Land Nationalisation Society; but for
+sundry reasons I hesitate to commit myself, at the present stage of the
+question, to a programme so definite as that which you send me. It seems
+to me that before formulating the idea in a specific shape it is needful
+to generate a body of public opinion on the general issue, and that it
+must be some time before there can be produced such recognition of the
+general principle involved as is needful before definite plans can be
+set forth to any purpose....--Truly yours,
+
+HERBERT SPENCER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_38 Queen's Gardens, Bayswater, W. July 6, 1881._
+
+Dear Mr. Wallace,--I have already seen the work you name, "Progress and
+Poverty," having had a copy, or rather two copies, sent me. I gathered
+from what little I glanced at that I should fundamentally disagree with
+the writer, and have not read more.
+
+I demur entirely to the supposition, which is implied in the book, that
+by any possible social arrangements whatever the distress which humanity
+has to suffer in the course of civilisation could have been prevented.
+The whole process, with all its horrors and tyrannies, and slaveries,
+and wars, and abominations of all kinds, has been an inevitable one
+accompanying the survival and spread of the strongest, and the
+consolidation of small tribes into large societies; and among other
+things the lapse of land into private ownership has been, like the lapse
+of individuals into slavery, at one period of the process altogether
+indispensable. I do not in the least believe that from the primitive
+system of communistic ownership to a high and finished system of State
+ownership, such as we may look for in the future, there could be any
+transition without passing through such stages as we have seen and which
+exist now. Argument aside, however, I should be disinclined to commit
+myself to any scheme of immediate action, which, as I have indicated to
+you, I believe at present premature. For myself I feel that I have to
+consider not only what I may do on special questions, but also how the
+action I take on special questions may affect my general influence; and
+I am disinclined to give more handles against me than are needful.
+Already, as you will see by the enclosed circular, I am doing in the way
+of positive action more than may be altogether prudent.--Sincerely
+yours,
+
+HERBERT SPENCER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A.R. WALLACE TO MR. A.C. SWINTON
+
+
+_Frith Hill, Godalming. December 23, 1885._
+
+My dear Swinton,--  ... I have just received an invitation to go to
+lecture in Sydney on Sundays for three months, with an intimation that
+other lectures can be arranged for in Melbourne and New Zealand. It is
+tempting!... If I had the prospect of clearing £1,000 by a lecturing
+campaign I would go, though it would require a great effort.... I did
+not think it possible even to contemplate going so far again, but the
+chance of earning a lot of money which would enable me to clear off this
+house and leave something for my family must be seriously
+considered.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MISS VIOLET WALLACE
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. May_ 10, 1891.
+
+My dear Violet,--  ... I am quite in favour of a legal eight hours' day.
+Overtime need not be forbidden, but every man who works overtime should
+have a legal claim to double wages for the extra hours. That would make
+it cheaper for the master to employ two sets of men working each eight
+hours when they had long jobs requiring them, while for the necessities
+of finishing contracts, etc., they could well afford to pay double for
+the extra hours. "It would make everything dearer!" Of course it would!
+How else can you produce a more equal distribution of wealth than by
+making the rich and idle pay more and the workers receive more? "The
+workers would have to pay more, too, for everything they bought!" True
+again, but what they paid more would not equal their extra earnings,
+because a large portion of the extra pay to the men will be paid by the
+rich, and only the remainder paid by the men themselves. The eight
+hours' day and double pay for overtime would not only employ thousands
+now out of work, but would actually raise wages per hour and per day.
+This is clear, because wages are kept down wholly by the surplus supply
+of labour in every trade. The moment the surplus is used up, or nearly
+so, by more men being required on account of shorter hours, competition
+among the men becomes less; among the employers, for men, more: hence
+necessarily higher wages all round. As to the bogey of foreign
+competition, it is a bogey only. All the political economists agree that
+if wages are raised in all trades, it will not in the least affect our
+power to export goods as profitably as now. Look and see! And, secondly,
+the eight hours' movement is an international one, and will affect all
+alike in the end.
+
+There are some arguments for you! Poor unreasoning infant!!...
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+REV. AUGUSTUS JESSOPP TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_Scarning Rectory, East Dereham. August 25, 1893._
+
+My dear Mr. Wallace,--I have put off writing to thank you for your kind
+letter, and the book and pamphlets you were good enough to send me,
+because I hoped in acknowledgment to say I had read your little volumes,
+as I intend to. The fates have been against me, and I will delay no
+longer thanking you for sending them to me.
+
+I do not believe in your theory of land nationalisation one bit! But I
+like to see all that such a man as you has to say on his side.
+
+In return I send you my view of the matter, which is just as likely to
+convert you as your book is to convert me.
+
+I love a man with a theory, for I learn most from such a man, and when I
+have thought a thing out in my own mind and forgotten the arguments
+while I have arrived at a firm conviction as to the conclusion, it is
+refreshing to be reminded of points and facts that have slipped away
+from me!
+
+It was a great pleasure and privilege to make your acquaintance the
+other day, and I hope we may meet again some day.--Very truly yours,
+
+AUGUSTUS JESSOPP.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+REV. H. PRICE HUGHES TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_8 Taviton Street, Gordon Square, W.C. September 14, 1898._
+
+Dear Dr. Wallace,--I am always very glad when I hear from you. So far as
+your intensely interesting volume has compelled some very prejudiced
+people to read your attack on modern delusions, it is a great gain,
+especially to themselves. I have read your tract on "Justice, not
+Charity," with great pleasure and approval. The moment Mr. Benjamin
+Kidd invented the striking term of "equality of opportunity" I adopted
+it, and have often preached it in the pulpit and on the platform, just
+as you preach it in the tract before me. I fully agree that justice, not
+charity, is the fundamental principle of social reform. There is
+something very contemptible in the spiteful way in which many newspapers
+and magistrates are trying to aggravate the difficulties of
+conscientious men who avail themselves of the conscience clause in the
+new Vaccination Act. There is very much to be done yet before social
+justice is realised, but the astonishing manifesto of the Czar of
+Russia, which I have no doubt is a perfectly sincere one, is a
+revelation of the extent to which social truth is leavening European
+society. Since I last wrote to you I have been elected President of the
+Wesleyan Methodist Conference, which will give me a great deal of
+special work and special opportunities also, I am thankful to say, of
+propagating Social Christianity, which in fact, and to a great extent in
+form, is what you yourself are doing.--Yours very sincerely,
+
+H. PRICE HUGHES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO ALFRED RUSSELL
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. May 11, 1900._
+
+Dear Sir,--I am not a vegetarian, but I believe in it as certain to be
+adopted in the future, and as essential to a higher social and moral
+state of society. My reasons are:
+
+(1) That far less land is needed to supply vegetable than to supply
+animal food.
+
+(2) That the business of a butcher is, and would be, repulsive to all
+refined natures.
+
+(3) That with proper arrangements for variety and good cookery,
+vegetable food is better for health of body and mind.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. JOHN (LORD) MORLEY
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset, October 20, 1900._
+
+Dear Sir,--I look upon you as the one politician left to us, who, by his
+ability and integrity, his eloquence and love of truth, his high
+standing as a thinker and writer, and his openness of mind, is able to
+become the leader of the English people in their struggle for freedom
+against the monopolists of land, capital, and political power. I
+therefore take the liberty of sending you herewith a book of mine
+containing a number of miscellaneous essays, a few of which, I venture
+to think, are worthy of your serious attention.
+
+Some time since you intimated in one of your speeches that, if the
+choice for this country were between Imperialism and Socialism, you were
+inclined to consider the latter the less evil of the two. You added, I
+think, your conviction that the dangers of Socialism to human character
+were what most influenced you against it. I trust that my impression of
+what you said is substantially correct. Now I myself believe, after a
+study of the subject extending over twenty years, that this danger is
+non-existent, and certainly does not in any way apply to the fundamental
+principles of Socialism, which is, simply, _the voluntary organisation
+of labour for the good of all_....--With great esteem, I am yours very
+faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. JOHN (LORD) MORLEY TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_57 Elm Park Gardens, S.W. October 31, 1900._
+
+My dear Sir,--For some reason, though your letter is dated the 20th, it
+has only reached me, along with the two volumes, to-day. I feel myself
+greatly indebted to you for both. In older days I often mused upon a
+passage of yours in the "Malay Archipelago" contrasting the condition of
+certain types of savage life with that of life in a modern industrial
+city. And I shall gladly turn again to the subject in these pages, new
+to me, where you come to close quarters with the problem.
+
+But my time and my mind are at present neither of them free for the
+effective consideration of this mighty case. Nor can I promise myself
+the requisite leisure for at least several months to come. What I can do
+is to set your arguments a-simmering in my brain, and perhaps when the
+time of liberation arrives I may be in a state to make something of it.
+I don't suppose that I shall be a convert, but I always remember J.S.
+Mill's observation, after recapitulating the evils to be apprehended
+from Socialism, that he would face them in spite of all, if the only
+alternative to Socialism were our present state.--With sincere thanks
+and regard, believe me yours faithfully
+
+JOHN MORLEY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. C.G. STUART-MENTEITH
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. June 6, 1901._
+
+Dear Sir,--I have no time to discuss your letter[52] at any length. You
+seem to assume that we can say definitely who are the "fit" and who the
+"unfit."
+
+I deny this, except in the most extreme cases.
+
+I believe that, even now, the race is mostly recruited by the _more
+fit_--that is the upper working classes and the lower middle classes.
+
+Both the very rich and the very poor are probably--as classes--below
+these. The former increase less rapidly through immorality and late
+marriage; the latter through excessive infant mortality. If that is the
+case, no legislative interference is needed, and would probably do harm.
+
+I see nothing in your letter which is really opposed to my
+contention--that under rational social conditions the healthy instincts
+of men and women will solve the population problem far better than any
+tinkering interference either by law or by any other means.
+
+And in the meantime the condition of things is not so bad as you
+suppose.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. SYDNEY COCKERELL
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. January 15, 1906._
+
+Dear Mr. Cockerell,--I have now finished reading Kropotkin's Life with
+very great interest, especially for the light it throws on the present
+condition of Russia. It also brings out clearly some very fine aspects
+of the Russian character, and the horrible despotism to which they are
+still subject, equivalent to that of the days of the Bastille and the
+system of _Lettres de cachet_ before the great Revolution in France. It
+seems to me probable that under happier conditions--perhaps in the not
+distant future--Russia may become the most advanced instead of the most
+backward in civilisation--a real leader among nations, not in war and
+conquest but in social reform.--Yours faithfully,
+
+A.R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. J. HYDER (Of THE LAND NATIONALISATION SOCIETY)
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. May 13, 1907._
+
+Dear Mr. Hyder,--Although it is not safe to hallo before one is out of
+the wood, I think I may congratulate the Society upon the prospect it
+now has of obtaining the first-fruits of its persistent efforts, for a
+quarter of a century, to form an enlightened public opinion in favour of
+our views. If the Government adequately fulfils its promises, we shall
+have, in the Bill for a fair valuation of land apart from improvements,
+as a basis of taxation and for purchase, and that giving local
+authorities full powers to acquire land so valued, the first real and
+definite steps towards complete nationalisation....
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE,
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. A. WILTSHIRE[53]
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. October 10, 1907._
+
+Dear Sir,--I told Mr. Button that I do not approve of the resolution you
+are going to move.[54]
+
+The workers of England have themselves returned a large majority of
+ordinary Liberals, including hundreds of capitalists, landowners,
+manufacturers, and lawyers, with only a sprinkling of Radicals and
+Socialists. The Government--your own elected Government--is doing more
+for the workers than any Liberal Government ever did before, yet you are
+going to pass what is practically a vote of censure on it for not being
+a Radical, Labour, and Socialist Government!
+
+If this Government attempted to do what you and I think ought to be
+done, it would lose half its followers and be turned out, ignominiously,
+giving the Tories another chance. That is foolish as well as
+unfair.--Yours truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO LORD AVEBURY
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. June 23, 1908._
+
+Dear Lord Avebury,--  ... Allow me to wish every success to your Bill for
+preserving beautiful birds from destruction. To stop the import is the
+only way--short of the still more drastic method of heavily fining
+everyone who wears feathers in public, with imprisonment for a second
+offence. But we are not yet ripe for that.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE. TO MR. E. SMEDLEY
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. December 25, 1910._
+
+Dear Mr. Smedley,--Thanks for your long and interesting letter.... Man
+is, and has been, horribly cruel, and it is indeed difficult to explain
+why. Yet that there is an explanation, and that it does lead to good in
+the end, I believe. Praying is evidently useless, and should be, as it
+is almost always selfish--for _our_ benefit, or our _families_, or our
+_nation_.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED E. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. W.G. WALLACE
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. August 20, 1911._
+
+My dear Will,--  ... The railway strike surpasses the Parliament Bill in
+excitement. On receipt of Friday's paper, I sat down and composed and
+sent off to Lloyd George a short but big letter, on large foolscap
+paper, urging him and Asquith, as the two strong men of the Government,
+to take over at once the management of the railways of the entire
+country, by Royal Proclamation--on the ground of mismanagement for
+seventy years, and having brought the country to the verge of starvation
+and civil war; to grant an amnesty to all strikers (except for acts of
+violence), also grant all the men's demands for one year, and devote
+that time to a deliberate and impartial inquiry and a complete scheme of
+reorganisation of the railways in the interest, first of the public,
+then of the men of all grades, lastly of the share and bond owners, who
+will become guaranteed public creditors.... It has been admitted and
+proved again and again, that the men are badly treated, that their
+grievances are real--their very unanimity and standing by each other
+proves it. Their demands are most moderate; and the cost in extra wages
+will be saved over and over in safety, regularity, economy of working,
+and public convenience. I have not had even an acknowledgment of receipt
+yet, but hope to in a day or two....
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. H.M. HYNDMAN TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_9 Queen Anne's Gate, Westminster, S.W. March 14, 1912._
+
+Dear Sir,--Everyone who knows anything of the record of modern science
+in this country recognises how very much we all owe to you. It was,
+therefore, specially gratifying to me that you should be so kind as to
+write such a very encouraging letter on the occasion of my seventieth
+birthday. I owe you sincere thanks for what you said, though I may
+honestly feel that you overpraised what I have done. It has been an
+uphill fight, but I am lucky in being allowed to see through the smoke
+and dust of battle a vision of the promised land. The transformation
+from capitalism to socialism is going on slowly under our eyes.
+
+Again thanking you and wishing you every good wish, believe me yours
+sincerely,
+
+H.M. HYNDMAN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. M.J. MURPHY
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. August 19, 1913._
+
+Dear Sir,--I not only think but firmly believe that Lloyd George is
+working for the good of the people, in all ways open to him. The wonder
+is that he can persuade Asquith and the Cabinet to let him go as far as
+he does. No doubt he is obliged to do things he does not think the best
+absolutely, but the best that are practicable. He does not profess to be
+a Socialist, and he is not infallible, but he does the best he can,
+under the conditions in which he finds himself. Socialists who condemn
+him for not doing more are most unfair. They must know, if they think,
+that if he tried to do much more towards Socialism he would break up the
+Government and let in the Tories.--Yours truly,
+
+A.R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. A. WILTSHIRE
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. September 14, 1913._
+
+Dear Sir,--I wish you every success in your work for the amelioration of
+the condition of the workers, through whose exertions it may be truly
+said we all live and move and have our being.
+
+Your motto is excellent. Above all things stick together.
+
+Equally important is it to declare as a fixed principle that wages are
+to be and must be continuously raised, never lowered. You have too much
+arrears to make up--too many forces against you, to admit of their being
+ever lowered. Let future generations decide when that is necessary--if
+ever.
+
+This is a principle worth enforcing by a general strike. Nothing less
+will be effective--nothing less should be accepted; and you must let the
+Government know it, and insist that they adopt it.
+
+The rise must always be towards uniformity of payment for all useful and
+productive work.--Yours sincerely,
+
+ALFRED E. WALLACE.
+
+
+
+
+PART VI
+
+Some Further Problems
+
+
+
+
+I.--Astronomy
+
+
+Of the varied subjects upon which Wallace wrote, none, perhaps, came
+with greater freshness to the general reader than his books written when
+he was nearly eighty upon the ancient science of astronomy.
+
+Perhaps he would have said that the "directive Mind and Purpose" kept
+these subjects back until the closing years of his life in order that he
+might bring to bear upon them his wider knowledge of nature, enlightened
+by that spiritual perception which led him to link the heavens and the
+earth in one common bond of evolution, culminating in the development of
+moral and spiritual intelligences.
+
+"Man's Place in the Universe" (1903) was in effect a prelude to "The
+World of Life" (1910). Wallace saw afterwards that one grew out of the
+other, as we find him frequently saying with regard to his other books
+and essays.
+
+As with Spiritualism, so with Astronomy, the seed-interest practically
+lay dormant in his mind for many years; with this difference, however,
+that temperament and training caused a speedy unfolding of his mind when
+once a scientific subject gripped him, whereas with Spiritualism he felt
+the need of moving slowly and cautiously before fully accepting the
+phenomena as verifiable facts.
+
+It was during the later period of his land-surveying, when he was
+somewhere between the ages of 18 and 20, that he became distinctly
+interested in the stars. Being left much alone at this period, he began
+to vary his pursuits by studying a book on Nautical Astronomy, and
+constructing a rude telescope.[55] This primitive appliance increased
+his interest in other astronomical instruments, and especially in the
+grand onward march of astronomical discovery, which he looked upon as
+one of the wonders of the nineteenth century.
+
+It was the inclusion of astronomy in lectures he delivered at Davos
+which led him to extend his original brief notes into the four chapters
+which form an important part of his "Wonderful Century." He freely
+confessed that in order to write these chapters he was obliged to read
+widely, and to make much use of friends to whom astronomy was a more
+familiar study. And it was whilst he was engaged upon these chapters
+that his attention became riveted upon the unique position of our planet
+in relation to the solar system.
+
+He had noticed that certain definite conditions appeared to be
+absolutely essential to the origin and development of the higher types
+of terrestrial life, and that most of these must have been certainly
+dependent on a very delicate balance of the forces concerned in the
+evolution of our planet. Our position in the solar system appeared to
+him to be peculiar and unique because, he thought, we may be almost sure
+that these conditions do not coexist on any other planet, and that we
+have no good reason to believe that other planets could have maintained
+over a period of millions of years the complex and equable conditions
+absolutely necessary to the existence of the higher forms of terrestrial
+life. Therefore it appeared to him to be proved that our earth does
+really stand alone in the solar system by reason of its special
+adaptation for the development of human life.
+
+Granting this, however, the question might still be asked, Why should
+not any one of the suns in other parts of space possess planets as well
+adapted as our own to develop the higher forms of organic life? These
+questions cannot be answered definitely; but there are reasons, he
+considered, why the central position which we occupy may alone be
+suitable. It is almost certain that electricity and other mysterious
+radiant forces (of which we have so recently discovered the existence)
+have played an important part in the origin and development of organised
+life, and it does not appear to be extravagant to assume that the
+extraordinary way in which these cosmic forces have remained hidden from
+us may be due to that central position which we are found to occupy in
+the whole universe of matter discoverable by us. Indeed, it may well be
+that these wonderful forces of the ether are more irregular--and perhaps
+more violent--in their effect upon matter in what may be termed the
+outer chambers of that universe, and that they are only so nicely
+balanced, so uniform in their action, and so concealed from us, as to be
+fit to aid in the development of organic life in that central portion of
+the stellar system which our globe occupies. Should these views as to
+the unique central position of our earth be supported by the results of
+further research, it will certainly rank as the most extraordinary and
+perhaps the most important of the many discoveries of the past century.
+
+While still working on this section of his "Wonderful Century," he was
+asked to write a scientific article, upon any subject of his own choice,
+for the _New York Independent_. And as the idea of the unique position
+of the earth to be the abode of human life was fresh in his mind, he
+thought it would prove interesting to the general public. However,
+before his article appeared simultaneously in the American papers and in
+the _Fortnightly Review_, a friend who read it was so impressed with
+its originality and treatment that he persuaded Wallace to enlarge it
+into book form; and it appeared in the autumn of 1903 as "Man's Place in
+the Universe."
+
+This fascinating treatise upon the position occupied by the earth, and
+man, in the universe, had the same effect as some of his former
+writings, of drawing forth unstinted commendation from many religious
+and secular papers; whilst the severely scientific and materialistic
+reviewers doubted how far his imagination had superseded unbiased
+reason.
+
+On one point, however, most outsiders were in agreement--that he had
+invested an ancient subject with freshest interest through approaching
+it by an entirely new way. The plan followed was that of bringing
+together all the positive conclusions of the astronomer, the geologist,
+the physicist, and the biologist, and by weighing these carefully in the
+balance he arrived at what appeared to him to be the only reasonable
+conclusion. He therefore set out to solve the problem whether or not the
+logical inferences to be drawn from the various results of modern
+science lent support to the view that our earth is the only inhabited
+planet, not only in our own solar system, but in the whole stellar
+universe. In the course of his close and careful exposition he takes the
+reader through the whole trend of modern scientific research, concluding
+with a summing-up of his deductions in the following six propositions,
+in the first three of which he sets out the conclusions reached by
+modern astronomers:
+
+(1) That the stellar universe forms one connected whole; and, though of
+enormous extent, is yet finite, and its extent determinable.
+
+(2) That the solar system is situated in the plane of the Milky Way, and
+not far removed from the centre of that plane. The earth is, therefore,
+nearly in the centre of the stellar universe.
+
+(3) That this universe consists throughout of the same kinds of matter,
+and is subjected to the same physical and chemical laws.
+
+The conclusions which I claim to have shown to have enormous
+probabilities in their favour are:
+
+(4) That no other planet in the solar system than our earth is inhabited
+or habitable.
+
+(5) That the probabilities are almost as great against any other sun
+possessing inhabited planets.
+
+(6) That the nearly central position of our sun is probably a permanent
+one, and has been specially favourable, perhaps absolutely essential, to
+life-development on the earth.
+
+Wallace never maintained that this earth alone in the whole universe is
+the abode of life. What he maintained was, first, that our solar system
+appears to be in or near the centre of the visible universe, and,
+secondly, that all the available evidence supports the idea of the
+extreme unlikelihood of there being on any star or planet revealed by
+the telescope any intelligent life either identical with or analogous to
+man. To suppose that this one particular type of universe extends over
+all space was, he considered, to have a low idea of the Creator and His
+power. Such a scheme would mean monotony instead of infinite variety,
+the keynote of things as they are known to us. There might be a million
+universes, but all different.
+
+To his mind there was no difficulty in believing in the existence of
+consciousness apart from material organism; though he could not readily
+conceive of pure mind, or pure spirit, apart from some kind of
+substantial envelope or substratum. Many of the views suggested in
+"Man's Place in the Universe" as to man's spiritual progress hereafter,
+the reason or ultimate purpose for which he was brought into existence,
+were enlarged upon, later, in "The World of Life." As early, however, as
+1903, Wallace did not hesitate to express his own firm conviction that
+Science and Spiritualism were in many ways closely akin.
+
+He believed that the near future would show the strong tendency of
+scientists to become more religious or spiritual. The process, he
+thought, would be slow, as the general attitude has never been more
+materialistic than now. A few have been bold enough to assert their
+belief in some outside power, but the leading scientific men are, as a
+rule, dead against them. "They seem," he once remarked, "to think, and
+to like to think, that the whole phenomena of life will one day be
+reduced to terms of matter and motion, and that every vegetable, animal,
+and human product will be explained, and may some day be artificially
+produced, by chemical action. But even if this were so, behind it all
+there would still remain an unexplained mystery."
+
+Closely associated with "Man's Place in the Universe" is a small volume,
+"Is Mars Habitable?" This was first commenced as a review of Professor
+Percival Lowell's book, "Mars and its Canals," with the object of
+showing that the large amount of new and interesting facts contained in
+this work did not invalidate the conclusion that he (Wallace) had
+reached in 1903--that Mars is not habitable. The conclusions to which
+his argument led him were these:
+
+(1) All physicists are agreed that  ... Mars would have a mean
+temperature of about 35° F. owing to its distance from the sun.
+
+(2) But the very low temperatures on the earth under the equator at a
+height where the barometer stands at about three times as high as on
+Mars, proves that from scantiness of atmosphere alone Mars cannot
+possibly have a temperature as high as the freezing-point of water. The
+combination of these two results must bring down the temperature of Mars
+to a degree wholly incompatible with the existence of animal life.
+
+(3) The quite independent proof that water-vapour cannot exist on Mars,
+and that, therefore, the first essential of organic life--water--is
+non-existent.
+
+The conclusion from these three independent proofs  ... is therefore
+irresistible--that animal life, especially in its highest forms, cannot
+exist. Mars, therefore, is not only uninhabited by intelligent beings
+... but is absolutely uninhabitable.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In contrast to his purely scientific interest in astronomy, Wallace was
+moved by the romance of the "stars," akin to his enthusiastic love of
+beautiful butterflies. Had it not been for this touch of romance and
+idealism in his writings on astronomy, they would have lost much of
+their charm for the general reader. His breadth of vision transforms him
+from a mere student of astronomy into a seer who became ever more deeply
+conscious of the mystery both "before and behind."
+
+  "Rain, sun, and rain! and the free blossom blows;
+  Sun, rain, and sun! and where is he who knows?
+  From the great deep to the great deep he goes."
+
+And whilst facing with brave and steady mind the great mysteries of
+earth and sky, of life and what lies beyond it, he himself loved to
+quote:
+
+  "Fear not thou the hidden purpose
+     Of that Power which alone is great,
+   Nor the myriad world His shadow,
+     Nor the silent Opener of the Gate."
+
+Among the scientific friends to whom he appealed for help when writing
+his astronomical books was Prof. (now Sir) W.F. Barrett.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. BARRETT
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. February 12, 1901._
+
+My dear Barrett,--I shall be much obliged if you will give me your
+opinion on a problem in physics that I cannot find answered in any book.
+It relates to the old Nebular Hypothesis, and is this:
+
+It is assumed that the matter of the solar system was once wholly
+gaseous, and extended as a roughly globular or lenticular mass beyond
+the orbit of Neptune. Sir Robert Ball stated in a lecture here that even
+when the solar nebula had shrunk to the size of the earth's orbit it
+must have been (I think he said) hundreds of times rarer than the
+residual gas in one of Crookes's high vacuum tubes. Yet, by hypothesis,
+it was hot enough, even in its outer portions, to retain all the solid
+elements in the gaseous state.
+
+Now, admitting this to be _possible_ at any given epoch, my difficulty
+is this: how long could the outer parts of this nebula exist, exposed to
+the zero temperature of surrounding space, without losing the gaseous
+state and aggregating into minute solid particles--into meteoric dust,
+in fact?
+
+Could it exist an hour? a day? a year? a century? Yet the process of
+condensation from the Neptunian era to that of Saturn or Jupiter must
+surely have occupied millions of centuries. What kept the almost
+infinitely rare metallic gases in the gaseous state all this time? Is
+such a condition of things physically possible?
+
+I cannot myself imagine any such condition of things as the supposed
+primitive solar nebula as possibly coming into existence under any
+conceivably antecedent conditions, but, granted that it did come into
+existence, it seems to me that the gaseous state must almost instantly
+begin changing into the solid state. Hence I adopt the meteoric theory
+instead of the nebular; since all the evidence is in favour of solid
+matter being abundant all through known space, while there is no
+evidence of metallic gases existing in space, except as the result of
+collisions of huge masses of matter. Is my difficulty a mare's
+nest?--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO Mrs. Fisher
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. February 28, 1905._
+
+Dear Mrs. Fisher,--Thanks for your letter. Am sorry I have not converted
+you, but perhaps it will come yet! I will only make one remark as to
+your conclusion.
+
+I have not attempted to prove a negative! That is not necessary. What I
+claim to have done is, to have shown that all the evidence we have, be
+it much or little, is decidedly against not only other solar planets
+having inhabitants, but also, as far as probabilities are concerned,
+equally against it in any supposed stellar planets--for not one has been
+proved to exist. There is absolutely no evidence which shows even a
+probability of there being other inhabited worlds. It is all pure
+speculation, depending upon our ideas as to what the universe is for, as
+to what _we_ think (some of us!) _ought_ to be! That is not evidence,
+even of the flimsiest. All I maintain is that mine _is_ evidence,
+founded on physical probabilities, and that, as against no evidence at
+all--no proved physical probability--mine holds the field!--Yours very
+truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. E. SMEDLEY
+
+
+_Broadstone, Dorset. July 24, 1907._
+
+Dear Mr. Smedley,--  ... I write chiefly to tell you that I have read Mr.
+Lowell's last book, "Mars and its Canals," and am now writing an
+article, or perhaps a small book, about it. I am sure his theories are
+all wrong, and I am showing why, so that anyone can see his fallacies.
+His observations, drawings, photographs, etc., are all quite right, and
+I believe true to nature, but his interpretation of what he sees is
+wrong--often even to absurdity. He began by thinking the straight lines
+are works of art, and as he finds more and more of these straight lines,
+he thinks that proves more completely that they are works of art, and
+then he twists all other evidence to suit that. The book is not very
+well written, but no doubt the newspaper men think that as he is such a
+great astronomer he must know what it all means!
+
+I am more than ever convinced that Mars is totally
+uninhabitable....--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. BARRETT
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. August 10, 1907._
+
+My dear Barrett,--Thanks for your letter, and your friend Prof.
+Stroud's. I have come to the sad conclusion that it is hopeless to get
+any mathematician to trouble himself to track out Lowell's obscurities
+and fallacies.... So, being driven on to my own resources, I have worked
+out a mode of estimating (within limits) the temperature of Mars,
+without any mathematical formulæ--and only a little arithmetic. I want
+to know if there is any fallacy in it, and therefore take the liberty of
+sending it to you, as you are taking your holiday, just to read it over
+and tell me if you see any flaw in it. I also send my short summary of
+Lowell's _Philosophical Magazine_ paper, so that you can see if my
+criticism at the end is fair, and whether his words really mean what to
+me they seem to....--Yours very sincerely,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. F. BIRCH
+
+
+_Sept. 12, 1907._
+
+Dear Fred,--  ... For the last two or three months I have had a hard
+struggle with Mars--not the god of war, but the planet--writing a small
+book, chiefly criticising Lowell's last book, called "Mars and its
+Canals," published less than a year back by Macmillan, who will also
+publish my reply. _I_ think it is crushing, but it has cost me a deal of
+trouble, as Lowell has also printed a long and complex mathematical
+article trying to prove that though Mars receives less than half the
+sun-heat we do, yet it is very nearly as warm and quite habitable! But
+his figures and arguments are alike so shaky and involved that I cannot
+get any of my mathematical friends to tackle it or point out his errors.
+However, I think I have done it myself by the rules of common
+sense....--Your sincere friend,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. H. JAMYN BROOKE
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. December 2, 1910._
+
+Dear Sir,--Your "monistic" system is to me a system of mere
+contradictory words. You begin with three things--then you say they are
+correlated with one substance--coextensive with the universe. This you
+cannot possibly know, and it is about as intelligible and as likely to
+be true as the Athanasian Creed!--Yours truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROP. KNIGHT
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. October 1, 1913._
+
+Dear Mr. Knight,--I have written hardly anything on the direct proofs of
+"immortality" except in my book on "Miracles and Modern Spiritualism,"
+and also in "My Life," Vol. II. But my two works, "Man's Place in the
+Universe" (now published at 1s.), and my later volume, "The World of
+Life," form together a very elaborate, and I think conclusive,
+scientific argument in favour of the view that the whole material
+universe exists and is designed for the production of immortal spirits,
+in the greatest possible diversity of nature, and character,
+corresponding with  ... the almost infinite diversity of that universe,
+in all its parts and in every detail....--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+P.S.--I am fairly well, but almost past work.--A.R.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO SIR OLIVER LODGE
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. October 9, 1913._
+
+Dear Sir Oliver Lodge,--Owing to ill-health and other causes I have only
+now been able to finish the perusal of your intensely interesting and
+instructive Address to the British Association. I cannot, however,
+refrain from writing to you to express my admiration of it, and
+especially of the first half of it, in which you discuss the almost
+infinite variety and complexity of the physical problems involved in the
+great principle of "continuity" in so clear a manner that outsiders like
+myself are able to some extent to apprehend them. I am especially
+pleased to find that you uphold the actual existence and _continuity_ of
+the ether as scientifically established, and reject the doubts of some
+mathematicians as to the reality and perfect continuity of space and
+time as unthinkable.
+
+The latter part of the Address is even more important, and is especially
+notable for your clear and positive statements as to the evidence in all
+life-process of a "guiding" Mind. I can hardly suppose that you can have
+found time to read my rather discursive and laboured volume on "The
+World of Life," written mainly for the purpose of enforcing not only the
+proofs of a "guiding" but also of a "foreseeing" and "designing" Mind by
+evidence which will be thought by most men of science to be unduly
+strained. It is, therefore, the more interesting to me to find that you
+have yourself (on pp. 33-34 of your Address) used the very same form of
+analogical illustration as I have done (at p. 296 of "The World of
+Life") under the heading of "A Physiological Allegory," as being a very
+close representation of what really occurs in nature.
+
+To conclude: your last paragraph rises to a height of grandeur and
+eloquence to which I cannot attain, but which excites my highest
+admiration.
+
+Should you have a separate copy to spare of your Romanes Lecture at
+Oxford, I should be glad to have it to refer to.--Believe me yours very
+truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The last of Wallace's letters on astronomical subjects was written to
+Sir Oliver Lodge about a week before his death:
+
+TO SIR OLIVER LODGES
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. October 27, 1913._
+
+Dear Sir Oliver Lodge,--Many thanks for your Romanes Lecture, which,
+owing to my ignorance of modern electrical theory and experiments, is
+more difficult for me than was your British Association Address.
+
+I have been very much interested the last month by reading a book sent
+me from America by Mr. W.L. Webb, being "An Account of the Unparalleled
+Discoveries of Mr. T.J.J. See."
+
+Several of Mr. See's own lectures are given, with references to his
+"Researches on the Evolution of the Stellar Systems," in two large
+volumes.
+
+His theory of "capture" of suns, planets, and satellites seems to me
+very beautifully worked out under the influence of gravitation and a
+resisting medium of cosmical dust--which explains the origin and motions
+of the moon as well as that of all the planets and satellites far better
+than Sir G. Darwin's expulsion theory.
+
+I note however that he is quite ignorant that Proctor, forty years ago,
+gave full reasons for this "capture" theory in his "Expanse of Heaven,"
+and also that the same writer showed that the Milky Way could not have
+the enormous lateral extension he gives to it, but that it cannot really
+be much flattened. He does not even mention the proofs given of this
+both by Proctor and, I think, by Herbert Spencer, while in Mr. Webb's
+volume (opposite p. 212) is a diagram showing the "Coal Sack" as a
+"vacant lane" running quite through and across the successive spiral
+extensions laterally of the galaxy, without any reference or a word of
+explanation that such features, of which there are many, really
+demonstrate the untenability of such extension.
+
+An even more original and extremely interesting part of Mr. See's work
+is his very satisfactory solution of the hitherto unsolved geological
+problem of the origin of all the great mountain ranges of the world, in
+Chapters X., XI., and XII. of Mr. Webb's volume. It seems quite complete
+except for the beginnings, but I suppose it is a result of the formation
+of the _earth_ by accretion and not by expulsion, by heating and not by
+cooling....--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+
+
+
+II.--Spiritualism
+
+    "The completely materialistic mind of my youth and early manhood
+    has been slowly moulded into the socialistic, spiritualistic, and
+    theistic mind I now exhibit--a mind which is, as my scientific
+    friends think, so weak and credulous in its declining years, as to
+    believe that fruit and flowers, domestic animals, glorious birds
+    and insects, wool, cotton, sugar and rubber, metals and gems, were
+    all foreseen and foreordained for the education and enjoyment of
+    man. The whole cumulative argument of my 'World of Life' is that
+    _in its every detail_ it calls for the agency of a mind  ...
+    enormously above and beyond any human mind  ... Whether this
+    Unknown Reality is a single Being and acts everywhere in the
+    universe as direct creator, organiser, and director of every
+    minutest motion  ... or through 'infinite grades of beings,' as I
+    suggest, comes to much the same thing. Mine seems a more clear and
+    intelligible supposition  ... and it is the teaching of the Bible,
+    of Swedenborg, and of Milton."--Letter from A.R. Wallace to JAMES
+    MARCHANT, written in 1913.
+
+
+The letters on Spiritualism which Wallace wrote cast further light on
+the personal attitude of mind which he maintained towards that subject.
+He was an unbiased scientific investigator, commencing on the "lower
+level" of spirit phenomena, such as raps and similar physical
+manifestations of "force by unseen intelligences," and passing on to a
+clearer understanding of the phenomena of mesmerism and telepathy; to
+the materialisation of, and conversation with, the spirits of those who
+had been known in the body, until the conviction of life after death, as
+the inevitable crowning conclusion to the long process of evolution, was
+reached in the remarkable chapter with which he concludes "The World of
+Life"--an impressive prose poem.
+
+Like that of many other children, Wallace's early childhood was spent in
+an orthodox religious atmosphere, which, whilst awakening within him
+vague emotions of religious fervour, derived chiefly from the more
+picturesque and impassioned of the hymns which he occasionally heard
+sung at a Nonconformist chapel, left no enduring impression. Moreover,
+at the age of 14 he was brought suddenly into close contact with
+Socialism as expounded by Robert Owen, which dispelled whatever
+glimmerings of the Christian faith there may have been latent in his
+mind, leaving him for many years a confirmed materialist.
+
+This fact, together with his early-aroused sense of the social injustice
+and privations imposed upon the poorer classes both in town and country,
+which he carefully observed during his experience as a land-surveyor,
+might easily have had an undesirable effect upon his general character
+had not his intense love and reverence for nature provided a stimulus to
+his moral and spiritual development. But the "directive Mind and
+Purpose" was preparing him silently and unconsciously until his "fabric
+of thought" was ready to receive spiritual impressions. For, according
+to his own theory, as "the laws of nature bring about continuous
+development, on the whole progressive, one of the subsidiary results of
+this mode of development is that no organ, no sensation, no faculty
+arises _before_ it is needed, or in greater degree than it is
+needed."[56] From this point of view we may make a brief outline of the
+manner in which this particular "faculty" arose and was developed in
+him.
+
+When at Leicester, in 1844, his curiosity was greatly excited by some
+lectures on mesmerism given by Mr. Spencer Hall, and he soon discovered
+that he himself had considerable power in this direction, which he
+exercised on some of his pupils.
+
+Later, when his brother Herbert joined him in South America, he found
+that he also possessed this gift, and on several occasions they
+mesmerised some of the natives for mere amusement. But the subject was
+put aside, and Wallace paid no further attention to such phenomena until
+after his return to England in 1862.
+
+It was not until the summer of 1865 that he witnessed any phenomena of a
+spiritualistic nature; of these a full account is given in "Miracles and
+Modern Spiritualism" (p. 132). "I came," he says, "to the inquiry
+utterly unbiased by hopes or fears, because I knew that my belief could
+not affect the reality, and with an ingrained prejudice even against
+such a word as 'spirit,' which I have hardly yet overcome."
+
+From that time until 1895, when the second edition of that book
+appeared, he did much, together with other scientists, to establish
+these facts, as he believed them to be, on a rational and scientific
+foundation. It will also be noticed, both before and after this period,
+that in addition to the notable book which he published dealing
+exclusively with these matters, the gradual trend of his convictions,
+advancing steadily towards the end which he ultimately reached, had
+become so thoroughly woven into his "fabric of thought" that it appears
+under many phases in his writings, and occupies a considerable part of
+his correspondence, of which we have only room for some specimens.
+
+The first definite statement of his belief in "this something" other
+than material in the evolution of Man appeared in his essay on "The
+Development of Human Faces under the Law of Natural Selection" (1864).
+In this he suggested that, Man having reached a state of physical
+perfection through the progressive law of Natural Selection, thenceforth
+Mind became the dominating factor, endowing Man with an ever-increasing
+power of intelligence which, whilst the physical had remained
+stationary, had continued to develop according to his needs. This
+"in-breathing" of a divine Spirit, or the controlling force of a supreme
+directive Mind and Purpose, which was one of the points of divergence
+between his theory and that held by Darwin, is too well known to need
+repetition.
+
+This disagreement has a twofold interest from the fact that Darwin, in
+his youth, studied theology with the full intention of taking holy
+orders, and for some years retained his faith in the more or less
+orthodox beliefs arising out of the Bible. But as time went by, an
+ever-extending knowledge of the mystery of the natural laws governing
+the development of man and nature led him to make the characteristically
+frank avowal that he "found it more and more difficult  ... to invent
+evidence which would suffice to convince"; adding, "This disbelief crept
+over me at a very slow rate, but was at last complete. The rate was so
+slow that I felt no distress."[57] With Wallace, however, his early
+disbelief ended in a deep conviction that "as nothing in nature actually
+'dies,' but renews its life in another and higher form, so Man, the
+highest product of natural laws here, must by the power of mind and
+intellect continue to develop hereafter."
+
+The varied reasons leading up to this final conviction, as related by
+himself in "Miracles and Modern Spiritualism" and "My Life," are,
+however, too numerous and detailed to be retold in a brief summary in
+this place.
+
+The correspondence that follows deals entirely with investigations on
+this side of the Atlantic, but a good deal of evidence which to him was
+conclusive was obtained during his stay in America, where Spiritualism
+has been more widely recognised, and for a much longer period than in
+England.
+
+Some of the letters addressed to Miss Buckley (afterwards Mrs. Fisher)
+reveal the extreme caution which he both practised himself and advocated
+in others when following up any experimental phase of spiritual
+phenomena. The same correspondence also gives a fairly clear outline of
+his faith in the ascending scale from the physical evidence of
+spirit-existence to the communication of some actual knowledge of life
+as it exists beyond the veil.
+
+In spiritual matters, as in natural science, though at times his head
+may have appeared to be "in the clouds," his feet were planted firmly on
+the earth. This is seen, to note another curious instance, in his
+correspondence with Sir Wm. Barrett, where he maintains a delicate
+balance between natural science and "spirit impression" when discussing
+the much controverted reality of "dowsing" for water.
+
+It was this breadth of vision, unhampered by mere intellectualism, but
+always kept within reasonable bounds by scientific deduction and
+analysis, which constituted Alfred Russel Wallace a seer of the first
+rank.
+
+Wallace lived to see the theory of evolution applied to the life-history
+of the earth and the starry firmament, to the development of nations and
+races, to the progress of mind, morals and religion, even to the origin
+of consciousness and life--a conception which has completely
+revolutionised man's attitude towards himself and the world and God.
+Evolution became intelligible in the light of that idea which came to
+him in his hut at Ternate and changed the face of the universe. Surely
+it was enough for any one man to be one of the two chief originators of
+such a far-reaching thought and to witness its impact upon the ancient
+story of special creations which it finally laid in the dust. But
+Wallace was privileged beyond all the men of his generation. He lived to
+see many of the results of the theory of evolution tested by time and to
+foresee that there were definite limits to its range, that, indeed,
+there were two lines of development--one affecting the visible world of
+form and colour and the other the invisible world of life and
+spirit--two worlds springing from two opposite poles of being and
+developing _pari passu_, or, rather, the spiritual dominating the
+material, life originating and controlling organisation. It was, in
+short, his peculiar task to reveal something of the Why as well as the
+How of the evolutionary process, and in doing so verily to bring
+immortality to light.
+
+The immediate exciting cause of this discovery of the inadequacy of
+evolution from the material side alone to account for the world of life
+may seem to many to have been trivial and unworthy of the serious
+attention of a great scientist. How, it might be asked, could the crude
+and doubtful phenomena of Spiritualism afford reasonably adequate
+grounds for challenging its supremacy and for setting a limit to its
+range? But spiritualistic phenomena were only the accidental modes in
+which the other side of evolution struck in upon his vision. They set
+him upon the other track and opened up to him the vaster kingdom of life
+which is without beginning, limit or end; in which perchance the
+sequence of life from the simple to the complex, from living germ to
+living God, may also be the law of growth. It is in the light of this
+ultimate end that we must judge the stumbling steps guided by raps and
+visions which led him to the ladder set up to the stars by which
+connection was established with the inner reality of being. That was the
+distinctive contribution which he made to human beliefs over and above
+his advocacy of pure Darwinism.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Reading almost everything he could obtain upon occult phenomena, Wallace
+found that there was such a mass of testimony by men of the highest
+character and ability in every department of human learning that he
+thought it would be useful to bring this together in a connected sketch
+of the whole subject. This he did, and sent it to a secularist magazine,
+in which it appeared in 1866, under the title of "The Scientific Aspect
+of the Supernatural." He sent a copy to Huxley.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO T.H. HUXLEY
+
+
+_9 St. Mark's Crescent, Regent's Park, N.W. November 22, 1866._
+
+Dear Huxley,--I have been writing a little on a _new branch_ of
+Anthropology, and as I have taken your name in vain on the title-page I
+send you a copy. I fear you will be much shocked, but I can't help it;
+and before finally deciding that we are all mad I hope you will come and
+see some very curious phenomena which we can show you, _among friends
+only_. We meet every Friday evening, and hope you will come sometimes,
+as we wish for the fullest investigation, and shall be only too grateful
+to you or anyone else who will show us how and where we are deceived.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+T.H. HUXLEY TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+[? _November, 1886._]
+
+Dear Wallace,--I am neither shocked nor disposed to issue a Commission
+of Lunacy against you. It may be all true, for anything I know to the
+contrary, but really I cannot get up any interest in the subject. I
+never cared for gossip in my life, and disembodied gossip, such as these
+worthy ghosts supply their friends with, is not more interesting to me
+than any other. As for investigating the matter, I have half-a-dozen
+investigations of infinitely greater interest to me to which any spare
+time I may have will be devoted. I give it up for the same reason I
+abstain from chess--it's too amusing to be fair work, and too hard work
+to be amusing.--Yours faithfully,
+
+T.H. HUXLEY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO T.H. HUXLEY
+
+
+_9 St. Mark's Crescent, Regent's Park, N.W. December 1, 1866._
+
+Dear Huxley,--Thanks for your note. Of course, I have no wish to press
+on you an inquiry for which you have neither time nor inclination. As
+for the "gossip" you speak of, I care for it as little as you can do,
+but what I do feel an intense interest in is the exhibition of _force_
+where force has been declared _impossible_, and of _intelligence_ from a
+source the very mention of which has been deemed an _absurdity_.
+
+Faraday has declared (apropos of this subject) that he who can prove the
+existence or exertion of force, if but the lifting of a single ounce, by
+a power not yet recognised by science, will deserve and assuredly
+receive applause and gratitude. (I quote from memory the sense of his
+expressions in his Lecture on Education.)
+
+I believe I can now show such a force, and I trust some of the
+physicists may be found to admit its importance and examine into
+it.--Believe me yours very sincerely,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MISS BUCKLEY
+
+
+_Holly House, Barking, E. December 25, 1870._
+
+Dear Miss Buckley,--  ... You did not hear Mrs. Hardinge[58] on very
+favourable topics, and I hope you will hear her often again, and
+especially hear one of her regular discourses. I think, however, from
+what you heard, that, setting aside all idea of her being more than a
+mere spiritualist lecturer setting forth the ideas and opinions of the
+sect, you will admit that spiritualists, as represented by her, are
+neither prejudiced nor unreasonable, and that they are truly imbued with
+the scientific spirit of subordinating all theory to fact. You will also
+admit, I think, that the moral teachings of Spiritualism, as far as she
+touched upon them, are elevated and beautiful and calculated to do good;
+and if so, that is the use of Spiritualism--the getting such doctrines
+of future progress founded on actual phenomena which we can observe and
+examine now, not on phenomena which are said to have occurred thousands
+of years ago and of which we have confessedly but imperfect records.
+
+I think, too, that the becoming acquainted with two such phases of
+Spiritualism as are exhibited by Mrs. Hardinge and Miss Houghton must
+show you that the whole thing is not to be judged by the common
+phenomena of public stances alone, and I can assure you that there are
+dozens of other phases of the subject as remarkable as these
+two....--Yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MISS BUCKLEY
+
+
+_Holly House. Barking, E. June 1, 1871._
+
+Dear Miss Buckley,--  ... I have lately had a stance with the celebrated
+Mr. Home, and saw that most wonderful phenomenon an accordion playing
+beautiful music by itself, the bottom only being held in Mr. Home's
+hand. I was invited to watch it as closely as I pleased under the table
+in a well-lighted room. I am sure nothing touched it but Mr. Home's one
+hand, yet at one time I saw a shadowy yet defined hand on the keys. This
+is too vast a phenomenon for any sceptic to assimilate, and I can well
+understand the impossibility of their accepting the evidence of their
+own senses. Mr. Crookes, F.R.S., the chemist, was present and suspended
+the table with a spring balance, when it was at request made heavy or
+light, the indicator moving accordingly, and to prevent any mistake it
+was made light when the hands of all present were resting on the table
+and heavy when our hands were all underneath it. The difference, if I
+remember, was about 40 lb. I was also asked to place a candle on the
+floor and look under the table while it was lifted completely off the
+floor, Mr. Home's feet being 2 ft. distant from any part of it. This was
+in a lady's house in the West End. Mr. Home courts examination if people
+come to him in a fair and candid spirit of inquiry....--Yours very
+faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MISS BUCKLEY
+
+
+_The Dell, Grays, Essex. January 11, 1874._
+
+My dear Miss Buckley,--I am delighted to hear of your success so far,
+and hope you are progressing satisfactorily. Pray keep accurate notes of
+all that takes place.... Allow me  ... to warn you not to take it for
+granted till you get proof upon proof that it is really your sister that
+is communicating with you. I hope and think it is, but still, the
+conditions that render communication possible are so subtle and complex
+that she may not be able; and some other being, reading your mind, may
+be acting through you and making you think it is your sister, to induce
+you to go on. Be therefore on the look out for characteristic traits of
+your sister's mind and manner which are different from your own. These
+will be tests, especially if they come when and how you are not
+expecting them. Even if it is your sister, she may be obliged to use the
+intermediation of some other being, and in that case her peculiar
+idiosyncrasy may be at first disguised, but it will soon make itself
+distinctly visible. Of course you will preserve every scrap you write,
+and date them, and they will, I have no doubt, explain each other as you
+go on.
+
+If you can get to see the last number of the _Quarterly Journal of
+Science_, you will find a most important article by Mr. Crookes, giving
+an outline of the results of his investigations, which he is going to
+give in full in a volume. His facts are most marvellous and convincing,
+and appear to me to answer every one of the objections that have usually
+been made to the evidence adduced....--Yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MISS BUCKLEY
+
+
+_The Dell, Grays, Essex. February 28, 1874._
+
+Dear Miss Buckley,--I was much pleased with your long and interesting
+letter of the 19th and am glad you are getting on at last. It will be
+splendid if you really become a good medium for some first-rate
+unmistakable manifestations that even Huxley will acknowledge are worth
+seeing, and Carpenter confess are not to be explained by unconscious
+cerebration....--Yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MISS BUCKLEY
+
+
+_The Dell, Grays, Essex. March 9, 1874._
+
+Dear Miss Buckley,--I compassionate your mediumistic troubles, but I
+have no doubt it will all come right in the end. The fact that your
+sister will not talk as you want her to talk--will not say what you
+expect her to say, is a grand proof that it is not your unconscious
+cerebration that does her talking for her. Is not that clear? Whether it
+is she herself or someone else who is talking to you, is not so clear,
+but that it is not you, I think, is clear enough.
+
+I can quite understand, too, that your sister in her new life may be,
+above all things, interested in getting the telegraph in good order, to
+communicate, and will not think of much else till that is done. While
+the first Atlantic cable was being laid the messages would be chiefly
+reports of progress, directions and instructions, with now and then
+trivialities about the weather, the time, or small items of news. Only
+when it was in real working order was a President's Message, a Queen's
+Speech, sent through it.
+
+Automatic writing and trance speaking never yet convinced anybody. They
+are only useful for those who are already convinced. But you _would_
+begin this way. You would not go to mediums and séances and see what you
+could get that way. So now you must persevere; but do not give up your
+own judgment in anything. Insist upon having things explained to you, or
+say you won't go on. You will then find they will be explained, only it
+may take a little more time.... --Yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MISS BUCKLEY
+
+
+_The Dell, Grays, Essex. April 24, 1874._
+
+Dear Miss Buckley,--  ... On coming home this evening I received the news
+of poor little Bertie's death--this morning at eight o'clock. I left him
+only yesterday forenoon, and had then considerable hopes, for we had
+just commenced a new treatment which a fortnight earlier I am pretty
+sure might have saved him. The thought suddenly struck me to go to Dr.
+Williams, of Hayward's Heath  ... but it was too late. As he had been in
+this same state of exhaustion for nearly a month, it is evident that
+very slight influences might have been injurious or beneficial. Our
+orthodox medical men are profoundly ignorant of the subtle influences of
+the human body in health and disease, and can thus do nothing in many
+cases which Nature would cure if assisted by proper conditions. We who
+know what strange and subtle influences are around us can believe
+this....--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mr. Wallace felt the death of this child so deeply that during the
+remainder of his life he never mentioned him except when obliged, and
+then with tears in his eyes.--A.B. FISHER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MISS BUCKLEY
+
+
+_The Dell, Grays, Essex. Thursday evening, [? December, 1875]._
+
+Dear Miss Buckley,--Our stance came off last evening, and was a
+tolerable success. The medium is a very pretty little lively girl, the
+place where she sits a bare empty cupboard formed by a frame and doors
+to close up a recess by the side of a fireplace in a small basement
+breakfast-room. We examined it, and it is absolutely impossible to
+conceal a scrap of paper in it. Miss Cooke is locked in this cupboard,
+above the door of which is a square opening about 15 inches each way,
+the only thing she takes with her being a long piece of tape and a chair
+to sit on. After a few minutes Katie's whispering voice was heard, and a
+little while after we were asked to open the door and seal up the
+medium. We found her hands tied together with the tape passed three
+times round each wrist and tightly knotted, the hands tied close
+together, the tape then passing behind and well knotted to the
+chair-back. We sealed all the knots with a private seal of my friend's,
+and again locked the door. A portable gas lamp was on a table the whole
+evening, shaded by a screen so as to cast a shadow on the square opening
+above the door of the cupboard till permission was given to illuminate
+it. Every object and person in the room were always distinctly visible.
+A face[59] then appeared at the opening, but dark and indistinct.
+
+After a time another face quite distinct with a white turban-like
+headdress--this was a handsome face with a considerable general likeness
+to that of the medium, but paler, larger, fuller, and older--decidedly a
+different face, although like. The light was thrown full on this face,
+and on request it advanced so that the chin projected a little beyond
+the aperture. We were then ordered to release the medium. I opened the
+door, and found her bent forward with her head in her lap, and
+apparently in a deep sleep or trance--from which a touch and a few words
+awoke her. We then examined the tape and knots--all was as we left it
+and every seal perfect.
+
+The same face appeared later in the evening, and also one decidedly
+different with coarser features.
+
+After this, for the sake I believe of two sceptics present, the medium
+was twice tied up in a way that no human being could possibly tie
+herself. Her wrists were tied together so tightly and painfully that it
+was impossible to untie them in any moderate time, and she was also
+secured to the chair; on the other occasion the two arms were tied close
+above the elbows so tightly that the arms were swelling considerably
+from impeded circulation, the elbows being drawn together as close as
+possible behind the back, there repeatedly knotted, and again tightly
+knotted to the back of the chair. Miss C. was evidently in considerable
+pain, and she had to be lifted out bodily in her chair before we could
+safely cut her loose, so tightly was she bound. This evidently had a
+great effect on the sceptics, as I have no doubt it was intended to
+have, and it demonstrated pretty clearly that some strange being was
+inside the cupboard playing these tricks, although quite invisible and
+intangible to us except when she made certain portions of herself
+visible.
+
+When Miss C. was complaining of being hurt by the tying we could hear
+the whispering voice soothing her in the kindest manner, and also heard
+kisses, and Miss C. afterwards declared that she could feel hands and
+face about her like those of a real person.
+
+During all the face exhibitions singing had to go on to a rather painful
+extent.[60]
+
+A Dr. Purdon was present, an Army surgeon, who has been much in India,
+and seems a very intelligent man. He seemed very intimate with the
+family, and told us he had studied them all, and had had Miss Cooke a
+month at a time in his own house, studying these phenomena. He was
+absolutely satisfied of their genuineness, and indeed no opportunity for
+imposture seems to exist.
+
+The children of the house tell wonderful tales of how they are lifted up
+and carried about by the spirits. They seem to enjoy it very much, and
+to look upon it all as just as real and natural as any other matters of
+their daily life.
+
+Can such things be in this nineteenth century, and the wise ones pass
+away in utter ignorance of their existence?--Yours very sincerely,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+At the Glasgow Meeting of the British Association in 1876, Prof. (now
+Sir) W.F. Barrett read a paper "On some Phenomena associated with
+Abnormal Conditions of Mind." Wallace was Chairman of the Section in
+which the paper was read, and a vigorous controversy arose at the close
+between Dr. Carpenter, who came in towards the end of the paper, and the
+Chairman. The paper set forth certain remarkable evidence which Prof.
+Barrett had obtained from a subject in the mesmeric trance, giving what
+appeared to be indubitable proof of some supernormal mode of
+transmission of ideas from his mind to that of the subject. The facts
+were so novel and startling that Prof. Barrett asked for a committee of
+experts to examine the whole question and see whether such a thing as
+"thought transference," independently of the recognised channels of
+sense, did really exist. This was the first time evidence of this kind
+had been brought before a scientific society, and a protracted
+discussion followed. The paper also dealt with certain so-called
+spiritualistic phenomena, which at the time Prof. Barrett was disposed
+to attribute to hallucination and "thought-transference." The
+introduction of this topic led the discussion away from the substance of
+the paper, and Prof. Barrett's plea for a committee of investigation on
+thought-transference fell through. So strong was the feeling against the
+paper in official scientific circles at the time, that even an abstract
+was refused publication in the _Report_ of the British Association, and
+it was not until the Society for Psychical Research was founded that the
+paper was published, in the first volume of its _Proceedings_. It was
+the need of a scientific society to collect, sift and discuss and
+publish the evidence on behalf of such supernormal phenomena as Prof.
+Barrett described at the British Association that induced him to call a
+conference in London at the close of 1881, which led to the foundation
+of the Society for Psychical Research early in 1882.
+
+Wallace, in his letter to Prof. Barrett which follows, refers to
+Reichenbach's experiments with certain sensitives who declared they saw
+luminosity from the poles of a magnet after they had been for some time
+in a perfectly darkened room. Acting on Wallace's suggestion, Prof.
+Barrett constructed a perfectly darkened room and employed a large
+electro-magnet, the current for which could be made or broken by an
+assistant outside without the knowledge of those present in the darkened
+room. Under these circumstances, and taking every precaution to prevent
+any knowledge of when the magnet was made active by the current, Prof.
+Barrett found that two or three persons, out of a large number with whom
+he experimented, saw a luminosity streaming from the poles of the magnet
+directly the current was put on. An article of Prof. Barrett's on the
+subject, with the details of the experiment, was published in the
+_Philosophical Magazine_, and also in the _Proceedings_ of the Society
+for Psychical Research (Vol. I.).
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. BARRETT
+
+
+_Rosehill, Dorking, December 18, 1876._
+
+My dear Prof. Barrett,--  ... I see you are to lecture at South
+Kensington the end of this month (I think), and if you can spare time to
+run down here and stay a night or two we shall be much pleased to see
+you, and I shall be greatly interested to have a talk on the subject of
+your paper, and hear what further evidence you have obtained. I want
+particularly to ask you to take advantage of any opportunity that you
+may have to test the power of sensitives to see the "flames" from
+magnets and crystals, as also to _feel_ the influence from them. This is
+surely a matter easily tested and settled. I consider it has been tested
+and settled by Reichenbach, but he is ignored, and a fresh proof of this
+one fact, by indisputable tests, is much needed; and a paper describing
+such tests and proofs would I imagine be admitted into the _Proceedings_
+of any suitable society.
+
+You will have heard no doubt of the Treasury having taken up the
+prosecution of Slade. Massey the barrister, one of the most intelligent
+and able of the Spiritualists (whose accession to the cause is due, I am
+glad to say, to my article in the _Fortnightly_), proposes a memorial
+and deputation to the Government protesting against this prosecution by
+the Treasury on the ground that it implies that Slade is an habitual
+impostor and nothing else, and that in face of the body of evidence to
+the contrary, it is an uncalled-for interference with the private right
+of investigation into these subjects. On such general grounds as these I
+sincerely hope you will give your name to the memorial....--Yours very
+faithfully,
+
+A.R. WALLACE. TO PROF. BARRETT
+
+
+_Rosehill, Dorking. December 9, 1877._
+
+My dear Barrett,--I am always glad when a man I like and respect treats
+me as a friend. I am advised by other friends also not to waste more
+time on Dr. C. [Carpenter], and I do not think I shall answer him again,
+except perhaps to keep him to certain points, as in my letter in the
+last _Nature_. In a proof of his new edition of "Lectures" I see he
+challenges me to produce a person who can detect by light or sensation
+when an electro-magnet is made and unmade. The Association of
+Spiritualists are going to experiment, as Dr. C. offers to pay £30 if it
+succeeds. Should you have an opportunity of trying with any persons, and
+can find one who sees or feels the influence strongly, it might be worth
+while to send him to London, as nothing would tend to lower Dr. C. in
+public estimation on this subject more than his being forced to
+acknowledge that what he has for more than thirty years declared to be
+purely subjective is after all an objective phenomenon.
+
+I never had anything to do with showing or sending a medium to Huxley.
+He must refer to his séance a few months ago with Mrs. Kane and Mrs.
+Jencken (along with Carpenter and Tyndall), when  ... nothing but raps
+occurred....--Yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The British Association met in Dublin in 1878, and Prof. Barrett asked
+Wallace to stay with him at Kingstown, or, if he preferred being nearer
+the meetings, with a friend in Dublin. Earlier in the year Mr. Huggins,
+afterwards Sir W. Huggins, O.M. and President of the Royal Society, had
+sent Prof. Barrett a very beautifully executed drawing of the knots tied
+in an endless cord during the remarkable sittings Prof. Zöllner had with
+the medium Slade. Sir W. Huggins invited Prof. Barrett to come and see
+him at his observatory at Tulse Hill, near London, and there he met
+Wallace and discussed the whole matter. It may not be generally known
+that so careful and accurate an observer as Sir W. Huggins was convinced
+of the genuineness of the phenomena he had witnessed with Lord Dunraven
+and others through the medium D.D. Home. He informed Prof. Barrett of
+this himself.
+
+
+TO PROF. BARRETT
+
+
+_Waldron Edge, Duppas Hill, Croydon. June 27, 1873._
+
+My dear Barrett,--The receipt of a British Association circular reminds
+me of your kind invitation to stay with you or your friend at Dublin,
+and as you may be wishing soon to make your arrangements I write at once
+to let you know that, much to my regret, I shall not be able to come to
+Dublin this year. Since I met you at Mr. Huggins's I have done nothing
+myself in Spiritual investigations, but have been exceedingly interested
+in the knot-tying experiment of Prof. Zöllner and the weight-varying
+experiments of the Spiritualists' Association. I do not see what flaw
+can be found in either of them....--Yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the discussion on Prof. Barrett's paper at the Glasgow Meeting of the
+British Association, which took place in the London _Times_ and other
+newspapers, instances of apparent thought-transference were given by
+many correspondents. Each of these cases Prof. Barrett investigated
+personally, and one of them led to a remarkable series of experiments
+which he conducted at Buxton, with the result that no doubt was left on
+his mind of the fact of the transference of ideas from one mind to
+another independent of the ordinary channels of sense. He asked Prof.
+and Mrs. H. Sidgwick to come to Buxton and repeat his experiments with
+the subjects there--daughters of a local clergyman. They did so, and
+though they had less success at first than Prof. Barrett had had, they
+were ultimately convinced of the genuineness of the phenomena. In
+addition, Mr. Edmund Gurney, Mr. Frederic Myers, Prof. A. Hopkinson and
+Prof. Balfour Stewart, all responded to Prof. Barrett's invitation to
+visit Buxton and test the matter for themselves, and all came to the
+same conclusion as he had. Subsequently Gurney and Myers associated
+their name with Barrett's in a paper on the subject, published in the
+_Nineteenth Century_.
+
+Prof. Barrett asked Wallace to read over the first report made by Prof.
+and Mrs. Sidgwick, which at first seemed somewhat disheartening, and the
+following is his reply:
+
+
+REMARKS ON EXPERIMENTS IN THOUGHT READING BY MR. AND MRS. SIDGWICK AT
+BUXTON
+
+The failure of so many of these experiments seems to me to depend on
+their having been conducted without any knowledge of the main
+peculiarity of thought reading or clairvoyance--that it is a perception
+of the object thought of or hidden, not by its name, or even by its sum
+total of distinctive qualities, but by the simple qualities separately.
+A clairvoyant will perceive a thing as round, then as yellow, and
+finally as an orange. Now Mr. Galton's experiments have shown how
+various are the powers of visualising objects possessed by different
+persons, and how distinct their modes of doing so; and if these distinct
+visualisations of the same thing are in any way presented to a
+clairvoyant, there is little wonder that some confusion should result.
+This would suggest that one person who possesses the faculty of clearly
+visualising objects would meet with more success than a number of
+persons some of whom visualise one portion or quality of the object,
+some another, while to others the name alone is present to the mind. It
+follows from these considerations that cards are bad for such
+experiments. The qualities of number, colour, form and arrangement may
+be severally most prominent in one mind or other, and the result is
+confusion to the thought reader. This is shown in the experiments by the
+number of pips or the suit alone being often right.
+
+It must also be remembered that children have not the same thorough
+knowledge of the names of the cards that we have, nor can they so
+rapidly and certainly count their numbers. This introduces another
+source of uncertainty which should be avoided in such experiments as
+these.
+
+The same thing is still more clearly shown by the way in which objects
+are guessed by some prominent quality or resemblance, not by any
+likeness of name--as poker guessed for walking-stick, fork for pipe,
+something iron for knife, etc. And the total failure in the case of
+names of towns is clearly explained by the fact that these would convey
+no distinct idea or concrete image that could be easily described. These
+last failures really give an important clue to the nature of the faculty
+that is being investigated, since they show that it is not _words_ or
+_names_ that are read but thoughts or images that are perceived, and the
+certainty of the perception will depend upon the simple character of
+these images and the clearness and identity of the perception of them by
+the different persons present.
+
+If these considerations are always kept in view, I feel sure that the
+experiments will be far more successful.
+
+ALFRED E. WALLACE.
+
+Sept. 6, 1881.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Wallace's remarkable gifts as a lecturer are less widely known than his
+lucid and admirable style as a writer. Though Sir Wm. Barrett has heard
+a great number of eminent scientific men lecture, he considers that few
+could approach him for the simplicity, clearness and vigour of his
+exposition, which commanded the unflagging attention of every one of his
+hearers. Mr. Frederic Myers, no mean judge of literary merit, once said
+he thought Wallace one of the most lucid English writers and lecturers
+of his time. Prof. Barrett was anxious to induce Wallace to lecture in
+Dublin, and brought the matter before the Science Committee of the Royal
+Dublin Society, which arranges a course of afternoon lectures by
+distinguished men every spring. The Committee cordially supported the
+suggestion that Wallace should be invited to lecture, and the invitation
+was accepted. During his visit to Dublin, Wallace stayed with Prof.
+Barrett at Kingstown, and was busily engaged in revising the
+proof-sheets of his book on "Land Nationalisation" (1882).
+
+In "My Life" (Vol. II., p. 334) Wallace says that among the eminent men
+whose "first acquaintance and valued friendship" he owed to a common
+interest in Spiritualism was Frederic Myers, whom he met first at some
+séances in London about the year 1878.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+F.W.H. MYERS TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_Leckhampton House, Cambridge. April 12, 1890._
+
+My dear Wallace,--I will read your pamphlet[61] most carefully; will
+write and tell you how it affects me; and will in any case send it on
+with your letter and a letter of my own to Sir John Gorst, whom I know
+well, and whom I agree with you in regarding as the most acceptable
+member of the Government.
+
+If I am converted, it will be wholly _your_ doing. I have read much on
+the subject--Creighton, etc., and am at present strongly
+pro-vaccination; at the same time, there is no one by whom I would more
+willingly be converted than yourself.
+
+I am glad to take this opportunity of telling you something about my
+relation to one of your books. I write now from bed, having had some
+influenzic pneumonia, now going off. For some days my temperature was
+105 and I was very restless at night, anxious to read, but in too
+sensitive and fastidious a state to tolerate almost any book. I found
+that almost the only book which I could read was your "Malay
+Archipelago" (of course I had read it before). In spite of my complete
+ignorance of natural history there was a certain charm about the book,
+both moral and literary, which made it deeply congenial in those trying
+hours. You have had few less instructed readers, but very few can have
+dwelt on that simple manly record with a more profound sympathy.
+
+I want to bespeak you as a _friend at court_. When we get into the next
+world, I beg you to remember me and say a good word for me when you can,
+as you will have much influence there.
+
+To me it seems that Hodgson's report[62] is the _best_ thing which we
+have yet published. I trust that it impresses you equally. It has
+converted _Podmore_ amongst other people!
+
+I will, then, write again soon, and I am yours most truly,
+
+F.W.H. MYERS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MRS. FISHER (_née_ BUCKLEY)
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. January 4, 1896._
+
+My dear Mrs. Fisher,--I am glad to hear that you are going on with your
+book. I am sure it will be a comfort to you. I have read one book of
+Hudson's--"A Scientific Demonstration of a Future Life," and that is so
+pretentious, so unscientific, and so one-sided that I do not feel
+inclined to read more of the same author's work. I do not think I
+mentioned to you (as I thought you did not read much now) a really fine
+and original work, called "Psychic Philosophy, a Religion of Natural
+Law," by Desertis (Redway). I should like to know if, after reading
+that, you still think Hudson's books worth reading. I have been much
+pleased and interested lately in reading Mark Twain's, Mrs. Oliphant's
+and Andrew Lang's books about Joan of Arc. The last two are far the
+best, Mrs. Oliphant's as a genuine sympathetic _history_, Lang's as a
+fine realistic story ("A Monk of Fife"). Jeanne was really perhaps the
+most beautiful character in authentic history, and the one that most
+conclusively demonstrates spirit-guidance, and both Mrs. Oliphant and A.
+Lang bring this out admirably.... --Yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MRS. FISHER
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. September 14, 1896._
+
+My dear Mrs. Fisher,--I have much pleasure in signing your application
+for the Psychical Research Society, though the majority of the active
+members are so absurdly and illogically sceptical that you will not find
+much instruction in their sayings. Mr. Podmore's report in the
+last-issued _Proceedings_ is a good illustration....
+
+We have all been in Switzerland this year. Violet, her mother, and five
+lady friends all went together to a rather newly-discovered place,
+Adelboden, a branch valley from that going up to the Gemmi Pass by
+Kandersteg. I went first for a week to Davos, to give a lecture to Dr.
+Lunn's party, and enjoyed myself much, chiefly owing to the company of
+Rev. Hugh Price Hughes, one of the most witty, earnest, advanced, and
+estimable men I have ever met. Dr. Lunn himself is very jolly, and we
+had also Mr. Le Gallienne, the poet and critic, and between them we had
+a very brilliant table-talk. Mr. Haweis was also there, and one
+afternoon he and I talked for two hours about Spiritualism. He is a
+thorough spiritualist, and preaches it....--Yours very sincerely,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE. TO MRS. FISHER
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. April 9, 1897._
+
+My dear Mrs. Fisher,--I have tried several Reincarnation and
+Theosophical books, but _cannot_ read them or take any interest in them.
+They are so purely imaginative, and do not seem to me rational. Many
+people are captivated by it--I think most people who like a grand,
+strange, complex theory of man and nature, given with authority--people
+who if religious would be Roman Catholics. Crookes gave a suggestive and
+interesting, but in some ways rather misleading address as President of
+the Psychical Research Society. I liked Oliver Lodge's address to the
+Spiritualists' Association better....--Yours very sincerely,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1891, at the urgent request of Prof. H. Sidgwick, President of the
+Society for Psychical Research, Prof. Barrett undertook, with
+considerable reluctance, to make a thorough examination of the subject
+of "dowsing" for water and minerals by means of the so-called "divining
+rod." At the time he fully believed that a critical inquiry of this kind
+would speedily show all the alleged successes of the dowser to be due
+either to fraud or a sharp eye for the ground. As the inquiry went on,
+to his surprise he found that neither chicanery, nor clever guessing,
+nor local knowledge, nor chance coincidence could explain away the
+accumulated evidence, but that something new to science was really at
+the root of the matter. This result was so startling that Prof. Barrett
+had to pursue the investigation for six years before venturing to
+publish his first report, which appeared in the _Proceedings_ of the
+Society for Psychical Research, Part xxxii., 1897. This was followed by
+a second report published some years later, in which he gave a fresh
+body of evidence on the criticisms of some eminent geologists to whom he
+had submitted the evidence. The reports were reviewed in _Nature_ with
+considerable severity, and some erroneous statements were made, to
+which Prof. Barrett replied. The editor, Sir Norman Lockyer, at first
+declined to publish Prof. Barrett's reply, and to this Wallace refers in
+the following letter.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. BARRETT
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. October 30, 1899._
+
+My dear Barrett,--  ... Apropos of _Nature_, they never gave a word of
+notice to my book[63]--probably they would say out of kindness to myself
+as one of their oldest contributors, since they would have had to
+scarify me, especially as regards the huge Vaccination chapter, which is
+nevertheless about the most demonstrative bit of work I have done. I
+begged Myers--as a personal favour--to read it. He told me he firmly
+believed in vaccination, but would do so, and afterwards wrote me that
+he could see no answer to it, and if there was none he was converted.
+There certainly has been not a tittle of answer except abuse.
+
+I am glad you brought Lockyer up sharp in his attempt to refuse you the
+right to reply. I am glad you now have some personal observations to
+adduce. I hope persons or corporations who are going to employ a dowser
+will now advise you so that you may be present....--Yours very
+faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. BARRETT
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. December 24, 1900._
+
+My dear Barrett,--  ... I have read your very interesting paper on the
+divining rod, and the additional evidence you now send. Of course, I
+think it absolutely conclusive, but there are many points on which I
+differ from your conclusions and remarks, which I think are often unfair
+to the dowsers. I will just refer to one or two. At p. 176 (note) you
+call the idea of there being a "spring-head" at a particular point
+"absurd." But instead of being absurd it is a _fact_, proved not only by
+numerous cases you have given of strong springs being found quite near
+to weak springs a few yards off, but by all the phenomena of mineral and
+hot springs. Near together, as at Bath, hot springs and cold springs
+rise to the surface, and springs of different quality at Harrogate, yet
+each keeps its distinct character, showing that each rises from a great
+depth without any lateral diffusion or intermixture. This is a common
+phenomenon all over the world, the dowsers' facts support it, geologists
+know all about it, yet I presume they have told you that when a dowser
+states this fact it ceases to be a fact and becomes an absurdity!
+
+The only other point I have time to notice is your Sect. II. (p. 285).
+You head this, "Evidence that the Motion of the Rod is due to
+Unconscious Muscular Action." Naturally I read this with the greatest
+interest, but found to my astonishment that you adduce no evidence at
+all, but only opinions of various people, and positive assertions that
+such is the case! Now as I _know_ that motions of various objects occur
+without any muscular action, or even any contact whatever, while Crookes
+has proved this by careful experiments which have never been refuted,
+what _improbability_ is there that this should be such a case, and what
+is the value of these positive assertions which you quote as "evidence"?
+And at p. 286 you quote the person who says the more he tried to prevent
+the stick's turning the more it turned, as _evidence_ in favour of
+muscular action, without a word of explanation. Another man (p. 287)
+says he "could not restrain it." None of the "trained anatomists" you
+quote give a particle of _proof_, only positive opinion, that it must be
+muscular action--simply because they do not believe any other action
+possible. Their evidence is just as valueless as that of the people who
+say that all thought-transference is collusion or imposture!
+
+I do not say that it is not "muscular action," though I believe it is
+not always so, but I do say that you have as yet given not a particle of
+proof that it is so, while scattered through your paper is plenty of
+evidence which points to its being something quite different. Such are
+the cases when people hold the rod for the first time and have never
+seen a dowser work, yet the rod turns, over water, to their great
+astonishment, etc. etc.
+
+Your conclusion that it is "clairvoyance" is a good provisional
+conclusion, but till we know what clairvoyance really is it explains
+nothing, and is merely another way of stating the _fact_.
+
+I believe all true clairvoyance to be spirit impression, and that all
+true dowsing is the same--that is, when in either case it cannot be
+thought-transference, but even this I believe to be also, for the most
+part, if not wholly, spirit impression.--Believe me yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. BARRETT
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. February 17, 1901._
+
+My dear Barrett,--I am rather sorry you wrote to any one of the Society
+for Psychical Research people about my being asked to be President,
+because I should certainly feel compelled to decline it. I never go,
+willingly, to London now, and should never attend meetings, so pray say
+no more about it. Besides, I am so widely known as a "crank" and a
+"faddist" that my being President would injure the Society, as much as
+Lord Rayleigh would benefit it, so pray do not put any obstacle in _his_
+way, though of course there is no necessity to beg him as a favour to
+be the successor of Sidgwick, Crookes and Myers....
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO REV. J.B. HENDERSON
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. August 10, 1893._
+
+Dear Sir,--Although I look upon Christianity as originating in an
+unusual spiritual influx, I am not disposed to consider [it] as
+_essentially_ different from those which originated other great
+religious and philanthropic movements. It is probable that in _your_
+sense of the word I am not a Christian.--Believe me yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. J.W. MARSHALL
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. March 6, 1894._
+
+My dear Marshall,--We were very much grieved to hear of your sad loss in
+a letter from Violet. Pray accept our sincere sympathy for Mrs. Marshall
+and yourself.
+
+Death makes us feel, in a way nothing else can do, the mystery of the
+universe. Last autumn I lost my sister, and she was the only relative I
+have been with at the last. For the moment it seems unnatural and
+incredible that the living self with its special idiosyncrasies you have
+known so long can have left the body, still more unnatural that it
+should (as so many now believe) have utterly ceased to exist and become
+nothingness!
+
+With all my belief in, and knowledge of, Spiritualism, I have, however,
+occasional qualms of doubt, the remnants of my original deeply ingrained
+scepticism; but my reason goes to support the psychical and
+spiritualistic phenomena in telling me that there _must_ be a hereafter
+for us all....--Believe me yours very sincerely,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO DR. EDWIN SMITH
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. October 19, 1899._
+
+Dear Sir,--I know nothing of London mediums now. Nine-tenths of the
+alleged frauds in mediums arise from the ignorance of the sitters. The
+only way to gain any real knowledge of spiritualistic phenomena is to
+follow the course pursued in all science--study the elements before
+going to the higher branches. To expect proof of materialisation before
+being satisfied of the reality of such simpler phenomena as raps,
+movements of various objects, etc. etc., is as if a person began
+chemistry by trying to analyse the more complex vegetable products
+before he knew the composition of water and the simplest salts.
+
+If you want to _know_ anything about Spiritualism you should experiment
+yourself with a select party of earnest inquirers--personal friends.
+When you have thus satisfied yourself of the existence of a considerable
+range of the physical phenomena and of many of the obscurities and
+difficulties of the inquiry, you may use the services of public mediums,
+without the certainty of imputing every little apparent suspicious
+circumstance to trickery, since you will have seen similar suspicious
+facts in your private circle where you _knew_ there was no trickery. You
+will find rules for forming private circles in some issues of _Light_.
+You can get them from the office of _Light_.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PROF. BARRETT TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+_6 De Vesci Terrace, Kingstown, Co. Dublin. November 3, 1905._
+
+My dear Wallace,--  ... Just now I am engaged in a correspondence with
+the Secretaries of the Society for Psychical Research on the question of
+the Presidency for next year. I maintain that as a matter of duty to
+the Society you should be asked to accept the Presidency, though of
+course it would be impossible for you to be much more than an Honorary
+President, as we could not expect you often to come to London. I am
+anxious that in our records for future reference your Presidency should
+appear.... Podmore, who is proposed as President, represents the
+attitude of resolute incredulity, and I consider this line of action has
+been to some extent injurious to the S.P.R. Crookes supported my
+proposal, and so did Lodge, and so would Myers if he had lived. All this
+is of course between ourselves....
+
+I have a vast amount of material unpublished on "dowsing" and am
+convinced the explanation is subconscious clairvoyance....--Yours very
+sincerely,
+
+W.F. BARRETT.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MRS. FISHER
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. April 20, 1906._
+
+My dear Mrs. Fisher,--If you mean "honest" by "thoroughly reliable,"
+there are plenty of such mediums, but if you mean those who give equally
+good results always, and to all persons, I should say there are none....
+
+I am reading Herbert Spencer's "Autobiography" (just finished Vol. I.).
+I find it very interesting, though tedious in parts. I am glad I did not
+read it before I wrote mine. He certainly brings out his own character
+most strikingly, and a wonderful character it was. How extraordinarily
+little he owed either to teaching or to reading! I think he is best
+described as a "reasoning genius."--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LORD AVEBURY TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_48 Grosvenor Street, W. May 1, 1910._
+
+My dear Wallace,--I have been reading your biography with great
+interest. It must be a source of very pleasant memories to you to look
+back and feel how much you have accomplished.
+
+It surprises me, however, how much we differ, and it is another
+illustration of the problems [?] of our (or rather I should say of my)
+intellect.
+
+In some cases, indeed, the difference is as to facts.
+
+You would, I am sure, for instance, find that you have been misinformed
+as to "thousands of dogs" being vivisected annually (p. 392).... As to
+Spiritualism, my difficulty is that nothing comes of it. What has been
+gained by your séances, compared to your studies?
+
+I see you have a kindly reference to our parties at High Elms in old
+days, on which I often look back with much pleasure, but much regret
+also.
+
+If you would give us the pleasure of another visit, _do_ propose
+yourself, and you will have a very hearty welcome from yours very
+sincerely,
+
+AVEBURY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A lecture delivered by Prof. Barrett before the Quest Society in London,
+entitled "Creative Thought," was published by request, and as it
+discussed the subject of evolution and the impossibility of explaining
+the phenomena of life without a supreme Directing and Formative Force
+behind all the manifestations of life, he was anxious to have Wallace's
+criticisms. At that time he had not read Wallace's recently published
+work on a similar subject, and he was greatly surprised to find how
+closely his views agreed with those of the great naturalist.
+
+
+TO PROF. BARRETT
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. February 15, 1911._
+
+My dear Barrett,--Thanks for your proofs, which I return. It is really
+curious how closely your views coincide with mine, and how admirably and
+clearly you have expressed them. If it were not for your adopting
+throughout, as an actual fact, the (to me) erroneous theory of the
+"subconscious self," I should agree with every word of it. I have put
+"?" where this is prominently put forward, merely to let you know how I
+totally dissent from it. To me it is pure assumption, and, besides,
+proves nothing. Thanks for the flattering "Postscript," which I return
+with a slight suggested alteration.
+
+Reviews have been generally very fair, complimentary and flattering. But
+to me it is very curious that even the religious reviewers seem
+horrified and pained at the idea that the Infinite Being does not
+actually do every detail himself, apparently leaving his angels, and
+archangels, his seraphs and his messengers, which seem to exist in
+myriads according to the Bible, to have no function whatever!--Yours
+very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PROF. BARRETT TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_6 De Vesci Terrace, Kingstown, Co. Dublin. February 18, 1911._
+
+My dear Wallace,--  ... Thank you very much for your kind letter and
+comments. I have modified somewhat the phraseology as regards the
+"subliminal self." I think we really agree but use different terms.
+There _is_ a hidden directive power, which works in conjunction with,
+and is temporarily part of, our own conscious self; but it is below the
+threshold of consciousness, or is a subliminal part of our self.
+
+I should like to have come over to Broadstone expressly to ask your
+views on the parts you queried. For I have an immense faith in the
+soundness of your judgment, and in the accuracy of your views _in the
+long run_.
+
+I should like also immensely to see you again and in your lovely
+home....--Yours ever sincerely,
+
+W.F. BARRETT.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. BARRETT
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. February 20, 1911._
+
+My dear Barrett,--I wrote you yesterday on quite another matter, but
+having yours this morning in reply to my criticisms of your Address, I
+send a few lines of explanation. Most of my queries to your statements
+apply solely to your expressing them so positively, as if they were
+absolute certainties which no psychical researcher doubted. My main
+objection to the term "subliminal self" and its various synonyms is,
+that it is so dreadfully vague, and is an excuse for the assumption that
+a whole series of the most mysterious of psychical phenomena are held to
+be actually explained by it. Thus it is applied to explain all cases of
+apparent "possession," when the alleged "secondary self" has a totally
+different character, and uses the dialect of another social grade, from
+the normal self, sometimes even possesses knowledge that the real self
+could not have acquired, speaks a language that the normal self never
+learnt. All this is, to me, the most gross travesty of science, and I
+therefore object totally to the use of the term which is so vaguely and
+absurdly used, and of which no clear and rational explanation has ever
+been given.
+
+You are now one of my oldest friends, and one with whom I most
+sympathise; and I only regret that we have seen so little of each
+other.--Yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. E. SMEDLEY
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. October 2, 1911._
+
+Dear Mr. Smedley,--I am quite astonished at your wasting your money on
+an advertising astrologer. In the horoscope sent you there is not a
+single definite fact that would apply to you any more than to thousands
+of other men. All is vague, what "might be," etc. etc. It is just
+calculated to lead you on to send more money, and get in reply more
+words and nothing else....--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+[Illustration: A.R. WALLACE ADMIRING _EREMUS ROBUSTUS_ about 1905.]
+
+
+
+
+PART VII
+
+Characteristics
+
+    "There is a point of view so lofty or so peculiar that from it we
+    are able to discern in men and women something more than and apart
+    from creed and profession and formulated principle; which indeed
+    directs and colours this creed and principle as decisively as it
+    is in its turn acted on by them, and this is their character or
+    humanity."--LORD MORLEY.
+
+  "As sets the sun in fine autumnal calm
+  So dost thou leave us. Thou not least but last
+  Link with that rare and gallant little band
+  Of seekers after truth, whose days, though past,
+  Shed lustre on the hist'ry of their land.
+  And thine, O Wallace, thine the added charm
+  Of modesty, thy mem'ry to embalm."--_Anonymous._
+
+(_Received with a bunch of lilies-of-the-valley, a few days after Dr.
+Wallace's death_.)
+
+
+Addison somewhere says that modesty sets off every talent which a man
+can be possessed of. This was manifestly true of Alfred Russel Wallace.
+When, for instance, honours were bestowed upon him, he accepted or
+rejected them with the same good-humour and unspoilable modesty. To
+Prof. E.B. Poulton, whose invitation for the forthcoming Encæmia had
+been conveyed in Prof. Bartholomew Price's letter, he wrote:
+
+_Godalming. May 28, 1889._
+
+My dear Mr. Poulton,--I have just received from Prof. B. Price the
+totally unexpected offer of the honorary degree of D.C.L. at the coming
+Commemoration, and you will probably be surprised and _disgusted_ to
+hear that I have declined it. I have to thank you for your kind offer of
+hospitality during the ceremony, but the fact is, I have at all times a
+profound distaste of all public ceremonials, and at this particular
+time that distaste is stronger than ever. I have never recovered from
+the severe illness I had a year and a half ago, and it is in hopes of
+restoring my health that I have let my cottage here and have taken
+another at Parkstone, Dorset, into which I have arranged to move on
+Midsummer Day. To add to my difficulties, I have work at examination
+papers for the next two or three weeks, and also a meeting (annual) of
+our Land Nationalisation Society, so that the work of packing my books
+and other things and looking after the plants which I have to move from
+my garden will have to be done in a very short time. Under these
+circumstances it would be almost impossible for me to rush away to
+Oxford except under absolute compulsion, and to do so would be to render
+a ceremony which at any time would be a trial, a positive punishment.
+
+Really the greatest kindness my friends can do me is to leave me in
+peaceful obscurity, for I have lived so secluded a life that I am more
+and more disinclined to crowds of any kind. I had to submit to it in
+America, but then I felt exceptionally well, whereas now I am altogether
+weak and seedy and not at all up to fatigue or excitement.--Yours very
+faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE. Prof. Poulton pressed him to reconsider his decision,
+and he reluctantly gave way.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Godalming. June 2, 1889._
+
+My dear Mr. Poulton,--I am exceedingly obliged by your kind letters, and
+I will say at once that if the Council of the University should again
+ask me to accept the degree, to be conferred in the autumn, as you
+propose, I could not possibly refuse it. At the same time I hope you
+will not in any way urge it upon them, as I really feel myself too much
+of an amateur in Natural History and altogether too ignorant (I left
+school--a bad one--finally, at fourteen) to receive honours from a great
+University. But I will say no more about that.--Yours very faithfully,
+
+A.R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In due course he received the degree. "On that occasion," says Professor
+Poulton, "Wallace stayed with us, and I was anxious to show him
+something of Oxford; but, with all that there is to be seen, one subject
+alone absorbed the whole of his interest--he was intensely anxious to
+find the rooms where Grant Allen had lived. He had received from Grant
+Allen's father a manuscript poem giving a picture of the ancient city
+dimly seen by midnight from an undergraduate's rooms. With the help of
+Grant Allen's college friends we were able to visit every house in which
+he had lived, but were forced to conclude that the poem was written in
+the rooms of a friend or from an imaginary point of view."
+
+His friend Sir W.T. Thiselton-Dyer, with others, was promoting his
+election to the Royal Society, and wrote to him:
+
+SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_Kew. October 23, 1892._
+
+Dear Mr. Wallace,--  ... When you were at Kew this summer I took the
+liberty of saying that it would give great pleasure to the Fellows of
+the Royal Society if you would be willing to join their body. I
+understood you to say that it would be agreeable to you. I now propose
+to comply with the necessary formalities. But before doing so it will be
+proper to ask for your formal consent. You will then, as a matter of
+course, be included in the next annual election.
+
+Will you forgive me if I am committing any indiscretion in saying that I
+have good authority for adding (though I suppose it can hardly be stated
+officially at this stage) that no demand will ever be made upon you for
+a subscription?--Believe me yours sincerely,
+
+W.T. THISELTON-DYER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_Kew. January 12, 1893._
+
+Dear Mr. Wallace,--  ... I was very vexed to hear that I had
+misunderstood your wishes about the Royal Society. Of course, the matter
+must often have presented itself to your mind, and I confess that it
+argued a little presumption on the part of a person like myself, so far
+inferior to you in age and standing, to think that you would yield to my
+solicitation.
+
+I was obliged for my health to go to Eastbourne, and there I had the
+pleasure of seeing Mr. Huxley, who, you will be glad to hear, is
+wonderfully well, and an ardent gardener! His present ambition is to
+grow every possible saxifrage.
+
+I told him that I had had the audacity to approach you on the subject of
+the Royal Society. He heartily approved, and expressed the strongest
+opinion that unless you had some insuperable objection you ought to
+yield. All of us who belong to the R.S. have but one wish, which is that
+it should stand before the public as containing all that is best and
+worthiest in British Science. As long as men like you stand aloof, that
+cannot be said. Lately we have been exposed to some very ill-natured
+attacks: we have been told that we are professional, and not
+discoverers. Well, this is all the more reason for your not holding
+aloof from us. I wish you would think it over again. Huxley went the
+length of saying that to him it seemed a plain duty. But this is
+language I do not like to use.
+
+As to attending the meetings or taking part in the work of the Society,
+that is immaterial. Darwin never did either, though he did once come to
+one of the evening receptions, and enjoyed it immensely.
+
+In writing as I do I am not merely expressing my own opinions, but those
+of many others of my own standing who are keenly interested in the
+matter.
+
+It is not a great matter to ask. I have the certificate ready. You have
+but to say the word. You will be put to no trouble or pecuniary
+responsibility. That my father-in-law arranged, long ago.
+
+To dissociate yourself from the R.S. really amounts nowadays to doing it
+an injury. And I am sure you do not wish that.
+
+With all good wishes, believe me yours sincerely,
+
+W.T. THISELTON-DYER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. January 17, 1893._
+
+Dear Mr. Thiselton-Dyer,--I have been rather unwell myself the last few
+days or should have answered your very kind letter sooner. I feel really
+overpowered. I cannot understand why you or anyone should care about my
+being an F.R.S., because I have really done so little of what is usually
+considered scientific work to deserve it. I have for many years felt
+almost ashamed of the amount of reputation and honour that has been
+awarded me. I can understand the general public thinking too highly of
+me, because I know that I have the power of clear exposition, and, I
+think, also, of logical reasoning. But all the work I have done is more
+or less amateurish and founded almost wholly on other men's
+observations; and I always feel myself dreadfully inferior to men like
+Sir J. Hooker, Huxley, Flower, and scores of younger men who have
+extensive knowledge of whole departments of biology of which I am
+totally ignorant. I do not wish, however, to be thought ungrateful for
+the many honours that have been given me by the Royal and other
+Societies, and will therefore place myself entirely in your hands as
+regards my election to the F.R.S.
+
+I am much pleased to hear that Huxley has taken to gardening. I have no
+doubt he will do some good work with his saxifrages. For myself the
+personal attention to my plants occupies all my spare time, and I derive
+constant enjoyment from the mere contemplation of the infinite variety
+of forms of leaf and flower, and modes of growth, and strange
+peculiarities of structure which are the source of fresh puzzles and
+fresh delights year by year. With best wishes and many thanks for the
+trouble you are taking on my behalf, believe me yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED B. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1902 the _Standard_ announced that the degree of D.C.L. was to be
+conferred upon him by the University of Wales. He wrote to Miss Dora
+Best, who had sent him the information:
+
+
+I have not seen the _Standard_. But I suppose it is about the offer of a
+degree by the University of Wales. You will not be surprised to hear
+that I have declined it "with thanks." The bother, the ceremony, the
+having perhaps to get a blue or yellow or scarlet gown! and at all
+events new black clothes and a new topper! such as I have not worn this
+twenty years. Luckily I had a good excuse in having committed the same
+offence before. Some ten years back I declined the offer of a degree
+from Cambridge, so that settled it.
+
+P.S.--Having already degrees two--LL.D. (Dublin) and D.C.L. (Oxford)--I
+might have quoted Shakespeare: "To gild refined gold, to paint the
+lily," etc. But I didn't!--A.R.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1908 he received the Order of Merit, the highest honour conferred
+upon him. To his friend Mrs. Fisher he wrote:
+
+
+Dear Mrs. Fisher,--Is it not awful--two more now! I should think very
+few men have had three such honours within six months! I have never felt
+myself worthy of the Copley Medal--and as to the Order of Merit--to be
+given to a red-hot Radical, Land Nationaliser, Socialist,
+Anti-Militarist, etc. etc. etc., is quite astounding and
+unintelligible!...
+
+There is another thing you have not heard yet, but it will be announced
+soon. Sir W. Crookes, as Secretary of the Royal Institution, wrote to me
+two weeks back asking me very strongly to give them a lecture at their
+opening meeting (third week in January) appropriate to the Jubilee of
+the "Origin of Species." I was very unwell at the time--could eat
+nothing, etc.--and was going to decline positively, having nothing more
+to say! But while lying down, vaguely thinking about it, an idea flashed
+upon me of a new treatment of the whole subject of Darwinism, just
+suitable for a lecture to a R.I. audience. I felt at once there was
+something that ought to be said, and that I should like to say--so I
+actually wrote and accepted, provisionally. My voice has so broken that
+unless I can improve it I fear not being heard, but Crookes promised to
+read it either wholly, or leaving to me the opening and concluding
+paragraphs. I was very weak--almost a skeleton--but I am now getting
+much better. But finishing up the "Spruce" book, and now all these
+honours and congratulations and letters, etc., are giving me much work,
+yet I am getting strong again, and really hope to do this "lecture" as
+my last stroke for Darwinism against the Mutationists and Mendelians,
+but much more effective, I hope, than my article in the August
+_Contemporary Review_, though that was pretty strong.--Yours very
+sincerely,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+How more than true "Sunlight's"[64] words have come, "You will come out
+of the hole! You will be more in the world. You will have satisfaction,
+retrospection, and work"! Literally fulfilled!--A.R.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+And to Mr. F. Birch:
+
+_December 30, 1908._
+
+Dear Fred,--  ... I received a letter from Lord Knollys--the King's
+Private Secretary--informing me that His Majesty proposed to offer me
+the Order of Merit, among the Birthday honours! This is an "Order"
+established by the present King about eight years ago, solely for
+"merit"--whether civil or military--it is a pity it was not civil only,
+as the military have so many distinctions already. So I had to compose a
+very polite letter of acceptance and thanks, and then later I had to beg
+to be excused (on the ground of age and delicate health) from attending
+the investiture at Buckingham Palace (on December 14th), when Court
+dress--a kind of very costly livery--is obligatory! and I was kept for
+weeks waiting. But at last one of the King's Equerries, Col. Legge (an
+Earl's son), came down here about two weeks ago bringing the Order,
+which is a very handsome cross in red and blue enamel and gold--rich
+colours--with a crown above, and a rich ribbed-silk blue and crimson
+riband to hang it round the neck! Col. Legge was very pleasant, stayed
+half an hour, had some tea, and showed us how to wear it. So I shall be
+in duty bound to wear it on the only public occasion I shall be seen
+again (in all probability), when I give (or attempt to give) my
+lecture.[65] Then, I had a letter from Windsor telling me that chalk
+portraits of all the members of the Order were to be taken for the
+collections in the Library, and a Mr. Strang came and stayed the night,
+and in four hours completed a very good life-size head, in coloured
+chalk, and so far, so good!--Yours very sincerely, ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Wallace regarded "Sunlight's" prophecy about "retrospection" as being
+fulfilled in 1904, when he received the invitation of Messrs. Chapman
+and Hall to begin collecting material for his autobiography which was
+subsequently published in two large volumes, under the title of "My
+Life."
+
+Referring to this work he wrote to Mrs. Fisher:
+
+_Broadstone, Dorset. April_ 17, 1904.
+
+Dear Mrs. Fisher,--Thanks for your remarks on what an autobiography
+ought to be. But I am afraid I shall fall dreadfully short. I seem to
+remember nothing but ordinary facts and incidents of no interest to
+anyone but my own family. I do not feel myself that anything has much
+influenced my character or abilities, such as they are. Lots of things
+have given me opportunities, and those I can state. Also other things
+have directed me into certain lines, but I can't dilate on these; and
+really, with the exception of Darwin and Sir Charles Lyell, I have come
+into close relations with hardly any eminent men. All my doings and
+surroundings have been commonplace!
+
+I am now just reading a charming and ideal bit of autobiography--Robert
+Dale Owen's "Threading my Way." If you have not read it, do get it
+(published by Trübner and Co. in 1874). It is delightful. So simple and
+natural throughout. But his father was one of the most wonderful men of
+the nineteenth century--Robert Owen of New Lanark--and this book gives
+the true history of his great success. Then R.D. Owen met Clarkson and
+heard from his own lips how he worked to abolish the slave trade.
+
+Then he had part of his education at Hofwyl under Fellenberg, an
+experiment in education and self-government wonderfully original and
+successful. He afterwards worked at "New Harmony" with his father, and
+met during his life almost all the most remarkable people in England and
+America.
+
+This book only contains the first twenty-seven years of his life and I
+am afraid he never completed it. Such a book makes me despair!--Yours
+very sincerely,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+When "My Life" was published, he wrote to the same old and valued
+friend:
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. November 7, 1905._
+
+My dear Mrs. Fisher,--The reviewers are generally very fair about the
+fads except a few. The _Review_ invents a new word for me--I am an
+"anti-body"; but the _Outlook_ is the richest: I am the one man who
+believes in Spiritualism, phrenology, anti-vaccination, and the
+centrality of the earth in the universe, whose life is worth writing.
+Then it points out a few things I am capable of believing, but which
+everybody else knows to be fallacies, and compares me to Sir I. Newton
+writing on the prophets! Yet of course he praises my biology up to the
+skies--there I am wise--everywhere else I am a kind of weak, babyish
+idiot! It is really delightful!
+
+Only one is absolutely savage about it all--the _Liverpool_ _Daily Post
+and Mercury_. The reviewer devotes over three columns almost wholly to
+the fads--as to all of which he evidently knows absolutely nothing, but
+he is cocksure that I am always wrong!...--Yours very sincerely,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+He always thought that he was deficient in the gift of humour: "I am,"
+he wrote to Mr. J.W. Marshall (May 6, 1905), "still grinding away at my
+autobiography. Have got to my American lecture tour, and hope to finish
+by about Sept. but have such lots of interruptions. I am just reading
+Huxley's Life. Some of his letters are inimitable, but the whole is
+rather monotonous. I find there is a good deal of variety in my life if
+I had but the gift of humour! Alas! I could not make a joke to save my
+life. But I find it very interesting." "Unless somebody," he wrote to
+Miss Evans, "can make me laugh just before the critical moment I always
+have a horrid expression in photographs." Yet another observant friend
+remarked that "he had a keen sense of humour. It was always his boyish
+joyous exuberance which touched me. He never grew old. When I had sat
+with him an hour he was a young man, he became transfigured to me."  ...
+"The last time I saw Dr. Wallace," writes Prof. T.D.A. Cockerell of
+Colorado, "was immediately after the Darwin Celebration at Cambridge in
+1909. I was the first to give him the details concerning it, and vividly
+remember how interested he was, and how heartily he laughed over some of
+the funny incidents, which may not as yet be told in print. One of his
+most prominent characteristics was his keen sense of humour, and his
+enjoyment of a good story." In the summer of 1885 he spent a holiday
+with Prof. Meldola at Lyme Regis. "After our ramble," said the
+Professor, "we used to spend the evenings indoors, I reading aloud the
+'Ingoldsby Legends,' which Wallace richly enjoyed. His humour was a
+delightful characteristic. 'The inimitable puns of T. Hood were,' he
+said, 'the delight of my youth, as is the more recondite and fantastic
+humour of Mark Twain and Lewis Carroll in my old age.'"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Wallace loved to give time and trouble in aiding young men to start in
+life, especially if they were endeavouring to become naturalists. He
+sent them letters of advice, helped them in the choice of the right
+country to visit, and gave them minute practical instructions how to
+live healthily and to maintain themselves. He put their needs before
+other and more fortunate scientific workers and besought assistance for
+them.
+
+"The central secret of his personal magnetism lay in his wide and
+unselfish sympathy," writes Prof. Poulton.[66] "It might be thought by
+those who did not know Wallace that the noble generosity which will
+always stand as an example before the world was something
+special--called forth by the illustrious man with whom he was brought in
+contact. This would be a great mistake. Wallace's attitude was
+characteristic, and characteristic to the end of his life.
+
+"A keen young naturalist in the North of England, taking part in an
+excursion to the New Forest, called on Wallace and confided to him the
+dream of his life--a first-hand knowledge of tropical nature. When I
+visited 'Old Orchard' in the summer of 1903, I found that Wallace was
+intently interested in two things: his garden, and the means by which
+his young friend's dream might best be realised. The subject was
+referred to in seventeen letters to me; it formed the sole topic of some
+of them. It was a grand and inspiring thing to see this great man
+identifying himself heart and soul with the interests of one--till then
+a stranger--in whom he recognised the passionate longings of his own
+youth. By the force of sympathy he re-lived in the life of another the
+splendid years of early manhood."
+
+The late Prof. Knight recalled meeting him at the British Association in
+Dundee, during the year 1867, when Wallace was his guest for the usual
+time of the gathering. He wrote:
+
+    I, and everyone else who then met him at my house, were struck, as
+    no one could fail to be, by his rare urbanity, his social charm,
+    his modesty, his unobtrusive strength, his courtesy in explaining
+    matters with which he was himself familiar but those he conversed
+    with were not; and his abounding interest, not only in almost
+    every branch of Science, but in human knowledge in all its phases,
+    especially new ones. He was a many-sided scientific man, and had a
+    vivid sense of humour. He greatly enjoyed anecdote, as
+    illustrative of character. During those days he talked much on the
+    fundamental relations between Science and Philosophy, as well as
+    on the connection of Poetry with both of them. When he left Dundee
+    he went to Kenmore, that he might ascend Ben Lawers in search of
+    some rare ferns.
+
+    In 1872 I saw him, after meeting Thomas Carlyle and Dean Stanley
+    at Linlathen, when Darwin's theory was much discussed, and when
+    our genial host--Mr. Erskine--talked so dispassionately but
+    decidedly against evolution as explanatory of the rise of what was
+    new. A little later in the same year Matthew Arnold discussed the
+    same subject with some friends at the Athenæum Club, defending the
+    chief aim of Darwin's theory, and enlarging from a different point
+    of view what Wallace had done in the same direction. I remember
+    well that he characterised the two men as fellow-workers, not as
+    followers, or in any sense as copyists. Wallace's versatility not
+    only continued, but grew in many ways with the advance of years.
+    It was seen in his appreciation of the value of historical study.
+    Quite late in life he wrote: "The nineteenth century is quite as
+    wonderful in the domain of History as in that of Science."
+    Comparatively few know, or remember, that he and his young brother
+    Herbert--on whom he left an interesting chapter _in
+    memoriam_--both wrote verses, some of which were of real value.
+
+    It may be safely said that few scientific men have sympathetically
+    entered into bordering territories and therein excelled. The whole
+    field of psychical research was familiar to him, and he might have
+    been a leader in it.
+
+    My last meeting with him was at his final home, the "Old Orchard,"
+    Broadstone, in 1909. I was staying at Boscombe in Hants, and he
+    asked me to "come and see his garden, while we talked of past
+    days." He had then the freshness of boyhood, blent with the mellow
+    wisdom of age.--W.A.K.
+
+The eminent naturalist and traveller, Dr. Henry O. Forbes, who later
+explored the greater part of the lands visited by Wallace, contributes
+the following appreciation of the latter's scientific work:
+
+    As a traveller, explorer and working naturalist, Wallace will
+    always stand in the first rank, compared even with the most modern
+    explorers. It ought not to be forgotten, however, how great were
+    the difficulties, the dangers and the cost of travel fifty years
+    ago, compared with the facilities now enjoyed by his successors,
+    who can command steam and motor transport to wellnigh any spot on
+    the coasts of the globe, and who have to their hand concentrated
+    and preserved foods, a surer knowledge of the causes of tropical
+    diseases, and outfits of non-perishable medicines sufficient for
+    many years within the space of a few cubic inches. Commissariat
+    and health are the keys to all exploration in uncivilised regions.
+    Wallace accomplished his work on the shortest of commons and lay
+    weeks at a time sick through inability to replenish his medical
+    stores.
+
+    He was no mere "trudger" over new lands. Where those before him,
+    and even many after him, have been able to see only sterile
+    objects, his discerning eyes perceived everywhere a meaning in
+    the varying modes of organic life, and in response to his
+    sympathetic mind Nature revealed to him more of her multitudinous
+    secrets than to most others. Wallace's Amazonian travels were far
+    from unfruitful, in spite of the irreparable loss he sustained in
+    the burning of his notes and the bulk of his collections in the
+    vessel by which he was returning home; but it was in the Malay
+    Archipelago that his most celebrated years of investigation were
+    passed, which marked him as one of the greatest naturalists of our
+    time. As a methodical natural history collector--which is "the
+    best sport in the world" according to Darwin--he has never been
+    surpassed; and few naturalists, if any, have ever brought together
+    more enormous collections than he. The mere statement, taken from
+    his "Malay Archipelago," of the number of his captures in the
+    Archipelago in six years of actual collecting, exceeding 125,000
+    specimens--a number greater than the entire contents of many large
+    museums--still causes amazement. The value of a collection,
+    however, depends on the full and accurate information attached to
+    each specimen, and from this point of view only a few collections,
+    including Darwin's and Bates's, have possessed the great
+    scientific value of his.
+
+    Wallace's Eastern explorations included nearly all the large and
+    the majority of the smaller islands of the Archipelago. Many of
+    them he was the first naturalist to visit, or to reside on. Ceram,
+    Batjian, Buru, Lombok, Timor, Aru, Ke and New Guinea had never
+    been previously scientifically investigated. When in 1858 "the
+    first and greatest of the naturalists," as Dr. Wollaston styles
+    Wallace, visited New Guinea, it was "the first time that any
+    European had ventured to reside alone and practically unprotected
+    on the mainland of this country," which, dangerous as it is now in
+    the same regions, was infinitely more so then. Of the journals of
+    his voyagings, "The Malay Archipelago" will always be ranked among
+    the greatest narratives of travel. The fact that this volume has
+    gone through a dozen editions is witness to its extraordinary
+    popularity among intelligent minds, and hardly supports the belief
+    that his scientific work has been forgotten. Nor can this
+    popularity be a matter of much surprise, for few travellers have
+    possessed Wallace's powers of exposition, his lucidity and charm
+    of style. Professor Strasburger of Bonn has declared that through
+    "The Malay Archipelago" "a new world of scientific knowledge" was
+    unfolded before him. "I feel it  ... my duty," he adds, "to
+    proclaim it with gratitude." Wallace's narrative has attracted
+    during the past half-century numerous naturalists to follow in his
+    tracks, many of whom have reaped rich aftermaths of his harvest;
+    but certain it is that no explorer in the same, if in any other,
+    region has approached his eminence, or attained the success he
+    achieved.
+
+    As a systematic zoologist, Wallace took no inconsiderable place;
+    his _métier_, however, was different. He described, nevertheless,
+    large sections of his Lepidoptera and of his birds, on which many
+    valuable papers are printed in the _Transactions_ of the learned
+    societies and in various scientific periodicals. Of the former,
+    special mention may be made of that on variation in the
+    "Papilionidæ of the Malayan Region," of which Darwin has recorded:
+    "I have never in my life been more struck by any paper." Of the
+    latter, reference may be drawn to his account of the "Pigeons of
+    the Malay Archipelago" and his paper on the "Passerine Birds," in
+    which he proposed an important new arrangement of the families of
+    that group (used later in his "Geographical Distribution") based
+    on the feathering of their wings. Without a lengthy search through
+    the zoological records, it would be impossible to say how many
+    species Wallace added to science; but the constant recurrence in
+    the Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum of "wallacei" as the
+    name bestowed on various new species by other systematists, and of
+    "Wallace" succeeding those scientifically named by himself, is an
+    excellent gauge of their very large number.
+
+    In the field of anthropology Wallace could never be an
+    uninterested spectator. He took a deep interest, he tells us, in
+    the study of the various races of mankind. His accounts of the
+    Amazonian tribes suffered greatly by the loss of his journals; but
+    of the peoples of the Malay Archipelago he has given us a most
+    interesting narrative, detailing their bodily and mental
+    characteristics, and showing how their distribution accorded with
+    that of the fauna on the opposite sides--Malays to the West,
+    Papuans to the East--of Wallace's Line. If fuller investigation of
+    the New Guinea tribes requires some modification in regard to
+    their origin, his observations, as broadly outlined then, remain
+    true still. His opinions on the origin of the Australian
+    aborigines--that they were a low and primitive type of Caucasian
+    race--which, when first promulgated, were somewhat sceptically
+    received, are now those accepted by many very competent
+    anthropologists.
+
+    Wallace's contributions to Geographical Science were only second
+    in importance to those he so pre-eminently made to biology. Though
+    skilled in the use of surveying instruments, he did little or no
+    map-making--at all times a laborious and lengthy task--for, with
+    more important purposes in his mind, he could not spare the time,
+    nor did the limitations to his movements permit any useful
+    attempt. Yet he did pure geographical work quite as important. The
+    value of the comparative study of the flora and fauna of
+    neighbouring regions, the great differences in the midst of much
+    likeness between the organic life of neighbouring land masses, was
+    a subject that was always in Wallace's mind during his exploration
+    of the Amazon Valley, for he perceived that the physical geography
+    and the distribution of these animals and plants were of the
+    greatest service in elucidating their history where the geological
+    record was defective. As is well known, the visual inspection of
+    the geological structure of tropical countries is always difficult
+    and often impossible to make out because of the dense vegetation
+    upon the surface and even the faces of the river gorges. But for
+    the loss of his collections and notes we should have had from
+    Wallace's pen a Physical History of the Amazon. This loss was,
+    however, amply made up by his very original contributions to the
+    geography of the Malay Archipelago. "The Zoological Geography of
+    the Malay Archipelago" and "The Physical Geography of the Malay
+    Archipelago" (written on Eastern soil, with the texts of his
+    discourses around him) were the forerunners of his monumental
+    "Geographical Distribution of Animals," elaborated in England
+    after his return. "To the publication of the 'Geographical
+    Distribution of Animals' we owe the first scientific study of the
+    distribution of organic life on the globe, which has broadened
+    ever since, and continues to interest students daily; his
+    brilliant work in Natural History and Geography  ... is universally
+    honoured," are the opinions of Dr. Scott speaking as President of
+    the Linnean Society of London.
+
+    One of Wallace's most important contributions to the physical
+    geography of the Malay region was his discovery of the physical
+    differences between the western and the eastern portions of the
+    Archipelago; i.e. that the islands lying to the east of a line
+    running north from the middle of the Straits of Bali and outside
+    Celebes were fragments of an ancient and larger Australian
+    continent, while those to the western side were fragments of an
+    Asiatic continent. This he elucidated by recognising that the
+    flora and fauna on the two sides of the line, close though these
+    islands approached each other, were absolutely different and had
+    remained for ages uncommingled. This line was denominated
+    "Wallace's Line" by Huxley, and this discovery alone would have
+    been sufficient to associate his name inseparably with this region
+    of the globe.--H.O.F.
+
+Like Darwin, Wallace gave excessive attention to the suggestions and
+criticisms of people who were obviously ignorant of the subjects about
+which they wrote. He was never impatient with honest ignorance or
+considered the lowly position of his correspondents. He replied to all
+letters of inquiry (and he received many from working men), and always
+gave his best knowledge and advice to anyone who desired it. There was
+not the faintest suggestion of the despicable sense of superiority about
+him.
+
+"I had, of course, revelled in 'The Malay Archipelago' when a boy," says
+Prof. Cockerell, "but my first personal relations with Dr. Wallace arose
+from a letter I wrote him after reading his 'Darwinism,' then (early in
+1890) recently published. The book delighted me, but I found a number of
+little matters to criticise and discuss, and with the impetuosity of
+youth proceeded to write to the author, and also to send a letter on
+some of the points to _Nature_. I have possibly not yet reached years of
+discretion, but in the perspective of time I can see with confusion that
+what I regarded as worthy zeal might well have been characterised by
+others as confounded impudence. In the face of this, the tolerance and
+kindness of Dr. Wallace's reply is wholly characteristic: 'I am very
+much obliged to you for your letter containing so many valuable
+emendations and suggestions on my "Darwinism." They will be very useful
+to me in preparing another edition. Living in the country with but few
+books, I have often been unable to obtain the _latest_ information, but
+for the purpose of the argument the facts of a few years back are often
+as good as those of to-day--which in their turn will be modified a few
+years hence.... You appear to have so much knowledge of details in so
+many branches of natural history, and also to have thought so much on
+many of the more recondite problems, that I shall be much pleased to
+receive any further remarks or corrections on any other portions of my
+book.' This letter, written to a very young and quite unknown man in the
+wilds of Colorado, who had merely communicated a list of more or less
+trifling criticisms, can only be explained as an instance of Dr.
+Wallace's eagerness to help and encourage beginners. It did not occur to
+him to question the propriety of the criticisms, he did not write as a
+superior to an inferior; he only saw what seemed to him a spark of
+biological enthusiasm, which should by all means be kindled into flame.
+Many years later, when I was at his house, he produced with the greatest
+delight some letters from a young man who had gone to South America and
+was getting his first glimpse of the tropical forest. What discoveries
+he might make! What joy he must have on seeing the things described in
+the letter, such things as Dr. Wallace himself had seen in Brazil so
+long ago!"
+
+Wallace's critical faculty was always keen and vigilant. Unlike some
+critics, however, he relished genuine and well-informed criticism of his
+own writings. Flattery he despised; whilst the charge of dishonesty
+aroused strongest resentment. Deceived he might be, but he required
+clear proof that his own eyes and ears had led him astray. Romanes, who
+had propounded the forgotten theory of physiological selection, charged
+Wallace with adopting it as his own. This was not only untrue, it was
+ridiculous; and Wallace, after telling him so and receiving no apology,
+dropped him out of his recognition. During Romanes' illness Mr.
+Thiselton-Dyer wrote to Wallace and sought to bring about a
+reconciliation, and Wallace replied:
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. September 26, 1893._
+
+My dear Thiselton-Dyer,--I am sorry to hear of Romanes' illness, because
+I think he would have done much good work in carrying out experiments
+which require the leisure, means and knowledge which he possesses. I
+cannot, however, at all understand his wishing to have any communication
+from myself. I do not think I ever met Romanes in private more than
+once, when he called on me more than twenty years ago about some curious
+psychical phenomena occurring in his own family; and perhaps half a
+dozen letters--if so many--may have passed between us since. There is
+therefore no question of personal friendship disturbed. I consider,
+however, that he made a very gross misstatement and personal attack on
+me when he stated, both in English and American periodicals, that in my
+"Darwinism" I adopted his theory of "physiological selection" and
+claimed it as my own, and that my adoption of it was "unequivocal and
+complete." This accusation he supported by such a flood of words and
+quotations and explanations as to obscure all the chief issues and
+render it almost impossible for the ordinary reader to disentangle the
+facts. I told him then that unless he withdrew this accusation as
+publicly as he had made it I should decline all future correspondence
+with him, and should avoid referring to him in any of my writings.
+
+This is, of course, very different from any criticism of my theories;
+that, or even ridicule, would never disturb me; but when a man has made
+an accusation of literary and scientific dishonesty, and has done all he
+can to spread this accusation over the whole civilised world, my only
+answer can be--after showing, as I have done (_see Nature_, vol. xliii.,
+pp. 79 and 150), that his accusations are wholly untrue--to ignore his
+existence.
+
+I cannot believe that he can want any sympathy from a man he says has
+wilfully and grossly plagiarised him, unless he feels that his
+accusations were unfounded. If he does so, and will write to me to that
+effect (for publication, if I wish, after his death), I will accept it
+as full reparation and write him such a letter as you suggest.--Believe
+me yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_Kew. September 27, 1897._
+
+Dear Mr. Wallace,--I am afraid I have been rather guilty of an
+impertinence which I hope you will forgive.
+
+Romanes is an old acquaintance of mine of many years' standing.
+Personally, I like him very much; but for his writings I confess I have
+no great admiration.
+
+Pray believe me I had no mission of any sort on his part to write to
+you. But I feel so sorry for him that when he told me how much he
+regretted that he did not stand well with you, I could not resist
+writing to tell you of the calamities that have befallen him.
+
+I must confess I was in total ignorance of what you tell me. I don't
+see how, under the circumstances, you can do anything. I was never more
+surprised in my life, in fact, than when I read your letter. The whole
+thing is too childishly preposterous.
+
+Romanes laments over _me_ because he says I wilfully misunderstand his
+theory. The fact is, poor fellow, that I do not think he understands it
+himself. If his life had been destined to be prolonged I should have
+done all in my power to have induced him to occupy himself more with
+observation and less with mere logomachy.
+
+I cannot get him to face the fact that natural hybrids are being found
+to be more and more common amongst plants. At the beginning of the
+century it was supposed that there were some sixty recognisable species
+of willows in the British Isles: now they are cut down to about sixteen,
+and all the rest are resolved into hybrids.--Ever sincerely,
+
+W.T. THISELTON-DYER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Wallace was a seeker after Truth who was never shy of his august
+mistress, whatever robes she wore. "I feel within me," wrote Darwin to
+Henslow, "an instinct for truth, or knowledge, or discovery, of
+something of the same nature as the instinct of virtue." This was
+equally true of Wallace. He had a fine reverence for truth, beauty and
+love, and he feared not to expose error. He paid no respect to
+time-honoured practices and opinions if he believed them to be false.
+Vaccination came under his searching criticism, and in the face of
+nearly the whole medical faculty he denounced it as quackery condemned
+by the very evidence used to defend it. He very carefully examined the
+claims of phrenology, which had been laughed out of court by scientific
+men, and he came to the conclusion that "in the present (twentieth)
+century phrenology will assuredly attain general acceptance. It will
+prove itself to be the true science of the mind. Its practical uses in
+education, in self-discipline, in the reformatory treatment of
+criminals, and in the remedial treatment of the insane, will gain it
+one of the highest places in the hierarchy of the sciences; and its
+persistent neglect and obloquy during the last sixty years of the
+nineteenth century will be referred to as an example of the almost
+incredible narrowness and prejudice which prevailed among men of science
+at the very time they were making such splendid advances in other fields
+of thought and discovery."[67]
+
+Wallace was not even scared out of his wits by ghosts, for, unlike
+Coleridge, he believed in them although he thought he had seen many.
+Whether truth came from the scaffold or the throne, the séance or the
+sky, it did not alter the truth, and did not prejudice or overbear his
+judgment. He shed his early materialism (which temporarily took
+possession of him as it did of many others as a result of the shock
+following the overwhelming discoveries of that period) when he was
+brought face to face with the phenomena of the spiritual kingdom which
+withstood the searching test of his keen observation and reasoning
+powers. Prejudices, preconceived notions, respect for his scientific
+position or the opinions of his eminent friends or the reputation of the
+learned societies to which he belonged--all were quietly and firmly put
+aside when he saw what he recognised to be the truth. If his
+fellow-workers did not accept it, so much the worse for them. He stood
+four-square against the onslaught of quasi-scientific rationalism, which
+once threatened to obliterate all the ancient landmarks of morality and
+religion alike. He made mistakes, and he admitted and corrected them,
+because he verily loved Truth for her own sake. And to the very end of
+his long life he kept the windows of his soul wide open to what he
+believed to be the light of this and other worlds.
+
+He was, then, a man of lofty ideals, and his idealism was at the base
+of his opposition to the materialism which boasted that Natural
+Selection explained all adaptation, and that Physics could give the
+solution of Huxley's poser to Spencer: "Given the molecular forces in a
+mutton chop, deduce Hamlet and Faust therefrom," and which regarded mind
+as a quality of matter as brightness is a quality of steel, and life as
+the result of the organisation of matter and not its cause.
+
+"We have ourselves," wrote Prof. H.F. Osborn in an account of Wallace's
+scientific work which Wallace praised, "experienced a loss of confidence
+with advancing years, an increasing humility in the face of
+transformations which become more and more mysterious the more we study
+them, although we may not join with this master in his appeal to an
+organising and directing principle." But profound contemplation of
+nature and of the mind of man led Wallace to belief in God, to accept
+the Divine origin of life and consciousness, and to proclaim a hierarchy
+of spiritual beings presiding over nature and the affairs of nations.
+"Whatever," writes Dr. H.O. Forbes, "may be the last words on the deep
+and mysterious problems to which Wallace addressed himself in his later
+works, the unquestioned consensus of the highest scientific opinion
+throughout the world is that his work has been for more than half a
+century, and will continue to be, a living stimulus to interpretation
+and investigation, a fertilising and vivifying force in every sphere of
+thought."
+
+It is perhaps unprofitable to go further than in previous chapters into
+his so-called heresies--political, scientific or religious. Yet we may
+imitate his boldness and ask whether he was not, perhaps, in advance of
+his age and whether his heresies were not shrewd anticipations of some
+truth at present but partially revealed. Take the example of
+Spiritualism, which, I suppose, has more opponents than
+anti-vaccination. No one can overlook the fact that Spiritualism has
+many scientific exponents--Myers, Crookes, Lodge, Barrett and others.
+Prejudices against Spiritualism are as unscientific as the credulity
+which swallows the mutterings of every medium. Podmore's two ponderous
+volumes on the History of Spritualism are marred by an obvious anxiety
+to make the very least, if not the very worst, of every phenomenon
+alleged to be spiritualistic. That kind of deliberate and obstinate
+blindness which prided itself on being the clear cold light of science
+Wallace scorned and denounced. He did not insist upon spiritualistic
+manifestations shaping themselves according to his own predesigned
+moulds in order to be investigated. He watched for facts whatever form
+they assumed. He fully recognised that the phenomena he saw and heard
+could be easily ridiculed, but behind them he as fully believed that he
+came into contact with spiritual realities which remain, and which led
+him to other explanations of the higher faculties of man and the origin
+of life and consciousness than were acceptable to the materialistic
+followers of Haeckel, Büchner and Huxley. And who dares dogmatically to
+assert in the name of science and in the second decade of the twentieth
+century, when the deeper meanings of evolution are being revealed, and
+the philosophy of Bergson is spoken about on the housetops, that he was
+wrong? In these views may he not become the peer of Darwin?
+
+At first blush it may seem to be a bad example of special pleading to
+attempt to discover the reason for his opposition to vaccination in his
+idealism. But it is not far from the truth. He believed in a Ministry of
+Public Health, that doctors should be servants of the State, and that
+they should be paid according as they kept people well and not ill.
+Health is the natural condition of the human body when it is properly
+sustained and used. And chemicals, even in sickness, are of less
+importance than fresh air, light and proper food. He ridiculed, too, the
+notion of unhealthy places. "It is like," he wrote to Mr. Birch, "the
+old idea that every child must have measles, and the sooner the better."
+To the same correspondent, who was contemplating going into virgin
+forests and who expressed his fear of malaria, he replied: "There is no
+special danger of malaria or other diseases in a dense forest region. I
+am sure this is a delusion, and the dense virgin forests, even when
+swampy, are, in a state of nature, perfectly healthy to live in. It is
+man's tampering with them, and man's own bad habits of living, that
+render them unhealthy. Having now gone over all Spruce's journals and
+letters during his twelve years' life in and about the Amazonian
+forests, I am sure this is so. And even where a place is said to be
+notoriously 'malarious,' it is mostly due not to infection only but to
+predisposition due to malnutrition or some bad mode of living. A person
+living healthily may, for the most part, laugh at such terrors. Neither
+I nor Spruce ever got fevers when we lived in the forests and were able
+to get wholesome food." "Health," he said to the present writer, "is the
+best resistant to disease, and not the artificial giving of a mild form
+of a disease in order to render the body immune to it for a season.
+Vaccination is not only condemned upon the statistics which are used to
+uphold it, but it is a false principle--unscientific, and therefore
+doomed to fail in the end." Besides which, he believed in mental
+healing, and had recorded definite and certain benefit from spiritual
+"healers." And he reminded himself that amongst doctors (witness the
+blind opposition encountered by Lister's discoveries) were found from
+time to time not a few enemies of the true healing art, and obstinate
+defenders of many forms of quackery. Wallace made no claim to be an
+original investigator. He knew his limitations, and said again and again
+that he could not have conducted the slow and minute researches or have
+accumulated the vast amount of detailed evidence to which Darwin, with
+infinite patience, devoted his life. He was genuinely glad that it had
+not fallen to his lot to write "The Origin of Species." He felt that his
+chief faculty was to reason from facts which others discovered. Yet he
+had that original insight and creative faculty which enabled him to see,
+often as by flashlight, the explanation which had remained hidden from
+the eyes of the man who was most familiar with the particular facts, and
+he elaborated it with quickening pulse, anxious to put down the whole
+conception which filled his mind lest some portion of it should escape
+him. Therein lay one secret of his great genius. He often said that he
+was an idler, but we know that he was a patient and industrious worker.
+His idleness was his way of describing his long musings, waiting the
+bidding of her whom God inspires--Truth, who often hides her face from
+the clouded eyes of man. For hours, days, weeks, he was disinclined to
+work. He felt no constraining impulse, his attention was relaxed or
+engaged upon a novel, or his seeds, or the plan of a new house, which
+always excited his interest. Then, apparently suddenly, whilst in one of
+his day-dreams, or in a fever (as at Ternate, to recall the historical
+episode when the theory of Natural Selection struck him), an
+explanation, a theory, a discovery,[68] the plan of a new book, came to
+him like a flash of light, and with the plan the material, the
+arguments, the illustrations; the words came tumbling one over the
+other in his brain, and as suddenly his idleness vanished, and work,
+eager, prolonged, unwearying, filled his days and months and years until
+the message was written down and the task fully accomplished. Whilst
+writing he referred to few books, but wrote straight on, adding
+paragraph to paragraph, chapter to chapter, without recasting or
+revision.[69] And the result was fresh, striking, original. It was a
+creation. The work being done, he relapsed into his busy idleness. The
+truth, as he saw it, seemed to come to him. Some people called him a
+prophet, but he was not conscious of that high calling. I do not
+remember him saying that he was only a messenger. Perhaps later, when he
+was reviewing his life, he connected his sudden inspirations with a
+higher source, but for their realisation he relied upon a foundation of
+veritable facts, facts patiently accumulated, a foundation laid broad
+and deep. He had the vision of the prophet allied with the wisdom of the
+philosopher and the calm mental detachment of the man of science.
+Perhaps another explanation of his genius may be found in his
+open-mindedness. Truth found ready access to his conscience, and always
+a warm welcome, and he saw with open eyes where others were stone-blind.
+
+He belonged to our common humanity. No caste or acquired pride or
+unapproachable intellectualism cut him off from the people. His simple
+humanness made him one with us all. And his humanity was singularly
+comprehensive. It led him, for instance, to investigate the subject of
+suffering in animals. He noticed that all good men and women rightly
+shrank from giving pain to them, and he set himself to prove that the
+capacity for pain decreased as we descended the scale of life, and that
+poets and others were mistaken when they imputed acute suffering to the
+lower creation, because of the very restricted response of their nervous
+system. Even in the case of the human infant, he concluded that only
+very slight sensations are at first required, and that such only are
+therefore developed. The sensation of pain does not, probably, reach its
+maximum till the whole organism is fully developed in the adult
+individual. "This," he added, with that characteristic touch which made
+him kin to all oppressed people, "is rather comforting in view of the
+sufferings of so many infants needlessly sacrificed through the terrible
+defects of our vicious social system."
+
+To Wallace pain was the birth-cry of a soul's advance--the stamp of rank
+in nature is capacity for pain. Pain, he held, was always strictly
+subordinated to the law of utility, and was never developed beyond what
+was actually needed for the protection and advance of life. This brings
+the sensitive soul immense relief. Our susceptibility to the higher
+agonies is a condition of our advance in life's pageant.
+
+Take another instance. Amongst his numerous correspondents there were
+not a few who decided not to take life, for food, or science, or in war.
+One young man who went out with the assistance of Wallace to Trinidad
+and Brazil to become a naturalist, and to whom he wrote many letters[70]
+of direction and encouragement, gave up the work of collecting--to
+Wallace's sincere disappointment--and came home because he felt that it
+was wrong to take the lives of such wondrous and beautiful birds and
+insects. Another correspondent, who had joined the Navy, wrote a number
+of long letters to Wallace setting forth his conscientious objections to
+killing, arrived at after reading Wallace's books; and although Wallace
+endeavoured from prudential considerations to restrain him from giving
+up his position, he nevertheless wholly sympathised with him and in the
+end warmly defended him when it was necessary to do so. The sacrifice,
+too, of human life in dangerous employments for the purpose of financial
+gain, no less than the frightful slaughter of the battlefield, was
+abhorrent to Wallace and aroused his intensest indignation. Life to him
+was sacred. It had its origin in the spiritual kingdom. "We are lovers
+of nature, from 'bugs' up to 'humans,'" he wrote to Mr. Fred Birch.
+
+By every means he laboured earnestly to secure an equal opportunity of
+leading a useful and happy life for all men and women. He championed the
+cause of women--of their freer life and their more active and public
+part in national service. He found the selective agency, which was to
+work for the amelioration he desired, in a higher form of sexual
+selection, which will be the prerogative of women; and therefore woman's
+position in the not distant future "will be far higher and more
+important than any which has been claimed for or by her in the past."
+When political and social rights are conceded to her on equality with
+men, her free choice in marriage, no longer influenced by economic and
+social considerations, will guide the future moral progress of the race,
+restore the lost equality of opportunity to every child born in our
+country, and secure the balance between the sexes. "It will be their
+(women's) special duty so to mould public opinion, through home training
+and social influence, as to render the women of the future the
+regenerators of the entire human race."
+
+He was acutely anxious that his ideals should be realised on earth by
+the masses of the people. He had a large and noble vision of their
+future. And he had his plan for their immediate redemption--national
+ownership of the soil, better housing, higher wages, certainty of
+employment, abolition of preventable diseases, more leisure and wider
+education, not merely for the practical work of obtaining a livelihood
+but to enable them to enjoy art and literature and song. His opposition
+to Eugenics (to adopt the word introduced by Galton, which Wallace
+called jargon) sprang from his idealism and his love of the people, as
+well as from his scientific knowledge. On the social side he thought
+that Eugenics offered less chance of a much-needed improvement of
+environment than the social reforms which he advocated, whilst on the
+scientific side he believed that the attempt, with our extremely limited
+knowledge, to breed men and women by artificial selection was worse than
+folly. He feared that, as he understood it, Eugenics would perpetuate
+class distinctions, and postpone social reform, and afford
+quasi-scientific excuses for keeping people "in the positions Nature
+intended them to occupy," a scientific reading of the more offensive
+saying of those who, having plenty themselves, believe that it is for
+the good of the lower classes to be dependent upon others. "Clear up,"
+he said to the present writer one day, when we drifted into a warm
+discussion of the teachings of Eugenists; "change the environment so
+that all may have an adequate opportunity of living a useful and happy
+life, and give woman a free choke in marriage; and when that has been
+going on for some generations you may be in a better position to apply
+whatever has been discovered about heredity and human breeding, and you
+may then know which are the better stocks."
+
+"Segregation of the unfit," he remarked to an interviewer after the
+Eugenic Conference, at which much was unhappily said that wholly
+justified his caustic denunciation, "is a mere excuse for establishing
+a medical tyranny. And we have enough of this kind of tyranny already
+... the world does not want the eugenist to set it straight.... Eugenics
+is simply the meddlesome interference of an arrogant scientific
+priestcraft."
+
+Thus his radicalism and his so-called fads were born of his high
+aspirations. He was not the recluse calmly spinning theories from a
+bewildering chaos of observations, and building up isolated facts into
+the unity of a great and illuminating conception in the silence and
+solitude of his library, unmindful of the great world of sin and sorrow
+without. He could say with Darwin, "I was born a naturalist"; but we can
+add that his heart was on fire with love for the toiling masses. He had
+felt the intense joy of discovering a vast and splendid generalisation,
+which not only worked a complete revolution in biological science, but
+has also illuminated the whole field of human knowledge. Yet his
+greatest ambition was to improve the cruel conditions under which
+thousands of his fellow-creatures suffered and died, and to make their
+lives sweeter and happier. His mind was great enough and his heart large
+enough to encompass all that lies between the visible horizons of human
+thought and activity, and even in his old age he lived upon the topmost
+peaks, eagerly looking for the horizon beyond. In the words of the late
+Mr. Gladstone, he "was inspired with the belief that life was a great
+and noble calling; not a mean and grovelling thing that we are to
+shuffle through as we can, but an elevated and lofty destiny."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+But we must not be tempted into further disquisition. As he grew older
+the public Press as well as his friends celebrated his birthdays.
+Congratulations by telegram and letter poured in upon him and gave him
+great pleasure. Minor poets sang special solos, or joined in the
+chorus. One example may be quoted:
+
+  ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE
+
+  8TH JANUARY, 1911
+
+  A little cot back'd by a wood-fring'd height,
+      Where sylvan Usk runs swiftly babbling by:
+      Here thy young eyes first look'd on earth and sky,
+  And all the wonders of the day and night;
+  O born interpreter of Nature's might,
+      Lord of the quiet heart and seeing eye,
+      Vast is our debt to thee we'll ne'er deny,
+  Though some may own it in their own despite.
+  Now after fourscore teeming years and seven,
+      Our hearts are jocund that we have thee still
+      A refuge in this world of good and ill,
+  When evil triumphs and our souls are riv'n;
+  A friend to all the friendless under heav'n;
+  A foe to fraud and all the lusts that kill.
+
+  O champion of the Truth, whate'er it be!
+      World-wand'rer over this terrestrial frame;
+      Twin-named with Darwin on the roll of fame;
+  This day we render homage unto thee;
+  For in thy steps o'er alien land and sea,
+      Where life burns fast and tropic splendours flame.
+      Oft have we follow'd with sincere acclaim
+  To mark thee unfold Nature's mystery.
+  For this we thank thee, yet one thing remains
+      Shall shrine thee deeper in the heart of man,
+      In ages yet to be when we are dust;
+  Thou hast put forth thy hand to rend our chains,
+      Our birthright to restore from feudal ban;
+      O righteous soul, magnanimous and just!
+
+  W. BRAUNSTON JONES.
+
+Sir William Barrett, one of Wallace's oldest friends, visited him during
+the last year of his life, and thus describes the visit:
+
+    In the early summer of 1913, some six months before his death, I
+    had the pleasure of paying another visit and spending a delightful
+    afternoon with my old friend. His health was failing, and he sat
+    wrapped up before a fire in his study, though it was a warm day.
+    He could not walk round his garden with me as before, but pointed
+    to the little plot of ground in front of the French windows of his
+    study--where he had moved some of his rarer primulas and other
+    plants he was engaged in hybridising--and which he could just
+    manage to visit. His eyesight and hearing seemed as good as ever,
+    and his intellectual power was undimmed....
+
+    Dr. Wallace then, pointing to the beautiful expanse of garden,
+    woodland and sea which was visible from the large study windows,
+    burst forth with vigorous gesticulation and flashing eyes: "Just
+    think! All this wonderful beauty and diversity of nature results
+    from the operation of a few simple laws. In my early unregenerate
+    days I used to think that only material forces and natural laws
+    were operative throughout the world. But these I now see are
+    hopelessly inadequate to explain this mystery and wonder and
+    variety of life. I am, as you know, absolutely convinced that
+    behind and beyond all elementary processes there is a guiding and
+    directive force; a Divine power or hierarchy of powers, ever
+    controlling these processes so that they are tending to more
+    abundant and to higher types of life."
+
+    This led Dr. Wallace to refer to my published lecture on "Creative
+    Thought" and express his hearty concurrence with the line of
+    argument therein; in fact he had already sent me his views, which,
+    with his consent, I published as a postscript to that lecture.
+
+    Then our conversation turned upon recent political events, and it
+    was remarkable how closely he had followed, and how heartily he
+    approved, the legislation of the Liberal Government of the day.
+    His admiration for Mr. Lloyd George was unfeigned. "To think that
+    I should have lived to see so earnest and democratic a Chancellor
+    of the Exchequer!" he exclaimed, and he confidently awaited still
+    larger measures which would raise the condition of the workers to
+    a higher level; and nothing was more striking than his intense
+    sympathy with every movement for the relief of poverty and the
+    betterment of the wage-earning classes. The land question, we
+    agreed, lay at the root of the matter, and land nationalisation
+    the true solution. In fact, ever since I read the proof-sheets of
+    his book on this subject, which he corrected when staying at my
+    house in Kingstown, I have been a member of the Land
+    Nationalisation Society, of which he was President.
+
+    Needless to say, Dr. Wallace was an ardent Home Ruler and Free
+    Trader,[71] but on the latter question he said there should be an
+    export duty on coal, especially the South Wales steam coal, as our
+    supply was limited and it was essential for the prosperity of the
+    country--and "the purchaser pays the duty," he remarked. I
+    heartily agreed with him, and said that a small export duty _had_
+    been placed on coal by the Conservative Government, but
+    subsequently was removed. This he had forgotten, and when later on
+    I sent him particulars of the duty and its yield, he replied
+    saying that at that time he was so busy with the preparation of a
+    book that he had overlooked the fact. He wrote most energetically
+    on the importance of the Government being wise in time, and urged
+    at least a 2s. export duty on coal.
+
+    We talked about the question of a portrait of Dr. Wallace being
+    painted and presented to the Royal Society, which had been
+    suggested by the Rev. James Marchant, to whom Dr. Wallace
+    referred, when talking to me, in grateful and glowing
+    terms.--W.F.B.
+
+Perhaps it should be added to Sir William Barrett's reminiscences that
+the movement which was set on foot to carry out this project was stayed
+by Wallace's death.
+
+During the last years of his life his pen was seldom dry. His interest
+in science and in politics was fresh and keen to the closing week. He
+wrote "Social Environment and Moral Progress" in 1912, at the age of 90.
+The book had a remarkable reception. Leading articles and illustrated
+reviews appeared in most of the daily newspapers. The book, into which
+he had put his deepest thoughts and feelings upon the condition of
+society, was hailed as a virile and notable production from a truly
+great man. After this was issued, he saw another, "The Revolt of
+Democracy," through the press. But this did not exhaust his activities.
+He entered almost immediately into a contract to write a big volume upon
+the social order, and as a side issue to help, as is mentioned in the
+Introduction, in the production of an even larger book upon the writings
+and position of Darwin and Wallace and the theory of Natural Selection
+as an adequate explanation of organic evolution. Age did not seem to
+weaken his amazing fertility of creative thought, nor to render him less
+susceptible to the claims of humanity, which he faced with a noble
+courage. In nobility of character and in magnitude, variety and richness
+of mind he was amongst the foremost scientific men of the Victorian Age,
+and with his death that great period, which was marked by wide and
+illuminating generalisations and the grand style in science, came to an
+end.
+
+Apart altogether, however, from his scientific position and attainments,
+which set him on high, he was a noble example of brave, resolute, and
+hopeful endeavour, maintained without faltering to the end of a long
+life. And this is not the least valuable part of his legacy to the race.
+
+When Henslow died, Huxley wrote to Hooker: "He had intellect to
+comprehend his highest duty distinctly, and force of character to do it;
+which of us dare ask for a higher summary of his life than that? For
+such a man there can be no fear in facing the great unknown; his life
+has been one long experience of the substantial justice of the laws by
+which this world is governed, and he will calmly trust to them still as
+he lays his head down for his long sleep." Let that also stand as the
+estimate of Wallace by his contemporaries, an estimate which we believe
+posterity will confirm. And to it we may add that death, which came to
+him in his sleep as a gentle deliverer, opened the door into the larger
+and fuller life into which he tried to penetrate and in which he firmly
+believed. If that faith be founded in truth, Darwin and Wallace, yonder
+as here, are united evermore.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I am writing these concluding words on the second anniversary of his
+death. Before me there lies the telegram which brought me the sad news
+that he had "passed away very peacefully at 9.25 a.m., without regaining
+consciousness." He was in his ninety-first year. It was suggested that
+he should be buried in Westminster Abbey, beside Charles Darwin, but
+Mrs. Wallace and the family, expressing his own wishes as well as
+theirs, did not desire it. On Monday, November 10th, he was laid to rest
+with touching simplicity in the little cemetery of Broadstone, on a
+pine-clad hill swept by ocean breezes. He was followed on his last
+earthly journey by his son and daughter, by Miss Mitten, his
+sister-in-law, and by the present writer. Mrs. Wallace, being an
+invalid, was unable to attend. The funeral service was conducted by the
+Bishop of Salisbury (Dr. Ridgeway), and among the official
+representatives were Prof. Raphael Meldola and Prof. E.B. Poulton
+representing the Royal Society; the latter and Dr. Scott representing
+the Linnean Society, and Mr. Joseph Hyder the Land Nationalisation
+Society. A singularly appropriate monument, consisting of a fossil
+tree-trunk from the Portland beds, has been erected over his grave upon
+a base of Purbeck stone, which bears the following inscription:
+
+  ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE, O.M.
+  Born Jan. 8th, 1823, Died Nov. 7th, 1913
+
+A year later, on the 10th of December, 1914, his widow died after a long
+illness, and was buried in the same grave. She was the eldest daughter
+of Mr. William Mitten, of Hurstpierpoint, an enthusiastic botanist, and
+in no mean degree she inherited her father's love of wild flowers and of
+the beautiful in nature. It was this similarity of tastes which led to
+her close intimacy and subsequent marriage, in 1866, with Wallace. Their
+married life was an exceedingly happy one. She was able to help him in
+his scientific labours, and she provided that atmosphere in the home
+life which enabled him to devote himself to his many-sided enterprises.
+And nothing would give him more joy than to know that this book is
+dedicated to her memory.
+
+[Illustration: THE GRAVE OF ALFRED RUSSEL AND ANNIE WALLACE]
+
+Soon after Wallace's death a Committee was formed (with Prof. Poulton as
+Chairman and Prof. Meldola as Treasurer) to erect a memorial, and the
+following petition was sent to the Dean and Chapter of Westminster
+Abbey:
+
+    We, the undersigned, earnestly desiring a suitable national
+    memorial to the late Alfred Russel Wallace, and believing that no
+    position would be so appropriate as Westminster Abbey, the
+    burial-place of his illustrious fellow-worker Charles Darwin,
+    petition the Right Reverend the Dean and Chapter for permission to
+    place a medallion in Westminster Abbey. We further guarantee, if
+    the medallion be accepted, to pay the Abbey fees of £200.
+
+  ARCH. GEIKIE
+  WILLIAM CROOKES
+  A.B. KEMPE
+  E. RAY LANKESTER
+  D.H. SCOTT
+  D. PRAIN
+  A.E. SHIPLEY
+  RAPHAEL MELDOLA
+  P.A. MACMAHON
+  JOHN W. JUDD
+  OLIVER J. LODGE
+  E.B. POULTON
+  A. STRAHAN
+  H.H. TURNER
+  J. LARMOR
+  W. RAMSAY
+  SILVANUS P. THOMPSON
+  JOHN PERRY
+  JAMES MARCHANT (Hon. Sec.)
+
+To which the Dean replied:
+
+    _The Deanery, Westminster, S.W. December 2, 1913._
+
+    Dear Mr. Marchant,--I have pleasure in informing you that I
+    presented your petition at our Chapter meeting this morning, and a
+    glad and unanimous assent was accorded to it.
+
+    I should be glad later on to be informed as to the artist you are
+    employing; and probably it would be as well for him and you and
+    some members of the Royal Society to meet me and the Chapter and
+    confer together upon the most suitable and artistic arrangement or
+    rearrangement of the medallions of the great men of science of the
+    nineteenth century.
+
+    Nothing could have been more satisfactory or impressive than the
+    document with which you furnished me this morning. I hope to get
+    it specially framed.--Yours sincerely,
+
+    HERBERT E. RYLE.
+
+Mr. Bruce-Joy, who had made an excellent medallion of Dr. Wallace during
+his lifetime, accepted the commission to fashion the medallion for
+Westminster Abbey, and it was unveiled, by a happy but undesigned
+coincidence, on All Souls' Day, November 1 1915, together with
+medallions to the memory of Sir Joseph Hooker and Lord Lister. In the
+course of his sermon, the Dean said--and with these words we may well
+conclude this book:
+
+"To-day there are uncovered to the public view, in the North Aisle of
+the Choir, three memorials to men who, I believe, will always be ranked
+among the most eminent scientists of the last century. They passed away,
+one in 1911, one in 1912, and one in 1913. They were all men of
+singularly modest character. As is so often observable in true
+greatness, there was in them an entire absence of that vanity and
+self-advertisement which are not infrequent with smaller minds. It is
+the little men who push themselves into prominence through dread of
+being overlooked. It is the great men who work for the work's sake
+without regard to recognition, and who, as we might say, achieve
+greatness in spite of themselves.
+
+[Illustration: THE WALLACE AND DARWIN MEDALLIONS IN THE NORTH AISLE OF
+THE CHOIR OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY]
+
+"Alfred Russel Wallace was a most famous naturalist and zoologist. He
+arrived by a flash of genius at the same conclusions which Darwin had
+reached after sixteen years of most minute toil and careful
+observation.... It was a unique example of the almost exact concurrence
+of two great minds working upon the same subject, though in different
+parts of the world, without collusion and without rivalry.... Between
+Darwin and Wallace goodwill and friendship were never interrupted.
+Wallace's life was spent in the pursuit of various objects of
+intellectual and philosophical interest, over which I need not here
+linger. All will agree that it is fitting his medallion should be placed
+next to that of Darwin, with whose great name his own will ever be
+linked in the worlds of thought and science.
+
+"All will acknowledge the propriety of these three great names being
+honoured in this Abbey Church, even though it be, to use Wordsworth's
+phrase, already
+
+  'Filled with mementoes, satiate with its part
+     Of grateful England's overflowing dead.'
+
+"These are three men whose lifework it was to utilise and promote
+scientific discovery for the preservation and betterment of the human
+race."
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX
+
+
+
+
+LISTS OF WALLACE'S WRITINGS
+
+
+I.--BOOKS
+
+Date                  Title
+
+1853    "Palm Trees on the Amazon"
+1853    "A Narrative of Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro." New
+             Edition in "The Minerva Library," 1889
+1866    "The Scientific Aspect of the Supernatural"
+1869    "The Malay Archipelago," 2 vols. Tenth Edition, 1 vol., 1890
+1870    "Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection." Republished,
+        with "Tropical Nature," 1891
+1874    "Miracles and Modern Spiritualism." Revised Edition, 1896
+1876    "The Geographical Distribution of Animals," 2 vols.
+1878    "Tropical Nature and other Essays." Printed in 1 vol. with
+        "Natural Selection," 1891
+1879    "Australasia." "Stanford's Compendium of Geography and Travel."
+           (New issue, 1893)
+1880    "Island Life." Revised Edition, 1895
+1882    "Land Nationalisation"
+1885    "Bad Times"
+1889    "Darwinism." 3rd Edition, 1901
+1898    "The Wonderful Century." New Edition, 1903
+1900    "Studies, Scientific and Social"
+1901    "The Wonderful Century Reader"
+1901    "Vaccination a Delusion"
+1903    "Man's Place in the Universe." New Edition, 1904. Cheap 1s.
+           Edition, 1912
+1905    "My Life," 2 vols. New Edition, 1 vol., 1908
+1907    "Is Mars Habitable?"
+1908    "Notes of a Botanist on the Amazon and Andes," by Richard
+           Spruce. Edited by A.R. Wallace
+1910    "The World of Life"
+1913    "Social Environment and Moral Progress"
+1913    "The Revolt of Democracy"
+
+
+II.--ARTICLES, PAPERS, REVIEWS, ETC.
+
+_The articles marked with an asterisk were republished in Wallace's
+"Studies, Scientific and Social."_
+
+
+-----------------+---------------------+----------------------------------
+     DATE        |     PERIODICAL OR   |             SUBJECT
+                 |        SOCIETY      |
+--------+--------+---------------------+----------------------------------
+        | 1850   | Proc. Zool. Soc.,   | On the Umbrella Bird
+        |        |  Lond.              |
+        | 1852   |   "      "          | Monkeys of the Amazon
+        | 1852-3 | Trans. Entomol.     | On the Habits of the Butterflies
+        |        |  Soc.               |   of the Amazon Valley
+        | 1853   | Zoologist           | On the Habits of the Hesperidæ
+        | 1853   | Proc. Zool. Soc.,   | On some Fishes allied to Gymnotus
+        |        |  Lond.              |
+June 6  | 1853   | Entomolog. Soc.     | On the Insects used for Food by
+        |        |                     |   the Indians of the Amazon
+June 13 | 1853   | Royal Geograph. Soc.| The Rio Negro
+        | 1854-5 | Zoologist           | Letters from Singapore and Borneo
+        | 1854-6 | Trans. Entomol.     | Description of a New Species of
+        |        | Soc.                |   Ornithoptera
+        | 1855   | Annals and Mag.     | On the Ornithology of Malacca
+        |        | of Nat. Hist.       |
+        | 1855   | Journ. Bot.         | Botany of Malacca
+        | 1855   | Zoologist           | The Entomology of Malacca
+Sept.   | 1855   | Annals and Mag.     | On the Law which has regulated
+        |        | of Nat. Hist.       |   the Introduction of New Species
+        | 1856   |    "      "         | Some Account of an Infant
+        |        |                     |   Orang-Outang
+        | 1856   |    "      "         | On the Orang-Outang or Mias of
+        |        |                     |   Borneo
+Dec.    | 1856   |    "      "         | On the Habits of the Orang-Outang
+        |        |                     |   of Borneo
+        | 1856   |    "      "         | Attempts at a Natural Arrangement
+        |        |                     |   of Birds
+Nov. 22 | 1856   | Chambers's Journ.   | A New Kind of Baby
+        | 1856   | Journ. Bot.         | On the Bamboo and Durian of Borneo
+        | 1856   | Zoologist           | Observations on the Zoology of
+        |        |                     |   Borneo
+        | 1856-8 | Trans. Entomol.     | On the Habits, etc., of a Species
+        |        | Soc.                |   of Ornithoptera inhabiting the
+        |        |                     |   Aru Islands
+        | 1856-9 |    "      "         | Letters from Aru Islands and from
+        |        |                     |   Batchian
+Dec.    | 1857   | Annals and Mag.     | Natural History of the Aru Islands
+        |        | of Nat. Hist.       |
+        | 1857   |    "      "         | On the Great Bird of Paradise
+        | 1857   | Proc. Geograph.     | Notes of a Journey up the Sadong
+        |        | Soc.                |   River
+        | 1858   |    "      "         | On the Aru Islands
+        | 1858   | Zoologist           | Note on the Theory of Permanent
+        |        |    "      "         |   and Geographical Varieties
+        | 1858   |    "      "         | On the Entomology of the Aru
+        |        |                     |    Islands
+        | 1858-61| Trans. Entomol.     | Note on the Sexual Differences in
+        |        | Soc.                |   the Genus Lomaptera
+        | 1859   | Annals and Mag.     | Correction of an Important Error
+        |        | of Nat. Hist.       |   affecting the Classification of
+        |        |                     |   the _Psittacidæ_
+        | 1859   | Proc, Linn. Soc.    |On the Tendency of Varieties to
+        |        |   (iii. 45)         |  Depart Indefinitely from the
+        |        |                     |  Original Type[72]
+Oct.    | 1859   | Ibis                |Geographical Distribution of Birds
+Dec.    | 1859   | Entomolog. Soc.     |Note on the Habits of Scolytidæ and
+        |        |                     |   Bostrichidæ
+        | 1860   | Journ. Geograph.    |Notes of a Voyage to New Guinea
+        |        |   Soc.              |
+        | 1860   | Ibis                |The Ornithology of North Celebes
+        | 1860   | Proc. Zool, Soc.,   |Notes on Semioptera wallacii
+        |        |   Lond.             |
+        | 1860   | Proc. Linn. Soc.    |Zoological Geography of Malay
+        |        |   (iv. 172)         |   Archipelago
+        | 1861   | Ibis                |On the Ornithology of Ceram and
+        |        |                     |  Waigiou
+        | 1861   | "                   |Notes on the Ornithology of Timor
+        | 1862   | Proc. and Journ.    |On the Trade between the Eastern
+        |        |   Geogr. Soc.       |  Archipelago and New Guinea
+        |        |                     | and its Islands
+        | 1862   | Proc. Zool. Soc.,   |List of Birds from the Sula Islands
+        |        |   Lond.             |
+        | 1862   | Ibis                |On some New Birds from the Northern
+        |        |                     |   Moluccas
+        | 1862   | Proc. Zool. Soc.,   |Narrative of Search after Birds of
+        |        |   Lond.             |  Paradise
+        | 1862   | "                   |On some New and Rare Birds from New
+        |        |                     |   Guinea
+        | 1862   | "                   |Description of Three New Species
+        |        |                     |   of _Pitta_ from the Moluccas
+        | 1863   | Annals and Mag.     |On the Proposed Change in Name of
+        |        |   of Nat. Hist.     |    _Gracula pectoralis_
+        | 1863   | Entomol. Journ.     |Notes on the Genus _Iphias_
+        | 1863   | Ibis                |Note on _Corvus senex _and _Corvus
+        |        |                     |  fuscicapillus_
+        | 1863   | "                   |Notes on the Fruit-Pigeons of Genus
+        |        |                     |   _Treron_
+        | 1863   | Intellectual        |The Bucerotidæ, or Hornbills
+        |        |  Observer           |
+        | 1863   | Proc. Zool, Soc.    |List of Birds collected on Island
+        |        |    Lond.            |  of Bouru
+April   | 1863   | Zoologist           |Who are the Humming-Bird's
+        |        |                     |   Relations?
+June    | 1863   | Royal Geograph.     |Physical Geography of the Malay
+        |        |   Soc.              |   Archipelago
+        | 1863   | Proc, Zool. Soc.,   |On the Identification of _Hirundo
+        |        |   Lond.             |   esculenta_, Linn.
+        | 1863   | "                   |List of Birds inhabiting the
+        |        |                     |   Islands of Timor, Flores and
+        |        |                     |   Lombok
+        | 1863   | Annals and Mag.     |On the Rev. S. Haughton's Paper on
+        |        |   of Nat. Hist.     |   the Bee's Cell and the Origin of
+        |        |                     |   Species
+Jan. 1  |        | Nat. Hist. Rev.     |Some Anomalies in Zoological and
+        |        |                     |   Botanical Geography
+Jan. 7  | 1864   |Edinburgh New        |Ditto
+        |        |  Journ. (Philos.)   |
+        | 1864   | Proc. Zool. Soc.,   | Parrots of the Malayan Region
+        |        |   Lond.             |
+        | 1864   | Anthropol. Soc.     | The Origin of Human Races and the
+        |        |   Journ.            |   Antiquity of Man deduced from
+        |        |                     |   Natural Selection
+        | 1864   | Proc. Entom. Soc.   | Effect of Locality in producing
+        |        |   and Zoologist     |   Change of Form in Insects
+        | 1864   | Proc. Entom. Soc.   | Views on Polymorphism
+        | 1864   | Ibis                | Remarks on the Value of
+        |        |                     |   Osteological Characters in the
+        |        |                     |   Classification of Birds
+        | 1864   | "                   | Remarks on the Habits,
+        |        |                     |   Distribution, etc., of the Genus
+        |        |                     |   _Pitta_
+        | 1864   | "                   | Note on _Astur griseiceps_
+        | 1864   | Nat. Hist. Rev.     | Bone Caves in Borneo
+        | 1865   | Proc. Zool. Soc.,   | List of the Land Shells collected
+        |        |   Lond.             |   by Mr. Wallace in the Malay
+        |        |                     |   Archipelago
+Jan.    | 1865   | Trans. Ethnolog.    | On the Progress of Civilisation in
+        |        |   Soc.              |   North Celebes
+Jan.    | 1865   | "                   | On the Varieties of Man in the
+        |        |                     |   Malay Archipelago
+        | 1865   | Proc. Zool. Soc.,   | Descriptions of New Birds from the
+        |        |   Lond.             |   Malay Archipelago
+June 17 | 1865   | Reader              | How to Civilise Savages*
+Oct.    | 1865   | Ibis                | Pigeons of the Malay Archipelago
+        | 1866   | Trans. Linn. Soc.   | On the Phenomena of Variation and
+        |        |   (xxv.) (Abstract  |   Geographical Distribution as
+        |        |   in Reader, April, |   illustrated by Papilionidæ of
+        |        |   1864)             |   the Malayan Region
+        | 1866   | Proc. Zoo. Soc.,    | List of Lepidoptera collected by
+        |        |   Lond.             |   Swinton at Takow, Formosa
+        | 1866   | Proc. Entomol.     }| Exposition of the Theory of
+        |        |   Soc.             }|   Mimicry as explaining Anomalies
+        | 1867   | Zoologist          }|   of Sexual Variation
+        | 1867   | Intellectual        | The Philosophy of Birds' Nests
+        |        |   Observer          |
+Jan.    | 1867   | Quarterly Journ.    | Ice-Marks in North Wales
+        |        |   of Sci.           |
+April   | 1867   | "                   | The Polynesians and their
+        |        |                     |   Migrations*
+July    | 1867   | Westminster Rev.    | Mimicry and other Protective
+        |        |                     |   Resemblances among Animals
+Sept.   | 1867   | Science Gossip      | Disguises of Insects
+Oct.    | 1867   | Quarterly Journ.    | Creation by Law
+        |        |   of Sci.           |
+        | 1867   | Proc. Entomol.     }|
+        |        |   Soc.             }| A Catalogue of the Cetoniidæ of
+        | 1868   | Trans. Entomol.    }|   the Malayan Archipelago, etc.
+        |        |   Soc.             }|
+Jan. 7  | 1868   | Ibis                | Raptorial Birds of the Malay
+        |        |                     |   Archipelago
+        | 1868   | Trans. Entomol.     | On the Pieridæ of the Indian and
+        |        |   Soc.              |   Australian Regions
+        | 1868   |      ---            | The Limits of Natural Selection
+        |        |                     |   applied to Man*
+        | 1869   | Trans. Entomol.     | Note on the Localities given in
+        |        |   Soc.              |   the "Longicornia Malayana"
+        | 1869   | Journ. of Travel    | A Theory of Birds' Nests
+        |        |   and Nat. Hist.    |
+April   | 1869   | Quarterly Rev.      | Reviews of Lyell's "Principles
+        |        |                     |   of Geology" (entitled
+        |        |                     |   "Geological Climates and
+        |        |                     |   Origin of Species")
+        | 1869   | Macmillan's Mag.    | Museums for the People*
+        | 1869   | Trans. Entomol.     | Notes on Eastern Butterflies (3
+        |        |  Soc.               |   Parts)
+        | 1870   | Brit. Association   | On a Diagram of the Earth's
+        |        |   Report            |   Eccentricity, etc.
+March   | 1871   | Academy             | Review of Darwin's "Descent of
+        |        |                     |   Man"
+May 23  | 1871   | Entomolog. Soc.     | Address on Insular Faunas, etc.
+        | 1871   | "                   | The Beetles of Madeira and
+        |        |                     |   their Teachings*
+Nov.    | 1871   | ----                | Reply to Mr. Hampden's Charges
+        | 1873   | Journ. Linnean Soc. | Introduction to F. Smith's
+        |        |                     |   Catalogue of Aculeate
+        |        |                     |   Hymenoptera, etc.
+Jan. 4  | 1873   | Times               | Spiritualism and Science
+April   | 1873   | Macmillan's Mag.    | Disestablishment and
+        |        |                     |   Disendowment, with a Proposal
+        |        |                     |   for a really National Church
+        |        |                     |   of England*
+Sept. 16| 1873   | Daily News          | Coal a National Trust*
+Dec.    | 1873   | Contemp. Rev.       | Limitation of State Functions
+        |        |                     |   in the Administration of
+        |        |                     |   Justice*
+Jan. 17 | 1874   | Academy             | Reviews of Mivart's "Man and
+        |        |                     |   Apes" and A.J. Mott's "Origin
+        |        |                     |   of Savage Life"
+April   | 1874   | ----                | Review of W. Marshall's
+        |        |                     |   "Phrenologist amongst the
+        |        |                     |   Todas"
+April   | 1874   | ----                | Review of G. St. Clair's
+        |        |                     |   "Darwinism and Design"
+        | 1874   | Ibis                | On the Arrangement of the
+        |        |                     |   Families constituting the
+        |        |                     |   Order Passeres
+May     | 1876   | Academy             | Review of Mivart's "Lessons
+        |        |                     |   from Nature"
+        | 1877   | Proc. Geograph.     | The Comparative Antiquity of
+        |        |   Soc.              |   Continents
+July    | 1877   | Quarterly Journ. of | Review of Carpenter's
+        |        |   Sci.              |   "Mesmerism and Spiritualism,"
+        |        |                     |   etc.
+Sept.   | 1877   | Macmillan's Mag.    | The Colours of Animals and
+and Oct.|        |                     |   Plants
+Nov.    | 1877   | Fraser's Mag.       | The Curiosities of Credulity
+Dec.    | 1877   | Fortnightly Rev.    | Humming-Birds
+Dec.    | 1877}  | Athenæum            | {Correspondence with W.B.
+Jan.    | 1878}  | "                   | {  Carpenter on Spiritualism
+Nov.    | 1878   | Fortnightly Rev.    | Epping Forest, and How to Deal
+        |        |                     |   with it
+Feb.    | 1879   | Contemp. Rev.       | New Guinea and its Inhabitants
+April   | 1879   | Academy             | Review of Haeckel's "Evolution
+        |        |                     |   of Man"
+July    | 1879   | Nineteenth Cent.    | Reciprocity: A Few Words in
+        |        |                     |   Reply to Mr. Lowe*
+July    | 1879   | Quarterly Rev.      | Glacial Epochs and Warm Polar
+        |        |                     |   Climates
+Jan.    | 1880   | Nineteenth Cent.    | The Origin of Species and
+        |        |                     |   Genera*
+Oct.    | 1880   | Academy             | Review of A.H. Swinton's
+        |        |                     |   "Insect Variety"
+Nov.    | 1880   | Contemp. Rev.       | How to Nationalise the Land*
+        |        |                     |
+Dec. 4  | 1880   | Academy             | Review of Seebohm's "Siberia In
+        |        |                     |   Europe"
+        | 1881   | Rugby Nat. Hist.    | Abstract of Four Lectures on
+        |        |  Soc. Rept.         |   the Natural History of
+        |        |                     |   Islands
+Dec.    | 1881   | Contemp. Rev.       | Monkeys: Their Affinities and
+        |        |                     |   Distribution*
+Aug. and| 1883   | Macmillan's Mag.    | The Why and How of Land
+  Sept. |        |                     |   Nationalisation*
+March   | 1884   | Christn. Socialist  | The Morality of Interest--The
+        |        |                     |   Tyranny of Capital
+        | 1886   | Claims of Labour    | The Depression of Trade*
+        |        |   Lectures          |
+Mar. 5  | 1887   | Banner of Light     | Letter "_In re_ Mrs. Ross
+        |        |                     |   (Washington, D.C.)"
+Mar. 17 | 1887   | Independ. Rev.      | Review of E.D. Cope's "Origin
+        |        |                     |   of the Fittest"
+        | 1887   | Nation              |"
+Oct.    | 1887   | Fortnightly Rev.    | American Museums*
+        | 1888   | ----                | The Action of Natural Selection
+        |        |                     |   in producing Old Age, Decay
+        |        |                     |   and Death
+June    | 1889   | Land Nationalisation| Address
+        |        |   Soc.              |
+Sept.   | 1890   | Fortnightly Rev.    | Progress without Poverty (Human
+        |        |                     |   Selection)*
+Oct.    | 1891   | "                   | English and American Flowers*
+Dec.    | 1891   | "                   | Flowers and Forests of the Far
+        |        |                     |   West*
+Jan.    | 1892   | Arena               | Human Progress, Past and
+        |        |                     |   Future*
+        | 1892   | Address to L.N.S.   | Herbert Spencer on the Land
+        |        |                     |   Question*
+Aug.    | 1892   | Nineteenth Cent.    | Why I Voted for Mr. Gladstone
+Aug. and| 1892   | Natural Sci.        | The Permanence of Great Ocean
+  Dec.  |        |                     |   Basins*
+Nov.    | 1892   | Fortnightly Rev.    | Our Molten Globe*
+Dec.    | 1892   | Natural Sci.        | Note on Sexual Selection
+Feb.    | 1893   | Nineteenth Cent.    | Inaccessible Valleys*
+Mar. and| 1893   | Arena               | The Social Quagmire and the Way
+   Apr. |        |                     |   Out of it*
+Apr. and| 1893   | Fortnightly Rev.    | Are Individually Acquired
+  May   |        |                     |   Characters Inherited?*
+Nov.    | 1893   | "                   | The Ice Age and its Work*
+Dec.    | 1893   | "                   | Erratic Blocks, etc. Lake
+        |        |                     |   Basins*
+        | 1893   | Arena               | The Bacon-Shakespeare Case
+April 9 | 1894   | Land Nationalisation| Address on Parish Councils
+        |        |   Soc.              |
+June    | 1894   | Natural Sci.        | The Palearctic and Nearctic
+        |        |                     |   Regions compared as regards
+        |        |                     |   Families and Genera of
+        |        |                     |   Mammalia and Birds
+June    | 1894   | Contemp. Rev.       | How to Preserve the House of
+        |        |                     |   Lords*
+July    | 1894   | Land and Labour     | Review of F.W. Hayes' "Great
+        |        |                     |   Revolution of 1905"
+Sept.   | 1894   | Natural Sci.        | The Rev. G. Henslow on Natural
+        |        |                     |   Selection*
+        | 1894   | Smithsonian Rep.    | Method of Organic Evolution
+Oct.    | 1894   | Nineteenth Cent.    | A Counsel of Perfection for
+        |        |                     |   Sabbatarians*
+        |        |                     |
+        | 1894   | Vox Clamantium      | Economic and Social Justice*
+Feb. and| 1895   | Fortnightly Rev.    | Method of Organic Evolution*
+  March |        |                     |
+Oct.    | 1895   | "                   | Expressiveness of Speech or
+        |        |                     |   Mouth-Gesture as a Factor in
+        |        |                     |   the Origin of Language*
+        | 1895   | Agnostic Annual     | Why Live a Moral Life?*
+May     | 1896   | Contemp. Rev.       | How Best to Model the Earth*
+July 25 | 1896   | Labour Leader       | Letter on International Labour
+        |        |                     |   Congress
+Aug.    | 1896   | Fortnightly Rev.    | The Gorge of the Aar and its
+        |        |                     |   Teaching*
+Dec.    | 1896   | Journ. Linn. Soc.   | The Problem of Utility: Are
+        |        |   (v. 25)           |   Specific Characters always or
+        |        |                     |   generally Useful?
+March   | 1897   | Natural Sci.        | Problem of Instinct*
+        | 1897   | "Forecasts of       | Re-occupation of Land, Solution
+        |        |   Coming Century"   |   of the Unemployed Problem*
+March 20| 1898   | Lancet              | Letter on Vaccination
+May 9   | 1898   | Shrewsbury Chron.   | Letter to Dr. Bond and A.K.W.
+        |        |                     |   on Vaccination
+June 16,|        |                     |
+ 21, 25,| 1898   | Echo                |"
+Aug. 15 |        |                     |
+Sept. 1 | 1898   | The Eagle and the   | Darwinism and Nietzscheism in
+        |        |   Serpent           |   Sociology
+        | 1898   | Printed for private | Justice not Charity (Address to
+        |        |   circulation       |   International Congress of
+        |        |                     |   Spiritualists, London, June,
+        |        |                     |   1898)*
+Dec. 31 | 1898   | Academy             | Paper Money as a Standard of
+        |        |                     |   Value*
+Feb.,   | 1899   | Journ. Soc.         | Letters on Mr. Podmore _re_
+  March,|        |   Psychical Res.    |   Clairvoyance, etc.
+  April |        |                     |
+May     | 1899   | L'Humanité          | The Causes of War and the
+        |        |   Nouvelle          |   Remedies*
+Nov. 18 | 1899   | Clarion             | Letter on the Transvaal War
+        | 1899   | N.Y. Independent    | White Men in the Tropics*
+        |        |                     |
+        | 1900   | N.Y. Sun            | Evolution
+Nov.    | 1900   | N.Y. Journ.         | Social Evolution in the
+        |        |                     |   Twentieth Century: An
+        |        |                     |   Anticipation
+        | 1900   | ----                | Ralahine and its Teachings*
+        |        | ----                | True Individualism the
+        |        |                     |   Essential Preliminary of a
+        |        |                     |   Real Social Advance*
+        | 1901   | Morning Leader      | An Appreciation of the Past
+        |        |                     |   Century
+Jan. 17 | 1903   | Black and White     | Relations with Darwin
+March   | 1903   | Fortnightly Rev.    | Man's Place in the Universe
+Sept.   | 1903   | "                   | Man's Place in the Universe.
+        |        |                     |   Reply to Critics
+Oct.    | 1903   | Academy             | The Wonderful Century. Reply to
+        |        |                     |   Dr. Saleeby
+Nov. 12 | 1903   | Daily Mail          | Does Man Exist in Other Worlds?
+        |        |                     | Reply to Critics
+Jan. 1  | 1904   | Clarion             | Anticipations for the Immediate
+        |        |                     |   Future, Written for the
+        |        |                     |   _Berliner Lokalanzeiger_, and
+        |        |                     |   refused
+Feb.,   | 1904   | Fortnightly Rev.    | An Unpublished Poem by E.A.
+  April |        |                     |   Poe, "Leonainie"
+Apr.,   | 1904   | Independent Rev.    | Birds of Paradise in the
+  May   |        |                     |   Arabian Nights
+        | 1904   | Anti-Vaccination    | Summary of the Proofs that
+        |        |   League            |   Vaccination does not Prevent
+        |        |                     |   Small-pox, but really
+        |        |                     |   Increases it
+        | 1904   | Labour Annual       | Inefficiency of Strikes
+        | 1904   | Clarion             | Letter on Opposition to
+        |        |                     |   Military Expenditure
+        |        | Vaccination         | Letter on Inconsistency of the
+        |        |   Inquirer          |   Government on Vaccination
+Oct. 27 | 1906   | Daily News          | Why Not British Guiana? Five
+        |        |                     |   Acres for 2s. 6d.
+Nov.    | 1906   | Independent Rev.    | The Native Problem in South
+        |        |                     |   Africa and Elsewhere
+Jan.    | 1907   | Fortnightly Rev.    | Personal Suffrage, a Rational
+        |        |                     |   System of Representation and
+        |        |                     |   Election
+Feb.    | 1907   | "                   | A New House of Lords
+        | 1907   |Harmsworth's "History| How Life became Possible on the
+        |        |   of the World"     |   Earth
+Sept. 13| 1907   | Public Opinion      | Letter on Sir W. Ramsay's
+        |        |                     |   Theory: Did Man reach his
+        |        |                     |   Highest Development in the
+        |        |                     |   Past?
+Jan. 1  | 1908   | N.Y. World          | Cable on Advance in Science in
+        |        |                     |   1907
+Jan. 18 | 1908   | Outlook             | Letter on Woman
+Jan.    | 1908   | Fortnightly Rev.    | Evolution and Character
+June and| 1908   | Socialist Rev.      | The Remedy for Unemployment
+  July  |        |                     |
+July    | 1908   | Times               | Letter on the First Paper on
+        |        |                     |   Natural Selection
+July    | 1908   | Delineator          | Are the Dead Alive?
+Aug. 14 | 1908   | Public Opinion      | Is it Peace or War? A Reply
+Aug.    | 1908   | Contemp. Rev.       | Present Position of Darwinism
+Sept.   | 1908   | New Age             | Letter on Nationalisation, not
+        |        |                     |   Purchase, of Railways
+Dec.    | 1908   | Contemp. Rev.       | Darwinism _v._ Wallaceism
+Christ  | 1908   | Christian           | On the Abolition of Want
+   -mas |        |   Commonwealth      |
+Jan. 22 | 1909   | Royal Institution   | The World of Life, as
+        |        |                     |   Visualised, etc., by
+        |        |                     |   Darwinism
+Feb.    | 1909   | Clarion pamphlet    | The Remedy for Unemployment
+        |        |   (? Socialist Rev.)|
+Feb. 6  | 1909   | Daily News          | Flying Machines in War
+Feb. 12 | 1909   | Daily Mail          | Charles Darwin (Centenary)
+Feb. 12 | 1909   | Clarion             | The Centenary of Darwin
+March   | 1909   | Fortnightly Rev.    | The World of Life (revised
+        |        |                     |   Lecture)
+April 8 | 1909   | Daily News          | Letter on Aerial Fleets
+April 8 | 1910   | "                   | Man in the Universe
+Oct. 14 | 1910   | Public Opinion      | A New Era in Public Opinion
+Jan. 25 | 1912   | Daily Chronicle     | Letter on the Insurance Act
+Aug. 9  | 1912   | Daily News          | A Policy of Defence
+Sept.   | 1912   | ----                | The Nature and Origin of Life
+
+
+III.--LETTERS, REVIEWS, ETC., IN "NATURE"
+
+--------+----------+------+--------------------------------------------
+  VOL.  |   PAGE   | DATE |                 SUBJECT
+--------+----------+------+--------------------------------------------
+  I.    |      105 | 1869 | Origin of Species Controversy
+  "     |      132 |   "  |      "         "        "
+  "     | 288, 315 | 1870 | Government Aid to Science
+  "     | 399, 452 |   "  | Measurement of Geological Time
+  "     |      501 |   "  | Hereditary Genius
+  II.   |       82 |   "  | Pettigrew's "Handy Book of Bees"
+  "     |      234 |   "  | A Twelve-wired Bird of Paradise
+  "     |      350 |   "  | Early History of Mankind
+  "     |      465 |   "  | Speech on the Arrangement of Specimens
+        |          |   "  |   in a Natural History Museum (British
+        |          |   "  |   Association)
+  "     |      510 |   "  | Glaciation of Brazil
+ III.   |    8, 49 |   "  | Man and Natural Selection
+  "     |  85, 107 |   "  |      "         "        "
+  "     |      165 |   "  | Mimicry versus Hybridity
+  "     |      182 | 1871 | Leroy's "Intelligence and Perfectibility of
+        |          |      |   Animals"
+  "     |      309 |   "  | Theory of Glacial Motion
+  "     |      329 |   "  | Duncan's "Metamorphoses of Insects"
+  "     |      385 |   "  | Dr. Bevan's "Honey Bee"
+  "     |      435 |   "  | Anniversary Address at the Entomological
+        |          |   "  |   Society
+  "     |      466 |   "  | Sharpe's Monograph of the Alcedinidæ
+ IV.    |       22 |   "  | Staveley's "British Insects"
+  "     |      178 |   "  | Dr. Bastian's Work on the Origin of Life
+  "     |      181 |   "  | H. Howorth's Views on Darwinism
+  "     |      221 |   "  |      "         "        "
+  "     |      222 |   "  | Recent Neologisms
+  "     |      282 |   "  | Canon Kingsley's "At Last"
+  V.    |      350 | 1872 | The Origin of Insects
+  "     |      363 |   "  | Ethnology and Spiritualism
+ VI.    |      237 |   "  | The Last Attack on Darwinism (Reviews)
+  "     | 284, 299 |   "  | Bastian's "Beginnings of Life"
+  "     |      328 |   "  | Ocean Circulation
+  "     |      407 |   "  | Speech on Diversity of Evolution (British
+        |          |      |    Association)
+  "     |      469 |   "  | Houzeau's "Faculties of Man and
+        |          |      |   Animals"
+ VII.   |       68 |   "  | Misleading Cyclopædias
+  "     |      277 | 1873 | Modern Applications of the Doctrine of
+  "     |          |      |   Natural Selection (Reviews)
+  "     |      303 |   "  | Inherited Feeling
+  "     |      337 |   "  | J.T. Moggridge's "Harvesting Ants and
+        |          |      |   Trapdoor Spiders"
+  "     |      461 |   "  | Cave Deposits of Borneo
+VIII.   |        5 | 1873 | Natural History Collections in the East
+        |          |      |   India Museum
+  "     |  65, 302 |   "  | Perception and Instinct In the Lower
+  "     |          |      |   Animals
+  "     |      358 |   "  | Dr. Page's Textbook on Physical Geography
+  "     |      429 |   "  | Works on African Travel (Reviews)
+  "     |      462 |   "  | Lyell's "Antiquity of Man"
+IX.     |      102 |   "  | Dr. Meyer's Exploration of New Guinea
+  "     |      218 | 1874 | Belt's "Naturalist in Nicaragua"
+  "     |      258 |   "  | David Sharp's "Zoological Nomenclature"
+  "     | 301, 403 |   "  | Animal Locomotion
+X.      |      459 |   "  | Migration of Birds
+  "     |      502 |   "  | Automatism of Animals
+XII.    |       83 | 1875 | Lawson's "New Guinea"
+XIV.    |      403 | 1876 | Opening Address in Biology Section, British
+  "     |          |      |   Association
+  "     |      473 |   "  | Erratum in Address to Biology Section,
+  "     |          |      |   British Association
+  "     |       24 |   "  | Reply to Reviewers of "Geographical
+  "     |          |      |   Distribution of Animals"
+  "     |      174 |   "  | "Races of Men"
+  "     |      274 | 1877 | Glacial Drift in California
+  "     |      431 |   "  | The "Hog-wallows" of California
+XVI.    |      548 |   "  | Zoological Relations of Madagascar and
+  "     |          |      |   Africa
+XVII.   |        8 |   "  | Mr. Wallace and Reichenbach's Odyle
+  "     |       44 |   "  | The Radiometer and its Lessons
+  "     |       45 |   "  | Bees Killed by Tritoma
+  "     |      100 |   "  | The Comparative Richness of Faunas and
+  "     |          |      |   Floras tested Numerically
+  "     |      101 |   "  | Mr. Crookes and Eva Fay
+  "     |      182 | 1878 | Northern Affinities of Chilian Insects
+XVIII.  |      193 |   "  | A Twenty Years' Error in the Geography of
+  "     |          |      |   Australia
+XIX.    |        4 |   "  | Remarkable Local Colour-Variation in
+  "     |          |      |   Lizards
+  "     | 121, 244 |   "  | The Formation of Mountains
+  "     |      289 | 1879 |      "         "        "
+  "     |      477 |   "  | Organisation and Intelligence
+  "     | 501, 581 |   "  | Grant Allen's "Colour Sense"
+  "     |      582 |   "  | Did Flowers Exist during the
+        |          |      |   Carboniferous Epoch
+XX.     |      141 |   "  | Butler's "Evolution, Old and New"
+  "     |      501 |   "  | McCook's "Agricultural Ants of Texas"
+  "     |      625 |   "  | Reply to Reviewers of Wallace's
+  "     |          |      |   "Australasia"
+XXI.    |      562 | 1880 | Reply to Everett on Wallace's "Australasia"
+XXII.   |      141 |   "  |   Two Darwinian Essays
+XXIII.  | 124, 217,|   "  | Geological Climates
+        |      266 |      |
+  "     | 152, 175 |   "  | New Guinea
+  "     |      169 |   "  | Climates of Vancouver Island and
+  "     |          |   "  |   Bournemouth
+  "     |      195 |   "  | Correction of an Error in "Island Life"
+XXIV.   |      242 | 1881 | Tyler's "Anthropology"
+XXIV.   |      437 | 1881 | Weismann's "Studies in the Theory of
+        |          |      |   Descent"
+XXV.    |        3 |   "  | Carl Bock's "Head-Hunters of Borneo"
+  "     |      381 | 1882 | Grant Allen's "Vignettes from Nature"
+  "     |      407 |   "  | Houseman's "Story of Our Museum"
+XXVI.   |       52 |   "  | Weismann's "Studies in the Theory of
+        |          |      |   Descent"
+  "     |       86 |   "  | Müller's "Difficult Cases of Mimicry"
+XXVII.  |      481 | 1883 |      "         "        "
+  "     |      482 |   "  | On the Value of the Neo-arctic as One of the
+        |          |      |   Primary Zoological Regions
+XXVIII. |      293 |   "  | W.F. White's "Ants and their Ways"
+XXXI.   |      552 | 1885 | Colours of Arctic Animals
+XXXII.  |      218 |   "  | H.O. Forbes's "A Naturalist's Wanderings
+        |          |      |   in the Eastern Archipelago"
+XXXIII. |      170 | 1886 | Victor Hehn's "Wanderings of Plants and
+        |          |      |   Animals"
+XXXIV.  |      333 |   "  | H.S. Gorham's "Central American Entomology"
+  "     |      467 |   "  | Physiological Selection and the Origin of
+        |          |      |   Species
+XXXV.   |      366 | 1887 | Mr. Romanes on Physiological Selection
+XXXVI.  |      530 |   "  | The British Museum and the American
+        |          |      |   Museums
+XXXIX.  |      611 | 1889 | Which are the Highest Butterflies? (Quotations
+        |          |      |   from Letter of W.H. Edwards)
+XL.     |      619 |   "  | Lamarck _versus_ Weismann
+XLI.    |       53 |   "  | Protective Coloration of Eggs
+XLII.   |      289 | 1890 | E.B. Poulton's "Colours of Animals"
+  "     |      295 |   "  | Birds and Flowers
+XLIII.  |  79, 150 |   "  | Romanes on Physiological Selection
+  "     |      337 | 1891 | C. Lloyd Morgan's "Animal Life and
+        |          |      |   Intelligence"
+  "     |      396 |   "  | Remarkable Ancient Sculptures from North-West
+        |          |      |   America
+XLIV.   |      529 |   "  | David Syme's "Modification of Organisms"
+XLVI.   |      518 |   "  | Variation and Natural Selection
+XLV.    |       31 |   "  | Topical Selection and Mimicry
+  "     |      553 | 1892 | W.H. Hudson's "The Naturalist in La
+        |          |      |   Plata"
+XLVI.   |       56 |   "  | Correction in "Island Life"
+XLVII.  |       55 |   "  | An Ancient Glacial Epoch in Australia
+  "     | 175, 227 |   "  | The Earth's Age
+  "     |      437 | 1893 | The Glacial Theory of Alpine Lakes
+  "     |      483 |   "  | W.H. Hudson's "Idle Days in Patagonia
+XLVIII. |       27 |   "  | H.O. Forbes's Discoveries in the Chatham
+        |          |      |   Islands
+  "     |       73 |   "  | Intelligence of Animals
+  "     |      198 |   "  | The Glacier Theory of Alpine Lakes
+  "     |      267 |   "  | The Non-inheritance of Acquired Characters
+  "     |      389 |   "  | Pre-natal Influences on Character
+  "     |      390 |   "  | Habits of South African Animals
+  "     |      589 |   "  | The Supposed Glaciation of Brazil
+XLIX.   |      3   | 1893 | The Recent Glaciation of Tasmania
+ "      |  52, 101 |  "   | Sir W. Howorth on "Geology in Nubibus"
+ "      |     53   |  "   | Recognition Marks
+ "      | 197, 220 | 1894 | The Origin of Lake Basins
+ "      |    333   |  "   | J.H. Stirling's "Darwinianism, Workmen and
+        |          |      |   Work"
+ "      |    549   |  "   | B. Kidd's "Social Evolution"
+ "      |    610   |  "   | What are Zoological Regions? (Read at Cambridge
+        |          |      |   Natural Science Club)
+L.      |    196   |  "   | Panmixia and Natural Selection
+ "      |    541   |  "   | Nature's Method in the Evolution of Life
+LI.     |    533   | 1895 | Tan Spots over Dogs' Eyes
+ "      |    607   |  "   | The Age of the Earth
+LII.    |      4   |  "   | Uniformitarianism in Geology
+ "      |    386   |  "   | H. Dyer's "Evolution of Industry"
+ "      |    415   |  "   | The Discovery of Natural Selection
+LIII.   |    220   | 1896 | The Cause of an Ice Age
+ "      |    317   |  "   | The Astronomical Theory of a Glacial Period
+ "      |    553   |  "   | E.D. Cope's "Primary Factors of Organic
+        |          |      |   Evolution"
+ "      |    553   |  "   | G. Archdall Reid's "Present Evolution of Man"
+LV.     |    289   | 1897 | E.B. Poulton's "Charles Darwin and the Theory
+        |          |      |   of Natural Selection"
+LIX.    |    246   | 1899 | The Utility of Specific Characters
+LXI.    |    273   | 1900 | Is New Zealand a Zoological Region?
+LXVII.  |    296   | 1903 | Genius and the Struggle for Existence
+LXXV.   |    320   | 1907 | Fertilisation of Flowers by Insects
+LXXVI.  |    293   |  "   | The "Double Drift" Theory of Star Motions
+=======+==========+======+=================================================
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+A
+
+"Acclimatisation," Wallace's article on, ii. 11
+
+Acquired characters, non-inheritance of (_see_ Non-inheritance)
+
+Africa, flora of, i. 309
+
+Agassiz, Louis, attacks Darwin's "Origin of Species," i. 142;
+  glacial theories of, 176;
+  on diversity of human races, ii. 28
+
+Alexandria, Wallace at, i. 45-7
+
+Allbutt, Sir Clifford, theory of generation, i. 214
+
+Allen, Charles (Wallace's assistant), i. 39, 40, 46, 48, 49, 51, 53, 54,
+    60, 79
+
+---- Grant, on origin of wheat, ii. 46;
+  Wallace and, 219
+
+Alpine plants, i. 210, 311
+
+Amazon and Rio Negro, Wallace's exploration of, i. 26-30
+
+Amboyna, Wallace at, i. 106
+
+America, Wallace's lecture tour in, ii. 14
+
+"Anatomy of Expression," Bell's, i. 182
+
+"Ancient Britain and the Invasions of Julius Cæsar," Holmes's, ii. 86
+
+Angræcum sesquipedale, i. 189 (note)
+
+Animals and plants, distribution of, Darwin's views, i. 131
+
+"---- ---- under Domestication," i. 112
+
+---- geographical distribution of, i. 94, 136;
+  migration of, Lyell's theory, ii. 19
+
+"Antarctic Voyage," Scott's, ii. 82
+
+"Anthropology," Tyler's, Wallace's review of, ii. 65;
+  his interest in, 231 _et seq._
+
+Antiseptic treatment, medical opposition to, ii. 241
+
+Ants, instincts of, i. 279
+
+Apis testacea, i. 146
+
+Archebiosis, i. 274-6
+
+Argus pheasant, i. 230, 289, 292
+
+Argyll, Duke of, i. 189, 313, 315, ii. 23;
+  his theory of flight, 25-7
+
+Arnold, Matthew, on Darwin's theory, ii. 228
+
+Aru Islands, distribution of animals in, i. 132;
+  productions of, 161
+
+---- pig, i. 160, 161, 162
+
+Astronomy, Wallace's works on, ii. 167 _et seq._;
+  lectures at Davos on, 168
+
+"Australasia," Wallace's, i. 42
+
+Australia, fauna and flora of, ii. 10, 20, 32-3
+
+---- Wallace invited to lecture in, ii. 155
+
+Avebury, Lord, i. 122, 137, 164;
+  signs memorial to City Corporation in Wallace's favour, 303;
+  and the Civil List pension to Wallace, 305
+
+---- letter from, on Wallace's biography, and Spiritualism, ii. 212
+
+Azores, birds of, i. 138;
+  orchids of, 311
+
+
+B
+
+"Bad Times," Wallace's, ii. 109, 143
+
+Baer, von, ii. 96
+
+Bahamas, flora of, ii. 33
+
+Baker, J.G., on alpine plants of Madagascar, i. 311-12
+
+Balfour, Francis, i. 315
+
+Bali, fauna of, ii. 19-20
+
+Ball, Sir Robert, on solar nebula, ii. 174
+
+"Barnacles," Darwin's, ii. 2
+
+Barrett, Sir W.F., paper on "Phenomena associated with Abnormal Conditions
+    of the Mind," ii. 195;
+  on Wallace as lecturer, 201;
+  inquiry into dowsing, etc., 205;
+  invites Wallace's criticism of "Creative Thought," 212;
+  last visit to Wallace, 248-9
+
+---- letters from: on Presidency of Psychical Research Society,
+    ii. 210-11;
+  on a Supreme Directive Power, 213-14
+
+Bartlett, on colouring of male birds, i. 302
+
+Bates, F., i. 69
+
+---- H.W., i. 24, 25;
+  explores the Amazon, 26-30
+
+---- ---- letter from, on "Law regulating Introduction of New
+    Species," i. 64
+
+Bates's caterpillar, i. 178, 253
+
+Bateson, Prof., Sir W.T. Thiselton-Dyerson, ii. 91
+
+---- "Material for Study of Variation," ii. 60-1
+
+Bats, fruit-eating, i. 57
+
+_Beagle_, Darwin's voyage in the, i. 19, 31, 32, 33, 43
+
+"------, Voyage of the," i. 31, 32, 34, ii. 2
+
+Bee's cell, Prof. Haughton's paper on the, i. 148
+
+Bees' combs, i. 135;
+  a honeycomb from Timor, 143, 146
+
+Beetles, Darwin's zeal for collecting, i. 18;
+  Wallace's study of, 24;
+  South American, 30;
+  Wallace's collection of, 38,114
+
+"Beginnings of Life," Bastian's, i. 274
+
+Bell, Sir C., i. 182
+
+Belt, Mr., glacial theory of, i. 298
+
+Bendyshe, Mr., i. 165
+
+Bennett, A.W., i. 253
+
+Bentham, G., i. 219
+
+Bergson, Wallace on, ii. 98
+
+Bermuda, birds of, i. 138
+
+Best, Miss Dora, letter to, on Welsh offer of a degree to Wallace, ii. 222
+
+Biology and geographical distribution, Wallace's works on, ii. 1-17;
+  correspondence on, 18-102
+
+---- "Grand Old Men" of, ii. 12 (note)
+
+Birch, Mr. F., ii. 177, 223-4
+
+Bird of paradise, i. 41, 44, 238, 261
+
+Birds, flight of, i. 145-6, ii. 25 _et seq._;
+  colour problem of, i. 184, 185, 212, 226-9, 230, 252, 289 (note), 302;
+  polygamous, 194, 199;
+  migration of, ii. 19, 20;
+  instincts of, 54
+
+Birds' nests, i. 134, 191, 212, 213, 252
+
+"---- ---- and Plumage," Wallace's, i. 191
+
+"---- ---- Philosophy of," Wallace's, i. 212, ii. 6, 8
+
+Blackbird, crested, i. 163
+
+Blainville, D., i. 162
+
+Blandford, H.F., i. 290
+
+Blood relationship, Galton on, i. 277
+
+Blyth, E., i. 132
+
+Blytt, Axel, essay on plants of Scandinavia, i. 293
+
+Borneo, Wallace's collections from, i. 61;
+  cave exploration, 152
+
+---- Company, i. 38, 39, 40
+
+Boston (U.S.A.), Wallace's lectures at, ii. 15
+
+Botany, Darwin's study of, at Cambridge, i. 17;
+  Wallace's study of, 20, 21, ii. 106
+
+"----, Elements of," Lindley's, i. 21
+
+Brazil, Wallace's explorations in, i. 29
+
+Bree, Dr., i. 271 (note), 272-3
+
+British Museum, original of Wallace letter in, i. 73
+
+Broadstone, funeral of Wallace at, ii. 252
+
+Bronn, H.G., translates "Origin of Species" into German, i. 141
+
+Brooke, Capt., i 52
+
+---- H. Jamyn, ii. 175
+
+---- Sir James, i. 39, 52, 59-60, 152, 238
+
+Bruce-Joy, Mr., portrait-medallion of Wallace, ii. 122, 254
+
+Buckle, Rev. G., article by, on Lyell's "Principles," i. 232
+
+Buckley, Miss (Mrs. Fisher), i. 260, 264, 313, 316, 319, ii. 40, 89, 90;
+  reviews "Descent of Man," i. 264
+
+Budd, Dr. Richard, ii. 58
+
+Buffon and Evolution, i. 1
+
+Buru, Wallace's collection of birds from, ii. 3
+
+Bustards, i. 146
+
+Butler, Samuel, "Life and Habit," ii. 102
+
+Butterflies, Wallace's study of, i. 24;
+  of South America, 30;
+  of Malay Archipelago, 41-2;
+  protective adaptation of, 140;
+  variation and distribution of, 149;
+  mimetic, 167, 168, 176, 178, 189 (note), 200, 213, 217, 224, 254, 300;
+  sexual selection of, 179, 260 (note);
+  flight of, ii, 26
+
+
+C
+
+Cambridge, Darwin at, i. 16, 17
+
+---- Philosophical Society, attacks on "Origin of Species" at, i. 142
+
+Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry, ii. 146
+
+Carbon, deposits of, i. 298
+
+Carlyle, Thomas, ii. 228
+
+Carpenter, Dr., his controversies with Wallace, ii. 195, 198
+
+Carroll, Lewis, Wallace's quotations from, ii. 105
+
+Casuarius, query from Darwin on, i. 239
+
+Caterpillars, colouring of, i. 178, 179, 183, 236, 260, 270, 299
+
+Celebes, i. 138, 237, 289;
+  geological distribution in, 168
+
+"Cessation of selection," ii. 52
+
+Chambers, Robert, i. 114, 116, 244
+
+Child's "Root Principles," ii. 83
+
+Clairvoyance, ii. 200, 208, 211. (_See also_ Spiritualism)
+
+Claparède, critique of, on Wallace's "Natural Selection," i. 253, 254
+
+Clarke, Prof., attacks Darwin at Cambridge Philosophical Society, i. 142
+
+Clarkson, Thomas, ii. 225
+
+Cleistogamic flowers, i. 298
+
+Climates, geological, Wallace's theory of, i. 306
+
+Climatic conditions, plants and, i. 130
+
+"Climbing Plants, Movements and Habits of," Darwin's, i, 285, ii. 2
+
+Coal, export duties on, Wallace's view of, ii. 250
+
+Cockerell, Sydney C., ii. 161
+
+---- Theo. D.A., ii. 49;
+  and the Darwin Celebration at Cambridge, 226;
+  first personal relations with Wallace, 233-5
+
+"Coleoptera Atlantidum," Wollaston's, ii. 22-3
+
+"Colin Clout's Calendar," ii. 46
+
+Coloration, protective, i. 156, 177, 178-9, 181, 183, 184, 185-6,
+    201, 220, 221, 224 _et seq._, 260, 270, 298, ii. 4, 11,
+    85. (_See also_ Protection, Mimicry)
+
+Colour-adaptability, ii. 56
+
+Confucius, Wallace's appreciation of, ii. 152
+
+Conscience, evolution of, i. 263
+
+"Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection," Wallace's, i. 94,
+    250, 252, ii. 5, 6
+
+Cooke, Kate, medium, ii. 193, 194, 195
+
+Co-operation, Wallace on, ii. 151-2
+
+Cope, E.D., ii. 47
+
+Copley Medals awarded to Wallace, ii. 128, 222
+
+Coral islands, Lyell on, ii. 22
+
+"---- Reefs," Darwin's, ii. 2
+
+---- snakes, i. 187
+
+Crawford, Marion, one of Wallace's favourite authors, ii. 131
+
+"Creation by Law," Wallace's article on, i. 188, 192, ii. 6
+
+"Creative Thought," Sir Wm. Barrett's, ii. 212-13, 249
+
+"Creed of Science," Graham's, i. 318
+
+Croll, James, i. 242, 305, 313, ii. 5, 13
+
+Crookes, Sir W., and psychical research, ii. 87, 189, 191, 205;
+  and Westminster Abbey memorial to Wallace, 253
+
+Cross- and self-fertilisation, i. 169, 297, ii. 46
+
+"Cross Unions of Dimorphic Plants," Darwin's, i. 218
+
+"Crossing Plants," Darwin's, i. 296
+
+Crotch, G., i. 262
+
+
+D
+
+"Darwin and After Darwin," Romanes', ii. 50
+
+"---- and his Teachings," i. 170
+
+"---- and 'The Origin,'" Poulton's, ii. 88 (note)
+
+----, Charles, i. 1, 2;
+  birth of, 5;
+  autobiography, 5, 23 (note);
+  ancestors, 6;
+  at Shrewsbury Grammar School, 12;
+  natural history tastes, 12;
+  as angler, 12;
+  egg-collecting, 12;
+  humanity of, 13;
+  leaves Shrewsbury Grammar School, 15;
+  fondness for shooting, 16;
+  at Cambridge, 16;
+  medical studies, 16;
+  theological studies, 17, ii. 184;
+  tours in North Wales, i. 18;
+  beetle-hunting, 18, 114;
+  voyage in the _Beagle_, 18;
+  theory of Natural Selection, 102, 107;
+  reading, 103;
+  visits Maer and Shrewsbury, 103;
+  experiments, 103;
+  Huxley and, 104;
+  at work on Species and Varieties, 107;
+  at Down, 109;
+  receives presentation copy of Spencer's Essays, 124;
+  appreciation of Wallace's magnanimity, 134, 137, 139, 141, 153,
+    164, 242, 252, 287, 304;
+  falls from his horse, 243;
+  on Wallace's review of "Descent of Man," 260-2;
+  criticism of Wallace's "Geographical Distribution," 286, 289;
+  at Dorking, 288;
+  promotes memorial to City Corporation in favour of Wallace, 303;
+  acknowledgment of "Island Life," 307-8;
+  on migration of plants, 307 (note), 312;
+  memorial to Gladstone on behalf of Wallace, 313;
+  death of, 318
+
+Darwin, Charles, letters to Wallace:
+  On "Law regulating Introduction of New Species," etc., i. 106, ii. 129;
+  on distribution of animals, i. 133;
+  on his "Origin of Species," etc., 134, 136;
+  on Wallace's "Zoological Geography of the Malay Archipelago," 137;
+  inviting Wallace's opinion of the "Origin," 139;
+  on protective adaptation of butterflies, 140;
+  on Press reviews of "Origin," 141, 144;
+  on theory of flight, 146;
+  on Wallace as reviewer, 148;
+  on Wallace's "Variation" and his paper on Man, 153;
+  on sexual selection, 159;
+  on Wallace's papers on pigeons and parrots, 160;
+  on the Aru pig, 162;
+  on the crested blackbird, etc., 163;
+  on Wallace's "Pigeons of Malay Archipelago" and dimorphism, 166;
+  on the non-blending of varieties, 169;
+  on the term "survival of the fittest," 174;
+  on sexual differences in fishes, 177;
+  on colour of caterpillars, 178;
+  on coloration and expression in man, 179;
+  on sexual selection and expression, 182;
+  on scheme for his work on Man, 183;
+  on laws of inheritance, etc., 185;
+  on Wallace's "Mimicry," 187;
+  on Wallace's reply to Duke of Argyll, 189;
+  on sexual selection and collateral points, 194;
+  on pangenesis and sterility of hybrids, 197;
+  on production of natural hybrids, etc., 201;
+  on sexual selection, 204, 206, 207;
+  on northern alpine flora, 211;
+  on Wallace's article on "Birds' Nests," and on mimetic butterflies, 212;
+  on Sir Clifford Allbutt's sperm-cell theory, and on female protected
+    butterflies, 214;
+on Wallace's "Protective Resemblance," 216;
+  on dimorphic plants and colour protection, 220;
+  on the colour problem of birds, 225, 229, 231;
+  on fifth edition of "Origin of Species," 233;
+  on single variations, 234;
+  on Wallace's "Malay Archipelago," 235, 237, 240;
+  on Wallace's review of Lyell's "Principles," 242;
+  on baffling sexual characters, 245;
+  on Wallace's paper, "Geological Time," 250;
+  on Wallace's views on Man, 250, 251;
+  on Wallace's "Natural Selection," 252;
+  on Wallace's criticism of Bennett's paper, 253;
+  on his "Descent of Man" and St. G. Mivart, 257;
+  on Wallace's review of "Descent of Man," 260;
+  on Chauncey Wright's criticism of Mivart, 264;
+  on a _Quarterly_ review, 269, 291;
+  on Fritz Müller's letter on mimicry, 270;
+  on Dr. Bree, 271, 272;
+  on Bastian's "Beginnings of Life," 274, 278;
+  on ants, 279;
+  criticising Wallace's review of "Expression of the Emotions," 280;
+  on Spencer and politics, 283;
+  on Utricularia, 284;
+  on Wallace's "Geographical Distribution of Animals," 286, 289, 292;
+  on Wallace's article on Colours of Animals, etc., 299;
+  on Wallace's "Origin of Species and Genera," 304;
+  on Wallace's "Island Life," 307;
+  on land migration of plants, 312;
+  on memorial for Wallace pension, 314, 315;
+  on mimicry, 316;
+  on political economy and "Creed of Science," 318;
+  on land question, 319
+----, Erasmus, i. 6; on the Wallace-Darwin episode, 127
+
+---- Sir Francis, and "Life and Letters of Charles Darwin," i. 118, 119,
+    120, 122
+
+---- Sir G., Expulsion theory of, ii. 180
+
+----, Mr. Horace, letter from his father, on discoverers, ii. 242 (note)
+
+---- Major Leonard, i. 145, 146
+
+---- Dr. Robert Waring, i. 6, 18
+
+"Darwinism," Wallace's, i, 212, 218, ii. 2, 14, 15, 75, 90, 109;
+  plan of, 15-17;
+  Spencer's objection to title, 47
+
+Davos, Wallace's lecture at, ii. 204
+
+Dawson, Sir J.W., attack on Natural Selection, i. 142
+
+De Rougemont, Wallace on, ii. 76
+
+De Vries on mutation, ii. 80, 96
+
+Decaisne's paper on flora of Timor, i. 236
+
+Deformities, article on, in Chambers's Encyclopedia, ii. 57
+
+Dendrobium devonianum, i. 23
+
+Denudation, theory of, i. 250, 309, ii. 71, 72, 73
+
+Deposition, theory of, i. 309, ii. 72, 73
+
+"Descent of Man," Darwin's, i. 152, 255, 259, 284, 289 (note), ii. 2, 34;
+  review in _Pall Mall Gazette_, i. 263;
+    in _Spectator_, 263
+
+"Development of Human Races under Law of Natural Selection," Wallace's, ii.
+    6, 183
+
+"Different Forms of Flowers and Plants of the Same Species," Darwin's, i.
+    298, ii. 2
+
+Dimorphism, i. 167, 202, 220
+
+Dipsomania, Wallace on, ii. 68
+
+Discontinuous variation, ii. 62, 63
+
+Disuse, physiological effects of, i. 69
+
+Divining rod, experiments with, ii. 205, 206-8, 211
+
+Dixey, Dr., ii. 79
+
+Domestic selection (_see_ Selection, domestic)
+
+Domestication, variation under, i. 192
+
+Dowsing for water, etc., ii. 205, 206-8, 211
+
+Dunraven, Lord, and psychical research, ii. 199
+
+"Duration of Life," Weismann's, ii. 44, 45
+
+Dyaks, i. 55, 59
+
+
+E
+
+Earl, W., on distribution of animals in Malay Archipelago, i. 138
+
+"Early History of Mankind," Tylor's, i. 164, 165
+
+Earth, formation of, ii. 179;
+  Wallace's views on, 168 _et seq._
+
+"Earthworms," Darwin's, i. 320, ii. 2
+
+Edinburgh, Darwin in, i. 16, 17
+
+Education, Wallace's views of, ii. 147
+
+Edwards, W.H., "Voyage up the Amazon," i. 25
+
+Eight hours' day, Wallace on, ii. 156
+
+"Encyclopedia of Plants," London's, i. 21, 23, 92
+
+Entomological Society, i. 35;
+  discussion on mimicry at, 176;
+  Wallace's Presidential Address to, 126
+
+Eocene Period, i. 308, 312
+
+Epping Forest, superintendency of, Wallace and, i. 302-4, 306
+
+Erotylidæ, i. 65
+
+Erskine of Linlathen on evolution, ii. 228
+
+"Essays on Evolution," Poulton's, ii. 61 (note), 79 (note), 84, 85
+
+"---- upon Heredity," Weismann's, ii. 45, 51, 52
+
+Eugenics, ii. 160, 246;
+  term disliked by Wallace, 150, 246;
+  and segregation of unfit, letter from Wallace on, 160
+
+Evans, Miss, ii. 226
+
+Evil, origin of, ii. 149
+
+Evolution, theory of, Lamarck and, i. 1, 109;
+  Lyell and, 76, 142, 239;
+  as conceived in "Vestiges of Creation," 91, 92 (note) _et seq._;
+  Darwin and, 103 _et seq._, 122-4;
+  notable converts to, 137, 139, 141, 219, 221, 239;
+  Wallace's views on, 240, 256, 294, ii. 78, 94, 95;
+  Sir W.T. Thiselton-Dyer on, 97, 185.
+  (_See also_ Selection)
+
+"---- and Adaptation," Morgan's, ii. 79
+
+---- and Mendelism, Wallace on, ii. 93
+
+"Evolution of the Stellar System, Researches on," ii. 178
+
+"---- Theories of," Poulton's, ii. 61
+
+"Evolutionist at Large," ii. 46
+
+"Expanse of Heaven," Proctor's, ii. 80
+
+"Exposition of Fallacies in the Hypotheses of Darwin," Bree's, i. 271
+  (note), 272-3
+
+"Expression, Anatomy of," Bell's, i. 182
+
+---- in the Malays, i. 182, 191
+
+"---- of the Emotions," Darwin's, i. 279, ii. 2;
+  review of, i. 280-1
+
+"Expressiveness of Speech, etc., in the Origin of Language," Wallace's,
+  ii. 65
+
+
+F
+
+Facsimile of Wallace's inscription on envelope containing his first
+  eight letters from Darwin, i. 128
+
+Faraday on Spiritualism, ii. 188
+
+Farmer, W.J., ii. 101
+
+Farrer, Mr., i. 304
+
+Fauna, British, i. 307
+
+Felis of Timor, i. 138
+
+Fellenberg and R.D. Owen, ii, 225
+
+Ferns, Lawrence on, ii. 40
+
+"Fertilisation of Orchids," Darwin's, i. 189 (note), ii. 2
+
+---- self- and cross-, i. 169, 297, ii. 46
+
+Finger-prints, Gallon's papers on, ii. 48-9
+
+"First Principles," Spencer's, Wallace's admiration of, i. 125
+
+Fish, sexual differences in, i. 178
+
+Fisher, Mrs. (_see_ Buckley, Miss)
+
+---- O., "Physics of the Earth's Crust," Wallace on, ii. 74
+
+FitzRoy, Capt., i. 33
+
+Flight, theory of, i. 145-6, ii. 25 _et seq._
+
+Flora, endemic, ii. 43
+
+"Floral Structures," Henslow's, ii. 46
+
+Flourens' criticism of Darwin's theory, i. 160
+
+Flowers, tropical, i. 238;
+  cleistogamic, 298
+
+Flustra, Darwin's article on larvæ of, i. 16
+
+Forbes, Dr. Henry, ii. 12 (note);
+  estimation of Wallace, 229-33, 239
+
+---- Prof., i. 96, 99, 100, 132, 139, 189, 248
+
+Forel and Darwin, i, 294, 296
+
+"Forms of Flowers," Darwin's, i. 298
+
+Fossils, i. 20
+
+"Foundations," Sir F. Darwin's, ii. 92
+
+Free trade and monopoly, Wallace's views on, ii. 152
+
+"Freeland," Wallace's opinion of, ii. 114
+
+"Fuel of the Sun," M. Williams's, i. 263-4
+
+
+G
+
+Galapagos Islands, i. 97, 103;
+  fauna of, i. 295, ii. 13
+
+Galaxias, i. 290
+
+Galton, Sir Francis, on heredity, ii. 45;
+  on organic stability, 60;
+  introduces term Eugenics, 246
+
+---- letter from, on finger-marks, ii. 48-9
+
+Gärtner, i. 195
+
+Geach, C., i. 79, 191, 245
+
+Geddes, Prof. Patrick, ii. 12 (note), 41, 43
+
+Geikie, Sir A., i. 122, ii. 71, 253
+
+General Enclosure Act, ii. 140
+
+"Genesis of Species," Mivart's, i. 257, 264, 265-7, 291, ii. 31
+
+Geodephaga, exotic, i. 69
+
+Geographical distribution and biology, Wallace's writings on, ii. 1-17;
+  correspondence on, 18-102
+
+"---- ---- of Animals," Wallace's, i. 42, 286, ii. 1-2, 8, 32, 233,
+286-7, 289-94
+
+"---- ---- of Mammals," Murray's, i. 181
+
+"---- ---- of Plants," Sir W.T. Thiselton-Dyer's, ii. 90
+
+Geographical distribution of plants and animals, i. 94, 95, ii. 13
+
+Geography, old-time teaching of, i. 11;
+  organic, 95;
+  zoological, ii. 9
+
+"Geological Climates and the Origin of Species," Wallace's, ii. 5
+
+---- distribution of plants and animals, i. 94, 95, 136
+
+"---- History of Man," Lyell's, i. 142
+
+"---- Observations on South America," Darwin's, ii. 2
+
+---- time, Wallace's paper on, i. 249
+
+Geology, Darwin's studies in, i. 16, 17
+
+George, Rt. Hon. D. Lloyd, Wallace's letter to, on the railway strike,
+    ii. 163;
+  Wallace's admiration of, 164-5, 249
+
+---- Henry, i. 17, 317;
+  meets Wallace, ii. 143
+
+"Germ Plasm," Weismann's, ii. 72
+
+"Germinal Selection," Weismann's, ii. 68, 70
+
+Glacial period, theory of, i. 149, 176, 177, 248, 251, 287, 298, 307,
+    308-10, ii. 6, 13
+
+Gladstone, W.E., recommends Wallace for a pension, i. 313
+
+---- letter from, on onomatopoeia, ii. 66-7
+
+Gould, Dr. Aug., on land shells, i. 133
+
+----, John, list of humming-birds, ii. 23;
+  Sclater's distrust of, 24
+
+Graham's "Creed of Science," i. 318
+
+Grant, Dr., article on Flustra, i. 16;
+  advocacy of Evolution by, 122
+
+Granville, Lord, ii. 67
+
+Gray, Asa, i. 76, 139;
+  defends Darwin, 142
+
+Great Exhibition of 1862, i. 79
+
+Greenell, Mary Ann (Mrs. T.V. Wallace), i. 9
+
+Growth, economy of, ii. 53
+
+Gurney, Edmund, and telepathy, ii. 200
+
+
+H
+
+Habinaria, i. 311
+
+"Habit and Intelligence," Murphy's, i. 246, 249
+
+Haeckel, Prof., and the Darwin-Wallace Jubilee, i. 120
+
+Hall, John, sends Wallace orchids from Buenos Ayres, ii. 129
+
+---- Spencer, lectures on mesmerism, ii. 182
+
+Hardinge, Mrs., medium, ii. 188, 189
+
+Hare, Prof. A., ii. 57
+
+Hart, Capt., i. 79
+
+Haughton, Prof. S., criticises Darwin's "Origin of Species," i. 142;
+  on "The Bee's Cell and Origin of Species," 148
+
+Haweis, Rev. H.R., ii. 204
+
+Hayward, Mr., i. 21, 92
+
+Heliconiidæ, i. 65
+
+Helmes, L.V., reminiscences of Wallace's visit to Sarawak, i. 38-40
+
+Hemsley, Dr. W.B., ii. 43
+
+Henderson, Rev. J.B., ii. 209
+
+Henslow, Prof., Darwin's friendship with, i. 17;
+  defends Darwin, 142
+
+Herdman, Mr., inaugural address to Liverpool Biological Society, ii. 45
+
+Heredity, Weismann's essays on, ii. 44-5, 51;
+  Galton on, 45
+
+Herschel, Sir J., i. 17
+
+Hertford Grammar School, i. 11, 14
+
+Heterogenesis, i. 274 (note), 275, 278
+
+Heterostyled plants, illegitimate offspring of, i. 298
+
+Hodgson's Psychical Research Report, ii. 203
+
+Holland, Sir H., on pangenesis, i. 197
+
+Holmes, T. Rice, ii. 86
+
+Home, D.D., medium, ii. 189, 199
+
+Home Rule, Wallace's advocacy of, ii. 152
+
+Homer, onomatopoeic examples in, ii. 66, 67
+
+Honeycomb sent by Wallace to Darwin, i. 143
+
+Hooker, Sir Joseph, birth of, i. 5, 76;
+  on oak trees, 56;
+  and the Darwin-Wallace joint paper, 71, 111, 113, 119, 134, 136, 137,
+    139;
+  receives the Darwin-Wallace Medal, 117;
+  speech at Darwin-Wallace jubilee, 117;
+  Darwin's appreciation of, 135, 137;
+  introduction to "Flora of Australia," 139;
+  on pangenesis, 197;
+  visits Darwin at Freshwater, 219;
+  signs memorial to City Corporation in Wallace's favour, 303;
+  opinion on Wallace's "Island Life," 307
+
+----, Sir Joseph, letters from:
+  on "Island Life," ii. 32-3;
+  acknowledging Wallace's "Life," etc., 82-3
+
+Hopkins's review of the "Origin of Species," i. 144
+
+Hopkinson, Prof. A., and Spiritualism, ii. 200
+
+Howorth, Sir H.H., on subsidence and elevation of land, i. 277
+
+Hubrecht, Prof., ii. 80;
+  alleges differences between Darwin and Wallace, 87
+
+Hudson's "Scientific Demonstration of a Future Life," ii. 203
+
+Huggins, Sir W., and psychical research, ii. 198, 199
+
+Hughes, Hugh Price, Wallace's opinion of, ii. 204
+
+---- letter from, on Wallace's "Justice, not Charity," ii. 157
+
+Humboldt's "Personal Narrative," i. 17, 164, 238
+
+Humming-birds, ii. 23, 24
+
+Huxley, T.H., i. 1, 5, 76, 116, 137;
+  meets Wallace, 35;
+  appreciation of Wallace, 94;
+  first interview with Darwin, 104;
+  and Herbert Spencer, 123;
+  and the memorial to Gladstone as to a pension for Wallace, 313;
+  and psychical research, ii. 198;
+  opinion as to Wallace joining Royal Society, 220;
+  on Henslow, 251
+
+---- letters from, declining Wallace's invitation to investigate
+  "curious phenomena," ii. 187-8
+
+Hybrids, sterility of, i. 130, 195 _et seq._;
+  and Natural Selection, 195 _et seq._;
+  infertility of, 297
+
+Hyder, Mr. J., ii. 161, 252
+
+Hyndman, Mr. H.M., letter from, acknowledging Wallace's birthday
+congratulations, ii. 164
+
+
+I
+
+"Ice-Marks in North Wales," Wallace's, i. 177
+
+"Illustrations of British Insects," i. 23 (note)
+
+"Immigration of Norwegian Flora," Blytt's, i. 293
+
+Immortality, Wallace's views on, ii. 176
+
+Indian Mutiny, i. 68
+
+Indians, American, Bates's opinion of, ii. 29
+
+Individual adaptability and natural selection, ii. 55
+
+"Insectivorous Plants," Darwin's, i. 284, 285, ii. 2
+
+Insects, migration of, Lyell on, ii. 19;
+  theory of flight, 26
+
+Instinct, Archdall Reid's views of, ii. 67
+
+"---- in Man and Animals," Wallace's, ii. 6
+
+"Introduction to Study of Natural Philosophy," Herschel's, i. 17
+
+"Is Mars Habitable?" Wallace's, ii. 172
+
+"Island Life," Wallace's, i. 42, 305, 306-7, ii. 5, 12-14, 32, 33, 72, 75
+
+Islands, continental, i. 305, ii. 12
+
+---- oceanic, i. 138, 210-12, 305, ii. 12
+
+
+J
+
+Jameson's lectures on geology and zoology in Edinburgh, i. 16
+
+Janet's "Materialism of the Present Day," i. 170, 172, 173, 175
+
+Jardine, Sir W., criticism of "Origin of Species," i. 142
+
+Java, birds of, i. 87;
+  flora of, 86;
+  mountains of, 85-6;
+  volcanoes of, 85, 86
+
+Jencken, Mrs., ii. 198
+
+Jenkin, Fleeming, on limitations to variation, i. 190;
+  Darwin on, 233, 234;
+  Wallace on, 234
+
+Jensen and De Rougemont, ii. 76
+
+Jessopp, Rev. Augustus, letter on land nationalisation, ii. 157
+
+Joan of Arc, works on, ii. 204
+
+Jones, Sir Rupert, on Miocene or Old Pliocene Man in India, ii. 62
+
+---- Mr. W. Braunston, birthday ode by, ii. 248
+
+Jordan, Mr., ii. 129
+
+Josiah Mason College, Birmingham, Wallace and, i. 306
+
+"Journal of Researches," Darwin's, i. 18, 25, 37, 43
+
+Judd, John W., and Wallace medallion, ii. 253
+
+Jukes, J.B., a supporter of Darwin, i. 141
+
+
+K
+
+Kane, Mrs., ii. 198
+
+Keltie, Dr. J. Scott, on Wallace's exploration in Brazil, i. 29
+
+Kelvin, Lord (_see_ Thomson, Sir W.)
+
+Kempe, Sir A.B., signs petition for Wallace memorial, ii. 253
+
+Keyerling and the Darwinian theory, i. 141
+
+Kidd, Mr. Benjamin, and "equality of opportunity," ii. 158
+
+Kingsley, Canon, letter to Wallace on "Malay Archipelago," ii. 30-1
+
+Knight, Prof., ii. 176;
+  his reminiscences of Wallace, 228
+
+Knollys, Lord, ii. 223
+
+Kolreuter, i. 195
+
+Krefft, Dr. G., i. 316
+
+Kropotkin, Prince, "Memoirs of a Revolutionist," i. 89
+
+
+L
+
+Lamarck and Evolution, i. 1, 109, 242
+
+Lambs, instincts of, ii. 54
+
+Land laws, Wallace and, ii. 140
+
+---- molluscs, Darwin on, i. 131, 132, 287, 292
+
+---- nationalisation, Wallace and, ii. 141
+
+---- ---- Society, foundation of, ii. 143
+
+"---- ----," Wallace's, i. 317, ii. 109, 143
+
+---- shells, i. 132, 133, 262
+
+---- Tenure Reform Association, Wallace and, ii. 143
+
+Lankester, Sir E. Ray, receives Darwin-Wallace Medal and speaks at
+    Jubilee celebration, i. 121;
+  replies to a Darwin Centenary article in the _Times_, ii. 89;
+  a signatory to Wallace memorial petition, 253
+
+Larmor, Sir J., and Wallace national memorial, ii. 253
+
+"Law regulating Introduction of New Species," Wallace's, i. 93, 94, 105,
+    129, ii. 6, 21
+
+Le Gallienne, Mr., meets Wallace, ii. 204
+
+Lecky's "Rationalism," Darwin on, i. 164;
+  Wallace on, 165-6
+
+"Lectures on Man," Lawrence's, i. 91
+
+Legge, Col., conveys to Wallace the Order of Merit, ii. 224
+
+Lemuria, continent of, i. 289
+
+Lepidoptera, colour-adaptability in, ii. 56
+
+Lewes, G.H., and pangenesis, i. 220;
+  and origin of species, 221
+
+Leyden Museum, i. 87
+
+"Lhasa," Waddell's, ii. 82
+
+Life after death, Wallace's belief in, ii. 181
+
+"---- and Habit," Samuel Butler's, ii. 102
+
+"---- and Letters of Charles Darwin," i. 118, 119, 120, 122-3, 127,
+    260 (note), 263 (note), 273 (note), 274 (note), ii. 184
+
+----, origin of, Spencer on, i. 125-6
+
+---- ---- Wallace's views on, ii. 168
+
+"Limits of Natural Selection as applied to Man," Wallace's, ii. 6
+
+Lindley, Dr., "Elements of Botany," i. 21;
+  article on orchids by, 23
+
+Linnean Society, Darwin-Wallace communication to, i. 71, 89, 109, 118,
+    122;
+  Jubilee of event, 110 _et seq._, ii. 127
+
+Lip-expression, efficacy of, ii. 67
+
+Littledale, Dr., reminiscences of Wallace, ii. 132-3, 136
+
+Lock's "Variation, Heredity, and Evolution," ii. 84
+
+Lodge, Sir Oliver, reply to Haeckel, ii. 83;
+  Romanes lecture, 178-80;
+  address at Psychical Research Society, 205;
+  and the national memorial to Wallace, 253
+
+Lombok, fauna of, ii. 19, 20
+
+Lönnberg, Prof., i. 122
+
+"Looking Backward," ii. 114
+
+Lophura viellottii, i. 230
+
+Loudon's "Encyclopedia of Plants," i. 21, 23, 92
+
+Lowell, Prof. Percival, "Mars and its Canals," ii. 172, 175-7
+
+Lubbock, Sir John (_see_ Avebury, Lord)
+
+Lunn, Sir H., meets Wallace, ii. 204
+
+Lyell, Sir C., birth of, i. 5;
+  and the Darwin-Wallace joint essay, 71, 109, 111, 113, 118, 119,
+    134, 136, 139, ii. 19;
+  as Evolutionist, i. 76, 142, 239;
+  on extinction of species, 98;
+  and Wallace's "Law regulating Introduction of New Species," 132;
+  defends Darwin, 142;
+  on pangenesis, 200;
+  and the "Fuel of the Sun," 263
+
+---- letters from:
+  on "Origin of Races of Man," ii. 18;
+  on geographical distribution, 19;
+  on Wallace's "Law regulating Introduction of Species," etc., 21;
+  on humming-birds, shells, etc., 23;
+  on Wallace's "Mimicry of Colours," 25;
+  on diversity of human races, 28-9;
+  on Wallace's "Malay Archipelago," 30;
+  on Wallace's "Geographical Distribution," 32
+
+Lyell, Sir Leonard, i. 120
+
+Lythrum, trimorphism of, i. 161, 169
+
+
+M
+
+McAndrew, Mr., on littoral shells of the Azores, ii. 24
+
+Macmahon, Dr. P.A., and the Wallace medallion, ii. 253
+
+Madagascar, i. 290 (note);
+  fauna of, 188, 189, 192, 293, 295;
+  flora of, 311-13
+
+Madeira, land shells in, i. 132;
+  birds in, 138
+
+"Maha Bharata," Wallace's appreciation of, ii. 116
+
+Malaria, Wallace on, ii. 241
+
+Malay Archipelago, Wallace's explorations in, i. 35-42;
+  distribution of animals in, 138
+
+"---- ----," Wallace's, i. 42, 121, 133, 140, 235, 237; ii. 30,
+    143, 159, 230, 231;
+  translations of, i. 245
+
+"Malayan Papilionidæ," Wallace's, i. 153, ii. 4, 6, 231
+
+Malthus on "Population," i. 103, 104, 111, 116, 136, 175, 317
+
+Man, influence of sexual selection on, i. 154, 155, 180, 181, 182, 183;
+  geographical distribution of, 156;
+  zoological classification of, 157;
+  original colour of, ii. 29.
+
+----, origin of, Darwin's views of, i. 154-5, 243
+  (_see also_ "Descent of Man")
+
+---- ---- Wallace's views of, i. 91-2, 152-3, 155 _et seq._, 221,
+    240, 243, 250, 256, ii. 31
+
+"Man's Place in the Universe," ii. 102, 120, 167, 170 _et seq._, 178
+
+Mantegazza, colour theory of, i. 299
+
+Marchant, James, ii. 100;
+  and the Wallace memorial, ii. 253;
+  letter from Bishop Ryle to, 254
+
+"Mars," Wallace's, ii. 122, 172-3, 175-7
+
+"---- and its Canals," Lowell's, ii. 172, 175-7
+
+Marshall, Mr. J.W., ii. 53, 209, 226
+
+---- Dr. W., i. 279
+
+Martineau, James, Darwin on Spencer's reply to, i. 272
+
+"Material for Study of Variation," Bateson's, ii. 60-1
+
+"Materialism of the Present Day," Janet's, i. 170, 172, 173, 175
+
+Maternal impressions, ii. 57-8
+
+Matthew, P., anticipates theory of Natural Selection, i. 116, 142
+
+Maw, Mr., reviews "Origin of Species," i. 144
+
+Melastoma, i. 150, 151
+
+Meldola, Prof. Raphael, lecture on Evolution by, i. 123;
+  death of, ii. 35;
+  criticism of Romanes' theory, 36;
+  on importance of "divergence," 41-2;
+  President of Entomological Society, 63;
+  reminiscences of Wallace, 226;
+  at Wallace's funeral, 252;
+  and the Abbey memorial, 253
+
+Mendelism, ii. 84;
+  Dr. Archdall Reid's view of, 85;
+  and Evolution, Wallace on, 93
+
+Menura superba, i. 183 (note)
+
+Mesmerism, Wallace and, i. 24, ii. 182
+
+Meyer, Dr. Adolf Bernhard, i. 248, 249
+
+Mias, i. 53, 56, 57, ii. 30
+
+Mill, John Stuart, invites Wallace to join Land Tenure Reform
+    Association, ii. 143
+
+Mill's "Siege of the South Pole," ii. 82
+
+Miller, Mr. Ben R., letter to, ii. 98
+
+Mimetic butterflies, i. 167, 168, 176, 178, 179, 189 (note), 200,
+    213, 217, 224, 254, 300
+
+"Mimicry, and Other Protective Resemblances," Wallace's, ii. 6, 8, 25
+
+"---- and Protective Colouring," Wallace's, i. 179, 187
+
+---- Bates's theory of, i. 225
+
+---- Darwin on, i. 316
+
+----, Wallace on, i. 167 (note), 168-9, 176
+
+Miocene Period, i. 294, 308, 309, 312
+
+"Miracles and Modern Spiritualism," Wallace's, ii. 11, 178, 183
+
+Missionaries, Wallace's and Darwin's impressions of, compared, i. 36-8;
+  Wallace on, 47, 50, 62-3
+
+Mitten, Miss, ii. 252
+
+---- Mr. William, ii. 35, 253
+
+Mivart, St. G., controversy with Mr. G. Darwin, i. 291;
+  his "Genesis of Species," 257-8, 264, 265-7, ii. 31
+
+Moluccas, birds of, ii. 3
+
+Monistic theory, ii. 177
+
+Monkeys, influence of, on distribution of pigeons and parrots,
+    i. 166 (note), 167
+
+Monopoly and free trade, Wallace on, ii. 152
+
+"More Letters," i. 127, 195, 288 (note), 312 (note)
+
+Morgan, Prof. Lloyd, Wallace on, ii. 67, 68
+
+---- T.H., "Evolution and Adaptation," ii. 79
+
+Morley, Mr. John (Lord), correspondence with, ii. 159
+
+Morton, Dr., on American race problem, ii. 28
+
+Moths, Jenner Weir's observations on, i. 179
+
+Mott, Mr., on Haeckel, i. 298;
+  on progression of races, ii. 86
+
+Mould, formation of, by agency of earthworms, i. 319
+
+Mount Ophir (Malay), i. 51
+
+Mouth-gesture as factor in origin of language, ii. 65
+
+"Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants," Darwin's, i. 285, 311, ii. 2
+
+Mailer, Fritz, "Für Darwin," i. 164;
+  on mimetic butterflies, 189 (note), 270, 300
+
+---- Hermann, i. 189 (note)
+
+Murchison, Sir Roderick, and Wallace, i. 36;
+  on Africa, 159
+
+Murphy, Mr. M.J., ii. 164
+
+Murphy's "Habit and Intelligence," Wallace's review of, i. 246, 249
+
+Murray, Andrew, attacks Darwin's "Origin of Species," i. 142;
+  opposes Trimen's views on mimetic butterflies, 201
+
+Murray's "Geographical Distribution of Mammals," i. 181
+
+Mutation theory, ii. 79, 84
+
+"My Life," Wallace's, i. 6, 10 (note), 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 29-30,
+    92 (note), 107, 125, 126, 127, 178, 253, 307 (note), 312 (note),
+    ii. 4, 5, 11, 12, 14, 81, 82, 149, 178, 202
+
+Myers, F.W.H., and telepathy, ii. 200, 202;
+  on Wallace as lecturer, 202
+
+---- letter from, on Vaccination pamphlet, the "Malay Archipelago," etc.,
+    ii. 202-3
+
+
+N
+
+Nägeli's essay on Natural Selection, i. 241
+
+Nathusius on the Aru pig, i. 162
+
+Natural Selection (_see_ Selection, natural)
+
+"---- ---- Action of, in producing Old Age, Decay, and Death," Wallace's,
+    ii. 44
+
+"---- ---- Contributions to the Theory of," Wallace's, i. 94, 250, 252,
+    ii. 5, 6
+
+"---- ---- from a Mathematical Point of View," Bennett's, i. 253
+
+Nebular hypothesis, Spencer's, i. 151;
+  Wallace on, ii. 174
+
+Neo-Lamarckians, ii. 47, 60, 64
+
+New Zealand, aborigines of, i. 239;
+  colonisation of, 290;
+  fauna and flora of, 291, 295, 305, 307, ii. 20, 33, 34
+
+"Newton of Natural History," the, i. 76
+
+Newton, Prof. A., i. 105, ii. 8, 36
+
+"Nicaragua," Belt's, ii. 36
+
+Non-inheritance of acquired characters, ii. 44-5, 54, 70, 71, 72, 73;
+  Prof. Poulton's address on, 79
+
+Norman, Dr., and Wallace, ii. 137
+
+Norris, Dr. Richard, i. 244, ii. 136
+
+---- Miss, ii. 136
+
+"Norwegian Flora, Immigration of," Blytt's, i. 293
+
+
+O
+
+Oceanic islands, colonisation of, i. 132, 133, 138, 290;
+  flora of, 210-212, 305
+
+Onomatopoeia, ii. 66
+
+Orang-utans, i. 53, 56, 57, ii. 30
+
+"Orchids," Darwin's, i. 143, 297
+
+---- Wallace's admiration of, i. 23, ii. 114;
+  epiphytal, i. 23;
+  of the Azores, 311
+
+"Origin of Species," Darwin's, i. 67, 72, 76-8, 112, 121, 124, 125,
+    129, 134, 136, 139, 141, 146, 164, 174, 176, 224, 240, 241,
+    244, 246, 264-5, 271, ii. 1, 2, 77;
+  reviews of, i. 142, 144
+
+---- ---- (_see_ Selection)
+
+"---- ---- and Genera," Wallace's, i. 304
+
+"---- of the Fittest," Cope's, ii. 47
+
+"---- of the Races of Man," Wallace's, ii. 18
+
+Ornithoptera croesus, i. 41
+
+---- poseidon, i. 42
+
+Orr, Henry B., ii. 60
+
+Osborn, Prof. H.F., on Wallace, ii. 239
+
+Ostriches, Wallace on, i. 145;
+  Darwin on, 146-7
+
+Owen, Sir R., Darwin's opinion of, i. 139;
+  attacks Darwin's theory, 142, 144, 157, 199
+
+---- Robert, and Wallace, i. 15, ii. 139, 148, 182, 225
+
+---- Robert Dale, ii. 225
+
+
+P
+
+Pacific Islands, land shells in, i. 133
+
+Pain, Wallace on, ii. 244
+
+Pangenesis, i. 196 _et seq._, 219, 220, 276, ii. 102
+
+Panmixia, ii. 52, 53
+
+Papilio, polymorphic species of, i. 168
+
+---- sarpedon choredon, i. 316
+
+"Papilionidæ of the Malay Region," Wallace's, i. 153, ii. 4, 6, 231
+
+Para, Wallace at, i. 26, 29;
+  products of, 27
+
+Parrots, Wallace's paper on, i. 160, ii. 4
+
+"Passerine Birds," Wallace's, ii. 231
+
+Pastrana, Julia, i. 181
+
+Patagonia, plains of, i. 32
+
+"Permanence of Oceanic Basins," Wallace's, ii. 74
+
+Permian period, i. 290
+
+Perry, John, and Wallace national memorial, ii. 253
+
+"Personal Narrative," Humboldt's, i. 17, 164, 238
+
+Pheasants, Argus, i. 230, 289, 292
+
+"Phenomena of Variation and Geographical Distribution," Wallace's, i. 153
+
+Phillips' attack on Darwin's "Origin of Species," i. 142
+
+Phrenology, Wallace's belief in, i. 24, ii. 237
+
+"Physical Geography of the Malay Archipelago," Wallace's, ii. 232
+
+"---- History of Man," Prichard's, i. 91, 116, ii. 73
+
+"Physics of the Earth's Crust," Fisher's, ii. 74
+
+Physiological selection (_see_ Selection, physiological)
+
+Pickard-Cambridge, Rev. O., reminiscences of Wallace, ii. 131
+
+Pictet, Prof. F.J., reviews the "Origin of Species," i. 141, 144
+
+Pigeons, domestic, i. 130
+
+"---- of the Malay Archipelago," Wallace's, i. 166, ii. 4
+
+"Plants, Crossing," Darwin's, Wallace on, i. 296-7
+
+---- geographical distribution of, i. 94;
+  effect of climatic conditions on, 130;
+  heterostyled, 298;
+  migration of, 307 (note), 310, 311-12, 313-14, ii. 32, 34-5;
+  Lyell on migration of, 19-20;
+  variety of form and habit in, 54
+
+"Plants of India and Indo-Oceanic Continent," Blandford's, i. 290
+
+Pleistocene Period, i. 308
+
+Pliocene Period, i. 292, 294, ii. 22
+
+Podmore, Frank, effect on, of Hodgson's Psychical Research report,
+    ii. 203;
+  report by, in _Proceedings_ of Psychical Research Society, 204;
+  proposed as President, 211
+
+Polymorphism, Wallace on, i. 168
+
+"Population, Essay on," Malthus's, i. 103, 104, 111, 116, 136, 175, 317
+
+"---- Theory of," Spencer's, i. 124
+
+Poulton, Prof., and Weismann's "Essays upon Heredity," ii. 44-6;
+  paper on colours of larva, pupa, etc., 54;
+  appointed Hope Professor of Zoology in Oxford University, 57;
+  exposure of an American Neo-Lamarckian by, 60;
+  Presidential Address to British Association, Wallace's criticism of, 71;
+  Presidential Address to Entomological Society, 79;
+  on Wallace, 227;
+  at funeral of Wallace, 252;
+  and the Westminster Abbey memorial, 253
+
+Poverty, Wallace's views on, ii. 145 _et seq._
+
+"Power of Movement in Plants," Darwin's, i. 311, ii. 2
+
+Prain, Sir D., and Wallace memorial in Westminster Abbey, ii. 253
+
+"Prehistoric Times," Lubbock's, i. 164, 165-6
+
+"Present Evolution of Man, The," Archdall Reid's, ii. 67, 73
+
+Price, Prof. B., formally offers D.C.L. degree to Wallace, ii. 217
+
+Prichard's "Physical History of Man," i. 91, 116, ii. 73
+
+Primula, Darwin's paper on, i. 218
+
+"Principles of Geology," Lyell's, i. 135, ii. 5
+
+"---- of Psychology," Spencer's, i. 123
+
+"---- of Sociology," Spencer's, i. 126
+
+Proctor, R.A., i. 263; "Expanse of Heaven," ii. 180
+
+"Progress and Poverty," Henry George's, i. 317, 318, ii, 143
+
+Protection, principle of, i. 140, 177, 184, 186, 189, 192, 199, 205,
+    212 _et seq._, 214 _et seq._, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224,
+    226 _et seq._, 235-6, 252, 256, 257-9, 270, 291, 299-300
+    (_see also_ Coloration, protective, _and_ Mimicry)
+
+"Protective Resemblance," Wallace's, i. 214
+
+"---- Value of Colour and Markings in Insects," ii. 38
+
+Protoplasm, origin of, Sir W. Thiselton-Dyer on, ii. 96-7
+
+"Psychic Philosophy," Desertis's, ii. 203
+
+Psychical research, Wallace and, ii. 181, 186 _et seq._, 196, 199
+
+---- ---- Society, foundation of, ii. 196
+
+Pteropus edulis, i. 54
+
+Purdon, Dr., ii. 195
+
+
+R
+
+Ramsay, Andrew, Darwin on, i. 141
+
+---- Sir Wm., and Wallace national memorial, ii. 253
+
+Rathbone, Reginald B., reminiscences of Wallace, ii. 124-7
+
+"Rationalism," Lecky's, i. 164-6
+
+"Regression to the mean," ii. 69
+
+Reichenbach, experiments of, with sensitives, ii. 196, 197
+
+"Reign of Law," Duke of Argyll's, ii. 23
+
+"Researches," Prichard's, i. 91, 116, ii. 73
+
+"---- on Evolution of Stellar Systems," ii. 179-80
+
+"Revolt of Democracy," Wallace's, ii. 104, 144, 145, 251
+
+Rhynchæa, i. 183, 184
+
+Rice, Dr. Hamilton, survey of Uaupés River, i. 29
+
+Ridgeway, Dr., Bishop of Salisbury, ii. 252
+
+Ridley, Mr. H.N., ii. 76
+
+Ripon, Lord, i. 277
+
+Rogers, H.D., Darwin on, i. 141
+
+Romanes, G.J.:
+  theory of physiological selection, i. 218, ii. 36;
+  Meldola's criticism of, 36, 49-50;
+  Wallace's criticism of, 63 _et seq._;
+  his accusation against Wallace, 235-7
+
+"Root Principles," Child's, ii. 83
+
+Rothschild, the Hon. Lionel (Lord), Wallace's admiration of his
+    butterflies, ii. 88, 129
+
+Royal Geographical Society, and exploration of Uaupés River, i. 29
+
+---- Institute, the, Wallace's lecture at, ii. 87, 127, 222
+
+Rudimentary organs, i. 100
+
+Russell, Mr. Alfred, letter to, ii. 158
+
+Russia, Czar of, manifesto of, ii. 158
+
+---- Wallace on, ii. 161
+
+Rütimeyer, researches on mammals in Switzerland by, i. 251
+
+Ryle, Bishop, and the medallion of Wallace, 254;
+  sermon at its unveiling, 254-5
+
+
+S
+
+Sadong River, Wallace's exploration of, i. 93
+
+Salisbury, Bishop of, at funeral of Wallace, ii. 252
+
+---- Marquis of, view of Natural Selection, ii. 59, 60;
+  translation of his address, 65
+
+Santiago, Darwin at, i. 34
+
+Sarawak, Wallace in, i. 28, 38-40, 93, 106
+
+Scandinavia, distribution of plants in, i. 293
+
+Schaffhausen, Dr., almost anticipates Natural Selection, i. 142
+
+"Scientific Aspect of the Supernatural," Wallace's, ii. 186
+
+"---- Demonstration of a Future Life," Hudson's, ii. 203
+
+Sclater, P.H., on Wallace's "Malay Archipelago," i. 139-140;
+  and Lemuria, 290 (note);
+  division of earth into zoological regions, ii. 8;
+  distrust of Gould, 24
+
+Scott, Dr. Dukinfield H., speech at presentation of Darwin-Wallace Medals,
+    i. 110-112;
+  at Wallace's funeral, ii. 252;
+  and the Wallace memorial in Westminster Abbey, 254
+
+Scott's "Antarctic Voyage," ii. 82
+
+Sedgwick, Prof., and Darwin, i. 17, 18;
+  attacks Darwin at Cambridge Philosophical Society, 142
+
+See, T.J.J., ii. 179-80
+
+Seeman, Berthold, i. 199, 201, 210, 211
+
+Segregation of the unfit, Wallace on, ii. 160-1, 246
+
+Selection, domestic, i. 130, 134, 136, 160, 161, 167, 181, 183,
+    186, 189 (note), 192, 208, 215, 226, 228, 231, 257, 299
+
+---- natural, theory of, i. 155, 156, 170 _et seq._, 195
+    _et seq._, 218, 240, 267, 298, 301, ii. 16-17, 63, 75,
+    94, 96, 98, 101, 150;
+  discovery of, i. 2, 89-126;
+  anticipations of, 116, 142, 176;
+  Spencer's alternative term for, 125, 171;
+  Lord Salisbury's conception of, ii. 59, 60, 65;
+  Neo-Lamarckians and, 64
+
+---- physiological, Romanes' theory of, i. 218, ii. 36, 49-50, 63
+    _et seq._, 235-7
+
+---- sexual, i. 157, 159, 177, 179, 182, 185-6, 194, 199, 203, 204, 212
+    _et seq._, 216-17, 220, 224-5, 227 _et seq._, 256, 261,
+    298, 299
+
+Self-fertilisation, i. 169, 297, ii. 46
+
+"Shall we have Common Sense?" Sleeper's, ii. 98, 99
+
+Sharpe, Mr. J.W., reminiscences of Wallace, ii. 107-9
+
+Shells, Lyell on, ii. 24
+
+Shipley, Dr. A.E., and Wallace medallion in Westminster Abbey, ii. 253
+
+Shrewsbury Grammar School, Darwin and, i. 12, 15
+
+Sidgwick, Prof, and Mrs. H., telepathic experiments by, ii. 199, 200;
+  Wallace's remarks on, 200-1
+
+"Siege of the South Pole," Mill's, ii. 82
+
+Silk, George, i. 52, 87;
+  Wallace's friendship with, 10;
+  walking tour in Switzerland with Wallace, 35
+
+Sims, Mrs. (sister of A.R. Wallace), i. 30, 44, 56, 60, 62, 64, 85
+
+---- Thomas, i. 63, 73
+
+Singapore, Wallace at, i. 36
+
+Slade, prosecution of, ii. 197
+
+Sleeper, George W., ii. 98, 99, 100
+
+Smedley, Mr. E., ii. 83, 100, 163, 175, 215
+
+Smith, Dr. Edwin, ii. 210
+
+"Social Environment and Moral Progress," Wallace's, ii. 104, 144-5, 250
+
+"---- Statics," Spencer's, i. 123, 150, ii. 143
+
+Socialism, Wallace's first lessons in, and later views of, i. 15, 16,
+    ii. 139 _et seq._;
+  "individualistic," 114;
+  Wallace's definition of, 152
+
+Society for Psychical Research, foundation of, ii. 196
+
+"Sociology, Principles of," i. 126
+
+"---- Study of," Spencer's, i. 283
+
+Solar nebula, lecture by Sir R. Ball on, ii. 174
+
+---- system, central position of, ii. 171
+
+South America, fauna of, ii. 10
+
+Special creation, i. 189 (note), 190, 192, ii. 23, 185
+
+Species, mutability of, i. 78, 137;
+  law of introduction of, 96, 101-2;
+  extinction of, 98.
+  (_See also_ Selection, natural)
+
+Spencer, Herbert, birth of, i. 5;
+  and Evolution, 122, 123;
+  arguments with Huxley on Evolution, 123;
+  sends Darwin a copy of his Essays, 124;
+  suggests "survival of the fittest" as alternative to "natural
+    selection," 125, 171;
+  Wallace's relations with, 125;
+  Darwin's approval of "survival of the fittest," 174;
+  autobiography of, ii. 211
+
+---- letters from:
+  on "Origin of the Races of Man," ii. 18;
+  on theory of flight, 27-8;
+  on "Darwinism," 47;
+  on Lord Salisbury's view of Natural Selection, 59, 60, 65;
+  on Land Nationalisation Society, 154;
+  on "Progress and Poverty," etc., 154-5
+
+Spilosoma menthastri, i. 179
+
+Spiritualism, Wallace's belief in, ii. 122, 167, 178, 181 _et seq._,
+    239-40;
+  Huxley on, 187;
+  Lord Avebury on, 212
+
+Spiritualists, Association of, ii. 198, 199
+
+Spontaneous generation, i. 274
+
+Spruce, Mr., i. 150, 161, 166, 232
+
+Stanley, Dean, at Linlathen, ii. 228
+
+Stephens' "Illustrations of British Insects," i. 23 (note)
+
+Sterility, Natural Selection and, Meldola on, ii. 41-2
+
+Stevens, Samuel, i. 26, 48, 49, 54, 71, 72, 102, 105, 143
+
+Stewart, Prof. Balfour, and telepathy, ii. 200
+
+Strahan, Dr. A., and Wallace memorial, ii. 253
+
+Strang, Mr., chalk portrait of Wallace by, ii. 224
+
+Strasburger, Prof. Eduard, receives Darwin-Wallace Medal, i. 120;
+  tribute to Wallace, 120;
+  on Wallace's "Malay Archipelago," ii. 231
+
+Stuart-Menteith, C.G., ii. 160
+
+"Studies, Scientific and Social," Wallace's, ii. 143, 147
+
+"Study of Variation, with regard to Discontinuity in Origin of Species,"
+    Bateson's, ii. 60-1
+
+"Subsidence and Elevation of Land," Sir H.H. Howorth's, i. 277
+
+---- theory of, i. 132, 160, 212, 238, 286, 309
+
+Survival of the fittest, i. 125, 171, 174-5, ii. 59
+  (_see also_ Selection, natural)
+
+Sus papuensis, i. 161, 162
+
+---- scrofa, i. 162
+
+Swinton, Mr. A.C., ii. 155
+
+Synthetic philosophy, Spencer's, i. 1, 123, 124
+
+Switzerland, Wallace's visits to, i. 35, ii. 204
+
+
+T
+
+Telepathy, ii. 181, 186 _et seq._, 196, 199
+
+"Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from Original Type,"
+    Wallace's, i. 109;
+  loss of MS., 127, ii. 7
+
+Ternate, Wallace at, i. 36, 68, 107, 108;
+  volcanic eruption of 1849 in, 68;
+  Wallace's paper on Natural Selection sent to Darwin from, i. 106, ii. 39
+
+Tertiary Period, i. 159, 292, 294, 295
+
+Thayer's theory of animal colouring, ii. 36
+
+"Theories of Evolution," Poulton's, ii. 61
+
+"Theory of Development and Heredity," Orr's, ii. 60
+
+"---- of Natural Selection from a Mathematical Point of View," Bennett's,
+    i. 253
+
+"---- of Population," Spencer's, i. 124
+
+Thiselton-Dyer, Sir W.T.:
+  appreciation of Wallace by, i. 4;
+  at Darwin-Wallace Jubilee, 122;
+  paper on geographical distribution of plants by, ii. 90
+
+---- letters from:
+  on Darwin Commemoration volume, ii. 91;
+  on Sir F. Darwin's "Foundations" and the Darwin celebration, 92;
+  on Evolution and the fundamental powers and properties of life, 95-8;
+  asking Wallace to join Royal Society, 219, 220-1;
+  on Romanes' charge of plagiarism, 236-7
+
+Thompson, Prof. Silvanus P., signs petition for national memorial to
+    Wallace, ii. 253
+
+Thomson, Prof. J.A., ii. 12 (note)
+
+---- Sir W. (Lord Kelvin), on age of world, i. 242, 250, 268, ii. 75
+
+Thought transference (_see_ Telepathy)
+
+"Threading my Way," R.D. Owen's, ii. 225
+
+Timor, birds of, i. 80, ii. 4;
+  mammalia of, i. 133, ii. 4;
+  fossils of, i. 138, 148, 290;
+  Darwin receives honeycomb from, 143, 146;
+  flora of, 237
+
+Transmutation of species, i. 123, ii. 23
+
+"Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro," Wallace's, i, 30, 35
+
+Trees, tropical, i. 86
+
+Trimen, Mr., paper on mimetic butterflies by, i. 200, 201
+
+Trimorphism in plants, i. 161, 202, 220
+
+Tropical forests, Darwin's description of, i. 31-2;
+  denizens of, 31
+
+"---- Nature," Wallace's, ii. 11
+
+Turner, Dr., orchids of, ii. 114
+
+---- Mr. H.H., signs petition for national memorial of Wallace, ii. 253
+
+Tylor, E.B., "Early History of Mankind," i. 164;
+  Wallace on, 165;
+  "Anthropology," ii. 65
+
+Tyndall, John, birth of, i. 5;
+  and psychical research, ii. 198
+
+
+U
+
+Uaupés, Indians of, i. 31;
+  exploration of, i. 29
+
+Unfit, segregation of, ii. 160-1, 246
+
+United States, Wallace's lecturing tour in, ii. 14
+
+"Unparalleled Discoveries of Mr. T.J.J. See, Account of," ii. 178
+
+Utricularia, i. 284-5
+
+
+V
+
+Vaccination, Wallace and, ii. 149, 202, 237, 240-1;
+  Rev. H. Price Hughes on, 158;
+  Frederic Myers and, 206
+
+"Variation, Heredity, and Evolution," Lock's, ii. 84
+
+---- of birds, i. 162-3
+
+"Variations of Animals and Plants under Domestication," Darwin's,
+    i. 112, 189, 195, 197, 199, ii. 2
+
+Variety, Wallace's differentiation of, from species, i. 91-2, 96, 97,
+    101, 115, 167 (note), 169, 173, 205, 210, 234, ii. 21, 62, 63, 70
+
+Varley, C.F., i. 244
+
+Vegetarianism, Wallace on, ii. 158
+
+"Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation," i. 91, 92 (note)
+
+Victoria, Queen, approves of pension to Wallace, i. 315
+
+"Vignettes from Nature," Grant Allen's, ii. 46
+
+Vogt, Prof., i. 221
+
+Volcanic eruptions and migration, Lyell's theory of, ii. 19
+
+"Voyage of the _Beagle_," Darwin's, i. 31, 32, 34, ii. 2
+
+"---- up the Amazon," Edwards's, i. 25
+
+
+W
+
+Waddell's "Lhasa," ii. 82
+
+Waddington, Mr. Samuel, ii. 77
+
+Wages, question of, ii. 156
+
+Waimate (N.Z.), missionary settlement at, i. 37
+
+Wallace, Alfred Russel:
+  co-discoverer of Natural Selection, i. 1, 2, 105, 106, 107, 111, 112,
+    113, 136, 139, 153, 158, ii. 39-40;
+  early years, i. 5-44;
+  nervousness, 7, 14, 35, ii. 134;
+  his father, i. 8;
+  his mother, 8, 9, 30;
+  first experiments, 9, 19-20;
+  schooldays, 11;
+  geographical studies, 11;
+  love of reading, 13;
+  pupil teacher at Hertford Grammar School, 14;
+  interest in Socialism, 15, 27, ii. 151 _et seq._, 181;
+  land-surveying, i. 15, 17, 19, ii. 139, 182;
+  astronomical studies and writings, i. 20, ii. 167 _et seq._;
+  early interest in zoology and geology, i. 20;
+  first telescope, 20, ii. 168;
+  love of botany, i. 20, 21, ii. 106;
+  his herbarium, i. 22;
+  as watchmaker, 23;
+  interest in phrenology and mesmerism, 24, ii. 181, 182;
+  studies beetles and butterflies, i. 24, 114;
+  school teacher at Leicester, 24;
+  voyage to Amazon, 26 _et seq._;
+  explores Uaupés River, 29;
+  fire at sea and loss of collections, 29, 30;
+  first meeting with Darwin, 35, 105, ii. 62;
+  meets Huxley, i. 35;
+  visits Switzerland, 35, ii. 204;
+  visits Singapore, i. 36;
+  on missionaries, 37-8, 47, 48, 50, 62-3;
+  in Sarawak, 38-40;
+  beetle and butterfly collecting, i. 38, 41-2, 114, 237, ii. 4-5;
+  ill-health of, i. 40, 79;
+  enthusiasm as naturalist and collector, 40-2, 115;
+  journey in a "prau," 42;
+  early letters, etc., 45-88;
+  Darwin-Wallace joint paper read before Linnean Society, 71, 89, 109,
+    118, 122;
+  Darwin's appreciation of his magnanimity, 71, 106, 118, 134, 137, 139,
+    141, 153, 164, 242, 252, 287, 304;
+  attack of intermittent fever, 107, 108;
+  jubilee of Darwin-Wallace essay and his speech, 110 _et seq_;
+  relations with Spencer, 125;
+  Presidential Address to Entomological Society, 126;
+  reads proofs of Spencer's "principles of Sociology," 126;
+  correspondence with Darwin, 127-320;
+  inscription on envelope containing Darwin's first eight letters, 128;
+  sends Darwin a honeycomb, 143;
+  reads Spencer's works, 147, 150;
+  "exposé" of Rev. S. Haughton's "Bee's Cell," 148;
+  his opinion of Agassiz, 149;
+  and the origin of man, 152, 153, 154, 155 _et seq._, 240;
+  and Darwin's paper on climbing plants, 162;
+  on a crested blackbird, 163;
+  on the _Reader_, 165;
+  on mimicry, 167 (note), 168, 176, 179;
+  approves of term "survival of the fittest," 171;
+  birth of a son, 188;
+  later views on Natural Selection, 217, 218;
+  dedicates "Malayan Travels" to Darwin, 232;
+  birth of a daughter, 234;
+  visits Wales, 247;
+  reviews "Descent of Man," 260;
+  on Chauncey Wright and Mivart, 265-7;
+  Bethnal Green Museum directorship, 277;
+  and second edition of "Descent of Man," 281 (note), 282, 283;
+  social and political views, 283, 317, 319, ii. 139-65, 245-7;
+  at Dorking, i. 294, 297, ii. 106;
+  and the superintendency of Epping Forest, i. 302, 303, 304, 306, ii. 106;
+  writes a work on Geography, i. 304, ii. 14;
+  recommended for a Civil List pension, i. 313-16;
+  works on Biology, etc., ii. 3 _et seq._;
+  articles for "Encyclopædia Britannica," 11;
+  lectures at Boston, U.S.A., 15;
+  correspondence on biology, geographical distribution, etc., 18-102;
+  on theory of flight, i. 145, ii. 25-8;
+  and Mivart's "Genesis of Species," 34;
+  friendship with Meldola, 35;
+  theory of animal heat, 35;
+  and Romanes, 36 _et seq._, 49 _et seq._;
+  on ferns, 40;
+  on sterility and Natural Selection, 41 _et seq._;
+  admitted to Royal Society, 55, 56, 221, 222;
+  on "discontinuous variation," 62-3;
+  theory of mouth-gesture as a factor in origin of language, 65;
+  on non-heredity of acquired characters, 70;
+  his last public lecture, 87, 222-3;
+  two of his works translated into Japanese, 100;
+  home life, 103-138;
+  domesticity of, 104;
+  skill at chess, 107;
+  Examiner in Physiography at South Kensington, 109;
+  as housebuilder, 110, 111, 119-120;
+  honours from scientific societies, 113;
+  enthusiasm for orchids, 114;
+  his method of writing, 120-1, 243;
+  and psychical research, 122, 167, 181-215, 239-40;
+  daily routine, 123-4;
+  sense of humour, 125-6, 132, 133, 134, 226, 227, 228;
+  receives the Order of Merit, 127-9;
+  his Sarawak spider, 131;
+  failing health, 135 _et seq._;
+  death, 138, 252;
+  funeral, 252;
+  memorial in Westminster Abbey, 253-5;
+  lists of writings, 257
+---- ---- ---- letters to his mother: announcing arrival at Singapore,
+    i. 47;
+  describing work at Singapore, 48;
+  on Malacca and missionaries, 49;
+  on his collections and visit to Rajah Brooke, 51;
+  on the Rajah, 59;
+  on correspondence from Darwin and Hooker, and his Aru collection, 71;
+  on plans for collecting at Java, and impending return to England, 83
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to his wife, sending plants from Furka Pass, ii. 115
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to his son, Mr. W.G. Wallace: on building of house
+    at Parkstone, ii. 111-13;
+  on purchase of land at Broadstone and garden plans, 117-18;
+  enclosing ground plan of house and describing progress, 118-20;
+  on "Man's Place in the Universe," and Spiritualism, 121-2;
+  requesting revision of "Mars," 122;
+  on forthcoming lecture at the Royal Institution, and conferment of Order
+     of Merit, 127-9;
+  on discovery of a rare moth and beetles in root of an orchid, 129-30;
+  on the railway strike, 163-4
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to his daughter Violet: on "victims of
+    Landlordism," ii. 113;
+  on "Freeland" and "Looking Backward," 114;
+  on orchid growing, 114;
+  on use of a wagging tail, 115-16;
+  on "Maha Bharata," 116;
+  on eight hours' movement, 156
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Lord Avebury, on Bill for bird preservation,
+    i. 162
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to Sir W.F. Barrett:
+  on the nebular hypothesis, ii. 174;
+  on Mars, 176;
+  on experiments with sensitives and on prosecution of Slade, 197;
+  on Dr. Carpenter, 198;
+  regretting inability to attend Dublin meeting of British Association,
+    199;
+  on the advocacy of vaccination, 206;
+  on dowsing, 206-8;
+  on presidency of Psychical Research Society, 208;
+  on "Creative Thought" and on ministry of angels, 213;
+  explaining his criticisms of "Creative Thought," 214-15
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to F. Bates, on exotic insect-collecting, i. 69
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to H.W. Bates:
+  on Darwin's Journal, i. 25;
+  on "Law regulating Introduction of New Species" and Ternate,
+    65;
+  congratulating him on arriving home, 72;
+  on Darwin, 73
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to Mr. F. Birch:
+  on "Mars," ii. 177;
+  announcing conferment of Order of Merit, 223-4
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Mr. H. Jamyn Brooke, on monism, ii. 177
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to Miss Buckley (Mrs. Fisher):
+  on "Descent of Man," ii. 31-2;
+  on physiology of ferns, etc., 40-1;
+  on infinity of life-forms, 89-90;
+  on house-planning at Broadstone, 119-20;
+  on Turks, 153;
+  on his "Reciprocity" article, 153;
+  on the earth as only habitable planet, 175;
+  on Spiritualism, 188-95;
+  on psychical and other works, 203-4;
+  on his visit to Switzerland, 204;
+  on re-incarnation and theosophical writings, 205;
+  on psychical research and Spencer's "Autobiography," 211;
+  on conferment of Order of Merit, 222;
+  on his autobiography, and Owen, 224-5;
+  on reviews of "My Life," 225-6
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Mr. Sydney C. Cockerell, on Kropotkin's Life,
+    ii. 161
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Mr. Theo. D.A. Cockerell, on fertilisation,
+    ii. 49
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to Charles Darwin:
+  on the Timor honeycomb, i. 143;
+  on Darwin's "Orchids," 143;
+  on theory of flight, 145;
+  on Spencer's "Social Statics," 150;
+  on Borneo exploration and his contribution to theory of man's origin,
+    152;
+  on his paper on Man and Natural Selection, 155;
+  on the Aru Islands, 161;
+  on a case of variation becoming hereditary, 162;
+  on the _Reader_, 165;
+  on dimorphism, 168;
+  suggesting "survival of the fittest" in preference to "natural
+     selection," 170;
+  on mimicry and glacier action, 176;
+  on expression, 180;
+  on "Creation by Law," 188, 192;
+  on superintendency of a Museum, 193;
+  on sterility of hybrids, 196;
+  on natural selection as producing sterility of hybrids, and pangenesis,
+    199;
+  on Trimen's paper at the Linnean Society, 201;
+  on selective sterility, 203, 205, 210;
+  on Darwin's "Cross Unions of Dimorphic Plants," 218;
+  on protection and sexual selection, 221, 222, 227;
+  on the dedication of "Malayan Travels," etc., 232;
+  on single variations, 234;
+  on colouring of caterpillars, 235;
+  on his "unscientific" opinions on Man, 243, 250, 255;
+  on wing-scales of butterflies, 244;
+  on Dr. Meyer, 248;
+  on "Descent of Man," 255, 259, 284;
+  recommending two remarkable books, 263;
+  on Mivart and Chauncey Wright's critique, 265;
+  on Darwin's answer to Mivart, 271;
+  on Dr. Bree, and Bastian's "Beginnings of Life," 273;
+  on a Bethnal Green Museum appointment, 277;
+  on Darwin's "Expression of the Emotions," 279;
+  on invitation to undertake revision work for Darwin, 281, 282;
+  on "Climbing Plants," 285;
+  on Darwin's criticism of "Geographical Distribution," 288, 294;
+  on Darwin's "Crossing Plants," 296;
+  on Darwin's "Orchids," 297;
+  on Darwin's "Forms of Flowers," and glacial theory, 298;
+  on sufficiency of Natural Selection, 300;
+  on Epping Forest superintendency, 302, 303;
+  on "Island Life," 305, 306;
+  on Darwin's criticism of "Island Life," 308;
+  on Darwin's "Movements of Plants," 311;
+  on land migration of plants, 311;
+  on Civil List pension, 314, 315;
+  on "Progress and Poverty," 317;
+  on Darwin's "Earthworms," 320
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to Sir Francis Darwin:
+  on Darwin's "Life and Letters," ii. 39;
+  on descent with modification, 78;
+  on mutation, 80
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Mr. W.J. Farmer, on final cause of varying
+    colour of hairs, etc., ii. 101-2
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Dr. W.B. Hemsley, on insular floras, ii. 43-4
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Rev. J.B. Henderson, on Christianity, ii. 209
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Sir J. Hooker, on Natural Selection, etc.,
+    ii. 81-2
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to Huxley:
+  enclosing a copy of "The Scientific Aspect of the Supernatural," ii. 187;
+  on psychical research, 188
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Mr. J. Hyder, on land nationalisation, ii. 161
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Prof. Knight, on immortality, ii. 178
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Dr. Littledale, acknowledging birthday
+congratulations, ii. 136
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to Sir Oliver Lodge:
+  on proof of constant variability, and Lord Kelvin's calculations,
+    ii. 74-5;
+  on principle of continuity, etc., 178-9;
+  acknowledging Romanes' lecture and criticising lectures by Mr.
+    See, 179-80
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Sir C. Lyell, on colour of man, ii. 29
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to Mr. J.W. Marshall:
+  on Hudson's observations and theories, ii. 53-4;
+  conveying condolences, and views on a hereafter, 209;
+  on his autobiography, 226
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to Prof. Meldola:
+  on physiological selection, ii. 36-8;
+  on Natural Selection, 41, 42-3;
+  on Meldola's controversy with Romanes, 50-1;
+  on individual adaptability, 55-6;
+  on "discontinuous variation," 62-3;
+  on Weismann's "Germinal Selection," 68-70;
+  on Weismann's doctrine of non-inheritance of acquired characters, 70-1;
+  on Weismann's "Germ Plasm," 72;
+  on Fisher's "Physics of the Earth's Crust," 74;
+  on Meldola's offer to read Wallace's paper at Royal Institute, 87-8
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Mr. Ben. R. Miller, on Sleeper's "Shall we
+    have Common Sense?" ii. 98-9
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Mr. John (Lord) Morley, on Socialism, ii. 159
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Mr. M.J. Murphy, on Mr. Lloyd George, ii. 164-5
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Dr. Norris, on increasing weakness, ii. 136-7
+
+---- letter to Miss Norris, on health and diet, ii. 136
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to Prof. E.B. Poulton:
+  on "Protective Value of
+  Colour and Markings in Insects," ii. 39;
+  on Weismann's "Essays upon Heredity," 44, 45;
+  on Grant Allen's theory of origin of wheat, 46;
+  on Cope's "Origin of the Fittest," 47;
+  on Weismann's additional essays, 51-3;
+  on non-heredity of acquired characters, 54-5;
+  on maternal impression, 56-8;
+  on Bateson's "Material for the Study of Variation," 60-1;
+  on Poulton's "Theories of Evolution," 61-2;
+  criticising Romanes, 63-5;
+  on Poulton's Presidential Address to British Association, 71-2;
+  on denudation and deposition, 73;
+  on mutation, 79;
+  on Poulton's Presidential Address to Entomological Society, 79;
+  on Mendelism and mutation, 84;
+  on Poulton's Introduction to "Essays on Evolution," 85-6;
+  on invitation to lecture at Royal Institution, 87;
+  on Lord Rothschild's butterflies, and Royal Institution lecture, 88-9;
+  on an article in the _Times_, 89;
+  on Bergson, 98;
+  on Sleeper's alleged anticipation of Darwinism, 99-100;
+  on declining the Oxford D.C.L. degree, 217-18;
+  agreeing to accept the degree, 218
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to Dr. Archdall Reid:
+  on "Present Evolution of Man," ii. 67-8;
+  on instinctive knowledge, 68;
+  on "Ancient Britain and Invasions of Cæsar," 86;
+  on Mendelism and Evolution, 92-3
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Mr. Clement Reid, on discovery of Miocene
+    or Pliocene Man in India, ii. 62
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Mr. H.N. Ridley, on De Rougemont, ii. 76
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Mr. Alfred Russell, on vegetarianism, ii. 158
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to Mr. G. Silk:
+  on Alexandrian donkey-drivers, i. 45;
+  on forthcoming visit to Sarawak, 52;
+  on marriage, 87
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to Mrs. Sims (his sister):
+  on his assistant, i. 56, 60;
+  on missionaries, 62;
+  on life in Macassar, 64;
+  on Java and its flora, 85
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to Thomas Sims:
+  on Singapore, i. 61;
+  on monocular and binocular vision, Darwin's "Descent of Species,"
+    and belief and disbelief, 73
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to Mr. E. Smedley:
+  on Child's "Root Principles," ii. 83-4, 100-1;
+  on prayer, 163;
+  on Mars, 175;
+  on horoscope, 215
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Dr. Edwin Smith, on Spiritualism, ii. 210
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Mr. C.G. Stuart-Menteith, on segregation of
+    the unfit, ii. 160-1
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Mr. A.C. Swinton, on suggested lecture tour
+    in Australia, ii. 155
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to Sir W. Thiselton-Dyer:
+  on botanical distribution and migration, ii. 34-5;
+  on Darwin Commemoration volume, 90-1;
+  on "World of Life," 93-5;
+  on election to Royal Society, 221-2;
+  on Romanes' charge against Wallace of plagiarism, 235-6
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Samuel Waddington, on origin of all living
+    things, ii. 77-8
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to Mr. A. Wiltshire:
+  on the Liberal Government, ii. 162;
+  on necessity for increased wages, 165
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to an unknown correspondent, on fauna and flora
+    of Borneo district, and Dyaks, i. 53
+
+---- Annie (A.R. Wallace's wife), ii. 115, 252
+
+---- Herbert (A.R. Wallace's brother), i. 28, ii. 182, 229
+
+---- John (A.R. Wallace's brother), i. 11, 13, 15
+
+---- Mary Ann (A.R. Wallace's mother), i. 9
+
+---- Thomas Vere (A.R. Wallace's father), i. 8;
+  Librarian of Hertford, 13;
+  straitened circumstances of, 14, 15
+
+---- Violet (daughter of A.R. Wallace), reminiscences of her father,
+    ii. 103-38
+
+---- W.G. (son of A.R. Wallace), reminiscences of his father, ii. 103-38
+
+"Wallace's line," i. 43, ii. 19, 232, 233
+
+War, Wallace's abhorrence of, ii. 245
+
+Ward, Mr., on muscular fibres of whales, i. 145
+
+Warington, Mr., and "Origin of Species," i. 191
+
+Webb, Mr. W.L., ii. 179-80
+
+Wedgwood, Josiah, and Darwin, i. 18
+
+Weir, Jenner, on moths, i. 179;
+  on plumage of birds, 205;
+  Darwin's appreciation of, 220;
+  paper at the Entomological Society, 235
+
+Weismann, Prof. A., receives Darwin-Wallace Medal, i. 120;
+  on colouring of caterpillars, 299;
+  "Essays upon Heredity," ii. 44 _et seq_., 51-2
+  (_see also_ Non-inheritance of acquired characters)
+
+Wells, Dr., and Natural Selection, i. 116, 176
+
+Westminster Abbey, graves and memorials of men of science in, i. 1;
+  petition to Dean and Chapter as to medallion to Wallace in, ii. 253;
+  unveiling of the medallion, 254
+
+Westwood and theory of flight, i. 145;
+  Darwin on, 146-7
+
+Whale, muscular fibres of, i. 145
+
+Wilberforce, Bishop, reviews Darwin's "Origin of Species," 144
+
+Williams, Dr., ii. 192
+
+---- Matthieu, i. 264
+
+Wilson, Mr. D.A., reminiscences of Wallace, ii. 151-2
+
+Wiltshire, Mr. A., letters to, ii. 162,165
+
+Wimborne, Lord, sale of land to Wallace, ii. 119
+
+Wollaston, Dr., reviews "Origin of Species," i. 142;
+  tribute to Wallace, ii. 230
+
+Wollaston's "Coleoptera Atlantidum," ii. 22-3
+
+Woman, independence and future of, Wallace's views on, ii. 149-51, 245
+
+"Wonderful Century," Wallace's, ii. 144, 168, 169, 238
+
+"Wonders of the World," i. 13
+
+Wood, J.G., book on the horse, ii. 113
+
+Woodbury, Mr., researches of, i. 146
+
+"World of Life," Wallace's, ii. 8, 94, 167, 172, 176, 178, 182
+
+"Worms, Formation of Vegetable Mould by Action of," Darwin's, i. 320
+
+Wright, Chauncey, reviews Mivart's "Genesis of Species," i. 264, 265-7
+
+
+Z
+
+Zöllner, Prof., and supernormal phenomena, ii. 198, 199
+
+"Zoological Geography of the Malay Archipelago," Wallace's, i, 137, ii. 232
+
+Zoology, lectures on, at Edinburgh, i, 16; Darwin's study of, at
+    Cambridge, 17
+
+
+
+
+PRINTED BY
+
+CASSELL & COMPANY, LIMITED, LA BELLE SAUVAGE,
+
+LONDON, E.C.
+
+F 15.316
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] "It is no doubt the chief work of my life."--C. DARWIN.
+
+[2] "My Life," i. 396-7.
+
+[3] "My Life," ii. 94-5.
+
+[4] "My Life," pp. 97-8.
+
+[5] "My Life," pp. 98-9.
+
+[6] Dr. Henry Forbes in a note to the Editor writes: "In his 'Island
+Life' Wallace extended his philosophical observations to a wider field,
+and it is in philosophical biology that Wallace's name must stand
+pre-eminent for all time." "In our own science of biology," say Profs.
+Geddes and Thomson in a recent work, "we may recall the 'Grand Old Men,'
+surely second to none in history--Darwin, Wallace, and Hooker."
+
+[7] "My Life," ii. 99-101.
+
+[8] "My Life," ii. 22.
+
+[9] "The Origin of the Races of Man."
+
+[10] "The Malay Archipelago."
+
+[11] Private Secretary to Sir Charles Lyell.
+
+[12] "The Descent of Man."
+
+[13] Probably refers to "The Geographical Distribution of Animals."
+
+[14] The book referred to is Wallace's "Island Life," published in 1880.
+
+[15] For the work on "Darwinism."
+
+[16] Printed in full as a footnote to Weismann's "Essays upon Heredity,"
+etc.
+
+[17] _See_ footnote 3, pp. 172-3, of Weismann's "Essays upon Heredity,"
+etc.
+
+[18] "The Origin of Floral Structures through Insect and Other
+Agencies." Internat. Sci. Series. 1888.
+
+[19] "The Origin of the Fittest." London, 1887.
+
+[20] "Essays upon Heredity and Kindred Biological Problems," Vol. II.
+1892.
+
+[21] _Trans. Ent. Soc., London_, 1892, p. 293.
+
+[22] As Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford.
+
+[23] A member of a family which has produced several eminent medical
+men.
+
+[24] Vol. I., p. 445, a review of "A Theory of Development and
+Heredity," by Henry B. Orr. 1893.
+
+[25] "Material for the Study of Variation, treated with especial regard
+to Discontinuity in the Origin of Species." 1894.
+
+[26] Reprinted in "Essays on Evolution," p. 95. 1908.
+
+[27] "The Present Evolution of Man." 1896.
+
+[28] Presidential Address in Section D of British Association, 1896,
+reprinted in "Essays on Evolution," p. 1.
+
+[29] To the British Association at Edinburgh, 1892.
+
+[30] Vol. ixx. (1904), p. 313, a review of T.H. Morgan's "Evolution and
+Adaptation."
+
+[31] "The Bearing of the Study of Insects upon the Question, Are
+Acquired Characters Hereditary?" The Presidential Address to the
+Entomological Society of London, 1905, reprinted in "Essays on
+Evolution," p. 139.
+
+[32] Probably "Root Principles," by Child.
+
+[33] "Essays on Evolution." 1908.
+
+[34] Of the Introduction to "Essays on Evolution."
+
+[35] Vol. lxxvii., p. 54, a note "On the Interpretation of Mendelian
+Phenomena."
+
+[36] The Oxford Celebration of the Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of
+Charles Darwin, February 12, 1809. An account of the celebration is
+given in "Darwin and 'The Origin,'" by E.B. Poulton, p. 78. 1909.
+
+[37] The Darwin Celebration.
+
+[38] "The World of Life."
+
+[39] _Bedrock_, April, 1912, p. 48.
+
+[40] "Shall we have Common Sense? Some Reeeat Lectures." By George W.
+Sleeper. Boston, 1849.
+
+[41] _See_ footnote to preceding letter. The book formed the subject of
+Prof. Poulton's Presidential Addresses (May 24, 1913, and May 25, 1914)
+to the Linnean Society (_Proceedings_, 1912-13, p. 26, and 1913-14, p.
+23). The above letter is in part quoted in the former address.
+
+[42] This letter relates to evidences, favourable to Sleeper, which had
+not at the time been critically examined, but broke down when carefully
+scrutinised. _See_ Prof. Poulton's address to the Linnean Society, May
+25, 1914 (_Proc_., 1913-14, p. 23).
+
+[43] For many years he was Examiner in Physiography at South Kensington.
+
+[44] _See_ footnote on p. 109.
+
+[45] For letters from Wallace describing Col. Legge's visit with the
+Order, _see_ pp. 128 and 224.
+
+[46] The present Lord Rothschild.
+
+[47] On his ninetieth birthday.
+
+[48] See his book, "Land Nationalisation, its Necessity and its Aims"
+(1882).
+
+[49] Although this book was his last published work, it was written
+before "Social Environment and Moral Progress." He handed me the MS. a
+few months before his death.--The Editor.
+
+[50] A full account of this scheme is given in his "Studies, Scientific
+and Social," chap. xxvi.
+
+[51] "My Life," ii. 237-8
+
+[52] Advocating Eugenics and the segregation of the unfit.
+
+[53] Hon. Sec. of the Federated Trades and Labour Council, Bournemouth.
+
+[54] At an Old Age Pension meeting.
+
+[55] _See_ Vol. I., p. 20.
+
+[56] "The World of Life," p. 374.
+
+[57] "Life and Letters," i. 58.
+
+[58] Considerable reference is made to Mrs. Hardinge in "Miracles and
+Modern Spiritualism" pp. 117-21.
+
+[59] The "spirits" are supposed to produce the faces.
+
+[60] This is a strange accompaniment of most advanced spiritual
+phenomena.
+
+[61] Against vaccination.
+
+[62] Psychical Research Society Report.
+
+[63] "The Wonderful Century."
+
+[64] A medium.
+
+[65] The lecture at the Royal Institution, when he wore the Order.
+
+[66] In _Nature_, Nov. 20, 1913, p. 348.
+
+[67] "The Wonderful Century," p. 437.
+
+[68] "I have been speculating last night," wrote C. Darwin to his son
+Horace, "what makes a man a discoverer of undiscovered things; and a
+most perplexing problem it is. Many men who are very clever--much
+cleverer than the discoverers--never originate anything. As far as I can
+conjecture, the art consists in habitually searching for the causes and
+meaning of everything which occurs."--"Emma Darwin," p. 207.
+
+[69] It is interesting to compare this with Darwin's manner of writing.
+Darwin confessed: "There seems to be a sort of fatality in my mind
+leading me to put at first my statement or proposition in a wrong or
+awkward form. Formerly I used to think about my sentences before writing
+them down; but for several years I have found that it saves time to
+scribble in a vile hand whole pages as quickly as I possibly can,
+contracting half the words; and then correct deliberately. Sentences
+thus scribbled down are often better ones than I could have written
+deliberately."
+
+[70] See pp. 227, 234.
+
+[71] But see _ante_, p. 153.
+
+[72] Wallace's section of the Darwin-Wallace Essay entitled "On the
+Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of
+Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and
+Reminiscences Vol 2 (of 2), by James Marchant
+
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+<title>The Project Gutenberg EBook of Alfred Russel Wallace - Letters and Reminiscences - Volume II by James Marchant</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+<pre>
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and
+Reminiscences Vol 2 (of 2), by James Marchant
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences Vol 2 (of 2)
+
+Author: James Marchant
+
+Release Date: June 7, 2005 [EBook #15998]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE: ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Digital & Multimedia Center, Michigan State
+University Libraries., Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Josephine
+Paolucci, Joshua Hutchinson and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<div class="tei tei-text">
+<div class="tei tei-front">
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<h1 class="tei tei-head">Alfred Russel Wallace - Letters and Reminiscences</h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">By James Marchant</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">With Two Photogravures and Eight Half-tone Plates</span><br />
+IN TWO VOLUMES<br />
+Volume II</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">CASSELL AND COMPANY, LTD<br />
+London, New York, Toronto and Melbourne<br />
+1916</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p style="text-align: center" class="tei tei-p"><a name="frontispiece" id="frontispiece" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<img src="images/image01.png" alt="A.R. WALLACE (1913)" class="tei tei-figure" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center" class="tei tei-p">A.R. WALLACE (1913)</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">Transcriber&#39;s Note: The index at the end of this document is for both this volume and volume one.
+As such, the hyperlinks in the HTML version all point to this document only.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div id="toc" class="tei tei-div"><a name="toc_1" id="toc_1"></a><h1 class="tei tei-head">Contents</h1><ul class="toc">
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_1">Contents</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_2">LIST OF PLATES IN VOLUME II</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_3">PART III</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 2em;"><a href="#toc_4">I - Wallace&#39;s Works on Biology and Geographical Distribution</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 2em;"><a href="#toc_5">II. - Correspondence on Biology, Geographical Distribution, etc.</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_6">H. SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_7">SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_8">SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_9">SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_10">SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_11">SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_12">TO HERBERT SPENCER</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_13">HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_14">SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_15">TO SIR C. LYELL</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_16">SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_17">CANON KINGSLEY TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_18">TO MISS A. BUCKLEY</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_19">TO MISS A. BUCKLEY</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_20">SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_21">SIR J. HOOKER TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_22">SIR J. HOOKER TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_23">TO SIR W. THISELTON-DYER</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_24">TO PROF. MELDOLA</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_25">TO PROF. MELDOLA</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_26">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_27">TO SIR FRANCIS DARWIN</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_28">TO MRS. FISHER (née BUCKLEY)</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_29">TO PROF. MELDOLA</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_30">TO PROF. MELDOLA</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_31">TO DR. W.B. HEMSLEY</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_32">TO DR. W.B. HEMSLEY</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_33">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_34">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_35">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_36">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_37">HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_38">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_39">SIR FRANCIS GALTON TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_40">TO THEO. D.A. COCKERELL</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_41">TO PROF. MELDOLA</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_42">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_43">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_44">TO MR. J.W. MARSHALL</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_45">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_46">TO PROF. MELDOLA</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_47">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_48">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 2em;"><a href="#toc_49">III. - Correspondence on Biology, Geographical Distribution, etc.</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_50">HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_51">HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_52">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_53">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_54">TO MR. CLEMENT REID</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_55">TO PROF. MELDOLA</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_56">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_57">HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_58">W.E. GLADSTONE TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_59">TO DR. ARCHDALL REID</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_60">TO DR. ARCHDALL REID</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_61">TO PROF. MELDOLA</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_62">TO PROF. MELDOLA</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_63">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_64">TO PROF. MELDOLA</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_65">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_66">TO PROF. MELDOLA</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_67">TO SIR OLIVER LODGE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_68">TO MR. H.N. RIDLEY</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_69">MR. SAMUEL WADDINGTON TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_70">TO MR. SAMUEL WADDINGTON</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_71">TO SIR FRANCIS DARWIN</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_72">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_73">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_74">TO SIR FRANCIS DARWIN</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_75">TO SIR JOSEPH HOOKER</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_76">SIR J. HOOKER TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_77">TO MR. E. SMEDLEY</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_78">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_79">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_80">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_81">TO DR. ARCHDALL REID</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_82">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_83">TO PROF. MELDOLA</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_84">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_85">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_86">TO MRS. FISHER</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_87">TO SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_88">SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_89">SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_90">TO DR. ARCHDALL REID</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_91">TO SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_92">SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_93">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_94">TO MR. BEN R. MILLER</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_95">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_96">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_97">TO MR. E. SMEDLEY</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_98">TO MR. W.J. FARMER</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_99">PART IV</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 2em;"><a href="#toc_100">Home Life</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_101">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_102">TO MISS VIOLET WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_103">TO Miss VIOLET WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_104">TO Miss VIOLET WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_105">TO HIS WIFE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_106">TO Miss VIOLET WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_107">TO Miss VIOLET WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_108">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_109">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_110">TO MRS. FISHER</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_111">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_112">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_113">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_114">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_115">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_116">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_117">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_118">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_119">TO MISS NORRIS</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_120">TO DR. LITTLEDALE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_121">TO DR. NORRIS</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_122">PART V</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 2em;"><a href="#toc_123">SOCIAL AND POLITICAL VIEWS</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_124">TO MISS BUCKLEY</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_125">TO MISS BUCKLEY</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_126">TO MISS BUCKLEY</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_127">HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_128">HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_129">A.R. WALLACE TO MR. A.C. SWINTON</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_130">TO Miss VIOLET WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_131">REV. AUGUSTUS JESSOPP TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_132">REV. H. PRICE HUGHES TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_133">TO ALFRED RUSSELL</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_134">TO MR. JOHN (LORD) MORLEY</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_135">MR. JOHN (LORD) MORLEY TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_136">TO MR. C.G. STUART-MENTEITH</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_137">TO MR. SYDNEY COCKERELL</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_138">TO MR. J. HYDER (Of THE LAND NATIONALISATION SOCIETY)</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_139">TO MR. A. WILTSHIRE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_140">TO LORD AVEBURY</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_141">TO MR. E. SMEDLEY</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_142">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_143">MR. H.M. HYNDMAN TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_144">TO MR. M.J. MURPHY</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_145">TO MR. A. WILTSHIRE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_146">PART VI</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 2em;"><a href="#toc_147">Some Further Problems</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_148">I - Astronomy</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_149">TO PROF. BARRETT</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_150">TO Mrs. Fisher</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_151">TO MR. E. SMEDLEY</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_152">TO PROF. BARRETT</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_153">TO MR. F. BIRCH</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_154">TO MR. H. JAMYN BROOKE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_155">TO PROF. KNIGHT</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_156">TO SIR OLIVER LODGE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_157">TO SIR OLIVER LODGES</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_158">II - SPIRITUALISM</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_159">TO T.H. HUXLEY</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_160">T.H. HUXLEY TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_161">TO T.H. HUXLEY</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_162">TO MISS BUCKLEY</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_163">TO MISS BUCKLEY</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_164">TO MISS BUCKLEY</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_165">TO MISS BUCKLEY</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_166">TO MISS BUCKLEY</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_167">TO MISS BUCKLEY</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_168">TO MISS BUCKLEY</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_169">TO PROF. BARRETT</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_170">TO PROF. BARRETT</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_171">TO PROF. BARRETT</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_172">REMARKS ON EXPERIMENTS IN THOUGHT READING BY
+MR. AND MRS. SIDGWICK AT BUXTON</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_173">F.W.H. MYERS TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_174">TO MRS. FISHER (née BUCKLEY)</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_175">TO MRS. FISHER</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_176">TO MRS. FISHER</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_177">TO PROF. BARRETT</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_178">TO PROF. BARRETT</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_179">TO PROF. BARRETT</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_180">TO REV. J.B. HENDERSON</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_181">TO MR. J.W. MARSHALL</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_182">TO DR. EDWIN SMITH</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_183">PROF. BARRETT TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_184">TO MRS. FISHER</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_185">LORD AVEBURY TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_186">TO PROF. BARRETT</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_187">PROF. BARRETT TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_188">TO PROF. BARRETT</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_189">TO MR. E. SMEDLEY</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_190">PART VII</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 2em;"><a href="#toc_191">Characteristics</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_192">SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_193">SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_194">TO SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_195">And to Mr. F. Birch:</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_196">SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_197">APPENDIX</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 2em;"><a href="#toc_198">LISTS OF WALLACE&#39;S WRITINGS</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_199">I - Books</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_200">II - ARTICLES, PAPERS, REVIEWS, ETC.</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_201">III - LETTERS, REVIEWS, ETC., IN "NATURE"</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_202">INDEX</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_203">Notes</a></li>
+</ul></div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_2" id="toc_2"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head">LIST OF PLATES IN VOLUME II</h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p"><a href="#frontispiece" class="tei tei-ref">A.R. WALLACE (1913) <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Photogravure Frontispiece</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p"><a href="#image02" class="tei tei-ref">MRS. A.R. WALLACE (ABOUT 1895)</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p"><a href="#image03" class="tei tei-ref">THE STUDY AT "OLD ORCHARD"</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p"><a href="#image04" class="tei tei-ref">A.R. WALLACE ADMIRING EREMURUS ROBUSTUS (ABOUT 1905)</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p"><a href="#image05" class="tei tei-ref">GRAVE OF ALFRED RUSSEL AND ANNIE WALLACE</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p"><a href="#image06" class="tei tei-ref">WALLACE AND DARWIN MEDALLIONS IN THE NORTH AISLE OF THE CHOIR OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-body">
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page001">[pg 001]</span>
+<a name="Pg001" id="Pg001" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<p class="tei tei-p">Letters and Reminiscences</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_3" id="toc_3"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head">PART III</h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p"></p>
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_4" id="toc_4"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head">I.—Wallace&#39;s Works on Biology and Geographical Distribution</h2>
+
+<blockquote style="margin: 2em 4em" class="tei tei-quote">
+<p class="tei tei-p">"I have long recognised how much clearer and deeper your insight into
+matters is than mine."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"I sometimes marvel how truth progresses, so difficult is it for one man
+to convince another, unless his mind is vacant."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"I grieve to differ from you, and it actually terrifies me, and makes me
+constantly distrust myself. I fear we shall never quite understand each
+other."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—DARWIN TO WALLACE.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">During the period covered by the reception, exposition,
+and gradual acceptance of the theory of
+Natural Selection, both Wallace and Darwin were
+much occupied with closely allied scientific work.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The publication in 1859 of the "Origin of Species"<a name="noteref_1" id="noteref_1"></a><a href="#note_1"><span class="footnoteref">1</span></a>
+marked a distinct period in the course of Darwin&#39;s scientific
+labours; his previous publications had, in a measure, prepared
+the way for this, and those which immediately followed
+were branches growing out from the main line of
+thought and argument contained in the "Origin," an
+overflow of the "mass of facts" patiently gathered during
+the preceding years. With Wallace, the end of the first
+period of his literary work was completed by the publication
+of his two large volumes on "The Geographical Distribution
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page002">[pg 002]</span>
+<a name="Pg002" id="Pg002" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of Animals," towards which all his previous
+thought and writings had tended, and from which, again,
+came other valuable works leading up to the publication
+of "Darwinism" (1889).</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">It will be remembered that Darwin and Wallace, on
+their respective returns to England, after many years
+spent in journeyings by land and sea and in laborious research,
+found the first few months fully occupied in going
+over their large and varied collections, sorting and arranging
+with scrupulous care the rare specimens they had taken,
+and in discovering the right men to name and classify them
+into correct groups.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">At this point it will be useful to arrange Darwin&#39;s
+writings under three heads, namely: (1) His zoological
+and geological books, including "The Voyage of the
+<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Beagle</span>" (published in 1839), "Coral Reefs" (1842), and
+"Geological Observations on South America" (1846). In
+this year he also began his work on Barnacles, which
+was published in 1854; and in addition to the steady
+work on the "Origin of Species" from 1837 onwards,
+his observations on "Earthworms," not published until
+1881, formed a distinct phase of his study during the whole
+of these years (1839-59). (2) As a natural sequence we
+have "Variations of Animals and Plants under Domestication"
+(1868), "The Descent of Man" (1871), and "The
+Expression of the Emotions" (1872). (3) What may be
+termed his botanical works, largely influenced by his
+evolutionary ideas, which include "The Fertilisation of
+Orchids" (1862), "Movements and Habits of Climbing
+Plants" (1875), "Insectivorous Plants" (1876), "The
+Different Forms of Flowers and Plants of the same
+Species" (1877), and "The Power of Movement in
+Plants" (1880).</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">A different order, equally characteristic, is discovered
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page003">[pg 003]</span>
+<a name="Pg003" id="Pg003" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+in Wallace&#39;s writings, and it is to be noted that while
+Darwin devoted himself entirely to scientific subjects,
+Wallace diverged at intervals from natural science to
+what may be termed the scientific consideration of social
+conditions, in addition to his researches into spiritualistic
+phenomena.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The many enticing interests arising out of the classifying
+of his birds and insects led Wallace to the conclusion
+that it would be best to postpone the writing of his book
+on the Malay Archipelago until he could embody in it the
+more generally important results derived from the detailed
+study of certain portions of his collections. Thus it was
+not until seven years later (1869) that this complete sketch
+of his travels "from the point of view of the philosophic
+naturalist" appeared.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Between 1862 and 1867 he wrote a number of articles
+which were published in various journals and magazines,
+and he read some important papers before the Linnean,
+Entomological, and other learned Societies. These included
+several on physical and zoological geography; six
+on questions of anthropology; and five or six dealing with
+special applications of Natural Selection. As these papers
+"discussed matters of considerable interest and novelty,"
+such a summary of them may be given as will serve to
+indicate their value to natural science.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The first of them, read before the Zoological Society in
+January, 1863, gave some detailed information about his
+collection of birds brought from Buru. In this he showed
+that the island was originally one of the Moluccan group,
+as every bird found there which was not widely distributed
+was either identical with or closely allied to Moluccan
+species, while none had special affinities with Celebes.
+It was clear, then, that this island formed the most westerly
+outlier of the Moluccan group.
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page004">[pg 004]</span>
+<a name="Pg004" id="Pg004" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The next paper of importance, read before the same
+Society in November (1863), was on the birds of the chain
+of islands extending from Lombok to the great island of
+Timor. This included a list of 186 species of birds, of
+which twenty-nine were altogether new. A special feature
+of the paper was that it enabled him to mark out precisely
+the boundary line between the Indian and Australian
+zoological regions, and to trace the derivation of the rather
+peculiar fauna of these islands, partly from Australia and
+partly from the Moluccas, but with a strong recent migration
+of Javanese species due to the very narrow straits
+separating most of the islands from each other. In "My
+Life" some interesting tables are given to illustrate how
+the two streams of immigration entered these islands, and
+further that "as its geological structure shows ... Timor
+is the older island and received immigrants from Australia
+at a period when, probably, Lombok and Flores had not
+come into existence or were unhabitable.... We can,"
+he says, "feel confident that Timor has not been connected
+with Australia, because it has none of the peculiar
+Australian mammalia, and also because many of the commonest
+and most widespread groups of Australian birds
+are entirely wanting."<a name="noteref_2" id="noteref_2"></a><a href="#note_2"><span class="footnoteref">2</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Two other papers, dealing with parrots and pigeons
+respectively (1864-5), were thought by Wallace himself to
+be among the most important of his studies of geographical
+distribution. Writing of them he says: "These
+peculiarities of distribution and coloration in two such
+very diverse groups of birds interested me greatly, and I
+endeavoured to explain them in accordance with the laws
+of Natural Selection."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">In March, 1864, having begun to make a special study
+of his collection of butterflies, he prepared a paper for the
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page005">[pg 005]</span>
+<a name="Pg005" id="Pg005" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Linnean Society on "The Malayan PapilionidÊ, as illustrating
+the Theory of Natural Selection." The introductory
+portion of this paper appeared in the first edition
+of his volume entitled "Contributions to the Theory of
+Natural Selection" (1870), but it was omitted in later
+editions as being too technical for the general reader.
+From certain remarks found here and there, both in "My
+Life" and other works, butterflies would appear to have
+had a special charm and attraction for Wallace. Their
+varied and gorgeous colourings were a ceaseless delight
+to his eye, and when describing them one feels the sense
+of pleasure which this gave him, together with the recollection
+of the far-off haunts in which he had first discovered
+them.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">This series of papers on birds and insects, with others
+on the physical geography of the Archipelago and its various
+races of man, furnished all the necessary materials for the
+general sketch of the natural history of these islands, and
+the many problems arising therefrom, which made the
+"Malay Archipelago" the most popular of his books. In
+addition to his own personal knowledge, however, some
+interesting comparisons are drawn between the accounts
+given by early explorers and the impressions left on his
+own mind by the same places and people. On the publication
+of this work, in 1869, extensive and highly appreciative
+reviews appeared in all the leading papers and journals,
+and to-day it is still looked upon as one of the most trustworthy
+and informative books of travel.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">When the "Malay Archipelago" was in progress, a
+lengthy article on "Geological Climates and the Origin
+of Species" (which formed the foundation for "Island
+Life" twelve years later) appeared in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Quarterly
+Review</span> (April, 1869). Several references in this to the
+"Principles of Geology"—Sir Charles Lyell&#39;s great work—gave
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page006">[pg 006]</span>
+<a name="Pg006" id="Pg006" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+much satisfaction both to Lyell and to Darwin.
+The underlying argument was a combination of the views
+held by Sir Charles Lyell and Mr. Croll respectively in relation
+to the glacial epoch, and the great effect of changed
+distribution of sea and land, or of differences of altitude,
+and how by combining the two a better explanation could
+be arrived at than by accepting each theory on its own basis.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">His next publication of importance was the volume entitled
+"Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection,"
+consisting of ten essays (all of which had previously appeared
+in various periodicals) arranged in the following order:</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">1. On the Law which has regulated the Introduction of
+New Species.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">2. On the Tendency of Varieties to depart indefinitely
+from the Original Type.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">3. Mimicry, and other Protective Resemblances among
+Animals.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">4. The Malayan PapilionidÊ.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">5. Instinct in Man and Animals.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">6. The Philosophy of Birds&#39; Nests.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">7. A Theory of Birds&#39; Nests.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">8. Creation by Law.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">9. The Development of Human Races under the Law of
+Natural Selection.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">10. The Limits of Natural Selection as applied to Man.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">His reasons for publishing this work were, first, that
+the first two papers of the series had gained him the reputation
+of being an originator of the theory of Natural
+Selection, and, secondly, that there were a few important
+points relating to the origin of life and consciousness
+and the mental and moral qualities of man and other
+views on which he entirely differed from Darwin.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Though in later years Wallace&#39;s convictions developed
+considerably with regard to the spiritual aspect of man&#39;s
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page007">[pg 007]</span>
+<a name="Pg007" id="Pg007" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+nature, he never deviated from the ideas laid down in
+these essays. Only a very brief outline must suffice to
+convey some of the most important points.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">In the childhood of the human race, he believed, Natural
+Selection would operate mainly on man&#39;s body, but in
+later periods upon the mind. Hence it would happen
+that the physical forms of the different races were early
+fixed in a permanent manner. Sharper claws, stronger
+muscles, swifter feet and tougher hides determine the survival
+value of lower animals. With man, however, the
+finer intellect, the readier adaptability to environment,
+the greater susceptibility to improvement, and the elastic
+capacity for co-ordination, were the qualities which determined
+his career. Tribes which are weak in these qualities
+give way and perish before tribes which are strong in them,
+whatever advantages the former may possess in physical
+structure. The finest savage has always succumbed before
+the advance of civilisation. "The Red Indian goes down
+before the white man, and the New Zealander vanishes in
+presence of the English settler." Nature, careless in this
+stage of evolution about the body, selects for survival those
+varieties of mankind which excel in mental qualities. Hence
+it has happened that the physical characteristics of the different
+races, once fixed in very early prehistoric times, have
+never greatly varied. They have passed out of the range
+of Natural Selection because they have become comparatively
+unimportant in the struggle for existence.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">After going into considerable detail of organic and
+physical development, he says: "The inference I would
+draw from this class of phenomena is, that a superior intelligence
+has guided the development of man in a definite
+direction, and for a special purpose, just as man guides the
+development of many animal and vegetable forms." Thus
+he foreshadows the conclusion, to be more fully developed
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page008">[pg 008]</span>
+<a name="Pg008" id="Pg008" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+in "The World of Life" (1910), of an over-ruling God, of
+the spiritual nature of man, and of the other world of
+spiritual beings.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">An essay that excited special attention was that on
+Mimicry. The two on Birds&#39; Nests brought forth some
+rather heated correspondence from amateur naturalists, to
+which Wallace replied either by adducing confirmation of
+the facts stated, or by thanking them for the information
+they had given him.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">With reference to the paper on Mimicry, it is interesting
+to note that the hypothesis therein adopted was
+first suggested by H.W. Bates, Wallace&#39;s friend and
+fellow-traveller in South America. The essay under this
+title dealt with the subject in a most fascinating manner,
+and was probably the first to arouse widespread interest
+in this aspect of natural science.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The next eight years saw the production of many important
+and valuable works, amongst which the "Geographical
+Distribution of Animals" (1876) occupies the
+chief place. This work, though perhaps the least known
+to the average reader, was considered by Wallace to be
+the most important scientific work he ever attempted.
+From references in letters written during his stay in the
+Malay Archipelago, it is clear that the subject had a
+strong attraction for him, and formed a special branch of
+study and observation many years before he began to work
+it out systematically in writing. His decision to write the
+book was the outcome of a suggestion made to him by
+Prof. A. Newton and Dr. Sclater about 1872. In addition
+to having already expressed his general views on this subject
+in various papers and articles, he had, after careful
+consideration, come to adopt Dr. Sclater&#39;s division of the
+earth&#39;s surface into six great zoological regions, which he
+found equally applicable to birds, mammalia, reptiles, and
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page009">[pg 009]</span>
+<a name="Pg009" id="Pg009" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+other great divisions; while at the same time it helped to
+explain the apparent contradictions in the distribution of
+land animals. Some years later he wrote:</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">In whatever work I have done I have always aimed
+at systematic arrangement and uniformity of treatment
+throughout. But here the immense extent of the subject,
+the overwhelming mass of detail, and above all the excessive
+diversities in the amount of knowledge of the different
+classes of animals, rendered it quite impossible to treat all
+alike. My preliminary studies had already satisfied me that
+it was quite useless to attempt to found any conclusions on
+those groups which were comparatively little known, either
+as regards the proportion of species collected and described,
+or as regards their systematic classification. It was also
+clear that as the present distribution of animals is necessarily
+due to their past distribution, the greatest importance
+must be given to those groups whose fossil remains
+in the more recent strata are the most abundant and the
+best known. These considerations led me to limit my work
+in its detailed systematic groundwork, and study of the
+principles and law of distribution, to the mammalia and
+birds, and to apply the principles thus arrived at to an
+explanation of the distribution of other groups, such as
+reptiles, fresh-water fishes, land and fresh-water shells,
+and the best-known insect Orders.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">There remained another fundamental point to consider.
+Geographical distribution in its practical applications and
+interest, both to students and to the general reader, consists
+of two distinct divisions, or rather, perhaps, may be looked
+at from two points of view. In the first of these we divide
+the earth into regions and sub-regions, study the causes
+which have led to the difference in their animal productions,
+give a general account of these, with the amount of
+resemblance to and difference from other regions; and we
+may also give lists of the families and genera inhabiting
+each, with indications as to which are peculiar and which
+are also found in adjacent regions. This aspect of the
+study I term zoological geography, and it is that which
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page010">[pg 010]</span>
+<a name="Pg010" id="Pg010" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+would be of most interest to the resident or travelling
+naturalist, as it would give him, in the most direct and
+compact form, an indication of the numbers and kinds of
+animals he might expect to meet with.<a name="noteref_3" id="noteref_3"></a><a href="#note_3"><span class="footnoteref">3</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The keynote of the general scheme of distribution, as
+set forth in these two volumes, may be expressed as an
+endeavour to compare the extinct and existing fauna of
+each country and to trace the course by which what is
+now peculiar to each region had come to assume its
+present character. The main result being that all the
+higher forms of life seem to have originally appeared in
+the northern hemisphere, which has sent out migration
+after migration to colonise the three southern continents;
+and although varying considerably from time to time in
+form and extent, each has kept essentially distinct, while
+at the same time receiving periodically wave after wave
+of fresh animal life from the northward.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">This again was due to many physical causes such
+as peninsulas parting from continents as islands, islands
+joining and making new continents, continents breaking
+up or effecting junction with or being isolated from one
+another. Thus Australia received the germ of her present
+abundant fauna of pouched mammals when she was part
+of the Old-World continent, but separated from that too
+soon to receive the various placental mammals which have,
+except in her isolated area, superseded those older forms.
+So, also, South America, at one time unconnected with
+North America, developed her great sloths and armadilloes,
+and, on fusing with the latter, sent her megatheriums
+to the north, and received mastodons and large cats in
+exchange.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Some of the points, such for instance as the division
+of the sub-regions into which each greater division is
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page011">[pg 011]</span>
+<a name="Pg011" id="Pg011" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+separated, gave rise to considerable controversy. Wallace&#39;s
+final estimate of the work stands: "No one is more
+aware than myself of the defects of the work, a considerable
+portion of which are due to the fact that it was written
+a quarter of a century too soon—at a time when both
+zoological and palÊontological discovery were advancing
+with great rapidity, while new and improved classifications
+of some of the great classes and orders were in constant
+progress. But though many of the details given in
+these volumes would now require alteration, there is no
+reason to believe that the great features of the work and
+general principles established by it will require any important
+modification."<a name="noteref_4" id="noteref_4"></a><a href="#note_4"><span class="footnoteref">4</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">About this time he wrote the article on "Acclimatisation"
+for the "EncyclopÊdia Britannica"; and another
+on "Distribution-Zoology" for the same work. As President
+of the Biological Section of the British Association
+he prepared an address for the meeting at Glasgow; wrote
+a number of articles and reviews, as well as his remarkable
+book on "Miracles and Modern Spiritualism." In
+1878 he published "Tropical Nature," in which he gave
+a general sketch of the climate, vegetation, and animal life
+of the equatorial zone of the tropics from his own observations
+in both hemispheres. The chief novelty was, according
+to his own opinion, in the chapter on "climate," in
+which he endeavoured to show the exact causes which
+produce the difference between the uniform climate of the
+equatorial zone, and that of June and July in England.
+Although at that time <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">we</span> receive actually more of the light
+and heat of the sun than does Java or Trinidad in December,
+yet these places have then a mean temperature very
+much higher than ours. It contained also a chapter on
+humming-birds, as illustrating the luxuriance of tropical
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page012">[pg 012]</span>
+<a name="Pg012" id="Pg012" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+nature; and others on the colours of animals and of
+plants, and on various biological problems.<a name="noteref_5" id="noteref_5"></a><a href="#note_5"><span class="footnoteref">5</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Island Life"<a name="noteref_6" id="noteref_6"></a><a href="#note_6"><span class="footnoteref">6</span></a> (published 1880) was begun in 1877, and
+occupied the greater part of the next three years. This
+had been suggested by certain necessary limitations in the
+writing of "The Geographical Distribution of Animals."
+It is a fascinating account of the relations of islands to
+continents, of their unwritten records of the distribution
+of plant and animal life in the morning time of the earth,
+of the causes and results of the glacial period, and of the
+manner of reckoning the age of the world from geological
+data. It also included several new features of natural
+science, and still retains an important place in scientific
+literature. No better summary can be given than that by
+the author himself:</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">In my "Geographical Distribution of Animals" I had,
+in the first place, dealt with the larger groups, coming
+down to families and genera, but taking no account of the
+various problems raised by the distribution of particular
+<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">species</span>. In the next place, I had taken little account of
+the various islands of the globe, excepting as forming sub-regions
+or parts of sub-regions. But I had long seen the
+great interest and importance of these, and especially of
+Darwin&#39;s great discovery of the two classes into which they
+are naturally divided—oceanic and continental islands. I
+had already given lectures on this subject, and had become
+aware of the great interest attaching to them, and the great
+light they threw upon the means of dispersal of animals and
+plants, as well as upon the past changes, both physical and
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page013">[pg 013]</span>
+<a name="Pg013" id="Pg013" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+means of dispersal and colonisation of animals is so connected
+with, and often dependent on, that of plants, that
+a consideration of the latter is essential to any broad views
+as to the distribution of life upon the earth, while they
+throw unexpected light upon those exceptional means of
+dispersal which, because they are exceptional, are often
+of paramount importance in leading to the production of
+new species and in thus determining the nature of insular
+floras and faunas.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Having no knowledge of scientific botany, it needed some
+courage, or, as some may think, presumption, to deal with
+this aspect of the problem; but ... I had long been excessively
+fond of plants, and ... interested in their distribution.
+The subject, too, was easier to deal with, on account
+of the much more complete knowledge of the detailed distribution
+of plants than of animals, and also because their
+classification was in a more advanced and stable condition.
+Again, some of the most interesting islands of the globe had
+been carefully studied botanically by such eminent botanists
+as Sir Joseph Hooker for the Galapagos, New Zealand, Tasmania,
+and the Antarctic islands; Mr. H.C. Watson for the
+Azores; Mr. J.G. Baker for Mauritius and other Mascarene
+islands; while there were floras by competent botanists of the
+Sandwich Islands, Bermuda and St. Helena....</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">But I also found it necessary to deal with a totally
+distinct branch of science—recent changes of climate as
+dependent on changes of the earth&#39;s surface, including the
+causes and effects of the glacial epoch, since these were
+among the most powerful agents in causing the dispersal
+of all kinds of organisms, and thus bringing about the
+actual distribution that now prevails. This led me to a
+careful study of Mr. James Croll&#39;s remarkable works on
+the subject of the astronomical causes of the glacial and
+interglacial periods.... While differing on certain
+details, I adopted the main features of his theory, combining
+with it the effects of changes in height and extent
+of land which form an important adjunct to the meteorological
+agents....</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Besides this partially new theory of the causes of glacial
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page014">[pg 014]</span>
+<a name="Pg014" id="Pg014" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+epochs, the work contained a fuller statement of the various
+kinds of evidence proving that the great oceanic basins are
+permanent features of the earth&#39;s surface, than had before
+been given; also a discussion of the mode of estimating the
+duration of geological periods, and some considerations leading
+to the conclusion that organic change is now less rapid
+than the average, and therefore that less time is required
+for this change than has hitherto been thought necessary. I
+was also, I believe, the first to point out the great difference
+between the more ancient continental islands and those of
+more recent origin, with the interesting conclusions as to
+geographical changes afforded by both; while the most
+important novelty is the theory by which I explained the
+occurrence of northern groups of plants in all parts of
+the southern hemisphere—a phenomenon which Sir Joseph
+Hooker had pointed out, but had then no means of explaining.<a name="noteref_7" id="noteref_7"></a><a href="#note_7"><span class="footnoteref">7</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">In 1878 Wallace wrote a volume on Australasia for Stanford&#39;s
+"Compendium of Geography and Travel." A later
+edition was published in 1893, which contained in addition
+to the physical geography, natural history, and geology of
+Australia, a much fuller account of the natives of Australia,
+showing that they are really a primitive type of the great
+Caucasian family of mankind, and are by no means so low
+in intellect as had been usually believed. This view has since
+been widely accepted.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Having, towards the close of 1885, received an invitation
+from the Lowell Institute, Boston, U.S.A., to deliver
+a course of lectures in the autumn and winter of 1886,
+Wallace decided upon a series which would embody those
+theories of evolution with which he was most familiar,
+with a special one on "The Darwinian Theory" illustrated
+by a set of original diagrams on variation. These
+lectures eventually became merged into the well-known
+book entitled "Darwinism."
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page015">[pg 015]</span>
+<a name="Pg015" id="Pg015" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">On the first delivery of his lecture on the "Darwinian
+Theory" at Boston it was no small pleasure to Wallace
+to find the audience both large and attentive. One of the
+newspapers expressed the public appreciation in the following
+truly American fashion: "The first Darwinian,
+Wallace, did not leave a leg for anti-Darwinism to stand
+on when he had got through his first Lowell Lecture last
+evening. It was a masterpiece of condensed statement—as
+clear and simple as compact—a most beautiful specimen
+of scientific work. Dr. Wallace, though not an orator, is
+likely to become a favourite as a lecturer, his manner is
+so genuinely modest and straightforward."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Wherever he went during his tour of the States this
+lecture more than all others attracted and pleased his
+audiences. Many who had the opportunity of conversing
+with him, and others by correspondence, confessed that
+they had not been able to understand the "Origin of
+Species" until they heard the facts explained in such a
+lucid manner by him. It was this fact, therefore, which
+led him, on his return home in the autumn of 1887, to
+begin the preparation of the book ("Darwinism") published
+in 1889. The method he chose was that of following
+as closely as possible the lines of thought running
+through the "Origin of Species," to which he added many
+new features, in addition to laying special emphasis on the
+parts which had been most generally misunderstood.
+Indeed, so fairly and impartially did he set forth the
+general principles of the Darwinian theory that he was
+able to say: "Some of my critics declare that I am
+more Darwinian than Darwin himself, and in this, I
+admit, they are not far wrong."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">His one object, as set out in the Preface, was to treat
+the problem of the origin of species from the standpoint
+reached after nearly thirty years of discussion, with an
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page016">[pg 016]</span>
+<a name="Pg016" id="Pg016" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+abundance of new facts and the advocacy of many new
+and old theories. As it had frequently been considered a
+weakness on Darwin&#39;s part that he based his evidence
+primarily on experiments with domesticated animals and
+cultivated plants, Wallace desired to secure a firm foundation
+for the theory in the variation of organisms in a state
+of nature. It was in order to make these facts intelligible
+that he introduced a number of diagrams, just as Darwin
+was accustomed to appeal to the facts of variation among
+dogs and pigeons.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Another change which he considered important was that
+of taking the struggle for existence first, because this is
+the fundamental phenomenon on which Natural Selection
+depends. This, too, had a further advantage in that, after
+discussing variations and the effects of artificial selection,
+it was possible at once to explain how Natural Selection acts.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The subjects treated with novelty and interest in their
+important bearings on the theory of Natural Selection
+were: (1) A proof that all <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">specific</span> characters are (or once
+have been) either useful in themselves or correlated with
+useful characters (Chap. VI.); (2) a proof that Natural
+Selection can, in certain cases, increase the sterility of
+crosses (Chap. VII.); (3) a fuller discussion of the colour
+relations of animals, with additional facts and arguments
+on the origin of sexual differences of colour (Chaps. VIII.-X.);
+(4) an attempted solution of the difficulty presented
+by the occurrence of both very simple and complex modes
+of securing the cross-fertilisation of plants (Chap. XI.);
+(5) some fresh facts and arguments on the wind-carriage
+of seeds, and its bearing on the wide dispersal of many
+arctic and alpine plants (Chap. XII.); (6) some new illustrations
+of the non-heredity of acquired characters, and a
+proof that the effects of use and disuse, even if inherited,
+must be overpowered by Natural Selection (Chap. XIV.);
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page017">[pg 017]</span>
+<a name="Pg017" id="Pg017" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and (7) a new argument as to the nature and origin of the
+moral and intellectual faculties of man (Chap. XV.).</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Although I maintain, and even enforce," wrote Wallace,
+"my differences from some of Darwin&#39;s views, my
+whole work tends forcibly to illustrate the overwhelming
+importance of Natural Selection over all other agencies in
+the production of new species. I thus take up Darwin&#39;s
+earlier position, from which he somewhat receded in the
+later editions of his works, on account of criticisms and
+objections which I have endeavoured to show are unsound.
+Even in rejecting that phase of sexual selection depending
+on female choice, I insist on the greater efficacy of Natural
+Selection. This is pre-eminently the Darwinian doctrine,
+and I therefore claim for my book the position of being the
+advocate of pure Darwinism."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">In concluding this section which, like a previous one,
+touches upon the intimate relations between Darwin and
+Wallace, and the points on which they agreed or differed,
+it is well, as the differences have been exaggerated and misunderstood,
+to bear in mind his own declaration: "None
+of my differences from Darwin imply any real divergence
+as to the overwhelming importance of the great principle
+of natural selection, while in several directions I believe
+that I have extended and strengthened it."<a name="noteref_8" id="noteref_8"></a><a href="#note_8"><span class="footnoteref">8</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">With these explanatory notes the reader will now be
+able to follow the two groups of letters on Natural Selection,
+Geographical Distribution, and the Origin of Life
+and Consciousness which follow.
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page018">[pg 018]</span>
+<a name="Pg018" id="Pg018" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_5" id="toc_5"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head">II.—Correspondence on Biology, Geographical
+Distribution, etc.</h2>
+
+<h2 style="font-size: 85%" class="tei tei-head">[1864-93]</h2>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_6" id="toc_6"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">H. SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">29 Bloomsbury Square, W.C. May 19, 1864.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Sir,—When I thanked you for your little pamphlet<a name="noteref_9" id="noteref_9"></a><a href="#note_9"><span class="footnoteref">9</span></a>
+the other day, I had not read it. I have since done
+so with great interest. Its leading idea is, I think, undoubtedly
+true, and of much importance towards an interpretation
+of the facts. Though I think that there are some
+purely physical modifications that may be shown to result
+from the direct influence of civilisation, yet I think it is
+quite clear, as you point out, that the small amounts of
+physical differences that have arisen between the various
+human races are due to the way in which mental modifications
+have served in place of physical ones.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I hope you will pursue the inquiry. It is one in which
+I have a direct interest, since I hope, hereafter, to make
+use of its results.—Sincerely yours,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">HERBERT SPENCER</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_7" id="toc_7"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">53 Harley Street. May 22, [1864].</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Sir,—I have been reading with great interest
+your paper on the Origin of the Races of Man, in which I
+think the question between the two opposite parties is put
+with such admirable clearness and fairness that that alone
+is no small assistance towards clearing the way to a true
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page019">[pg 019]</span>
+<a name="Pg019" id="Pg019" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+theory. The manner in which you have given Darwin the
+whole credit of the theory of Natural Selection is very
+handsome, but if anyone else had done it without allusion
+to your papers it would have been wrong.... With many
+thanks for your most admirable paper, believe me, my dear
+Sir, ever very truly yours,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">CHA. LYELL.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_8" id="toc_8"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">73 Harley Street. March 19, 1867.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Wallace,—I am citing your two papers in my
+second volume of the new edition of the "Principles"—that
+on the Physical Geography of the Malay Archipelago,
+1863, and the other on Varieties of Man in ditto, 1864. I
+am somewhat confounded with the marked line which you
+draw between the two provinces on each side of the Straits
+of Lombok. It seems to me that Darwin and Hooker have
+scarcely given sufficient weight to the objection which it
+affords to some of their arguments. First, in regard to
+continental extension, if these straits could form such a
+barrier, it would seem as if nothing short of a land communication
+could do much towards fusing together two
+distinct faunas and floras. But here comes the question—are
+there any land-quadrupeds in Bali or in Lombok?
+I think you told me little was known of the plants, but
+perhaps you know something of the insects. It is impossible
+that birds of long flight crossing over should not
+have conveyed the seeds and eggs of some plants, insects,
+mollusca, etc. Then the currents would not be idle, and
+during such an eruption as that of Tomboro in Sumbawa
+all sorts of disturbances, aerial, aquatic and terrestrial,
+would have scattered animals and plants.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">When I first wrote, thirty-five years ago, I attached
+great importance to preoccupancy, and fancied that a
+body of indigenous plants already fitted for every available
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page020">[pg 020]</span>
+<a name="Pg020" id="Pg020" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+station would prevent an invader, especially from, a
+quite foreign province, from having a chance of making
+good his settlement in a new country. But Darwin and
+Hooker contend that continental species which have been
+improved by a keen and wide competition are most
+frequently victorious over an insular or more limited flora
+and fauna. Looking, therefore, upon Bali as an outpost
+of the great Old World fauna, it ought to beat Lombok,
+which only represents a less rich and extensive fauna,
+namely the Australian.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">You may perhaps answer that Lombok is an outpost
+of an army that may once have been as multitudinous as
+that of the old continent, but the larger part of the host
+have been swamped in the Pacific. But they say that
+European forms of animals and plants run wild in Australia
+and New Zealand, whereas few of the latter can do
+the same in Europe. In my map there is a small island
+called Nousabali; this ought to make the means of migration
+of seeds and animals less difficult. I cannot find that
+you say anywhere what is the depth of the sea between the
+Straits of Lombok, but you mention that it exceeds 100
+fathoms. I am quite willing to infer that there is a connection
+between these soundings and the line of demarcation
+between the two zoological provinces, but must we
+suppose land communication for all birds of short flight?
+Must we unite South America with the Galapagos Islands?
+Can you refer me to any papers by yourself which might
+enlighten me and perhaps answer some of these queries?
+I should have thought that the intercourse even of savage
+tribes for tens of thousands of years between neighbouring
+islands would have helped to convey in canoes many animals
+and plants from one province to another so as to help to
+confound them. Your hypothesis of the gradual advance
+of two widely separated continents towards each other
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page021">[pg 021]</span>
+<a name="Pg021" id="Pg021" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+seems to be the best that can be offered. You say that a
+rise of a hundred fathoms would unite the Philippine
+Islands and Bali to the Indian region. Is there, then, a
+depth of 600 feet in that narrow strait of Bali, which seems
+in my map only two miles or so in breadth?</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I have [been] confined to the house for a week by a cold
+or I should have tried to see you. I am afraid to go out
+to-day.—Believe me ever most truly yours,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">CHA. LYELL.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_9" id="toc_9"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">73 Harley Street. April 4, 1867.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mr. Wallace,—I have been reading over again your
+paper published in 1855 in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Annals</span> on "The Law which
+has regulated the Introduction of New Species"; passages
+of which I intend to quote, not in reference to your priority
+of publication, but simply because there are some points
+laid down more clearly than I can find in the work of
+Darwin itself, in regard to the bearing of the geological
+and zoological evidence on geographical distribution and the
+origin of species. I have been looking into Darwin&#39;s historical
+sketch thinking to find some allusion to your essay
+at page xx., 4th ed., when he gets to 1855, but I can find
+no allusion to it. Yet surely I remember somewhere a
+passage in which Darwin says in print that you had told
+him that in 1855 you meant by such expressions as "species
+being created on the type of pre-existing ones closely allied,"
+and by what you say of modified prototypes, and by the passage
+in which you ask "what rudimentary organs mean if
+each species has been created independently," etc., that new
+species were created by variation and in the way of ordinary
+generation.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Your last letter was a great help to me, for it was a
+relief to find that the Lombok barrier was not so complete
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page022">[pg 022]</span>
+<a name="Pg022" id="Pg022" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+as to be a source of difficulty. I have also to thank you for
+your papers, one of which I had read before in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Natural
+History Review</span>, but I am very glad of a separate copy. I
+am rather perplexed by Darwin speculating on the possibility
+of New Zealand having once been united with Australia
+(p. 446, 4th Ed.). The puzzle is greater than I can
+get over, even looking upon it as an oceanic island. Why
+should there have been no mammalia, rodents and marsupials,
+or only one mouse? Even if the Glacial period was
+such that it was enveloped in a Greenlandic winding-sheet,
+there would have been some Antarctic animals? It cannot
+be modern, seeing the height of those alps. It may have
+been a set of separate smaller islands, an archipelago since
+united into fewer. No savages could have extirpated
+mammalia, besides we should have found them fossil in
+the same places with all those species of extinct Dinornis
+which have come to light. Perhaps you will say that the
+absence of mammalia in New Caledonia is a corresponding
+fact.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">This reminds me of another difficulty. On the hypothesis
+of the coral islands being the last remnants of a
+submerged continent, ought they not to have in them a
+crowd of peculiar and endemic types, each rivalling St.
+Helena, instead of which I believe they are very poor [in]
+peculiar genera. Have they all got submerged for a short
+time during the ups and downs to which they have been
+subjected, Tahiti and some others having been built up by
+volcanic action in the Pliocene period? Madeira and the
+Canaries were islands in the Upper Miocene ocean, and
+may therefore well have peculiar endemic types of very
+old date, and destroyed elsewhere. I have just got in
+Wollaston&#39;s "Coleoptera Atlantidum," and shall be glad to
+lend it you when I have read the Introduction. He goes
+in for continental extension, which only costs him two
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page023">[pg 023]</span>
+<a name="Pg023" id="Pg023" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+catastrophes by which the union and disunion with the
+nearest mainland may readily be accomplished.... —Believe
+me ever most truly yours,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">CHA. LYELL.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_10" id="toc_10"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">73 Harley Street. May 2, 1867.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Sir,—I forgot to ask you last night about an
+ornithological point which I have been discussing with the
+Duke of Argyll. In Chapter V. of his "Reign of Law"
+(which I should be happy to lend you, if you have time to
+look at it immediately) he treats of humming-birds, saying
+that Gould has made out about 400 species, every one of
+them very distinct from the other, and only one instance,
+in Ecuadór, of a species which varies in its tail-feathers in
+such a way as to make it doubtful whether it ought to rank
+as a species, an opinion to which Gould inclines, or only as
+a variety or incipient species, as the Duke thinks. For the
+Duke is willing to go so far towards the transmutation
+theory as to allow that different humming-birds may have
+had a common ancestral stock, provided it be admitted that
+a new and marked variety appears at once with the full
+distinctness of sex so remarkable in that genus.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">According to his notion, the new male variety and the
+female must both appear at once, and this new race or
+species must be regarded as an "extraordinary birth." My
+reason for troubling you is merely to learn, since you have
+studied the birds of South America, and I hope collected
+some humming-birds, whether Gould is right in saying that
+there are so many hundred very distinct species without
+instances of marked varieties and transitional forms. If this
+be the case, would it not present us with an exception to the
+rule laid down by Darwin and Hooker that when a genus is
+largely represented in a continuous tract of land the species
+of that genus tend to vary?
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page024">[pg 024]</span>
+<a name="Pg024" id="Pg024" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I have inquired of Sclater and he tells me that he has a
+considerable distrust of Gould&#39;s information on this point,
+but that he has not himself studied humming-birds.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">In regard to shells, I have always found that dealers have
+a positive prejudice against intermediate forms, and one of
+the most philosophical of them, now no more, once confessed
+to me that it was very much against his trade interest to
+give an honest opinion that certain varieties were not real
+species, or that certain forms, made distinct genera by some
+conchologists, ought not so to rank. Nine-tenths of his customers,
+if told that it was not a good genus or good species,
+would say, "Then I need not buy it." What they wanted
+was names, not things. Of course there are genera in which
+the species are much better defined than in others, but you
+would explain this, as Darwin and Hooker do, by the greater
+length of time during which they have existed, or the greater
+activity of changes, organic and inorganic, which have taken
+place in the region inhabited by the generic or family type
+in question. The manufactory of new species has ceased,
+or nearly so, and in that case I suppose a variety is more
+likely to be one of the transitional links which has not yet
+been extinguished than the first step towards a new permanent
+race or allied species....</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Your last letter will be of great use to me. I had cited
+the case of beetles recovering from immersion of hours in
+alcohol from my own experience, but am glad it strikes you
+in the same light. McAndrew told me last night that the
+littoral shells of the Azores being European, or rather
+African, is in favour of a former continental extension, but
+I suspect that the floating of seaweed containing their eggs
+may dispense with the hypothesis of the submersion of 1,200
+miles of land once intervening. I want naturalists carefully
+to examine floating seaweed and pumice met with at sea.
+Tell your correspondents to look out. There should be a
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page025">[pg 025]</span>
+<a name="Pg025" id="Pg025" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+microscopic examination of both these means of transport.—Believe
+me ever truly yours,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">CHA. LYELL.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_11" id="toc_11"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">73 Harley Street. July 3, 1867.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mr. Wallace,—I was very glad, though I take in
+the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Westminster Review</span>, to have a duplicate of your most
+entertaining and instructive essay on Mimicry of Colours,
+etc., which I have been reading with great delight, and I may
+say that both copies are in full use here. I think it is admirably
+written and most persuasive.—Believe me ever most
+truly yours,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">CHA. LYELL.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_12" id="toc_12"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO HERBERT SPENCER</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Hurstpierpoint, Sussex. October 26, 1867.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mr. Spencer,—After leaving you yesterday I
+thought a little over your objections to the Duke of Argyll&#39;s
+theory of flight on the ground that it does not apply to
+insects, and it seems to me that exactly the same general
+principles do apply to insects as to birds. I read over the
+Duke&#39;s book without paying special attention to that part
+of it, but as far as I remember, the case of insects offers no
+difficulty in the way of applying his principles. If any wing
+were a rigid plane surface, it appears to me that there are
+only two ways in which it could be made to produce flight.
+Firstly, on the principle that the resistance in a fluid, and I
+believe also in air, increases in a greater ratio than the
+velocity (? as the square), the descending stroke might be
+more rapid than the ascending one, and the resultant would
+be an upward or forward motion. Secondly, some kind of
+furling or feathering by a rotatory motion of the wing might
+take place on raising the wings. I think, however, it is clear
+that neither of these actions occurs during the flight of
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page026">[pg 026]</span>
+<a name="Pg026" id="Pg026" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+insects. In both slow- and quick-flying species there is no
+appearance of such a difference of velocity, and I am not
+aware that anyone has attempted to prove that it occurs;
+and the fact that in so many insects the edges of the fore and
+hind wings are connected together, while their insertions at
+the base are at some distance apart, <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">entirely precludes a rotation
+of the wings</span>. The whole structure and form of the
+wings of insects, moreover, indicate an action in flight quite
+analogous to that of birds. I believe that a careful examination
+will show that the wings of almost all insects are slightly
+concave beneath. Further, they are all constructed with a
+strong and rigid anterior margin, while the outer and hinder
+margins are exceedingly thin and flexible. Yet further, I
+feel confident (and a friend here agrees with me) that they
+are much more rigid against <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">upward</span> than against <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">downward</span>
+pressure. Now in most insects (take a butterfly as an
+example) the body is weighted behind the insertion of the
+wings by the long and heavy abdomen, so as to produce an
+oblique position when freely suspended. There is also much
+more wing surface behind than before the fulcrum. Now if
+such an insect produces by muscular action a regular flapping
+of the wings, flight must result. At the downward
+stroke the pressure of the air against the hind wings would
+raise them all to a nearly horizontal position, and at the
+same time bend up their posterior margins a little, producing
+an upward and onward motion. At the upward stroke the
+pressure on the hind wings would depress them considerably
+into an oblique position, and from their great flexibility in
+that direction would bend down their hind margins. The
+resultant would be a slightly downward and considerably
+onward motion, the two strokes producing that undulating
+flight so characteristic of butterflies, and so especially
+observable in the broad-winged tropical species. Now all
+this is quite conformable to the action of a bird&#39;s wing. The
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page027">[pg 027]</span>
+<a name="Pg027" id="Pg027" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+rigid anterior margin, the slender and flexible hind margin;
+the greater resistance to upward than to downward pressure,
+and the slight concavity of the under surface, are all characters
+common to the wings of birds and most insects, and,
+considering the totally different structure and homologies of
+the two, I think there is at least an <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">a priori</span> case for the function
+they both subserve being dependent upon these peculiarities.
+If I remember rightly, it is on these principles that the
+Duke of Argyll has explained the flight of birds, in which,
+however, there are of course some specialities depending
+on the more perfect organisation of the wing, its greater
+mobility and flexibility, its capacity for enlargement and
+contraction, and the peculiar construction and arrangement
+of the feathers. These, however, are matters of detail; and
+there are no doubt many and important differences of detail
+in the mode of flight of the different types of insects which
+would require a special study of each. It appeared to me
+that the Duke of Argyll had given that special study to the
+flight of birds, and deserved praise for having done so successfully,
+although he may not have quite solved the whole
+problem, or have stated quite accurately the comparative
+importance of the various causes that combine to effect flight.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—Believe me yours very sincerely,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_13" id="toc_13"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">57 Queen&#39;s Gardens, Bayswater, W. December 5, 1867.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mr. Wallace,—I did not answer your last letter,
+being busy in getting out my second edition of "First
+Principles."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I was quite aware of the alleged additional cause of flight
+which you name, and do not doubt that it is an aid. But I
+regard it simply as an aid. If you will move an outstretched
+wing backwards and forwards with equal velocity, I think
+you will find that the difference of resistance is nothing like
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page028">[pg 028]</span>
+<a name="Pg028" id="Pg028" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+commensurate with the difference in size between the muscles
+that raise the wings and the muscles that depress them. It
+seems to me quite out of the question that the principles of
+flight are fundamentally different in a bat and a bird, which
+they must be if the Duke of Argyll&#39;s interpretation is correct.
+I write, however, not so much to reply to your argument as
+to correct a misapprehension which my expressions seem to
+have given you. The objections are not made by Tyndall or
+Huxley; but they are objections made by me, which I stated
+to them, and in which they agreed—Tyndall expressing the
+opinion that I ought to make them public. I name this
+because you may otherwise some day startle Tyndall or
+Huxley by speaking to them of <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">their</span> objections, and giving
+me as the authority for so affiliating them.—Very truly
+yours,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">HERBERT SPENCER.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_14" id="toc_14"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">73 Harley Street, London, W. November, 1867.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Wallace,—You probably remember an article by
+Agassiz in an American periodical, the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Christian Observer</span>,
+on the diversity of human races, etc., to prove that each
+distinct race was originally created for each zoological and
+botanical province. But while he makes out a good case for
+the circumscription of the principal races to distinct provinces,
+he evades in a singular manner the community of the
+Red Indian race to North and South America. He takes
+pains to show that the same American race pervades North
+and South America, or at least all America south of the
+Arctic region. This was Dr. Morton&#39;s opinion, and is, I
+suppose, not to be gainsaid. In other words, while the
+Papuan, Indo-Malayan, Negro and other races are strictly
+limited each of them to a particular region of mammalia,
+the Red Indian type is common to Sclater&#39;s Neo-arctic and
+Neo-tropical regions. Have you ever considered the explanation
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page029">[pg 029]</span>
+<a name="Pg029" id="Pg029" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of this fact on Darwinian principles? If there were
+not barbarous tribes like the Fuegians, one might imagine
+America to have been peopled when mankind was somewhat
+more advanced and more capable of diffusing itself over an
+entire continent. But I cannot well understand why isolation
+such as accompanies a very low state of social progress
+did not cause the Neo-tropical and Neo-arctic regions to
+produce by varieties and Natural Selection two very different
+human races. May it be owing to the smaller lapse of time,
+which time, nevertheless, was sufficient to allow of the spread
+of the representatives of one and the same type from Canada
+to Cape Horn? Have you ever touched on this subject, or
+can you refer me to anyone who has?—Believe me ever most
+truly yours,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">CHA. LYELL.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_15" id="toc_15"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO SIR C. LYELL</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">1867.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir Charles,—Why the colour of man is sometimes
+constant over large areas while in other cases it varies, we
+cannot certainly tell; but we may well suppose it to be due
+to its being more or less correlated with constitutional characters
+favourable to life. By far the most common colour of
+man is a warm brown, not very different from that of the
+American Indian. White and black are alike deviations
+from this, and are probably correlated with mental and
+physical peculiarities which have been favourable to the increase
+and maintenance of the particular race. I shall infer,
+therefore, that the brown or red was the original colour of
+man, and that it maintains itself throughout all climates in
+America because accidental deviations from it have not been
+accompanied by any useful constitutional peculiarities. It
+is Bates&#39;s opinion that the Indians are recent immigrants
+into the tropical plains of South America, and are not yet
+fully acclimatised.—Yours faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">A.R. WALLACE.</p>
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page030">[pg 030]</span>
+<a name="Pg030" id="Pg030" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_16" id="toc_16"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">73 Harley Street. March 13, 1869.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Wallace,— ...I am reading your new book,<a name="noteref_10" id="noteref_10"></a><a href="#note_10"><span class="footnoteref">10</span></a> of which you kindly
+sent me a copy, with very great pleasure. Nothing equal to it has come
+out since Darwin&#39;s "Voyage of the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Beagle</span>." ... The history of the Mias
+is very well done. I am not yet through the first volume, but my wife is
+deep in the second and much taken with it. It is so rare to be able to
+depend on the scientific knowledge and accuracy of those who have so
+much of the wonderful to relate....—Believe me ever most truly yours,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">CHA. LYELL.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_17" id="toc_17"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">CANON KINGSLEY TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Eversley Rectory, Winchfield. May 5, 1869.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Sir,—I am reading—or rather have all but read—your
+new book,<a name="noteref_11" id="noteref_11"></a><a href="#note_11"><span class="footnoteref">11</span></a> with a delight which I cannot find words
+to express save those which are commonplace superlatives.
+Let me felicitate you on having, at last, added to the knowledge
+of our planet a chapter which has not its equal (as far
+as I can recollect) since our friend Darwin&#39;s "Voyage of the
+<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Beagle</span>." Let me, too, compliment you on the modesty and
+generosity which you have shown, in dedicating your book
+to Darwin, and speaking of him and his work as you have
+done. Would that a like unselfish chivalry were more common—I
+do not say amongst scientific men, for they have it
+in great abundance, but—in the rest of the community.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">May I ask—as a very great favour—to be allowed to call
+on you some day in London, and to see your insects? I and
+my daughter are soon, I hope, going to the West Indies, for
+plants and insects, among other things; and the young lady
+might learn much of typical forms from one glance at your
+treasures.
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page031">[pg 031]</span>
+<a name="Pg031" id="Pg031" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I send this letter by our friend Bates—being ignorant of
+your address.—Believe me, my dear Sir, ever yours faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">C. KINGSLEY.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_18" id="toc_18"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MISS A. BUCKLEY<a name="noteref_12" id="noteref_12"></a><a href="#note_12"><span class="footnoteref">12</span></a></h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Holly House, Barking, E. February 2, 1871.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Miss Buckley,—I have read Darwin&#39;s first volume,<a name="noteref_13" id="noteref_13"></a><a href="#note_13"><span class="footnoteref">13</span></a>
+and like it very much. It is overwhelming as proving the
+origin of man from some lower form, but that, I rather
+think, hardly anyone doubts now.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">He is very weak, as yet, on my objection about the
+"hair," but promises a better solution in the second
+volume.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Have you seen Mivart&#39;s book, "Genesis of Species"? It
+is exceedingly clever, and well worth reading. The arguments
+against Natural Selection as the exclusive mode of
+development are some of them exceedingly strong, and very
+well put, and it is altogether a most readable and interesting
+book.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Though he uses some weak and bad arguments, and underrates
+the power of Natural Selection, yet I think I agree
+with his conclusion in the main, and am inclined to think it
+is more philosophical than my own. It is a book that I think
+will please Sir Charles Lyell.—Believe me, yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_19" id="toc_19"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MISS A. BUCKLEY</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Holly House, Barking, E. March 3, 1871.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Miss Buckley,—Thanks for your note. I am hard at
+work criticising Darwin. I admire his Moral Sense chapter
+as much as anything in the book. It is both original and
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page032">[pg 032]</span>
+<a name="Pg032" id="Pg032" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the most satisfactory of all the theories, if not quite
+satisfactory....—Believe
+me yours very faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">P.S.—Darwin&#39;s book on the whole is wonderful! There
+are plenty of points open to criticism, but it is a marvellous
+contribution to the history of the development of the forms
+of life.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_20" id="toc_20"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">February 15, 1876.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Wallace,—I have read the Preface,<a name="noteref_14" id="noteref_14"></a><a href="#note_14"><span class="footnoteref">14</span></a> and like and
+approve of it much. I do not believe there is a word which
+Darwin would wish altered. It is high time this modest
+assertion of your claims as an independent originator of
+Natural Selection should be published.—Ever most truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">CHA. LYELL.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_21" id="toc_21"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR J. HOOKER TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Royal Gardens, Kew. August 2, 1880.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Wallace,—I think you have made an immense
+advance to our knowledge of the ways and means of distribution,
+and bridged many great gaps.<a name="noteref_15" id="noteref_15"></a><a href="#note_15"><span class="footnoteref">15</span></a> Your reasoning seems
+to me to be sound throughout, though I am not prepared to
+receive it in all its details.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I am disposed to regard the Western Australian flora as
+the latest in point of origin, and I hope to prove it by development,
+and by the absence of various types. If Western
+Australia ever had an old flora, I am inclined to suppose
+that it has been destroyed by the invasion of Eastern types
+after the union with East Australia. My idea is that these
+types worked round by the south, and altered rapidly as
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page033">[pg 033]</span>
+<a name="Pg033" id="Pg033" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+they proceeded westward, increasing in species. Nor can I
+conceive the Western Island, when surrounded by sea, harbouring
+a flora like its present one.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I have been disposed to regard New Caledonia and the
+New Hebrides as the parent country of many New Zealand
+and Australian forms of vegetation, but we do not know
+enough of the vegetation of the former to warrant the conclusion;
+and after all it would be but a slight modification
+of your views.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I very much like your whole working of the problem of
+the isolation and connection of New Zealand and Australia
+<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">inter se</span> and with the countries north of them, and the whole
+treatment of that respecting north and south migration over
+the globe is admirable....—Ever most truly yours,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">J.D. HOOKER.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_22" id="toc_22"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR J. HOOKER TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Royal Gardens, Kew. November 10, 1880.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Wallace,—I have been waiting to thank you for
+"Island Life" till I should have read it through as carefully
+as I am digesting the chapters I have finished; but I
+can delay no longer, if only to say that I heartily enjoy it,
+and believe that you have brushed away more cobwebs that
+have obscured the subject than any other, besides giving a
+vast deal that is new, and admirably setting forth what
+is old, so as to throw new light on the whole subject. It
+is, in short, a first-rate book. I am making notes for
+you, but hitherto have seen no defect of importance except
+in the matter of the Bahamas, whose flora is Floridan, not
+Cuban, in so far as we know it....—Very truly yours,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">JOS. D. HOOKER.</p>
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page034">[pg 034]</span>
+<a name="Pg034" id="Pg034" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_23" id="toc_23"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO SIR W. THISELTON-DYER</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Pen-y-bryn, St. Peter&#39;s Road, Croydon. January 7, 1881.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Thiselton-Dyer,—If I had had your lecture
+before me when writing the last chapters of my book I should
+certainly have quoted you in support of the view of the
+northern origin of the Southern flora by migration along
+existing continents. On reading it again I am surprised to
+find how often you refer to this; but when I read it on its
+first appearance I did not pay special attention to this point
+except to note that your views agreed more closely with those
+I had advanced, derived from the distribution of animals,
+than those of any previous writer on botanical distribution.
+When, at a much later period, on coming to the end of my
+work, I determined to give a chapter to the New Zealand
+flora in order to see how far the geological and physical relations
+between New Zealand and Australia would throw light
+on its origin, I went for my facts to the works of Sir Joseph
+Hooker and Mr. Bentham, and also to your article in the
+"EncyclopÊdia Britannica," and worked out my conclusions
+solely from these, and from the few facts referring to the
+migration of plants which I had collected. Had I referred
+again to your lecture I should certainly have quoted the cases
+you give (in a note, p. 431) of plants extending along the
+Andes from California to Peru and Chile, and vice versa.
+Whatever identity there is in our views was therefore arrived
+at independently, and it was an oversight on my part not
+referring to your views, partly due to your not having made
+them a more prominent feature of your very interesting and
+instructive lecture. Working as I do at home, I am obliged
+to get my facts from the few books I can get together; and I
+only attempted to deal with these great botanical questions
+because the facts seemed sufficiently broad and definite not to
+be much affected by errors of detail or recent additions to our
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page035">[pg 035]</span>
+<a name="Pg035" id="Pg035" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+knowledge, and because the view which I took of the past
+changes in Australia and New Zealand seemed calculated to
+throw so much light upon them. Without such splendid
+summaries of the relations of the Southern floras as are
+given in Sir J. Hooker&#39;s Introductions, I should not have
+touched the subject at all; and I venture to hope that you
+or some of your colleagues will give us other such summaries,
+brought down to the present date, of other important floras—as,
+for example, those of South Africa and South Temperate
+America.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Many thanks for additional peculiar British plants.
+When I hear what Mr. Mitten has to say about the mosses,
+etc., I should like to send a corrected list to <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nature</span>, which
+I shall ask you to be so good as to give a final look over.—Believe
+me yours very faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">P.S.—Mr. Darwin strongly objects to my view of the
+migration of plants along mountain-ranges, rather than
+along lowlands during cold periods. This latter view seems
+to me as difficult and inadequate as mine does to him.—A.R.W.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">Wallace was in frequent correspondence with Professor
+Raphael Meldola, the eminent chemist, a friend both of
+Darwin and of Wallace, a student of Evolution, and a stout
+defender of Darwinism. I received from him much help and
+advice in connection with this work, and had he lived until
+its completion—he died, suddenly, in 1914—my indebtedness
+to him would have been even greater.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The following letter to Meldola refers to a suggestion that
+the white colour of the undersides of animals might have been
+developed by selection through the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">physical</span> advantage gained
+from the protection of the vital parts by a <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">lighter</span> colour and
+therefore by a surface of less radiative activity. The idea
+was that there would be less loss of animal heat through
+such a white coating. We were at that time unaware of
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page036">[pg 036]</span>
+<a name="Pg036" id="Pg036" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Thayer&#39;s demonstration of the value of such colouring for
+the purposes of concealment among environment. Wallace
+accepted Thayer&#39;s view at once when it was subsequently
+put forward; as do most naturalists at the present time.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_24" id="toc_24"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. MELDOLA</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Frith Hill, Godalming. April 8, 1885.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Meldola,—Your letter in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nature</span> last week "riz
+my dander," as the Yankees say, and, for once in a way, we
+find ourselves deadly enemies prepared for mortal combat,
+armed with steel (pens) and prepared to shed any amount of
+our own—ink. Consequently I rushed into the fray with a
+letter to <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nature</span> intended to show that you are as wrong (as
+wicked) as are the Russians in Afghanistan. Having, however,
+the most perfect confidence that the battle will soon
+be over, ... —Yours very faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">The following letter refers to the theory of physiological
+selection which had recently been propounded by
+Romanes, and which Prof. Meldola had criticised in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nature</span>,
+xxxix. 384.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_25" id="toc_25"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. MELDOLA</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Frith Hill, Godalming. August 28, 1886.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Meldola,—I have just read your reply to
+Romanes in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nature</span>, and so far as your view goes I agree, but
+it does not go far enough. Professor Newton has called my
+attention to a passage in Belt&#39;s "Nicaragua," pp. 207-8, in
+which he puts forth very clearly exactly your view. I find I
+had noted the explanation as insufficient, and I hear that in
+Darwin&#39;s copy there is "No! No!" against it. It seems,
+however, to me to summarise <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">all</span> that is of the slightest value
+in Romanes&#39; wordy paper. I have asked Newton (to whom
+I had lent it) to forward to you at Birmingham a proof of
+my paper in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Fortnightly</span>, and I shall be much obliged
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page037">[pg 037]</span>
+<a name="Pg037" id="Pg037" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+if you will read it carefully, and, if you can, "hold a brief"
+for me at the British Association in this matter. You will
+see that a considerable part of my paper is devoted to a
+demonstration of the fallacy of that part of "Romanes"
+which declares species to be distinguished generally by useless
+characters, and also that "simultaneous variations"
+do not usually occur.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">On the question of sterility, which, as you well observe,
+is the core of the question, I think I show that it could not
+work in the way Romanes puts it. The objection to Belt&#39;s
+and your view is, also, that it would not work unless the
+"sterility variation" was correlated with the "useful
+variation." You assume, I think, this correlation, when you
+speak of two of your varieties, B. and K., being <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">less fertile
+with the parent form</span>. Without correlation they could not be
+so, only some few of them. Romanes always speaks of his
+physiological variations as being independent, "primary,"
+in which case, as I show, they could hardly ever survive. At
+the end of my paper I show a correlation which is probably
+general and sufficient.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">In criticising Romanes, however, at the British Association,
+I want to call your special attention to a point I have
+hardly made clear enough in my paper. Romanes always
+speaks of the "physiological variety" as if it were like any
+other <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">simple</span> variety, and could as easily (he says more easily)
+be increased. Whereas it is really complex, requiring a remarkable
+correlation between different sets of individuals
+which he never recognises. To illustrate what I mean, let
+me suppose a case. Let there occur in a species three individual
+physiological varieties—A, B and C—each being
+infertile with the bulk of the species, but quite fertile with
+some small part of it. Let A, for example, be fertile with
+X, Y and Z. Now I maintain it to be in the highest degree
+improbable that B, a quite distinct individual, with distinct
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page038">[pg 038]</span>
+<a name="Pg038" id="Pg038" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+parents originating in a distinct locality, and perhaps with a
+very different constitution, merely because it also is sterile
+with the bulk of the species, should be fertile with the very
+same individuals, X, Y, Z, that A is fertile with. It seems
+to me to be at least 100 to 1 that it will be fertile with some
+other quite distinct set of individuals. And so with C, and
+any other similar variety. I express this by saying that each
+has its "sexual complements," and that the complements of
+the one are almost sure not to be the complements of the
+other. Hence it follows that A, B, C, though differing in the
+same character of general infertility with the bulk of the
+species, will really be three distinct varieties physiologically,
+and can in no way unite to form a single physiological
+variety. This enormous difficulty Romanes apparently never
+sees, but argues as if all individuals that are infertile with
+the bulk of the species must be or usually are fertile with the
+same set of individuals or with each other. This I call a
+monstrous assumption, for which not a particle of evidence
+exists. Take this in conjunction with my argument from
+the severity of the struggle for existence and the extreme
+improbability of the respective "sexual complements" coming
+together at the right time, and I think Romanes&#39;
+ponderous paper is disposed of.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I wrote my paper, however, quite as much to expose the
+great presumption and ignorance of Romanes in declaring
+that Natural Selection is <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">not</span> a theory of the origin of species—as
+it is calculated to do much harm. See, for instance, the
+way the Duke of Argyll jumped at it like a trout at a fly!—Yours
+very faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">The earlier part of the next letter refers to "The Experimental
+Proof of the Protective Value of Colour and Markings
+in Insects in reference to their Vertebrate Enemies," in the
+<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London</span>, 1887, p. 191.
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page039">[pg 039]</span>
+<a name="Pg039" id="Pg039" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_26" id="toc_26"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Frith Hill, Godalming. October 20, 1887.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,—It is very interesting to me to see
+how very generally the facts are in accordance with theory,
+and I am only surprised that the exceptions and irregularities
+are not more numerous than they are found to be.
+The only difficult case, that of <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">D. euphorbiÊ</span>, is due probably
+to incomplete knowledge. Are lizards and sea-birds
+the only, or even the chief, possible enemies of the species?
+They evidently do not prevent its coming to maturity in
+considerable abundance, and it is therefore no doubt preserved
+from its chief enemies during its various stages of
+growth.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The only point on which I differ from you—as you know—is
+your acceptance, as proved, of the theory of sexual
+colour selection, and your speaking of insects as having a
+sense of "the beautiful" in colour, as if that were a known
+fact. But that is a wide question, requiring full discussion.—Yours
+very faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_27" id="toc_27"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO SIR FRANCIS DARWIN</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Frith Hill, Godalming. November 20, 1887.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Darwin,—Many thanks for the copy of your
+father&#39;s "Life and Letters," which I shall read with very
+great interest (as will all the world). I was not aware
+before that your father had been so distressed—or rather
+disturbed—by my sending him my essay from Ternate, and
+I am very glad to feel that his exaggerated sense of honour
+was quite needless so far as I was concerned, and that the
+incident did not in any way disturb our friendly relations.
+I always felt, and feel still, that people generally give me
+far too much credit for my mere sketch of the theory—so
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page040">[pg 040]</span>
+<a name="Pg040" id="Pg040" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+very small an affair as compared with the vast foundation
+of fact and experiment on which your father worked.—Believe
+me yours very faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_28" id="toc_28"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MRS. FISHER (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">née</span> BUCKLEY)</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Frith Hill, Godalming. February 16, 1888.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mrs. Fisher,—I know nothing of the physiology
+of ferns and mosses, but as a matter of fact I think they
+will be found to increase and diminish together all over
+the world. Both like moist, equable climates and shade,
+and are therefore both so abundant in oceanic islands, and
+in the high regions of the tropics.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I am inclined to think that the reason ferns have persisted
+so long in competition with flowering plants is the
+fact that they thrive best in shade, flowers best in the light.
+In our woods and ravines the flowers are mostly spring
+flowers, which die away just as the foliage of the trees is
+coming out and the shade deepens; while ferns are often
+dormant at that time, but grow as the shade increases.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Why tree-ferns should not grow in cold countries I
+know not, except that it may be the winds are too violent
+and would tear all the fronds off before the spores were
+ripe. Everywhere they grow in ravines, or in forests
+where they are sheltered, even in the tropics. And they
+are not generally abundant, but grow in particular zones
+only. In all the Amazon valley I don&#39;t remember ever
+having seen a tree-fern....</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I too am struggling with my "Popular Sketch of Darwinism,"
+and am just now doing a chapter on the great
+"hybridity" question. I really think I shall be able to
+arrange the whole subject more intelligibly than Darwin
+did, and simplify it immensely by leaving out the endless
+discussion of collateral details and difficulties which in the
+"Origin of Species" confuse the main issue....
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page041">[pg 041]</span>
+<a name="Pg041" id="Pg041" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The most remarkable steps yet made in advance are, I
+think, the theory of Weismann of the continuity of the
+germ plasm, and its corollary that acquired modifications
+are never inherited! and Patrick Geddes&#39;s explanation of
+the laws of growth in plants on the theory of the antagonism
+of vegetative and reproductive growth....—Yours
+very sincerely,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_29" id="toc_29"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. MELDOLA</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Frith Hill, Godalming. March 20, 1888.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Meldola,—I have been working away at my
+hybridity chapters,<a name="noteref_16" id="noteref_16"></a><a href="#note_16"><span class="footnoteref">16</span></a> and am almost disposed to cry
+"Eureka!" for I have got light on the problem. When
+almost in despair of making it clear that Natural Selection
+could act one way or the other, I luckily routed out
+an old paper that I wrote twenty years ago, giving a
+demonstration of the action of Natural Selection. It did
+not convince Darwin then, but it has convinced me now,
+and I think it can be proved that in some cases (and those
+I think most probable) Natural Selection will accumulate
+variations in infertility between incipient species. Many
+other causes of infertility co-operate, and I really think I
+have overcome the fundamental difficulties of the question
+and made it a good deal clearer than Darwin left it....
+I think also it completely smashes up Romanes.—Yours
+faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">The next letter relates to a question which Prof. Meldola
+raised as to whether, in view of the extreme importance of
+"divergence" (in the Darwinian sense) for the separation
+and maintenance of specific types, it might not be possible
+that sterility, when of advantage as a check to crossing,
+had in itself, as a physiological character, been brought
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page042">[pg 042]</span>
+<a name="Pg042" id="Pg042" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+about by Natural Selection, just as extreme fecundity had
+been brought about (by Natural Selection) in cases where
+such fecundity was of advantage.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_30" id="toc_30"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. MELDOLA</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Frith Hill, Godalming. April 12, 1888.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Meldola,—Many thanks for your criticism. It
+is a perfectly sound one as against my view being a <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">complete
+explanation</span> of the phenomena, but that I do not
+claim. And I do not see any chance of the required facts
+being forthcoming for many years to come. Experiments
+in the hybridisation of animals are so difficult and tedious
+that even Darwin never undertook any, and the only people
+who could and ought to have done it—the Zoological Society—will
+not. There is one point, however, I think you have
+overlooked. You urge the improbability of the required infertility
+being correlated with the particular variations which
+characterised each incipient species. But the whole point
+of my argument is, that the physiological adjustments producing
+fertility are so delicate that they are disturbed by
+almost any variation or change of conditions—except in the
+case of domestic animals, which have been domesticated
+because they are not subject to this disturbance. The whole
+first half of the chapter is to bring out this fact, which
+Darwin has dwelt upon, and it certainly does afford a foundation
+for the assumption that usually, and in some considerable
+number of individuals, variation in nature, accompanied
+by somewhat changed conditions of life, is accompanied by,
+and probably correlated with, some amount of infertility.
+No doubt this assumption wants proving, but in the meantime
+I am glad you think that, granting the assumption, I
+have shown that Natural Selection is able to accumulate
+sterility variations.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">That is certainly a step in advance, and we cannot expect
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page043">[pg 043]</span>
+<a name="Pg043" id="Pg043" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+to do more than take very short theoretical steps till we get
+more facts to rest upon. If you should happen to come across
+any facts which seem to bear upon it, pray let me know. I
+can find none but those I have referred to.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I have just finished a chapter on male ornament and
+display, which I trust will help to clear up that point—Believe
+me yours very faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_31" id="toc_31"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO DR. W.B. HEMSLEY</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Frith Hill, Godalming. August 26, 1888.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Hemsley,—You are aware that Patrick Geddes
+proposes to exclude Natural Selection in the origination of
+thorns and spines, which he imputes to "diminishing vegetativeness"
+or "ebbing vitality of the species." It has
+occurred to me that insular floras should afford a test of
+the correctness of this view, since in the absence of mammalia
+the protection of spines would be less needed.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Your study of these floras will no doubt enable you to
+answer a few questions on this point. Spines and thorns
+are, I believe, usually abundant in arid regions of continents,
+especially in South Africa, where large herbivorous
+mammals abound. Now, if the long-continued presence of
+these mammals is a factor in the production of spines by
+Natural Selection, they should be wholly or comparatively
+absent in regions equally arid where there are no mammals.
+The Galapagos seem to be such a case—also perhaps
+some of the Sandwich Islands, and generally the
+extra-tropical volcanic islands. Also Australia comparatively,
+and the highlands of Madagascar.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Of course, the endemic species must be chiefly considered,
+as they have had time to be modified by the conditions. If
+you can give me the facts, or your general impression from
+your study of these floras, I shall be much obliged. I see,
+of course, many other objections to Geddes&#39;s theory, but
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page044">[pg 044]</span>
+<a name="Pg044" id="Pg044" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+this seems to offer a crucial test.—Believe me yours very
+truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_32" id="toc_32"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO DR. W.B. HEMSLEY</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Frith Hill, Godalming. September 13, 1888.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Hemsley,—Many thanks for your interesting
+letter. The facts you state seem quite to support the usual
+view, that thorns and spines have been developed as a protection
+against other animals. The few spiny plants in
+New Zealand may be for protection against land molluscs,
+of which there are several species as large as any in the
+tropics. Of course in Australia we should expect only a
+comparative scarcity of spines, as there are many herbivorous
+marsupials in the country.—Believe me yours very
+faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">The next and several of the succeeding letters refer
+to the translations of Weismann&#39;s "Essays upon Heredity
+and Kindred Biological Problems" (Oxford, 1889), and to
+"Darwinism" (London, 1889).</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_33" id="toc_33"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Frith Hill, Godalming. November 4, 1888.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mr. Poulton,—I returned you the two first of
+Weismann&#39;s essays, with a few notes and corrections in
+pencil on that on "Duration of Life." Looking over some
+old papers, I have just come across a short sketch on two
+pages, on "The Action of Natural Selection in producing
+Old Age, Decay and Death," written over twenty years
+ago.<a name="noteref_17" id="noteref_17"></a><a href="#note_17"><span class="footnoteref">17</span></a> I had the same general idea as Weismann, but not
+that beautiful suggestion of the duration of life, in each
+case, being the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">minimum</span> necessary for the preservation of
+the species. <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">That</span> I think masterly. The paper on
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page045">[pg 045]</span>
+<a name="Pg045" id="Pg045" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+"Heredity" is intensely interesting, and I am waiting
+anxiously for the concluding part. I will refer to these
+papers in notes in my book, though perhaps yours will be
+out first....—Yours faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">A.R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_34" id="toc_34"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Frith Hill, Godalming. November 8, 1888.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Poulton,—I return herewith (but separately)
+the "proofs" I have of Weismann&#39;s Essays. The last
+critical one is rather heavy, and adds nothing of importance
+to the earlier one on Duration of Life. I enclose my
+"Note" on the subject, which was written, I think, about
+1867, certainly before 1870. You will see it was only a
+few ideas jotted down for further elaboration and then
+forgotten. I see however it <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">does</span> contain the germ of Weismann&#39;s
+argument as to duration of life being determined
+by the time of securing continuance of the species.—Yours
+faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">A.R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_35" id="toc_35"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Frith Hall, Godalming. January 20, 1889.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mr. Poulton,—My attention has been called
+by Mr. Herdman, in his Inaugural Address to the Liverpool
+Biological Society, to Galton&#39;s paper on "Heredity,"
+which I read years ago but had forgotten. I have just
+read it again (in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Journal of the Anthropological Institute</span>,
+Vol. V., p. 329, Jan., 1876), and I find a remarkable
+anticipation of Weismann&#39;s theories which I think should
+be noticed in a preface to the translation of his book.<a name="noteref_18" id="noteref_18"></a><a href="#note_18"><span class="footnoteref">18</span></a> He
+argues that it is the undeveloped germs or gemmules of the
+fertilised ovum that form the sexual elements of the offspring,
+and thus heredity and atavism are explained. He
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page046">[pg 046]</span>
+<a name="Pg046" id="Pg046" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+also argues that, as a corollary, "acquired modifications
+are barely if at all inherited in the correct sense of the
+word." He shows the imperfection of the evidence on this
+point, and admits, just as Weismann does, the heredity of
+changes in the parent like alcoholism, which, by permeating
+the whole tissues, may <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">directly</span> affect the reproductive elements.
+In fact, all the main features of Weismann&#39;s views
+seem to be here anticipated, and I think he ought to have
+the credit of it.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Being no physiologist, his language is not technical,
+and for this reason, and the place of publication perhaps,
+his remarkable paper appears to have been overlooked by
+physiologists.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I think you will find the paper very suggestive, even
+supplying some points overlooked by Weismann.—Yours
+faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">A.R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_36" id="toc_36"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Hamilton House, The Croft, Hastings. February 19, 1889.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Poulton,—Do you happen to have, or can you
+easily refer to, Grant Allen&#39;s small books of collected
+papers under such titles as "Vignettes from Nature,"
+"The Evolutionist at Large," "Colin Clout&#39;s Calendar,"
+and another I can&#39;t remember? In one of them is a paper
+on the Origin of Wheat, in which he puts forth the theory
+that the grasses, etc., are degraded forms which were once
+insect-fertilised, summing up his views in the phrase,
+"Wheat is a degraded lily," or something like that. Now
+Henslow, in his "Floral Structures,"<a name="noteref_19" id="noteref_19"></a><a href="#note_19"><span class="footnoteref">19</span></a> adopts the same
+theory for all the wind-fertilised or self-fertilised flowers,
+and he tells me that he is <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">alone</span> in the view. I believe the
+view is a true one, and I want to give G. Allen the credit
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page047">[pg 047]</span>
+<a name="Pg047" id="Pg047" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of first starting it, and want to see how far he went. If
+you have or can get this work of his with that paper, can
+you lend it me for a few days? I know not who to write
+to for it, as botanists of course ignore it, and G. Allen himself
+is, I believe, in Algeria....—Yours faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_37" id="toc_37"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">38 Queen&#39;s Gardens, Lancaster Gate, W. May 18, 1889.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Wallace,—A few days ago there reached me
+a copy of your new book, "Darwinism," for which, along
+with this acknowledgment, I send my thanks. In my present
+state of health I dare not read, and fear I shall be unable
+to profit by the accumulation of evidence you have brought
+together. I see sundry points on which I might raise discussions,
+but beyond the fact that I am at present unable
+to enter into them, I doubt whether they would be of any
+use. I regret that you have used the title "Darwinism,"
+for notwithstanding your qualification of its meaning you
+will, by using it, tend greatly to confirm the erroneous
+conception almost universally current.—Truly yours,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">HERBERT SPENCER.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_38" id="toc_38"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. November 28, 1889.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mr. Poulton,—I have much pleasure in sending
+you Cope&#39;s book<a name="noteref_20" id="noteref_20"></a><a href="#note_20"><span class="footnoteref">20</span></a> (with the review of "Darwinism"),
+which I hope you will keep as long as you like, till you
+have mastered all its obscurities of style and eccentricities
+of argument. I think you will find a good deal in it to
+criticise, and it will be well for you to know what the
+leader of the Neo-Lamarckians regards as the foundation-stones
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page048">[pg 048]</span>
+<a name="Pg048" id="Pg048" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of his theory. I greatly enjoyed my visit to Oxford,
+and only regretted that I could not leave more time for
+personal talk with yourself, for I am so deplorably ignorant
+of modern physiology that I am delighted to get intelligible
+explanations of its bearings on the subjects that most interest
+me in science. I quite see all its importance in investigations
+of the mechanism of colours, but there is so much still unknown
+that it will be very hard to convince me that there is
+no other possible explanation of the peacock&#39;s feather than
+the "continued preference by the females" for the most
+beautiful males, in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">this one point</span>, "during a long line of
+descent"—as Darwin says! I expect, however, great light
+from your new book....—Believe me yours very faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_39" id="toc_39"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR FRANCIS GALTON TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">42 Rutland Gate, S.W. May 24, 1890.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Wallace,—I send the paper with pleasure, and
+am glad that you will read it, and I hope then see more
+clearly than the abstract could show the grounds of my
+argument.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">These finger-marks are most remarkable things. Of
+course I have made out much more about them since
+writing that memoir. Indeed I have another paper on
+them next Thursday at the Royal Society, but that only
+refers to ways of cataloguing them, either for criminal
+administration, or what I am more interested in, viz.
+racial and hereditary inquiry.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">What I have done in this way is not ready for publication,
+but I may mention (privately, please) that these persistent
+marks, which seem fully developed in the sixth
+month of foetal life, and appear under the reservations
+and in the evidence published in the memoir to be practically
+<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">quite</span> unchanged during life, are <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">not</span> correlated with
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page049">[pg 049]</span>
+<a name="Pg049" id="Pg049" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+any ordinary characteristic that I can discover. They are
+the same in the lowest idiots as in ordinary persons. (I
+took the impressions of some 80 of these, so idiotic that
+they mostly could not speak, or even stand, at the great
+Darenth Asylum, Dartford.) They are the same in clod-hoppers
+as in the upper classes, and <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">yet</span> they are as hereditary
+as other qualities, I think. Their tendency to symmetrical
+distribution on the two hands is <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">marked</span>, and
+symmetry <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">is</span> a form of kinship. My argument is that
+sexual selection can have had nothing to do with the patterns,
+neither can any other form of selection due to
+vigour, wits, and so forth, because they are not correlated
+with them. They just go their own gait, uninfluenced by
+anything that we can find or reasonably believe in, of a
+<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">naturally selective influence</span>, in the plain meaning of the
+phrase.—Very sincerely yours,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">FRANCIS GALTON.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_40" id="toc_40"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO THEO. D.A. COCKERELL</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. March 10, 1891.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Cockerell,— ... Your theory to account for the
+influence of a first male on progeny by a second seems very
+probable—and in fact if, as I suppose, spermatozoa often
+enter ova without producing complete fertilisation, it must
+be so. <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">That</span> would be easily experimented on, with fowls,
+dogs, etc., but I do not remember the fact having been
+observed except with horses. It ought to be common, when
+females have young by successive males.—Yours faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">A.R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">The next letter relates to a controversy with Romanes
+concerning Herbert Spencer&#39;s argument about Co-adaptation
+which Romanes had urged in support of Neo-Lamarckism as
+opposed to Natural Selection. Prof. Meldola endeavoured to
+show that the difficulties raised by Spencer and supported
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page050">[pg 050]</span>
+<a name="Pg050" id="Pg050" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+by Romanes had no real weight because the possibility of
+so-called "co-adaptations" being developed <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">successively</span> in
+the order of evolution had not been reckoned with. There
+was no real divergence between Wallace and Prof. Meldola
+on this matter when they subsequently discussed it. The
+correspondence is in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nature</span>, xliii. 557, and subsequently.
+<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">See also</span> "Darwin and After Darwin," by Romanes, 1895,
+ii. 68.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_41" id="toc_41"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. MELDOLA</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset, April 25, 1891.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Meldola,—You have now put your foot in it!
+Romanes <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">agrees</span> with you! Henceforth he will claim you
+as a disciple, converted by his arguments!</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">There was one admission in your letter I was very sorry
+to see, because it cannot be strictly true, and is besides
+open to much misrepresentation. I mean the admission
+that Romanes pounces upon in his second paragraph. Of
+course, the number of individuals in a species being finite,
+the chance of four coincident variations occurring in any
+one individual—each such variation being separately very
+common—cannot be anything like "infinity to one." Why,
+then, do you concede it most fully?—the result being that
+Romanes takes you to concede that it is infinity to one
+against the coincident variations occurring in "<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">any individuals</span>."
+Surely, with the facts of coincident independent
+variation we now possess, the occurrence of three,
+four, or five, coincident variations cannot be otherwise
+than frequent. As a fact, more than half the whole population
+of most species seems to vary to a perceptible and
+measurable, and therefore sufficient, amount in scores of
+ways. Take a species with a million pairs of individuals—half
+of these vary sufficiently, either + or -, in the four
+acquired characters A, B, C, D: what will be the proportion
+of individuals that vary + in these four characters
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page051">[pg 051]</span>
+<a name="Pg051" id="Pg051" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+according to the law of averages? Will it not be about
+1 in 64? If so it is ample—in many cases—for Natural
+Selection to work on, because in many cases less than 1/64
+of offspring survives.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">On Romanes&#39; view of the impossibility of Natural Selection
+doing anything alone, because the required coincident
+variations do not occur, the occurrence of a "strong man"
+or a racehorse that beats all others easily must be impossible,
+since in each of these cases there must be scores of
+coincident favourable variations.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Given sufficient variation, I believe divergent modification
+of a species in two lines could easily occur, even if
+free intercrossing occurred, because, the numbers varying
+being a large proportion of the whole, the numbers which
+bred like with like would he sufficient to carry on the two
+lines of divergence, those that intercrossed and produced
+less perfectly adapted offspring being eliminated. Of course
+some amount of segregate breeding does always occur, as
+Darwin always maintained, but, as he also maintained, it
+is not absolutely essential to evolution. Romanes argues
+as if "free intercrossing" meant that none would pair
+like with like! I hope you will have another slap at him,
+and withdraw or explain that unlucky "infinity to one,"
+which is Romanes&#39; sheet-anchor.—Yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_42" id="toc_42"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. June 16, 1892.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mr. Poulton,—Many thanks for sending me
+Weismann&#39;s additional Essays,<a name="noteref_21" id="noteref_21"></a><a href="#note_21"><span class="footnoteref">21</span></a> which I look forward to
+reading with much pleasure. I have, however, read the
+first, and am much disappointed with it. It seems to me
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page052">[pg 052]</span>
+<a name="Pg052" id="Pg052" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">weakest and most inconclusive</span> thing he has yet written.
+At p. 17 he states his theory as to degeneration of eyes,
+and again, on p. 18, of anthers and filaments; but in both
+cases he fails to <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">prove</span> it, and apparently does not see
+that his panmixia, or "cessation of selection," cannot possibly
+produce <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">continuous</span> degeneration culminating in the
+total or almost total disappearance of an organ. Romanes
+and others have pointed out this weakness in his theory,
+but he does not notice it, and goes on calmly throughout
+the essay to <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">assume</span> that mere panmixia must cause progressive
+degeneration to an unlimited extent; whereas all
+it can do is to effect a reduction to the average of the total
+population on which selection has been previously worked.
+He says "individuals with weak eyes would not be eliminated,"
+but omits to notice that individuals with strong
+eyes would also "not be eliminated," and as there is no
+reason alleged why variations in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">all directions</span> should not
+occur as before, the free intercrossing would tend to keep
+up a mean condition only a little below that which was
+kept up by selection. It is clear that some form of selection
+must always co-operate in degeneration, such as
+economy of growth, which he hardly notices except as a
+possible but not a necessary factor, or actual injuriousness.
+It appears to me that what is wanted is to take a
+number of typical cases, and in each of them show how
+Natural Selection comes in to carry on the degeneration
+begun by panmixia. Weismann&#39;s treatment of the subject
+is merely begging the question.—Yours faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">A.R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_43" id="toc_43"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. August 29, 1892.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mr. Poulton,—As to panmixia you have quite
+misunderstood my position. By the "mean condition," I
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page053">[pg 053]</span>
+<a name="Pg053" id="Pg053" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+do not mean the "mean" during the whole course of development
+of the organ, as you seem to take it. That would
+indeed be absurd. I do mean the "mean" of the whole
+series of individual variations now occurring, during a
+period sufficient to contain all or almost all the variations
+to which the species is <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">now</span> subject. Take, for instance,
+such a case as the wings of the swallow, on the full development
+of which the life of the bird depends. Many
+individuals no doubt perish for lack of wing-power, due to
+deficiency in size or form of wing, or in the muscles which
+move it. The extreme limits of variation would be seen
+probably if we examined every swallow that had reached
+maturity during the last century. The average of all those
+would perhaps be 5 or 10 per cent. below the average of
+those that survive to become the parents of the next generation
+in any year; and what I maintain is, that panmixia
+alone could not reduce a swallow&#39;s wings below this first
+average. Any further reduction must be due either to
+some form of selection or to "economy of growth"—which
+is also, fundamentally, a form of selection. So with the
+eyes of cave animals, panmixia could only cause an imperfection
+of vision equal to the average of those variations
+which occurred, say, during a century before the animal
+entered the cave. It could only produce more effect than
+this if the effects of disuse are hereditary—which is a non-Weismannian
+doctrine. I think this is also the position
+that Romanes took.—Yours faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">A.R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_44" id="toc_44"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. J.W. MARSHALL</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. September 23, 1892.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Marshall,—I am glad you enjoyed Mr. Hudson&#39;s
+book. His observations are inimitable—and his theories and
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page054">[pg 054]</span>
+<a name="Pg054" id="Pg054" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+suggestions, if not always the best, at least show thought on
+what he has observed.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I was most pleased with his demonstration as to the supposed
+instincts of young birds and lambs, showing clearly
+that the former at all events are not due to inherited experience,
+as Darwin thought. The whole book, too, is pervaded
+by such a true love of nature and such a perception
+of its marvels and mysteries as to be unique in my experience.
+The modern scientific morphologists seem so wholly occupied
+in tracing out the mechanism of organisms that they hardly
+seem to appreciate the overwhelming marvel of the powers of
+life, which result in such infinitely varied structures and such
+strange habits and so-called instincts. The older I grow the
+more marvellous seem to me the mere variety of form and
+habit in plants and animals, and the unerring certitude with
+which from a minute germ the whole complex organism is
+built up, true to the type of its kind in all the infinitude of
+details! It is this which gives such a charm to the watching
+of plants growing, and of kittens so rapidly developing their
+senses and habitudes!...—Yours very faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_45" id="toc_45"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. February 1, 1893.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,—Thanks for the separate copy of your
+great paper on colours of larva, pupa, etc.<a name="noteref_22" id="noteref_22"></a><a href="#note_22"><span class="footnoteref">22</span></a> I have read
+your conclusions and looked over some of the experiments,
+and think you have now pretty well settled that question.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I am reading through the new volume of the Life of
+Darwin, and am struck with the curious example his own
+case affords of non-heredity of acquired variations. He
+expresses his constant dread—one of the troubles of his
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page055">[pg 055]</span>
+<a name="Pg055" id="Pg055" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+life—that his children would inherit his bad health. It
+seems pretty clear, from what F. Darwin says in the new
+edition, that Darwin&#39;s constant nervous stomach irritation
+was caused by his five years sea-sickness. It was thoroughly
+established before, and in the early years of, his
+marriage, and, on his own theory his children ought all
+to have inherited it. Have they? You know perhaps
+better than I do, whether any of the family show any
+symptoms of that particular form of illness—and if not it
+is a fine case!—Yours very faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">Wallace was formally admitted to the Royal Society in
+June, 1893. The postscript of the following letter refers to
+his cordial reception by the Fellows.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_46" id="toc_46"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. MELDOLA</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. June 10, 1893.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Meldola,—As we had no time to "discourse"
+on Thursday, I will say a few words on the individual adaptability
+question. We have to deal with facts, and facts certainly
+show that, in many groups, there is a great amount
+of adaptable change produced in the individual by external
+conditions, and that that change is not inherited. I do not
+see that this places Natural Selection in any subordinate
+position, because this individual adaptability is evidently
+advantageous to many species, and may itself have been
+produced or increased by Natural Selection. When a
+species is subject to great changes of conditions, either
+locally or at uncertain times, it may be a decided advantage
+to it to become individually adapted to that change
+while retaining the power to revert instantly to its original
+form when the normal conditions return. But whenever
+the changed conditions are permanent, or are such that
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page056">[pg 056]</span>
+<a name="Pg056" id="Pg056" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+individual adaptation cannot meet the requirements, then
+Natural Selection rapidly brings about a permanent adaptation
+which is inherited. In plants these two forms of
+adaptation are well marked and easily tested, and we
+shall soon have a large body of evidence upon it. In the
+higher animals I imagine that individual adaptation is
+small in amount, as indicated by the fact that even slight
+varieties often breed true.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">In Lepidoptera we have the two forms of colour-adaptability
+clearly shown. Many species are, in all their stages,
+permanently adapted to their environment. Others have
+a certain power of individual adaptation, as of the pupÊ
+to their surroundings. If this last adaptation were strictly
+inherited it would be positively injurious, since the progeny
+would thereby lose the power of individual adaptability,
+and thus we should have light pupÊ on dark surroundings,
+and vice versa. Each kind of adaptation has its own sphere,
+and it is essential that the one should be non-inheritable, the
+other heritable. The whole thing seems to me quite harmonious
+and "as it should be."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Thiselton-Dyer tells me that H. Spencer is dreadfully
+disturbed on the question. He fears that acquired characters
+may not be inherited, in which case the foundation of
+his whole philosophy is undermined!—Yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">P.S.—I am afraid you are partly responsible for that
+kindly meant but too personal manifestation which disturbed
+the solemnity of the Royal Society meeting on
+Thursday!...</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_47" id="toc_47"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. September 25, 1893.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,—I suppose you were not at Nottingham
+and did not get the letter, paper, and photographs I
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page057">[pg 057]</span>
+<a name="Pg057" id="Pg057" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+sent you there, but to be opened by the Secretary of Section
+D in case you were not there. It was about a wonderful
+and perfectly authenticated case of a woman who dressed
+the arm of a gamekeeper after amputation, and six or seven
+months afterwards had a child born without the forearm
+on the right side, exactly corresponding in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">form</span> and <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">length</span>
+of stump to that of the man. Photographs of the man, and
+of the boy seven or eight years old, were taken <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">by the physician
+of the hospital</span> where the man&#39;s arm was cut off, and
+they show a most striking correspondence. These, with
+my short paper, appear to have produced an effect, for a
+committee of Section D has been appointed to collect evidence
+on this and other matters....—Yours very faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_48" id="toc_48"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. November 17, 1893.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,—The letter I wrote to you at Nottingham
+was returned to me here (after a month), so I did not
+think it worth while to send it to you again, though it did
+contain my congratulations on your appointment,<a name="noteref_23" id="noteref_23"></a><a href="#note_23"><span class="footnoteref">23</span></a> which I
+now repeat. As you have not seen the paper I sent to the
+British Association, I will just say that I should not have
+noticed the subject publicly but, after a friend had given
+me the photographs (sent with my paper), I came across
+the following statement in the new edition of Chambers&#39;
+EncyclopÊdia, art. Deformities (by Prof. A. Hare): "In
+an increasing proportion of cases which are carefully investigated,
+it appears that maternal impressions, the result
+of shock or unpleasant experiences, may have a considerable
+influence in producing deformities in the offspring."
+In consequence of this I sent the case which had been
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page058">[pg 058]</span>
+<a name="Pg058" id="Pg058" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+furnished me, and which is certainly about as well
+attested and conclusive as anything can be. The facts are
+these:</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">A gamekeeper had his right forearm amputated at the
+North Devon Infirmary. He left before it was healed,
+thinking his wife could dress it, but as she was too nervous,
+a neighbour, a young recently married woman, a farmer&#39;s
+wife, still living, came and dressed it every day till it
+healed. About six months after she had a child born <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">without
+right hand and forearm</span>, the stump exactly corresponding
+in length to that of the gamekeeper. Dr. Richard
+Budd, M.D., F.R.C.P.,<a name="noteref_24" id="noteref_24"></a><a href="#note_24"><span class="footnoteref">24</span></a> of Barnstaple, the physician to
+the infirmary, when the boy was five or six years old, himself
+took a photograph of the boy and the gamekeeper side
+by side, showing the wonderful correspondence of the two
+arms. I have these facts <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">direct from Dr. Budd</span>, who was
+personally cognisant of the whole circumstances. A few
+years after, in November, 1876, Dr. Budd gave an account
+of the case and exhibited the photographs to a large meeting
+at the College of Physicians, and I have no doubt it
+is <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">one</span> of the cases referred to in the article I have quoted,
+though Dr. Budd thinks it has never been published. It
+will be at once admitted that this is not a chance coincidence,
+and that all theoretical difficulties must give way
+to such facts as this, ... Of course it by no means follows
+that similar causes should in all cases produce similar
+effects, since the idiosyncrasy of the mother is no doubt
+an important factor; but where the combined coincidences
+are so numerous as in this case—<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">place, time, person</span> and
+exact correspondence of <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">resulting deformity</span>—some causal
+relation must exist.—Believe me yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page059">[pg 059]</span>
+<a name="Pg059" id="Pg059" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_49" id="toc_49"></a>
+
+<h2 class="tei tei-head">III.—Correspondence on Biology, Geographical
+Distribution, etc.</h2>
+
+<h2 style="font-size: 85%" class="tei tei-head">[1894—1913]</h2>
+<p class="tei tei-p"></p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_50" id="toc_50"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Queen&#39;s Hotel, Cliftonville, Margate. August 10, 1894.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Wallace,—Though we differ on some points we
+agree on many, and one of the points on which we doubtless
+agree is the absurdity of Lord Salisbury&#39;s representation of
+the process of Natural Selection based upon the improbability
+of two varying individuals meeting. His nonsensical
+representation of the theory ought to be exposed, for it will
+mislead very many people. I see it is adopted by the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Pall
+Mall</span>. I have been myself strongly prompted to take the
+matter up, but it is evidently your business to do that. Pray
+write a letter to the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Times</span> explaining that selection or survival
+of the fittest does not necessarily take place in the
+way he describes. You might set out by remarking that
+whereas he begins by comparing himself to a volunteer
+colonel reviewing a regiment of regulars, he very quickly
+changes his attitude and becomes a colonel of regulars reviewing
+volunteers and making fun of their bunglings.
+He deserves a-severe castigation. There are other points
+on which his views should be rectified, but this is the
+essential point.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">It behoves you of all men to take up the gauntlet he has
+thrown down.—Very truly yours,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">HERBERT SPENCER.</p>
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page060">[pg 060]</span>
+<a name="Pg060" id="Pg060" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_51" id="toc_51"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Queen&#39;s Hotel, Cliftonville, Margate, Aug. 19, 1894.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Wallace,—I cannot at all agree with you respecting
+the relative importance of the work you are doing
+and that which I wanted you to do. Various articles in the
+papers show that Lord Salisbury&#39;s argument is received with
+triumph, and, unless it is disposed of, it will lead to a public
+reaction against the doctrine of evolution at large, a far more
+serious evil than any error which you propose to rectify
+among biologists. Everybody will look to you for a reply,
+and if you make no reply it will be understood that Lord
+Salisbury&#39;s objection is valid. As to the non-publication of
+your letter in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Times</span>, that is absurd, considering that
+your name and that of Darwin are constantly coupled
+together.—Truly yours,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">HERBERT SPENCER.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_52" id="toc_52"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. September 8, 1894.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,—I was glad to see your exposure of
+another American Neo-Lamarckian in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nature</span>.<a name="noteref_25" id="noteref_25"></a><a href="#note_25"><span class="footnoteref">25</span></a> It is astonishing
+how utterly illogical they all are! I was much pleased
+with your point of the adaptations supposed to be produced
+by the inorganic environment when they are related to the
+organic. It is I think new and very forcible. For nearly
+a month I have been wading through Bateson&#39;s book,<a name="noteref_26" id="noteref_26"></a><a href="#note_26"><span class="footnoteref">26</span></a> and
+writing a criticism of it, and of Galton, who backs him up
+with his idea of "organic stability." ... Neither he nor
+Galton appears to have any adequate conception of what
+Natural Selection is, or how impossible it is to escape from
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page061">[pg 061]</span>
+<a name="Pg061" id="Pg061" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+it. They seem to think that, given a stable variation, Natural
+Selection must hide its diminished head!</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Bateson&#39;s preface, concluding reflections, etc., are often
+quite amusing.... He is so cocksure he has made a great
+discovery—which is the most palpable of mare&#39;s nests.—Yours
+very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">P.S.—I allude of course to his grand argument—"environment
+<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">continuous</span>—species <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">discontinuous</span>—therefore
+<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">variations</span> which produce species must be also <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">discontinuous</span>"!
+(Bateson—Q.E.D.).</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_53" id="toc_53"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. February 19, 1895.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,—I have read your paper on "Theories
+of Evolution"<a name="noteref_27" id="noteref_27"></a><a href="#note_27"><span class="footnoteref">27</span></a> with great pleasure. It is very clear and
+very forcible, and I should think must have opened the eyes
+of some of your hearers. Your cases against Lamarckism
+were very strong, and I think quite conclusive. There is
+one, however, which seems to me weak—that about the claws
+of lobsters and the tails of lizards moving and acting when
+detached from the body. It may be argued, fairly, that this
+is only an incidental result of the extreme muscular irritability
+and contractibility of the organs, which might have
+been caused on Lamarckian as well as on the Darwinian
+hypothesis. The running of a fowl after its head is chopped
+off is an example of the same kind of thing, and this is
+certainly not useful. The detachment itself of claw and
+tail is no doubt useful and adaptive.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">When discussing the objection as to failures not being
+found fossil, there are two additional arguments to those
+you adduce: (1) Every failure has been, first, a success, or
+it could not have come into existence (as a species); and (2)
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page062">[pg 062]</span>
+<a name="Pg062" id="Pg062" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the hosts of huge and very specialised animals everywhere
+recently extinct are clearly failures. They were successes
+as long as the struggle was with animal competitors only,
+physical conditions being highly favourable. But, when
+physical conditions became adverse, as by drought, cold, etc.,
+they failed and became extinct. The entrance of new
+enemies from another area might equally render them
+failures. As to your question about myself and Darwin, I
+had met him once only for a few minutes at the British
+Museum before I went to the East.... —Yours very
+faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">A.R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_54" id="toc_54"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. CLEMENT REID</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. November 18, 1894.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Clement Reid,— ... The great, the grand, and
+long-expected, the prophesied discovery has at last been made—Miocene
+or Old Pliocene Man in India!!! Good worked
+flints found <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">in situ</span> by the palÊontologist to the Geological
+Survey of India! It is in a ferruginous conglomerate lying
+beneath 4,000 feet of Pliocene strata and containing hippotherium,
+etc. But perhaps you have seen the article in
+<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Natural Science</span> describing it, by Rupert Jones, who, very
+properly, accepts it! Of course we want the bones, but we
+have got the flints, and they may follow. Hurrah for the
+missing link! Excuse more.—Yours very faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">The next letter relates to the rising school of biologists
+who, in opposition to Darwin&#39;s views, held that species
+might arise by what was at the time termed "discontinuous
+variation."</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_55" id="toc_55"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. MELDOLA</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">February 4, 1895.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Professor Meldola,—I hope to have copies of my
+"Evolution" article in a few days, and will send you a
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page063">[pg 063]</span>
+<a name="Pg063" id="Pg063" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+couple. The article was in print last September, but,
+being long, was crowded out month after month, and only
+now got in by being cut in two. I think I have demolished
+"discontinuous variation" as having any but the most
+subordinate part in evolution of species.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Congratulations on Presidency of the Entomological
+Society.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">A.R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_56" id="toc_56"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. March 15, 1895.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,—I have now nearly finished reading
+Romanes, but do not find it very convincing. There is a
+large amount of special pleading. On two points only I feel
+myself hit. My doubt that Darwin really meant that <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">all</span> the
+individuals of a species could be similarly modified without
+selection is evidently wrong, as he adduces other quotations
+which I had overlooked. The other point is, that my suggested
+explanation of sexual ornaments gives away my case
+as to the utility of all specific characters. It certainly does
+as it stands, but I now believe, and should have added, that
+all these ornaments, where they differ from species to species,
+are also recognition characters, and as such were rendered
+stable by Natural Selection from their first appearance.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I rather doubt the view you state, and which Gulick and
+Romanes make much of, that a portion of a species, separated
+from the main body, will have a different average of characters,
+unless they are a local race which has already been
+somewhat selected. The large amount of variation, and the
+regularity of the curve of variation, whenever about 50 or
+100 individuals are measured in the same locality, shows
+that the bulk of a species are similar in amount of variation
+everywhere. But when a portion of a species begins to be
+modified in adaptation to new conditions, distinction of
+some kind is essential, and therefore any slight difference
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page064">[pg 064]</span>
+<a name="Pg064" id="Pg064" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+would be increased by selection. I see no reason to believe
+that species (usually) have been isolated first and modified
+afterwards, but rather that new species usually arise from
+species which have a wide range, and in different areas need
+somewhat different characters and habits. Then <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">distinctness</span>
+arises both by adaptation and by development of recognition
+marks to minimise intercrossing.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I wonder Darwin did not see that if the unknown "constant
+causes" he supposes can modify all the individuals of
+a species, either indifferently, usefully, or hurtfully, and that
+these characters so produced are, as Romanes says, very,
+very numerous in all species, and are sometimes the only
+specific characters, then the Neo-Lamarckians are quite right
+in putting Natural Selection as a very secondary and subordinate
+influence, since all it has to do is to weed out the
+hurtful variations.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Of course, if a species with warning colours were, in part,
+completely isolated, and its colours or markings were accidentally
+different from the parent form, whatever set of
+markings and colours it had would be, I consider, rendered
+stable for recognition, and also for protection, since if it
+varied too much the young birds and other enemies would
+take a heavier toll in learning it was uneatable. It might
+then be said that the character by which this species differs
+from the parent species is a useless character. But surely
+this is not what is usually meant by a "useless character."
+This is highly useful in itself, though the difference from
+the other species is not useful. If they were in contact it
+would be useful, as a distinction preventing intercrossing,
+and so long as they are not brought together we cannot really
+tell if it is a species at all, since it might breed freely with
+the parent form and thus return back to one type. The
+"useless characters" I have always had in mind when arguing
+this question are those which are or are supposed to be
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page065">[pg 065]</span>
+<a name="Pg065" id="Pg065" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+absolutely useless, not merely relatively as regards the difference
+from an allied species. I think this is an important
+distinction.—Yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_57" id="toc_57"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">64 Avenue Road, Regent&#39;s Park, London, N.W.
+September 28, 1895</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Wallace,—As I cannot get you to deal with
+Lord Salisbury I have decided to do it myself, having been
+finally exasperated into doing it by this honour paid to his
+address in France—the presentation of a translation to the
+French Academy. The impression produced upon some
+millions of people in England cannot be allowed to be thus
+further confirmed without protest.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">One of the points which I propose to take up is the absurd
+conception Lord Salisbury sets forth of the process of
+Natural Selection. When you wrote you said you had dealt
+with it yourself in your volume on Darwinism. I have no
+doubt that it is also in some measure dealt with by Darwin
+himself, by implication or incidentally. You of course know
+Darwin by heart, and perhaps you would be kind enough to
+save me the trouble of searching by indicating the relevant
+passages both in his books and in your own. My reading
+power is very small, and it tries me to find the parts I want
+by much reading.—Truly yours,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">HERBERT SPENCER.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">To the following letter from Mr. Gladstone, Wallace
+attached this pencil note: "In 1881 I put forth the
+first idea of mouth-gesture as a factor in the origin of
+language, in a review of E.B. Tylor&#39;s &#39;Anthropology,&#39;
+and in 1895 I extended it into an article in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Fortnightly
+Review</span>, and reprinted it with a few further corrections
+in my &#39;Studies,&#39; under the title &#39;The Expressiveness
+of Speech or Mouth-Gesture as a Factor in the
+Origin of Language.&#39; In it I have developed a completely
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page066">[pg 066]</span>
+<a name="Pg066" id="Pg066" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+new principle in the theory of the origin of language by
+showing that every motion of the jaws, lips and tongue,
+together with inward or outward breathing, and especially
+the mute or liquid consonants ending words which serve to
+indicate abrupt or continuous motion, have corresponding
+meanings in so many cases as to show a fundamental connection.
+I thus enormously extended the principle of onomatopoeia
+in the origin of vocal language. As I have been
+unable to find any reference to this important factor in
+the origin of language, and as no competent writer has
+pointed out any fallacy in it, I think I am justified in
+supposing it to be new and important. Mr. Gladstone informed
+me that there were many thousands of illustrations
+of my ideas in Homer."—A.R.W.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_58" id="toc_58"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">W.E. GLADSTONE TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Hawarden Castle, Chester. October 18, 1895.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,—Your kindness in sending me your most interesting
+article draws on you the inconvenience of an
+acknowledgment.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My pursuits in connection with Homer, especially, have
+made me a confident advocate of the doctrine that there is,
+within limits, a connection in language between sound and
+sense.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I would consent to take the issue simply on English words
+beginning with <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">st</span>. You go upon a kindred class in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">sn</span>. I
+do not remember a perfectly <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">innocent</span> word, a word habitually
+used <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">in bonam partem</span>, and beginning with <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">sn</span>, except
+the word "snow," and "snow," as I gather from <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Schnee</span>,
+is one of the worn-down words.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">May I beg to illustrate you once more on the ending
+in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">p</span>. I take our old schoolboy combinations: hop, skip
+and jump. Each motion an ending motion; and to each
+word closed with <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">p</span> compare the words <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">run, rennen, courir,
+currere.</span>
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page067">[pg 067]</span>
+<a name="Pg067" id="Pg067" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">But I have now a new title to speak. It is deafness; and
+I know from deafness that I run a worse chance with a man
+whose mouth is covered with beard and moustache.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">A young relation of mine, slightly deaf, was sorely put
+to it in an University examination because one of his
+examiners was <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">secretal</span> in this way.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I will not trouble you further except to express, with
+misgiving, a doubt on a single point, the final <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">f</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">In driving with Lord Granville, who was deaf but not
+very deaf, I had occasion to mention to him the Duke of <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Fife</span>,
+I used every effort, but in no way could I contrive to make
+him hear the word.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I break my word to add one other particular. Out of
+27,000 odd lines in Homer, every one of them expressed, in
+a sense, heavy weight or force; the blows of heavy-armed
+men on the breastplates of foes ... [illegible] and the like.—With
+many thanks, I remain yours very faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">W.E. GLADSTONE.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">P.S.—I should say that the efficacy of lip-expression,
+undeniably, is most subtle, and defies definite description.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_59" id="toc_59"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO DR. ARCHDALL REID</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. April 19, 1896.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,—I am sorry I had not space to refer more fully
+to your interesting work.<a name="noteref_28" id="noteref_28"></a><a href="#note_28"><span class="footnoteref">28</span></a> The most important point on
+which I think your views require emendation is on <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">instinct</span>.
+I see you quote Spalding&#39;s experiments, but these have been
+quite superseded and shown to be seriously incorrect by
+Prof. Lloyd Morgan. A paper by him in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Fortnightly
+Review</span> of August, 1893, gives an account of his experiments,
+and he read a paper on the same subject at the British Association
+last year. He is now preparing a volume on the
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page068">[pg 068]</span>
+<a name="Pg068" id="Pg068" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+subject which will contain the most valuable series of
+observations yet made on this question. Another point of
+some importance where I cannot agree with you is your
+treating dipsomania as a disease, only to be eliminated by
+drunkenness and its effects. It appears to me to be only a
+vicious habit or indulgence which would cease to exist in a
+state of society in which the habit were almost universally
+reprobated, and the means for its indulgence almost absent.
+But this is a matter of comparatively small importance.—Believe
+me yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_60" id="toc_60"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO DR. ARCHDALL REID</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone. April 28, 1896.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,—"We can but reason from the facts we know."
+We know a good deal of the senses of the higher animals,
+very little of those of insects. If we find—as I think we do—that
+all cases of supposed "instinctive knowledge" in the
+former turn out to be merely intuitive reactions to various
+kinds of stimulus, combined with very rapidly acquired experience,
+we shall be justified in thinking that the actions of
+the latter will some day be similarly explained. When Lloyd
+Morgan&#39;s book is published we shall have much information
+on this question. (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">See</span> "Natural Selection and Tropical
+Nature," pp. 91-7.)—Yours truly, ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_61" id="toc_61"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. MELDOLA</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. October 12, 1896.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Meldola,—I got Weismann&#39;s "Germinal Selection"
+two or three months back and read it very carefully,
+and on the whole I admire it very much, and think it does
+complete the work of ordinary variation and selection. Of
+course it is a pure hypothesis, and can never perhaps be
+directly proved, but it seems to me a reasonable one, and it
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page069">[pg 069]</span>
+<a name="Pg069" id="Pg069" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+enables us to understand two groups of facts which I have
+never been able to work out satisfactorily by the old method.
+These two facts are: (1) the total, or almost total, disappearance
+of many useless organs, and (2) the continuous
+development of secondary sexual characters beyond any conceivable
+utility, and, apparently, till checked by inutility. It
+explains both these. Disuse alone, as I and many others
+have always argued, cannot do the first, but can only cause
+<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">regression to the mean</span>, with perhaps some further regression
+from economy of material.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">As to the second, I have always felt the difficulty of
+accounting for the enormous development of the peacock&#39;s
+train, the bird of paradise plumes, the long wattle of the
+bell bird, the enormous tail-feathers of the Guatemalan
+trogon, of some humming-birds, etc. etc. etc. The beginnings
+of all these I can explain as recognition marks, and
+this explains also their distinctive character in allied species,
+but it does not explain their growing on and on far beyond
+what is needful for recognition, and apparently till limited
+by absolute hurtfulness. It is a relief to me to have "germinal
+selection" to explain this.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I do not, however, think it at all necessary to explain
+adaptations, however complex. Variation is so general and
+so large, in dominant species, and selection is so tremendously
+powerful, that I believe all needful adaptation may be
+produced without it. But, if it exists, it would undoubtedly
+hasten the process of such adaptation and would therefore
+enable new places in the economy of nature to be more
+rapidly filled up.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I was thinking of writing a popular exposition of the new
+theory for <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nature</span>, but have not yet found time or inclination
+for it. I began reading "Germinal Selection" with a
+prejudice against it. That prejudice continued through the
+first half, but when I came to the idea itself, and after some
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page070">[pg 070]</span>
+<a name="Pg070" id="Pg070" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+trouble grasped the meaning and bearing of it, I saw the
+work it would do and was a convert at once. It really has
+no relation to Lamarckism, and leaves the non-heredity of
+acquired characters exactly where it was.—Yours very
+truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The next letter relates to the great controversy then being
+carried on with respect to Weismann&#39;s doctrine of the non-inheritance
+of "acquired" characters, which doctrine implied
+complete rejection of the last trace of Lamarckism
+from Darwinian evolution. Wallace ultimately accepted
+the Weismannian teaching. Darwin had no opportunity
+during his lifetime of considering this question, which was
+raised later in an acute form by Weismann.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_62" id="toc_62"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. MELDOLA</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstane, Dorset. January 6, 1897.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Meldola,—The passage to which you refer in the
+"Origin" (top of p. 6) shows Darwin&#39;s firm belief in the
+"heredity of acquired variations," and also in the importance
+of definite variations, that is, "sports," though elsewhere
+he almost gives these up in favour of indefinite
+variations; and this last is now the view of all Darwinians,
+and even of many Lamarckians. I therefore
+always now assume this as admitted. Weismann&#39;s view
+as to "possible variations" and "impossible variations"
+on p. 1 of "Germinal Selection" is misleading,
+because it can only refer to "sports" or to "cumulative
+results," not to "individual variations" such as are the
+material Natural Selection acts on. Variation, as I understand
+it, can only be a slight modification in the offspring
+of that which exists in the parent. The question whether
+pigs could possibly develop wings is absurd, and altogether
+beside the question, which is, solely, so far as direct evidence
+goes, as to the means by which the change from one species
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page071">[pg 071]</span>
+<a name="Pg071" id="Pg071" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+to another closely allied species has been brought about.
+Those who want to begin by discussing the causes of change
+from a dog to a seal, or from a cow to a whale, are not worth
+arguing with, as they evidently do not comprehend the
+A, B, C of the theory.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Darwin&#39;s ineradicable acceptance of the theory of heredity
+of the effects of climate, use and disuse, food, etc., on the
+individual led to much obscurity and fallacy in his arguments,
+here and there.—Yours very sincerely,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_63" id="toc_63"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. February 14, 1897.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,—Thanks for copy of your British Association
+Address,<a name="noteref_29" id="noteref_29"></a><a href="#note_29"><span class="footnoteref">29</span></a> which I did not read in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nature</span>, being very
+busy just then. I have now read it with much pleasure, and
+think it a very useful and excellent discussion that was much
+needed. There is, however, one important error, I think,
+which vitiates a vital part of the argument, and which
+renders it possible so to reduce the time indicated by geology
+as to render the accordance of Geology and Physics more easy
+to effect. The error I allude to was made by Sir A. Geikie
+in his Presidential Address<a name="noteref_30" id="noteref_30"></a><a href="#note_30"><span class="footnoteref">30</span></a> which you quote. Immediately
+it appeared I wrote to him pointing it out, but he merely
+acknowledged my letter, saying he would consider it. To me
+it seems a most palpable and extraordinary blunder. The
+error consists in taking the rate of deposition as the same
+as the rate of denudation, whereas it is about twenty times
+as great, perhaps much more—because the area of deposition
+is at least twenty times less than that of denudation. In
+order to equal the area of denudation, it would require that
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page072">[pg 072]</span>
+<a name="Pg072" id="Pg072" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">every</span> bed of <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">every</span> formation should have once extended over
+the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">whole area</span> of all the land of the globe! The deposition
+in narrow belts along coasts of all the matter brought down
+by rivers, as proved by the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Challenger</span>, leads to the same
+result. In my "Island Life," 2nd Edit., pp. 221-225, I have
+discussed this whole matter, and on reading it again I can
+find no fallacy in it. I have, however, I believe, overestimated
+the time required for deposition, which I believe
+would be more nearly one-fortieth than one-twentieth that of
+mean denudation; because there is, I believe, also a great
+overestimate of the maximum of deposition, because it is
+partly made up of beds which may have been deposited
+simultaneously. Also the maximum thickness is probably
+double the mean thickness.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The mean rate of denudation, both for European rivers
+and for all the rivers that have been measured, is a foot in
+three million years, which is the figure that should be taken
+in calculations.—Believe me yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_64" id="toc_64"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. MELDOLA</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. April 27, 1897.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Meldola,— ... I thought Romanes&#39; article in
+reply to Spencer was very well written and wonderfully clear
+for him, and I agree with most of it, except his high estimate
+of Spencer&#39;s co-adaptation argument. It is quite true that
+Spencer&#39;s biology rests entirely on Lamarckism, so far as
+heredity of acquired characters goes. I have been reading
+Weismann&#39;s last book, "The Germ Plasm." It is a wonderful
+attempt to solve the most complex of all problems, and is
+almost unreadable without some practical acquaintance with
+germs and their development.—Believe me yours very faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page073">[pg 073]</span>
+<a name="Pg073" id="Pg073" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_65" id="toc_65"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. June 13, 1897.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,— ... The rate of deposition might
+be modified in an archipelago, but would not necessarily be
+less than now, on the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">average</span>. On the ocean side it might be
+slow, but wherever there were comparatively narrow straits
+between the islands it might be even faster than now, because
+the area of deposition would be strictly limited. In the seas
+between Java and Borneo and between Borneo and Celebes
+the deposition <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">may be</span> above the average. Again, during the
+development of continents there were evidently extensive
+mountain ridges and masses with landlocked seas, or inland
+lakes, and in all these deposition would be rapid.
+Anyhow, the fact remains that there is no necessary equality
+between rates of denudation and deposition (in thickness)
+as Geikie has <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">assumed</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I was delighted with your account of Prichard&#39;s wonderful
+anticipation of Galton and Weismann! It is so perfect
+and complete.... It is most remarkable that such a complete
+statement of the theory and such a thorough appreciation
+of its effects and bearing should have been so long overlooked.
+I read Prichard when I was very young, and have
+never seen the book since. His facts and arguments are
+really useful ones, and I should think Weismann must be
+delighted to have such a supporter come from the grave. His
+view as to the supposed transmission of disease is quite that
+of Archdall Reid&#39;s recent book. He was equally clear as to
+Selection, and had he been a <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">zoologist</span> and <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">traveller</span> he might
+have anticipated the work of both Darwin and Weismann!</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">To bring out such a book as his "Researches" when only
+twenty-seven, and a practising physician, shows what a remarkable
+man he was.—Believe me yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page074">[pg 074]</span>
+<a name="Pg074" id="Pg074" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_66" id="toc_66"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. MELDOLA</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. July 8, 1897.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Meldola,— ... I am now reading a wonderfully
+interesting book—O. Fisher&#39;s "Physics of the Earth&#39;s
+Crust." It is really a grand book, and, though full of unintelligible
+mathematics, is so clearly explained and so full
+of good reasoning on all the aspects of this most difficult
+question that it is a pleasure to read it. It was especially
+a pleasure to me because I had just been writing an article
+on the Permanence of the Oceanic Basins, at the request of
+the Editor of <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Natural Science</span>, who told me I was not orthodox
+on the point. But I find that Fisher supports the same
+view with very great force, and it strikes me that if weight
+of argument and number of capable supporters create orthodoxy
+in science, it is the other side who are not orthodox.
+I have some fresh arguments, and I was delighted to be able
+to quote Fisher. It seems almost demonstrated now that
+Sir W. Thomson was wrong, and that the earth <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">has</span> a molten
+interior and a very thin crust, and in no other way can the
+phenomena of geology be explained....—Yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_67" id="toc_67"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO SIR OLIVER LODGE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. March 8, 1898.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Sir,—My own opinion has long been—and I have
+many times given reasons for it—that there is always an
+ample amount of variation in all directions to allow any
+useful modification to be produced, very rapidly, as compared
+with the rate of those secular changes (climate and
+geography) which necessitate adaptation; hence no guidance
+of variation in certain lines is necessary. For proof of this
+I would ask you to look at the diagrams in Chapter III. of
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page075">[pg 075]</span>
+<a name="Pg075" id="Pg075" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+my "Darwinism," reading the explanation in the text. The
+proof of such constant indefinite variability has been much
+increased of late years, and if you consider that instead
+of tens or hundreds of individuals, Nature has as many
+thousands or millions to be selected from, every year or
+two, it will be clear that the materials for adaptation are
+ample.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Again, I believe that the time, even as limited by Lord
+Kelvin&#39;s calculations, is ample, for reasons given in
+Chapter X., "On the Earth&#39;s Age," in my "Island Life,"
+and summed up on p. 236. I therefore consider the difficulty
+set forth on p. 2 of the leaflet you send is not a real one. To
+my mind, the development of plants and animals from low
+forms of each is fully explained by the variability proved to
+exist, with the actual rapid multiplication and Natural
+Selection. For this no other intellectual agency is required.
+The problem is to account for the infinitely complex constitution
+of the material world and its forces which rendered
+living organisms possible; then, the introduction of consciousness
+or sensation, which alone rendered the animal
+world possible; lastly, the presence in man of capacities and
+moral ideas and aspirations which could not conceivably be
+produced by variation and Natural Selection. This is stated
+at p. 473-8 of my "Darwinism," and is also referred to in
+the article I enclose (at p. 443) and which you need not
+return.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The subject is so large and complex that it is not to be
+wondered so many people still maintain the insufficiency of
+Natural Selection, without having really mastered the facts.
+I could not, therefore, answer your question without going
+into some detail and giving references.... —Believe me
+yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page076">[pg 076]</span>
+<a name="Pg076" id="Pg076" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_68" id="toc_68"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. H.N. RIDLEY</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. October 3, 1898.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mr. Ridley,— ... We are much interested now
+about De Rougemont, and I dare say you have seen his story
+in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Wide World Magazine</span>, while in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Daily Chronicle</span>
+there have been letters, interviews and discussions without
+end. A few people, who think they know everything, treat
+him as an impostor; but unfortunately they themselves contradict
+each other, and so far are proved to be wrong more
+often than De Rougemont. I firmly believe that his story
+is substantially true—making allowance for his being a
+foreigner who learnt one system of measures, then lived
+thirty years among savages, and afterwards had to reproduce
+all his knowledge in English and Australian idioms.
+As an intelligent writer in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Saturday Review</span> says, putting
+aside the sensational illustrations there is absolutely
+nothing in his story but what is quite <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">possible</span> and even
+<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">probable</span>. He must have reached Singapore the year after
+I returned home, and I dare say there are people there
+who remember Jensen, the owner of the schooner <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Veilland</span>,
+with whom he sailed on his disastrous pearl-fishing expedition.
+Jensen is said now to be in British New Guinea, and
+has often spoken of his lost cargo of pearls. —— and ——,
+of the Royal Geographical Society, state that they are convinced
+of the substantial truth of the main outlines of his
+story, and after three interviews and innumerable questions
+are satisfied of his <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">bona fides</span>—and so am I.—With best
+wishes, believe me to be yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page077">[pg 077]</span>
+<a name="Pg077" id="Pg077" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_69" id="toc_69"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">MR. SAMUEL WADDINGTON TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">7 Whitehall Gardens, London, S.W. February 19, 1901.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,—I trust you will forgive a stranger troubling
+you with a letter, but a friend has asked me whether, as a
+matter of fact, Darwin held that <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">all</span> living creatures descended
+from one and the same ancestor, and that the
+pedigree of a humming-bird and that of a hippopotamus
+would meet if traced far enough back. Can you tell me
+whether Darwin did teach this?</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I should have thought that as life was developed
+once, it probably could and would be developed many
+times in different places, as month after month, and year
+after year went by; and that, from the very first, it
+probably took many different forms and characters, in the
+same way as crystals take different forms and shapes, even
+when composed of the same substance. From these many
+developments of "life" would descend as many separate
+lines of evolution, one ending in the humming-bird, another
+in the hippopotamus, a third in the kangaroo, etc., and their
+pedigrees (however far back they might be traced) would not
+join until they reached some primitive form of protoplasm,—Yours
+faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">SAMUEL WADDINGTON.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_70" id="toc_70"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. SAMUEL WADDINGTON</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. February 23, 1901.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,—Darwin believed that all living things originated
+from "a few forms or from one"—as stated in the last
+sentence of his "Origin of Species." But privately I am
+sure he believed in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">one</span> origin. Of course there is a
+possibility that there were several distinct origins from inorganic
+matter, but that is very improbable, because in that
+case we should expect to find some difference in the earliest
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page078">[pg 078]</span>
+<a name="Pg078" id="Pg078" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+forms of the germs of life. But there is no such difference,
+the primitive germ-cells of man, fish or oyster being almost
+indistinguishable, formed of identical matter and going
+through identical primitive changes.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">As to the humming-bird and hippopotamus, there is no
+doubt whatever of a common origin—if evolution is accepted
+at all; since both are vertebrates—a very high type of
+organism whose ancestral forms can be traced back to a
+simple type much earlier than the common origin of mammals,
+birds and reptiles.—Yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_71" id="toc_71"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO SIR FRANCIS DARWIN</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. July 3, 1901.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Darwin,—Thanks for the letter returned. I <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">do</span>
+hold the opinion expressed in the last sentence of the article
+you refer to, and have reprinted it in my volume of Studies,
+etc. But the stress must be laid on the word <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">proof</span>. I intended
+it to enforce the somewhat similar opinion of your
+father, in the "Origin" (p. 424, 6th Edit.), where he says,
+"Analogy may be a deceitful guide." But I really do not
+go so far as he did. For he maintained that there was not
+any proof that the several great classes or kingdoms were
+descended from common ancestors.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I maintain, on the contrary, that all without exception
+are now proved to have originated by "descent with modification,"
+but that there is no proof, and no necessity, that
+the very same causes which have been sufficient to produce
+all the species of a genus or Order were those which initiated
+and developed the greater differences. At the same time I
+do <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">not</span> say they were not sufficient. I merely urge that
+there is a difference between proof and probability.—Yours
+very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page079">[pg 079]</span>
+<a name="Pg079" id="Pg079" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_72" id="toc_72"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. August 5, 1904.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,— ... What a miserable abortion of a
+theory is "Mutation," which the Americans now seem to be
+taking up in place of Lamarckism, "superseded." Anything
+rather than Darwinism! I am glad Dr. F.A. Dixey
+shows it up so well in this week&#39;s <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nature</span>,<a name="noteref_31" id="noteref_31"></a><a href="#note_31"><span class="footnoteref">31</span></a> but too mildly!—Yours
+very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_73" id="toc_73"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. April 3, 1905.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,—Many thanks for copy of your
+Address,<a name="noteref_32" id="noteref_32"></a><a href="#note_32"><span class="footnoteref">32</span></a> which I have read with great pleasure and will
+forward to Birch next mail. You have, I think, produced
+a splendid and unanswerable set of facts proving the non-heredity
+of acquired characters. I was particularly pleased
+with the portion on "instincts," in which the argument is
+especially clear and strong. I am afraid, however, the whole
+subject is above and beyond the average "entomologist" or
+insect collector, but it will be of great value to all students of
+evolution. It is curious how few even of the more acute
+minds take the trouble to reason out carefully the teaching
+of certain facts—as in the case of Romanes and the "variable
+protection," and as I showed also in the case of Mivart
+(and also Romanes and Gulick) declaring that isolation
+alone, without Natural Selection, could produce perfect and
+well-defined species (see <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nature</span>, Jan. 12, 1899).... —Yours
+faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">A.R. WALLACE.</p>
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page080">[pg 080]</span>
+<a name="Pg080" id="Pg080" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_74" id="toc_74"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO SIR FRANCIS DARWIN</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. October 29, 1905.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Darwin,—I return you the two articles on
+"Mutation" with many thanks. As they are both supporters
+of de Vries, I suppose they put his case as strongly
+as possible. Professor Hubrecht&#39;s paper is by far the
+clearest and the best written, and he says distinctly that
+de Vries claims that all new species have been produced by
+mutations, and none by "fluctuating variations." Professor
+Hubrecht supports this and says that de Vries has proved it!
+And all this founded upon a few "sports" from one species
+of plant, itself of doubtful origin (variety or hybrid), and
+offering phenomena in no way different from scores of
+other cultivated plants. Never, I should think, has such
+a vast hypothetical structure been erected on so flimsy a
+basis!</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The boldness of his statements is amazing, as when he
+declares (as if it were a fact of observation) that fluctuating
+variability, though he admits it as the origin of all domestic
+animals and plants, yet "never leads to the formation of
+species"! (Hubrecht, p. 216.) There is one point where
+he so grossly misinterprets your father that I think you or
+some other botanist should point it out. De Vries is said to
+quote from "Life and Letters," II., p. 83, where Darwin
+refers to "chance variations"—explained three lines on as
+"the slight differences selected by which a race or species is
+at length formed." Yet de Vries and Hubrecht claim that by
+"chance variations" Darwin meant "sports" or "mutations,"
+and therefore agrees with de Vries, while both omit
+to refer to the many passages in which, later, he gave less
+and less weight to what he termed "single large variations"—the
+same as de Vries&#39; "mutations"!—Yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page081">[pg 081]</span>
+<a name="Pg081" id="Pg081" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_75" id="toc_75"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO SIR JOSEPH HOOKER</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. November 10, 1905.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Sir Joseph,—I am writing to apologise for a
+great oversight. When I sent my publishers a list of persons
+who had contributed to "My Life" in various ways, your
+name, which should have been <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">first</span>, was strangely omitted,
+and the omission was only recalled to me yesterday by reading
+your letters to Bates in Clodd&#39;s edition of his Amazon
+book, which I have just purchased. I now send you a copy
+by parcel-post, in the hope that you will excuse the omission
+to send it sooner.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Now for a more interesting subject, I was extremely
+pleased and even greatly surprised, in reading your letters
+to Bates, to find that at that early period (1862) you were
+already strongly convinced of three facts which are absolutely
+essential to a comprehension of the method of organic
+evolution, but which many writers, even now, almost wholly
+ignore. They are (1) the universality and large amount
+of normal variability, (2) the extreme rigour of Natural
+Selection, and (3) that there is no adequate evidence
+for, and very much against, the inheritance of acquired
+characters.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">It was only some years later, when I began to write on
+the subject and had to think out the exact mode of action of
+Natural Selection, that I myself arrived at (1) and (2), and
+have ever since dwelt upon them—in season and out of
+season, as many will think—as being absolutely essential to
+a comprehension of organic evolution. The third I did
+not realise till I read Weismann, I have never seen the
+sufficiency of normal variability for the modification of
+species more strongly or better put than in your letters
+to Bates. Darwin himself never realised it, and consequently
+played into the hands of the "discontinuous
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page082">[pg 082]</span>
+<a name="Pg082" id="Pg082" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+variation" and "mutation" men, by so continually saying
+"<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">if</span> they vary"—"without variation Natural Selection
+can do nothing," etc.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Your argument that variations are not caused by change
+of environment is equally forcible and convincing. Has
+anybody answered de Vries yet?</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">F. Darwin lent me Prof. Hubrecht&#39;s review from the
+<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Popular Science Monthly</span>, in which he claims that de Vries
+has proved that new species have always been produced
+from "mutations," never through normal variability, and
+that Darwin latterly agreed with him! This is to me
+amazing! The Americans too accept de Vries as a second
+Darwin!—Yours very sincerely,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED E. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_76" id="toc_76"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR J. HOOKER TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">The Camp, Sunningdale. November 12, 1905.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Wallace,—My return from a short holiday at
+Sidmouth last Thursday was greeted by your kind and welcome
+letter and copy of your "Life." The latter was, I
+assure you, never expected, knowing as I do the demand
+for free copies that such a work inflicts on the writer. In
+fact I had put it down as one of the annual Christmas gifts
+of books that I receive from my own family. Coming, as
+it thus did, quite unexpectedly, it is doubly welcome,
+and I do heartily thank you for this proof of your greatly
+valued friendship. It will prove to be one of four works
+of greatest interest to me of any published since Darwin&#39;s
+"Origin," the others being Waddell&#39;s "Lhasa," Scott&#39;s
+"Antarctic Voyage," and Mill&#39;s "Siege of the South
+Pole."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I have not seen Clodd&#39;s edition of Bates&#39;s "Amazon,"
+which I have put down as to be got, and I had no idea
+that I should have appeared in it. Your citation of my
+letters and their contents are like dreams to me; but to
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page083">[pg 083]</span>
+<a name="Pg083" id="Pg083" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+tell you the truth, I am getting dull of memory as well
+as of hearing, and what is worse, in reading: what goes
+in at one eye goes out at the other. So I am getting to
+realise Darwin&#39;s consolation of old age, that it absolves me
+from being expected to know, remember, or reason upon
+new facts and discoveries. And this must apply to your
+query as to anyone having as yet answered de Vries. I
+cannot remember having seen any answer; only criticisms
+of a discontinuous sort. I cannot for a moment entertain
+the idea that Darwin ever assented to the proposition that
+new species have always been produced from mutation and
+never through normal variability. Possibly there is some
+quibble on the definition of mutation or of variation. The
+Americans are prone to believe any new things, witness
+their swallowing the thornless cactus produced by that
+man in California—I forget his name—which Kew exposed
+by asking for specimens to exhibit in the Cactus
+House....—I am, my dear Wallace, sincerely yours,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">JOS. D. HOOKER.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_77" id="toc_77"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. E. SMEDLEY</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. January 31, 1906.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Smedley,—I have read Oliver Lodge&#39;s book in
+answer to Haeckel, but I do not think it very well done or
+at all clearly written or well argued. A book<a name="noteref_33" id="noteref_33"></a><a href="#note_33"><span class="footnoteref">33</span></a> has been
+sent me, however, which is a masterpiece of clearness and
+sound reasoning on such difficult questions, and is a far
+more crushing reply to Haeckel than O. Lodge&#39;s. I therefore
+send you a copy, and feel sure you will enjoy it. It
+is a stiff piece of reasoning, and wants close attention and
+careful thought, but I think you will be able to appreciate
+it. In my opinion it comes as near to an intelligible solution
+of these great problems of the Universe as we are likely
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page084">[pg 084]</span>
+<a name="Pg084" id="Pg084" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+to get while on earth. It is a book to read and think over,
+and read again. It is a masterpiece....—Yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_78" id="toc_78"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. July 27, 1907.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,—Thanks for your very interesting
+letter. I am glad to hear you have a new book on "Evolution"<a name="noteref_34" id="noteref_34"></a><a href="#note_34"><span class="footnoteref">34</span></a>
+nearly ready and that in it you will do something
+to expose the fallacies of the Mutationists and Mendelians,
+who pose before the world as having got <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">all</span> wisdom, before
+which we poor Darwinians must hide our diminished heads!</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Wishing to know the best that could be said for these
+latter-day anti-Darwinians, I have just been reading Lock&#39;s
+book on "Variation, Heredity, and Evolution." In the early
+part of his book he gives a tolerably fair account of Natural
+Selection, etc. But he gradually turns to Mendelism as the
+"one thing needful"—stating that there can be "no sort
+of doubt" that Mendel&#39;s paper is the "most important"
+contribution of its size ever made to biological science!</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Mutation," as a theory, is absolutely nothing new—only
+the assertion that new species originate <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">always</span> in
+sports, for which the evidence adduced is the most meagre
+and inconclusive of any ever set forth with such pretentious
+claims! I hope you will thoroughly expose this absurd
+claim.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Mendelism is something new, and within its very limited
+range, important, as leading to conceptions as to the causes
+and laws of heredity, but only misleading when adduced as
+the true origin of species in nature, as to which it seems to
+me to have no part.—Yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page085">[pg 085]</span>
+<a name="Pg085" id="Pg085" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_79" id="toc_79"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. November 26, 1907.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,—Many thanks for letting me see the
+proofs.<a name="noteref_35" id="noteref_35"></a><a href="#note_35"><span class="footnoteref">35</span></a> ... The whole reads very clearly, and I am delighted
+with the way you expose the Mendelian and Mutational
+absurd claims. That ought to really open the eyes
+of the newspaper men to the fact that Natural Selection
+and Darwinism are not only holding their ground but are
+becoming more firmly established than ever by every fresh
+research into the ways and workings of living nature. I
+shall look forward to great pleasure in reading the whole
+book. I was greatly pleased with Archdall Reid&#39;s view of
+Mendelism in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nature</span>.<a name="noteref_36" id="noteref_36"></a><a href="#note_36"><span class="footnoteref">36</span></a> He is a very clear and original
+thinker.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I see in Essay X. you use in the title the term "defensive
+coloration." Why this instead of the usual "protective"?
+Surely the whole function of such colours and markings is
+to protect from attack—not to defend when attacked. The
+latter is the function of stings, spines and hard coats. I
+only mention this because using different terms may lead
+to some misconception.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Your illustration of mutation by throwing colours on a
+screen, and the argument founded on it, I liked much.
+That reminds me that H. Spencer&#39;s argument for inheritance
+of acquired variations—that co-ordination of many
+parts at once, required for adaptations, would be impossible
+by chance variations of those parts—applies with a
+hundredfold force to mutations, which are admittedly so
+much less frequent both in their numbers and the repetitions
+of them.—Yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page086">[pg 086]</span>
+<a name="Pg086" id="Pg086" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_80" id="toc_80"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. December 18, 1907.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,—The importance of Mendelism to Evolution
+seems to me to be something of the same kind, but
+very much less in degree and importance, as Galton&#39;s fine
+discovery of the law of the average share each parent has
+in the characters of the child—one quarter, the four grandparents
+each one-sixteenth, and so on. That illuminates
+the whole problem of heredity, combined with individual
+diversity, in a way nothing else does. I almost wish you
+could introduce that!—Yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_81" id="toc_81"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO DR. ARCHDALL REID</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. January 19, 1908.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,— ... I was much pleased the other day to
+read, in a review of Mr. T. Rice Holmes&#39;s fine work on
+"Ancient Britain and the Invasions of Julius CÊsar,"
+that the author has arrived by purely historical study
+at the conclusion that we have not risen morally above
+our primitive ancestors. It is a curious and important
+coincidence.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I myself got the germ of the idea many years ago, from
+a very acute thinker, Mr. Albert Mott, who gave some very
+original and thoughtful addresses as President of the Liverpool
+Philosophical Society, one of which dealt with the question
+of savages being often, perhaps always, the descendants
+of more civilised races, and therefore affording no proof of
+progression. At that time (about 1860-70) I could not accept
+the view, but I have now come to think he was right.—Yours
+very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page087">[pg 087]</span>
+<a name="Pg087" id="Pg087" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_82" id="toc_82"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. November 2, 1908.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,— ... You may perhaps have heard
+that I have been invited by the Royal Institution (through
+Sir W. Crookes) to give them a lecture on the jubilee of the
+"Origin of Species" in January, After some consideration
+I accepted, because I <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">think</span> I can give a broad and general
+view of Darwinism, that will finally squash up the Mutationists
+and Mendelians, and be both generally intelligible
+and interesting. So far as I know this has never yet been
+done, and the Royal Institution audience is just the intelligent
+and non-specialist one I shall be glad to give it to if
+I can.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I have been very poorly the last three weeks, but am
+now recovering my health and strength slowly. It will
+take me all my time the next two months to get this
+ready, and now I must write a letter in reply to the
+absurd and gross misrepresentation of Prof. Hubrecht, as
+to imaginary differences between Darwin and myself, in the
+last <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Contemporary</span>!—Yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">The next letter relates to Wallace&#39;s Friday evening Discourse
+at the Royal Institution. His friends were afraid
+whether his voice could be sustained throughout the hour—fears
+which were abundantly dispelled by the actual performance.
+This was his last public lecture.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_83" id="toc_83"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. MELDOLA</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. December 20, 1908.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Meldola,—Thanks for your kind offer to read
+for me if necessary. But when Sir Wm. Crookes first wrote
+to me about it, he offered to read all, or any parts of the
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page088">[pg 088]</span>
+<a name="Pg088" id="Pg088" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+lecture, if my voice did not hold out. I am very much afraid
+I cannot stand the strain of speaking beyond my natural tone
+for an hour, or even for half that time—but I may be able to
+do the opening and conclusion....</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I am glad that you see, as I do, the utter futility of the
+claims of the Mutationists. I may just mention them in the
+lecture, but I hope I have put the subject in such a way that
+even "the meanest capacity" will suffice to see the absurdity
+of their claims.—Yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_84" id="toc_84"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. January 26, 1909.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,—I had a delightful two hours at the
+Museum on Saturday morning, as Mr. Rothschild brought
+from Tring several of his glass-bottomed drawers with his
+finest new New Guinea butterflies. They <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">were</span> a treat! I
+never saw anything more lovely and interesting!...</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">As to your very kind and pressing invitation,<a name="noteref_37" id="noteref_37"></a><a href="#note_37"><span class="footnoteref">37</span></a> I am sorry
+to be obliged to decline it. I cannot remain more than one
+day or night away from home, without considerable discomfort,
+and all the attractions of your celebration are, to me,
+repulsions....</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My lecture, even as it will be published in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Fortnightly</span>,
+will be far too short for exposition of all the points I wish to
+discuss, and I hope to occupy myself during this year in saying
+all I want to say in a book (of a wider scope) which is
+already arranged for. One of the great points, which I just
+touched on in the lecture, is to show that all that is usually
+considered the waste of Nature—the enormous number produced
+in proportion to the few that survive—was absolutely
+essential in order to secure the variety and continuity of life
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page089">[pg 089]</span>
+<a name="Pg089" id="Pg089" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+through all the ages, and especially of that one line of descent
+which culminated in man. That, I think, is a subject no one
+has yet dealt with.—Yours very faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_85" id="toc_85"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. March 1, 1909.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Poulton,— ... I am glad that Lankester has
+replied to the almost disgraceful Centenary article in the
+<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Times</span>. But it is an illustration of the widespread mischief
+the Mutationists, etc., are doing. I have no doubt, however,
+it will all come right in the end, though the end may be far
+off, and in the meantime we must simply go on, and show,
+at every opportunity, that Darwinism actually does explain
+the whole fields of phenomena that they do not even attempt
+to deal with, or even approach....—Yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_86" id="toc_86"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MRS. FISHER</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. March 6, 1909.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mrs. Fisher,— ... Another point I am becoming
+more and more impressed with is, a teleology of fundamental
+laws and forces rendering development of the infinity of
+life-forms possible (and certain) in place of the old teleology
+applied to the production of each species. Such are
+the case of feathers reproduced annually, which I gave
+at end of lecture, and the still more marvellous fact of the
+caterpillar, often in two or three weeks of chrysalis life,
+having its whole internal, muscular, nervous, locomotive
+and alimentary organs decomposed and recomposed into a
+totally different being—an absolute miracle if ever there is
+one, quite as wonderful as would be the production of a
+complex marine organism out of a mass of protoplasm.
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page090">[pg 090]</span>
+<a name="Pg090" id="Pg090" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Yet, because there has been continuity, the difficulty is
+slurred over or thought to be explained!—Yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_87" id="toc_87"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. June 22, 1909.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir William,—On Saturday, to my great pleasure,
+I received a copy of the Darwin Commemoration volume.
+I at once began reading your most excellent paper on the
+Geographical Distribution of Plants. It is intensely interesting
+to me, both because it so clearly brings out
+Darwin&#39;s views and so judiciously expounds his arguments—even
+when you intimate a difference of opinion—but
+especially because you bring out so clearly and strongly
+his views on the general permanence of continents and
+oceans, which to-day, as much as ever, wants insisting
+upon. I may just mention here that none of the people
+who still insist on former continents where now are deep
+oceans have ever dealt with the almost physical impossibility
+of such a change having occurred without breaking
+the continuity of terrestrial life, owing to the mean depth
+of the ocean being at least six times the mean height of
+the land, and its area nearly three times, so that the whole
+mass of the land of the existing continents would be required
+to build up even <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">one small</span> continent in the depths
+of the Atlantic or Pacific! I have demonstrated this, with
+a diagram, in my "Darwinism" (Chap, XII.), and it has
+never been either refuted or noticed, but passed by as if it
+did not exist! Your whole discussion of Dispersal and Distribution
+is also admirable, and I was much interested with
+your quotations from Guppy, whose book I have not seen,
+but must read.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Most valuable to me also are your numerous references
+to Darwin&#39;s letters, so that the article serves as a
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page091">[pg 091]</span>
+<a name="Pg091" id="Pg091" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+compendious index to the five volumes, as regards this
+subject.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Especially admirable is the way in which you have
+always kept Darwin before us as the centre of the whole
+discussion, while at the same time fairly stating the sometimes
+adverse views of those who differ from him on certain
+points....—Yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_88" id="toc_88"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">The Ferns, Witcombe, Gloucester. June 25, 1909.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Dr. Wallace,—It is difficult for me to tell you
+how gratified I am by your extraordinarily kind letter....
+The truth is that success was easy. It has been my
+immense good fortune to know most of those who played
+in the drama. The story simply wanted a straightforward
+amanuensis to tell itself. But it is a real pleasure
+to me to know that I have met with some measure of
+success.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">There are many essays in the book that you will not
+like any more than I do. The secret of this lies in the
+fact, which you pointed out in your memorable speech at
+the Linnean Celebration, that no one but a naturalist can
+really understand Darwin.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I did not go to Cambridge—I had my hands full here.
+I was not sorry for the excuse. There seemed to me a
+note of insincerity about the whole business. I am short-tempered.
+I cannot stand being told that the origin of
+species has still to be discovered, and that specific differences
+have no "reality" (Bateson&#39;s Essay, p. 89). People
+are of course at liberty to hold such opinions, but decency
+might have presented another occasion for ventilating them.—Yours
+sincerely,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">W.T. THISELTON-DYER.</p>
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page092">[pg 092]</span>
+<a name="Pg092" id="Pg092" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_89" id="toc_89"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">The Ferns, Witcombe, Gloucester. July 11, 1909.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Wallace,— ... I have just got F. Darwin&#39;s
+"Foundations." He tries to make out that his father
+could have dispensed with Malthus. But the selection
+death-rate in a slightly varying large population is <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">the</span>
+pith of the whole business. The Darwin-Wallace theory
+is, as you say, "the continuous adjustment of the organic
+to the inorganic world." It is what mathematicians call
+"a moving equilibrium." In fact, I have always maintained
+that it is a mathematical conception.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">It seemed to me there was a touch of insincerity about
+the whole celebration,<a name="noteref_38" id="noteref_38"></a><a href="#note_38"><span class="footnoteref">38</span></a> as the younger Cambridge School
+as a whole do not even begin to understand the theory....
+I take it that the reason is, as you pointed out, that none of
+them are naturalists.—Yours sincerely,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">W.T. THISELTON-DYER.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_90" id="toc_90"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO DR. ARCHDALL REID</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. December 28, 1909.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Dr. Archdall Reid,—Many thanks for your very
+interesting and complimentary letter. I am very glad to
+hear of your new book, which I doubt not will be very
+interesting and instructive. The subjects you treat are,
+however, so very complex, and require so much accurate
+knowledge of the facts, and so much sound reasoning
+upon them, that I cannot possibly undertake the labour
+and thought required before I should feel justified in expressing
+an opinion upon your treatment of them....</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I rejoice to hear that you have exposed the fallacy of
+the claims of the Mendelians. I have also tried to do so,
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page093">[pg 093]</span>
+<a name="Pg093" id="Pg093" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+but I find it quite impossible for me to follow their detailed
+studies and arguments. It wants a mathematical
+mind, which I have not.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">But on the general relation of Mendelism to Evolution
+I have come to a very definite conclusion. This is, that it
+has no relation whatever to the evolution of species or higher
+groups, but is really antagonistic to such evolution! The
+essential basis of evolution, involving as it does the most
+minute and all-pervading adaptation to the whole environment,
+is extreme and ever-present plasticity, as a
+condition of survival and adaptation. But the essence of
+Mendelian characters is their rigidity. They are transmitted
+without variation, and therefore, except by the
+rarest of accidents, can never become adapted to ever-varying
+conditions. Moreover, when crossed they reproduce
+the same pair of types in the same proportions as at first,
+and therefore without selection; they are antagonistic to
+evolution by continually reproducing injurious or useless
+characters—which is the reason they are so rarely found in
+nature, but are mostly artificial breeds or sports. My view
+is, therefore, that Mendelian characters are of the nature
+of abnormalities or monstrosities, and that the "Mendelian
+laws" serve the purpose of eliminating them when, as
+usually, they are not useful, and thus preventing them
+from interfering with the normal process of natural selection
+and adaptation of the more plastic races. I am also
+glad to hear of your new argument for non-inheritance of
+acquired characters.—Yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_91" id="toc_91"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne, February 8, 1911.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir W. Thiselton-Dyer,—I thank you very much for
+taking so much trouble as you have done in writing your
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page094">[pg 094]</span>
+<a name="Pg094" id="Pg094" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+views of my new book.<a name="noteref_39" id="noteref_39"></a><a href="#note_39"><span class="footnoteref">39</span></a> I am glad to find that you agree
+with much of what I have said in the more evolutionary
+part of it, and that you differ only on some of my suggested
+interpretations of the facts. I have always felt the
+disadvantage I have been under—more especially during
+the last twenty years—in having not a single good biologist
+anywhere near me, with whom I could discuss matters
+of theory or obtain information as to matters of fact. I am
+therefore the more pleased that you do not seem to have come
+across any serious misstatements in the botanical portions,
+as to which I have had to trust entirely to second-hand
+information, often obtained through a long and varied
+correspondence.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">As to your disagreement from me in the conclusions
+arrived at and strenuously advocated in the latter portions
+of my work, I am not surprised. I am afraid, now,
+that I have not expressed myself sufficiently clearly as to
+the fundamental phenomena which seem to me absolutely
+to necessitate a guiding mind and organising power.
+Hardly one of my critics (I think absolutely not one) has
+noticed the distinction I have tried and intended to draw
+between Evolution on the one hand, and the fundamental
+powers and properties of Life—growth, assimilation, reproduction,
+heredity, etc.—on the other. In Evolution I
+recognise the action of Natural Selection as universal and
+capable of explaining all the facts of the continuous development
+of species from species, "from am[oe]ba to man."
+But this, as Darwin, Weismann, Kerner, Lloyd-Morgan,
+and even Huxley have seen, has nothing whatever to do
+with the basic mysteries of life—growth, etc. etc. The
+chemists think they have done wonders when they have
+produced in their laboratories certain organic substances—always
+by the use of other organic products—which life
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page095">[pg 095]</span>
+<a name="Pg095" id="Pg095" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+builds up within each organism, and from the few simple
+elements available in air, earth, and water, innumerable
+structures—bone, horn, hair, skin, blood, muscle, etc. etc.;
+and these are not amorphous—mere lumps of dead matter—but
+organised to serve certain definite purposes in each
+living organism. I have dwelt on this in my chapter on
+"The Mystery of the Cell." Now I have been unable to
+find any attempt by any biologist or physiologist to grapple
+with this problem. One and all, they shirk it, or simply
+state it to be insoluble. It is here that I state guidance
+and organising power are essential. My little physiological
+parable or allegory (p. 296) I think sets forth the difficulty
+fairly, though by no means adequately, yet not one of about
+fifty reviews I have read even mentions it.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">If you know of any writer of sufficient knowledge and
+mental power, who has fully recognised and fairly grappled
+with this fundamental problem, I should be very glad to be
+referred to him. I have been able to find no approach to it.
+Yet I am at once howled at, or sneered at, for pointing out
+the facts that such problems exist, that they are not in any
+way touched by Evolution, but are far before it, and the
+forces, laws and agencies involved are those of existences
+possessed of powers, mental and physical, far beyond those
+mere mechanical, physical, or chemical forces we see at work
+in nature....—Yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_92" id="toc_92"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">The Ferns, Witcombe, Gloucester. February 12, 1911.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Wallace,— ... You must let me correct you
+on one technical point in your letter. It is no longer possible
+to say that chemists effect the synthesis of organic
+products "by the use of other organic substances." From
+what has been already effected, it cannot be doubted that
+eventually every organic substance will be built up from
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page096">[pg 096]</span>
+<a name="Pg096" id="Pg096" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+"the few simple elements available in air, earth and
+water." I think you may take it from me that this does
+not admit of dispute....</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">At any rate we are in agreement as to Natural Selection
+being capable of explaining evolution "from am[oe]ba
+to man."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">It is generally admitted that that is a mechanical or
+scientific explanation. That is to say, it invokes nothing
+but intelligible actions and causes.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">De Vries, however, asserts that the Darwinian theory is
+<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">not</span> scientific at all, and that is of course a position he has
+a right to take up.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">But if we admit that it is scientific, then we are precluded
+from admitting a "directive power."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">This was von Baer&#39;s position, also that of Kant and of
+Weismann.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">But von Baer remarks that the naturalist is not precluded
+from asking "whether the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">totality</span> of details leads him to a
+general and final basis of intentional design." I have no
+objection to this, and offer it as an olive-branch which you
+can throw to your howling and sneering critics.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">As to "structures organised to serve certain definite
+purposes," surely they offer no more difficulty as regards
+"scientific" explanation than the apparatus by which an
+orchid is fertilised.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">We can work back to the am[oe]ba to find ourselves face
+to face with a scarcely organised mass of protoplasm. And
+then we find ourselves face to face with a problem which
+will, perhaps, for ever remain insoluble scientifically.
+But as for that, so is the primeval material of which
+it (protoplasm) is composed. "Matter" itself is evaporating,
+for it is being resolved by physical research into something
+which is intangible.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">We cannot form the slightest idea how protoplasm
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page097">[pg 097]</span>
+<a name="Pg097" id="Pg097" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+came into existence. It is impossible to regard it as a
+mere substance. It is a mechanism. Although the chemist
+may hope to make eventually all the substances which
+protoplasm fabricates, and will probably do so, he can only
+build them up by the most complicated processes. Protoplasm
+appears to be able to manufacture them straight off
+in a way of which the chemist cannot form the slightest
+conception. This is one aspect of the mystery of <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">life</span>.
+Herbert Spencer&#39;s definition tells one nothing.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Science can only explain nature as it reveals itself to
+the senses in terms of consciousness. The explanation may
+be all wrong in the eyes of omniscience. All one can
+say is that it is a practical working basis, and is good
+enough for mundane purposes. But if I am asked if I
+can solve the riddle of the Universe I can only answer,
+No. BrunetiÚre then retorts that science is bankrupt.
+But this is equivocal. It only means that it cannot meet
+demands beyond its power to satisfy.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I entirely sympathise with anyone who seeks an answer
+from some other non-scientific source. But I keep scientific
+explanations and spiritual craving wholly distinct.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The whole point of evolution, as formulated by Lyell
+and Darwin, is to explain phenomena by known causes.
+Now, directive power is not a known cause. Determinism
+compels me to believe that every event is inevitable.
+If we admit a directive power, the order of nature becomes
+capricious and unintelligible. Excuse my saying all this.
+But that is the dilemma as it presents itself to <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">my</span> mind.
+If it does not trouble other people, I can only say, so much
+the better for them. Briefly, I am afraid I must say that it
+is ultra-scientific. I think that would have been pretty
+much Darwin&#39;s view.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I do not think that it is quite fair to say that biologists
+shirk the problem. In my opinion they are not called upon
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page098">[pg 098]</span>
+<a name="Pg098" id="Pg098" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+to face it. Bastian, I suppose, believed that he had bridged
+the gulf between lifeless and living matter. And here is a
+man, of whom I know nothing, who has apparently got the
+whole thing cut and dried.—Yours sincerely,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">W.T. THISELTON-DYER.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_93" id="toc_93"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. May 28, 1912.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,—Thanks for your paper on Darwin
+and Bergson.<a name="noteref_40" id="noteref_40"></a><a href="#note_40"><span class="footnoteref">40</span></a> I have read nothing of Bergson&#39;s, and
+although he evidently has much in common with my own
+views, yet all vague ideas—like "an internal development
+force"—seem to me of no real value as an explanation of
+Nature.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I claim to have shown the necessity of an ever-present
+Mind as the primal cause both of all physical and biological
+evolution. This Mind works by and through the primal
+forces of nature—by means of Natural Selection in the
+world of life; and I do not think I could read a book
+which rejects this method in favour of a vague "law of
+sympathy." He might as well reject gravitation, electrical
+repulsion, etc. etc., as explaining the motions of cosmical
+bodies....—Yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_94" id="toc_94"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. BEN R. MILLER</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset, January 18, 1913.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,—Thanks for your kind congratulations, and
+for the small pamphlet<a name="noteref_41" id="noteref_41"></a><a href="#note_41"><span class="footnoteref">41</span></a> you have sent me. I have read
+it with much interest, as the writer was evidently a man
+of thought and talent. The first lecture certainly gives
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page099">[pg 099]</span>
+<a name="Pg099" id="Pg099" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+an approach to Darwin&#39;s theory, perhaps nearer than any
+other, as he almost implies the "survival of the fittest"
+as the cause of progressive modification. But his language
+is imaginative and obscure. He uses "education" apparently
+in the sense of what we should term "effect of the
+environment."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The second lecture is even a more exact anticipation of
+the modern views as to microbes, including their transmission
+by flies and other insects and the probability that the
+blood of healthy persons contains a sufficiency of destroyers
+of the pathogenic germs—such as the white blood-corpuscles—to
+preserve us in health.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">But he is so anti-clerical and anti-Biblical that it is no
+wonder he could not get a hearing in Boston in 1847.—Yours
+very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_95" id="toc_95"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. April 2, 1913.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,—About two months ago an American ... sent
+me the enclosed booklet,<a name="noteref_42" id="noteref_42"></a><a href="#note_42"><span class="footnoteref">42</span></a> which he had been told
+was very rare, and contained an anticipation of Darwinism.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">This it certainly does, but the writer was highly imaginative,
+and, like all the other anticipators of Darwin, did not
+perceive the whole scope of his idea, being, as he himself
+says, not sufficiently acquainted with the facts of nature.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">His anticipations, however, of diverging lines of descent
+from a common ancestor, and of the transmission of
+disease germs by means of insects, are perfectly clear and
+very striking.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">As you yourself made known one of the anticipators of
+Darwin, whom he himself had overlooked, you are the right
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page100">[pg 100]</span>
+<a name="Pg100" id="Pg100" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+person to make this known in any way you think proper.
+As you have so recently been in America, you might perhaps
+ascertain from the librarian of the public library in
+Boston, or from some of your biological friends there, what
+is known of the writer and of his subsequent history.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">If the house at Down is ever dedicated to Darwin&#39;s
+memory it would seem best to preserve this little book
+there; if not you can dispose of it as you think best.—Yours
+very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">P.S.—Two of my books have been translated into
+Japanese: will you ascertain whether the Bodleian would
+like to have them?</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_96" id="toc_96"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON<a name="noteref_43" id="noteref_43"></a><a href="#note_43"><span class="footnoteref">43</span></a></h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset, June 3, 1913.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,—I am very glad you have changed your
+view about the "Sleeper" lectures being a "fake." The
+writer was too earnest, and too clear a thinker, to descend
+to any such trick. And for what? "Agnostic" is not in
+Shakespeare, but it may well have been used by someone
+before Huxley. The parts of your Address of which you
+send me slips are excellent, and I am sure will be of great
+interest to your audience. I quite agree with your proposal
+that the "Lectures" shall be given to the Linnean Society.—Yours
+very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_97" id="toc_97"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. E. SMEDLEY</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. August 26, 1913.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Smedley,—I am glad to see you looking so
+jolly. I return the photo to give to some other friend. Mr.
+Marchant, the lecturer you heard, is a great friend of mine,
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page101">[pg 101]</span>
+<a name="Pg101" id="Pg101" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+but is now less dogmatic. The Piltdown skull does not
+prove much, if anything!</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The papers are wrong about me. I am not writing anything
+now; perhaps shall write no more. Too many letters
+and home business. Too much bothered with many slight
+ailments, which altogether keep me busy attending to them.
+I am like Job, who said "the grasshopper was a burthen"
+to him! I suppose its creaking song.—Yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_98" id="toc_98"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. W.J. FARMER</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. 1913.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,— ... I presume your question "Why?"
+as to the varying colour of individual hairs and feathers,
+and the regular varying of adjacent hairs, etc., to form
+the surface pattern, applies to the ultimate cause which
+enables those patterns to be hereditary, and, in the case
+of birds, to be reproduced after moulting yearly.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The purpose, or end they serve, I have, I think, sufficiently
+dealt with in my "Darwinism"; the method by
+which such useful tints and markings are produced, because
+useful, is, I think, clearly explained by the law of Natural
+Selection or Survival of the Fittest, acting through the universal
+facts of heredity and variation.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">But the "why"—which goes further back, to the directing
+agency which not only brings each special cell of the
+highly complex structure of a feather into its exactly right
+position, but, further, carries pigments or produces surface
+striÊ (in the case of the metallic or interference colours)
+also to their exactly right place, and nowhere else—is the
+mystery, which, if we knew, we should (as Tennyson said
+of the flower in the wall) "know what God and Man is."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The idea that "cells" are all conscious beings and go
+to their right places has been put forward by Butler in his
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page102">[pg 102]</span>
+<a name="Pg102" id="Pg102" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+wonderful book "Life and Habit," and now even Haeckel
+seems to adopt it. All theories of heredity, including Darwin&#39;s
+pangenesis, do not touch it, and it seems to me as
+fundamental as life and consciousness, and to be absolutely
+inconceivable by us till we know what life is, what spirit
+is, and what matter is; and it is probable that we must
+develop in the spirit world some few thousand million years
+before we get to this knowledge—if then!</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My book, "Man&#39;s Place in the Universe," shows, I think,
+indications of the vast importance of that Universe as the
+producer of Man which so many scientific men to-day try to
+belittle, because of what may be, in the infinite!—Yours very
+truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page103">[pg 103]</span>
+<a name="Pg103" id="Pg103" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_99" id="toc_99"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head">PART IV</h1>
+<p class="tei tei-p"></p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_100" id="toc_100"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head">Home Life</h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">(By W.G. WALLACE and VIOLET WALLACE)</p>
+
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">In our father&#39;s youth and prime he was 6 ft. 1 in. in
+height, with square though not very broad shoulders.
+At the time to which our first clear recollections go
+back he had already acquired a slight stoop due to long
+hours spent at his desk, and this became more pronounced
+with advancing age; but he was always tall, spare and very
+active, and walked with a long easy swinging stride
+which he retained to the end of his life.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">As a boy he does not appear to have been very athletic
+or muscularly strong, and his shortsightedness probably
+prevented him from taking part in many of the pastimes
+of his schoolfellows. He was never a good swimmer, and
+he used to say that his long legs pulled him down. He
+was, however, always a good walker and, until quite late
+in life, capable of taking long country walks, of which he
+was very fond.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">He was very quick and active in his movements at times,
+and even when 90 years of age would get up on a chair or
+sofa to reach a book from a high shelf, and move about his
+study with rapid strides to find some paper to which he
+wished to refer.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">When out of doors he usually carried an umbrella, and
+in the garden a stick, upon which he leaned rather heavily
+in his later years. His hair became white rather early in
+life, but it remained thick and fine to the last, a fact which
+he attributed to always wearing soft hats. He had full
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page104">[pg 104]</span>
+<a name="Pg104" id="Pg104" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+beard and whiskers, which were also white. His eyes were
+blue and his complexion rather pale. He habitually wore
+spectacles, and to us he never looked quite natural without
+them. Towards the end of his life his eyes were subject
+to inflammation, and the glasses were blue. His hands,
+though large, were not clumsy, and were capable of very
+delicate manipulation, as is shown by his skill in handling
+and preserving insects and bird-skins, and also in sketching,
+where delicacy of touch was essential. His handwriting
+is another example of this; it remained clear and
+even to the end, in spite of the fact that he wrote all his
+books, articles, and letters with his own hand until the
+last few years, when he occasionally had assistance with
+his correspondence; but his last two books, "Social Environment"
+and "The Revolt of Democracy," written
+when he was 90 years of age, were penned by himself, and
+the MSS. are perfectly legible and regular.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">He was very domestic, and loved his home. His interest
+extended to the culinary art, and he was fond of telling
+us how certain things should be cooked. This became
+quite a joke among us. He was very independent, and it
+never seemed to occur to him to ask to have anything done
+for him if he could do it himself—and he could do many
+things, such as sewing on buttons and tapes and packing
+up parcels, with great neatness. When unpacking parcels
+he never cut the string if it could be untied, and he would
+fold it up before removing the paper, which in its turn was
+also neatly folded.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">His clothes were always loose and easy-fitting, and
+generally of some quiet-coloured cloth or tweed. Out of
+doors he wore a soft black felt hat rather taller than the
+clerical pattern, and a black overcoat unless the weather
+was very warm. He wore no ornaments of any kind, and
+even the silver watch-chain was worn so as to be invisible.
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page105">[pg 105]</span>
+<a name="Pg105" id="Pg105" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+He wore low collars with turned-down points and
+a narrow black tie, which was, however, concealed by his
+beard. He was not very particular about his personal
+appearance, except that he always kept his hair and beard
+well brushed and trimmed.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center" class="tei tei-p"><a name="image02" id="image02" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<img src="images/image02.png" alt="MRS. A.R. WALLACE (about 1895)" class="tei tei-figure" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center" class="tei tei-p">MRS. A.R. WALLACE (about 1895)</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">In our early days at Grays we children were allowed to
+run in and out of his study; but if he was busy writing at
+the moment we would look at a book until he could give us
+his attention. His brother in California sent him a live
+specimen of the lizard called the "horned toad," and this
+creature was kept in the study, where it was allowed to
+roam about, its favourite place being on the hearth.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">About this time he read "Alice through the Looking-glass,"
+which pleased him greatly; he was never tired of
+quoting from it and using some of Lewis Carroll&#39;s quaint
+words till it became one of our classics.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Some of our earliest recollections are of the long and
+interesting walks we took with our father and mother. He
+never failed to point out anything of interest and tell us
+what he knew about it, and would answer our numerous
+questions if possible, or put us off with some joking reference
+to Boojums or Jabberwocks. We looked upon him as
+an infallible source of information, not only in our childhood,
+but to a large extent all his life. When exploring
+the country he scorned "trespass boards." He read them
+"Trespassers will be persecuted," and then ignored them,
+much to our childish trepidation. If he was met by indignant
+gamekeepers or owners, they were often too much
+awed by his dignified and commanding appearance to offer
+any objection to his going where he wished. He was fond
+of calling our attention to insects and to other objects of
+natural history, and giving us interesting lessons about
+them. He delighted in natural scenery, especially distant
+views, and our walks and excursions were generally taken
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page106">[pg 106]</span>
+<a name="Pg106" id="Pg106" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+with some object, such as finding a bee-orchis or a rare
+plant, or exploring a new part of the country, or finding
+a waterfall.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">In 1876 we went to live at Dorking, but stayed there
+only a year or two. An instance of his love of mystifying
+us children may be given. It must have been shortly after
+our arrival at Dorking that one day, having been out to
+explore the neighbourhood, he returned about tea-time and
+said, "Where do you think I have been? To Glory!"
+Of course we were very properly excited, and plied him
+with questions, but we got nothing more out of him then.
+Later on we were taken to see the wonderful place called
+"Glory Wood"; and it had surely gained in glory by such
+preparation.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Sometimes it would happen that a scene or object
+would recall an incident in his tropical wanderings and
+he would tell us of the sights he had seen. At the time
+he was greatly interested in botany, in which he was
+encouraged by our mother, who was an ardent lover of
+flowers; and to the end of his life he exhibited almost
+boyish delight when he discovered a rare plant. Many
+walks and excursions were taken for the purpose of seeing
+some uncommon plant growing in its natural habitat.
+When he had found the object of his search we were all
+called to see it. During his walks and holidays he made
+constant use of the one-inch Ordnance Maps, which he
+obtained for each district he visited, planning out our excursions
+on the map before starting. He had a gift for
+finding the most beautiful walks by means of it.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">In 1878 we moved to Croydon, where we lived about four
+years. It was at this time that he hoped to get the post of
+Superintendent of Epping Forest. We still remember all
+the delights we children were promised if we went to live
+there. We had a day&#39;s excursion to see the Forest, he with
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page107">[pg 107]</span>
+<a name="Pg107" id="Pg107" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+his map finding out the roads and stopping every now and
+then to admire a fresh view or to explain what he would do
+if the opportunity were given him. It was a very hot day,
+and we became so thirsty that when we reached a stream,
+to our great joy and delight he took out of his pocket, not
+the old leather drinking-cup he usually carried, but a long
+piece of black indiarubber tubing. We can see him now,
+quite as pleased as we were with this brilliant idea, letting
+it down into the stream and then offering us a drink! No
+water ever tasted so nice! Our mother used to be a little
+anxious as to the quality of the water, but he always put
+aside such objections by saying <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">running</span> water was quite
+safe, and somehow we never came to any harm through it.
+The same happy luck attended our cuts and scratches; he
+always put "stamp-paper" on them, calling it plaster,
+and we knew of no other till years later. He used the
+same thing for his own cuts, etc., to the end of his life,
+with no ill effects.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">In 1881 we moved again, this time to Godalming, where
+he had built a small house which be called "Nutwood Cottage."
+After Croydon this was a very welcome change and
+we all enjoyed the lovely country round. The garden as
+usual was the chief hobby, and Mr. J.W. Sharpe, our old
+friend and neighbour in those days, has written his reminiscences
+of this time which give a very good picture of
+our father. They are as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote style="margin: 2em 4em" class="tei tei-quote">
+<p class="tei tei-p">About thirty-five years ago Dr. Wallace built a house
+upon a plot of ground adjoining that upon which our house
+stood. I was at that time an assistant master at Charterhouse
+School; and Dr. Wallace became acquainted with a
+few of the masters besides myself. With two or three of
+them he had regular weekly games of chess; for he was
+then and for long afterwards very fond of that game;
+and, I understand, possessed considerable skill at it. A
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page108">[pg 108]</span>
+<a name="Pg108" id="Pg108" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+considerable portion of his spare time was spent in his
+garden, in the management of which Mrs. Wallace, who
+had much knowledge and experience of gardening, very
+cordially assisted him. Here his characteristic energy and
+restlessness were conspicuously displayed. He was always
+designing some new feature, some alteration in a flower-bed,
+some special environment for a new plant; and always
+he was confident that the new schemes would be found to
+have all the perfections which the old ones lacked. From
+all parts of the world botanists and collectors sent him,
+from time to time, rare or newly discovered plants, bulbs,
+roots or seeds, which he, with the help of Mrs. Wallace&#39;s
+practical skill, would try to acclimatise, and to persuade
+to grow somewhere or other in his garden or conservatory.
+Nothing disturbed his cheerful confidence in the future, and
+nothing made him happier than some plan for reforming the
+house, the garden, the kitchen-boiler, or the universe. And,
+truth to say, he displayed great ingenuity in all these enterprises
+of reformation. Although they were never in effect
+what they were expected to be by their ingenious author,
+they were often sufficiently successful; but, successful or
+not, he was always confident that the next would turn out
+to be all that he expected of it. With the same confidence
+he made up his mind upon many a disputable subject; but,
+be it said, never without a laborious examination of the
+necessary data, and the acquisition of much knowledge. In
+argument, of which intellectual exercise he was very fond,
+he was a formidable antagonist. His power of handling
+masses of details and facts, of showing their inner meanings
+and the principles underlying them, and of making
+them intelligible, was very great; and very few men of
+his time had it in equal measure.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">But the most striking feature in his conversation was
+his masterly application of general principles: these he
+handled with extraordinary skill. In any subject with
+which he was familiar, he would solve, or suggest a plausible
+solution of, difficulty after difficulty by immediate reference
+to fundamental principles. This would give to his
+conclusions an appearance of inevitableness which usually
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page109">[pg 109]</span>
+<a name="Pg109" id="Pg109" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+overbore his adversary, and, even if it did not convince
+him, left him without any effective reply. This, too, had a
+good deal to do, I am disposed to conjecture, with another
+very noticeable characteristic of his which often came out
+in conversation, and that was his apparently unfailing
+confidence in the goodness of human nature. No man nor
+woman but he took to be in the main honest and truthful,
+and no amount of disappointment—not even losses of money
+and property incurred through this faith in others&#39; virtues—had
+the effect of altering this mental habit of his.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">His intellectual interests were very widely extended,
+and he once confessed to me that they were agreeably
+stimulated by novelty and opposition. An uphill fight in
+an unpopular cause, for preference a thoroughly unpopular
+one, or any argument in favour of a generally despised
+thesis, had charms for him that he could not resist. In
+his later years, especially, the prospect of writing a new
+book, great or small, upon any one of his favourite subjects
+always acted upon him like a tonic, as much so as
+did the project of building a new house and laying out a
+new garden. And in all this his sunny optimism and his
+unfailing confidence in his own powers went far towards
+securing him success.—J.W.S.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Land Nationalisation" (1882), "Bad Times" (1885),
+and "Darwinism" (1889) were written at Godalming, also
+the series of lectures which he gave in America in 1886-7
+and at various towns in the British Isles. He also continued
+to have examination papers<a name="noteref_44" id="noteref_44"></a><a href="#note_44"><span class="footnoteref">44</span></a> to correct each year—and a very
+strenuous time that was. Our mother used to assist him in
+this work, and also with the indexes of his books.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">We now began to make nature collections, in which he
+took the keenest interest, many holidays and excursions
+being arranged to further these engrossing pursuits. One
+or two incidents occurred at "Nutwood" which have left
+clear impressions upon our minds. One day one of us
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page110">[pg 110]</span>
+<a name="Pg110" id="Pg110" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+brought home a beetle, to the great horror of the servant.
+Passing at the moment, he picked it up, saying, "Why, it
+is quite a harmless little creature!" and to demonstrate its
+inoffensiveness he placed it on the tip of his nose, whereupon
+it immediately bit him and even drew blood, much to
+our amusment and his own astonishment. On another
+occasion he was sitting with a book on the lawn under
+the oak tree when suddenly a large creature alighted
+upon his shoulder. Looking round, he saw a fine specimen
+of the ring-tailed lemur, of whose existence in the
+neighbourhood he had no knowledge, though it belonged
+to some neighbours about a quarter of a mile away. It
+seemed appropriate that the animal should have selected
+for its attentions the one person in the district who would
+not be alarmed at the sudden appearance of a strange
+animal upon his shoulder. Needless to say, it was quite
+friendly.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">A year or so before we left Godalming he enlarged the
+house and altered the garden. But his health not having
+been very good, causing him a good deal of trouble with
+his eyes, and having more or less exhausted the possibilities
+of the garden, he decided to leave Godalming and find
+a new house in a milder climate. So in 1889 he finally fixed
+upon a small house at Parkstone in Dorset.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Planning and constructing houses, gardens, walls, paths,
+rockeries, etc., were great hobbies of his, and he often spent
+hours making scale drawings of some new house or of alterations
+to an existing one, and scheming out the details of construction.
+At other times he would devise schemes for new
+rockeries or waterworks, and he would always talk them over
+with us and tell us of some splendid new idea he had hit upon.
+As Mr. Sharpe has noted, he was always very optimistic, and
+if a scheme did not come up to his expectations he was not
+discouraged but always declared he could do it much better
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page111">[pg 111]</span>
+<a name="Pg111" id="Pg111" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+next time and overcome the defects. He was generally in
+better health and happier when some constructional work
+was in hand. He built three houses, "The Dell" at Grays,
+"Nutwood Cottage" at Godalming, and the "Old Orchard"
+at Broadstone. The last he actually built himself, employing
+the men and buying all the materials, with the assistance
+of a young clerk of works; but though the enterprise was a
+source of great pleasure, it was a constant worry. He also
+designed and built a concrete garden wall, with which he
+was very pleased, though it cost considerably more than he
+anticipated. He had not been at Parkstone long before
+he set about the planning of "alterations" with his usual
+enthusiasm. We were both away from home at this time, and
+consequently had many letters from him, of which one
+is given as a specimen. His various interests are nearly
+always referred to in these letters, and in not a few
+of them his high spirits show themselves in bursts of
+exuberance which were very characteristic whenever a new
+scheme was afoot. The springs of eternal youth were for ever
+bubbling up afresh, so that to us he never grew old. One of
+us remembers how, when he must have been about 80, someone
+said, "What a wonderful old man your father is!" This
+was quite a shock, for to us he was not old. The letter referred
+to above is the following:</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_101" id="toc_101"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset, February 1, 1891.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Will,—Another week has passed away into
+eternity, another month has opened its eyes on the world,
+and still the illustrious Charles [bricklayer] potters about,
+still the carpenter plies the creaking saw and the stunning
+hammer, still the plumber plumbs and the bellhanger rattles,
+still the cisterns overflow and the unfinished drains send
+forth odorous fumes, still the rains descend and all around
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page112">[pg 112]</span>
+<a name="Pg112" id="Pg112" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the house is a muddle of muck and mire, and still there is so
+much to do that we look forward to some far distant futurity,
+when all that we are now suffering will be over, and we may
+look back upon it as upon some strange yet not altogether
+uninteresting nightmare!</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Briefly to report progress. The new pipe-man has finished
+the bathroom and nearly done the bells, and we have had gas
+alight the last three days. The balcony is finished, the bath
+and lavatory are closed up and waiting for the varnishers.
+Charles has finished the roof, and the scaffolding is removed.
+But though two plumbers have tried all their skill, the ball-cock
+in the cistern won&#39;t work, and when the water has been
+turned on an hour it overflows. The gutters and pipes to roof
+are not up, and the night before last a heavy flood of rain
+washed a quantity of muddy water into the back entrance,
+which flowed right across the kitchen into the back passage
+and larder, leaving a deposit of alluvial mud that would have
+charmed a geologist. However, we have stopped that for the
+future by a drain under the doorstep. The new breakfast-room
+is being papered and will look tidy soon. A man has
+been to measure for the stairs. The front porch door is
+promised for to-morrow, and the stairs, I suppose, in another
+week. A lot of fresh pointing is to be done, and all the rain-water
+pipes and the rain-water cistern with its overflow pipes,
+and then the greenhouse, and then all the outside painting—after
+which we shall rest for a month and then do the inside
+papering; but whether that can be done before Easter seems
+very doubtful....</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Our alterations still go on. The stairs just up—Friday
+night we had to go outside to get to bed, and Saturday and
+Sunday we <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">could</span> get up, but over a chasm, and with alarming
+creaks. Now it is all firm, but no handrail yet. Painters
+still at work, and whitewashers. Porch door up, with two
+birds in stained glass—looks fine—proposed new name,
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page113">[pg 113]</span>
+<a name="Pg113" id="Pg113" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+"Dicky-bird Lodge." Bath fixed, but waiting to be
+varnished—luxurious!...</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dr. Wallace had already received four medals from
+various scientific societies, and at our suggestion he had
+a case made to hold them all, which is referred to in the
+following letter. The two new medals mentioned were
+those of the Royal Geographical and Linnean Societies.
+He attached very little importance to honours conferred
+upon himself, except in so far as they showed acceptance
+of "the truth," as he called it.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_102" id="toc_102"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MISS VIOLET WALLACE</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. April 3, 1892.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Violet,— ... I have got J.G. Wood&#39;s book
+on the horse. It is very good; I think the best book he
+has written, as his heart was evidently in it....</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">A dreadful thing has happened! Just as I have had
+my medal-case made, "regardless of expense," they are
+going to give me another medal! Hadn&#39;t I better decline
+it, with thanks? "No room for more medals"!!—Your
+affectionate papa,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">P.S.—A poor man came here last night (Saturday) with
+a basket of primrose roots—had carried them eight miles,
+couldn&#39;t sell one in Poole or Parkstone—was 64 years old—couldn&#39;t
+get any work to do—had no home, etc. So,
+though I do not approve of digging up primrose roots as
+a trade, I gave him 1s. 6d. for them, pitying him as one
+of the countless victims of landlordism.—A.R.W.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">A poor man was sentenced to fourteen days&#39; hard
+labour last week for picking snowdrops in Charborough
+Park. Shame!—A.R.W., Pres. L.N. Society.
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page114">[pg 114]</span>
+<a name="Pg114" id="Pg114" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_103" id="toc_103"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO Miss VIOLET WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. May 5, 1892.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Violet,—I have finished reading "Freeland."
+It is very good—as good a story as "Looking Backward,"
+but not quite so pleasantly written—rather heavy and
+Germanic in places. The results are much the same as in
+"Looking Backward" but brought about in a different and
+very ingenious manner. It may be called "Individualistic
+Socialism." I shall be up in London soon, I expect, to the
+first Meetings of the Examiners in the great science of
+"omnium gatherum."<a name="noteref_45" id="noteref_45"></a><a href="#note_45"><span class="footnoteref">45</span></a>—Your affec. papa,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">While he lived at Parkstone our father built a small
+orchid house in which he cultivated a number of orchids
+for a few years, but the constant attention which they demanded,
+together with the heated atmosphere, were too
+much for him, and he was obliged to give them up. He
+was never tired of admiring their varied forms and colours,
+or explaining to friends the wonderful apparatus by which
+many of them were fertilised. The following letter shows
+his enthusiasm for orchids:</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_104" id="toc_104"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO Miss VIOLET WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. November</span> 25, 1894.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Violet,— ... I have found a doctor at Poole
+(Mr. Turner) who has two nice orchid houses which he
+attends to entirely himself, and as I can thus get advice
+and sympathy from a fellow maniac (though he <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">is</span> a public
+vaccinator!) my love of orchids is again aroused to fever-heat,
+and I have made some alterations in the greenhouse
+which will better adapt it for orchid growing, and have
+bought a few handsome kinds very cheap, and these give
+me a lot of extra work and amusement....
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page115">[pg 115]</span>
+<a name="Pg115" id="Pg115" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_105" id="toc_105"></a>
+
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO HIS WIFE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">HÃŽtel du Glacier du RhÃŽne. Wednesday evening, [July, 1895].</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Annie,—I send you now a box of plants I got
+on both sides of the Furka Pass yesterday, and about here
+to-day. The Furka Pass on both sides is a perfect flower-garden,
+and the two sides have mostly different species.
+The violets and anemones were lovely, and I have got two
+species of glorious gentians.... All the flowers in the box
+are very choice species, and have been carefully dug up, and
+having seen how they grow, I have been thinking of a plan
+of making a little bed for them on the top of the new rockery
+where there is now nothing particular. Will you please plant
+them out carefully in the zinc tray of peat and sphagnum that
+stands outside near the little greenhouse door? Just lift up
+the sphagnum and see if the earth beneath is moist, if not
+give it a soaking. Then put them all in, the short-rooted
+ones in the sphagnum only, the others through into the peat.
+Then give them a good syringing and put the tray under
+the shelf outside the greenhouse, and cover with newspaper
+for a day or two. After that I think they will do, keeping
+them moist if the weather is dry. I am getting hosts of
+curiosities. To-day we found four or five species of willows
+from 1/4 in. to 2 in. high, and other rarities.... In haste
+for post and dinner.—Your ever affectionate</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_106" id="toc_106"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO Miss VIOLET WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. October 22, 1897.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Violet,—In your previous letter you asked me
+the conundrum, Why does a wagtail wag its tail? That&#39;s
+quite easy, on Darwinian principles. Many birds wag their
+tails. Some Eastern flycatchers—also black and white—wag
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page116">[pg 116]</span>
+<a name="Pg116" id="Pg116" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+their long tails up and down when they alight on the ground
+or on a branch. Other birds with long tails jerk them up in
+the air when they alight on a branch. Now these varied
+motions, like the motions of many butterflies, caterpillars,
+and many other animals, must have a use to the animal, and
+the most common, or rather the most probable, use is, either
+to frighten or to distract an enemy. If a hawk was very
+hungry and darted down on a wagtail from up in the air,
+the wagging tail would be seen most distinctly and be aimed
+at, and thus the bird would be missed or at most a feather
+torn out of the tail. The bird hunts for food in the open,
+on the edges of ponds and streams, and would be especially
+easy to capture, hence the wagging tail has been developed
+to baffle the enemy....</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_107" id="toc_107"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO Miss VIOLET WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. March 8, 1899.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Violet,— ... I have now finished reading the
+"Maha Bharata," which is on the whole very fine—finer,
+I think, than the "Iliad." I have read a good deal of it
+twice, and it will bear reading many times. It corresponds
+pretty nearly in date with the "Iliad," the scenes it describes
+being supposed to be about B.C. 1500. Many of the
+ideas and moral teachings are beautiful; equal to the best
+teaching and superior to the general practice of to-day. I
+have made a lot of emendations and suggestions, which I
+am going to send to the translator, as the proofs have evidently
+not been carefully read by any English literary man.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">About the year 1899 Dr. Wallace began to think of leaving
+Parkstone, partly for reasons of health and partly to get
+a larger garden, if possible. He spent three years in looking
+for a suitable spot in many of the southern counties, and we
+were all pressed to join in the search. Finally he found just
+the spot he wanted at Broadstone; only three miles away.
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page117">[pg 117]</span>
+<a name="Pg117" id="Pg117" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+The following letters describe his final success—all
+written with his usual optimism and high spirits:</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_108" id="toc_108"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. October 26, 1901.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Will,—At length the long quest has come to
+an end, and I have agreed to buy three acres of land at
+Broadstone. Ma and I have just been over again this morning
+to consider its capabilities, and the exact boundaries
+that will be the most advantageous, as I have here the great
+advantage of choosing exactly what I will have. I only
+wish I could afford five acres instead of three, or even ten;
+but the three will contain the very eye of the whole. I
+enclose you a bit of the 6-inch ordnance on which I have
+marked the piece I have finally fixed upon in red chalk.
+The attractive bit is the small enclosure of one acre, left
+rather paler, which is an old orchard in a little valley
+sloping downward to the S.S.E. There are, perhaps, a
+score of trees in it—apples, pears, plums and cherries, I
+believe, and under them a beautiful green short turf like
+a lawn—kept so, I believe, by rabbits. From the top of
+this orchard is a fine view over moor and heather, then
+over the great northern bay of Poole Harbour, and beyond
+to the Purbeck Hills and out to the sea and the Old Harry
+headland. It is not very high—about 140 feet, I think, but
+being on the edge of one of the plateaus the view is very
+effective. On the top to the left of the road track is a
+slightly undulating grass field, of which I have a little less
+than an acre. To the right of the fence, and coming down
+to the wood, is very rough ground densely covered with
+heather and dwarf gorse, a great contrast to the field. The
+wood on the right is mixed but chiefly oak, I think, with
+some large firs, one quite grand; while the wood on the left
+is quite different, having some very tall Spanish chestnuts
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page118">[pg 118]</span>
+<a name="Pg118" id="Pg118" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+loaded with fruit, some beeches, some firs—but I have not
+had time yet to investigate thoroughly. Thus this little bit
+of three acres has five subdivisions, each with a quite distinct
+character of its own, and I never remember seeing such
+variety in such a small area. The red wavy line is about
+where I shall have to make my road, for the place has
+now no road, and I think I am very lucky in discovering
+it and in getting it. Another advantage is in the land,
+which is varied to suit all crops. I fancy ... I shall find
+places to grow most of my choice shrubs, etc., better than
+here. I expect bulbs of all kinds will grow well, and I
+mean to plant a thousand or so of snowdrops, crocuses,
+squills, daffodils, etc., in the orchard, where they will look
+lovely.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_109" id="toc_109"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. November 6, 1901.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Will,— ... I have taken advantage of a foggy
+cold day to trace you a copy of the ground plan of the proposed
+house.... Of course the house will be much larger
+than we want, but I look to future value, and rather than
+build it smaller, to be enlarged afterwards, I would prefer
+to leave the drawing-room and bedroom adjoining with bare
+walls inside till they can be properly finished. The house-keeper&#39;s
+room would be a nice dining-room, and the hall
+a parlour and drawing-room combined. But the outside
+must be finished, on account of the garden, creepers, etc.
+The S.E. side (really about S.S.E.) has the fine views. If
+you can arrange to come at Christmas we will have a picnic
+on the ground the first sunny day. I was all last week
+surveying—a very difficult job, to mark out exactly three
+acres so as to take in exactly as much of each kind of
+ground as I wanted, and with no uninterrupted view over
+any one of the boundary lines! I found the sextant, and
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page119">[pg 119]</span>
+<a name="Pg119" id="Pg119" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+it was very useful setting out the two right angles of the
+northern boundary. I have not got possession yet, but
+hope to do so by next week. The house, we reckon, can
+be built for £1,000 at the outside....</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_110" id="toc_110"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MRS. FISHER</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. February 4, 1902.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mrs. Fisher,— ... You will be surprised to hear
+that I have been so rash as to buy land and to (propose
+to) build a house! Every other effort to get a pleasant
+country cottage with a little land having failed, we discovered,
+accidentally, a charming spot only four miles from
+this house and half a mile from Broadstone Station, and
+have succeeded in buying three acres, <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">chosen by myself</span>,
+from Lord Wimborne at what is really a reasonable price.
+In its contour, views, wood, and general aspect of wild
+nature it is almost perfection; and Annie, Violet, and Will
+are all pleased and satisfied with it. It is on the slope of
+the Broadstone middle plateau, looking south over Poole
+Harbour with the Purbeck Hills beyond, and a little eastward
+out to the sea.... The ground is good loam in the
+orchard, with some sand and clay in the field, but this is
+so open to the sun and air that we are not afraid of it, as
+the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">house-site</span> will be entirely concreted over, and I have
+arranged for a heating stove in a cellar, which will warm
+and dry the whole basement. In a week or two we hope
+to begin building, so you may fancy how busy I am,
+especially as we are building it without a contractor, with
+the help of a friend.... I go over two or three times a
+week, as I have two gardeners at work. In the summer
+(should I be still in the land of the living) I hope you will
+be able to come and see our little estate, which is to be
+called by the descriptive name of "Old Orchard." I have
+got a good architect to make the working drawings and he
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page120">[pg 120]</span>
+<a name="Pg120" id="Pg120" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+has designed a very picturesque yet unpretentious house.—Yours
+very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_111" id="toc_111"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. March 2, 1902.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Will,—This week&#39;s progress has been fairly good
+although the wet after the frost has caused two falls in the
+cellar excavations, and we have had to put drain pipes to
+carry water out, though not much accumulated.... During
+the week some horses in the field have not only eaten off the
+tops of the privet hedge, but have torn up some dozens of
+the plants by the roots, by putting their heads over the 4-foot
+wire fence. I am therefore obliged in self-defence to raise
+the post a foot higher and put barbed wire along the top of
+it. Some cows also got in our ground one day and ate off
+the tops of the newly planted laurels, which I am told they
+are very fond of, so I have got a chain and padlock for our
+gate....</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">We moved into the new house at Broadstone at the end
+of November, 1902, before it was quite finished, and here
+Dr. Wallace lived till the end of his life. The garden was
+an endless source of interest and occupation, being much
+larger than any he had had since leaving Grays.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">When writing he was not easily disturbed and never
+showed any impatience or annoyance at any interruption.
+If interrupted by a question he would pause, pen in hand,
+and reply or discuss the matter and then resume his unfinished
+sentence.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center" class="tei tei-p"><a name="image03" id="image03" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<img src="images/image03.png" alt="THE STUDY AT &quot;OLD ORCHARD&quot;" class="tei tei-figure" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center" class="tei tei-p">THE STUDY AT "OLD ORCHARD"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">He seemed to have the substance of his writing in his
+mind before he commenced, and did not often refer to books
+or to notes, though he usually had one or two books or papers
+on the table at hand, and sometimes he would jump up to get
+a book from the shelves to verify some fact or figure. When
+preparing for a new book or article he read a great many
+works and papers bearing on the subject. These were marked
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page121">[pg 121]</span>
+<a name="Pg121" id="Pg121" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+with notes and references on the flyleaves; and often by pencil
+marks to indicate important passages, but he did not often
+make separate notes. He had a wonderful memory, and
+stored in his mind the facts and arguments he wished to use,
+or the places where they were to be found. He borrowed
+many books from libraries, and from these he sometimes
+made a few notes. He was not a sound sleeper, and frequently
+lay awake during the night, and then it was that
+he thought out and planned his work. He often told us
+with keen delight of some new idea or fresh argument which
+had occurred to him during these waking hours.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">After spending months, or sometimes years, in reading
+and digesting all the literary matter he could obtain on a
+subject,—and forming a plan for the treatment of it, he
+would commence writing, and keep on steadily for five or
+six hours a day if his health permitted. He also wrote to
+people all over the world to obtain the latest facts bearing
+on the subject.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">In 1903 he began writing "Man&#39;s Place in the Universe."</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_112" id="toc_112"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard. July 8, 1903.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Will,—I have just finished going over your notes
+and corrections of the last four chapters. I can&#39;t think how
+I was so stupid to make the mistake in figures which you
+corrected. In almost all cases I have made some modification
+in accordance with your suggestions, and the book will
+be much improved thereby. I have put in a new paragraph
+about the stars in other parts than the Milky Way and Solar
+Cluster, but there is really nothing known about them. I
+have also cut out the first reference to Jupiter altogether.
+Of course a great deal is speculative, but any reply to it is
+equally speculative. The question is, which speculation is
+most in accordance with the known facts, and not with prepossessions
+only?</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Considering that the book has all been read up and
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page122">[pg 122]</span>
+<a name="Pg122" id="Pg122" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+written in less than three months, it cannot be expected to
+be as complete and careful as if three years had been expended
+on it, but then it is fresher perhaps. The bit about
+the pure air came to me while writing, and I let myself go.
+Why should I not try and do a little good and make people
+think a little on such matters, when I have the chance of
+perhaps more readers than all my other books?</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">As to my making too much of Man, of course that is the
+whole subject of the book! And I look at it differently from
+you, because I know <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">facts</span> about him you neither know nor
+believe <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">yet</span>. If you are once convinced of the facts and
+teachings of Spiritualism, you will think more as I do.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The following letter refers to his little book on Mars.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_113" id="toc_113"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. September 26, 1907.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Will,— ... After elaborate revision and correction
+I have sent my MS. of the little "Mars" book to Macmillans
+yesterday.... Will you read the whole proofs carefully,
+in the character of the "intelligent reader"? Your
+fresh eye will detect little slips, bad logic, too positive statements,
+etc., which I may have overlooked. It will only be
+about 100 or 150 pages large type—and I want it to be really
+good, and free from blunders that any fool can see....</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">For some years now he had suffered from repeated attacks
+of asthma and bronchitis. He had tried the usual remedies
+for these complaints without any good results, and, though
+still able to write, had then no thought of beginning any large
+work; in fact, he considered he had but a few more years to
+live. When Mr. Bruce-Joy came to see him in order to model
+the portrait medallion, he mentioned in the course of conversation
+that he had tried the Salisbury treatment with
+wonderful results. Our father was at first incredulous, but
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page123">[pg 123]</span>
+<a name="Pg123" id="Pg123" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+decided to try it in a modified form. He gave up all starchy
+foods and ate beef only, cooked in a special manner to render
+it more digestible. He found such relief from this change of
+diet that from this time onwards he followed a very strict
+daily routine, which he continued to the end of his life with
+slight variations.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">He made himself a cup of tea on a gas stove in his bedroom
+at 6 a.m. (the exact quantity of tea and water having
+been measured the previous evening), and boiled it in a small
+double saucepan for a definite time by the watch. He always
+said this cup of tea tasted better than at any other time of
+the day. He then returned to bed and slept till 8 a.m.
+During his last two or three years he suffered from rheumatism
+in his shoulder and it took him a long time to dress, and
+he called in the aid of his gardener in the last year, who acted
+as his valet. While dressing he prepared a cup of cocoa on
+the gas stove, which he carried into the study (next door) at
+9 a.m. This was all he had for breakfast, and he took it
+while reading the paper or his letters.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dinner at one o&#39;clock was taken with his family, and he
+usually related any interesting or striking news he had read
+in the paper, or in his correspondence, and commented upon
+it, or perhaps he would tell us of some new flower in the
+garden.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">He drank hot water with a little Canary sack and a dash
+of soda-water, to which he added a spoonful of plum jam.
+He was very fond of sweet things, such as puddings, but he
+had to partake sparingly of them, and it was a great temptation
+when some dish of which he was particularly fond was
+placed upon the table.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">After dinner he usually took a nap in the study before
+resuming work or going into the garden.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Tea was at four o&#39;clock, and consisted only of a cup of tea,
+which he made himself in the study, unless there were visitors
+whom he wished to see, when he would sometimes take it
+into the drawing-room and make it there.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">After tea he again wrote, or took a turn in the garden if
+the weather and season permitted. Latterly he spent a good
+part of the afternoon and evening reading and dozing on the
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page124">[pg 124]</span>
+<a name="Pg124" id="Pg124" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+sofa, and only worked at short intervals when he felt equal
+to it.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Supper, at seven, was a repetition of dinner, and he took
+it with us in the dining-room. After supper he generally
+read a novel before the fire except in the very hottest weather,
+and he frequently dozed on and off till he retired at eleven.
+He made himself a cup of cocoa while preparing for bed, and
+drank it just before lying down.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">For the last year or two it was a constant difficulty with
+him to secure enough nourishment without aggravating his
+ailments by indigestion. During this time he suffered continuous
+discomfort, though he seldom gave utterance to
+complaint or allowed it to affect the uniform equability of his
+temper.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">In 1903 his daughter came to live with her parents, who
+generously allowed her to take three or four children as
+pupils. At first we feared they might bother our father, but
+he really enjoyed seeing them about and talking to them.
+He was always interested in any new child, and if for a
+short time none were forthcoming, always lamented the fact.
+At dinner the children would ask him all sorts of questions,
+very amusing ones sometimes. They were also intensely interested
+in what he ate, and watched with speechless wonder
+when they saw him eating orange, banana, and sugar with
+his meat.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">One of these early pupils, Reginald B. Rathbone, has
+sent reminiscences which are so characteristic that we give
+them as they stand:</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">"I have stayed at Dr. Wallace&#39;s house on three occasions;
+the first two were when I was only about eight or nine years
+old, and my recollections of him at that time are therefore
+necessarily somewhat dim. Certain things, however, have
+stuck in my memory. I went there quite prepared to see a
+very venerable and imposing-looking old gentleman, and
+filled in advance with much awe and respect for him. As
+regards his personal appearance I was by no mean disappointed,
+as his tall, slightly-stooping figure, long white
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page125">[pg 125]</span>
+<a name="Pg125" id="Pg125" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+hair and beard, and his spectacles fulfilled my highest expectations,
+I remember being struck with the kindly look
+of his eyes, and indeed they did not belie his nature, for he
+always treated me with great kindness, patience and indulgence,
+which is somewhat remarkable considering my age,
+and how exasperating I must have been sometimes. I soon
+began to regard him as a never-failing fount of wisdom,
+and as one who could answer any question one liked to
+put to him. Of this latter fact I was not slow to take
+advantage. I plied him with every kind of question my
+imaginative young brain could conceive, usually beginning
+with &#39;why.&#39;</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"He nearly always gave me an answer, and what is more,
+a satisfactory one, and well within the scope of my limited
+understanding. These definite, satisfactory answers of his
+used to afford me great pleasure, it being quite a new experience
+for me to have all my questions answered for me in
+this way. These answers, as I have said, were nearly always
+forthcoming, though indeed, on one or two occasions, in
+answer to an especially ridiculous query of mine he would
+answer, &#39;That is a very foolish question, Reggie.&#39; But this
+was very rare.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"I remember taking a great interest in what Dr. Wallace
+ate. He had a hearty appetite, and was no believer in vegetarianism,
+for at lunch his diet consisted chiefly of cold beef,
+liberally seasoned with various sauces and relishes, also
+vinegar. I used to gaze at these bottles with great admiration.
+Whenever there were peas he used to take large
+quantities of sugar with them. This greatly aroused my
+curiosity, and I questioned him about it. &#39;Why,&#39; said he,
+&#39;peas themselves contain sugar; it is, therefore, much more
+sensible to take sugar with them than salt.&#39; And he recounted
+an anecdote of how an eminent personage he had
+once dined with had been waited on with great respect and
+attention by all present, but salt was offered to him with the
+peas. &#39;If you want to make me quite happy,&#39; said the great
+man, &#39;you will give me some sugar with my peas.&#39; His
+favourite drink, I remember, was Canary sack.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"He had a strongly humorous side, and always enjoyed a
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page126">[pg 126]</span>
+<a name="Pg126" id="Pg126" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+good laugh. As an instance of this, I will recount the
+following incident: When I had returned home after my first
+visit to &#39;The Old Orchard,&#39; my sister, three years older
+than myself, and I had a heated argument on the subject of
+the number of stomachs in a cow. I insisted it was three;
+she, on the other hand, held that it was seven. After a long
+and fierce dispute, I exclaimed: &#39;Well, let us write to
+Dr. Wallace, and he will settle it for us and tell us the real
+number.&#39; This we did, the brazen audacity of the proceeding
+not striking us at the time. By return of post we received a
+letter which, alas! I have unfortunately not preserved, but
+the substance of which I well remember. &#39;Dear Irene and
+Reggie,&#39; it ran, &#39;Your dispute as to the number of stomachs
+which a cow possesses can be settled and rectified by a simple
+mathematical process usually called subtraction, thus:</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p"></p><table cellspacing="0" class="tei tei-table"><colgroup span="2"></colgroup><tbody><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Irene&#39;s Cow </td><td class="tei tei-cell"> 7 stomachs</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Reggie&#39;s Cow </td><td class="tei tei-cell">3 stomachs</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"> The Farmer&#39;s cow</td><td class="tei tei-cell">4 stomachs</td></tr></tbody></table>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Dr. Wallace then went on to explain the names and uses
+of the four stomachs.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Two instances of his fun come to my mind as I write.
+&#39;Why,&#39; I asked, &#39;do you sometimes take off your spectacles
+to read the paper?&#39; &#39;Because I can see better without
+&#39;em,&#39; he said. &#39;Then why,&#39; I asked again, &#39;do you ever
+wear them?&#39; &#39;Because I can see better with &#39;em,&#39; was the
+reply. The other instance relates to chloroform. He was
+describing the agonies suffered by those who had to undergo
+amputation before the discovery of anÊsthetics, whereas
+nowadays, he said, &#39;you are put under chloroform, then
+wake up and find your arm cut off, having felt nothing. Or
+you wake up and find your leg cut off. Or you wake up and
+find your head cut off!&#39; He then laughed heartily at his
+own joke.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"These are just a few miscellaneous reminiscences, many
+of them no doubt trivial, but they may perhaps be not entirely
+devoid of interest, when it is remembered that they are the
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page127">[pg 127]</span>
+<a name="Pg127" id="Pg127" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+impressions and recollections of one who was then a boy of
+eight years old."—B.B.K.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_114" id="toc_114"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The year 1908 was very auspicious to Dr. Wallace. To
+begin with, it was the fiftieth anniversary of the reading of
+the Darwin and Wallace joint papers on the Origin of
+Species before the Linnean Society, an event which was commemorated
+in the way described elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">In the autumn, and just as he was beginning to recover
+from a spell of bad health, he was invited to give a lecture
+at the Royal Institution, the prospect of which seemed to
+have upon him a most stimulating effect; he at once began to
+think about a suitable subject.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Following closely on this came the news that the Order of
+Merit was to be conferred upon him. His letters to his son
+give the details of this eventful period:<a name="noteref_46" id="noteref_46"></a><a href="#note_46"><span class="footnoteref">46</span></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_115" id="toc_115"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. October</span> 28, 1908.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Will,— ... I have a rather surprising bit of
+news for you. When I was almost at my worst, feeling very
+bad, I had a letter inviting me to give an evening lecture at
+the Royal Institution, for their Jubilee of the "Origin of
+Species"! Of course I decided at once to decline as impossible,
+etc., having nothing new to say, etc. But a few
+hours afterwards an idea suddenly came to me for a very
+fine lecture, if I can work it out as I hope—and the more
+I thought over it the better it seemed. So, two days back,
+I wrote to Sir W. Crookes—the Honorary Secretary, who
+had written to me—accepting provisionally!... Here is
+another "crowning honour"—the most unexpected of
+all!...
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page128">[pg 128]</span>
+<a name="Pg128" id="Pg128" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_116" id="toc_116"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. December 2, 1908.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Will,— ... This morning the Copley Medals
+came, gold and silver, smaller than any of the others, but
+very beautifully designed; the face has the Royal Society&#39;s
+arms, with Copley&#39;s name, and "Dignissimo," and my name
+below. The reverse is the Royal Arms. By the same post
+came a letter from the Lord Chancellor&#39;s Office informing
+me, to my great relief, that the King had been graciously
+pleased to dispense with my personal attendance at the
+investiture of the Order of Merit, ...</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_117" id="toc_117"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. December 17, 1908.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Will,—The ceremony is over, very comfortably.
+I am duly "invested," and have got two engrossed documents,
+both signed by the King, one appointing me a member
+of the "Order of Merit" with all sorts of official and
+legal phrases, the other a dispensation from being personally
+"invested" by the King—as Col. Legge explained, to safeguard
+me as having a right to the Order in case anybody
+says I was not "invested." ... Colonel Legge was a very
+pleasant, jolly kind of man, and he told us he was in attendance
+on the German Emperor when he was staying near
+Christchurch last summer, and went for many drives with
+the Emperor only, all about the country.... Col. Legge got
+here at 2.40, and had to leave at 3.20 (at station), so we got
+a carriage from Wimborne to meet the train and take him
+back, and Ma gave him some tea, and he said he had got
+a nice little place at Stoke Poges but with no view like
+ours, and he showed me how to wear the Order and was
+very pleasant: and we were all pleased....
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page129">[pg 129]</span>
+<a name="Pg129" id="Pg129" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The next letter refers to the discovery of a rare moth
+and some beetles in the root of an orchid. It was certainly
+a strange yet pleasant coincidence that these creatures
+should find themselves in Dr. Wallace&#39;s greenhouse, where
+alone they would be noticed and appreciated as something
+uncommon.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_118" id="toc_118"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. February 23, 1909.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Will,— ... In my last letter I did not say
+anything about my morning at the Nat. Hist. Museum.... What
+I enjoyed most was seeing some splendid New
+Guinea butterflies which Mr. Rothschild<a name="noteref_47" id="noteref_47"></a><a href="#note_47"><span class="footnoteref">47</span></a> and his curator,
+Mr. Jordan, brought up from Tring on purpose to show
+me. I could hardly have imagined anything so splendid
+as some of these. I also saw some of the new paradise
+birds in the British Museum. But Mr. Rothschild says
+they have five times as many at Tring, and much finer
+specimens, and he invited me to spend a week-end at
+Tring and see the Museum. So I may go, perhaps—in
+the summer.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">But I have a curious thing to tell you about insect
+collecting at "Old Orchard." About five months back I
+was examining one of the clumps of an orchid in the glass
+case—which had been sent me from Buenos Ayres by Mr.
+John Hall—when three pretty little beetles dropped out of
+it, on the edge of the tank, and I only managed to catch
+two of them. They were pretty little Longicornes, about
+an inch long, but very slender and graceful, though only
+of a yellowish-brown colour. I sent them up to the British
+Museum asking the name, and telling them they could keep
+them if of any use. They told me they were a species of
+the large South American genus Ibidion, but they had not
+got it in the collection!</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">On the Sunday before Christmas Day I was taking my
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page130">[pg 130]</span>
+<a name="Pg130" id="Pg130" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+evening inspection of the orchids, etc., in the glass case
+when a largish insect flew by my face, and when it settled
+it looked like a handsome moth or butterfly. It was brilliant
+orange on the lower wings, the upper being shaded orange
+brown, very moth-like, but the antennÊ were clubbed like
+a butterfly&#39;s. At first I thought it was a butterfly that
+mimicked a moth, but I had never seen anything like it
+before.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Next morning I got a glass jar half filled with bruised
+laurel leaves, and Ma got it in, and after a day or two
+I set it, clumsily, and meant to take it to London, but
+had no small box to put it in. I told Mr. Rothschild
+about it, and he said it sounded like a Castnia—curious
+South American moths very near to butterflies. So he got
+out the drawer with them, but mine was not there; then
+he got another drawer half-empty, and there it was—only a
+coloured drawing, but exactly like. It had been described,
+but neither the Museum nor Mr. Rothschild had got it! I
+had had the orchids nearly a year and a half, so it must
+have been, in the chrysalis all that time and longer, which
+Mr. Rothschild said was the case with the Castnias. On
+going home I searched, and found the brown chrysalis-case
+it had come out of among the roots of the same orchid
+the little Longicornes had dropped from. It is, I am pretty
+sure, a Brazilian species, and I have written to ask Mr.
+Hall if he knows where it came from. I have sent the moth
+and chrysalis to Prof. Poulton (I had promised it to him at
+the lecture) for the Oxford collection, and he is greatly
+pleased with it; and especially with its history—one quite
+small bit of an orchid, after more than a year in a greenhouse,
+producing a rare or new beetle and an equally rare
+moth!...</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I am glad to say I feel really better than any time the
+last ten years.—A.R.W.
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page131">[pg 131]</span>
+<a name="Pg131" id="Pg131" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">The Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge has kindly written his
+reminiscence of another very curious coincidence connected
+with a natural history object.</p>
+
+<blockquote style="margin: 2em 4em" class="tei tei-quote">
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Some years ago, on looking over some insect drawers in
+my collection, Mr. A.R. Wallace exclaimed, &#39;Why, there
+is my old Sarawak spider!&#39; &#39;Well! that is curious,&#39; I
+replied, &#39;because that spider has caused me much trouble
+and thought as to who might have caught it, and where; I
+had only lately decided to describe and figure it, even though
+I could give the name of neither locality nor finder, being, as
+it seemed to me, of a genus and species not as yet recorded;
+also I had, as you see, provisionally conferred your name
+upon it, although I had not the remotest idea that it had
+anything else to do with you.&#39; &#39;Well,&#39; said Mr. Wallace,
+&#39;if it is my old spider it ought to have my own private ticket
+on the pin underneath.&#39; &#39;It has a ticket,&#39; I replied, &#39;but
+it is unintelligible to me; the spider came to me among some
+other items by purchase at the sale of Mr. Wilson Saunders&#39;
+collections.&#39; &#39;If it is mine,&#39; said Wallace (examining it),
+&#39;the ticket should be so-and-so. And it is! I caught this
+spider at Sarawak, and specially noted its remarkable form.
+I remember it as if it were yesterday, and now I find it here,
+and you about to publish it as a new genus and species to
+which, in total ignorance of whence it came or who caught
+it, you have given my name!&#39; Thus it stands, and &#39;<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Friula
+Wallacii</span>, Camb. (family GasteracanthidÊ), taken by Alfred
+Russel Wallace at Sarawak,&#39; is the (unique as I believe) type
+specimen, in my collection."—O.P.C.</p>
+</blockquote>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dr. Wallace was very fond of reading good novels, and
+usually spent an hour or two, before retiring to bed, with
+what he called a "good domestic story." One of his
+favourite authors was Marion Crawford. Poetry appealed
+to him very strongly, and he had a good memory for his
+favourite verses, especially for those he had learned in
+his youth. Amongst his books were over fifty volumes of
+poetry.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">He liked to see friends or interesting visitors, but he was
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page132">[pg 132]</span>
+<a name="Pg132" id="Pg132" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+rather nervous with strangers until he became interested in
+what they had to say. He enjoyed witty conversation, and
+especially a good story well told. No one laughed more
+heartily than he when he was much amused, and he would
+slap his hands upon his knees with delight.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">He was very accessible to anyone who might have something
+to say worth hearing, and he had a great many
+visitors, especially during the last ten years of his life.
+Many people distinguished in science, literature, or politics
+called upon him, and he always enjoyed these visits, and the
+excitement of them seemed to have no bad effect upon him,
+even in the last year, when we sometimes feared he might be
+fatigued by them. In consequence of his sympathy with
+many heterodox ideas he frequently had visits from
+"cranks" who wished to secure his support for some new
+theory or "discovery." He would listen patiently, perhaps
+ask a few questions, and then endeavour to point out their
+fallacies. He would amuse us afterwards by describing their
+"preposterous ideas," and if much bored, he would speak of
+them as "muffs." He was loath to hurt their feelings, but
+he generally ended by expressing his opinion quite clearly,
+occasionally to their discomfiture.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dr. Littledale has contributed some reminiscences which
+may be introduced here.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">"When I first met Dr. Wallace the conversation turned
+on the types of visitors that came to see him, and he gave us
+an amusing account of two young women who called on him
+to read through a most ponderous treatise relating to the
+Universe (I think it was). At all events the treatise proved,
+amongst other things, that Kepler&#39;s laws were all wrong.
+Dr. Wallace was very busy at the time, and politely declined
+to undertake the task. I remember him well describing with
+his hands the size of this enormous manuscript and laughing
+heartily as he detailed how the writer of the manuscript, the
+elder of the two sisters, persistently tried to persuade him
+that her theories were all absolutely proved in the work,
+while the younger sister acted as a sort of echo to her sister.
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page133">[pg 133]</span>
+<a name="Pg133" id="Pg133" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+The climax came in a fit of weeping, and, as Dr. Wallace
+described it, the whole fabric of the universe was washed
+away in a flood of tears.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"On one occasion, when I was asked by Mrs. Wallace to
+see Dr. Wallace professionally, he was lying on the sofa in
+his study by the fire wrapped up in rugs, having just got
+over a bad shivering attack or rigor. His temperature was
+104° Fahr., and all the other usual signs of acute fever were
+present, but nothing to enable one to form a positive opinion
+as to the cause. It must have been forty years since he had
+been in the tropics, but I think he felt that it was an attack
+of malarial fever. Knowing my patient, my treatment consisted
+in asking what he was going to do for himself.
+&#39;Well,&#39; he said, &#39;I am going to have a hot bath and then go
+to bed, and to-morrow I shall get up and go into the garden
+as usual.&#39; And he was out in the garden next day when I
+went to see him. This was an instance, doubtless one of
+many, of the &#39;will to live,&#39; which carried him through a
+long life.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Once, when he was talking about the gaps in the evolution
+of life, viz. between the inorganic and organic, between
+vegetable and animal, and between animal and man, I asked,
+&#39;Why postulate a beginning at all? We are satisfied with
+illimitability at one end, why not at the other?&#39; &#39;For the
+simple reason,&#39; he said, &#39;that the mind cannot comprehend
+anything that has never had a beginning.&#39;</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"What attracted me to him most, I think, was his remarkable
+simplicity of language, whatever the topic of conversation
+might be, and this not the simplicity of the great mind
+bringing itself down to the level of the ordinary individual,
+but his customary mode of expression. I have heard him say
+that he felt the need of the fluency of speech which Huxley
+possessed, as he had to cast about for the expression that he
+wanted. This may have been the case when he was lecturing,
+but I certainly never noticed it in conversation."—H.E.L.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dr. Wallace was always interested in young men and
+others who were going abroad with the intention of studying
+Natural History, and gave them what advice and help he
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page134">[pg 134]</span>
+<a name="Pg134" id="Pg134" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+could. He much enjoyed listening to the accounts given by
+travellers of the scenes, animals and plants and native life
+they had seen, and deplored the so-called civilising of the
+natives, which, in his opinion, generally meant their exploitation
+by Europeans, leading to their deterioration and
+extermination.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">His nervousness with strangers sometimes led them to
+form quite erroneous impressions. It occasionally found
+expression in a nervous laugh which had nothing to do with
+amusement or humour, but was often heard when he was
+most serious and felt most deeply. One or two interviewers
+described it as a "chuckle," an expression which suggested
+feelings most opposite to those which he really experienced.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Although he could draw and sketch well, he did not
+take much pleasure in it, and only exercised his skill when
+there was a definite object in view. His sketches show
+a very delicate touch, and denote painstaking accuracy,
+while some are quite artistic. He much preferred drawing
+with compasses and squares, there being a practical object
+in his mind for which the plans or drawings were only the
+first steps. Even in his ninety-first year he found much
+enjoyment in drawing plans, and spent many hours in designing
+alterations to a small cottage which his daughter
+had bought.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">He was interested in literary puzzles and humorous
+stories, and he preserved in an old scrap-book any that
+appealed to him. He would sometimes read some of them on
+festive occasions, or when we had children&#39;s parties, and
+sometimes he laughed so heartily himself that he could not
+go on reading.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">In reviewing the years during which Dr. Wallace lived at
+Broadstone, the last decade, when he was between eighty and
+ninety years of age, this period seems to have been one of the
+most eventful, and as full of work and mental activity as
+any previous period. He never tired of his garden, in which
+he succeeded in growing a number of rare and curious shrubs
+and plants. Our mother shared his delight and interest in
+the garden, and knew a great deal about flowers. She had
+an excellent memory for their botanical names, and he often
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page135">[pg 135]</span>
+<a name="Pg135" id="Pg135" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+asked her the name of some plant which he was pointing out
+to a friend and which for the moment he had forgotten. She
+was very fond of roses and of primroses, and there was a
+fine display of these flowers at "Old Orchard." She was
+successful in "budding" and in hybridising roses, and produced
+several beautiful varieties. She was proficient in
+raising seeds, and he sometimes placed some which he
+received from abroad in her charge.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">When he first came to live at Broadstone he frequently
+took short walks to the post or to the bank, and sometimes
+went by train to Poole on business, but he gradually went
+out less and less, till in the last few years he seldom went
+outside the garden, but strolled about looking at the flowers
+or supervising the construction of a new bed or rockery.
+During his last years his gardener wheeled him about the
+garden in a bath-chair when he did not feel strong enough
+to walk all the time.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">In 1913, after his last two small books were written,
+he did no more writing except correspondence. This he
+attended to himself, except on one or two occasions when
+he was not very well or felt tired, when he asked one of
+us to answer a few letters for him. He took great interest
+in a small cottage which had recently been acquired on the
+Purbeck Hills near the sea, and in September, much against
+our wishes, he went there for two nights, taking the gardener
+to look after him. Luckily the weather was fine, and the
+change and excitement seemed to do him good, and during
+the next month he was very bright and cheerful, though, as
+some of his letters to his old friend Dr. Richard Norris and
+to Dr. Littledale show, he had been becoming increasingly
+weak.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_119" id="toc_119"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MISS NORRIS</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. December 10, 1912.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Miss Norris,—I am very sorry to hear that your
+father is so poorly. The weather is terribly gloomy, and I
+have not been outside my rooms and greenhouse for more
+than an hour a week perhaps, for the last two months, and
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page136">[pg 136]</span>
+<a name="Pg136" id="Pg136" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+feel the better for it. Just now I feel better than I have
+done for a year past, having at last, I think, hit upon a
+proper diet, though I find it very difficult to avoid eating
+or drinking too much of what I like best.... It is one of
+my fads that I hate to waste anything, and it is that partly
+which makes it so difficult for me to avoid overeating. From
+a boy I was taught to leave no scraps on my plate, and from
+this excellent general rule of conduct I now suffer in my old
+age!...—Yours very sincerely,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_120" id="toc_120"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO DR. LITTLEDALE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. January 11, 1913.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Dr. Littledale,—Many thanks for your kind congratulations
+and good wishes.<a name="noteref_48" id="noteref_48"></a><a href="#note_48"><span class="footnoteref">48</span></a> I am glad to say I feel still
+able to jog on a few years longer in this <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">very good</span> world—for
+those who can make the best of it.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I am now suffering most from "eczema," which has
+settled in my legs, so that I cannot stand or walk for any
+length of time. Perhaps that is an outlet for something
+worse, as I still enjoy my meals, and usually feel as well
+as ever, though I have to be very careful as to <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">what</span> I eat.—With
+best wishes for your prosperity, yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_121" id="toc_121"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO DR. NORRIS</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. October 4, 1913.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Dr. Norris,—Except for a continuous weakness
+I seem improving a little in general health, and the chronic
+rheumatic pain in my right shoulder has almost passed away
+in the last month (after about three years), and I can impute
+it to nothing but about a quarter of a pint a day of Bulmer&#39;s
+Cider! A most agreeable medicine!
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page137">[pg 137]</span>
+<a name="Pg137" id="Pg137" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The irritability of the skin, however, continues, though
+the inflammation of the legs has somewhat diminished....</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My increasing weakness is now my most serious trouble,
+as it prevents me really from doing any more work, and
+causes a large want of balance, and liability to fall
+down. Even moving about the room after books, etc.,
+dressing and undressing, make me want to lie down and
+rest....</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">With kind remembrances to your daughter, believe me
+yours very sincerely,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">In disposition Dr. Wallace was cheerful, and very
+optimistic, and remarkably even-tempered. If irritated he
+quickly recovered, and soon forgot all about the annoyance,
+but he was always strongly indignant at any injustice to the
+weak or helpless. When worried by business difficulties or
+losses he very soon recovered his optimism, and seemed quite
+confident that all would come right (as indeed it generally
+did), and latterly he became convinced that all his past
+troubles were really blessings in disguise, without which as
+a stimulant he would have done no useful work.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">His life was a happy one, and even the discomforts caused
+by his ailments, which were at times very acute for days
+together, never prevented him from enjoying the contemplation
+of his flowers, nor disturbed the serenity of his temper,
+nor caused him to complain.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Although rather delicate all his life, he rarely stayed in
+bed; in fact, only once in our memory, during an illness at
+Parkstone, did he do so, and then only for one day.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">On Saturday, November 1st (1913), he walked round the
+garden, and on the following day seemed very bright, and
+enjoyed his dinner and supper, but about nine o&#39;clock he felt
+faint and shivered violently. We called in Dr. Norman, who
+came in about an hour, and we heard them having a long
+talk and even laughing, in the study. As the doctor left
+he said, "Wonderful man! he knows so much. I can do
+nothing for him."
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page138">[pg 138]</span>
+<a name="Pg138" id="Pg138" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The next day he did not get up at the usual time, but we
+felt no anxiety until noon, when he still showed no inclination
+to rise. He appeared to be dozing, and said he wanted
+nothing. From that time he gradually sank into semi-consciousness,
+and at half-past nine in the morning of
+Friday, November 7th, quietly passed on to that other life
+in which he was such a firm believer.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page139">[pg 139]</span>
+<a name="Pg139" id="Pg139" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_122" id="toc_122"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head">PART V</h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p"></p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_123" id="toc_123"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head">SOCIAL AND POLITICAL VIEWS</h2>
+
+<blockquote style="margin: 2em 4em" class="tei tei-quote">
+<p class="tei tei-p">"When a country is well governed, poverty and a mean condition are
+things to be ashamed of. When a country is ill governed, riches and
+honour are things to be ashamed of."—CONFUCIUS.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">In the above sentences, written long before the dawn
+of Christian civilisation, we have an apt summary of
+the social and political views of Alfred Russel Wallace.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">As we have stated in a previous chapter, it was during
+his short stay in London as a boy, when he was led to study
+the writings and methods of Robert Owen, of New Lanark,
+that his mind first opened to the consideration of the inequalities
+of our social life.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">During the six years which he spent in land-surveying
+he obtained a more practical knowledge of the laws pertaining
+to public and private property as they affected the
+lives and habits of both squire and peasant.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The village inn, or public-house, was then the only place
+where men could meet to discuss topics of mutual interest,
+and it was there that young Wallace and his brother spent
+some of their own leisure hours listening to and conversing
+with the village rustics. The conversation was not ordinarily
+of an educational character, but occasionally experienced
+farmers would discuss agricultural and land problems which
+were beginning to interest Wallace.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">In reading his books and essays written more than seventy
+years later, we are struck with the exceptional opportunities
+which he had of comparing social conditions, and commercial
+and individual prosperity during that long period, and of
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page140">[pg 140]</span>
+<a name="Pg140" id="Pg140" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+witnessing the introduction of many inventions. He used to
+enjoy recalling many of the discussions between intelligent
+mechanics which he heard of in his early days regarding the
+introduction of the steam-engine. One and another declared
+that the grip of the engine on the rails would not be sufficient
+to draw heavy trucks or carriages; that the wheels, in fact,
+would whiz round instead of going on, and that it would
+be necessary to sprinkle sand in front of the wheels, or
+make the tyres rough like files. About this time, too, there
+arose a keen debate upon the relative merits of the new
+railroads and the old canals. Many thought that the
+former could never compete with the latter in carrying
+heavy goods; but facts soon proved otherwise, for in one
+district alone the traffic of the canal, within two years of
+the coming of the railway, decreased by 1,000,000 tons.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">It was during these years, and when he and his brother
+were making a survey for the enclosure of some common
+lands near Llandrindod Wells, that Wallace finally became
+aware of the injustice towards the labouring classes of the
+General Enclosure Act.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">In this particular locality the land to be enclosed consisted
+of a large extent of moor, and mountain which, with
+other common rights, had for many years enabled the occupants
+of the scattered cottages around to keep a horse, cow,
+or a few sheep, and thus make a fairly comfortable living.
+Under the Act, the whole of this open land was divided
+among the adjacent landowners of the parish or manor, in
+proportion to the size or value of their estates. Thus, to
+those who actually possessed much, much was given; whilst
+to those who only nominally owned a little land, even that
+was taken away in return for a small compensation which
+was by no means as valuable to them as the right to graze
+their cattle. In spite of the statement set forth in the
+General Enclosure Act—"Whereas it is expedient to facilitate
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page141">[pg 141]</span>
+<a name="Pg141" id="Pg141" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the enclosure and improvement of common and other
+lands now subject to the rights of property which obstruct
+cultivation and the productive employment of labour,"
+Wallace ascertained many years later that no single part
+of the land so enclosed had been cultivated by those to
+whom it was given, though certain portions had been let
+or sold at fabulous prices for building purposes, to accommodate
+summer visitors to the neighbourhood. Thus the
+unfortunate people who had formerly enjoyed home, health,
+and comparative prosperity in the cottages scattered over
+this common land had been obliged to migrate to the large
+towns, seeking for fresh employment and means of subsistence,
+or had become "law-created paupers"; whilst to
+crown all, the piece of common originally "reserved" for
+the benefit of the inhabitants had been turned into golf-links!</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Again and again Wallace drew attention to the fundamental
+duties of landownership, maintaining that the public,
+as a whole, had become so blinded by custom that no
+effectual social reform would ever be established unless
+some strenuous and unremitting effort was made to recover
+the land by law from those who had made the land laws
+and who had niched the common heritage of humanity for
+their own private aggrandisement.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">With regard to the actual value of land, Wallace pointed
+out that the last valuation was made in the year 1692, and
+therefore, with the increase of value through minerals and
+other products since then, the arrears of land tax due up
+to 1905 would amount to more than the value of all the
+agricultural land of our country at the present time; therefore
+existing landlords, in clamouring for their alleged
+rights of property, might find out that those "rights" no
+longer exist.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Yet another point on which he insisted was the right of
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page142">[pg 142]</span>
+<a name="Pg142" id="Pg142" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+way through fields or woodlands, and especially beside the
+sea. With the advent of the motor-car and other swift
+means of locomotion, the public roads are no longer safe
+and pleasurable for pedestrians; besides the iniquitous fact
+that hundreds are kept from enjoying the beauties of nature
+by the utterly selfish and useless reservations of such by-paths
+by the landowner.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"This all-embracing system of land-robbery," again he
+writes, "for which nothing is too great or too small; which
+has absorbed meadow and forest, moor and mountain, which
+has appropriated most of our rivers and lakes and the fish
+that live in them; making the agriculturist pay for his seaweed
+manure and the fisherman for his bait of shell-fish;
+which has desolated whole counties to replace men by sheep
+or cattle, and has destroyed fields and cottages to make a
+wilderness for deer and grouse; which has stolen the commons
+and filched the roadside wastes; which has driven the
+labouring poor into the cities, and thus been the chief cause
+of the misery, disease, and early death of thousands ... it
+is the advocates of this inhuman system who, when a partial
+restitution of their unholy gains is proposed, are the loudest
+in their cries of &#39;robbery&#39;!</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"But all the robbery, all the spoliation, all the legal and
+illegal filching, has been on <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">their</span> side.... They made the
+laws to legalise their actions, and, some day, we, the people,
+will make laws which will not only legalise but justify our
+process of restitution. It will justify it, because, unlike their
+laws, which always took from the poor to give to the rich—to
+the very class which made the laws—ours will only take
+from the superfluity of the rich, <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">not</span> to give to the poor or
+to any individuals, but to so administer as to enable every
+man to live by honest work, to restore to the whole people
+their birthright in their native soil, and to relieve all alike
+from a heavy burden of unnecessary and unjust taxation.
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page143">[pg 143]</span>
+<a name="Pg143" id="Pg143" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">This</span> will be the true statesmanship of the future, and it will
+be justified alike by equity, by ethics, and by religion."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">These, then, are the facts and reasons upon which Dr.
+Wallace based his strenuous advocacy of Land Nationalisation.<a name="noteref_49" id="noteref_49"></a><a href="#note_49"><span class="footnoteref">49</span></a>
+It was only by slow degrees that he arrived at some
+of the conclusions propounded in his later years, but once
+having grasped their full importance to the social and moral
+well-being of the community, he held them to the last.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The first book which tended to fasten his attention upon
+these matters was "Social Statics," by Herbert Spencer, but
+in 1870 the publication of his "Malay Archipelago" brought
+him into personal contact with John Stuart Mill, through
+whose invitation he became a member of the General Committee
+of the Land Tenure Reform Association. On the
+formation of the Land Nationalisation Society in 1880 he
+retired from the Association, and devoted himself to the
+larger issues which the new Society embraced.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Soon after the latter Society was started, Henry George,
+the American author of "Progress and Poverty," came to
+England, and Wallace had many opportunities of hearing
+him speak in public and of discussing matters of common
+interest in private. In spite of the ridicule poured upon
+Henry George&#39;s book by many eminent social reformers,
+Wallace consistently upheld its general principles.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">His second work on these various subjects was a small
+book entitled "Bad Times," issued in 1885, in which
+he went deeply into the root causes of the depression in
+trade which had lasted since 1874. The facts there given
+were enlarged upon and continually brought up to date in
+his later writings. Articles which had appeared in various
+magazines were gathered together and included, with those
+on other subjects, in "Studies, Scientific and Social." His
+last three books, which include his ideas on social diseases
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page144">[pg 144]</span>
+<a name="Pg144" id="Pg144" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and the best method of preventing them, were "The Wonderful
+Century," "Social Environment and Moral Progress,"
+and "The Revolt of Democracy"; the two last
+being issued, as we have seen, in 1913, the year of his
+death.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">In "Social Environment and Moral Progress" the conclusion
+of his vehement survey of our moral and social
+conditions was startling: "<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">It is not too much to say that
+our whole system of Society is rotten from top to bottom,
+and that the social environment as a whole in relation to
+our possibilities and our claims is the worst that the world
+has ever seen</span>."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">That terrible indictment was doubly underscored in
+his MS.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">What, in his mature judgment, were the causes and
+remedies? He set them out in this order:</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">1. The evils are due, broadly and generally, to our living
+under a system of universal competition for the means of
+existence, the remedy for which is equally universal co-operation.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">2. It may also be defined as a system of economic
+antagonism, as of enemies, the remedy being a system
+of economic brotherhood, as of a great family, or of
+friends.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">3. Our system is also one of monopoly by a few of all
+the means of existence—the land, without access to which
+no life is possible; and capital, or the results of stored-up
+labour, which is now in the possession of a limited number
+of capitalists, and therefore is also a monopoly. The remedy
+is freedom of access to land and capital for all.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">4. Also, it may be defined as social injustice, inasmuch as
+the few in each generation are allowed to inherit the stored-up
+wealth of all preceding generations, while the many
+inherit nothing. The remedy is to adopt the principle of
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page145">[pg 145]</span>
+<a name="Pg145" id="Pg145" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+equality of opportunity for all, or of universal <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">inheritance
+by the State in trust for the whole community</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"We have," he finally concluded, "ourselves created an
+immoral or unmoral social environment. To undo its inevitable
+results we must reverse our course. We must see
+that <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">all</span> our economic legislation, <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">all</span> our social reforms, are
+in the very opposite direction to those hitherto adopted, and
+that they tend in the direction of one or other of the four
+fundamental remedies I have suggested. In this way only
+can we hope to change our existing immoral environment
+into a moral one, and <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">initiate a new era of Moral Progress.</span>"
+The "Revolt of Democracy"<a name="noteref_50" id="noteref_50"></a><a href="#note_50"><span class="footnoteref">50</span></a> was addressed directly to
+the Labour Party. And once again he drew a vivid picture
+of how, during the whole of the nineteenth century, there
+was a continuous advance in the application of scientific
+discovery to the arts, especially to the invention and application
+of labour-saving machinery; and how our wealth
+had increased to an equally marvellous extent.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">He pointed out that various estimates which had been
+made of the increase in our wealth-producing capacity
+showed that, roughly speaking, the use of mechanical
+power had increased it more than a hundredfold during
+the century; yet the result had been to create a limited
+upper class, living in unexampled luxury, while about one-fourth
+of the whole population existed in a state of fluctuating
+penury, often sinking below the margin of poverty. Many
+thousands were annually drawn into this gulf of destitution,
+and died from direct starvation and premature exhaustion or
+from diseases produced by unhealthy employment.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">During this long period, however, although wealth and
+want had alike increased side by side, public opinion had
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page146">[pg 146]</span>
+<a name="Pg146" id="Pg146" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+not been sufficiently educated to permit of any effectual
+remedy being applied. The workers themselves had failed
+to visualise its fundamental causes, land monopoly and
+the competitive system of industry giving rise to an ever-increasing
+private capitalism which, to a very large extent,
+had controlled the Legislature. All through the last century
+this rapid accumulation of wealth due to extensive manufacturing
+industries led to a still greater increase of middlemen
+engaged in the distribution of the products, from the wealthy
+merchant to the various grades of tradesmen and small shop-keepers
+who supplied the daily wants of the community.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">To those who lived in the midst of this vast industrial
+system, or were a part of it, it seemed natural and inevitable
+that there should be rich and poor; and this belief was enforced
+on the one hand by the clergy, and on the other by
+political economists, so that religion and science agreed in
+upholding the competitive and capitalistic system of society
+as the only rational and possible one. Hence it came to be
+believed that the true sphere of governmental action did not
+include the abolition of poverty. It was even declared that
+poverty was due to economic causes over which governments
+had no power; that wages were kept down by the "iron
+law" of supply and demand; and that any attempt to find
+a remedy by Acts of Parliament only aggravated the disease.
+During the Premiership of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman
+this attitude was, for the first time, changed. On numerous
+occasions Sir Henry declared that he held it to be the duty
+of a government to deal with problems of unemployment and
+poverty.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">In 1908 three great strikes, coming in rapid succession—those
+of the Railway and other Transport Unions, the
+Miners, and the London Dock Labourers—brought home to
+the middle and upper classes, and to the Government, how
+completely all are dependent on the "working classes." This
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page147">[pg 147]</span>
+<a name="Pg147" id="Pg147" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and similar experiences showed us that when the organisation
+of the trade unions was more complete, and the accumulated
+funds of several years were devoted to this purpose, the bulk
+of the inhabitants of London, and of other great cities, could
+be made to suffer a degree of famine comparable with that
+of Paris when besieged by the German army in 1870.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Wallace&#39;s watchword throughout these social agitations
+was "Equality of Opportunity for All," and the ideal
+method by which he hoped to achieve this end was a system
+of industrial colonisation in our own country whereby <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">all</span>
+would have a fair, if not an absolutely equal, share in the
+benefits arising from the production of their own labour,
+whether physical or mental.<a name="noteref_51" id="noteref_51"></a><a href="#note_51"><span class="footnoteref">51</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">With regard to the education of the people, especially
+as a stepping-stone to moral and intellectual reform, Wallace
+believed in the training of individual natural talent,
+rather than the present system of general education thrust
+upon every boy or girl regardless of their varying mental
+capacities. He also urged that the building-up of the mind
+should be alternated with physical training in one or more
+useful trades, so that there might be, not only at the outset,
+but also in later life, a choice of occupation in order
+to avoid the excess of unemployment in any one direction.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">In his opinion, one of the injurious results of our competitive
+system, having its roots, however, in the valuable
+"guilds" of a past epoch, was the almost universal restriction
+of our workers to only one kind of labour. The
+result was a dreadful monotony in almost all spheres of
+work, the extreme unhealthiness of many, and a much
+larger amount of unemployment than if each man or
+woman were regularly trained in two or more occupations.
+In addition to two of what are commonly called trades,
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page148">[pg 148]</span>
+<a name="Pg148" id="Pg148" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+every youth should be trained for one day a week or one
+week in a month, according to the demand for labour, in
+some of the various operations of farming or gardening.
+Not only would this improve the general health of the
+workers, but it would also add much to the interest and
+enjoyment of their lives.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"There is one point," he wrote, "in connection with
+this problem which I do not think has ever been much considered
+or discussed. It is the undoubted benefit to all the
+members of a society of <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">the greatest possible diversity of
+character</span>, as a means both towards the greatest enjoyment
+and interest of association, and to the highest ultimate development
+of the race. If we are to suppose that man might
+have been created or developed with none of those extremes
+of character which now often result in what we call wickedness,
+vice, or crime, there would certainly have been a greater
+monotony in human nature, which would, perhaps, have led
+to less beneficial results than the variety which actually
+exists may lead to. We are more and more getting to see
+that very much, perhaps all, the vice, crime, and misery
+that exists in the world is the result, not of the wickedness
+of individuals, but of the entire absence of sympathetic
+training from infancy onwards. So far as I have heard,
+the only example of the effects of such a training on a large
+scale was that initiated by Robert Owen at New Lanark,
+which, with most unpromising materials, produced such
+marvellous results on the character and conduct of the
+children as to seem almost incredible to the numerous
+persons who came to see and often critically to examine
+them. There must have been all kinds of characters in
+his schools, yet <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">none</span> were found to be incorrigible, <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">none</span>
+beyond control, <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">none</span> who did not respond to the love and
+sympathetic instruction of their teachers. It is therefore
+quite possible that <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">all</span> the evil in the world is directly due
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page149">[pg 149]</span>
+<a name="Pg149" id="Pg149" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+to man, not to God, and that when we once realise this to
+its full extent we shall be able, not only to eliminate almost
+completely what we now term evil, but shall then clearly
+perceive that all those propensities and passions that under
+bad conditions of society inevitably led to it, will under good
+conditions add to the variety and the capacities of human
+nature, the enjoyment of life by all, and at the same time
+greatly increase the possibilities of development of the whole
+race. I myself feel confident that this is really the case, and
+that such considerations, when followed out to their ultimate
+issues, afford a complete solution of the great problem of the
+ages—the origin of evil."<a name="noteref_52" id="noteref_52"></a><a href="#note_52"><span class="footnoteref">52</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Closely allied with the welfare of the child is another
+"reform" with which Wallace&#39;s name will long be associated.
+That is his strong denunciation of Vaccination.
+For seven years he laboured to show medical and scientific
+men that statistics proved beyond doubt the futility of this
+measure to prevent disease. A few were converted, but
+public opinion is hard to move.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">In his ideal of the future, Dr. Wallace gave a large and
+honoured sphere to women. He considered that it was in
+the highest degree presumptuous and irrational to attempt
+to deal by compulsory enactments with the most vital and
+most sacred of all human relationships, regardless of the
+fact that our present phase of social development is not
+only extremely imperfect, but, as already shown, vicious
+and rotten to the core. How could it be possible to determine
+by legislation those relations of the sexes which shall
+be best alike for individuals and for the race in a society in
+which a large proportion of our women are forced to work
+long hours daily for the barest subsistence, with an almost
+total absence of the rational pleasures of life, for the want
+of which thousands are driven into uncongenial marriages
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page150">[pg 150]</span>
+<a name="Pg150" id="Pg150" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+in order to secure some amount of personal independence
+or physical well-being. He believed that when men and
+women are, for the first time in the course of civilisation,
+equally free to follow their best impulses; when idleness
+and vicious and hurtful luxury on the one hand, and
+oppressive labour and the dread of starvation on the
+other, are alike unknown; when <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">all</span> receive the best and
+broadest education that the state of civilisation and knowledge
+will admit; when the standard of public opinion
+is set by the wisest and the best among us, and that
+standard is systematically inculcated in the young—then
+we shall find that a system of truly "Natural Selection"
+(a term that Wallace preferred to "Eugenics," which he
+utterly disliked) will come spontaneously into action which
+will tend steadily to eliminate the lower, the less developed,
+or in any way defective types of men, and will thus continuously
+raise the physical, moral, and intellectual standard of
+the race.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">He further held that "although many women now remain
+unmarried from necessity rather than from choice, there are
+always considerable numbers who feel no strong impulse to
+marriage, and accept husbands to secure subsistence and a
+home of their own rather than from personal affection or
+sexual emotion. In a state of society in which all women
+were economically independent, where all were fully occupied
+with public duties and social or intellectual pleasures, and
+had nothing to gain by marriage as regards material well-being
+or social position, it is highly probable that the numbers
+of unmarried from choice would increase. It would
+probably come to be considered a degradation for any
+woman to marry a man whom she could not love and
+esteem, and this reason would tend at least to delay
+marriage till a worthy and sympathetic partner was encountered."
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page151">[pg 151]</span>
+<a name="Pg151" id="Pg151" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">But this choice, he considered, would be further
+strengthened by the fact that, with the ever-increasing
+approach to equality of opportunity for every child born
+in our country, that terrible excess of male deaths, in
+boyhood and early manhood especially, due to various
+preventable causes, would disappear, and change the
+present majority of women to a majority of men. This
+would lead to a greater rivalry for wives, and give to
+women the power of rejecting all the lower types of
+character among their suitors.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"It will be their special duty so to mould public
+opinion, through home training and social influence, as to
+render the women of the future the regenerators of the
+entire human race." He fully hoped and believed that
+they would prove equal to the high and responsible position
+which, in accordance with natural laws, they will be
+called upon to fulfil.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">Mr. D.A. Wilson, who visited him in 1912, writes:</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">He surprised me by saying he was a Socialist—one
+does not expect a man like him to label himself in any
+way. It appeared to be unconscious modesty, like a school-boy&#39;s,
+which made him willing to be labelled; but no label
+could describe him, and his mental sweep was unlimited.
+Although in his ninetieth year, he seemed to be in his prime.
+There was no sign of age but physical weakness, and you
+had to make an effort at times to remember even that. His
+eye kindled as he spoke, and more than once he walked about
+and chuckled, like a schoolboy pleased.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">An earnest expression like Carlyle&#39;s came over his countenance
+as he reprobated the selfish, wild-cat competition which
+made life harder and more horrible to-day for a well-doing
+poor man in England than among the Malays or Burmese
+before they had any modern inventions. Co-operation was
+the upward road for humanity. Men grew out of beasthood
+by it, and by it civilisation began. Forgetting it, men
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page152">[pg 152]</span>
+<a name="Pg152" id="Pg152" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+retrograded, subsiding swiftly, so that there were many
+individuals among us to-day who were in body, mind, and
+character below the level of our barbarian ancestors or
+contemporary "savages," to say nothing of civilised Burmese
+or Malays. What he meant by Socialism can be seen
+from his books. Nothing in them surprised me after our
+talk. His appreciation of Confucius, when I quoted some
+things of the Chinese sage&#39;s which confirmed what he was
+saying, was emphatic, and that and many other things
+showed that Socialism to him implied the upward evolution
+of humanity. It was because of the degradation of
+men involved that he objected to letting individuals grab
+the public property—earth, air and water. Monopolies, he
+thought, should at once revert to the public, and we had an
+argument which showed that he had no objection to even
+artificial monopolies if they were public property. He defended
+the old Dutch Government monopolies of spices, and
+declared them better than to-day&#39;s free trade, when cultivation
+is exploited by men who always tended to be mere
+money-grabbers, selfish savages let loose. In answer I
+mentioned the abuses of officialdom, as seen by me from
+the inside in Burma, and he agreed that the mental and
+moral superiority of many kinds of Asiatics to the Europeans
+who want to boss them made detailed European
+administration an absurdity. We should leave these peoples
+to develop in their own way. Having conquered Burma
+and India, he proceeded, the English should take warning
+from history and restrict themselves to keeping the
+peace, and protecting the countries they had taken. They
+should give every province as much home rule as possible
+and as soon as possible, and study to avoid becoming
+parasites.—D.A.W.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">We may fittingly conclude this brief summary of
+Wallace&#39;s social views and ideals by citing his own reply to
+the question: "Why am I a Socialist?" "I am a Socialist
+because I believe that the highest law for mankind is justice.
+I therefore take for my motto, &#39;Fiat Justitia, Ruat
+Coelum&#39;; and my definition of Socialism is, &#39;The use, by
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page153">[pg 153]</span>
+<a name="Pg153" id="Pg153" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+everyone, of his faculties for the common good, and the
+voluntary organisation of labour for the equal benefit of
+all.&#39; That is absolute social justice; that is ideal Socialism.
+It is, therefore, the guiding star for all true social
+reform."</p>
+
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_124" id="toc_124"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">He corresponded with Miss Buckley not only on scientific
+but also on public questions and social problems:</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_125" id="toc_125"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MISS BUCKLEY</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Rosehill, Dorking. Sunday, [? December, 1878].</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Miss Buckley,— ... How wonderfully the Russians
+have got on since you left! A very little more and
+the Turkish Government might be turned out of Europe—even
+now it might be with the greatest ease if our Government
+would join in giving them the last kick. Whatever
+power they retain in Europe will most certainly involve
+another war before twenty years are over.—Yours very
+faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_126" id="toc_126"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MISS BUCKLEY</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Waldron Edge, Croydon. May 2, 1879.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Miss Buckley,— ... My "Reciprocity" article
+seems to have produced a slight effect on the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Spectator</span>,
+though it did snub me at first, but it is perfectly sickening
+to read the stuff spoken and written, in Parliament
+and in all the newspapers, about the subject, all treating
+our present practice as something holy and immutable,
+whatever bad effects it may produce, and though it is not
+in any way "free trade" and would I believe have been
+given up both by Adam Smith and Cobden.—Yours very
+faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page154">[pg 154]</span>
+<a name="Pg154" id="Pg154" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">He was always ready, even eager, to discuss his social and
+land nationalisation principles with his scientific friends,
+with members of his own family, and indeed with anyone
+who would lend a willing ear.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_127" id="toc_127"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">38 Queen&#39;s Gardens, Bayswater, W. April 25, 1881.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Wallace,—As you may suppose, I fully sympathise
+with the general aims of your proposed Land
+Nationalisation Society; but for sundry reasons I hesitate
+to commit myself, at the present stage of the question, to
+a programme so definite as that which you send me. It
+seems to me that before formulating the idea in a specific
+shape it is needful to generate a body of public opinion on
+the general issue, and that it must be some time before
+there can be produced such recognition of the general
+principle involved as is needful before definite plans can
+be set forth to any purpose....—Truly yours,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">HERBERT SPENCER.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_128" id="toc_128"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">38 Queen&#39;s Gardens, Bayswater, W. July 6, 1881.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Wallace,—I have already seen the work you
+name, "Progress and Poverty," having had a copy, or
+rather two copies, sent me. I gathered from what little I
+glanced at that I should fundamentally disagree with the
+writer, and have not read more.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I demur entirely to the supposition, which is implied in
+the book, that by any possible social arrangements whatever
+the distress which humanity has to suffer in the course
+of civilisation could have been prevented. The whole process,
+with all its horrors and tyrannies, and slaveries, and
+wars, and abominations of all kinds, has been an inevitable
+one accompanying the survival and spread of the strongest,
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page155">[pg 155]</span>
+<a name="Pg155" id="Pg155" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and the consolidation of small tribes into large societies; and
+among other things the lapse of land into private ownership
+has been, like the lapse of individuals into slavery, at one
+period of the process altogether indispensable. I do not in
+the least believe that from the primitive system of communistic
+ownership to a high and finished system of State
+ownership, such as we may look for in the future, there
+could be any transition without passing through such
+stages as we have seen and which exist now. Argument
+aside, however, I should be disinclined to commit myself
+to any scheme of immediate action, which, as I have indicated
+to you, I believe at present premature. For myself
+I feel that I have to consider not only what I may do on
+special questions, but also how the action I take on special
+questions may affect my general influence; and I am disinclined
+to give more handles against me than are needful.
+Already, as you will see by the enclosed circular, I am doing
+in the way of positive action more than may be altogether
+prudent.—Sincerely yours,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">HERBERT SPENCER.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_129" id="toc_129"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">A.R. WALLACE TO MR. A.C. SWINTON</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Frith Hill, Godalming. December 23, 1885.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Swinton,— ... I have just received an invitation
+to go to lecture in Sydney on Sundays for three months,
+with an intimation that other lectures can be arranged for in
+Melbourne and New Zealand. It is tempting!... If I had
+the prospect of clearing £1,000 by a lecturing campaign I
+would go, though it would require a great effort.... I did
+not think it possible even to contemplate going so far again,
+but the chance of earning a lot of money which would enable
+me to clear off this house and leave something for my family
+must be seriously considered.—Yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page156">[pg 156]</span>
+<a name="Pg156" id="Pg156" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_130" id="toc_130"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO Miss VIOLET WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. May</span> 10, 1891.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Violet,— ... I am quite in favour of a legal
+eight hours&#39; day. Overtime need not be forbidden, but
+every man who works overtime should have a legal claim
+to double wages for the extra hours. That would make it
+cheaper for the master to employ two sets of men working
+each eight hours when they had long jobs requiring them,
+while for the necessities of finishing contracts, etc., they
+could well afford to pay double for the extra hours. "It
+would make everything dearer!" Of course it would!
+How else can you produce a more equal distribution of
+wealth than by making the rich and idle pay more and
+the workers receive more? "The workers would have to
+pay more, too, for everything they bought!" True again,
+but what they paid more would not equal their extra earnings,
+because a large portion of the extra pay to the men
+will be paid by the rich, and only the remainder paid by
+the men themselves. The eight hours&#39; day and double pay
+for overtime would not only employ thousands now out of
+work, but would actually raise wages per hour and per day.
+This is clear, because wages are kept down wholly by the
+surplus supply of labour in every trade. The moment the
+surplus is used up, or nearly so, by more men being required
+on account of shorter hours, competition among the men
+becomes less; among the employers, for men, more: hence
+necessarily higher wages all round. As to the bogey of
+foreign competition, it is a bogey only. All the political
+economists agree that if wages are raised in all trades, it
+will not in the least affect our power to export goods as
+profitably as now. Look and see! And, secondly, the eight
+hours&#39; movement is an international one, and will affect all
+alike in the end.
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page157">[pg 157]</span>
+<a name="Pg157" id="Pg157" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">There are some arguments for you! Poor unreasoning
+infant!!...</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_131" id="toc_131"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">REV. AUGUSTUS JESSOPP TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Scarning Rectory, East Dereham. August 25, 1893.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mr. Wallace,—I have put off writing to thank
+you for your kind letter, and the book and pamphlets you
+were good enough to send me, because I hoped in acknowledgment
+to say I had read your little volumes, as I intend
+to. The fates have been against me, and I will delay no
+longer thanking you for sending them to me.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I do not believe in your theory of land nationalisation
+one bit! But I like to see all that such a man as you has to
+say on his side.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">In return I send you my view of the matter, which is
+just as likely to convert you as your book is to convert me.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I love a man with a theory, for I learn most from such
+a man, and when I have thought a thing out in my own
+mind and forgotten the arguments while I have arrived at
+a firm conviction as to the conclusion, it is refreshing to
+be reminded of points and facts that have slipped away
+from me!</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">It was a great pleasure and privilege to make your
+acquaintance the other day, and I hope we may meet again
+some day.—Very truly yours,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">AUGUSTUS JESSOPP.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_132" id="toc_132"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">REV. H. PRICE HUGHES TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">8 Taviton Street, Gordon Square, W.C. September 14, 1898.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Dr. Wallace,—I am always very glad when I hear
+from you. So far as your intensely interesting volume has
+compelled some very prejudiced people to read your attack
+on modern delusions, it is a great gain, especially to themselves.
+I have read your tract on "Justice, not Charity,"
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page158">[pg 158]</span>
+<a name="Pg158" id="Pg158" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+with great pleasure and approval. The moment Mr. Benjamin
+Kidd invented the striking term of "equality of
+opportunity" I adopted it, and have often preached it in
+the pulpit and on the platform, just as you preach it in the
+tract before me. I fully agree that justice, not charity, is
+the fundamental principle of social reform. There is something
+very contemptible in the spiteful way in which many
+newspapers and magistrates are trying to aggravate the difficulties
+of conscientious men who avail themselves of the conscience
+clause in the new Vaccination Act. There is very
+much to be done yet before social justice is realised, but the
+astonishing manifesto of the Czar of Russia, which I have no
+doubt is a perfectly sincere one, is a revelation of the extent
+to which social truth is leavening European society. Since
+I last wrote to you I have been elected President of the
+Wesleyan Methodist Conference, which will give me a great
+deal of special work and special opportunities also, I am
+thankful to say, of propagating Social Christianity, which
+in fact, and to a great extent in form, is what you yourself
+are doing.—Yours very sincerely,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">H. PRICE HUGHES.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_133" id="toc_133"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO ALFRED RUSSELL</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. May 11, 1900.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,—I am not a vegetarian, but I believe in it
+as certain to be adopted in the future, and as essential to
+a higher social and moral state of society. My reasons are:</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">(1) That far less land is needed to supply vegetable than
+to supply animal food.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">(2) That the business of a butcher is, and would be, repulsive
+to all refined natures.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">(3) That with proper arrangements for variety and good
+cookery, vegetable food is better for health of body and mind.—Yours
+very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page159">[pg 159]</span>
+<a name="Pg159" id="Pg159" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_134" id="toc_134"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. JOHN (LORD) MORLEY</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset, October 20, 1900.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,—I look upon you as the one politician left to
+us, who, by his ability and integrity, his eloquence and love
+of truth, his high standing as a thinker and writer, and his
+openness of mind, is able to become the leader of the English
+people in their struggle for freedom against the monopolists
+of land, capital, and political power. I therefore take the
+liberty of sending you herewith a book of mine containing a
+number of miscellaneous essays, a few of which, I venture
+to think, are worthy of your serious attention.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Some time since you intimated in one of your speeches
+that, if the choice for this country were between Imperialism
+and Socialism, you were inclined to consider the latter the
+less evil of the two. You added, I think, your conviction
+that the dangers of Socialism to human character were what
+most influenced you against it. I trust that my impression
+of what you said is substantially correct. Now I myself
+believe, after a study of the subject extending over twenty
+years, that this danger is non-existent, and certainly does
+not in any way apply to the fundamental principles of
+Socialism, which is, simply, <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">the voluntary organisation of
+labour for the good of all</span>....—With great esteem, I am
+yours very faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_135" id="toc_135"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">MR. JOHN (LORD) MORLEY TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">57 Elm Park Gardens, S.W. October 31, 1900.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Sir,—For some reason, though your letter is
+dated the 20th, it has only reached me, along with the two
+volumes, to-day. I feel myself greatly indebted to you for
+both. In older days I often mused upon a passage of yours
+in the "Malay Archipelago" contrasting the condition of
+certain types of savage life with that of life in a modern
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page160">[pg 160]</span>
+<a name="Pg160" id="Pg160" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+industrial city. And I shall gladly turn again to the subject
+in these pages, new to me, where you come to close
+quarters with the problem.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">But my time and my mind are at present neither of
+them free for the effective consideration of this mighty
+case. Nor can I promise myself the requisite leisure for
+at least several months to come. What I can do is to set
+your arguments a-simmering in my brain, and perhaps
+when the time of liberation arrives I may be in a state
+to make something of it. I don&#39;t suppose that I shall be
+a convert, but I always remember J.S. Mill&#39;s observation,
+after recapitulating the evils to be apprehended
+from Socialism, that he would face them in spite of all, if
+the only alternative to Socialism were our present state.—With
+sincere thanks and regard, believe me yours faithfully</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">JOHN MORLEY.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_136" id="toc_136"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. C.G. STUART-MENTEITH</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. June 6, 1901.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,—I have no time to discuss your letter<a name="noteref_53" id="noteref_53"></a><a href="#note_53"><span class="footnoteref">53</span></a> at any
+length. You seem to assume that we can say definitely who
+are the "fit" and who the "unfit."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I deny this, except in the most extreme cases.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I believe that, even now, the race is mostly recruited by
+the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">more fit</span>—that is the upper working classes and the lower
+middle classes.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Both the very rich and the very poor are probably—as
+classes—below these. The former increase less rapidly
+through immorality and late marriage; the latter through
+excessive infant mortality. If that is the case, no legislative
+interference is needed, and would probably do harm.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I see nothing in your letter which is really opposed to
+my contention—that under rational social conditions the
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page161">[pg 161]</span>
+<a name="Pg161" id="Pg161" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+healthy instincts of men and women will solve the population
+problem far better than any tinkering interference
+either by law or by any other means.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">And in the meantime the condition of things is not so
+bad as you suppose.—Yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_137" id="toc_137"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. SYDNEY COCKERELL</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. January 15, 1906.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Cockerell,—I have now finished reading Kropotkin&#39;s
+Life with very great interest, especially for the light
+it throws on the present condition of Russia. It also brings
+out clearly some very fine aspects of the Russian character,
+and the horrible despotism to which they are still subject,
+equivalent to that of the days of the Bastille and the system
+of <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Lettres de cachet</span> before the great Revolution in France.
+It seems to me probable that under happier conditions—perhaps
+in the not distant future—Russia may become the
+most advanced instead of the most backward in civilisation—a
+real leader among nations, not in war and conquest
+but in social reform.—Yours faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">A.R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_138" id="toc_138"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. J. HYDER (Of THE LAND NATIONALISATION SOCIETY)</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. May 13, 1907.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Hyder,—Although it is not safe to hallo before
+one is out of the wood, I think I may congratulate the Society
+upon the prospect it now has of obtaining the first-fruits of
+its persistent efforts, for a quarter of a century, to form an
+enlightened public opinion in favour of our views. If the
+Government adequately fulfils its promises, we shall have,
+in the Bill for a fair valuation of land apart from improvements,
+as a basis of taxation and for purchase, and
+that giving local authorities full powers to acquire land
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page162">[pg 162]</span>
+<a name="Pg162" id="Pg162" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+so valued, the first real and definite steps towards complete
+nationalisation....</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_139" id="toc_139"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. A. WILTSHIRE<a name="noteref_54" id="noteref_54"></a><a href="#note_54"><span class="footnoteref">54</span></a></h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. October 10, 1907.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,—I told Mr. Button that I do not approve of
+the resolution you are going to move.<a name="noteref_55" id="noteref_55"></a><a href="#note_55"><span class="footnoteref">55</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The workers of England have themselves returned a large
+majority of ordinary Liberals, including hundreds of capitalists,
+landowners, manufacturers, and lawyers, with only a
+sprinkling of Radicals and Socialists. The Government—your
+own elected Government—is doing more for the
+workers than any Liberal Government ever did before, yet
+you are going to pass what is practically a vote of censure
+on it for not being a Radical, Labour, and Socialist
+Government!</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">If this Government attempted to do what you and I
+think ought to be done, it would lose half its followers
+and be turned out, ignominiously, giving the Tories another
+chance. That is foolish as well as unfair.—Yours truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_140" id="toc_140"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO LORD AVEBURY</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. June 23, 1908.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Lord Avebury,— ... Allow me to wish every
+success to your Bill for preserving beautiful birds from
+destruction. To stop the import is the only way—short
+of the still more drastic method of heavily fining everyone
+who wears feathers in public, with imprisonment for a
+second offence. But we are not yet ripe for that.—Yours
+very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page163">[pg 163]</span>
+<a name="Pg163" id="Pg163" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_141" id="toc_141"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. E. SMEDLEY</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. December 25, 1910.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Smedley,—Thanks for your long and interesting
+letter.... Man is, and has been, horribly cruel, and it
+is indeed difficult to explain why. Yet that there is an
+explanation, and that it does lead to good in the end, I
+believe. Praying is evidently useless, and should be, as it
+is almost always selfish—for <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">our</span> benefit, or our <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">families</span>, or
+our <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">nation</span>.—Yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_142" id="toc_142"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. August 20, 1911.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Will,— ... The railway strike surpasses the
+Parliament Bill in excitement. On receipt of Friday&#39;s
+paper, I sat down and composed and sent off to Lloyd
+George a short but big letter, on large foolscap paper,
+urging him and Asquith, as the two strong men of the
+Government, to take over at once the management of the
+railways of the entire country, by Royal Proclamation—on
+the ground of mismanagement for seventy years, and
+having brought the country to the verge of starvation and
+civil war; to grant an amnesty to all strikers (except for
+acts of violence), also grant all the men&#39;s demands for one
+year, and devote that time to a deliberate and impartial
+inquiry and a complete scheme of reorganisation of the
+railways in the interest, first of the public, then of the
+men of all grades, lastly of the share and bond owners,
+who will become guaranteed public creditors.... It has
+been admitted and proved again and again, that the men
+are badly treated, that their grievances are real—their very
+unanimity and standing by each other proves it. Their
+demands are most moderate; and the cost in extra wages
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page164">[pg 164]</span>
+<a name="Pg164" id="Pg164" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+will be saved over and over in safety, regularity, economy
+of working, and public convenience. I have not had even
+an acknowledgment of receipt yet, but hope to in a day
+or two....</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_143" id="toc_143"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">MR. H.M. HYNDMAN TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">9 Queen Anne&#39;s Gate, Westminster, S.W. March 14, 1912.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,—Everyone who knows anything of the record
+of modern science in this country recognises how very much
+we all owe to you. It was, therefore, specially gratifying
+to me that you should be so kind as to write such a very
+encouraging letter on the occasion of my seventieth birthday.
+I owe you sincere thanks for what you said, though
+I may honestly feel that you overpraised what I have done.
+It has been an uphill fight, but I am lucky in being allowed
+to see through the smoke and dust of battle a vision of
+the promised land. The transformation from capitalism to
+socialism is going on slowly under our eyes.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Again thanking you and wishing you every good wish,
+believe me yours sincerely,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">H.M. HYNDMAN.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_144" id="toc_144"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. M.J. MURPHY</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. August 19, 1913.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,—I not only think but firmly believe that Lloyd
+George is working for the good of the people, in all ways open
+to him. The wonder is that he can persuade Asquith and the
+Cabinet to let him go as far as he does. No doubt he is
+obliged to do things he does not think the best absolutely,
+but the best that are practicable. He does not profess to
+be a Socialist, and he is not infallible, but he does the
+best he can, under the conditions in which he finds himself.
+Socialists who condemn him for not doing more are most
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page165">[pg 165]</span>
+<a name="Pg165" id="Pg165" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+unfair. They must know, if they think, that if he tried to
+do much more towards Socialism he would break up the
+Government and let in the Tories.—Yours truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">A.R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_145" id="toc_145"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. A. WILTSHIRE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. September 14, 1913.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,—I wish you every success in your work for
+the amelioration of the condition of the workers, through
+whose exertions it may be truly said we all live and move
+and have our being.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Your motto is excellent. Above all things stick together.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Equally important is it to declare as a fixed principle
+that wages are to be and must be continuously raised,
+never lowered. You have too much arrears to make up—too
+many forces against you, to admit of their being ever
+lowered. Let future generations decide when that is necessary—if
+ever.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">This is a principle worth enforcing by a general strike.
+Nothing less will be effective—nothing less should be
+accepted; and you must let the Government know it, and
+insist that they adopt it.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The rise must always be towards uniformity of payment
+for all useful and productive work.—Yours sincerely,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page167">[pg 167]</span>
+<a name="Pg167" id="Pg167" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_146" id="toc_146"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head">PART VI</h1>
+<p class="tei tei-p"></p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_147" id="toc_147"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head">Some Further Problems</h2>
+<p class="tei tei-p"></p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_148" id="toc_148"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">I.—Astronomy</h3>
+
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Of the varied subjects upon which Wallace wrote, none,
+perhaps, came with greater freshness to the general
+reader than his books written when he was nearly
+eighty upon the ancient science of astronomy.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Perhaps he would have said that the "directive Mind
+and Purpose" kept these subjects back until the closing
+years of his life in order that he might bring to bear
+upon them his wider knowledge of nature, enlightened
+by that spiritual perception which led him to link the
+heavens and the earth in one common bond of evolution,
+culminating in the development of moral and spiritual
+intelligences.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Man&#39;s Place in the Universe" (1903) was in effect a
+prelude to "The World of Life" (1910). Wallace saw
+afterwards that one grew out of the other, as we find him
+frequently saying with regard to his other books and
+essays.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">As with Spiritualism, so with Astronomy, the seed-interest
+practically lay dormant in his mind for many
+years; with this difference, however, that temperament
+and training caused a speedy unfolding of his mind when
+once a scientific subject gripped him, whereas with Spiritualism
+he felt the need of moving slowly and cautiously
+before fully accepting the phenomena as verifiable facts.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">It was during the later period of his land-surveying,
+when he was somewhere between the ages of 18 and 20,
+that he became distinctly interested in the stars. Being
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page168">[pg 168]</span>
+<a name="Pg168" id="Pg168" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+left much alone at this period, he began to vary his pursuits
+by studying a book on Nautical Astronomy, and
+constructing a rude telescope.<a name="noteref_56" id="noteref_56"></a><a href="#note_56"><span class="footnoteref">56</span></a> This primitive appliance
+increased his interest in other astronomical instruments,
+and especially in the grand onward march of astronomical
+discovery, which he looked upon as one of the wonders of
+the nineteenth century.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">It was the inclusion of astronomy in lectures he delivered
+at Davos which led him to extend his original brief notes
+into the four chapters which form an important part of his
+"Wonderful Century." He freely confessed that in order
+to write these chapters he was obliged to read widely, and
+to make much use of friends to whom astronomy was a
+more familiar study. And it was whilst he was engaged
+upon these chapters that his attention became riveted upon
+the unique position of our planet in relation to the solar
+system.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">He had noticed that certain definite conditions appeared to
+be absolutely essential to the origin and development of the
+higher types of terrestrial life, and that most of these must
+have been certainly dependent on a very delicate balance of
+the forces concerned in the evolution of our planet. Our
+position in the solar system appeared to him to be peculiar
+and unique because, he thought, we may be almost sure
+that these conditions do not coexist on any other planet,
+and that we have no good reason to believe that other
+planets could have maintained over a period of millions of
+years the complex and equable conditions absolutely necessary
+to the existence of the higher forms of terrestrial life.
+Therefore it appeared to him to be proved that our earth
+does really stand alone in the solar system by reason of
+its special adaptation for the development of human life.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Granting this, however, the question might still be asked,
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page169">[pg 169]</span>
+<a name="Pg169" id="Pg169" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Why should not any one of the suns in other parts of space
+possess planets as well adapted as our own to develop the
+higher forms of organic life? These questions cannot be
+answered definitely; but there are reasons, he considered,
+why the central position which we occupy may alone be
+suitable. It is almost certain that electricity and other
+mysterious radiant forces (of which we have so recently
+discovered the existence) have played an important part
+in the origin and development of organised life, and it
+does not appear to be extravagant to assume that the
+extraordinary way in which these cosmic forces have
+remained hidden from us may be due to that central
+position which we are found to occupy in the whole universe
+of matter discoverable by us. Indeed, it may well
+be that these wonderful forces of the ether are more
+irregular—and perhaps more violent—in their effect upon
+matter in what may be termed the outer chambers of that
+universe, and that they are only so nicely balanced, so
+uniform in their action, and so concealed from us, as to
+be fit to aid in the development of organic life in that
+central portion of the stellar system which our globe
+occupies. Should these views as to the unique central
+position of our earth be supported by the results of further
+research, it will certainly rank as the most extraordinary
+and perhaps the most important of the many discoveries
+of the past century.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">While still working on this section of his "Wonderful
+Century," he was asked to write a scientific article, upon
+any subject of his own choice, for the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">New York Independent</span>.
+And as the idea of the unique position of the
+earth to be the abode of human life was fresh in his mind,
+he thought it would prove interesting to the general public.
+However, before his article appeared simultaneously in the
+American papers and in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Fortnightly Review</span>, a friend
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page170">[pg 170]</span>
+<a name="Pg170" id="Pg170" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+who read it was so impressed with its originality and treatment
+that he persuaded Wallace to enlarge it into book
+form; and it appeared in the autumn of 1903 as "Man&#39;s
+Place in the Universe."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">This fascinating treatise upon the position occupied
+by the earth, and man, in the universe, had the same
+effect as some of his former writings, of drawing forth unstinted
+commendation from many religious and secular
+papers; whilst the severely scientific and materialistic reviewers
+doubted how far his imagination had superseded
+unbiased reason.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">On one point, however, most outsiders were in agreement—that
+he had invested an ancient subject with freshest interest
+through approaching it by an entirely new way. The
+plan followed was that of bringing together all the positive
+conclusions of the astronomer, the geologist, the physicist,
+and the biologist, and by weighing these carefully in the
+balance he arrived at what appeared to him to be the only
+reasonable conclusion. He therefore set out to solve the
+problem whether or not the logical inferences to be drawn
+from the various results of modern science lent support to
+the view that our earth is the only inhabited planet, not
+only in our own solar system, but in the whole stellar universe.
+In the course of his close and careful exposition
+he takes the reader through the whole trend of modern
+scientific research, concluding with a summing-up of his
+deductions in the following six propositions, in the first
+three of which he sets out the conclusions reached by
+modern astronomers:</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">(1) That the stellar universe forms one connected whole;
+and, though of enormous extent, is yet finite, and its extent
+determinable.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">(2) That the solar system is situated in the plane of the
+Milky Way, and not far removed from the centre of that
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page171">[pg 171]</span>
+<a name="Pg171" id="Pg171" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+plane. The earth is, therefore, nearly in the centre of the
+stellar universe.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">(3) That this universe consists throughout of the same
+kinds of matter, and is subjected to the same physical and
+chemical laws.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The conclusions which I claim to have shown to have
+enormous probabilities in their favour are:</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">(4) That no other planet in the solar system than our
+earth is inhabited or habitable.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">(5) That the probabilities are almost as great against
+any other sun possessing inhabited planets.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">(6) That the nearly central position of our sun is probably
+a permanent one, and has been specially favourable,
+perhaps absolutely essential, to life-development on the
+earth.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Wallace never maintained that this earth alone in the
+whole universe is the abode of life. What he maintained
+was, first, that our solar system appears to be in or near
+the centre of the visible universe, and, secondly, that all
+the available evidence supports the idea of the extreme unlikelihood
+of there being on any star or planet revealed by
+the telescope any intelligent life either identical with or
+analogous to man. To suppose that this one particular
+type of universe extends over all space was, he considered,
+to have a low idea of the Creator and His power. Such a
+scheme would mean monotony instead of infinite variety,
+the keynote of things as they are known to us. There
+might be a million universes, but all different.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">To his mind there was no difficulty in believing in the
+existence of consciousness apart from material organism;
+though he could not readily conceive of pure mind, or
+pure spirit, apart from some kind of substantial envelope
+or substratum. Many of the views suggested in "Man&#39;s
+Place in the Universe" as to man&#39;s spiritual progress
+hereafter, the reason or ultimate purpose for which he
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page172">[pg 172]</span>
+<a name="Pg172" id="Pg172" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+was brought into existence, were enlarged upon, later, in
+"The World of Life." As early, however, as 1903, Wallace
+did not hesitate to express his own firm conviction
+that Science and Spiritualism were in many ways closely
+akin.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">He believed that the near future would show the strong
+tendency of scientists to become more religious or spiritual.
+The process, he thought, would be slow, as the general attitude
+has never been more materialistic than now. A few
+have been bold enough to assert their belief in some outside
+power, but the leading scientific men are, as a rule,
+dead against them. "They seem," he once remarked, "to
+think, and to like to think, that the whole phenomena of
+life will one day be reduced to terms of matter and motion,
+and that every vegetable, animal, and human product will
+be explained, and may some day be artificially produced, by
+chemical action. But even if this were so, behind it all
+there would still remain an unexplained mystery."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Closely associated with "Man&#39;s Place in the Universe"
+is a small volume, "Is Mars Habitable?" This was first
+commenced as a review of Professor Percival Lowell&#39;s book,
+"Mars and its Canals," with the object of showing that the
+large amount of new and interesting facts contained in this
+work did not invalidate the conclusion that he (Wallace) had
+reached in 1903—that Mars is not habitable. The conclusions
+to which his argument led him were these:</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">(1) All physicists are agreed that ... Mars would have
+a mean temperature of about 35° F. owing to its distance
+from the sun.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">(2) But the very low temperatures on the earth under
+the equator at a height where the barometer stands at
+about three times as high as on Mars, proves that from
+scantiness of atmosphere alone Mars cannot possibly have
+a temperature as high as the freezing-point of water.
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page173">[pg 173]</span>
+<a name="Pg173" id="Pg173" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+The combination of these two results must bring down
+the temperature of Mars to a degree wholly incompatible
+with the existence of animal life.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">(3) The quite independent proof that water-vapour cannot
+exist on Mars, and that, therefore, the first essential
+of organic life—water—is non-existent.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The conclusion from these three independent proofs ... is
+therefore irresistible—that animal life, especially in its
+highest forms, cannot exist. Mars, therefore, is not only
+uninhabited by intelligent beings ... but is absolutely uninhabitable.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">In contrast to his purely scientific interest in astronomy,
+Wallace was moved by the romance of the "stars," akin to
+his enthusiastic love of beautiful butterflies. Had it not
+been for this touch of romance and idealism in his writings
+on astronomy, they would have lost much of their charm
+for the general reader. His breadth of vision transforms
+him from a mere student of astronomy into a seer who
+became ever more deeply conscious of the mystery both
+"before and behind."</p>
+
+<div style="text-align: left" class="tei tei-lg">
+<p class="tei tei-l">"Rain, sun, and rain! and the free blossom blows;</p>
+<p class="tei tei-l">Sun, rain, and sun! and where is he who knows?</p>
+<p class="tei tei-l">From the great deep to the great deep he goes."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">And whilst facing with brave and steady mind the great
+mysteries of earth and sky, of life and what lies beyond it,
+he himself loved to quote:</p>
+
+<div style="text-align: left" class="tei tei-lg">
+<p class="tei tei-l">"Fear not thou the hidden purpose</p>
+<p style="margin-left: 6em" class="tei tei-l"> Of that Power which alone is great,</p>
+<p class="tei tei-l"> Nor the myriad world His shadow,</p>
+<p style="margin-left: 6em" class="tei tei-l"> Nor the silent Opener of the Gate."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Among the scientific friends to whom he appealed for
+help when writing his astronomical books was Prof. (now
+Sir) W.F. Barrett.</p>
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page174">[pg 174]</span>
+<a name="Pg174" id="Pg174" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_149" id="toc_149"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. BARRETT</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. February 12, 1901.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Barrett,—I shall be much obliged if you will
+give me your opinion on a problem in physics that I cannot
+find answered in any book. It relates to the old Nebular
+Hypothesis, and is this:</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">It is assumed that the matter of the solar system was
+once wholly gaseous, and extended as a roughly globular
+or lenticular mass beyond the orbit of Neptune. Sir
+Robert Ball stated in a lecture here that even when the
+solar nebula had shrunk to the size of the earth&#39;s orbit it
+must have been (I think he said) hundreds of times rarer
+than the residual gas in one of Crookes&#39;s high vacuum
+tubes. Yet, by hypothesis, it was hot enough, even in its
+outer portions, to retain all the solid elements in the
+gaseous state.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Now, admitting this to be <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">possible</span> at any given epoch,
+my difficulty is this: how long could the outer parts
+of this nebula exist, exposed to the zero temperature of
+surrounding space, without losing the gaseous state and
+aggregating into minute solid particles—into meteoric
+dust, in fact?</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Could it exist an hour? a day? a year? a century? Yet
+the process of condensation from the Neptunian era to that
+of Saturn or Jupiter must surely have occupied millions of
+centuries. What kept the almost infinitely rare metallic
+gases in the gaseous state all this time? Is such a condition
+of things physically possible?</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I cannot myself imagine any such condition of things
+as the supposed primitive solar nebula as possibly coming
+into existence under any conceivably antecedent conditions,
+but, granted that it did come into existence, it seems to me
+that the gaseous state must almost instantly begin changing
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page175">[pg 175]</span>
+<a name="Pg175" id="Pg175" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+into the solid state. Hence I adopt the meteoric theory
+instead of the nebular; since all the evidence is in favour
+of solid matter being abundant all through known space,
+while there is no evidence of metallic gases existing in
+space, except as the result of collisions of huge masses of
+matter. Is my difficulty a mare&#39;s nest?—Yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_150" id="toc_150"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO Mrs. Fisher</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. February 28, 1905.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mrs. Fisher,—Thanks for your letter. Am sorry
+I have not converted you, but perhaps it will come yet! I
+will only make one remark as to your conclusion.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I have not attempted to prove a negative! That is not
+necessary. What I claim to have done is, to have shown
+that all the evidence we have, be it much or little, is decidedly
+against not only other solar planets having inhabitants,
+but also, as far as probabilities are concerned, equally
+against it in any supposed stellar planets—for not one has
+been proved to exist. There is absolutely no evidence which
+shows even a probability of there being other inhabited
+worlds. It is all pure speculation, depending upon our
+ideas as to what the universe is for, as to what <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">we</span> think
+(some of us!) <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">ought</span> to be! That is not evidence, even of
+the flimsiest. All I maintain is that mine <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">is</span> evidence,
+founded on physical probabilities, and that, as against no
+evidence at all—no proved physical probability—mine holds
+the field!—Yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_151" id="toc_151"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. E. SMEDLEY</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Dorset. July 24, 1907.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Smedley,— ... I write chiefly to tell you
+that I have read Mr. Lowell&#39;s last book, "Mars and its
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page176">[pg 176]</span>
+<a name="Pg176" id="Pg176" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Canals," and am now writing an article, or perhaps a
+small book, about it. I am sure his theories are all wrong,
+and I am showing why, so that anyone can see his fallacies.
+His observations, drawings, photographs, etc., are all quite
+right, and I believe true to nature, but his interpretation of
+what he sees is wrong—often even to absurdity. He began
+by thinking the straight lines are works of art, and as he
+finds more and more of these straight lines, he thinks that
+proves more completely that they are works of art, and then
+he twists all other evidence to suit that. The book is not
+very well written, but no doubt the newspaper men think
+that as he is such a great astronomer he must know what
+it all means!</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I am more than ever convinced that Mars is totally
+uninhabitable....—Yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_152" id="toc_152"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. BARRETT</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. August 10, 1907.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Barrett,—Thanks for your letter, and your friend
+Prof. Stroud&#39;s. I have come to the sad conclusion that it is
+hopeless to get any mathematician to trouble himself to track
+out Lowell&#39;s obscurities and fallacies.... So, being driven
+on to my own resources, I have worked out a mode of estimating
+(within limits) the temperature of Mars, without any
+mathematical formulÊ—and only a little arithmetic. I want
+to know if there is any fallacy in it, and therefore take the
+liberty of sending it to you, as you are taking your holiday,
+just to read it over and tell me if you see any flaw in it. I
+also send my short summary of Lowell&#39;s <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Philosophical Magazine</span>
+paper, so that you can see if my criticism at the end is
+fair, and whether his words really mean what to me they
+seem to....—Yours very sincerely,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page177">[pg 177]</span>
+<a name="Pg177" id="Pg177" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_153" id="toc_153"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. F. BIRCH</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Sept. 12, 1907.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Fred,— ... For the last two or three months I
+have had a hard struggle with Mars—not the god of war,
+but the planet—writing a small book, chiefly criticising
+Lowell&#39;s last book, called "Mars and its Canals," published
+less than a year back by Macmillan, who will also
+publish my reply. <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">I</span> think it is crushing, but it has cost
+me a deal of trouble, as Lowell has also printed a long
+and complex mathematical article trying to prove that
+though Mars receives less than half the sun-heat we do,
+yet it is very nearly as warm and quite habitable! But
+his figures and arguments are alike so shaky and involved
+that I cannot get any of my mathematical friends to tackle
+it or point out his errors. However, I think I have done
+it myself by the rules of common sense....—Your sincere friend,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_154" id="toc_154"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. H. JAMYN BROOKE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. December 2, 1910.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,—Your "monistic" system is to me a system
+of mere contradictory words. You begin with three things—then
+you say they are correlated with one substance—coextensive
+with the universe. This you cannot possibly know,
+and it is about as intelligible and as likely to be true as the
+Athanasian Creed!—Yours truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_155" id="toc_155"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. KNIGHT</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. October 1, 1913.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Knight,—I have written hardly anything on
+the direct proofs of "immortality" except in my book on
+"Miracles and Modern Spiritualism," and also in "My
+Life," Vol. II. But my two works, "Man&#39;s Place in the
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page178">[pg 178]</span>
+<a name="Pg178" id="Pg178" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Universe" (now published at 1s.), and my later volume,
+"The World of Life," form together a very elaborate, and
+I think conclusive, scientific argument in favour of the
+view that the whole material universe exists and is designed
+for the production of immortal spirits, in the
+greatest possible diversity of nature, and character, corresponding
+with ... the almost infinite diversity of that
+universe, in all its parts and in every detail....—Yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">P.S.—I am fairly well, but almost past work.—A.R.W.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_156" id="toc_156"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO SIR OLIVER LODGE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. October 9, 1913.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir Oliver Lodge,—Owing to ill-health and other
+causes I have only now been able to finish the perusal
+of your intensely interesting and instructive Address to
+the British Association. I cannot, however, refrain from
+writing to you to express my admiration of it, and
+especially of the first half of it, in which you discuss the
+almost infinite variety and complexity of the physical
+problems involved in the great principle of "continuity"
+in so clear a manner that outsiders like myself are
+able to some extent to apprehend them. I am especially
+pleased to find that you uphold the actual existence and
+<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">continuity</span> of the ether as scientifically established,
+and reject the doubts of some mathematicians as to
+the reality and perfect continuity of space and time as
+unthinkable.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The latter part of the Address is even more important,
+and is especially notable for your clear and positive statements
+as to the evidence in all life-process of a "guiding"
+Mind. I can hardly suppose that you can have found time
+to read my rather discursive and laboured volume on "The
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page179">[pg 179]</span>
+<a name="Pg179" id="Pg179" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+World of Life," written mainly for the purpose of enforcing
+not only the proofs of a "guiding" but also of a "foreseeing"
+and "designing" Mind by evidence which will be
+thought by most men of science to be unduly strained. It
+is, therefore, the more interesting to me to find that you
+have yourself (on pp. 33-34 of your Address) used the very
+same form of analogical illustration as I have done (at
+p. 296 of "The World of Life") under the heading of "A
+Physiological Allegory," as being a very close representation
+of what really occurs in nature.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">To conclude: your last paragraph rises to a height of
+grandeur and eloquence to which I cannot attain, but
+which excites my highest admiration.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Should you have a separate copy to spare of your Romanes
+Lecture at Oxford, I should be glad to have it to refer to.—Believe
+me yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The last of Wallace&#39;s letters on astronomical subjects
+was written to Sir Oliver Lodge about a week before his
+death:</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_157" id="toc_157"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO SIR OLIVER LODGES</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. October 27, 1913.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir Oliver Lodge,—Many thanks for your Romanes
+Lecture, which, owing to my ignorance of modern electrical
+theory and experiments, is more difficult for me than was
+your British Association Address.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I have been very much interested the last month by
+reading a book sent me from America by Mr. W.L. Webb,
+being "An Account of the Unparalleled Discoveries of Mr.
+T.J.J. See."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Several of Mr. See&#39;s own lectures are given, with references
+to his "Researches on the Evolution of the Stellar
+Systems," in two large volumes.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">His theory of "capture" of suns, planets, and satellites
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page180">[pg 180]</span>
+<a name="Pg180" id="Pg180" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+seems to me very beautifully worked out under the influence
+of gravitation and a resisting medium of cosmical dust—which
+explains the origin and motions of the moon as well
+as that of all the planets and satellites far better than Sir
+G. Darwin&#39;s expulsion theory.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I note however that he is quite ignorant that Proctor,
+forty years ago, gave full reasons for this "capture"
+theory in his "Expanse of Heaven," and also that the
+same writer showed that the Milky Way could not have
+the enormous lateral extension he gives to it, but that it
+cannot really be much flattened. He does not even mention
+the proofs given of this both by Proctor and, I think,
+by Herbert Spencer, while in Mr. Webb&#39;s volume (opposite
+p. 212) is a diagram showing the "Coal Sack" as a
+"vacant lane" running quite through and across the
+successive spiral extensions laterally of the galaxy, without
+any reference or a word of explanation that such
+features, of which there are many, really demonstrate the
+untenability of such extension.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">An even more original and extremely interesting part
+of Mr. See&#39;s work is his very satisfactory solution of the
+hitherto unsolved geological problem of the origin of all
+the great mountain ranges of the world, in Chapters X.,
+XI., and XII. of Mr. Webb&#39;s volume. It seems quite
+complete except for the beginnings, but I suppose it is a
+result of the formation of the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">earth</span> by accretion and not
+by expulsion, by heating and not by cooling....—Yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">D R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page181">[pg 181]</span>
+<a name="Pg181" id="Pg181" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_158" id="toc_158"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">II.—SPIRITUALISM</h3>
+
+<blockquote style="margin: 2em 4em" class="tei tei-quote">
+<p class="tei tei-p">"The completely materialistic mind of my youth and early manhood has
+been slowly moulded into the socialistic, spiritualistic, and theistic
+mind I now exhibit—a mind which is, as my scientific friends think, so
+weak and credulous in its declining years, as to believe that fruit and
+flowers, domestic animals, glorious birds and insects, wool, cotton,
+sugar and rubber, metals and gems, were all foreseen and foreordained
+for the education and enjoyment of man. The whole cumulative argument of
+my &#39;World of Life&#39; is that <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">in its every detail</span> it calls for the agency
+of a mind ... enormously above and beyond any human mind ... Whether
+this Unknown Reality is a single Being and acts everywhere in the
+universe as direct creator, organiser, and director of every minutest
+motion ... or through &#39;infinite grades of beings,&#39; as I suggest, comes
+to much the same thing. Mine seems a more clear and intelligible
+supposition ... and it is the teaching of the Bible, of Swedenborg, and
+of Milton."—Letter from A.R. Wallace to JAMES MARCHANT, written in
+1913.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The letters on Spiritualism which Wallace wrote cast
+further light on the personal attitude of mind which
+he maintained towards that subject. He was an unbiased
+scientific investigator, commencing on the "lower
+level" of spirit phenomena, such as raps and similar
+physical manifestations of "force by unseen intelligences,"
+and passing on to a clearer understanding of the phenomena
+of mesmerism and telepathy; to the materialisation
+of, and conversation with, the spirits of those who had
+been known in the body, until the conviction of life after
+death, as the inevitable crowning conclusion to the long
+process of evolution, was reached in the remarkable chapter
+with which he concludes "The World of Life"—an
+impressive prose poem.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Like that of many other children, Wallace&#39;s early childhood
+was spent in an orthodox religious atmosphere, which,
+whilst awakening within him vague emotions of religious
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page182">[pg 182]</span>
+<a name="Pg182" id="Pg182" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+fervour, derived chiefly from the more picturesque and impassioned
+of the hymns which he occasionally heard sung
+at a Nonconformist chapel, left no enduring impression.
+Moreover, at the age of 14 he was brought suddenly into
+close contact with Socialism as expounded by Robert Owen,
+which dispelled whatever glimmerings of the Christian faith
+there may have been latent in his mind, leaving him for
+many years a confirmed materialist.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">This fact, together with his early-aroused sense of the
+social injustice and privations imposed upon the poorer
+classes both in town and country, which he carefully
+observed during his experience as a land-surveyor, might
+easily have had an undesirable effect upon his general
+character had not his intense love and reverence for
+nature provided a stimulus to his moral and spiritual development.
+But the "directive Mind and Purpose" was
+preparing him silently and unconsciously until his "fabric
+of thought" was ready to receive spiritual impressions.
+For, according to his own theory, as "the laws of nature
+bring about continuous development, on the whole progressive,
+one of the subsidiary results of this mode of development
+is that no organ, no sensation, no faculty arises
+<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">before</span> it is needed, or in greater degree than it is needed."<a name="noteref_57" id="noteref_57"></a><a href="#note_57"><span class="footnoteref">57</span></a>
+From this point of view we may make a brief outline of the
+manner in which this particular "faculty" arose and was
+developed in him.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">When at Leicester, in 1844, his curiosity was greatly excited
+by some lectures on mesmerism given by Mr. Spencer
+Hall, and he soon discovered that he himself had considerable
+power in this direction, which he exercised on some of
+his pupils.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Later, when his brother Herbert joined him in South
+America, he found that he also possessed this gift, and on
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page183">[pg 183]</span>
+<a name="Pg183" id="Pg183" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+several occasions they mesmerised some of the natives for
+mere amusement. But the subject was put aside, and
+Wallace paid no further attention to such phenomena until
+after his return to England in 1862.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">It was not until the summer of 1865 that he witnessed
+any phenomena of a spiritualistic nature; of these a full
+account is given in "Miracles and Modern Spiritualism"
+(p. 132). "I came," he says, "to the inquiry utterly unbiased
+by hopes or fears, because I knew that my belief
+could not affect the reality, and with an ingrained prejudice
+even against such a word as &#39;spirit,&#39; which I have
+hardly yet overcome."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">From that time until 1895, when the second edition of
+that book appeared, he did much, together with other
+scientists, to establish these facts, as he believed them to
+be, on a rational and scientific foundation. It will also
+be noticed, both before and after this period, that in addition
+to the notable book which he published dealing exclusively
+with these matters, the gradual trend of his
+convictions, advancing steadily towards the end which he
+ultimately reached, had become so thoroughly woven into
+his "fabric of thought" that it appears under many
+phases in his writings, and occupies a considerable part
+of his correspondence, of which we have only room for
+some specimens.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The first definite statement of his belief in "this something"
+other than material in the evolution of Man
+appeared in his essay on "The Development of Human
+Faces under the Law of Natural Selection" (1864). In
+this he suggested that, Man having reached a state of
+physical perfection through the progressive law of Natural
+Selection, thenceforth Mind became the dominating factor,
+endowing Man with an ever-increasing power of intelligence
+which, whilst the physical had remained stationary, had
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page184">[pg 184]</span>
+<a name="Pg184" id="Pg184" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+continued to develop according to his needs. This "in-breathing"
+of a divine Spirit, or the controlling force of
+a supreme directive Mind and Purpose, which was one of
+the points of divergence between his theory and that held
+by Darwin, is too well known to need repetition.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">This disagreement has a twofold interest from the fact
+that Darwin, in his youth, studied theology with the full
+intention of taking holy orders, and for some years retained
+his faith in the more or less orthodox beliefs arising
+out of the Bible. But as time went by, an ever-extending
+knowledge of the mystery of the natural laws governing
+the development of man and nature led him to make the
+characteristically frank avowal that he "found it more
+and more difficult ... to invent evidence which would
+suffice to convince"; adding, "This disbelief crept over me
+at a very slow rate, but was at last complete. The rate
+was so slow that I felt no distress."<a name="noteref_58" id="noteref_58"></a><a href="#note_58"><span class="footnoteref">58</span></a> With Wallace, however,
+his early disbelief ended in a deep conviction that
+"as nothing in nature actually &#39;dies,&#39; but renews its life
+in another and higher form, so Man, the highest product
+of natural laws here, must by the power of mind and
+intellect continue to develop hereafter."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The varied reasons leading up to this final conviction,
+as related by himself in "Miracles and Modern Spiritualism"
+and "My Life," are, however, too numerous and
+detailed to be retold in a brief summary in this place.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The correspondence that follows deals entirely with investigations
+on this side of the Atlantic, but a good deal of
+evidence which to him was conclusive was obtained during
+his stay in America, where Spiritualism has been more
+widely recognised, and for a much longer period than in
+England.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Some of the letters addressed to Miss Buckley (afterwards
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page185">[pg 185]</span>
+<a name="Pg185" id="Pg185" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Mrs. Fisher) reveal the extreme caution which he
+both practised himself and advocated in others when following
+up any experimental phase of spiritual phenomena.
+The same correspondence also gives a fairly clear outline
+of his faith in the ascending scale from the physical
+evidence of spirit-existence to the communication of some
+actual knowledge of life as it exists beyond the veil.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">In spiritual matters, as in natural science, though at
+times his head may have appeared to be "in the clouds,"
+his feet were planted firmly on the earth. This is seen,
+to note another curious instance, in his correspondence
+with Sir Wm. Barrett, where he maintains a delicate
+balance between natural science and "spirit impression"
+when discussing the much controverted reality of
+"dowsing" for water.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">It was this breadth of vision, unhampered by mere intellectualism,
+but always kept within reasonable bounds by
+scientific deduction and analysis, which constituted Alfred
+Russel Wallace a seer of the first rank.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Wallace lived to see the theory of evolution applied to
+the life-history of the earth and the starry firmament, to
+the development of nations and races, to the progress of
+mind, morals and religion, even to the origin of consciousness
+and life—a conception which has completely revolutionised
+man&#39;s attitude towards himself and the world
+and God. Evolution became intelligible in the light of
+that idea which came to him in his hut at Ternate and
+changed the face of the universe. Surely it was enough
+for any one man to be one of the two chief originators of
+such a far-reaching thought and to witness its impact upon
+the ancient story of special creations which it finally laid
+in the dust. But Wallace was privileged beyond all the
+men of his generation. He lived to see many of the results
+of the theory of evolution tested by time and to foresee that
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page186">[pg 186]</span>
+<a name="Pg186" id="Pg186" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+there were definite limits to its range, that, indeed, there
+were two lines of development—one affecting the visible
+world of form and colour and the other the invisible world
+of life and spirit—two worlds springing from two opposite
+poles of being and developing <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">pari passu</span>, or, rather, the
+spiritual dominating the material, life originating and controlling
+organisation. It was, in short, his peculiar task
+to reveal something of the Why as well as the How of the
+evolutionary process, and in doing so verily to bring immortality
+to light.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The immediate exciting cause of this discovery of the
+inadequacy of evolution from the material side alone to
+account for the world of life may seem to many to have
+been trivial and unworthy of the serious attention of a
+great scientist. How, it might be asked, could the crude
+and doubtful phenomena of Spiritualism afford reasonably
+adequate grounds for challenging its supremacy and for
+setting a limit to its range? But spiritualistic phenomena
+were only the accidental modes in which the other side of
+evolution struck in upon his vision. They set him upon the
+other track and opened up to him the vaster kingdom of life
+which is without beginning, limit or end; in which perchance
+the sequence of life from the simple to the complex, from
+living germ to living God, may also be the law of growth.
+It is in the light of this ultimate end that we must judge
+the stumbling steps guided by raps and visions which led
+him to the ladder set up to the stars by which connection
+was established with the inner reality of being. That was
+the distinctive contribution which he made to human beliefs
+over and above his advocacy of pure Darwinism.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">Reading almost everything he could obtain upon occult
+phenomena, Wallace found that there was such a mass of
+testimony by men of the highest character and ability in
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page187">[pg 187]</span>
+<a name="Pg187" id="Pg187" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+every department of human learning that he thought it
+would be useful to bring this together in a connected
+sketch of the whole subject. This he did, and sent it to
+a secularist magazine, in which it appeared in 1866, under
+the title of "The Scientific Aspect of the Supernatural."
+He sent a copy to Huxley.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_159" id="toc_159"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO T.H. HUXLEY</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">9 St. Mark&#39;s Crescent, Regent&#39;s Park, N.W. November 22, 1866.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Huxley,—I have been writing a little on a <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">new
+branch</span> of Anthropology, and as I have taken your name
+in vain on the title-page I send you a copy. I fear you
+will be much shocked, but I can&#39;t help it; and before
+finally deciding that we are all mad I hope you will come
+and see some very curious phenomena which we can show
+you, <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">among friends only</span>. We meet every Friday evening,
+and hope you will come sometimes, as we wish for the
+fullest investigation, and shall be only too grateful to you
+or anyone else who will show us how and where we are
+deceived.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_160" id="toc_160"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">T.H. HUXLEY TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">[? <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">November, 1886.</span>]</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Wallace,—I am neither shocked nor disposed to
+issue a Commission of Lunacy against you. It may be all
+true, for anything I know to the contrary, but really I cannot
+get up any interest in the subject. I never cared for
+gossip in my life, and disembodied gossip, such as these
+worthy ghosts supply their friends with, is not more interesting
+to me than any other. As for investigating the
+matter, I have half-a-dozen investigations of infinitely
+greater interest to me to which any spare time I may have
+will be devoted. I give it up for the same reason I abstain
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page188">[pg 188]</span>
+<a name="Pg188" id="Pg188" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+from chess—it&#39;s too amusing to be fair work, and too hard
+work to be amusing.—Yours faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">T.H. HUXLEY.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_161" id="toc_161"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO T.H. HUXLEY</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">9 St. Mark&#39;s Crescent, Regent&#39;s Park, N.W. December 1, 1866.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Huxley,—Thanks for your note. Of course, I
+have no wish to press on you an inquiry for which you
+have neither time nor inclination. As for the "gossip"
+you speak of, I care for it as little as you can do, but what
+I do feel an intense interest in is the exhibition of <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">force</span>
+where force has been declared <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">impossible</span>, and of <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">intelligence</span>
+from a source the very mention of which has been
+deemed an <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">absurdity</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Faraday has declared (apropos of this subject) that he
+who can prove the existence or exertion of force, if but the
+lifting of a single ounce, by a power not yet recognised by
+science, will deserve and assuredly receive applause and
+gratitude. (I quote from memory the sense of his expressions
+in his Lecture on Education.)</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I believe I can now show such a force, and I trust some
+of the physicists may be found to admit its importance and
+examine into it.—Believe me yours very sincerely,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_162" id="toc_162"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MISS BUCKLEY</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Holly House, Barking, E. December 25, 1870.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Miss Buckley,— ... You did not hear Mrs.
+Hardinge<a name="noteref_59" id="noteref_59"></a><a href="#note_59"><span class="footnoteref">59</span></a> on very favourable topics, and I hope you will
+hear her often again, and especially hear one of her
+regular discourses. I think, however, from what you
+heard, that, setting aside all idea of her being more than
+a mere spiritualist lecturer setting forth the ideas and
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page189">[pg 189]</span>
+<a name="Pg189" id="Pg189" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+opinions of the sect, you will admit that spiritualists,
+as represented by her, are neither prejudiced nor unreasonable,
+and that they are truly imbued with the
+scientific spirit of subordinating all theory to fact. You
+will also admit, I think, that the moral teachings of Spiritualism,
+as far as she touched upon them, are elevated and
+beautiful and calculated to do good; and if so, that is the
+use of Spiritualism—the getting such doctrines of future
+progress founded on actual phenomena which we can
+observe and examine now, not on phenomena which are
+said to have occurred thousands of years ago and of which
+we have confessedly but imperfect records.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I think, too, that the becoming acquainted with two such
+phases of Spiritualism as are exhibited by Mrs. Hardinge
+and Miss Houghton must show you that the whole thing is
+not to be judged by the common phenomena of public stances
+alone, and I can assure you that there are dozens of other
+phases of the subject as remarkable as these two....—Yours
+very faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_163" id="toc_163"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MISS BUCKLEY</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Holly House. Barking, E. June 1, 1871.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Miss Buckley,— ... I have lately had a stance
+with the celebrated Mr. Home, and saw that most wonderful
+phenomenon an accordion playing beautiful music by
+itself, the bottom only being held in Mr. Home&#39;s hand. I
+was invited to watch it as closely as I pleased under the
+table in a well-lighted room. I am sure nothing touched
+it but Mr. Home&#39;s one hand, yet at one time I saw a
+shadowy yet defined hand on the keys. This is too vast a
+phenomenon for any sceptic to assimilate, and I can well
+understand the impossibility of their accepting the evidence
+of their own senses. Mr. Crookes, F.R.S., the chemist, was
+present and suspended the table with a spring balance, when
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page190">[pg 190]</span>
+<a name="Pg190" id="Pg190" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+it was at request made heavy or light, the indicator moving
+accordingly, and to prevent any mistake it was made light
+when the hands of all present were resting on the table and
+heavy when our hands were all underneath it. The difference,
+if I remember, was about 40 lb. I was also asked to
+place a candle on the floor and look under the table while
+it was lifted completely off the floor, Mr. Home&#39;s feet being
+2 ft. distant from any part of it. This was in a lady&#39;s
+house in the West End. Mr. Home courts examination if
+people come to him in a fair and candid spirit of inquiry....—Yours
+very faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_164" id="toc_164"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MISS BUCKLEY</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">The Dell, Grays, Essex. January 11, 1874.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Miss Buckley,—I am delighted to hear of your
+success so far, and hope you are progressing satisfactorily.
+Pray keep accurate notes of all that takes place.... Allow
+me ... to warn you not to take it for granted till you get
+proof upon proof that it is really your sister that is communicating
+with you. I hope and think it is, but still, the
+conditions that render communication possible are so subtle
+and complex that she may not be able; and some other being,
+reading your mind, may be acting through you and making
+you think it is your sister, to induce you to go on. Be therefore
+on the look out for characteristic traits of your sister&#39;s
+mind and manner which are different from your own. These
+will be tests, especially if they come when and how you are
+not expecting them. Even if it is your sister, she may be
+obliged to use the intermediation of some other being, and
+in that case her peculiar idiosyncrasy may be at first disguised,
+but it will soon make itself distinctly visible. Of
+course you will preserve every scrap you write, and date
+them, and they will, I have no doubt, explain each other as
+you go on.
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page191">[pg 191]</span>
+<a name="Pg191" id="Pg191" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">If you can get to see the last number of the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Quarterly
+Journal of Science</span>, you will find a most important article
+by Mr. Crookes, giving an outline of the results of his investigations,
+which he is going to give in full in a volume.
+His facts are most marvellous and convincing, and appear
+to me to answer every one of the objections that have
+usually been made to the evidence adduced....—Yours
+very faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_165" id="toc_165"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MISS BUCKLEY</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">The Dell, Grays, Essex. February 28, 1874.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Miss Buckley,—I was much pleased with your long
+and interesting letter of the 19th and am glad you are getting
+on at last. It will be splendid if you really become a good
+medium for some first-rate unmistakable manifestations
+that even Huxley will acknowledge are worth seeing, and
+Carpenter confess are not to be explained by unconscious
+cerebration....—Yours very faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_166" id="toc_166"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MISS BUCKLEY</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">The Dell, Grays, Essex. March 9, 1874.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Miss Buckley,—I compassionate your mediumistic
+troubles, but I have no doubt it will all come right in the
+end. The fact that your sister will not talk as you want
+her to talk—will not say what you expect her to say, is
+a grand proof that it is not your unconscious cerebration
+that does her talking for her. Is not that clear? Whether
+it is she herself or someone else who is talking to you,
+is not so clear, but that it is not you, I think, is clear
+enough.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I can quite understand, too, that your sister in her
+new life may be, above all things, interested in getting the
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page192">[pg 192]</span>
+<a name="Pg192" id="Pg192" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+telegraph in good order, to communicate, and will not think
+of much else till that is done. While the first Atlantic cable
+was being laid the messages would be chiefly reports of
+progress, directions and instructions, with now and then
+trivialities about the weather, the time, or small items of
+news. Only when it was in real working order was a
+President&#39;s Message, a Queen&#39;s Speech, sent through it.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Automatic writing and trance speaking never yet convinced
+anybody. They are only useful for those who are
+already convinced. But you <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">would</span> begin this way. You
+would not go to mediums and séances and see what you
+could get that way. So now you must persevere; but do
+not give up your own judgment in anything. Insist upon
+having things explained to you, or say you won&#39;t go on.
+You will then find they will be explained, only it may take
+a little more time.... —Yours very faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_167" id="toc_167"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MISS BUCKLEY</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">The Dell, Grays, Essex. April 24, 1874.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Miss Buckley,— ... On coming home this evening
+I received the news of poor little Bertie&#39;s death—this morning
+at eight o&#39;clock. I left him only yesterday forenoon, and
+had then considerable hopes, for we had just commenced a
+new treatment which a fortnight earlier I am pretty sure
+might have saved him. The thought suddenly struck me to
+go to Dr. Williams, of Hayward&#39;s Heath ... but it was too
+late. As he had been in this same state of exhaustion for
+nearly a month, it is evident that very slight influences
+might have been injurious or beneficial. Our orthodox
+medical men are profoundly ignorant of the subtle influences
+of the human body in health and disease, and can
+thus do nothing in many cases which Nature would cure if
+assisted by proper conditions. We who know what strange
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page193">[pg 193]</span>
+<a name="Pg193" id="Pg193" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and subtle influences are around us can believe this....—Yours
+very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">Mr. Wallace felt the death of this child so deeply that
+during the remainder of his life he never mentioned him
+except when obliged, and then with tears in his eyes.—A.B.
+FISHER.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_168" id="toc_168"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MISS BUCKLEY</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">The Dell, Grays, Essex. Thursday evening, [? December, 1875].</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Miss Buckley,—Our stance came off last evening,
+and was a tolerable success. The medium is a very pretty
+little lively girl, the place where she sits a bare empty cupboard
+formed by a frame and doors to close up a recess by
+the side of a fireplace in a small basement breakfast-room.
+We examined it, and it is absolutely impossible to conceal
+a scrap of paper in it. Miss Cooke is locked in this cupboard,
+above the door of which is a square opening about
+15 inches each way, the only thing she takes with her being
+a long piece of tape and a chair to sit on. After a few
+minutes Katie&#39;s whispering voice was heard, and a little
+while after we were asked to open the door and seal up
+the medium. We found her hands tied together with the
+tape passed three times round each wrist and tightly
+knotted, the hands tied close together, the tape then passing
+behind and well knotted to the chair-back. We sealed
+all the knots with a private seal of my friend&#39;s, and again
+locked the door. A portable gas lamp was on a table the
+whole evening, shaded by a screen so as to cast a shadow
+on the square opening above the door of the cupboard till
+permission was given to illuminate it. Every object and
+person in the room were always distinctly visible. A face<a name="noteref_60" id="noteref_60"></a><a href="#note_60"><span class="footnoteref">60</span></a>
+then appeared at the opening, but dark and indistinct.</p>
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page194">[pg 194]</span>
+<a name="Pg194" id="Pg194" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">After a time another face quite distinct with a white
+turban-like headdress—this was a handsome face with a
+considerable general likeness to that of the medium, but
+paler, larger, fuller, and older—decidedly a different face,
+although like. The light was thrown full on this face,
+and on request it advanced so that the chin projected a
+little beyond the aperture. We were then ordered to
+release the medium. I opened the door, and found her
+bent forward with her head in her lap, and apparently in
+a deep sleep or trance—from which a touch and a few
+words awoke her. We then examined the tape and knots—all
+was as we left it and every seal perfect.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The same face appeared later in the evening, and also
+one decidedly different with coarser features.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">After this, for the sake I believe of two sceptics present,
+the medium was twice tied up in a way that no human
+being could possibly tie herself. Her wrists were tied
+together so tightly and painfully that it was impossible to
+untie them in any moderate time, and she was also secured
+to the chair; on the other occasion the two arms were tied
+close above the elbows so tightly that the arms were swelling
+considerably from impeded circulation, the elbows being
+drawn together as close as possible behind the back, there
+repeatedly knotted, and again tightly knotted to the back
+of the chair. Miss C. was evidently in considerable pain,
+and she had to be lifted out bodily in her chair before we
+could safely cut her loose, so tightly was she bound. This
+evidently had a great effect on the sceptics, as I have no
+doubt it was intended to have, and it demonstrated pretty
+clearly that some strange being was inside the cupboard
+playing these tricks, although quite invisible and intangible
+to us except when she made certain portions of herself
+visible.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">When Miss C. was complaining of being hurt by the
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page195">[pg 195]</span>
+<a name="Pg195" id="Pg195" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+tying we could hear the whispering voice soothing her in
+the kindest manner, and also heard kisses, and Miss C.
+afterwards declared that she could feel hands and face
+about her like those of a real person.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">During all the face exhibitions singing had to go on to
+a rather painful extent.<a name="noteref_61" id="noteref_61"></a><a href="#note_61"><span class="footnoteref">61</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">A Dr. Purdon was present, an Army surgeon, who has
+been much in India, and seems a very intelligent man. He
+seemed very intimate with the family, and told us he had
+studied them all, and had had Miss Cooke a month at a
+time in his own house, studying these phenomena. He was
+absolutely satisfied of their genuineness, and indeed no
+opportunity for imposture seems to exist.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The children of the house tell wonderful tales of how
+they are lifted up and carried about by the spirits. They
+seem to enjoy it very much, and to look upon it all as
+just as real and natural as any other matters of their
+daily life.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Can such things be in this nineteenth century, and the
+wise ones pass away in utter ignorance of their existence?—Yours
+very sincerely,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">At the Glasgow Meeting of the British Association in
+1876, Prof. (now Sir) W.F. Barrett read a paper "On
+some Phenomena associated with Abnormal Conditions of
+Mind." Wallace was Chairman of the Section in which
+the paper was read, and a vigorous controversy arose at
+the close between Dr. Carpenter, who came in towards
+the end of the paper, and the Chairman. The paper set
+forth certain remarkable evidence which Prof. Barrett had
+obtained from a subject in the mesmeric trance, giving
+what appeared to be indubitable proof of some supernormal
+mode of transmission of ideas from his mind to
+that of the subject. The facts were so novel and startling
+that Prof. Barrett asked for a committee of experts to
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page196">[pg 196]</span>
+<a name="Pg196" id="Pg196" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+examine the whole question and see whether such a thing
+as "thought transference," independently of the recognised
+channels of sense, did really exist. This was the first time
+evidence of this kind had been brought before a scientific
+society, and a protracted discussion followed. The paper
+also dealt with certain so-called spiritualistic phenomena,
+which at the time Prof. Barrett was disposed to attribute
+to hallucination and "thought-transference." The
+introduction of this topic led the discussion away from
+the substance of the paper, and Prof. Barrett&#39;s plea
+for a committee of investigation on thought-transference
+fell through. So strong was the feeling against the
+paper in official scientific circles at the time, that even
+an abstract was refused publication in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Report</span> of
+the British Association, and it was not until the Society
+for Psychical Research was founded that the paper was
+published, in the first volume of its <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Proceedings</span>. It was
+the need of a scientific society to collect, sift and discuss
+and publish the evidence on behalf of such supernormal
+phenomena as Prof. Barrett described at the British Association
+that induced him to call a conference in London at
+the close of 1881, which led to the foundation of the Society
+for Psychical Research early in 1882.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Wallace, in his letter to Prof. Barrett which follows,
+refers to Reichenbach&#39;s experiments with certain sensitives
+who declared they saw luminosity from the poles of
+a magnet after they had been for some time in a perfectly
+darkened room. Acting on Wallace&#39;s suggestion, Prof.
+Barrett constructed a perfectly darkened room and employed
+a large electro-magnet, the current for which
+could be made or broken by an assistant outside without
+the knowledge of those present in the darkened room.
+Under these circumstances, and taking every precaution to
+prevent any knowledge of when the magnet was made
+active by the current, Prof. Barrett found that two or
+three persons, out of a large number with whom he experimented,
+saw a luminosity streaming from the poles of
+the magnet directly the current was put on. An article
+of Prof. Barrett&#39;s on the subject, with the details of the
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page197">[pg 197]</span>
+<a name="Pg197" id="Pg197" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+experiment, was published in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Philosophical Magazine</span>,
+and also in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Proceedings</span> of the Society for Psychical
+Research (Vol. I.).</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_169" id="toc_169"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. BARRETT</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Rosehill, Dorking, December 18, 1876.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Prof. Barrett,— ... I see you are to lecture
+at South Kensington the end of this month (I think), and
+if you can spare time to run down here and stay a night
+or two we shall be much pleased to see you, and I shall
+be greatly interested to have a talk on the subject of your
+paper, and hear what further evidence you have obtained.
+I want particularly to ask you to take advantage of any
+opportunity that you may have to test the power of sensitives
+to see the "flames" from magnets and crystals, as
+also to <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">feel</span> the influence from them. This is surely a matter
+easily tested and settled. I consider it has been tested and
+settled by Reichenbach, but he is ignored, and a fresh proof
+of this one fact, by indisputable tests, is much needed; and
+a paper describing such tests and proofs would I imagine be
+admitted into the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Proceedings</span> of any suitable society.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">You will have heard no doubt of the Treasury having
+taken up the prosecution of Slade. Massey the barrister,
+one of the most intelligent and able of the Spiritualists
+(whose accession to the cause is due, I am glad to say, to
+my article in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Fortnightly</span>), proposes a memorial and
+deputation to the Government protesting against this prosecution
+by the Treasury on the ground that it implies that
+Slade is an habitual impostor and nothing else, and that
+in face of the body of evidence to the contrary, it is an uncalled-for
+interference with the private right of investigation
+into these subjects. On such general grounds as these I
+sincerely hope you will give your name to the memorial....—Yours
+very faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">A.R. WALLACE.</p>
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page198">[pg 198]</span>
+<a name="Pg198" id="Pg198" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_170" id="toc_170"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. BARRETT</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Rosehill, Dorking. December 9, 1877.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Barrett,—I am always glad when a man I like
+and respect treats me as a friend. I am advised by other
+friends also not to waste more time on Dr. C. [Carpenter],
+and I do not think I shall answer him again, except perhaps
+to keep him to certain points, as in my letter in the last
+<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nature</span>. In a proof of his new edition of "Lectures" I
+see he challenges me to produce a person who can detect
+by light or sensation when an electro-magnet is made and
+unmade. The Association of Spiritualists are going to experiment,
+as Dr. C. offers to pay £30 if it succeeds. Should
+you have an opportunity of trying with any persons, and
+can find one who sees or feels the influence strongly, it might
+be worth while to send him to London, as nothing would tend
+to lower Dr. C. in public estimation on this subject more than
+his being forced to acknowledge that what he has for more
+than thirty years declared to be purely subjective is after
+all an objective phenomenon.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I never had anything to do with showing or sending a
+medium to Huxley. He must refer to his séance a few
+months ago with Mrs. Kane and Mrs. Jencken (along with
+Carpenter and Tyndall), when ... nothing but raps occurred....—Yours
+very faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">The British Association met in Dublin in 1878, and Prof.
+Barrett asked Wallace to stay with him at Kingstown, or,
+if he preferred being nearer the meetings, with a friend in
+Dublin. Earlier in the year Mr. Huggins, afterwards Sir
+W. Huggins, O.M. and President of the Royal Society, had
+sent Prof. Barrett a very beautifully executed drawing of
+the knots tied in an endless cord during the remarkable
+sittings Prof. Zöllner had with the medium Slade. Sir
+W. Huggins invited Prof. Barrett to come and see him at
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page199">[pg 199]</span>
+<a name="Pg199" id="Pg199" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+his observatory at Tulse Hill, near London, and there he
+met Wallace and discussed the whole matter. It may not
+be generally known that so careful and accurate an
+observer as Sir W. Huggins was convinced of the genuineness
+of the phenomena he had witnessed with Lord Dunraven
+and others through the medium D.D. Home. He
+informed Prof. Barrett of this himself.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_171" id="toc_171"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. BARRETT</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Waldron Edge, Duppas Hill, Croydon. June 27, 1873.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Barrett,—The receipt of a British Association
+circular reminds me of your kind invitation to stay with
+you or your friend at Dublin, and as you may be wishing
+soon to make your arrangements I write at once to let you
+know that, much to my regret, I shall not be able to come
+to Dublin this year. Since I met you at Mr. Huggins&#39;s I
+have done nothing myself in Spiritual investigations,
+but have been exceedingly interested in the knot-tying
+experiment of Prof. Zöllner and the weight-varying experiments
+of the Spiritualists&#39; Association. I do not see
+what flaw can be found in either of them....—Yours
+very faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">In the discussion on Prof. Barrett&#39;s paper at the Glasgow
+Meeting of the British Association, which took place
+in the London <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Times</span> and other newspapers, instances of
+apparent thought-transference were given by many correspondents.
+Each of these cases Prof. Barrett investigated
+personally, and one of them led to a remarkable series of
+experiments which he conducted at Buxton, with the result
+that no doubt was left on his mind of the fact of the transference
+of ideas from one mind to another independent
+of the ordinary channels of sense. He asked Prof. and
+Mrs. H. Sidgwick to come to Buxton and repeat his experiments
+with the subjects there—daughters of a local
+clergyman. They did so, and though they had less success
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page200">[pg 200]</span>
+<a name="Pg200" id="Pg200" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+at first than Prof. Barrett had had, they were ultimately
+convinced of the genuineness of the phenomena. In addition,
+Mr. Edmund Gurney, Mr. Frederic Myers, Prof. A.
+Hopkinson and Prof. Balfour Stewart, all responded to
+Prof. Barrett&#39;s invitation to visit Buxton and test the
+matter for themselves, and all came to the same conclusion
+as he had. Subsequently Gurney and Myers associated
+their name with Barrett&#39;s in a paper on the subject,
+published in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nineteenth Century</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Prof. Barrett asked Wallace to read over the first
+report made by Prof. and Mrs. Sidgwick, which at first
+seemed somewhat disheartening, and the following is his
+reply:</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_172" id="toc_172"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">REMARKS ON EXPERIMENTS IN THOUGHT READING BY
+MR. AND MRS. SIDGWICK AT BUXTON</h3>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The failure of so many of these experiments seems to
+me to depend on their having been conducted without any
+knowledge of the main peculiarity of thought reading or
+clairvoyance—that it is a perception of the object thought
+of or hidden, not by its name, or even by its sum total of
+distinctive qualities, but by the simple qualities separately.
+A clairvoyant will perceive a thing as round, then as yellow,
+and finally as an orange. Now Mr. Galton&#39;s experiments
+have shown how various are the powers of visualising objects
+possessed by different persons, and how distinct their modes
+of doing so; and if these distinct visualisations of the same
+thing are in any way presented to a clairvoyant, there is
+little wonder that some confusion should result. This would
+suggest that one person who possesses the faculty of clearly
+visualising objects would meet with more success than a
+number of persons some of whom visualise one portion or
+quality of the object, some another, while to others the name
+alone is present to the mind. It follows from these considerations
+that cards are bad for such experiments. The qualities
+of number, colour, form and arrangement may be severally
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page201">[pg 201]</span>
+<a name="Pg201" id="Pg201" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+most prominent in one mind or other, and the result is confusion
+to the thought reader. This is shown in the experiments
+by the number of pips or the suit alone being often
+right.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">It must also be remembered that children have not the
+same thorough knowledge of the names of the cards that
+we have, nor can they so rapidly and certainly count their
+numbers. This introduces another source of uncertainty
+which should be avoided in such experiments as these.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The same thing is still more clearly shown by the way
+in which objects are guessed by some prominent quality
+or resemblance, not by any likeness of name—as poker
+guessed for walking-stick, fork for pipe, something iron
+for knife, etc. And the total failure in the case of names
+of towns is clearly explained by the fact that these would
+convey no distinct idea or concrete image that could be
+easily described. These last failures really give an important
+clue to the nature of the faculty that is being investigated,
+since they show that it is not <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">words</span> or <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">names</span> that
+are read but thoughts or images that are perceived, and
+the certainty of the perception will depend upon the simple
+character of these images and the clearness and identity of
+the perception of them by the different persons present.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">If these considerations are always kept in view, I feel
+sure that the experiments will be far more successful.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Sept. 6, 1881.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">Wallace&#39;s remarkable gifts as a lecturer are less widely
+known than his lucid and admirable style as a writer.
+Though Sir Wm. Barrett has heard a great number of eminent
+scientific men lecture, he considers that few could approach
+him for the simplicity, clearness and vigour of his exposition,
+which commanded the unflagging attention of every
+one of his hearers. Mr. Frederic Myers, no mean judge
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page202">[pg 202]</span>
+<a name="Pg202" id="Pg202" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of literary merit, once said he thought Wallace one of the
+most lucid English writers and lecturers of his time. Prof.
+Barrett was anxious to induce Wallace to lecture in Dublin,
+and brought the matter before the Science Committee of the
+Royal Dublin Society, which arranges a course of afternoon
+lectures by distinguished men every spring. The Committee
+cordially supported the suggestion that Wallace should be
+invited to lecture, and the invitation was accepted. During
+his visit to Dublin, Wallace stayed with Prof. Barrett at
+Kingstown, and was busily engaged in revising the proof-sheets
+of his book on "Land Nationalisation" (1882).</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">In "My Life" (Vol. II., p. 334) Wallace says that
+among the eminent men whose "first acquaintance and
+valued friendship" he owed to a common interest in
+Spiritualism was Frederic Myers, whom he met first at
+some séances in London about the year 1878.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_173" id="toc_173"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">F.W.H. MYERS TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Leckhampton House, Cambridge. April 12, 1890.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Wallace,—I will read your pamphlet<a name="noteref_62" id="noteref_62"></a><a href="#note_62"><span class="footnoteref">62</span></a> most carefully;
+will write and tell you how it affects me; and will
+in any case send it on with your letter and a letter of my
+own to Sir John Gorst, whom I know well, and whom I
+agree with you in regarding as the most acceptable member
+of the Government.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">If I am converted, it will be wholly <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">your</span> doing. I
+have read much on the subject—Creighton, etc., and am at
+present strongly pro-vaccination; at the same time, there
+is no one by whom I would more willingly be converted
+than yourself.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I am glad to take this opportunity of telling you something
+about my relation to one of your books. I write now
+from bed, having had some influenzic pneumonia, now going
+off. For some days my temperature was 105 and I was very
+restless at night, anxious to read, but in too sensitive and
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page203">[pg 203]</span>
+<a name="Pg203" id="Pg203" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+fastidious a state to tolerate almost any book. I found that
+almost the only book which I could read was your "Malay
+Archipelago" (of course I had read it before). In spite
+of my complete ignorance of natural history there was a
+certain charm about the book, both moral and literary,
+which made it deeply congenial in those trying hours. You
+have had few less instructed readers, but very few can have
+dwelt on that simple manly record with a more profound
+sympathy.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I want to bespeak you as a <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">friend at court</span>. When we
+get into the next world, I beg you to remember me and
+say a good word for me when you can, as you will have
+much influence there.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">To me it seems that Hodgson&#39;s report<a name="noteref_63" id="noteref_63"></a><a href="#note_63"><span class="footnoteref">63</span></a> is the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">best</span> thing
+which we have yet published. I trust that it impresses
+you equally. It has converted <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Podmore</span> amongst other
+people!</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I will, then, write again soon, and I am yours most
+truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">F.W.H. MYERS.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_174" id="toc_174"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MRS. FISHER (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">née</span> BUCKLEY)</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. January 4, 1896.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mrs. Fisher,—I am glad to hear that you are
+going on with your book. I am sure it will be a comfort
+to you. I have read one book of Hudson&#39;s—"A Scientific
+Demonstration of a Future Life," and that is so pretentious,
+so unscientific, and so one-sided that I do not feel inclined
+to read more of the same author&#39;s work. I do not think I
+mentioned to you (as I thought you did not read much now)
+a really fine and original work, called "Psychic Philosophy,
+a Religion of Natural Law," by Desertis (Redway). I should
+like to know if, after reading that, you still think Hudson&#39;s
+books worth reading.
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page204">[pg 204]</span>
+<a name="Pg204" id="Pg204" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I have been much pleased and interested lately in reading
+Mark Twain&#39;s, Mrs. Oliphant&#39;s and Andrew Lang&#39;s
+books about Joan of Arc. The last two are far the best,
+Mrs. Oliphant&#39;s as a genuine sympathetic <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">history</span>, Lang&#39;s
+as a fine realistic story ("A Monk of Fife"). Jeanne was
+really perhaps the most beautiful character in authentic
+history, and the one that most conclusively demonstrates
+spirit-guidance, and both Mrs. Oliphant and A. Lang bring
+this out admirably.... —Yours very faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_175" id="toc_175"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MRS. FISHER</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. September 14, 1896.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mrs. Fisher,—I have much pleasure in signing
+your application for the Psychical Research Society,
+though the majority of the active members are so absurdly
+and illogically sceptical that you will not find much instruction
+in their sayings. Mr. Podmore&#39;s report in the
+last-issued <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Proceedings</span> is a good illustration....</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">We have all been in Switzerland this year. Violet, her
+mother, and five lady friends all went together to a rather
+newly-discovered place, Adelboden, a branch valley from
+that going up to the Gemmi Pass by Kandersteg. I went
+first for a week to Davos, to give a lecture to Dr. Lunn&#39;s
+party, and enjoyed myself much, chiefly owing to the company
+of Rev. Hugh Price Hughes, one of the most witty,
+earnest, advanced, and estimable men I have ever met.
+Dr. Lunn himself is very jolly, and we had also Mr. Le
+Gallienne, the poet and critic, and between them we had a
+very brilliant table-talk. Mr. Haweis was also there, and
+one afternoon he and I talked for two hours about Spiritualism.
+He is a thorough spiritualist, and preaches it....—Yours
+very sincerely,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page205">[pg 205]</span>
+<a name="Pg205" id="Pg205" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_176" id="toc_176"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MRS. FISHER</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. April 9, 1897.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mrs. Fisher,—I have tried several Reincarnation
+and Theosophical books, but <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">cannot</span> read them or take
+any interest in them. They are so purely imaginative, and
+do not seem to me rational. Many people are captivated
+by it—I think most people who like a grand, strange,
+complex theory of man and nature, given with authority—people
+who if religious would be Roman Catholics. Crookes
+gave a suggestive and interesting, but in some ways rather
+misleading address as President of the Psychical Research
+Society. I liked Oliver Lodge&#39;s address to the Spiritualists&#39;
+Association better....—Yours very sincerely,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">In 1891, at the urgent request of Prof. H. Sidgwick,
+President of the Society for Psychical Research, Prof.
+Barrett undertook, with considerable reluctance, to make
+a thorough examination of the subject of "dowsing" for
+water and minerals by means of the so-called "divining
+rod." At the time he fully believed that a critical inquiry
+of this kind would speedily show all the alleged successes
+of the dowser to be due either to fraud or a sharp eye for
+the ground. As the inquiry went on, to his surprise he
+found that neither chicanery, nor clever guessing, nor local
+knowledge, nor chance coincidence could explain away the
+accumulated evidence, but that something new to science
+was really at the root of the matter. This result was so
+startling that Prof. Barrett had to pursue the investigation
+for six years before venturing to publish his first
+report, which appeared in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Proceedings</span> of the Society
+for Psychical Research, Part xxxii., 1897. This was followed
+by a second report published some years later, in
+which he gave a fresh body of evidence on the criticisms
+of some eminent geologists to whom he had submitted the
+evidence. The reports were reviewed in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nature</span> with
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page206">[pg 206]</span>
+<a name="Pg206" id="Pg206" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+considerable severity, and some erroneous statements were
+made, to which Prof. Barrett replied. The editor, Sir
+Norman Lockyer, at first declined to publish Prof. Barrett&#39;s
+reply, and to this Wallace refers in the following letter.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_177" id="toc_177"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. BARRETT</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. October 30, 1899.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Barrett,— ... Apropos of <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nature</span>, they never
+gave a word of notice to my book<a name="noteref_64" id="noteref_64"></a><a href="#note_64"><span class="footnoteref">64</span></a>—probably they would
+say out of kindness to myself as one of their oldest contributors,
+since they would have had to scarify me, especially
+as regards the huge Vaccination chapter, which is nevertheless
+about the most demonstrative bit of work I have done.
+I begged Myers—as a personal favour—to read it. He told
+me he firmly believed in vaccination, but would do so, and
+afterwards wrote me that he could see no answer to it, and
+if there was none he was converted. There certainly has
+been not a tittle of answer except abuse.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I am glad you brought Lockyer up sharp in his attempt
+to refuse you the right to reply. I am glad you now have
+some personal observations to adduce. I hope persons or
+corporations who are going to employ a dowser will now
+advise you so that you may be present....—Yours very
+faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_178" id="toc_178"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. BARRETT</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. December 24, 1900.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Barrett,— ... I have read your very interesting
+paper on the divining rod, and the additional evidence
+you now send. Of course, I think it absolutely conclusive,
+but there are many points on which I differ from your conclusions
+and remarks, which I think are often unfair to the
+dowsers.
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page207">[pg 207]</span>
+<a name="Pg207" id="Pg207" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I will just refer to one or two. At p. 176 (note) you call
+the idea of there being a "spring-head" at a particular point
+"absurd." But instead of being absurd it is a <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">fact</span>, proved
+not only by numerous cases you have given of strong springs
+being found quite near to weak springs a few yards off, but
+by all the phenomena of mineral and hot springs. Near
+together, as at Bath, hot springs and cold springs rise to
+the surface, and springs of different quality at Harrogate,
+yet each keeps its distinct character, showing that each rises
+from a great depth without any lateral diffusion or intermixture.
+This is a common phenomenon all over the world,
+the dowsers&#39; facts support it, geologists know all about
+it, yet I presume they have told you that when a dowser
+states this fact it ceases to be a fact and becomes an
+absurdity!</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The only other point I have time to notice is your Sect.
+II. (p. 285). You head this, "Evidence that the Motion
+of the Rod is due to Unconscious Muscular Action."
+Naturally I read this with the greatest interest, but found
+to my astonishment that you adduce no evidence at all, but
+only opinions of various people, and positive assertions that
+such is the case! Now as I <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">know</span> that motions of various
+objects occur without any muscular action, or even any contact
+whatever, while Crookes has proved this by careful experiments
+which have never been refuted, what <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">improbability</span>
+is there that this should be such a case, and what is the value
+of these positive assertions which you quote as "evidence"?
+And at p. 286 you quote the person who says the more he
+tried to prevent the stick&#39;s turning the more it turned, as
+<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">evidence</span> in favour of muscular action, without a word of
+explanation. Another man (p. 287) says he "could not restrain
+it." None of the "trained anatomists" you quote
+give a particle of <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">proof</span>, only positive opinion, that it must
+be muscular action—simply because they do not believe any
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page208">[pg 208]</span>
+<a name="Pg208" id="Pg208" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+other action possible. Their evidence is just as valueless as
+that of the people who say that all thought-transference is
+collusion or imposture!</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I do not say that it is not "muscular action," though
+I believe it is not always so, but I do say that you have
+as yet given not a particle of proof that it is so, while
+scattered through your paper is plenty of evidence which
+points to its being something quite different. Such are
+the cases when people hold the rod for the first time and
+have never seen a dowser work, yet the rod turns, over
+water, to their great astonishment, etc. etc.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Your conclusion that it is "clairvoyance" is a good
+provisional conclusion, but till we know what clairvoyance
+really is it explains nothing, and is merely another
+way of stating the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">fact</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I believe all true clairvoyance to be spirit impression,
+and that all true dowsing is the same—that is,
+when in either case it cannot be thought-transference,
+but even this I believe to be also, for the most part, if
+not wholly, spirit impression.—Believe me yours very
+truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_179" id="toc_179"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. BARRETT</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. February 17, 1901.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Barrett,—I am rather sorry you wrote to any
+one of the Society for Psychical Research people about my
+being asked to be President, because I should certainly feel
+compelled to decline it. I never go, willingly, to London
+now, and should never attend meetings, so pray say no more
+about it. Besides, I am so widely known as a "crank" and
+a "faddist" that my being President would injure the
+Society, as much as Lord Rayleigh would benefit it, so pray
+do not put any obstacle in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">his</span> way, though of course there
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page209">[pg 209]</span>
+<a name="Pg209" id="Pg209" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+is no necessity to beg him as a favour to be the successor
+of Sidgwick, Crookes and Myers....</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_180" id="toc_180"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO REV. J.B. HENDERSON</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. August 10, 1893.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,—Although I look upon Christianity as
+originating in an unusual spiritual influx, I am not disposed
+to consider [it] as <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">essentially</span> different from those
+which originated other great religious and philanthropic
+movements. It is probable that in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">your</span> sense of the word
+I am not a Christian.—Believe me yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_181" id="toc_181"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. J.W. MARSHALL</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. March 6, 1894.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Marshall,—We were very much grieved to hear
+of your sad loss in a letter from Violet. Pray accept our
+sincere sympathy for Mrs. Marshall and yourself.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Death makes us feel, in a way nothing else can do, the
+mystery of the universe. Last autumn I lost my sister, and
+she was the only relative I have been with at the last. For
+the moment it seems unnatural and incredible that the living
+self with its special idiosyncrasies you have known so long
+can have left the body, still more unnatural that it should
+(as so many now believe) have utterly ceased to exist and
+become nothingness!</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">With all my belief in, and knowledge of, Spiritualism,
+I have, however, occasional qualms of doubt, the remnants
+of my original deeply ingrained scepticism; but my reason
+goes to support the psychical and spiritualistic phenomena
+in telling me that there <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">must</span> be a hereafter for us
+all....—Believe me yours very sincerely,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page210">[pg 210]</span>
+<a name="Pg210" id="Pg210" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_182" id="toc_182"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO DR. EDWIN SMITH</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. October 19, 1899.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,—I know nothing of London mediums now.
+Nine-tenths of the alleged frauds in mediums arise from
+the ignorance of the sitters. The only way to gain any real
+knowledge of spiritualistic phenomena is to follow the course
+pursued in all science—study the elements before going to
+the higher branches. To expect proof of materialisation
+before being satisfied of the reality of such simpler phenomena
+as raps, movements of various objects, etc. etc., is
+as if a person began chemistry by trying to analyse the
+more complex vegetable products before he knew the composition
+of water and the simplest salts.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">If you want to <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">know</span> anything about Spiritualism you
+should experiment yourself with a select party of earnest
+inquirers—personal friends. When you have thus satisfied
+yourself of the existence of a considerable range of the
+physical phenomena and of many of the obscurities and
+difficulties of the inquiry, you may use the services of
+public mediums, without the certainty of imputing every
+little apparent suspicious circumstance to trickery, since
+you will have seen similar suspicious facts in your private
+circle where you <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">knew</span> there was no trickery. You will
+find rules for forming private circles in some issues of
+<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Light</span>. You can get them from the office of <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Light</span>.—Yours
+very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_183" id="toc_183"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">PROF. BARRETT TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">6 De Vesci Terrace, Kingstown, Co. Dublin. November 3, 1905.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Wallace,— ... Just now I am engaged in
+a correspondence with the Secretaries of the Society for
+Psychical Research on the question of the Presidency for
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page211">[pg 211]</span>
+<a name="Pg211" id="Pg211" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+next year. I maintain that as a matter of duty to the
+Society you should be asked to accept the Presidency, though
+of course it would be impossible for you to be much more
+than an Honorary President, as we could not expect you
+often to come to London. I am anxious that in our records
+for future reference your Presidency should appear....
+Podmore, who is proposed as President, represents the
+attitude of resolute incredulity, and I consider this line
+of action has been to some extent injurious to the S.P.R.
+Crookes supported my proposal, and so did Lodge, and so
+would Myers if he had lived. All this is of course between
+ourselves....</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I have a vast amount of material unpublished on
+"dowsing" and am convinced the explanation is subconscious
+clairvoyance....—Yours very sincerely,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">W.F. BARRETT.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_184" id="toc_184"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MRS. FISHER</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. April 20, 1906.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mrs. Fisher,—If you mean "honest" by
+"thoroughly reliable," there are plenty of such mediums,
+but if you mean those who give equally good results always,
+and to all persons, I should say there are none....</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I am reading Herbert Spencer&#39;s "Autobiography" (just
+finished Vol. I.). I find it very interesting, though tedious
+in parts. I am glad I did not read it before I wrote mine.
+He certainly brings out his own character most strikingly,
+and a wonderful character it was. How extraordinarily
+little he owed either to teaching or to reading! I think
+he is best described as a "reasoning genius."—Yours very
+truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page212">[pg 212]</span>
+<a name="Pg212" id="Pg212" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_185" id="toc_185"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">LORD AVEBURY TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">48 Grosvenor Street, W. May 1, 1910.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Wallace,—I have been reading your biography
+with great interest. It must be a source of very pleasant
+memories to you to look back and feel how much you have
+accomplished.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">It surprises me, however, how much we differ, and it is
+another illustration of the problems [?] of our (or rather I
+should say of my) intellect.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">In some cases, indeed, the difference is as to facts.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">You would, I am sure, for instance, find that you have
+been misinformed as to "thousands of dogs" being vivisected
+annually (p. 392).... As to Spiritualism, my difficulty
+is that nothing comes of it. What has been gained
+by your séances, compared to your studies?</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I see you have a kindly reference to our parties at High
+Elms in old days, on which I often look back with much
+pleasure, but much regret also.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">If you would give us the pleasure of another visit, <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">do</span>
+propose yourself, and you will have a very hearty welcome
+from yours very sincerely,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">AVEBURY.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">A lecture delivered by Prof. Barrett before the Quest
+Society in London, entitled "Creative Thought," was published
+by request, and as it discussed the subject of evolution
+and the impossibility of explaining the phenomena of
+life without a supreme Directing and Formative Force
+behind all the manifestations of life, he was anxious to
+have Wallace&#39;s criticisms. At that time he had not read
+Wallace&#39;s recently published work on a similar subject, and
+he was greatly surprised to find how closely his views agreed
+with those of the great naturalist.
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page213">[pg 213]</span>
+<a name="Pg213" id="Pg213" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_186" id="toc_186"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. BARRETT</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. February 15, 1911.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Barrett,—Thanks for your proofs, which I
+return. It is really curious how closely your views coincide
+with mine, and how admirably and clearly you have
+expressed them. If it were not for your adopting throughout,
+as an actual fact, the (to me) erroneous theory of the
+"subconscious self," I should agree with every word of it.
+I have put "?" where this is prominently put forward,
+merely to let you know how I totally dissent from it. To
+me it is pure assumption, and, besides, proves nothing.
+Thanks for the flattering "Postscript," which I return
+with a slight suggested alteration.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Reviews have been generally very fair, complimentary
+and flattering. But to me it is very curious that even the
+religious reviewers seem horrified and pained at the idea
+that the Infinite Being does not actually do every detail
+himself, apparently leaving his angels, and archangels, his
+seraphs and his messengers, which seem to exist in myriads
+according to the Bible, to have no function whatever!—Yours
+very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_187" id="toc_187"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">PROF. BARRETT TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">6 De Vesci Terrace, Kingstown, Co. Dublin. February 18, 1911.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Wallace,— ... Thank you very much for your
+kind letter and comments. I have modified somewhat the
+phraseology as regards the "subliminal self." I think we
+really agree but use different terms. There <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">is</span> a hidden
+directive power, which works in conjunction with, and is
+temporarily part of, our own conscious self; but it is
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page214">[pg 214]</span>
+<a name="Pg214" id="Pg214" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+below the threshold of consciousness, or is a subliminal
+part of our self.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I should like to have come over to Broadstone expressly
+to ask your views on the parts you queried. For I have
+an immense faith in the soundness of your judgment, and
+in the accuracy of your views <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">in the long run</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I should like also immensely to see you again and in
+your lovely home....—Yours ever sincerely,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">W.F. BARRETT.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_188" id="toc_188"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. BARRETT</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. February 20, 1911.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Barrett,—I wrote you yesterday on quite
+another matter, but having yours this morning in reply to
+my criticisms of your Address, I send a few lines of explanation.
+Most of my queries to your statements apply
+solely to your expressing them so positively, as if they were
+absolute certainties which no psychical researcher doubted.
+My main objection to the term "subliminal self" and its
+various synonyms is, that it is so dreadfully vague, and is
+an excuse for the assumption that a whole series of the
+most mysterious of psychical phenomena are held to be
+actually explained by it. Thus it is applied to explain
+all cases of apparent "possession," when the alleged
+"secondary self" has a totally different character, and
+uses the dialect of another social grade, from the normal
+self, sometimes even possesses knowledge that the real
+self could not have acquired, speaks a language that the
+normal self never learnt. All this is, to me, the most
+gross travesty of science, and I therefore object totally
+to the use of the term which is so vaguely and absurdly
+used, and of which no clear and rational explanation has
+ever been given.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">You are now one of my oldest friends, and one with whom
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page215">[pg 215]</span>
+<a name="Pg215" id="Pg215" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+I most sympathise; and I only regret that we have seen so
+little of each other.—Yours very faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_189" id="toc_189"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. E. SMEDLEY</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. October 2, 1911.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Smedley,—I am quite astonished at your
+wasting your money on an advertising astrologer. In the
+horoscope sent you there is not a single definite fact that
+would apply to you any more than to thousands of other
+men. All is vague, what "might be," etc. etc. It is just
+calculated to lead you on to send more money, and get in
+reply more words and nothing else....—Yours very truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p style="text-align: center" class="tei tei-p"><a name="image04" id="image04" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<img src="images/image04.png" alt="A.R. WALLACE ADMIRING EREMUS ROBUSTUS about 1905." class="tei tei-figure" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center" class="tei tei-p">A.R. WALLACE ADMIRING <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">EREMUS ROBUSTUS</span> about 1905.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page217">[pg 217]</span>
+<a name="Pg217" id="Pg217" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_190" id="toc_190"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head">PART VII</h1>
+<p class="tei tei-p"></p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_191" id="toc_191"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head">Characteristics</h2>
+
+<blockquote style="margin: 2em 4em" class="tei tei-quote">
+<p class="tei tei-p">"There is a point of view so lofty or so peculiar that from it we are
+able to discern in men and women something more than and apart from
+creed and profession and formulated principle; which indeed directs and
+colours this creed and principle as decisively as it is in its turn
+acted on by them, and this is their character or humanity."—LORD
+MORLEY.</p>
+
+<div style="text-align: left" class="tei tei-lg">
+<p class="tei tei-l">"As sets the sun in fine autumnal calm</p>
+<p class="tei tei-l">So dost thou leave us. Thou not least but last</p>
+<p class="tei tei-l">Link with that rare and gallant little band</p>
+<p class="tei tei-l">Of seekers after truth, whose days, though past,</p>
+<p class="tei tei-l">Shed lustre on the hist&#39;ry of their land.</p>
+<p class="tei tei-l">And thine, O Wallace, thine the added charm</p>
+<p class="tei tei-l">Of modesty, thy mem&#39;ry to embalm."—<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Anonymous.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">(<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Received with a bunch of lilies-of-the-valley, a few
+days after Dr. Wallace&#39;s death</span>.)</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Addison somewhere says that modesty sets off every
+talent which a man can be possessed of. This was
+manifestly true of Alfred Russel Wallace. When,
+for instance, honours were bestowed upon him, he accepted
+or rejected them with the same good-humour and unspoilable
+modesty. To Prof. E.B. Poulton, whose invitation
+for the forthcoming EncÊmia had been conveyed in Prof.
+Bartholomew Price&#39;s letter, he wrote:</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Godalming. May 28, 1889.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mr. Poulton,—I have just received from Prof.
+B. Price the totally unexpected offer of the honorary
+degree of D.C.L. at the coming Commemoration, and you
+will probably be surprised and <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">disgusted</span> to hear that I
+have declined it. I have to thank you for your kind offer
+of hospitality during the ceremony, but the fact is, I have
+at all times a profound distaste of all public ceremonials,
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page218">[pg 218]</span>
+<a name="Pg218" id="Pg218" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and at this particular time that distaste is stronger than
+ever. I have never recovered from the severe illness I had
+a year and a half ago, and it is in hopes of restoring my
+health that I have let my cottage here and have taken
+another at Parkstone, Dorset, into which I have arranged
+to move on Midsummer Day. To add to my difficulties, I
+have work at examination papers for the next two or three
+weeks, and also a meeting (annual) of our Land Nationalisation
+Society, so that the work of packing my books and
+other things and looking after the plants which I have
+to move from my garden will have to be done in a very
+short time. Under these circumstances it would be almost
+impossible for me to rush away to Oxford except under
+absolute compulsion, and to do so would be to render a
+ceremony which at any time would be a trial, a positive
+punishment.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Really the greatest kindness my friends can do me is
+to leave me in peaceful obscurity, for I have lived so
+secluded a life that I am more and more disinclined to
+crowds of any kind. I had to submit to it in America,
+but then I felt exceptionally well, whereas now I am
+altogether weak and seedy and not at all up to fatigue or
+excitement.—Yours very faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Prof. Poulton pressed him to reconsider his decision,
+and he reluctantly gave way.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Godalming. June 2, 1889.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mr. Poulton,—I am exceedingly obliged by your
+kind letters, and I will say at once that if the Council of
+the University should again ask me to accept the degree,
+to be conferred in the autumn, as you propose, I could
+not possibly refuse it. At the same time I hope you will
+not in any way urge it upon them, as I really feel myself
+too much of an amateur in Natural History and altogether
+too ignorant (I left school—a bad one—finally, at fourteen)
+to receive honours from a great University. But I will say
+no more about that.—Yours very faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">A.R. WALLACE.</p>
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page219">[pg 219]</span>
+<a name="Pg219" id="Pg219" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">In due course he received the degree. "On that occasion,"
+says Professor Poulton, "Wallace stayed with us,
+and I was anxious to show him something of Oxford; but,
+with all that there is to be seen, one subject alone absorbed
+the whole of his interest—he was intensely anxious to find
+the rooms where Grant Allen had lived. He had received
+from Grant Allen&#39;s father a manuscript poem giving a
+picture of the ancient city dimly seen by midnight from an
+undergraduate&#39;s rooms. With the help of Grant Allen&#39;s
+college friends we were able to visit every house in which
+he had lived, but were forced to conclude that the poem
+was written in the rooms of a friend or from an imaginary
+point of view."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">His friend Sir W.T. Thiselton-Dyer, with others, was
+promoting his election to the Royal Society, and wrote to
+him:</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_192" id="toc_192"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Kew. October 23, 1892.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Wallace,— ... When you were at Kew this
+summer I took the liberty of saying that it would give
+great pleasure to the Fellows of the Royal Society if you
+would be willing to join their body. I understood you to
+say that it would be agreeable to you. I now propose to
+comply with the necessary formalities. But before doing
+so it will be proper to ask for your formal consent. You
+will then, as a matter of course, be included in the next
+annual election.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Will you forgive me if I am committing any indiscretion
+in saying that I have good authority for adding
+(though I suppose it can hardly be stated officially at this
+stage) that no demand will ever be made upon you for a
+subscription?—Believe me yours sincerely,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">W.T. THISELTON-DYER.</p>
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page220">[pg 220]</span>
+<a name="Pg220" id="Pg220" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_193" id="toc_193"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Kew. January 12, 1893.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Wallace,— ... I was very vexed to hear that
+I had misunderstood your wishes about the Royal Society.
+Of course, the matter must often have presented itself to
+your mind, and I confess that it argued a little presumption
+on the part of a person like myself, so far inferior to
+you in age and standing, to think that you would yield to
+my solicitation.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I was obliged for my health to go to Eastbourne, and
+there I had the pleasure of seeing Mr. Huxley, who, you
+will be glad to hear, is wonderfully well, and an ardent
+gardener! His present ambition is to grow every possible
+saxifrage.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I told him that I had had the audacity to approach you
+on the subject of the Royal Society. He heartily approved,
+and expressed the strongest opinion that unless you had
+some insuperable objection you ought to yield. All of us
+who belong to the R.S. have but one wish, which is that
+it should stand before the public as containing all that is
+best and worthiest in British Science. As long as men
+like you stand aloof, that cannot be said. Lately we have
+been exposed to some very ill-natured attacks: we have
+been told that we are professional, and not discoverers.
+Well, this is all the more reason for your not holding
+aloof from us. I wish you would think it over
+again. Huxley went the length of saying that to him it
+seemed a plain duty. But this is language I do not like
+to use.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">As to attending the meetings or taking part in the work
+of the Society, that is immaterial. Darwin never did either,
+though he did once come to one of the evening receptions,
+and enjoyed it immensely.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">In writing as I do I am not merely expressing my own
+opinions, but those of many others of my own standing
+who are keenly interested in the matter.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">It is not a great matter to ask. I have the certificate
+ready. You have but to say the word. You will be put
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page221">[pg 221]</span>
+<a name="Pg221" id="Pg221" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+to no trouble or pecuniary responsibility. That my father-in-law
+arranged, long ago.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">To dissociate yourself from the R.S. really amounts nowadays
+to doing it an injury. And I am sure you do not wish
+that.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">With all good wishes, believe me yours sincerely,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">W.T. THISELTON-DYER.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_194" id="toc_194"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. January 17, 1893.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Thiselton-Dyer,—I have been rather unwell
+myself the last few days or should have answered your
+very kind letter sooner. I feel really overpowered. I cannot
+understand why you or anyone should care about my
+being an F.R.S., because I have really done so little of
+what is usually considered scientific work to deserve it. I
+have for many years felt almost ashamed of the amount of
+reputation and honour that has been awarded me. I can
+understand the general public thinking too highly of me,
+because I know that I have the power of clear exposition,
+and, I think, also, of logical reasoning. But all the
+work I have done is more or less amateurish and founded
+almost wholly on other men&#39;s observations; and I always
+feel myself dreadfully inferior to men like Sir J. Hooker,
+Huxley, Flower, and scores of younger men who have extensive
+knowledge of whole departments of biology of
+which I am totally ignorant. I do not wish, however, to
+be thought ungrateful for the many honours that have been
+given me by the Royal and other Societies, and will therefore
+place myself entirely in your hands as regards my
+election to the F.R.S.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I am much pleased to hear that Huxley has taken to
+gardening. I have no doubt he will do some good work
+with his saxifrages. For myself the personal attention to
+my plants occupies all my spare time, and I derive constant
+enjoyment from the mere contemplation of the infinite
+variety of forms of leaf and flower, and modes of
+growth, and strange peculiarities of structure which are
+the source of fresh puzzles and fresh delights year by year.
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page222">[pg 222]</span>
+<a name="Pg222" id="Pg222" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+With best wishes and many thanks for the trouble you
+are taking on my behalf, believe me yours very faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">In 1902 the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Standard</span> announced that the degree of
+D.C.L. was to be conferred upon him by the University of
+Wales. He wrote to Miss Dora Best, who had sent him the
+information:</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">I have not seen the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Standard</span>. But I suppose it is about
+the offer of a degree by the University of Wales. You will
+not be surprised to hear that I have declined it "with
+thanks." The bother, the ceremony, the having perhaps to
+get a blue or yellow or scarlet gown! and at all events new
+black clothes and a new topper! such as I have not worn
+this twenty years. Luckily I had a good excuse in having
+committed the same offence before. Some ten years back
+I declined the offer of a degree from Cambridge, so that
+settled it.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">P.S.—Having already degrees two—LL.D. (Dublin) and
+D.C.L. (Oxford)—I might have quoted Shakespeare: "To
+gild refined gold, to paint the lily," etc. But I didn&#39;t!—A.R.W.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">In 1908 he received the Order of Merit, the highest honour
+conferred upon him. To his friend Mrs. Fisher he wrote:</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mrs. Fisher,—Is it not awful—two more now! I
+should think very few men have had three such honours
+within six months! I have never felt myself worthy of
+the Copley Medal—and as to the Order of Merit—to be
+given to a red-hot Radical, Land Nationaliser, Socialist,
+Anti-Militarist, etc. etc. etc., is quite astounding and
+unintelligible!...</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">There is another thing you have not heard yet, but it
+will be announced soon. Sir W. Crookes, as Secretary of
+the Royal Institution, wrote to me two weeks back asking
+me very strongly to give them a lecture at their opening
+meeting (third week in January) appropriate to the Jubilee
+of the "Origin of Species." I was very unwell at the time—could
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page223">[pg 223]</span>
+<a name="Pg223" id="Pg223" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+eat nothing, etc.—and was going to decline positively,
+having nothing more to say! But while lying down,
+vaguely thinking about it, an idea flashed upon me of a
+new treatment of the whole subject of Darwinism, just
+suitable for a lecture to a R.I. audience. I felt at once
+there was something that ought to be said, and that I
+should like to say—so I actually wrote and accepted, provisionally.
+My voice has so broken that unless I can
+improve it I fear not being heard, but Crookes promised
+to read it either wholly, or leaving to me the opening
+and concluding paragraphs. I was very weak—almost a
+skeleton—but I am now getting much better. But finishing
+up the "Spruce" book, and now all these honours and
+congratulations and letters, etc., are giving me much work,
+yet I am getting strong again, and really hope to do this
+"lecture" as my last stroke for Darwinism against the
+Mutationists and Mendelians, but much more effective, I
+hope, than my article in the August <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Contemporary Review</span>,
+though that was pretty strong.—Yours very sincerely,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">How more than true "Sunlight&#39;s"<a name="noteref_65" id="noteref_65"></a><a href="#note_65"><span class="footnoteref">65</span></a> words have come,
+"You will come out of the hole! You will be more in the
+world. You will have satisfaction, retrospection, and
+work"! Literally fulfilled!—A.R.W.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_195" id="toc_195"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">And to Mr. F. Birch:</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">December 30, 1908.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Fred,— ... I received a letter from Lord
+Knollys—the King&#39;s Private Secretary—informing me that
+His Majesty proposed to offer me the Order of Merit,
+among the Birthday honours! This is an "Order" established
+by the present King about eight years ago, solely
+for "merit"—whether civil or military—it is a pity it
+was not civil only, as the military have so many distinctions
+already. So I had to compose a very polite letter
+of acceptance and thanks, and then later I had to beg to
+be excused (on the ground of age and delicate health)
+from attending the investiture at Buckingham Palace (on
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page224">[pg 224]</span>
+<a name="Pg224" id="Pg224" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+December 14th), when Court dress—a kind of very costly
+livery—is obligatory! and I was kept for weeks waiting.
+But at last one of the King&#39;s Equerries, Col. Legge (an
+Earl&#39;s son), came down here about two weeks ago bringing
+the Order, which is a very handsome cross in red and
+blue enamel and gold—rich colours—with a crown above,
+and a rich ribbed-silk blue and crimson riband to hang it
+round the neck! Col. Legge was very pleasant, stayed
+half an hour, had some tea, and showed us how to wear
+it. So I shall be in duty bound to wear it on the only
+public occasion I shall be seen again (in all probability),
+when I give (or attempt to give) my lecture.<a name="noteref_66" id="noteref_66"></a><a href="#note_66"><span class="footnoteref">66</span></a> Then, I
+had a letter from Windsor telling me that chalk portraits
+of all the members of the Order were to be taken for the
+collections in the Library, and a Mr. Strang came and
+stayed the night, and in four hours completed a very
+good life-size head, in coloured chalk, and so far, so good!—Yours
+very sincerely,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">Wallace regarded "Sunlight&#39;s" prophecy about "retrospection"
+as being fulfilled in 1904, when he received the
+invitation of Messrs. Chapman and Hall to begin collecting
+material for his autobiography which was subsequently published
+in two large volumes, under the title of "My Life."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Referring to this work he wrote to Mrs. Fisher:</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Dorset. April</span> 17, 1904.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mrs. Fisher,—Thanks for your remarks on what
+an autobiography ought to be. But I am afraid I shall
+fall dreadfully short. I seem to remember nothing but
+ordinary facts and incidents of no interest to anyone but
+my own family. I do not feel myself that anything has
+much influenced my character or abilities, such as they
+are. Lots of things have given me opportunities, and
+those I can state. Also other things have directed me
+into certain lines, but I can&#39;t dilate on these; and really,
+with the exception of Darwin and Sir Charles Lyell, I
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page225">[pg 225]</span>
+<a name="Pg225" id="Pg225" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+have come into close relations with hardly any eminent men.
+All my doings and surroundings have been commonplace!</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I am now just reading a charming and ideal bit of autobiography—Robert
+Dale Owen&#39;s "Threading my Way." If
+you have not read it, do get it (published by TrÃŒbner and
+Co. in 1874). It is delightful. So simple and natural
+throughout. But his father was one of the most wonderful
+men of the nineteenth century—Robert Owen of New
+Lanark—and this book gives the true history of his great
+success. Then R.D. Owen met Clarkson and heard from
+his own lips how he worked to abolish the slave trade.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Then he had part of his education at Hofwyl under
+Fellenberg, an experiment in education and self-government
+wonderfully original and successful. He afterwards
+worked at "New Harmony" with his father, and met
+during his life almost all the most remarkable people in
+England and America.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">This book only contains the first twenty-seven years of
+his life and I am afraid he never completed it. Such a
+book makes me despair!—Yours very sincerely,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">When "My Life" was published, he wrote to the same
+old and valued friend:</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. November 7, 1905.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mrs. Fisher,—The reviewers are generally very
+fair about the fads except a few. The <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Review</span> invents a
+new word for me—I am an "anti-body"; but the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Outlook</span>
+is the richest: I am the one man who believes in Spiritualism,
+phrenology, anti-vaccination, and the centrality of the
+earth in the universe, whose life is worth writing. Then it
+points out a few things I am capable of believing, but which
+everybody else knows to be fallacies, and compares me to
+Sir I. Newton writing on the prophets! Yet of course he
+praises my biology up to the skies—there I am wise—everywhere
+else I am a kind of weak, babyish idiot! It is really
+delightful!</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Only one is absolutely savage about it all—the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Liverpool</span>
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page226">[pg 226]</span>
+<a name="Pg226" id="Pg226" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Daily Post and Mercury</span>. The reviewer devotes over three
+columns almost wholly to the fads—as to all of which he
+evidently knows absolutely nothing, but he is cocksure that
+I am always wrong!...—Yours very sincerely,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">He always thought that he was deficient in the gift of
+humour: "I am," he wrote to Mr. J.W. Marshall (May
+6, 1905), "still grinding away at my autobiography. Have
+got to my American lecture tour, and hope to finish by
+about Sept. but have such lots of interruptions. I am
+just reading Huxley&#39;s Life. Some of his letters are inimitable,
+but the whole is rather monotonous. I find there
+is a good deal of variety in my life if I had but the gift of
+humour! Alas! I could not make a joke to save my life.
+But I find it very interesting." "Unless somebody," he
+wrote to Miss Evans, "can make me laugh just before
+the critical moment I always have a horrid expression in
+photographs." Yet another observant friend remarked that
+"he had a keen sense of humour. It was always his
+boyish joyous exuberance which touched me. He never
+grew old. When I had sat with him an hour he was a
+young man, he became transfigured to me." ... "The last
+time I saw Dr. Wallace," writes Prof. T.D.A. Cockerell
+of Colorado, "was immediately after the Darwin Celebration
+at Cambridge in 1909. I was the first to give him the
+details concerning it, and vividly remember how interested
+he was, and how heartily he laughed over some of the funny
+incidents, which may not as yet be told in print. One of
+his most prominent characteristics was his keen sense of
+humour, and his enjoyment of a good story." In the summer
+of 1885 he spent a holiday with Prof. Meldola at Lyme
+Regis. "After our ramble," said the Professor, "we used
+to spend the evenings indoors, I reading aloud the &#39;Ingoldsby
+Legends,&#39; which Wallace richly enjoyed. His humour was
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page227">[pg 227]</span>
+<a name="Pg227" id="Pg227" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+a delightful characteristic. &#39;The inimitable puns of T.
+Hood were,&#39; he said, &#39;the delight of my youth, as is the
+more recondite and fantastic humour of Mark Twain and
+Lewis Carroll in my old age.&#39;"</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">Wallace loved to give time and trouble in aiding young
+men to start in life, especially if they were endeavouring
+to become naturalists. He sent them letters of advice,
+helped them in the choice of the right country to visit,
+and gave them minute practical instructions how to live
+healthily and to maintain themselves. He put their needs
+before other and more fortunate scientific workers and
+besought assistance for them.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"The central secret of his personal magnetism lay in
+his wide and unselfish sympathy," writes Prof. Poulton.<a name="noteref_67" id="noteref_67"></a><a href="#note_67"><span class="footnoteref">67</span></a>
+"It might be thought by those who did not know Wallace
+that the noble generosity which will always stand as an
+example before the world was something special—called forth
+by the illustrious man with whom he was brought in contact.
+This would be a great mistake. Wallace&#39;s attitude was
+characteristic, and characteristic to the end of his life.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"A keen young naturalist in the North of England, taking
+part in an excursion to the New Forest, called on Wallace
+and confided to him the dream of his life—a first-hand knowledge
+of tropical nature. When I visited &#39;Old Orchard&#39; in
+the summer of 1903, I found that Wallace was intently
+interested in two things: his garden, and the means by
+which his young friend&#39;s dream might best be realised.
+The subject was referred to in seventeen letters to me; it
+formed the sole topic of some of them. It was a grand
+and inspiring thing to see this great man identifying himself
+heart and soul with the interests of one—till then a
+stranger—in whom he recognised the passionate longings
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page228">[pg 228]</span>
+<a name="Pg228" id="Pg228" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of his own youth. By the force of sympathy he re-lived
+in the life of another the splendid years of early manhood."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">The late Prof. Knight recalled meeting him at the
+British Association in Dundee, during the year 1867, when
+Wallace was his guest for the usual time of the gathering.
+He wrote:</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">I, and everyone else who then met him at my house,
+were struck, as no one could fail to be, by his rare
+urbanity, his social charm, his modesty, his unobtrusive
+strength, his courtesy in explaining matters with which
+he was himself familiar but those he conversed with
+were not; and his abounding interest, not only in almost
+every branch of Science, but in human knowledge in all
+its phases, especially new ones. He was a many-sided
+scientific man, and had a vivid sense of humour. He
+greatly enjoyed anecdote, as illustrative of character.
+During those days he talked much on the fundamental
+relations between Science and Philosophy, as well as on
+the connection of Poetry with both of them. When he
+left Dundee he went to Kenmore, that he might ascend
+Ben Lawers in search of some rare ferns.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">In 1872 I saw him, after meeting Thomas Carlyle and
+Dean Stanley at Linlathen, when Darwin&#39;s theory was
+much discussed, and when our genial host—Mr. Erskine—talked
+so dispassionately but decidedly against evolution
+as explanatory of the rise of what was new. A little
+later in the same year Matthew Arnold discussed the same
+subject with some friends at the AthenÊum Club, defending
+the chief aim of Darwin&#39;s theory, and enlarging from
+a different point of view what Wallace had done in the
+same direction. I remember well that he characterised
+the two men as fellow-workers, not as followers, or in
+any sense as copyists. Wallace&#39;s versatility not only continued,
+but grew in many ways with the advance of years.
+It was seen in his appreciation of the value of historical
+study. Quite late in life he wrote: "The nineteenth century
+is quite as wonderful in the domain of History as in
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page229">[pg 229]</span>
+<a name="Pg229" id="Pg229" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+that of Science." Comparatively few know, or remember,
+that he and his young brother Herbert—on whom he left
+an interesting chapter <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">in memoriam</span>—both wrote verses,
+some of which were of real value.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">It may be safely said that few scientific men have
+sympathetically entered into bordering territories and
+therein excelled. The whole field of psychical research
+was familiar to him, and he might have been a leader
+in it.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My last meeting with him was at his final home, the
+"Old Orchard," Broadstone, in 1909. I was staying at
+Boscombe in Hants, and he asked me to "come and see
+his garden, while we talked of past days." He had then
+the freshness of boyhood, blent with the mellow wisdom
+of age.—W.A.K.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">The eminent naturalist and traveller, Dr. Henry O.
+Forbes, who later explored the greater part of the lands
+visited by Wallace, contributes the following appreciation
+of the latter&#39;s scientific work:</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">As a traveller, explorer and working naturalist, Wallace
+will always stand in the first rank, compared even with the
+most modern explorers. It ought not to be forgotten, however,
+how great were the difficulties, the dangers and the
+cost of travel fifty years ago, compared with the facilities
+now enjoyed by his successors, who can command steam
+and motor transport to wellnigh any spot on the coasts of
+the globe, and who have to their hand concentrated and
+preserved foods, a surer knowledge of the causes of tropical
+diseases, and outfits of non-perishable medicines sufficient
+for many years within the space of a few cubic inches.
+Commissariat and health are the keys to all exploration in
+uncivilised regions. Wallace accomplished his work on the
+shortest of commons and lay weeks at a time sick through
+inability to replenish his medical stores.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">He was no mere "trudger" over new lands. Where
+those before him, and even many after him, have been
+able to see only sterile objects, his discerning eyes perceived
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page230">[pg 230]</span>
+<a name="Pg230" id="Pg230" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+everywhere a meaning in the varying modes of organic life,
+and in response to his sympathetic mind Nature revealed to
+him more of her multitudinous secrets than to most others.
+Wallace&#39;s Amazonian travels were far from unfruitful, in
+spite of the irreparable loss he sustained in the burning of
+his notes and the bulk of his collections in the vessel by which
+he was returning home; but it was in the Malay Archipelago
+that his most celebrated years of investigation were passed,
+which marked him as one of the greatest naturalists of our
+time. As a methodical natural history collector—which is
+"the best sport in the world" according to Darwin—he has
+never been surpassed; and few naturalists, if any, have ever
+brought together more enormous collections than he. The
+mere statement, taken from his "Malay Archipelago," of
+the number of his captures in the Archipelago in six years
+of actual collecting, exceeding 125,000 specimens—a number
+greater than the entire contents of many large museums—still
+causes amazement. The value of a collection, however,
+depends on the full and accurate information attached to
+each specimen, and from this point of view only a few collections,
+including Darwin&#39;s and Bates&#39;s, have possessed the
+great scientific value of his.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Wallace&#39;s Eastern explorations included nearly all the
+large and the majority of the smaller islands of the Archipelago.
+Many of them he was the first naturalist to visit,
+or to reside on. Ceram, Batjian, Buru, Lombok, Timor,
+Aru, Ke and New Guinea had never been previously
+scientifically investigated. When in 1858 "the first and
+greatest of the naturalists," as Dr. Wollaston styles Wallace,
+visited New Guinea, it was "the first time that any
+European had ventured to reside alone and practically unprotected
+on the mainland of this country," which, dangerous
+as it is now in the same regions, was infinitely more so
+then. Of the journals of his voyagings, "The Malay Archipelago"
+will always be ranked among the greatest narratives
+of travel. The fact that this volume has gone through
+a dozen editions is witness to its extraordinary popularity
+among intelligent minds, and hardly supports the belief
+that his scientific work has been forgotten. Nor can this
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page231">[pg 231]</span>
+<a name="Pg231" id="Pg231" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+popularity be a matter of much surprise, for few travellers
+have possessed Wallace&#39;s powers of exposition, his lucidity
+and charm of style. Professor Strasburger of Bonn has
+declared that through "The Malay Archipelago" "a new
+world of scientific knowledge" was unfolded before him.
+"I feel it ... my duty," he adds, "to proclaim it with
+gratitude." Wallace&#39;s narrative has attracted during the
+past half-century numerous naturalists to follow in his
+tracks, many of whom have reaped rich aftermaths of his
+harvest; but certain it is that no explorer in the same, if
+in any other, region has approached his eminence, or attained
+the success he achieved.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">As a systematic zoologist, Wallace took no inconsiderable
+place; his <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">métier</span>, however, was different. He described,
+nevertheless, large sections of his Lepidoptera and of his
+birds, on which many valuable papers are printed in the
+<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Transactions</span> of the learned societies and in various scientific
+periodicals. Of the former, special mention may be made
+of that on variation in the "PapilionidÊ of the Malayan
+Region," of which Darwin has recorded: "I have never
+in my life been more struck by any paper." Of the latter,
+reference may be drawn to his account of the "Pigeons of
+the Malay Archipelago" and his paper on the "Passerine
+Birds," in which he proposed an important new arrangement
+of the families of that group (used later in his
+"Geographical Distribution") based on the feathering of
+their wings. Without a lengthy search through the zoological
+records, it would be impossible to say how many
+species Wallace added to science; but the constant recurrence
+in the Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum of
+"wallacei" as the name bestowed on various new species
+by other systematists, and of "Wallace" succeeding those
+scientifically named by himself, is an excellent gauge of
+their very large number.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">In the field of anthropology Wallace could never be an
+uninterested spectator. He took a deep interest, he tells
+us, in the study of the various races of mankind. His
+accounts of the Amazonian tribes suffered greatly by the
+loss of his journals; but of the peoples of the Malay
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page232">[pg 232]</span>
+<a name="Pg232" id="Pg232" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Archipelago he has given us a most interesting narrative,
+detailing their bodily and mental characteristics, and showing
+how their distribution accorded with that of the fauna
+on the opposite sides—Malays to the West, Papuans to the
+East—of Wallace&#39;s Line. If fuller investigation of the
+New Guinea tribes requires some modification in regard
+to their origin, his observations, as broadly outlined then,
+remain true still. His opinions on the origin of the Australian
+aborigines—that they were a low and primitive type
+of Caucasian race—which, when first promulgated, were
+somewhat sceptically received, are now those accepted by
+many very competent anthropologists.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Wallace&#39;s contributions to Geographical Science were
+only second in importance to those he so pre-eminently
+made to biology. Though skilled in the use of surveying
+instruments, he did little or no map-making—at all times
+a laborious and lengthy task—for, with more important
+purposes in his mind, he could not spare the time, nor did
+the limitations to his movements permit any useful attempt.
+Yet he did pure geographical work quite as important. The
+value of the comparative study of the flora and fauna of
+neighbouring regions, the great differences in the midst of
+much likeness between the organic life of neighbouring land
+masses, was a subject that was always in Wallace&#39;s mind
+during his exploration of the Amazon Valley, for he perceived
+that the physical geography and the distribution of
+these animals and plants were of the greatest service in
+elucidating their history where the geological record was
+defective. As is well known, the visual inspection of the
+geological structure of tropical countries is always difficult
+and often impossible to make out because of the dense vegetation
+upon the surface and even the faces of the river gorges.
+But for the loss of his collections and notes we should have
+had from Wallace&#39;s pen a Physical History of the Amazon.
+This loss was, however, amply made up by his very original
+contributions to the geography of the Malay Archipelago.
+"The Zoological Geography of the Malay Archipelago" and
+"The Physical Geography of the Malay Archipelago" (written
+on Eastern soil, with the texts of his discourses around
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page233">[pg 233]</span>
+<a name="Pg233" id="Pg233" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+him) were the forerunners of his monumental "Geographical
+Distribution of Animals," elaborated in England after his
+return. "To the publication of the &#39;Geographical Distribution
+of Animals&#39; we owe the first scientific study of the
+distribution of organic life on the globe, which has broadened
+ever since, and continues to interest students daily; his brilliant
+work in Natural History and Geography ... is universally
+honoured," are the opinions of Dr. Scott speaking
+as President of the Linnean Society of London.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">One of Wallace&#39;s most important contributions to the
+physical geography of the Malay region was his discovery
+of the physical differences between the western and the
+eastern portions of the Archipelago; i.e. that the islands
+lying to the east of a line running north from the middle
+of the Straits of Bali and outside Celebes were fragments
+of an ancient and larger Australian continent, while those
+to the western side were fragments of an Asiatic continent.
+This he elucidated by recognising that the flora and fauna
+on the two sides of the line, close though these islands
+approached each other, were absolutely different and had
+remained for ages uncommingled. This line was denominated
+"Wallace&#39;s Line" by Huxley, and this discovery
+alone would have been sufficient to associate his name inseparably
+with this region of the globe.—H.O.F.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">Like Darwin, Wallace gave excessive attention to the
+suggestions and criticisms of people who were obviously
+ignorant of the subjects about which they wrote. He was
+never impatient with honest ignorance or considered the
+lowly position of his correspondents. He replied to all
+letters of inquiry (and he received many from working men),
+and always gave his best knowledge and advice to anyone
+who desired it. There was not the faintest suggestion of the
+despicable sense of superiority about him.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"I had, of course, revelled in &#39;The Malay Archipelago&#39;
+when a boy," says Prof. Cockerell, "but my first personal
+relations with Dr. Wallace arose from a letter I wrote him
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page234">[pg 234]</span>
+<a name="Pg234" id="Pg234" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+after reading his &#39;Darwinism,&#39; then (early in 1890) recently
+published. The book delighted me, but I found a number
+of little matters to criticise and discuss, and with the impetuosity
+of youth proceeded to write to the author, and
+also to send a letter on some of the points to <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nature</span>. I
+have possibly not yet reached years of discretion, but in
+the perspective of time I can see with confusion that what
+I regarded as worthy zeal might well have been characterised
+by others as confounded impudence. In the face of
+this, the tolerance and kindness of Dr. Wallace&#39;s reply is
+wholly characteristic: &#39;I am very much obliged to you for
+your letter containing so many valuable emendations and
+suggestions on my "Darwinism." They will be very useful
+to me in preparing another edition. Living in the country
+with but few books, I have often been unable to obtain the
+<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">latest</span> information, but for the purpose of the argument
+the facts of a few years back are often as good as those of
+to-day—which in their turn will be modified a few years
+hence.... You appear to have so much knowledge of
+details in so many branches of natural history, and also
+to have thought so much on many of the more recondite
+problems, that I shall be much pleased to receive any
+further remarks or corrections on any other portions of
+my book.&#39; This letter, written to a very young and quite
+unknown man in the wilds of Colorado, who had merely
+communicated a list of more or less trifling criticisms, can
+only be explained as an instance of Dr. Wallace&#39;s eagerness
+to help and encourage beginners. It did not occur to
+him to question the propriety of the criticisms, he did not
+write as a superior to an inferior; he only saw what seemed
+to him a spark of biological enthusiasm, which should by
+all means be kindled into flame. Many years later, when
+I was at his house, he produced with the greatest delight
+some letters from a young man who had gone to South
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page235">[pg 235]</span>
+<a name="Pg235" id="Pg235" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+America and was getting his first glimpse of the tropical
+forest. What discoveries he might make! What joy he
+must have on seeing the things described in the letter, such
+things as Dr. Wallace himself had seen in Brazil so long
+ago!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Wallace&#39;s critical faculty was always keen and vigilant.
+Unlike some critics, however, he relished genuine and
+well-informed criticism of his own writings. Flattery he
+despised; whilst the charge of dishonesty aroused strongest
+resentment. Deceived he might be, but he required clear
+proof that his own eyes and ears had led him astray.
+Romanes, who had propounded the forgotten theory of
+physiological selection, charged Wallace with adopting it
+as his own. This was not only untrue, it was ridiculous;
+and Wallace, after telling him so and receiving no apology,
+dropped him out of his recognition. During Romanes&#39; illness
+Mr. Thiselton-Dyer wrote to Wallace and sought to
+bring about a reconciliation, and Wallace replied:</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. September 26, 1893.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Thiselton-Dyer,—I am sorry to hear of Romanes&#39;
+illness, because I think he would have done much good work
+in carrying out experiments which require the leisure, means
+and knowledge which he possesses. I cannot, however, at
+all understand his wishing to have any communication from
+myself. I do not think I ever met Romanes in private more
+than once, when he called on me more than twenty years
+ago about some curious psychical phenomena occurring in
+his own family; and perhaps half a dozen letters—if so
+many—may have passed between us since. There is therefore
+no question of personal friendship disturbed. I consider,
+however, that he made a very gross misstatement and
+personal attack on me when he stated, both in English and
+American periodicals, that in my "Darwinism" I adopted
+his theory of "physiological selection" and claimed it as my
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page236">[pg 236]</span>
+<a name="Pg236" id="Pg236" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+own, and that my adoption of it was "unequivocal and
+complete." This accusation he supported by such a flood
+of words and quotations and explanations as to obscure
+all the chief issues and render it almost impossible for the
+ordinary reader to disentangle the facts. I told him then
+that unless he withdrew this accusation as publicly as he
+had made it I should decline all future correspondence
+with him, and should avoid referring to him in any of my
+writings.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">This is, of course, very different from any criticism of
+my theories; that, or even ridicule, would never disturb
+me; but when a man has made an accusation of literary
+and scientific dishonesty, and has done all he can to
+spread this accusation over the whole civilised world, my
+only answer can be—after showing, as I have done (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">see
+Nature</span>, vol. xliii., pp. 79 and 150), that his accusations
+are wholly untrue—to ignore his existence.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I cannot believe that he can want any sympathy from
+a man he says has wilfully and grossly plagiarised him,
+unless he feels that his accusations were unfounded. If
+he does so, and will write to me to that effect (for publication,
+if I wish, after his death), I will accept it as full
+reparation and write him such a letter as you suggest.—Believe
+me yours very faithfully,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_196" id="toc_196"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Kew. September 27, 1897.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Wallace,—I am afraid I have been rather guilty
+of an impertinence which I hope you will forgive.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Romanes is an old acquaintance of mine of many years&#39;
+standing. Personally, I like him very much; but for his
+writings I confess I have no great admiration.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Pray believe me I had no mission of any sort on his
+part to write to you. But I feel so sorry for him that
+when he told me how much he regretted that he did not
+stand well with you, I could not resist writing to tell you
+of the calamities that have befallen him.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I must confess I was in total ignorance of what you
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page237">[pg 237]</span>
+<a name="Pg237" id="Pg237" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+tell me. I don&#39;t see how, under the circumstances, you
+can do anything. I was never more surprised in my life,
+in fact, than when I read your letter. The whole thing is
+too childishly preposterous.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Romanes laments over <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">me</span> because he says I wilfully misunderstand
+his theory. The fact is, poor fellow, that I do
+not think he understands it himself. If his life had been
+destined to be prolonged I should have done all in my power
+to have induced him to occupy himself more with observation
+and less with mere logomachy.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I cannot get him to face the fact that natural hybrids
+are being found to be more and more common amongst
+plants. At the beginning of the century it was supposed
+that there were some sixty recognisable species of willows
+in the British Isles: now they are cut down to about
+sixteen, and all the rest are resolved into hybrids.—Ever
+sincerely,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">W.T. THISELTON-DYER.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">Wallace was a seeker after Truth who was never shy of his
+august mistress, whatever robes she wore. "I feel within
+me," wrote Darwin to Henslow, "an instinct for truth, or
+knowledge, or discovery, of something of the same nature as
+the instinct of virtue." This was equally true of Wallace.
+He had a fine reverence for truth, beauty and love, and he
+feared not to expose error. He paid no respect to time-honoured
+practices and opinions if he believed them to be
+false. Vaccination came under his searching criticism, and
+in the face of nearly the whole medical faculty he denounced
+it as quackery condemned by the very evidence used to defend
+it. He very carefully examined the claims of phrenology,
+which had been laughed out of court by scientific men, and
+he came to the conclusion that "in the present (twentieth)
+century phrenology will assuredly attain general acceptance.
+It will prove itself to be the true science of the mind. Its
+practical uses in education, in self-discipline, in the reformatory
+treatment of criminals, and in the remedial
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page238">[pg 238]</span>
+<a name="Pg238" id="Pg238" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+treatment of the insane, will gain it one of the highest
+places in the hierarchy of the sciences; and its persistent
+neglect and obloquy during the last sixty years of the
+nineteenth century will be referred to as an example of
+the almost incredible narrowness and prejudice which prevailed
+among men of science at the very time they were
+making such splendid advances in other fields of thought
+and discovery."<a name="noteref_68" id="noteref_68"></a><a href="#note_68"><span class="footnoteref">68</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Wallace was not even scared out of his wits by ghosts,
+for, unlike Coleridge, he believed in them although he
+thought he had seen many. Whether truth came from the
+scaffold or the throne, the séance or the sky, it did not alter
+the truth, and did not prejudice or overbear his judgment.
+He shed his early materialism (which temporarily took
+possession of him as it did of many others as a result of
+the shock following the overwhelming discoveries of that
+period) when he was brought face to face with the phenomena
+of the spiritual kingdom which withstood the searching
+test of his keen observation and reasoning powers.
+Prejudices, preconceived notions, respect for his scientific
+position or the opinions of his eminent friends or the
+reputation of the learned societies to which he belonged—all
+were quietly and firmly put aside when he saw what
+he recognised to be the truth. If his fellow-workers did
+not accept it, so much the worse for them. He stood four-square
+against the onslaught of quasi-scientific rationalism,
+which once threatened to obliterate all the ancient landmarks
+of morality and religion alike. He made mistakes,
+and he admitted and corrected them, because he verily loved
+Truth for her own sake. And to the very end of his long life
+he kept the windows of his soul wide open to what he believed
+to be the light of this and other worlds.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">He was, then, a man of lofty ideals, and his idealism
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page239">[pg 239]</span>
+<a name="Pg239" id="Pg239" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+was at the base of his opposition to the materialism which
+boasted that Natural Selection explained all adaptation,
+and that Physics could give the solution of Huxley&#39;s poser
+to Spencer: "Given the molecular forces in a mutton chop,
+deduce Hamlet and Faust therefrom," and which regarded
+mind as a quality of matter as brightness is a quality of
+steel, and life as the result of the organisation of matter
+and not its cause.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"We have ourselves," wrote Prof. H.F. Osborn in an
+account of Wallace&#39;s scientific work which Wallace praised,
+"experienced a loss of confidence with advancing years, an
+increasing humility in the face of transformations which
+become more and more mysterious the more we study them,
+although we may not join with this master in his appeal to
+an organising and directing principle." But profound contemplation
+of nature and of the mind of man led Wallace
+to belief in God, to accept the Divine origin of life and
+consciousness, and to proclaim a hierarchy of spiritual
+beings presiding over nature and the affairs of nations.
+"Whatever," writes Dr. H.O. Forbes, "may be the last
+words on the deep and mysterious problems to which Wallace
+addressed himself in his later works, the unquestioned
+consensus of the highest scientific opinion throughout the
+world is that his work has been for more than half a century,
+and will continue to be, a living stimulus to interpretation
+and investigation, a fertilising and vivifying force in
+every sphere of thought."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">It is perhaps unprofitable to go further than in
+previous chapters into his so-called heresies—political,
+scientific or religious. Yet we may imitate his boldness
+and ask whether he was not, perhaps, in advance of his
+age and whether his heresies were not shrewd anticipations
+of some truth at present but partially revealed.
+Take the example of Spiritualism, which, I suppose,
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page240">[pg 240]</span>
+<a name="Pg240" id="Pg240" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+has more opponents than anti-vaccination. No one can
+overlook the fact that Spiritualism has many scientific
+exponents—Myers, Crookes, Lodge, Barrett and others.
+Prejudices against Spiritualism are as unscientific as the
+credulity which swallows the mutterings of every medium.
+Podmore&#39;s two ponderous volumes on the History of
+Spritualism are marred by an obvious anxiety to make
+the very least, if not the very worst, of every phenomenon
+alleged to be spiritualistic. That kind of deliberate and
+obstinate blindness which prided itself on being the clear
+cold light of science Wallace scorned and denounced. He
+did not insist upon spiritualistic manifestations shaping
+themselves according to his own predesigned moulds in
+order to be investigated. He watched for facts whatever
+form they assumed. He fully recognised that the phenomena
+he saw and heard could be easily ridiculed, but behind them
+he as fully believed that he came into contact with spiritual
+realities which remain, and which led him to other explanations
+of the higher faculties of man and the origin of life
+and consciousness than were acceptable to the materialistic
+followers of Haeckel, BÃŒchner and Huxley. And who dares
+dogmatically to assert in the name of science and in the
+second decade of the twentieth century, when the deeper
+meanings of evolution are being revealed, and the philosophy
+of Bergson is spoken about on the housetops, that he was
+wrong? In these views may he not become the peer of
+Darwin?</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">At first blush it may seem to be a bad example of special
+pleading to attempt to discover the reason for his opposition
+to vaccination in his idealism. But it is not far from the
+truth. He believed in a Ministry of Public Health, that
+doctors should be servants of the State, and that they
+should be paid according as they kept people well and not
+ill. Health is the natural condition of the human body
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page241">[pg 241]</span>
+<a name="Pg241" id="Pg241" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+when it is properly sustained and used. And chemicals,
+even in sickness, are of less importance than fresh air,
+light and proper food. He ridiculed, too, the notion of
+unhealthy places. "It is like," he wrote to Mr. Birch,
+"the old idea that every child must have measles, and
+the sooner the better." To the same correspondent, who
+was contemplating going into virgin forests and who expressed
+his fear of malaria, he replied: "There is no
+special danger of malaria or other diseases in a dense
+forest region. I am sure this is a delusion, and the dense
+virgin forests, even when swampy, are, in a state of nature,
+perfectly healthy to live in. It is man&#39;s tampering with
+them, and man&#39;s own bad habits of living, that render them
+unhealthy. Having now gone over all Spruce&#39;s journals
+and letters during his twelve years&#39; life in and about the
+Amazonian forests, I am sure this is so. And even where
+a place is said to be notoriously &#39;malarious,&#39; it is mostly
+due not to infection only but to predisposition due to malnutrition
+or some bad mode of living. A person living
+healthily may, for the most part, laugh at such terrors.
+Neither I nor Spruce ever got fevers when we lived in the
+forests and were able to get wholesome food." "Health,"
+he said to the present writer, "is the best resistant to disease,
+and not the artificial giving of a mild form of a disease in
+order to render the body immune to it for a season. Vaccination
+is not only condemned upon the statistics which are
+used to uphold it, but it is a false principle—unscientific,
+and therefore doomed to fail in the end." Besides which,
+he believed in mental healing, and had recorded definite
+and certain benefit from spiritual "healers." And he reminded
+himself that amongst doctors (witness the blind
+opposition encountered by Lister&#39;s discoveries) were found
+from time to time not a few enemies of the true healing art,
+and obstinate defenders of many forms of quackery.
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page242">[pg 242]</span>
+<a name="Pg242" id="Pg242" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Wallace made no claim to be an original investigator.
+He knew his limitations, and said again and again that
+he could not have conducted the slow and minute researches
+or have accumulated the vast amount of detailed
+evidence to which Darwin, with infinite patience, devoted
+his life. He was genuinely glad that it had not fallen to
+his lot to write "The Origin of Species." He felt that his
+chief faculty was to reason from facts which others discovered.
+Yet he had that original insight and creative
+faculty which enabled him to see, often as by flashlight,
+the explanation which had remained hidden from the eyes
+of the man who was most familiar with the particular
+facts, and he elaborated it with quickening pulse, anxious
+to put down the whole conception which filled his mind
+lest some portion of it should escape him. Therein lay
+one secret of his great genius. He often said that he was
+an idler, but we know that he was a patient and industrious
+worker. His idleness was his way of describing his long
+musings, waiting the bidding of her whom God inspires—Truth,
+who often hides her face from the clouded eyes of
+man. For hours, days, weeks, he was disinclined to work.
+He felt no constraining impulse, his attention was relaxed or
+engaged upon a novel, or his seeds, or the plan of a new
+house, which always excited his interest. Then, apparently
+suddenly, whilst in one of his day-dreams, or in a
+fever (as at Ternate, to recall the historical episode when
+the theory of Natural Selection struck him), an explanation,
+a theory, a discovery,<a name="noteref_69" id="noteref_69"></a><a href="#note_69"><span class="footnoteref">69</span></a> the plan of a new book, came to him
+like a flash of light, and with the plan the material, the arguments,
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page243">[pg 243]</span>
+<a name="Pg243" id="Pg243" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the illustrations; the words came tumbling one over
+the other in his brain, and as suddenly his idleness vanished,
+and work, eager, prolonged, unwearying, filled his days and
+months and years until the message was written down and
+the task fully accomplished. Whilst writing he referred to
+few books, but wrote straight on, adding paragraph to paragraph,
+chapter to chapter, without recasting or revision.<a name="noteref_70" id="noteref_70"></a><a href="#note_70"><span class="footnoteref">70</span></a>
+And the result was fresh, striking, original. It was a
+creation. The work being done, he relapsed into his busy
+idleness. The truth, as he saw it, seemed to come to him.
+Some people called him a prophet, but he was not conscious
+of that high calling. I do not remember him saying
+that he was only a messenger. Perhaps later, when
+he was reviewing his life, he connected his sudden inspirations
+with a higher source, but for their realisation he
+relied upon a foundation of veritable facts, facts patiently
+accumulated, a foundation laid broad and deep. He had
+the vision of the prophet allied with the wisdom of the
+philosopher and the calm mental detachment of the man
+of science. Perhaps another explanation of his genius
+may be found in his open-mindedness. Truth found ready
+access to his conscience, and always a warm welcome, and
+he saw with open eyes where others were stone-blind.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">He belonged to our common humanity. No caste or
+acquired pride or unapproachable intellectualism cut him off
+from the people. His simple humanness made him one with
+us all. And his humanity was singularly comprehensive.
+It led him, for instance, to investigate the subject of
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page244">[pg 244]</span>
+<a name="Pg244" id="Pg244" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+suffering in animals. He noticed that all good men and
+women rightly shrank from giving pain to them, and he set
+himself to prove that the capacity for pain decreased as we
+descended the scale of life, and that poets and others were
+mistaken when they imputed acute suffering to the lower
+creation, because of the very restricted response of their
+nervous system. Even in the case of the human infant, he
+concluded that only very slight sensations are at first required,
+and that such only are therefore developed. The
+sensation of pain does not, probably, reach its maximum
+till the whole organism is fully developed in the adult individual.
+"This," he added, with that characteristic touch
+which made him kin to all oppressed people, "is rather
+comforting in view of the sufferings of so many infants
+needlessly sacrificed through the terrible defects of our
+vicious social system."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">To Wallace pain was the birth-cry of a soul&#39;s advance—the
+stamp of rank in nature is capacity for pain. Pain,
+he held, was always strictly subordinated to the law of
+utility, and was never developed beyond what was actually
+needed for the protection and advance of life. This brings
+the sensitive soul immense relief. Our susceptibility to
+the higher agonies is a condition of our advance in life&#39;s
+pageant.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Take another instance. Amongst his numerous correspondents
+there were not a few who decided not to take
+life, for food, or science, or in war. One young man who
+went out with the assistance of Wallace to Trinidad and
+Brazil to become a naturalist, and to whom he wrote
+many letters<a name="noteref_71" id="noteref_71"></a><a href="#note_71"><span class="footnoteref">71</span></a> of direction and encouragement, gave up
+the work of collecting—to Wallace&#39;s sincere disappointment—and
+came home because he felt that it was wrong
+to take the lives of such wondrous and beautiful birds and
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page245">[pg 245]</span>
+<a name="Pg245" id="Pg245" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+insects. Another correspondent, who had joined the Navy,
+wrote a number of long letters to Wallace setting forth his
+conscientious objections to killing, arrived at after reading
+Wallace&#39;s books; and although Wallace endeavoured from
+prudential considerations to restrain him from giving up
+his position, he nevertheless wholly sympathised with him
+and in the end warmly defended him when it was necessary
+to do so. The sacrifice, too, of human life in dangerous
+employments for the purpose of financial gain, no less than
+the frightful slaughter of the battlefield, was abhorrent to
+Wallace and aroused his intensest indignation. Life to
+him was sacred. It had its origin in the spiritual kingdom.
+"We are lovers of nature, from &#39;bugs&#39; up to
+&#39;humans,&#39;" he wrote to Mr. Fred Birch.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">By every means he laboured earnestly to secure an equal
+opportunity of leading a useful and happy life for all men
+and women. He championed the cause of women—of their
+freer life and their more active and public part in national
+service. He found the selective agency, which was to work
+for the amelioration he desired, in a higher form of sexual
+selection, which will be the prerogative of women; and therefore
+woman&#39;s position in the not distant future "will be
+far higher and more important than any which has been
+claimed for or by her in the past." When political and
+social rights are conceded to her on equality with men, her
+free choice in marriage, no longer influenced by economic
+and social considerations, will guide the future moral progress
+of the race, restore the lost equality of opportunity to
+every child born in our country, and secure the balance
+between the sexes. "It will be their (women&#39;s) special
+duty so to mould public opinion, through home training
+and social influence, as to render the women of the future
+the regenerators of the entire human race."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">He was acutely anxious that his ideals should be realised
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page246">[pg 246]</span>
+<a name="Pg246" id="Pg246" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+on earth by the masses of the people. He had a large and
+noble vision of their future. And he had his plan for their
+immediate redemption—national ownership of the soil, better
+housing, higher wages, certainty of employment, abolition of
+preventable diseases, more leisure and wider education, not
+merely for the practical work of obtaining a livelihood but to
+enable them to enjoy art and literature and song. His opposition
+to Eugenics (to adopt the word introduced by Galton,
+which Wallace called jargon) sprang from his idealism and
+his love of the people, as well as from his scientific knowledge.
+On the social side he thought that Eugenics offered
+less chance of a much-needed improvement of environment
+than the social reforms which he advocated, whilst on the
+scientific side he believed that the attempt, with our extremely
+limited knowledge, to breed men and women by
+artificial selection was worse than folly. He feared that, as
+he understood it, Eugenics would perpetuate class distinctions,
+and postpone social reform, and afford quasi-scientific
+excuses for keeping people "in the positions Nature intended
+them to occupy," a scientific reading of the more offensive
+saying of those who, having plenty themselves, believe that
+it is for the good of the lower classes to be dependent upon
+others. "Clear up," he said to the present writer one day,
+when we drifted into a warm discussion of the teachings of
+Eugenists; "change the environment so that all may have
+an adequate opportunity of living a useful and happy life,
+and give woman a free choke in marriage; and when that
+has been going on for some generations you may be in a
+better position to apply whatever has been discovered about
+heredity and human breeding, and you may then know which
+are the better stocks."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Segregation of the unfit," he remarked to an interviewer
+after the Eugenic Conference, at which much was
+unhappily said that wholly justified his caustic denunciation,
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page247">[pg 247]</span>
+<a name="Pg247" id="Pg247" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+"is a mere excuse for establishing a medical tyranny.
+And we have enough of this kind of tyranny already ...
+the world does not want the eugenist to set it straight....
+Eugenics is simply the meddlesome interference of an arrogant
+scientific priestcraft."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Thus his radicalism and his so-called fads were born of
+his high aspirations. He was not the recluse calmly spinning
+theories from a bewildering chaos of observations, and
+building up isolated facts into the unity of a great and illuminating
+conception in the silence and solitude of his library,
+unmindful of the great world of sin and sorrow without. He
+could say with Darwin, "I was born a naturalist"; but we
+can add that his heart was on fire with love for the toiling
+masses. He had felt the intense joy of discovering
+a vast and splendid generalisation, which not only worked
+a complete revolution in biological science, but has also
+illuminated the whole field of human knowledge. Yet his
+greatest ambition was to improve the cruel conditions under
+which thousands of his fellow-creatures suffered and died,
+and to make their lives sweeter and happier. His mind
+was great enough and his heart large enough to encompass
+all that lies between the visible horizons of human
+thought and activity, and even in his old age he lived
+upon the topmost peaks, eagerly looking for the horizon
+beyond. In the words of the late Mr. Gladstone, he
+"was inspired with the belief that life was a great and
+noble calling; not a mean and grovelling thing that we
+are to shuffle through as we can, but an elevated and lofty
+destiny."</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">But we must not be tempted into further disquisition.
+As he grew older the public Press as well as his friends
+celebrated his birthdays. Congratulations by telegram and
+letter poured in upon him and gave him great pleasure.
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page248">[pg 248]</span>
+<a name="Pg248" id="Pg248" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Minor poets sang special solos, or joined in the chorus.
+One example may be quoted:</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE</h3>
+<p style="text-align: center" class="tei tei-p">8TH JANUARY, 1911</p>
+
+<div style="text-align: left" class="tei tei-lg">
+<p class="tei tei-l">A little cot back&#39;d by a wood-fring&#39;d height,</p>
+<p style="margin-left: 8em" class="tei tei-l">Where sylvan Usk runs swiftly babbling by:</p>
+<p style="margin-left: 8em" class="tei tei-l">Here thy young eyes first look&#39;d on earth and sky,</p>
+<p class="tei tei-l">And all the wonders of the day and night;</p>
+<p class="tei tei-l">O born interpreter of Nature&#39;s might,</p>
+<p style="margin-left: 8em" class="tei tei-l">Lord of the quiet heart and seeing eye,</p>
+<p style="margin-left: 8em" class="tei tei-l">Vast is our debt to thee we&#39;ll ne&#39;er deny,</p>
+<p class="tei tei-l">Though some may own it in their own despite.</p>
+<p class="tei tei-l">Now after fourscore teeming years and seven,</p>
+<p style="margin-left: 8em" class="tei tei-l">Our hearts are jocund that we have thee still</p>
+<p style="margin-left: 8em" class="tei tei-l">A refuge in this world of good and ill,</p>
+<p class="tei tei-l">When evil triumphs and our souls are riv&#39;n;</p>
+<p class="tei tei-l">A friend to all the friendless under heav&#39;n;</p>
+<p class="tei tei-l">A foe to fraud and all the lusts that kill.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div style="text-align: left" class="tei tei-lg">
+<p class="tei tei-l">O champion of the Truth, whate&#39;er it be!</p>
+<p style="margin-left: 8em" class="tei tei-l">World-wand&#39;rer over this terrestrial frame;</p>
+<p style="margin-left: 8em" class="tei tei-l">Twin-named with Darwin on the roll of fame;</p>
+<p class="tei tei-l">This day we render homage unto thee;</p>
+<p class="tei tei-l">For in thy steps o&#39;er alien land and sea,</p>
+<p style="margin-left: 8em" class="tei tei-l">Where life burns fast and tropic splendours flame.</p>
+<p style="margin-left: 8em" class="tei tei-l">Oft have we follow&#39;d with sincere acclaim</p>
+<p class="tei tei-l">To mark thee unfold Nature&#39;s mystery.</p>
+<p class="tei tei-l">For this we thank thee, yet one thing remains</p>
+<p style="margin-left: 8em" class="tei tei-l">Shall shrine thee deeper in the heart of man,</p>
+<p style="margin-left: 8em" class="tei tei-l">In ages yet to be when we are dust;</p>
+<p class="tei tei-l">Thou hast put forth thy hand to rend our chains,</p>
+<p style="margin-left: 8em" class="tei tei-l">Our birthright to restore from feudal ban;</p>
+<p style="margin-left: 8em" class="tei tei-l">O righteous soul, magnanimous and just!</p>
+</div>
+
+<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">W. BRAUNSTON JONES.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Sir William Barrett, one of Wallace&#39;s oldest friends,
+visited him during the last year of his life, and thus
+describes the visit:</p>
+
+<blockquote style="margin: 2em 4em" class="tei tei-quote">
+<p class="tei tei-p">In the early summer of 1913, some six months before
+his death, I had the pleasure of paying another visit and
+spending a delightful afternoon with my old friend. His
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page249">[pg 249]</span>
+<a name="Pg249" id="Pg249" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+health was failing, and he sat wrapped up before a fire in
+his study, though it was a warm day. He could not walk
+round his garden with me as before, but pointed to the
+little plot of ground in front of the French windows of his
+study—where he had moved some of his rarer primulas and
+other plants he was engaged in hybridising—and which he
+could just manage to visit. His eyesight and hearing
+seemed as good as ever, and his intellectual power was
+undimmed....</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dr. Wallace then, pointing to the beautiful expanse
+of garden, woodland and sea which was visible from the
+large study windows, burst forth with vigorous gesticulation
+and flashing eyes: "Just think! All this wonderful
+beauty and diversity of nature results from the operation
+of a few simple laws. In my early unregenerate days I
+used to think that only material forces and natural laws
+were operative throughout the world. But these I now
+see are hopelessly inadequate to explain this mystery and
+wonder and variety of life. I am, as you know, absolutely
+convinced that behind and beyond all elementary processes
+there is a guiding and directive force; a Divine power or
+hierarchy of powers, ever controlling these processes so
+that they are tending to more abundant and to higher
+types of life."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">This led Dr. Wallace to refer to my published lecture
+on "Creative Thought" and express his hearty concurrence
+with the line of argument therein; in fact he had
+already sent me his views, which, with his consent, I published
+as a postscript to that lecture.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Then our conversation turned upon recent political
+events, and it was remarkable how closely he had followed,
+and how heartily he approved, the legislation of
+the Liberal Government of the day. His admiration for Mr.
+Lloyd George was unfeigned. "To think that I should
+have lived to see so earnest and democratic a Chancellor of
+the Exchequer!" he exclaimed, and he confidently awaited
+still larger measures which would raise the condition of the
+workers to a higher level; and nothing was more striking
+than his intense sympathy with every movement for the
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page250">[pg 250]</span>
+<a name="Pg250" id="Pg250" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+relief of poverty and the betterment of the wage-earning
+classes. The land question, we agreed, lay at the root of
+the matter, and land nationalisation the true solution. In
+fact, ever since I read the proof-sheets of his book on this
+subject, which he corrected when staying at my house in
+Kingstown, I have been a member of the Land Nationalisation
+Society, of which he was President.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Needless to say, Dr. Wallace was an ardent Home Ruler
+and Free Trader,<a name="noteref_72" id="noteref_72"></a><a href="#note_72"><span class="footnoteref">72</span></a> but on the latter question he said there
+should be an export duty on coal, especially the South
+Wales steam coal, as our supply was limited and it
+was essential for the prosperity of the country—and "the
+purchaser pays the duty," he remarked. I heartily agreed
+with him, and said that a small export duty <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">had</span> been
+placed on coal by the Conservative Government, but subsequently
+was removed. This he had forgotten, and when
+later on I sent him particulars of the duty and its yield,
+he replied saying that at that time he was so busy with
+the preparation of a book that he had overlooked the
+fact. He wrote most energetically on the importance of
+the Government being wise in time, and urged at least a
+2s. export duty on coal.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">We talked about the question of a portrait of Dr. Wallace
+being painted and presented to the Royal Society, which
+had been suggested by the Rev. James Marchant, to whom
+Dr. Wallace referred, when talking to me, in grateful and
+glowing terms.—W.F.B.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Perhaps it should be added to Sir William Barrett&#39;s reminiscences
+that the movement which was set on foot to
+carry out this project was stayed by Wallace&#39;s death.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">During the last years of his life his pen was seldom
+dry. His interest in science and in politics was fresh and
+keen to the closing week. He wrote "Social Environment
+and Moral Progress" in 1912, at the age of 90. The book
+had a remarkable reception. Leading articles and illustrated
+reviews appeared in most of the daily newspapers.
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page251">[pg 251]</span>
+<a name="Pg251" id="Pg251" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+The book, into which he had put his deepest thoughts and
+feelings upon the condition of society, was hailed as a
+virile and notable production from a truly great man.
+After this was issued, he saw another, "The Revolt of
+Democracy," through the press. But this did not exhaust
+his activities. He entered almost immediately into a contract
+to write a big volume upon the social order, and as
+a side issue to help, as is mentioned in the Introduction,
+in the production of an even larger book upon the writings
+and position of Darwin and Wallace and the theory of
+Natural Selection as an adequate explanation of organic
+evolution. Age did not seem to weaken his amazing fertility
+of creative thought, nor to render him less susceptible to
+the claims of humanity, which he faced with a noble courage.
+In nobility of character and in magnitude, variety and richness
+of mind he was amongst the foremost scientific men of
+the Victorian Age, and with his death that great period,
+which was marked by wide and illuminating generalisations
+and the grand style in science, came to an end.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Apart altogether, however, from his scientific position
+and attainments, which set him on high, he was a noble
+example of brave, resolute, and hopeful endeavour, maintained
+without faltering to the end of a long life. And
+this is not the least valuable part of his legacy to the race.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">When Henslow died, Huxley wrote to Hooker: "He had
+intellect to comprehend his highest duty distinctly, and force
+of character to do it; which of us dare ask for a higher summary
+of his life than that? For such a man there can be
+no fear in facing the great unknown; his life has been one
+long experience of the substantial justice of the laws by
+which this world is governed, and he will calmly trust to
+them still as he lays his head down for his long sleep." Let
+that also stand as the estimate of Wallace by his contemporaries,
+an estimate which we believe posterity will confirm.
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page252">[pg 252]</span>
+<a name="Pg252" id="Pg252" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+And to it we may add that death, which came to him in his
+sleep as a gentle deliverer, opened the door into the larger
+and fuller life into which he tried to penetrate and in which
+he firmly believed. If that faith be founded in truth, Darwin
+and Wallace, yonder as here, are united evermore.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<p class="tei tei-p">I am writing these concluding words on the second
+anniversary of his death. Before me there lies the telegram
+which brought me the sad news that he had "passed
+away very peacefully at 9.25 a.m., without regaining consciousness."
+He was in his ninety-first year. It was
+suggested that he should be buried in Westminster
+Abbey, beside Charles Darwin, but Mrs. Wallace and the
+family, expressing his own wishes as well as theirs, did
+not desire it. On Monday, November 10th, he was laid
+to rest with touching simplicity in the little cemetery of
+Broadstone, on a pine-clad hill swept by ocean breezes.
+He was followed on his last earthly journey by his son
+and daughter, by Miss Mitten, his sister-in-law, and by
+the present writer. Mrs. Wallace, being an invalid, was
+unable to attend. The funeral service was conducted by
+the Bishop of Salisbury (Dr. Ridgeway), and among the
+official representatives were Prof. Raphael Meldola and
+Prof. E.B. Poulton representing the Royal Society; the
+latter and Dr. Scott representing the Linnean Society, and
+Mr. Joseph Hyder the Land Nationalisation Society. A
+singularly appropriate monument, consisting of a fossil
+tree-trunk from the Portland beds, has been erected over
+his grave upon a base of Purbeck stone, which bears the
+following inscription:</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE, O.M.<br />
+Born Jan. 8th, 1823, Died Nov. 7th, 1913</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">A year later, on the 10th of December, 1914, his widow
+died after a long illness, and was buried in the same grave.
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page253">[pg 253]</span>
+<a name="Pg253" id="Pg253" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+She was the eldest daughter of Mr. William Mitten, of Hurstpierpoint,
+an enthusiastic botanist, and in no mean degree
+she inherited her father&#39;s love of wild flowers and of the
+beautiful in nature. It was this similarity of tastes which
+led to her close intimacy and subsequent marriage, in 1866,
+with Wallace. Their married life was an exceedingly happy
+one. She was able to help him in his scientific labours,
+and she provided that atmosphere in the home life which
+enabled him to devote himself to his many-sided enterprises.
+And nothing would give him more joy than to
+know that this book is dedicated to her memory.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center" class="tei tei-p"><a name="image05" id="image05" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<img src="images/image05.png" alt="THE GRAVE OF ALFRED RUSSEL AND ANNIE WALLACE" class="tei tei-figure" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center" class="tei tei-p">THE GRAVE OF ALFRED RUSSEL AND ANNIE WALLACE</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Soon after Wallace&#39;s death a Committee was formed
+(with Prof. Poulton as Chairman and Prof. Meldola as
+Treasurer) to erect a memorial, and the following petition
+was sent to the Dean and Chapter of Westminster Abbey:</p>
+
+<blockquote style="margin: 2em 4em" class="tei tei-quote">
+<p class="tei tei-p">We, the undersigned, earnestly desiring a suitable
+national memorial to the late Alfred Russel Wallace, and
+believing that no position would be so appropriate as
+Westminster Abbey, the burial-place of his illustrious
+fellow-worker Charles Darwin, petition the Right Reverend
+the Dean and Chapter for permission to place a medallion
+in Westminster Abbey. We further guarantee, if the medallion
+be accepted, to pay the Abbey fees of £200.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">ARCH. GEIKIE</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p">WILLIAM CROOKES</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p">A.B. KEMPE</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p">E. RAY LANKESTER</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p">D.H. SCOTT</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p">D. PRAIN</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p">A.E. SHIPLEY</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p">RAPHAEL MELDOLA</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p">P.A. MACMAHON</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p">JOHN W. JUDD</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p">OLIVER J. LODGE</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p">E.B. POULTON</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p">A. STRAHAN</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p">H.H. TURNER</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p">J. LARMOR</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p">W. RAMSAY</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p">SILVANUS P. THOMPSON</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p">JOHN PERRY</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p">JAMES MARCHANT (Hon. Sec.)</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page254">[pg 254]</span>
+<a name="Pg254" id="Pg254" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">To which the Dean replied:</p>
+
+<blockquote style="margin: 2em 4em" class="tei tei-quote">
+<p class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">The Deanery, Westminster, S.W. December 2, 1913.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Marchant,—I have pleasure in informing you
+that I presented your petition at our Chapter meeting this
+morning, and a glad and unanimous assent was accorded
+to it.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I should be glad later on to be informed as to the artist
+you are employing; and probably it would be as well for
+him and you and some members of the Royal Society to
+meet me and the Chapter and confer together upon the
+most suitable and artistic arrangement or rearrangement
+of the medallions of the great men of science of the nineteenth
+century.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Nothing could have been more satisfactory or impressive
+than the document with which you furnished me this morning.
+I hope to get it specially framed.—Yours sincerely,</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">HERBERT E. RYLE.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Mr. Bruce-Joy, who had made an excellent medallion
+of Dr. Wallace during his lifetime, accepted the commission
+to fashion the medallion for Westminster Abbey, and
+it was unveiled, by a happy but undesigned coincidence,
+on All Souls&#39; Day, November 1 1915, together with medallions
+to the memory of Sir Joseph Hooker and Lord Lister.
+In the course of his sermon, the Dean said—and with these
+words we may well conclude this book:</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"To-day there are uncovered to the public view, in the
+North Aisle of the Choir, three memorials to men who, I
+believe, will always be ranked among the most eminent
+scientists of the last century. They passed away, one in
+1911, one in 1912, and one in 1913. They were all men of
+singularly modest character. As is so often observable
+in true greatness, there was in them an entire absence of
+that vanity and self-advertisement which are not infrequent
+with smaller minds. It is the little men who push themselves
+into prominence through dread of being overlooked.
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page255">[pg 255]</span>
+<a name="Pg255" id="Pg255" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+It is the great men who work for the work&#39;s sake without
+regard to recognition, and who, as we might say, achieve
+greatness in spite of themselves.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center" class="tei tei-p"><a name="image06" id="image06" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<img src="images/image06.png" alt="THE WALLACE AND DARWIN MEDALLIONS IN THE NORTH AISLE OF THE CHOIR OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY" class="tei tei-figure" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center" class="tei tei-p">THE WALLACE AND DARWIN MEDALLIONS IN THE NORTH AISLE
+OF THE CHOIR OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Alfred Russel Wallace was a most famous naturalist
+and zoologist. He arrived by a flash of genius at the same
+conclusions which Darwin had reached after sixteen years
+of most minute toil and careful observation.... It was a
+unique example of the almost exact concurrence of two
+great minds working upon the same subject, though in
+different parts of the world, without collusion and without
+rivalry.... Between Darwin and Wallace goodwill
+and friendship were never interrupted. Wallace&#39;s life was
+spent in the pursuit of various objects of intellectual and
+philosophical interest, over which I need not here linger.
+All will agree that it is fitting his medallion should be
+placed next to that of Darwin, with whose great name his
+own will ever be linked in the worlds of thought and
+science.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"All will acknowledge the propriety of these three great
+names being honoured in this Abbey Church, even though
+it be, to use Wordsworth&#39;s phrase, already</p>
+
+<div style="text-align: left" class="tei tei-lg">
+<p class="tei tei-l">&#39;Filled with mementoes, satiate with its part</p>
+<p style="margin-left: 6em" class="tei tei-l"> Of grateful England&#39;s overflowing dead.&#39;</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"These are three men whose lifework it was to utilise
+and promote scientific discovery for the preservation and
+betterment of the human race."</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page257">[pg 257]</span>
+<a name="Pg257" id="Pg257" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_197" id="toc_197"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head">APPENDIX</h1>
+<p class="tei tei-p"></p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_198" id="toc_198"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head">LISTS OF WALLACE&#39;S WRITINGS</h2>
+<p class="tei tei-p"></p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_199" id="toc_199"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">I.—BOOKS</h3>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">
+</p><table cellspacing="0" class="tei tei-table"><colgroup span="2"></colgroup><tbody><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Date</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Title</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1853</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Palm Trees on the Amazon"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1853</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"A Narrative of Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro." New Edition in "The Minerva Library," 1889</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1866</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"The Scientific Aspect of the Supernatural"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1869</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"The Malay Archipelago," 2 vols. Tenth Edition, 1 vol., 1890</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1870</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection." Republished, with "Tropical Nature," 1891</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1874</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Miracles and Modern Spiritualism." Revised Edition, 1896</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1876</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"The Geographical Distribution of Animals," 2 vols.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1878</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Tropical Nature and other Essays." Printed in 1 vol. with "Natural Selection," 1891</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1879</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Australasia." "Stanford&#39;s Compendium of Geography and Travel." (New issue, 1893)</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1880</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Island Life." Revised Edition, 1895</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1882</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Land Nationalisation"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1885</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Bad Times"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1889</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Darwinism." 3rd Edition, 1901</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1898</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"The Wonderful Century." New Edition, 1903</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1900</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Studies, Scientific and Social"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1901</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"The Wonderful Century Reader"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1901</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Vaccination a Delusion"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1903</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Man&#39;s Place in the Universe." New Edition, 1904. Cheap 1s. Edition, 1912</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1905</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"My Life," 2 vols. New Edition, 1 vol., 1908</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1907</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Is Mars Habitable?"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1908</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Notes of a Botanist on the Amazon and Andes," by Richard Spruce. Edited by A.R. Wallace</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1910</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"The World of Life"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1913</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Social Environment and Moral Progress"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1913</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"The Revolt of Democracy"</td></tr></tbody></table><p class="tei tei-p">
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page258">[pg 258]</span>
+<a name="Pg258" id="Pg258" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_200" id="toc_200"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">II.—ARTICLES, PAPERS, REVIEWS, ETC.</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: center" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">The articles marked with an asterisk were republished in Wallace&#39;s "Studies,
+Scientific and Social."</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">
+</p><table cellspacing="0" class="tei tei-table"><colgroup span="4"></colgroup><tbody><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">DATE</td><td class="tei tei-cell">PERIODICAL OR SOCIETY</td><td class="tei tei-cell">SUBJECT</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1850</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. Zool. Soc.,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Umbrella Bird</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lond.</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1852</td><td class="tei tei-cell">" "</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Monkeys of the Amazon</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1852-3</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Trans. Entomol.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Habits of the Butterflies</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">of the Amazon Valley</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1853</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Zoologist</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Habits of the HesperidÊ</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1853</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. Zool. Soc.,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On some Fishes allied to Gymnotus</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lond.</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">June 6</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1853</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Entomolog. Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Insects used for Food by</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">the Indians of the Amazon</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">June 13</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1853</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Royal Geograph. Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Rio Negro</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1854-5</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Zoologist</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Letters from Singapore and Borneo</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1854-6</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Trans. Entomol.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Description of a New Species of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Ornithoptera</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1855</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Annals and Mag.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Ornithology of Malacca</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Nat. Hist.</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1855</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Journ. Bot.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Botany of Malacca</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1855</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Zoologist</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Entomology of Malacca</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Sept.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1855</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Annals and Mag.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Law which has regulated</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Nat. Hist.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">the Introduction of New Species</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1856</td><td class="tei tei-cell">" "</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Some Account of an Infant</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Orang-Outang</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1856</td><td class="tei tei-cell">" "</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Orang-Outang or Mias of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Borneo</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Dec.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1856</td><td class="tei tei-cell">" "</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Habits of the Orang-Outang</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Borneo</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1856</td><td class="tei tei-cell">" "</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Attempts at a Natural Arrangement</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Birds</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Nov. 22</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1856</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Chambers&#39;s Journ.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">A New Kind of Baby</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1856</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Journ. Bot.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Bamboo and Durian of Borneo</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1856</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Zoologist</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Observations on the Zoology of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Borneo</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1856-8</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Trans. Entomol.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Habits, etc., of a Species</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Ornithoptera inhabiting the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Aru Islands</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1856-9</td><td class="tei tei-cell">" "</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Letters from Aru Islands and from</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Batchian</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Dec.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1857</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Annals and Mag.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Natural History of the Aru Islands</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Nat. Hist.</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1857</td><td class="tei tei-cell">" "</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Great Bird of Paradise</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1857</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. Geograph.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Notes of a Journey up the Sadong</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">River</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1858</td><td class="tei tei-cell">" "</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Aru Islands</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1858</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Zoologist</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Note on the Theory of Permanent</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">" "</td><td class="tei tei-cell">and Geographical Varieties</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1858</td><td class="tei tei-cell">" "</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Entomology of the Aru</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Islands</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1858-61</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Trans. Entomol.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Note on the Sexual Differences in</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">the Genus Lomaptera</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1859</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Annals and Mag.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Correction of an Important Error</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Nat. Hist.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">affecting the Classification of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">the _PsittacidÊ_</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1859</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc, Linn. Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Tendency of Varieties to</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">(iii. 45)</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Depart Indefinitely from the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Original Type<a name="noteref_73" id="noteref_73"></a><a href="#note_73"><span class="footnoteref">73</span></a></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Oct.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1859</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Ibis</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Geographical Distribution of Birds</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Dec.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1859</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Entomolog. Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Note on the Habits of ScolytidÊ and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">BostrichidÊ</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1860</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Journ. Geograph.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Notes of a Voyage to New Guinea</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1860</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Ibis</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Ornithology of North Celebes</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1860</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. Zool, Soc.,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Notes on Semioptera wallacii</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lond.</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1860</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. Linn. Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Zoological Geography of Malay</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">(iv. 172)</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Archipelago</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1861</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Ibis</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Ornithology of Ceram and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Waigiou</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1861</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Notes on the Ornithology of Timor</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1862</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. and Journ.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Trade between the Eastern</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Geogr. Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Archipelago and New Guinea</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">and its Islands</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1862</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. Zool. Soc.,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">List of Birds from the Sula Islands</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lond.</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1862</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Ibis</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On some New Birds from the Northern</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Moluccas</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1862</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. Zool. Soc.,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Narrative of Search after Birds of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lond.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Paradise</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1862</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On some New and Rare Birds from New</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Guinea</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1862</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Description of Three New Species</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of _Pitta_ from the Moluccas</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1863</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Annals and Mag.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Proposed Change in Name of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Nat. Hist.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">_Gracula pectoralis_</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1863</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Entomol. Journ.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Notes on the Genus _Iphias_</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1863</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Ibis</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Note on _Corvus senex _and _Corvus</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">fuscicapillus_</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1863</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Notes on the Fruit-Pigeons of Genus</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">_Treron_</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1863</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Intellectual</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The BucerotidÊ, or Hornbills</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Observer</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1863</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. Zool, Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">List of Birds collected on Island</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lond.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Bouru</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">April</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1863</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Zoologist</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Who are the Humming-Bird&#39;s</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Relations?</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">June</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1863</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Royal Geograph.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Physical Geography of the Malay</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Archipelago</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1863</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc, Zool. Soc.,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Identification of _Hirundo</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lond.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">esculenta_, Linn.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1863</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">List of Birds inhabiting the Islands</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Timor, Flores and Lombok</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1863</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Annals and Mag.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Rev. S. Haughton&#39;s Paper on</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Nat. Hist.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">the Bee&#39;s Cell and the Origin of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Species</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan. 1</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Nat. Hist. Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Some Anomalies in Zoological and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Botanical Geography</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan. 7</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1864</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Edinburgh New</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Ditto</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Journ. (Philos.)</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1864</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. Zool. Soc.,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Parrots of the Malayan Region</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lond.</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1864</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Anthropol. Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Origin of Human Races and the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Journ.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Antiquity of Man deduced from</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Natural Selection</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1864</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. Entom. Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Effect of Locality in producing</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">and Zoologist</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Change of Form in Insects</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1864</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. Entom. Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Views on Polymorphism</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1864</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Ibis</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Remarks on the Value of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Osteological Characters in the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Classification of Birds</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1864</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Remarks on the Habits,</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Distribution, etc., of the Genus</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">_Pitta_</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1864</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Note on _Astur griseiceps_</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1864</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Nat. Hist. Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Bone Caves in Borneo</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1865</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. Zool. Soc.,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">List of the Land Shells collected</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lond.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">by Mr. Wallace in the Malay</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Archipelago</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1865</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Trans. Ethnolog.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Progress of Civilisation in</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">North Celebes</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1865</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Varieties of Man in the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Malay Archipelago</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1865</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. Zool. Soc.,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Descriptions of New Birds from the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lond.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Malay Archipelago</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">June 17</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1865</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Reader</td><td class="tei tei-cell">How to Civilise Savages*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Oct.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1865</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Ibis</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Pigeons of the Malay Archipelago</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1866</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Trans. Linn. Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Phenomena of Variation and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">(xxv.) (Abstract</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Geographical Distribution as</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">in Reader, April,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">illustrated by PapilionidÊ of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1864)</td><td class="tei tei-cell">the Malayan Region</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1866</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. Zoo. Soc.,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">List of Lepidoptera collected by</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lond.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Swinton at Takow, Formosa</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1866</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. Entomol. }</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Exposition of the Theory of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc. }</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Mimicry as explaining Anomalies</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1867</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Zoologist }</td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Sexual Variation</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1867</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Intellectual</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Philosophy of Birds&#39; Nests</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Observer</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1867</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Quarterly Journ.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Ice-Marks in North Wales</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Sci.</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">April</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1867</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Polynesians and their</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Migrations*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">July</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1867</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Westminster Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Mimicry and other Protective</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Resemblances among Animals</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Sept.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1867</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Science Gossip</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Disguises of Insects</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Oct.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1867</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Quarterly Journ.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Creation by Law</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Sci.</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1867</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. Entomol. }</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc. }</td><td class="tei tei-cell">A Catalogue of the CetoniidÊ of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1868</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Trans. Entomol. }</td><td class="tei tei-cell">the Malayan Archipelago, etc.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc. }</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan. 7</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1868</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Ibis</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Raptorial Birds of the Malay</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Archipelago</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1868</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Trans. Entomol.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the PieridÊ of the Indian and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Australian Regions</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1868</td><td class="tei tei-cell">—-</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Limits of Natural Selection</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">applied to Man*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1869</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Trans. Entomol.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Note on the Localities given in</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">the "Longicornia Malayana"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1869</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Journ. of Travel</td><td class="tei tei-cell">A Theory of Birds&#39; Nests</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">and Nat. Hist.</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">April</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1869</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Quarterly Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Reviews of Lyell&#39;s "Principles</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Geology" (entitled</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Geological Climates and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Origin of Species")</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1869</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Macmillan&#39;s Mag.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Museums for the People*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1869</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Trans. Entomol.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Notes on Eastern Butterflies (3</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Parts)</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1870</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Brit. Association</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On a Diagram of the Earth&#39;s</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Report</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Eccentricity, etc.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">March</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1871</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Academy</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Review of Darwin&#39;s "Descent of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Man"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">May 23</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1871</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Entomolog. Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Address on Insular Faunas, etc.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1871</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Beetles of Madeira and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">their Teachings*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Nov.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1871</td><td class="tei tei-cell">——</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Reply to Mr. Hampden&#39;s Charges</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1873</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Journ. Linnean Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Introduction to F. Smith&#39;s</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Catalogue of Aculeate</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Hymenoptera, etc.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan. 4</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1873</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Times</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Spiritualism and Science</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">April</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1873</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Macmillan&#39;s Mag.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Disestablishment and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Disendowment, with a Proposal</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">for a really National Church</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of England*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Sept. 16</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1873</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Daily News</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Coal a National Trust*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Dec.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1873</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Contemp. Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Limitation of State Functions</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">in the Administration of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Justice*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan. 17</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1874</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Academy</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Reviews of Mivart&#39;s "Man and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Apes" and A.J. Mott&#39;s "Origin</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Savage Life"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">April</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1874</td><td class="tei tei-cell">——</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Review of W. Marshall&#39;s</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Phrenologist amongst the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Todas"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">April</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1874</td><td class="tei tei-cell">——</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Review of G. St. Clair&#39;s</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Darwinism and Design"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1874</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Ibis</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Arrangement of the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Families constituting the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Order Passeres</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">May</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1876</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Academy</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Review of Mivart&#39;s "Lessons</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">from Nature"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1877</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. Geograph.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Comparative Antiquity of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Continents</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">July</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1877</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Quarterly Journ. of</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Review of Carpenter&#39;s</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Sci.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Mesmerism and Spiritualism,"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">etc.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Sept.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1877</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Macmillan&#39;s Mag.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Colours of Animals and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">and Oct.</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Plants</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Nov.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1877</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Fraser&#39;s Mag.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Curiosities of Credulity</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Dec.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1877</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Fortnightly Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Humming-Birds</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Dec.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1877}</td><td class="tei tei-cell">AthenÊum</td><td class="tei tei-cell">{Correspondence with W.B.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1878}</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">{ Carpenter on Spiritualism</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Nov.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1878</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Fortnightly Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Epping Forest, and How to Deal</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">with it</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Feb.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1879</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Contemp. Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">New Guinea and its Inhabitants</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">April</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1879</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Academy</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Review of Haeckel&#39;s "Evolution</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Man"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">July</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1879</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Nineteenth Cent.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Reciprocity: A Few Words in</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Reply to Mr. Lowe*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">July</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1879</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Quarterly Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Glacial Epochs and Warm Polar</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Climates</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1880</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Nineteenth Cent.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Origin of Species and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Genera*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Oct.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1880</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Academy</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Review of A.H. Swinton&#39;s</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Insect Variety"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Nov.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1880</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Contemp. Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">How to Nationalise the Land*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Dec. 4</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1880</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Academy</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Review of Seebohm&#39;s "Siberia In</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Europe"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1881</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Rugby Nat. Hist.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Abstract of Four Lectures on</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc. Rept.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">the Natural History of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Islands</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Dec.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1881</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Contemp. Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Monkeys: Their Affinities and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Distribution*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Aug. and</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1883</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Macmillan&#39;s Mag.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Why and How of Land</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Sept.</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Nationalisation*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">March</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1884</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Christn. Socialist</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Morality of Interest—The</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Tyranny of Capital</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1886</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Claims of Labour</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Depression of Trade*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lectures</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Mar. 5</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1887</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Banner of Light</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Letter "_In re_ Mrs. Ross</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">(Washington, D.C.)"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Mar. 17</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1887</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Independ. Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Review of E.D. Cope&#39;s "Origin</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of the Fittest"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1887</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Nation</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Oct.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1887</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Fortnightly Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">American Museums*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1888</td><td class="tei tei-cell">——</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Action of Natural Selection</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">in producing Old Age, Decay</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">and Death</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">June</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1889</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Land Nationalisation</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Address</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Sept.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1890</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Fortnightly Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Progress without Poverty (Human</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Selection)*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Oct.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1891</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">English and American Flowers*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Dec.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1891</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Flowers and Forests of the Far</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">West*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1892</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Arena</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Human Progress, Past and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Future*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1892</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Address to L.N.S.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Herbert Spencer on the Land</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Question*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Aug.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1892</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Nineteenth Cent.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Why I Voted for Mr. Gladstone</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Aug. and</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1892</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Natural Sci.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Permanence of Great Ocean</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Dec.</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Basins*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Nov.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1892</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Fortnightly Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Our Molten Globe*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Dec.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1892</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Natural Sci.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Note on Sexual Selection</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Feb.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1893</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Nineteenth Cent.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Inaccessible Valleys*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Mar. and</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1893</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Arena</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Social Quagmire and the Way</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Apr.</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Out of it*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Apr. and</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1893</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Fortnightly Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Are Individually Acquired</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">May</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Characters Inherited?*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Nov.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1893</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Ice Age and its Work*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Dec.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1893</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Erratic Blocks, etc. Lake</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Basins*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1893</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Arena</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Bacon-Shakespeare Case</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">April 9</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1894</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Land Nationalisation</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Address on Parish Councils</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">June</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1894</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Natural Sci.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Palearctic and Nearctic</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Regions compared as regards</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Families and Genera of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Mammalia and Birds</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">June</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1894</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Contemp. Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">How to Preserve the House of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lords*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">July</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1894</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Land and Labour</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Review of F.W. Hayes&#39; "Great</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Revolution of 1905"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Sept.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1894</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Natural Sci.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Rev. G. Henslow on Natural</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Selection*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1894</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Smithsonian Rep.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Method of Organic Evolution</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Oct.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1894</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Nineteenth Cent.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">A Counsel of Perfection for</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Sabbatarians*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1894</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Vox Clamantium</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Economic and Social Justice*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Feb. and</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1895</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Fortnightly Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Method of Organic Evolution*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">March</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Oct.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1895</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Expressiveness of Speech or</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Mouth-Gesture as a Factor in</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">the Origin of Language*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1895</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Agnostic Annual</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Why Live a Moral Life?*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">May</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1896</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Contemp. Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">How Best to Model the Earth*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">July 25</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1896</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Labour Leader</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Letter on International Labour</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Congress</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Aug.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1896</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Fortnightly Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Gorge of the Aar and its</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Teaching*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Dec.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1896</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Journ. Linn. Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Problem of Utility: Are</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">(v. 25)</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Specific Characters always or</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">generally Useful?</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">March</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1897</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Natural Sci.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Problem of Instinct*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1897</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Forecasts of</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Re-occupation of Land, Solution</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Coming Century"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">of the Unemployed Problem*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">March 20</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1898</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lancet</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Letter on Vaccination</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">May 9</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1898</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Shrewsbury Chron.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Letter to Dr. Bond and A.K.W.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">on Vaccination</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">June 16,</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">21, 25,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1898</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Echo</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Aug. 15</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Sept. 1</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1898</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Eagle and the</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Darwinism and Nietzscheism in</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Serpent</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Sociology</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1898</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Printed for private</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Justice not Charity (Address to</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">circulation</td><td class="tei tei-cell">International Congress of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Spiritualists, London, June,</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1898)*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Dec. 31</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1898</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Academy</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Paper Money as a Standard of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Value*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Feb.,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1899</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Journ. Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Letters on Mr. Podmore _re_</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">March,</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Psychical Res.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Clairvoyance, etc.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">April</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">May</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1899</td><td class="tei tei-cell">L&#39; Humanité</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Causes of War and the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Nouvelle</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Remedies*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Nov. 18</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1899</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Clarion</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Letter on the Transvaal War</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1899</td><td class="tei tei-cell">N.Y. Independent</td><td class="tei tei-cell">White Men in the Tropics*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1900</td><td class="tei tei-cell">N.Y. Sun</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Evolution</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Nov.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1900</td><td class="tei tei-cell">N.Y. Journ.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Social Evolution in the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Twentieth Century: An</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Anticipation</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1900</td><td class="tei tei-cell">——</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Ralahine and its Teachings*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">——</td><td class="tei tei-cell">True Individualism the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Essential Preliminary of a</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Real Social Advance*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1901</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Morning Leader</td><td class="tei tei-cell">An Appreciation of the Past</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Century</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan. 17</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1903</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Black and White</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Relations with Darwin</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">March</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1903</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Fortnightly Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Man&#39;s Place in the Universe</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Sept.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1903</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Man&#39;s Place in the Universe.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Reply to Critics</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Oct.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1903</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Academy</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Wonderful Century. Reply to</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Dr. Saleeby</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Nov. 12</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1903</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Daily Mail</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Does Man Exist in Other Worlds?</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Reply to Critics</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan. 1</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1904</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Clarion</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Anticipations for the Immediate</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Future, Written for the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">_Berliner Lokalanzeiger_, and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">refused</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Feb.,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1904</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Fortnightly Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">An Unpublished Poem by E.A.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">April</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Poe, "Leonainie"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Apr.,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1904</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Independent Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Birds of Paradise in the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">May</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Arabian Nights</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1904</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Anti-Vaccination</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Summary of the Proofs that</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">League</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Vaccination does not Prevent</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Small-pox, but really</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Increases it</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1904</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Labour Annual</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Inefficiency of Strikes</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1904</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Clarion</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Letter on Opposition to</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Military Expenditure</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Vaccination</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Letter on Inconsistency of the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Inquirer</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Government on Vaccination</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Oct. 27</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1906</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Daily News</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Why Not British Guiana? Five</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Acres for 2s. 6d.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Nov.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1906</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Independent Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Native Problem in South</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Africa and Elsewhere</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1907</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Fortnightly Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Personal Suffrage, a Rational</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">System of Representation and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Election</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Feb.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1907</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">A New House of Lords</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1907</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Harmsworth&#39;s "History</td><td class="tei tei-cell">How Life became Possible on the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of the World"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Earth</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Sept. 13</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1907</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Public Opinion</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Letter on Sir W. Ramsay&#39;s</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Theory: Did Man reach his</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Highest Development in the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Past?</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan. 1</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1908</td><td class="tei tei-cell">N.Y. World</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Cable on Advance in Science in</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1907</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan. 18</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1908</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Outlook</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Letter on Woman</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1908</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Fortnightly Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Evolution and Character</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">June and</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1908</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Socialist Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Remedy for Unemployment</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">July</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">July</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1908</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Times</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Letter on the First Paper on</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Natural Selection</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">July</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1908</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Delineator</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Are the Dead Alive?</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Aug. 14</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1908</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Public Opinion</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Is it Peace or War? A Reply</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Aug.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1908</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Contemp. Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Present Position of Darwinism</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Sept.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1908</td><td class="tei tei-cell">New Age</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Letter on Nationalisation, not</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Purchase, of Railways</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Dec.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1908</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Contemp. Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Darwinism _v._ Wallaceism</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Christ</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1908</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Christian</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Abolition of Want</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">-mas</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Commonwealth</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan. 22</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1909</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Royal Institution</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The World of Life, as</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Visualised, etc., by</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Darwinism</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Feb.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1909</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Clarion pamphlet</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Remedy for Unemployment</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">(? Socialist Rev.)</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Feb. 6</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1909</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Daily News</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Flying Machines in War</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Feb. 12</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1909</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Daily Mail</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Charles Darwin (Centenary)</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Feb. 12</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1909</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Clarion</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Centenary of Darwin</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">March</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1909</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Fortnightly Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The World of Life (revised</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lecture)</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">April 8</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1909</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Daily News</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Letter on Aerial Fleets</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">April 8</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1910</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Man in the Universe</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Oct. 14</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1910</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Public Opinion</td><td class="tei tei-cell">A New Era in Public Opinion</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan. 25</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1912</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Daily Chronicle</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Letter on the Insurance Act</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Aug. 9</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1912</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Daily News</td><td class="tei tei-cell">A Policy of Defence</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Sept.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1912</td><td class="tei tei-cell">——</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Nature and Origin of Life</td></tr></tbody></table><p class="tei tei-p">
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page265">[pg 265]</span>
+<a name="Pg265" id="Pg265" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_201" id="toc_201"></a>
+<h3 class="tei tei-head">III.—LETTERS, REVIEWS, ETC., IN "NATURE"</h3>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">
+</p><table cellspacing="0" class="tei tei-table"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">VOL.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">PAGE</td><td class="tei tei-cell">DATE</td><td class="tei tei-cell">SUBJECT</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">I.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">105</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1869</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Origin of Species Controversy</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">132</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">" " "</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">288, 315</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1870</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Government Aid to Science</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">399, 452</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Measurement of Geological Time</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">501</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Hereditary Genius</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">II.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">82</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Pettigrew&#39;s "Handy Book of Bees"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">234</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">A Twelve-wired Bird of Paradise</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">350</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Early History of Mankind</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">465</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Speech on the Arrangement of Specimens</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">in a Natural History Museum (British</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Association)</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">510</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Glaciation of Brazil</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">III.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">8, 49</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Man and Natural Selection</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">85, 107</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">" " "</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">165</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Mimicry versus Hybridity</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">182</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1871</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Leroy&#39;s "Intelligence and Perfectibility of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Animals"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">309</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Theory of Glacial Motion</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">329</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Duncan&#39;s "Metamorphoses of Insects"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">385</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Dr. Bevan&#39;s "Honey Bee"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">435</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Anniversary Address at the Entomological</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Society</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">466</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Sharpe&#39;s Monograph of the AlcedinidÊ</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">IV.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">22</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Staveley&#39;s "British Insects"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">178</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Dr. Bastian&#39;s Work on the Origin of Life</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">181</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">H. Howorth&#39;s Views on Darwinism</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">221</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">" " "</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">222</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Recent Neologisms</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">282</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Canon Kingsley&#39;s "At Last"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">V.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">350</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1872</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Origin of Insects</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">363</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Ethnology and Spiritualism</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">VI.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">237</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Last Attack on Darwinism (Reviews)</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">284, 299</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Bastian&#39;s "Beginnings of Life"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">328</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Ocean Circulation</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">407</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Speech on Diversity of Evolution (British</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Association)</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">469</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Houzeau&#39;s "Faculties of Man and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Animals"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">VII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">68</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Misleading CyclopÊdias</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">277</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1873</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Modern Applications of the Doctrine of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Natural Selection (Reviews)</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">303</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Inherited Feeling</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">337</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">J.T. Moggridge&#39;s "Harvesting Ants and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Trapdoor Spiders"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">461</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Cave Deposits of Borneo</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">VIII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">5</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1873</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Natural History Collections in the East</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">India Museum</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">65, 302</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Perception and Instinct In the Lower</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Animals</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">358</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Dr. Page&#39;s Textbook on Physical Geography</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">429</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Works on African Travel (Reviews)</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">462</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lyell&#39;s "Antiquity of Man"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">IX.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">102</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Dr. Meyer&#39;s Exploration of New Guinea</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">218</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1874</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Belt&#39;s "Naturalist in Nicaragua "</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">258</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">David Sharp&#39;s "Zoological Nomenclature"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">301, 403</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Animal Locomotion</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">X.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">459</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Migration of Birds</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">502</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Automatism of Animals</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">83</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1875</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lawson&#39;s "New Guinea"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XIV.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">403</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1876</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Opening Address in Biology Section, British</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Association</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">473</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Erratum in Address to Biology Section,</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">British Association</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">24</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Reply to Reviewers of "Geographical</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Distribution of Animals"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">174</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Races of Men"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">274</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1877</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Glacial Drift in California</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">431</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The "Hog-wallows" of California</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XVI.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">548</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Zoological Relations of Madagascar and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Africa</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XVII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">8</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Mr. Wallace and Reichenbach&#39;s Odyle</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">44</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Radiometer and its Lessons</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">45</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Bees Killed by Tritoma</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">100</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Comparative Richness of Faunas and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Floras tested Numerically</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">101</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Mr. Crookes and Eva Fay</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">182</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1878</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Northern Affinities of Chilian Insects</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XVIII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">193</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">A Twenty Years&#39; Error in the Geography of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Australia</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XIX.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">4</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Remarkable Local Colour-Variation in</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lizards</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">121, 244</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Formation of Mountains</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">289</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1879</td><td class="tei tei-cell">" " "</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">477</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Organisation and Intelligence</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">501, 581</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Grant Allen&#39;s "Colour Sense"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">582</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Did Flowers Exist during the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Carboniferous Epoch</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XX.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">141</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Butler&#39;s "Evolution, Old and New"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">501</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">McCook&#39;s "Agricultural Ants of Texas"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">625</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Reply to Reviewers of Wallace&#39;s</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Australasia "</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XXI.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">562</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1880</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Reply to Everett on Wallace&#39;s "Australasia"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XXII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">141</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Two Darwinian Essays</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XXIII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">124, 217,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Geological Climates</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">266</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">152, 175</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">New Guinea</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">169</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Climates of Vancouver Island and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Bournemouth</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">195</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Correction of an Error in "Island Life"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XXIV.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">242</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1881</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Tyler&#39;s "Anthropology"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XXIV.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">437</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1881</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Weismann&#39;s "Studies in the Theory of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Descent"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XXV.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">3</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Carl Bock&#39;s "Head-Hunters of Borneo"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">381</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1882</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Grant Allen&#39;s "Vignettes from Nature"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">407</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Houseman&#39;s "Story of Our Museum "</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XXVI.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">52</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Weismann&#39;s "Studies in the Theory of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Descent"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">86</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">MÌller&#39;s "Difficult Cases of Mimicry"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XXVII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">481</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1883</td><td class="tei tei-cell">" " "</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">482</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Value of the Neo-arctic as One of the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Primary Zoological Regions</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XXVIII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">293</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">W.F. White&#39;s "Ants and their Ways"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XXXI.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">552</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1885</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Colours of Arctic Animals</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XXXII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">218</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">H.O. Forbes&#39;s "A Naturalist&#39;s Wanderings</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">in the Eastern Archipelago"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XXXIII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">170</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1886</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Victor Hehn&#39;s "Wanderings of Plants and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Animals"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XXXIV.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">333</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">H.S. Gorham&#39;s "Central American Entomology"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">467</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Physiological Selection and the Origin of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Species</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XXXV.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">366</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1887</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Mr. Romanes on Physiological Selection</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XXXVI.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">530</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The British Museum and the American</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Museums</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XXXIX.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">611</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1889</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Which are the Highest Butterflies? (Quotations</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">from Letter of W.H. Edwards)</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XL.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">619</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lamarck _versus_ Weismann</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XLI.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">53</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Protective Coloration of Eggs</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XLII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">289</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1890</td><td class="tei tei-cell">E.B. Poulton&#39;s "Colours of Animals"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">295</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Birds and Flowers</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XLIII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">79, 150</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Romanes on Physiological Selection</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">337</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1891</td><td class="tei tei-cell">C. Lloyd Morgan&#39;s "Animal Life and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Intelligence"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">396</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Remarkable Ancient Sculptures from North-West</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">America</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XLIV.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">529</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">David Syme&#39;s "Modification of Organisms"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XLVI.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">518</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Variation and Natural Selection</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XLV.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">31</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Topical Selection and Mimicry</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">553</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1892</td><td class="tei tei-cell">W.H. Hudson&#39;s "The Naturalist in La</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Plata"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XLVI.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">56</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Correction in "Island Life"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XLVII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">55</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">An Ancient Glacial Epoch in Australia</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">175, 227</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Earth&#39;s Age</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">437</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1893</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Glacial Theory of Alpine Lakes</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">483</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">W.H. Hudson&#39;s "Idle Days in Patagonia</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XLVIII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">27</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">H.O. Forbes&#39;s Discoveries in the Chatham</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Islands</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">73</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Intelligence of Animals</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">198</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Glacier Theory of Alpine Lakes</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">267</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Non-inheritance of Acquired Characters</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">389</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Pre-natal Influences on Character</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">390</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Habits of South African Animals</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">589</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Supposed Glaciation of Brazil</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XLIX.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">3</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1893</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Recent Glaciation of Tasmania</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">52, 101</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Sir W. Howorth on "Geology in Nubibus"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">53</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Recognition Marks</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">197, 220</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1894</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Origin of Lake Basins</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">333</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">J.H. Stirling&#39;s "Darwinianism, Workmen and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Work"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">549</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">B. Kidd&#39;s "Social Evolution"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">610</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">What are Zoological Regions? (Read at Cambridge</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Natural Science Club)</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">L.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">196</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Panmixia and Natural Selection</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">541</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Nature&#39;s Method in the Evolution of Life</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">LI.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">533</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1895</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Tan Spots over Dogs&#39; Eyes</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">607</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Age of the Earth</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">LII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">4</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Uniformitarianism in Geology</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">386</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">H. Dyer&#39;s "Evolution of Industry"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">415</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Discovery of Natural Selection</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">LIII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">220</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1896</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Cause of an Ice Age</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">317</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Astronomical Theory of a Glacial Period</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">553</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">E.D. Cope&#39;s "Primary Factors of Organic</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Evolution"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">553</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">G. Archdall Reid&#39;s "Present Evolution of Man"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">LV.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">289</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1897</td><td class="tei tei-cell">E.B. Poulton&#39;s "Charles Darwin and the Theory</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Natural Selection"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">LIX.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">246</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1899</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Utility of Specific Characters</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">LXI.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">273</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1900</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Is New Zealand a Zoological Region?</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">LXVII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">296</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1903</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Genius and the Struggle for Existence</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">LXXV.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">320</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1907</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Fertilisation of Flowers by Insects</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">LXXVI.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">293</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The "Double Drift" Theory of Star Motions</td></tr></tbody></table><p class="tei tei-p">
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page269">[pg 269]</span>
+<a name="Pg269" id="Pg269" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div class="tei tei-div">
+<a name="toc_202" id="toc_202"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head">INDEX</h1>
+
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">A</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Acclimatisation," Wallace&#39;s article on, ii. <a href="#Pg011" class="tei tei-ref">11</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Acquired characters, non-inheritance of (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">see</span> Non-inheritance)</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Africa, flora of, i. 309</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Agassiz, Louis, attacks Darwin&#39;s "Origin of Species," i. 142;<br />
+  glacial theories of, 176;<br />
+  on diversity of human races, ii. <a href="#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref">28</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Alexandria, Wallace at, i. 45-7</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Allbutt, Sir Clifford, theory of generation, i. 214</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Allen, Charles (Wallace&#39;s assistant), i. 39, 40, 46, 48, 49, 51, 53, 54, 60, 79</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Grant, on origin of wheat, ii. <a href="#Pg046" class="tei tei-ref">46</a>;<br />
+  Wallace and, <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref">219</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Alpine plants, i. 210, 311</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Amazon and Rio Negro, Wallace&#39;s exploration of, i. 26-30</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Amboyna, Wallace at, i. 106</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">America, Wallace&#39;s lecture tour in, ii. <a href="#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref">14</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Anatomy of Expression," Bell&#39;s, i. 182</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Ancient Britain and the Invasions of Julius CÊsar," Holmes&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref">86</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">AngrÊcum sesquipedale, i. 189 (note)</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Animals and plants, distribution of, Darwin&#39;s views, i. 131</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— —— under Domestication," i. 112</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— geographical distribution of, i. 94, 136;<br />
+  migration of, Lyell&#39;s theory, ii. <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref">19</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Antarctic Voyage," Scott&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref">82</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Anthropology," Tyler&#39;s, Wallace&#39;s review of, ii. <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref">65</a>;<br />
+  his interest in, <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref">231</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Antiseptic treatment, medical opposition to, ii. <a href="#Pg241" class="tei tei-ref">241</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Ants, instincts of, i. 279</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Apis testacea, i. 146</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Archebiosis, i. 274-6</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Argus pheasant, i. 230, 289, 292</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Argyll, Duke of, i. 189, 313, 315, ii. <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref">23</a>;<br />
+  his theory of flight, <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref">25</a>-7</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Arnold, Matthew, on Darwin&#39;s theory, ii. <a href="#Pg228" class="tei tei-ref">228</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Aru Islands, distribution of animals in, i. 132;<br />
+  productions of, 161</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— pig, i. 160, 161, 162</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Astronomy, Wallace&#39;s works on, ii. <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref">167</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>;<br />
+  lectures at Davos on, <a href="#Pg168" class="tei tei-ref">168</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Australasia," Wallace&#39;s, i. 42</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Australia, fauna and flora of, ii. <a href="#Pg010" class="tei tei-ref">10</a>,<a href="#Pg020" class="tei tei-ref">20</a>, <a href="#Pg032" class="tei tei-ref">32</a>-3</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Wallace invited to lecture in, ii. <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref">155</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Avebury, Lord, i. 122, 137, 164;<br />
+  signs memorial to City Corporation in Wallace&#39;s favour, 303;<br />
+  and the Civil List pension to Wallace, 305</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— letter from, on Wallace&#39;s biography, and Spiritualism, ii. <a href="#Pg212" class="tei tei-ref">212</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Azores, birds of, i. 138;<br />
+  orchids of, 311</p>
+
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">B</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Bad Times," Wallace&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg109" class="tei tei-ref">109</a>, <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref">143</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Baer, von, ii. <a href="#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref">96</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Bahamas, flora of, ii. <a href="#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref">33</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Baker, J.G., on alpine plants of Madagascar, i. 311-12</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Balfour, Francis, i. 315</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Bali, fauna of, ii. <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref">19</a>-20</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Ball, Sir Robert, on solar nebula, ii. <a href="#Pg174" class="tei tei-ref">174</a></p>
+
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page270">[pg 270]</span>
+<a name="Pg270" id="Pg270" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Barnacles," Darwin&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref">2</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Barrett, Sir W.F., paper on "Phenomena associated with Abnormal Conditions<br />
+    of the Mind," ii. <a href="#Pg195" class="tei tei-ref">195</a>;<br />
+  on Wallace as lecturer, <a href="#Pg201" class="tei tei-ref">201</a>;<br />
+  inquiry into dowsing, etc., <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref">205</a>;<br />
+  invites Wallace&#39;s criticism of "Creative Thought," <a href="#Pg212" class="tei tei-ref">212</a>;<br />
+  last visit to Wallace, <a href="#Pg248" class="tei tei-ref">248</a>-9</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— letters from: on Presidency of Psychical Research Society,<br />
+    ii. <a href="#Pg210" class="tei tei-ref">210</a>-11;<br />
+  on a Supreme Directive Power, <a href="#Pg213" class="tei tei-ref">213</a>-14</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Bartlett, on colouring of male birds, i. 302</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Bates, F., i. 69</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— H.W., i. 24, 25;<br />
+  explores the Amazon, 26-30</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— letter from, on "Law regulating Introduction of New<br />
+    Species," i. 64</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Bates&#39;s caterpillar, i. 178, 253</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Bateson, Prof., Sir W.T. Thiselton-Dyerson, ii. <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref">91</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— "Material for Study of Variation," ii. <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref">60</a>-1</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Bats, fruit-eating, i. 57</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Beagle</span>, Darwin&#39;s voyage in the, i. 19, 31, 32, 33, 43</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"———, Voyage of the," i. 31, 32, 34, ii. <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref">2</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Bee&#39;s cell, Prof. Haughton&#39;s paper on the, i. 148</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Bees&#39; combs, i. 135;<br />
+  a honeycomb from Timor, 143, 146</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Beetles, Darwin&#39;s zeal for collecting, i. 18;<br />
+  Wallace&#39;s study of, 24;<br />
+  South American, 30;<br />
+  Wallace&#39;s collection of, 38, 114</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Beginnings of Life," Bastian&#39;s, i. 274</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Bell, Sir C., i. 182</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Belt, Mr., glacial theory of, i. 298</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Bendyshe, Mr., i. 165</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Bennett, A.W., i. 253</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Bentham, G., i. 219</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Bergson, Wallace on, ii. <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref">98</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Bermuda, birds of, i. 138</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Best, Miss Dora, letter to, on Welsh offer of a degree to Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref">222</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Biology and geographical distribution, Wallace&#39;s works on, ii. <a href="#Pg001" class="tei tei-ref">1</a>-17;<br />
+  correspondence on, <a href="#Pg018" class="tei tei-ref">18</a>-<a href="#Pg102" class="tei tei-ref">102</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— "Grand Old Men" of, ii. <a href="#Pg012" class="tei tei-ref">12</a> (note)</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Birch, Mr. F., ii. <a href="#Pg177" class="tei tei-ref">177</a>, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref">223</a>-4</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Bird of paradise, i. 41, 44, 238, 261</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Birds, flight of, i. 145-6, ii. <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref">25</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>;<br />
+  colour problem of, i. 184, 185, 212, 226-9, 230, 252, 289 (note), 302;<br />
+  polygamous, 194, 199;<br />
+  migration of, ii. <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref">19</a>, <a href="#Pg020" class="tei tei-ref">20</a>;<br />
+  instincts of, <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref">54</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Birds&#39; nests, i. 134, 191, 212, 213, 252</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— —— and Plumage," Wallace&#39;s, i. 191</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— —— Philosophy of," Wallace&#39;s, i. 212, ii. <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref">6</a>, <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref">8</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Blackbird, crested, i. 163</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Blainville, D., i. 162</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Blandford, H.F., i. 290</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Blood relationship, Galton on, i. 277</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Blyth, E., i. 132</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Blytt, Axel, essay on plants of Scandinavia, i. 293</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Borneo, Wallace&#39;s collections from, i. 61;<br />
+  cave exploration, 152</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Company, i. 38, 39, 40</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Boston (U.S.A.), Wallace&#39;s lectures at, ii. <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref">15</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Botany, Darwin&#39;s study of, at Cambridge, i. 17;<br />
+  Wallace&#39;s study of, 20, 21, ii. <a href="#Pg106" class="tei tei-ref">106</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"——, Elements of," Lindley&#39;s, i. 21</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Brazil, Wallace&#39;s explorations in, i. 29</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Bree, Dr., i. 271 (note), 272-3</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">British Museum, original of Wallace letter in, i. 73</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Broadstone, funeral of Wallace at, ii. <a href="#Pg252" class="tei tei-ref">252</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Bronn, H.G., translates "Origin of Species" into German, i. 141</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Brooke, Capt., i 52</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— H. Jamyn, ii. <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref">175</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Sir James, i. 39, 52, 59-60, 152, 238</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Bruce-Joy, Mr., portrait-medallion of Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg122" class="tei tei-ref">122</a>, <a href="#Pg254" class="tei tei-ref">254</a></p>
+
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page271">[pg 271]</span>
+<a name="Pg271" id="Pg271" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Buckle, Rev. G., article by, on Lyell&#39;s "Principles," i. 232</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Buckley, Miss (Mrs. Fisher), i. 260, 264, 313, 316, 319, ii. <a href="#Pg040" class="tei tei-ref">40</a>, <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref">89</a>, <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref">90</a>;<br />
+  reviews "Descent of Man," i. 264</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Budd, Dr. Richard, ii. <a href="#Pg058" class="tei tei-ref">58</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Buffon and Evolution, i. 1</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Buru, Wallace&#39;s collection of birds from, ii. <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref">3</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Bustards, i. 146</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Butler, Samuel, "Life and Habit," ii. <a href="#Pg102" class="tei tei-ref">102</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Butterflies, Wallace&#39;s study of, i. 24;<br />
+  of South America, 30;<br />
+  of Malay Archipelago, 41-2;<br />
+  protective adaptation of, 140;<br />
+  variation and distribution of, 149;<br />
+  mimetic, 167, 168, 176, 178, 189 (note), 200, 213, 217, 224, 254, 300;<br />
+  sexual selection of, 179, 260 (note);<br />
+  flight of, ii, <a href="#Pg026" class="tei tei-ref">26</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">C</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Cambridge, Darwin at, i. 16, 17</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Philosophical Society, attacks on "Origin of Species" at, i. 142</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry, ii. <a href="#Pg146" class="tei tei-ref">146</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Carbon, deposits of, i. 298</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Carlyle, Thomas, ii. <a href="#Pg228" class="tei tei-ref">228</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Carpenter, Dr., his controversies with Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg195" class="tei tei-ref">195</a>, <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref">198</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Carroll, Lewis, Wallace&#39;s quotations from, ii. <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref">105</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Casuarius, query from Darwin on, i. 239</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Caterpillars, colouring of, i. 178, 179, 183, 236, 260, 270, 299</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Celebes, i. 138, 237, 289;<br />
+  geological distribution in, 168</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Cessation of selection," ii. <a href="#Pg052" class="tei tei-ref">52</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Chambers, Robert, i. 114, 116, 244</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Child&#39;s "Root Principles," ii. <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref">83</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Clairvoyance, ii. <a href="#Pg200" class="tei tei-ref">200</a>, <a href="#Pg208" class="tei tei-ref">208</a>, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref">211</a>. (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">See also</span> Spiritualism)</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">ClaparÚde, critique of, on Wallace&#39;s "Natural Selection," i. 253, 254</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Clarke, Prof., attacks Darwin at Cambridge Philosophical Society, i. 142</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Clarkson, Thomas, ii. <a href="#Pg225" class="tei tei-ref">225</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Cleistogamic flowers, i. 298</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Climates, geological, Wallace&#39;s theory of, i. 306</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Climatic conditions, plants and, i. 130</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Climbing Plants, Movements and Habits of," Darwin&#39;s, i, 285, ii. <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref">2</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Coal, export duties on, Wallace&#39;s view of, ii. <a href="#Pg250" class="tei tei-ref">250</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Cockerell, Sydney C., ii. <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref">161</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Theo. D.A., ii. <a href="#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref">49</a>;<br />
+  and the Darwin Celebration at Cambridge, <a href="#Pg226" class="tei tei-ref">226</a>;<br />
+  first personal relations with Wallace, <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref">233</a>-5</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Coleoptera Atlantidum," Wollaston&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg022" class="tei tei-ref">22</a>-3</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Colin Clout&#39;s Calendar," ii. <a href="#Pg046" class="tei tei-ref">46</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Coloration, protective, i. 156, 177, 178-9, 181, 183, 184, 185-6,<br />
+    201, 220, 221, 224 <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, 260, 270, 298, ii. <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref">4</a>, <a href="#Pg011" class="tei tei-ref">11</a>,<br />
+   <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref">85</a>. (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">See also</span> Protection, Mimicry)</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Colour-adaptability, ii. <a href="#Pg056" class="tei tei-ref">56</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Confucius, Wallace&#39;s appreciation of, ii. <a href="#Pg152" class="tei tei-ref">152</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Conscience, evolution of, i. 263</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection," Wallace&#39;s, i. 94, 250, 252, ii. <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref">5</a>, <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref">6</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Cooke, Kate, medium, ii. <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref">193</a>, <a href="#Pg194" class="tei tei-ref">194</a>, <a href="#Pg195" class="tei tei-ref">195</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Co-operation, Wallace on, ii. <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref">151</a>-2</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Cope, E.D., ii. <a href="#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref">47</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Copley Medals awarded to Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg128" class="tei tei-ref">128</a>, <a href="#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref">222</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Coral islands, Lyell on, ii. <a href="#Pg022" class="tei tei-ref">22</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— Reefs," Darwin&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref">2</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— snakes, i. 187</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Crawford, Marion, one of Wallace&#39;s favourite authors, ii. <a href="#Pg131" class="tei tei-ref">131</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Creation by Law," Wallace&#39;s article on, i. 188, 192, ii. <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref">6</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Creative Thought," Sir Wm. Barrett&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg212" class="tei tei-ref">212</a>-13, <a href="#Pg249" class="tei tei-ref">249</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Creed of Science," Graham&#39;s, i. 318</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Croll, James, i. 242, 305, 313, ii. <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref">5</a>, <a href="#Pg013" class="tei tei-ref">13</a></p>
+
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page272">[pg 272]</span>
+<a name="Pg272" id="Pg272" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Crookes, Sir W., and psychical research, ii. <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref">87</a>, <a href="#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref">189</a>, <a href="#Pg191" class="tei tei-ref">191</a>, <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref">205</a>;<br />
+  and Westminster Abbey memorial to Wallace, <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Cross- and self-fertilisation, i. 169, 297, ii. <a href="#Pg046" class="tei tei-ref">46</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Cross Unions of Dimorphic Plants," Darwin&#39;s, i. 218</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Crossing Plants," Darwin&#39;s, i. 296</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Crotch, G., i. 262</p>
+
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">D</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Darwin and After Darwin," Romanes&#39;, ii. <a href="#Pg050" class="tei tei-ref">50</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— and his Teachings," i. 170</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— and &#39;The Origin,&#39;" Poulton&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref">88</a> (note)</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">——, Charles, i. 1, 2;<br />
+  birth of, 5;<br />
+  autobiography, 5, 23 (note);<br />
+  ancestors, 6;<br />
+  at Shrewsbury Grammar School, 12;<br />
+  natural history tastes, 12;<br />
+  as angler, 12;<br />
+  egg-collecting, 12;<br />
+  humanity of, 13;<br />
+  leaves Shrewsbury Grammar School, 15;<br />
+  fondness for shooting, 16;<br />
+  at Cambridge, 16;<br />
+  medical studies, 16;<br />
+  theological studies, 17, ii. <a href="#Pg184" class="tei tei-ref">184</a>;<br />
+  tours in North Wales, i. 18;<br />
+  beetle-hunting, 18, 114;<br />
+  voyage in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Beagle</span>, 18;<br />
+  theory of Natural Selection, 102, 107;<br />
+  reading, 103;<br />
+  visits Maer and Shrewsbury, 103;<br />
+  experiments, 103;<br />
+  Huxley and, 104;<br />
+  at work on Species and Varieties, 107;<br />
+  at Down, 109;<br />
+  receives presentation copy of Spencer&#39;s Essays, 124;<br />
+  appreciation of Wallace&#39;s magnanimity, 134, 137, 139, 141, 153, 164, 242, 252, 287, 304;<br />
+  falls from his horse, 243;<br />
+  on Wallace&#39;s review of "Descent of Man," 260-2;<br />
+  criticism of Wallace&#39;s "Geographical Distribution," 286, 289;<br />
+  at Dorking, 288;<br />
+  promotes memorial to City Corporation in favour of Wallace, 303;<br />
+  acknowledgment of "Island Life," 307-8;<br />
+  on migration of plants, 307 (note), 312;<br />
+  memorial to Gladstone on behalf of Wallace, 313;<br />
+  death of, 318</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Darwin, Charles, letters to Wallace:<br />
+  On "Law regulating Introduction of New Species," etc., i. 106, ii. <a href="#Pg129" class="tei tei-ref">129</a>;<br />
+  on distribution of animals, i. 133;<br />
+  on his "Origin of Species," etc., 134, 136;<br />
+  on Wallace&#39;s "Zoological Geography of the Malay Archipelago," 137;<br />
+  inviting Wallace&#39;s opinion of the "Origin," 139;<br />
+  on protective adaptation of butterflies, 140;<br />
+  on Press reviews of "Origin," 141, 144;<br />
+  on theory of flight, 146;<br />
+  on Wallace as reviewer, 148;<br />
+  on Wallace&#39;s "Variation" and his paper on Man, 153;<br />
+  on sexual selection, 159;<br />
+  on Wallace&#39;s papers on pigeons and parrots, 160;<br />
+  on the Aru pig, 162;<br />
+  on the crested blackbird, etc., 163;<br />
+  on Wallace&#39;s "Pigeons of Malay Archipelago" and dimorphism, 166;<br />
+  on the non-blending of varieties, 169;<br />
+  on the term "survival of the fittest," 174;<br />
+  on sexual differences in fishes, 177;<br />
+  on colour of caterpillars, 178;<br />
+  on coloration and expression in man, 179;<br />
+  on sexual selection and expression, 182;<br />
+  on scheme for his work on Man, 183;<br />
+  on laws of inheritance, etc., 185;<br />
+  on Wallace&#39;s "Mimicry," 187;<br />
+  on Wallace&#39;s reply to Duke of Argyll, 189;<br />
+  on sexual selection and collateral points, 194;<br />
+  on pangenesis and sterility of hybrids, 197;<br />
+  on production of natural hybrids, etc., 201;<br />
+  on sexual selection, 204, 206, 207;<br />
+  on northern alpine flora, 211;<br />
+  on Wallace&#39;s article on "Birds&#39; Nests," and on mimetic butterflies, 212;<br />
+  on Sir Clifford Allbutt&#39;s sperm-cell theory, and on female protected butterflies, 214;<br />
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page273">[pg 273]</span>
+<a name="Pg273" id="Pg273" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+  on Wallace&#39;s "Protective Resemblance," 216;<br />
+  on dimorphic plants and colour protection, 220;<br />
+  on the colour problem of birds, 225, 229, 231;<br />
+  on fifth edition of "Origin of Species," 233;<br />
+  on single variations, 234;<br />
+  on Wallace&#39;s "Malay Archipelago," 235, 237, 240;<br />
+  on Wallace&#39;s review of Lyell&#39;s "Principles," 242;<br />
+  on baffling sexual characters, 245;<br />
+  on Wallace&#39;s paper, "Geological Time," 250;<br />
+  on Wallace&#39;s views on Man, 250>, 251;<br />
+  on Wallace&#39;s "Natural Selection," 252;<br />
+  on Wallace&#39;s criticism of Bennett&#39;s paper, 253;<br />
+  on his "Descent of Man" and St. G. Mivart, 257;<br />
+  on Wallace&#39;s review of "Descent of Man," 260;<br />
+  on Chauncey Wright&#39;s criticism of Mivart, 264;<br />
+  on a <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Quarterly</span> review, 269, 291;<br />
+  on Fritz MÌller&#39;s letter on mimicry, 270;<br />
+  on Dr. Bree, 271, 272;<br />
+  on Bastian&#39;s "Beginnings of Life," 274, 278;<br />
+  on ants, 279;<br />
+  criticising Wallace&#39;s review of "Expression of the Emotions," 280;<br />
+  on Spencer and politics, 283;<br />
+  on Utricularia, 284;<br />
+  on Wallace&#39;s "Geographical Distribution of Animals," 286, 289, 292;<br />
+  on Wallace&#39;s article on Colours of Animals, etc., 299;<br />
+  on Wallace&#39;s "Origin of Species and Genera," 304;<br />
+  on Wallace&#39;s "Island Life," 307;<br />
+  on land migration of plants, 312;<br />
+  on memorial for Wallace pension, 314, 315;<br />
+  on mimicry, 316;<br />
+  on political economy and "Creed of Science," 318;<br />
+  on land question, 319;<br /></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">——, Erasmus, i. 6;<br />
+  on the Wallace-Darwin episode, 127</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Sir Francis, and "Life and Letters of Charles Darwin," i. 118, 119, 120, 122</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Sir G., Expulsion theory of, ii. <a href="#Pg180" class="tei tei-ref">180</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">——, Mr. Horace, letter from his father, on discoverers, ii. <a href="#Pg242" class="tei tei-ref">242</a> (note)</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Major Leonard, i. 145, 146</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Dr. Robert Waring, i. 6, 18</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Darwinism," Wallace&#39;s, i, 212, 218, ii. <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref">2</a>, <a href="#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref">14</a>, <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref">15</a>, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref">75</a>, <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref">90</a>, <a href="#Pg109" class="tei tei-ref">109</a>;<br />
+  plan of, <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref">15</a>-17;<br />
+  Spencer&#39;s objection to title, <a href="#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref">47</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Davos, Wallace&#39;s lecture at, ii. <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref">204</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dawson, Sir J.W., attack on Natural Selection, i. 142</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">De Rougemont, Wallace on, ii. <a href="#Pg076" class="tei tei-ref">76</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">De Vries on mutation, ii. <a href="#Pg080" class="tei tei-ref">80</a>, <a href="#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref">96</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Decaisne&#39;s paper on flora of Timor, i. 236</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Deformities, article on, in Chambers&#39;s Encyclopedia, ii. <a href="#Pg057" class="tei tei-ref">57</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dendrobium devonianum, i. 23</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Denudation, theory of, i. 250, 309, ii. <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref">71</a>, <a href="#Pg072" class="tei tei-ref">72</a>, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref">73</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Deposition, theory of, i. 309, ii. <a href="#Pg072" class="tei tei-ref">72</a>, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref">73</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Descent of Man," Darwin&#39;s, i. 152, 255, 259, 284, 289 (note), ii. <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref">2</a>, <a href="#Pg034" class="tei tei-ref">34</a>;<br />
+  review in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Pall Mall Gazette</span>, i. 263;<br />
+    in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Spectator</span>, 263</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Development of Human Races under Law of Natural Selection," Wallace&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref">6</a>, <a href="#Pg183" class="tei tei-ref">183</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Different Forms of Flowers and Plants of the Same Species," Darwin&#39;s, i. 298, ii. <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref">2</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dimorphism, i. 167, 202, 220</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dipsomania, Wallace on, ii. <a href="#Pg068" class="tei tei-ref">68</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Discontinuous variation, ii. <a href="#Pg062" class="tei tei-ref">62</a>, <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref">63</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Disuse, physiological effects of, i. 69</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Divining rod, experiments with, ii. <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref">205</a>, <a href="#Pg206" class="tei tei-ref">206</a>-8, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref">211</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dixey, Dr., ii. <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref">79</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Domestic selection (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">see</span> Selection, domestic)</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Domestication, variation under, i. 192</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dowsing for water, etc., ii. <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref">205</a>, <a href="#Pg206" class="tei tei-ref">206</a>-8, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref">211</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dunraven, Lord, and psychical research, ii. <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref">199</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Duration of Life," Weismann&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg044" class="tei tei-ref">44</a>, <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref">45</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Dyaks, i. 55, 59</p>
+
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page274">[pg 274]</span>
+<a name="Pg274" id="Pg274" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">E</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Earl, W., on distribution of animals in Malay Archipelago, i. 138</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Early History of Mankind," Tylor&#39;s, i. 164, 165</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Earth, formation of, ii. <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref">179</a>;<br />
+  Wallace&#39;s views on, <a href="#Pg168" class="tei tei-ref">168</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Earthworms," Darwin&#39;s, i. 320, ii. <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref">2</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Edinburgh, Darwin in, i. 16, 17</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Education, Wallace&#39;s views of, ii. <a href="#Pg147" class="tei tei-ref">147</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Edwards, W.H., "Voyage up the Amazon," i. 25</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Eight hours&#39; day, Wallace on, ii. <a href="#Pg156" class="tei tei-ref">156</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Encyclopedia of Plants," London&#39;s, i. 21, 23, 92</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Entomological Society, i. 35;<br />
+  discussion on mimicry at, 176;<br />
+  Wallace&#39;s Presidential Address to, 126</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Eocene Period, i. 308, 312</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Epping Forest, superintendency of, Wallace and, i. 302-4, 306</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">ErotylidÊ, i. 65</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Erskine of Linlathen on evolution, ii. <a href="#Pg228" class="tei tei-ref">228</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Essays on Evolution," Poulton&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg061" class="tei tei-ref">61</a> (note), <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref">79</a> (note), <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref">84</a>, <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref">85</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— upon Heredity," Weismann&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref">45</a>, <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref">51</a>, <a href="#Pg052" class="tei tei-ref">52</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Eugenics, ii. <a href="#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref">160</a>, <a href="#Pg246" class="tei tei-ref">246</a>;<br />
+  term disliked by Wallace, <a href="#Pg150" class="tei tei-ref">150</a>, <a href="#Pg246" class="tei tei-ref">246</a>;<br />
+  and segregation of unfit, letter from Wallace on, <a href="#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref">160</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Evans, Miss, ii. <a href="#Pg226" class="tei tei-ref">226</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Evil, origin of, ii. <a href="#Pg149" class="tei tei-ref">149</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Evolution, theory of, Lamarck and, i. 1, 109;<br />
+  Lyell and, 76, 142, 239;<br />
+  as conceived in "Vestiges of Creation," 91, 92 (note) <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>;<br />
+  Darwin and, 103 <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, 122-4;<br />
+  notable converts to, 137, 139, 141, 219, 221, 239;<br />
+  Wallace&#39;s views on, 240, 256, 294, ii. <a href="#Pg078" class="tei tei-ref">78</a>, <a href="#Pg094" class="tei tei-ref">94</a>, <a href="#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref">95</a>;<br />
+  Sir W.T. Thiselton-Dyer on, <a href="#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref">97</a>, <a href="#Pg185" class="tei tei-ref">185</a>.<br />
+  (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">See also</span> Selection)</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— and Adaptation," Morgan&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref">79</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— and Mendelism, Wallace on, ii. <a href="#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref">93</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Evolution of the Stellar System, Researches on," ii. <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref">178</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— Theories of," Poulton&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg061" class="tei tei-ref">61</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Evolutionist at Large," ii. <a href="#Pg046" class="tei tei-ref">46</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Expanse of Heaven," Proctor&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg080" class="tei tei-ref">80</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Exposition of Fallacies in the Hypotheses of Darwin," Bree&#39;s, i. 271 (note), 272-3</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Expression, Anatomy of," Bell&#39;s, i. 182</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— in the Malays, i. 182, 191</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— of the Emotions," Darwin&#39;s, i. 279, ii. <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref">2</a>;<br />
+  review of, i. 280-1</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Expressiveness of Speech, etc., in the Origin of Language," Wallace&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref">65</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">F</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Facsimile of Wallace&#39;s inscription on envelope containing his first<br />
+  eight letters from Darwin, i. 128</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Faraday on Spiritualism, ii. <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref">188</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Farmer, W.J., ii. <a href="#Pg101" class="tei tei-ref">101</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Farrer, Mr., i. 304</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Fauna, British, i. 307</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Felis of Timor, i. 138</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Fellenberg and R.D. Owen, ii, <a href="#Pg225" class="tei tei-ref">225</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Ferns, Lawrence on, ii. <a href="#Pg040" class="tei tei-ref">40</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Fertilisation of Orchids," Darwin&#39;s, i. 189 (note), ii. <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref">2</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— self- and cross-, i. 169, 297, ii. <a href="#Pg046" class="tei tei-ref">46</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Finger-prints, Gallon&#39;s papers on, ii. <a href="#Pg048" class="tei tei-ref">48</a>-9</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"First Principles," Spencer&#39;s, Wallace&#39;s admiration of, i. 125</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Fish, sexual differences in, i. 178</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Fisher, Mrs. (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">see</span> Buckley, Miss)</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— O., "Physics of the Earth&#39;s Crust," Wallace on, ii. <a href="#Pg074" class="tei tei-ref">74</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">FitzRoy, Capt., i. 33</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Flight, theory of, i. 145-6, ii. <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref">25</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Flora, endemic, ii. <a href="#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref">43</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Floral Structures," Henslow&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg046" class="tei tei-ref">46</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Flourens&#39; criticism of Darwin&#39;s theory, i. 160</p>
+
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page275">[pg 275]</span>
+<a name="Pg275" id="Pg275" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Flowers, tropical, i. 238;<br />
+  cleistogamic, 298</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Flustra, Darwin&#39;s article on larvÊ of, i. 16</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Forbes, Dr. Henry, ii. <a href="#Pg012" class="tei tei-ref">12</a> (note);<br />
+  estimation of Wallace, <a href="#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref">229</a>-33, <a href="#Pg239" class="tei tei-ref">239</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Prof., i. 96, 99, 100, 132, 139, 189, 248</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Forel and Darwin, i, 294, 296</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Forms of Flowers," Darwin&#39;s, i. 298</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Fossils, i. 20</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Foundations," Sir F. Darwin&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref">92</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Free trade and monopoly, Wallace&#39;s views on, ii. <a href="#Pg152" class="tei tei-ref">152</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Freeland," Wallace&#39;s opinion of, ii. <a href="#Pg114" class="tei tei-ref">114</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Fuel of the Sun," M. Williams&#39;s, i. 263-4</p>
+
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">G</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Galapagos Islands, i. 97, 103;<br />
+  fauna of, i. 295, ii. <a href="#Pg013" class="tei tei-ref">13</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Galaxias, i. 290</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Galton, Sir Francis, on heredity, ii. <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref">45</a>;<br />
+  on organic stability, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref">60</a>;<br />
+  introduces term Eugenics, <a href="#Pg246" class="tei tei-ref">246</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— letter from, on finger-marks, ii. <a href="#Pg048" class="tei tei-ref">48</a>-9</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">GÀrtner, i. 195</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Geach, C., i. 79, 191, 245</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Geddes, Prof. Patrick, ii. <a href="#Pg012" class="tei tei-ref">12</a> (note), <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref">41</a>, <a href="#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref">43</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Geikie, Sir A., i. 122, ii. <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref">71</a>, <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">General Enclosure Act, ii. <a href="#Pg140" class="tei tei-ref">140</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Genesis of Species," Mivart&#39;s, i. 257, 264, 265-7, 291, ii. <a href="#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref">31</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Geodephaga, exotic, i. 69</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Geographical distribution and biology, Wallace&#39;s writings on, ii. <a href="#Pg001" class="tei tei-ref">1</a>-17;<br />
+  correspondence on, <a href="#Pg018" class="tei tei-ref">18</a>-<a href="#Pg102" class="tei tei-ref">102</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— —— of Animals," Wallace&#39;s, i. 42,  286, ii. <a href="#Pg001" class="tei tei-ref">1</a>-2, <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref">8</a>, <a href="#Pg032" class="tei tei-ref">32</a>, <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref">233</a>,
+<a href="#Pg286" class="tei tei-ref">286</a>-7, <a href="#Pg289" class="tei tei-ref">289</a>-94</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— —— of Mammals," Murray&#39;s, i. 181</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— —— of Plants," Sir W.T. Thiselton-Dyer&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref">90</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Geographical distribution of plants and animals, i. 94, 95, ii. <a href="#Pg013" class="tei tei-ref">13</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Geography, old-time teaching of, i. 11;<br />
+  organic, 95;<br />
+  zoological, ii. <a href="#Pg009" class="tei tei-ref">9</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Geological Climates and the Origin of Species," Wallace&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref">5</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— distribution of plants and animals, i. 94, 95, 136</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— History of Man," Lyell&#39;s, i. 142</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— Observations on South America," Darwin&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref">2</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— time, Wallace&#39;s paper on, i. 249</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Geology, Darwin&#39;s studies in, i. 16, 17</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">George, Rt. Hon. D. Lloyd, Wallace&#39;s letter to, on the railway strike, ii. <a href="#Pg163" class="tei tei-ref">163</a>;<br />
+  Wallace&#39;s admiration of, <a href="#Pg164" class="tei tei-ref">164</a>-5, <a href="#Pg249" class="tei tei-ref">249</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Henry, i. 17, 317;<br />
+  meets Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref">143</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Germ Plasm," Weismann&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg072" class="tei tei-ref">72</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Germinal Selection," Weismann&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg068" class="tei tei-ref">68</a>, <a href="#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref">70</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Glacial period, theory of, i. 149, 176, 177, 248, 251, 287, 298, 307,<br />
+    308-10, ii. <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref">6</a>, <a href="#Pg013" class="tei tei-ref">13</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Gladstone, W.E., recommends Wallace for a pension, i. 313</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— letter from, on onomatopoeia, ii. <a href="#Pg066" class="tei tei-ref">66</a>-7</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Gould, Dr. Aug., on land shells, i. 133</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">——, John, list of humming-birds, ii. <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref">23</a>;<br />
+  Sclater&#39;s distrust of, <a href="#Pg024" class="tei tei-ref">24</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Graham&#39;s "Creed of Science," i. 318</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Grant, Dr., article on Flustra, i. 16;<br />
+  advocacy of Evolution by, 122</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Granville, Lord, ii. <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref">67</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Gray, Asa, i. 76, 139;<br />
+  defends Darwin, 142</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Great Exhibition of 1862, i. 79</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Greenell, Mary Ann (Mrs. T.V. Wallace), i. 9</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Growth, economy of, ii. <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref">53</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Gurney, Edmund, and telepathy, ii. <a href="#Pg200" class="tei tei-ref">200</a></p>
+
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page276">[pg 276]</span>
+<a name="Pg276" id="Pg276" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">H</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Habinaria, i. 311</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Habit and Intelligence," Murphy&#39;s, i. 246, 249</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Haeckel, Prof., and the Darwin-Wallace Jubilee, i. 120</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Hall, John, sends Wallace orchids from Buenos Ayres, ii. <a href="#Pg129" class="tei tei-ref">129</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Spencer, lectures on mesmerism, ii. <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref">182</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Hardinge, Mrs., medium, ii. <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref">188</a>, <a href="#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref">189</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Hare, Prof. A., ii. <a href="#Pg057" class="tei tei-ref">57</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Hart, Capt., i. 79</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Haughton, Prof. S., criticises Darwin&#39;s "Origin of Species," i. 142;<br />
+  on "The Bee&#39;s Cell and Origin of Species," 148</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Haweis, Rev. H.R., ii. <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref">204</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Hayward, Mr., i. 21, 92</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">HeliconiidÊ, i. 65</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Helmes, L.V., reminiscences of Wallace&#39;s visit to Sarawak, i. 38-40</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Hemsley, Dr. W.B., ii. <a href="#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref">43</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Henderson, Rev. J.B., ii. <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref">209</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Henslow, Prof., Darwin&#39;s friendship with, i. 17;<br />
+  defends Darwin, 142></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Herdman, Mr., inaugural address to Liverpool Biological Society, ii. <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref">45</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Heredity, Weismann&#39;s essays on, ii. <a href="#Pg044" class="tei tei-ref">44</a>-5, <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref">51</a>;<br />
+  Galton on, <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref">45</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Herschel, Sir J., i. 17</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Hertford Grammar School, i. 11, 14</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Heterogenesis, i. 274 (note), 275, 278</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Heterostyled plants, illegitimate offspring of, i. 298</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Hodgson&#39;s Psychical Research Report, ii. <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref">203</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Holland, Sir H., on pangenesis, i. 197</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Holmes, T. Rice, ii. <a href="#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref">86</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Home, D.D., medium, ii. <a href="#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref">189</a>, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref">199</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Home Rule, Wallace&#39;s advocacy of, ii. <a href="#Pg152" class="tei tei-ref">152</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Homer, onomatopoeic examples in, ii. <a href="#Pg066" class="tei tei-ref">66</a>, <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref">67</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Honeycomb sent by Wallace to Darwin, i. 143</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Hooker, Sir Joseph, birth of, i. 5, 76;<br />
+  on oak trees, 56;<br />
+  and the Darwin-Wallace joint paper, 71, 111, 113, 119, 134, 136, 137, 139;<br />
+  receives the Darwin-Wallace Medal, 117;<br />
+  speech at Darwin-Wallace jubilee, 117;<br />
+  Darwin&#39;s appreciation of, 135, 137;<br />
+  introduction to "Flora of Australia," 139;<br />
+  on pangenesis, 197;<br />
+  visits Darwin at Freshwater, 219;<br />
+  signs memorial to City Corporation in Wallace&#39;s favour, 303;<br />
+  opinion on Wallace&#39;s "Island Life," 307</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">——, Sir Joseph, letters from:<br />
+  on "Island Life," ii. <a href="#Pg032" class="tei tei-ref">32</a>-3;<br />
+  acknowledging Wallace&#39;s "Life," etc., <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref">82</a>-3</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Hopkins&#39;s review of the "Origin of Species," i. 144</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Hopkinson, Prof. A., and Spiritualism, ii. <a href="#Pg200" class="tei tei-ref">200</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Howorth, Sir H.H., on subsidence and elevation of land, i. 277</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Hubrecht, Prof., ii. <a href="#Pg080" class="tei tei-ref">80</a>;<br />
+  alleges differences between Darwin and Wallace, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref">87</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Hudson&#39;s "Scientific Demonstration of a Future Life," ii. <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref">203</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Huggins, Sir W., and psychical research, ii. <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref">198</a>, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref">199</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Hughes, Hugh Price, Wallace&#39;s opinion of, ii. <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref">204</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— letter from, on Wallace&#39;s "Justice, not Charity," ii. <a href="#Pg157" class="tei tei-ref">157</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Humboldt&#39;s "Personal Narrative," i. 17, 164, 238</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Humming-birds, ii. <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref">23</a>, <a href="#Pg024" class="tei tei-ref">24</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Huxley, T.H., i. 1, 5, 76, 116, 137;<br />
+  meets Wallace, 35;<br />
+  appreciation of Wallace, 94;<br />
+  first interview with Darwin, 104;<br />
+  and Herbert Spencer, 123;<br />
+  and the memorial to Gladstone as to a pension for Wallace, 313;<br />
+  and psychical research, ii. <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref">198</a>;<br />
+  opinion as to Wallace joining Royal Society, <a href="#Pg220" class="tei tei-ref">220</a>;<br />
+  on Henslow, <a href="#Pg251" class="tei tei-ref">251</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— letters from, declining Wallace&#39;s invitation to investigate<br />
+  "curious phenomena," ii. <a href="#Pg187" class="tei tei-ref">187</a>-8</p>
+
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page277">[pg 277]</span>
+<a name="Pg277" id="Pg277" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Hybrids, sterility of, i. 130, 195 <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>;<br />
+  and Natural Selection, 195 <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>;<br />
+  infertility of, 297</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Hyder, Mr. J., ii. <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref">161</a>, <a href="#Pg252" class="tei tei-ref">252</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Hyndman, Mr. H.M., letter from, acknowledging Wallace&#39;s birthday
+congratulations, ii. <a href="#Pg164" class="tei tei-ref">164</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">I</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Ice-Marks in North Wales," Wallace&#39;s, i. 177</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Illustrations of British Insects," i. 23 (note)</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Immigration of Norwegian Flora," Blytt&#39;s, i. 293</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Immortality, Wallace&#39;s views on, ii. <a href="#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref">176</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Indian Mutiny, i. 68</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Indians, American, Bates&#39;s opinion of, ii. <a href="#Pg029" class="tei tei-ref">29</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Individual adaptability and natural selection, ii. <a href="#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref">55</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Insectivorous Plants," Darwin&#39;s, i. 284, 285, ii. <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref">2</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Insects, migration of, Lyell on, ii. <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref">19</a>;<br />
+  theory of flight, <a href="#Pg026" class="tei tei-ref">26</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Instinct, Archdall Reid&#39;s views of, ii. <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref">67</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— in Man and Animals," Wallace&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref">6</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Introduction to Study of Natural Philosophy," Herschel&#39;s, i. 17</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Is Mars Habitable?" Wallace&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg172" class="tei tei-ref">172</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Island Life," Wallace&#39;s, i. 42, 305, 306-7, ii. <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref">5</a>, <a href="#Pg012" class="tei tei-ref">12</a>-14, <a href="#Pg032" class="tei tei-ref">32</a>, <a href="#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref">33</a>, <a href="#Pg072" class="tei tei-ref">72</a>, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref">75</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Islands, continental, i. 305, ii. <a href="#Pg012" class="tei tei-ref">12</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— oceanic, i. 138, 210-12, 305, ii. <a href="#Pg012" class="tei tei-ref">12</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">J</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Jameson&#39;s lectures on geology and zoology in Edinburgh, i. 16</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Janet&#39;s "Materialism of the Present Day," i. 170, 172, 173, 175</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Jardine, Sir W., criticism of "Origin of Species," i. 142</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Java, birds of, i. 87;<br />
+  flora of, 86;<br />
+  mountains of, 85-6;<br />
+  volcanoes of, 85, 86</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Jencken, Mrs., ii. <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref">198</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Jenkin, Fleeming, on limitations to variation, i. 190;<br />
+  Darwin on, 233, 234;<br />
+  Wallace on, 234</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Jensen and De Rougemont, ii. <a href="#Pg076" class="tei tei-ref">76</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Jessopp, Rev. Augustus, letter on land nationalisation, ii. <a href="#Pg157" class="tei tei-ref">157</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Joan of Arc, works on, ii. <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref">204</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Jones, Sir Rupert, on Miocene or Old Pliocene Man in India, ii. <a href="#Pg062" class="tei tei-ref">62</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Mr. W. Braunston, birthday ode by, ii. <a href="#Pg248" class="tei tei-ref">248</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Jordan, Mr., ii. <a href="#Pg129" class="tei tei-ref">129</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Josiah Mason College, Birmingham, Wallace and, i. 306</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Journal of Researches," Darwin&#39;s, i. 18, 25, 37, 43</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Judd, John W., and Wallace medallion, ii. <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Jukes, J.B., a supporter of Darwin, i. 141</p>
+
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">K</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Kane, Mrs., ii. <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref">198</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Keltie, Dr. J. Scott, on Wallace&#39;s exploration in Brazil, i. 29</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Kelvin, Lord (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">see</span> Thomson, Sir W.)</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Kempe, Sir A.B., signs petition for Wallace memorial, ii. <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Keyerling and the Darwinian theory, i. 141</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Kidd, Mr. Benjamin, and "equality of opportunity," ii. <a href="#Pg158" class="tei tei-ref">158</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Kingsley, Canon, letter to Wallace on "Malay Archipelago," ii. <a href="#Pg030" class="tei tei-ref">30</a>-1</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Knight, Prof., ii. <a href="#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref">176</a>;<br />
+  his reminiscences of Wallace, <a href="#Pg228" class="tei tei-ref">228</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Knollys, Lord, ii. <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref">223</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Kolreuter, i. 195</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Krefft, Dr. G., i. 316</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Kropotkin, Prince, "Memoirs of a Revolutionist," i. <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref">89</a></p>
+
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page278">[pg 278]</span>
+<a name="Pg278" id="Pg278" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">L</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Lamarck and Evolution, i. 1, 109, 242</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Lambs, instincts of, ii. <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref">54</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Land laws, Wallace and, ii. <a href="#Pg140" class="tei tei-ref">140</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— molluscs, Darwin on, i. 131, 132, 287, 292</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— nationalisation, Wallace and, ii. <a href="#Pg141" class="tei tei-ref">141</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— Society, foundation of, ii. <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref">143</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— ——," Wallace&#39;s, i. 317, ii. <a href="#Pg109" class="tei tei-ref">109</a>, <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref">143</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— shells, i. 132, 133, 262</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Tenure Reform Association, Wallace and, ii. <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref">143</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Lankester, Sir E. Ray, receives Darwin-Wallace Medal and speaks at Jubilee celebration, i. 121;<br />
+  replies to a Darwin Centenary article in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Times</span>, ii. <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref">89</a>;<br />
+  a signatory to Wallace memorial petition, <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Larmor, Sir J., and Wallace national memorial, ii. <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Law regulating Introduction of New Species," Wallace&#39;s, i. 93, 94, 105, 129, ii. <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref">6</a>, <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref">21</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Le Gallienne, Mr., meets Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref">204</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Lecky&#39;s "Rationalism," Darwin on, i. 164;<br />
+  Wallace on, 165-6</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Lectures on Man," Lawrence&#39;s, i. 91</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Legge, Col., conveys to Wallace the Order of Merit, ii. <a href="#Pg224" class="tei tei-ref">224</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Lemuria, continent of, i. 289</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Lepidoptera, colour-adaptability in, ii. <a href="#Pg056" class="tei tei-ref">56</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Lewes, G.H., and pangenesis, i. 220;<br />
+  and origin of species, 221</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Leyden Museum, i. 87</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Lhasa," Waddell&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref">82</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Life after death, Wallace&#39;s belief in, ii. <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref">181</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— and Habit," Samuel Butler&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg102" class="tei tei-ref">102</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— and Letters of Charles Darwin," i. 118, 119, 120, 122-3, 127, 260 (note), 263 (note), 273 (note),<br />
+    274 (note), ii. <a href="#Pg184" class="tei tei-ref">184</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">——, origin of, Spencer on, i. 125-6</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— Wallace&#39;s views on, ii. <a href="#Pg168" class="tei tei-ref">168</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Limits of Natural Selection as applied to Man," Wallace&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref">6</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Lindley, Dr., "Elements of Botany," i. 21;<br />
+  article on orchids by, 23</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Linnean Society, Darwin-Wallace communication to, i. 71, 89, 109, 118, 122;<br />
+  Jubilee of event, 110 <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, ii. <a href="#Pg127" class="tei tei-ref">127</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Lip-expression, efficacy of, ii. <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref">67</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Littledale, Dr., reminiscences of Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg132" class="tei tei-ref">132</a>-3, <a href="#Pg136" class="tei tei-ref">136</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Lock&#39;s "Variation, Heredity, and Evolution," ii. <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref">84</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Lodge, Sir Oliver, reply to Haeckel, ii. <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref">83</a>;<br />
+  Romanes lecture, <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref">178</a>-80;<br />
+  address at Psychical Research Society, <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref">205</a>;<br />
+  and the national memorial to Wallace, <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Lombok, fauna of, ii. <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref">19</a>, <a href="#Pg020" class="tei tei-ref">20</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Lönnberg, Prof., i. 122</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Looking Backward," ii. <a href="#Pg114" class="tei tei-ref">114</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Lophura viellottii, i. 230</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Loudon&#39;s "Encyclopedia of Plants," i. 21, 23, 92</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Lowell, Prof. Percival, "Mars and its Canals," ii. <a href="#Pg172" class="tei tei-ref">172</a>, <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref">175</a>-7</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Lubbock, Sir John (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">see</span> Avebury, Lord)</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Lunn, Sir H., meets Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref">204</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Lyell, Sir C., birth of, i. 5;<br />
+  and the Darwin-Wallace joint essay, 71, 109, 111, 113, 118, 119, 134, 136, 139, ii. <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref">19</a>;<br />
+  as Evolutionist, i. 76, 142, 239;<br />
+  on extinction of species, 98;<br />
+  and Wallace&#39;s "Law regulating Introduction of New Species," 132;<br />
+  defends Darwin, 142;<br />
+  on pangenesis, 200;<br />
+  and the "Fuel of the Sun," 263</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— letters from:<br />
+  on "Origin of Races of Man," ii. <a href="#Pg018" class="tei tei-ref">18</a>;<br />
+  on geographical distribution, <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref">19</a>;<br />
+  on Wallace&#39;s "Law regulating Introduction of Species," etc., <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref">21</a>;<br />
+  on humming-birds, shells, etc., <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref">23</a>;<br />
+  on Wallace&#39;s "Mimicry of Colours," <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref">25</a>;<br />
+  on diversity of human races, <a href="#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref">28</a>-9;<br />
+
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page279">[pg 279]</span>
+<a name="Pg279" id="Pg279" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+  on Wallace&#39;s "Malay Archipelago," <a href="#Pg030" class="tei tei-ref">30</a>;<br />
+  on Wallace&#39;s "Geographical Distribution," <a href="#Pg032" class="tei tei-ref">32</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Lyell, Sir Leonard, i. 120</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Lythrum, trimorphism of, i. 161, 169</p>
+
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">M</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">McAndrew, Mr., on littoral shells of the Azores, ii. <a href="#Pg024" class="tei tei-ref">24</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Macmahon, Dr. P.A., and the Wallace medallion, ii. <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Madagascar, i. 290 (note);<br />
+  fauna of, 188, 189, 192, 293, 295;<br />
+  flora of, 311-13</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Madeira, land shells in, i. 132;<br />
+  birds in, 138</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Maha Bharata," Wallace&#39;s appreciation of, ii. <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref">116</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Malaria, Wallace on, ii. <a href="#Pg241" class="tei tei-ref">241</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Malay Archipelago, Wallace&#39;s explorations in, i. 35-42;<br />
+  distribution of animals in, 138</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— ——," Wallace&#39;s, i. 42, 121, 133, 140, 235, 237; ii. <a href="#Pg030" class="tei tei-ref">30</a>, <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref">143</a>, <a href="#Pg159" class="tei tei-ref">159</a>, <a href="#Pg230" class="tei tei-ref">230</a>, <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref">231</a>;<br />
+  translations of, i. 245</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Malayan PapilionidÊ," Wallace&#39;s, i. 153, ii. <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref">4</a>, <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref">6</a>, <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref">231</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Malthus on "Population," i. 103, 104, 111, 116, 136, 175, 317</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Man, influence of sexual selection on, i. 154, 155, 180, 181, 182, 183;<br />
+  geographical distribution of, 156;<br />
+  zoological classification of, 157;<br />
+  original colour of, ii. <a href="#Pg029" class="tei tei-ref">29</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">——, origin of, Darwin&#39;s views of, i. 154-5, 243<br />
+  (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">see also</span> "Descent of Man")</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— Wallace&#39;s views of, i. 91-2, 152-3, 155 <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, 221, 240, 243, 250, 256, ii. <a href="#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref">31</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Man&#39;s Place in the Universe," ii. <a href="#Pg102" class="tei tei-ref">102</a>, <a href="#Pg120" class="tei tei-ref">120</a>, <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref">167</a>, <a href="#Pg170" class="tei tei-ref">170</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref">178</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Mantegazza, colour theory of, i. 299</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Marchant, James, ii. <a href="#Pg100" class="tei tei-ref">100</a>;<br />
+  and the Wallace memorial, ii. <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a>;<br />
+  letter from Bishop Ryle to, <a href="#Pg254" class="tei tei-ref">254</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Mars," Wallace&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg122" class="tei tei-ref">122</a>, <a href="#Pg172" class="tei tei-ref">172</a>-3, <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref">175</a>-7</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— and its Canals," Lowell&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg172" class="tei tei-ref">172</a>, <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref">175</a>-7</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Marshall, Mr. J.W., ii. <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref">53</a>, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref">209</a>, <a href="#Pg226" class="tei tei-ref">226</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Dr. W., i. 279</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Martineau, James, Darwin on Spencer&#39;s reply to, i. 272</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Material for Study of Variation," Bateson&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref">60</a>-1</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Materialism of the Present Day," Janet&#39;s, i. 170, 172, 173, 175</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Maternal impressions, ii. <a href="#Pg057" class="tei tei-ref">57</a>-8</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Matthew, P., anticipates theory of Natural Selection, i. 116, 142</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Maw, Mr., reviews "Origin of Species," i. 144</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Melastoma, i. 150, 151</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Meldola, Prof. Raphael, lecture on Evolution by, i. 123;<br />
+  death of, ii. <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref">35</a>;<br />
+  criticism of Romanes&#39; theory, <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref">36</a>;<br />
+  on importance of "divergence," <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref">41</a>-2;<br />
+  President of Entomological Society, <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref">63</a>;<br />
+  reminiscences of Wallace, <a href="#Pg226" class="tei tei-ref">226</a>;<br />
+  at Wallace&#39;s funeral, <a href="#Pg252" class="tei tei-ref">252</a>;<br />
+  and the Abbey memorial, <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Mendelism, ii. <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref">84</a>;<br />
+  Dr. Archdall Reid&#39;s view of, <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref">85</a>;<br />
+  and Evolution, Wallace on, <a href="#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref">93</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Menura superba, i. 183 (note)</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Mesmerism, Wallace and, i. 24, ii. <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref">182</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Meyer, Dr. Adolf Bernhard, i. 248, 249</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Mias, i. 53, 56, 57, ii. <a href="#Pg030" class="tei tei-ref">30</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Mill, John Stuart, invites Wallace to join Land Tenure Reform Association, ii. <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref">143</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Mill&#39;s "Siege of the South Pole," ii. <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref">82</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Miller, Mr. Ben R., letter to, ii. <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref">98</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Mimetic butterflies, i. 167, 168, 176, 178, 179, 189 (note), 200, 213, 217, 224, 254, 300</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Mimicry, and Other Protective Resemblances," Wallace&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref">6</a>, <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref">8</a>, <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref">25</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— and Protective Colouring," Wallace&#39;s, i. 179, 187</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Bates&#39;s theory of, i. 225</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Darwin on, i. 316</p>
+
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page280">[pg 280]</span>
+<a name="Pg280" id="Pg280" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">——, Wallace on, i. 167 (note), 168-9, 176</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Miocene Period, i. 294, 308, 309, 312</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Miracles and Modern Spiritualism," Wallace&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg011" class="tei tei-ref">11</a>, <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref">178</a>, <a href="#Pg183" class="tei tei-ref">183</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Missionaries, Wallace&#39;s and Darwin&#39;s impressions of, compared, i. 36-8;<br />
+  Wallace on, 47, 50, 62-3</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Mitten, Miss, ii. <a href="#Pg252" class="tei tei-ref">252</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Mr. William, ii. <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref">35</a>, <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Mivart, St. G., controversy with Mr. G. Darwin, i. 291;<br />
+  his "Genesis of Species," 257-8, 264, 265-7, ii. <a href="#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref">31</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Moluccas, birds of, ii. <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref">3</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Monistic theory, ii. <a href="#Pg177" class="tei tei-ref">177</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Monkeys, influence of, on distribution of pigeons and parrots, i. 166 (note), 167</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Monopoly and free trade, Wallace on, ii. <a href="#Pg152" class="tei tei-ref">152</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"More Letters," i. 127, 195, 288 (note), 312 (note)</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Morgan, Prof. Lloyd, Wallace on, ii. <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref">67</a>, <a href="#Pg068" class="tei tei-ref">68</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— T.H., "Evolution and Adaptation," ii. <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref">79</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Morley, Mr. John (Lord), correspondence with, ii. <a href="#Pg159" class="tei tei-ref">159</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Morton, Dr., on American race problem, ii. <a href="#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref">28</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Moths, Jenner Weir&#39;s observations on, i. 179</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Mott, Mr., on Haeckel, i. 298;<br />
+  on progression of races, ii. <a href="#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref">86</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Mould, formation of, by agency of earthworms, i. 319</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Mount Ophir (Malay), i. 51</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Mouth-gesture as factor in origin of language, ii. <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref">65</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants," Darwin&#39;s, i. 285, 311, ii. <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref">2</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Mailer, Fritz, "FÃŒr Darwin," i. 164;<br />
+  on mimetic butterflies, 189 (note), 270, 300</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Hermann, i. 189 (note)</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Murchison, Sir Roderick, and Wallace, i. 36;<br />
+  on Africa, 159</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Murphy, Mr. M.J., ii. <a href="#Pg164" class="tei tei-ref">164</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Murphy&#39;s "Habit and Intelligence," Wallace&#39;s review of, i. 246, 249</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Murray, Andrew, attacks Darwin&#39;s "Origin of Species," i. 142;<br />
+  opposes Trimen&#39;s views on mimetic butterflies, 201</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Murray&#39;s "Geographical Distribution of Mammals," i. 181</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Mutation theory, ii. <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref">79</a>, <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref">84</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"My Life," Wallace&#39;s, i. 6, 10 (note), 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 29-30, 92 (note), 107, 125, 126, 127, 178, 253, 307 (note), 312 (note), ii. <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref">4</a>, <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref">5</a>, <a href="#Pg011" class="tei tei-ref">11</a>, <a href="#Pg012" class="tei tei-ref">12</a>, <a href="#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref">14</a>, <a href="#Pg081" class="tei tei-ref">81</a>, <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref">82</a>, <a href="#Pg149" class="tei tei-ref">149</a>, <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref">178</a>, <a href="#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref">202</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Myers, F.W.H., and telepathy, ii. <a href="#Pg200" class="tei tei-ref">200</a>, <a href="#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref">202</a>;<br />
+  on Wallace as lecturer, <a href="#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref">202</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— letter from, on Vaccination pamphlet, the "Malay Archipelago," etc.,<br />
+    ii. <a href="#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref">202</a>-3</p>
+
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">N</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">NÀgeli&#39;s essay on Natural Selection, i. 241</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Nathusius on the Aru pig, i. 162</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Natural Selection (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">see</span> Selection, natural)</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— —— Action of, in producing Old Age, Decay, and Death," Wallace&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg044" class="tei tei-ref">44</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— —— Contributions to the Theory of," Wallace&#39;s, i. 94, 250, 252, ii. <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref">5</a>, <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref">6</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— —— from a Mathematical Point of View," Bennett&#39;s, i. 253</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Nebular hypothesis, Spencer&#39;s, i. 151;<br />
+  Wallace on, ii. <a href="#Pg174" class="tei tei-ref">174</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Neo-Lamarckians, ii. <a href="#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref">47</a>, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref">60</a>, <a href="#Pg064" class="tei tei-ref">64</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">New Zealand, aborigines of, i. 239;<br />
+  colonisation of, 290;<br />
+  fauna and flora of, 291, 295, 305, 307, ii. <a href="#Pg020" class="tei tei-ref">20</a>, <a href="#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref">33</a>, <a href="#Pg034" class="tei tei-ref">34</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Newton of Natural History," the, i. 76</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Newton, Prof. A., i. 105, ii. <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref">8</a>, <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref">36</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Nicaragua," Belt&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref">36</a></p>
+
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page281">[pg 281]</span>
+<a name="Pg281" id="Pg281" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Non-inheritance of acquired characters, ii. <a href="#Pg044" class="tei tei-ref">44</a>-5, <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref">54</a>, <a href="#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref">70</a>, <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref">71</a>, <a href="#Pg072" class="tei tei-ref">72</a>, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref">73</a>;<br />
+  Prof. Poulton&#39;s address on, <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref">79</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Norman, Dr., and Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg137" class="tei tei-ref">137</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Norris, Dr. Richard, i. 244, ii. <a href="#Pg136" class="tei tei-ref">136</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Miss, ii. <a href="#Pg136" class="tei tei-ref">136</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Norwegian Flora, Immigration of," Blytt&#39;s, i. 293</p>
+
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">O</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Oceanic islands, colonisation of, i. 132, 133, 138, 290;<br />
+  flora of, 210-212, 305</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Onomatopoeia, ii. <a href="#Pg066" class="tei tei-ref">66</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Orang-utans, i. 53, 56, 57, ii. <a href="#Pg030" class="tei tei-ref">30</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Orchids," Darwin&#39;s, i. 143, 297</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Wallace&#39;s admiration of, i. 23, ii. <a href="#Pg114" class="tei tei-ref">114</a>;<br />
+  epiphytal, i. 23;<br />
+  of the Azores, 311</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Origin of Species," Darwin&#39;s, i. 67, 72, 76-8, 112, 121, 124, 125, 129, 134, 136, 139, 141, 146, 164, 174, 176, 224, 240, 241, 244, 246, 264-5, 271, ii. <a href="#Pg001" class="tei tei-ref">1</a>, <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref">2</a>, <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref">77</a>;<br />
+  reviews of, i. 142, 144</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">see</span> Selection)</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— —— and Genera," Wallace&#39;s, i. 304</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— of the Fittest," Cope&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref">47</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— of the Races of Man," Wallace&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg018" class="tei tei-ref">18</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Ornithoptera croesus, i. 41</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— poseidon, i. 42</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Orr, Henry B., ii. <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref">60</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Osborn, Prof. H.F., on Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg239" class="tei tei-ref">239</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Ostriches, Wallace on, i. 145;<br />
+  Darwin on, 146-7</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Owen, Sir R., Darwin&#39;s opinion of, i. 139;<br />
+  attacks Darwin&#39;s theory, 142, 144, 157, 199</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Robert, and Wallace, i. 15, ii. <a href="#Pg139" class="tei tei-ref">139</a>, <a href="#Pg148" class="tei tei-ref">148</a>, <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref">182</a>, <a href="#Pg225" class="tei tei-ref">225</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Robert Dale, ii. <a href="#Pg225" class="tei tei-ref">225</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">P</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Pacific Islands, land shells in, i. 133</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Pain, Wallace on, ii. <a href="#Pg244" class="tei tei-ref">244</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Pangenesis, i. 196 <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, 219, 220, 276, ii. <a href="#Pg102" class="tei tei-ref">102</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Panmixia, ii. <a href="#Pg052" class="tei tei-ref">52</a>, <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref">53</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Papilio, polymorphic species of, i. 168</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— sarpedon choredon, i. 316</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"PapilionidÊ of the Malay Region," Wallace&#39;s, i. 153, ii. <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref">4</a>, <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref">6</a>, <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref">231</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Para, Wallace at, i. 26, 29;<br />
+  products of, 27</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Parrots, Wallace&#39;s paper on, i. 160, ii. <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref">4</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Passerine Birds," Wallace&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref">231</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Pastrana, Julia, i. 181</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Patagonia, plains of, i. 32</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Permanence of Oceanic Basins," Wallace&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg074" class="tei tei-ref">74</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Permian period, i. 290</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Perry, John, and Wallace national memorial, ii. <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Personal Narrative," Humboldt&#39;s, i. 17, 164, 238</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Pheasants, Argus, i. 230, 289, 292</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Phenomena of Variation and Geographical Distribution," Wallace&#39;s, i. 153</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Phillips&#39; attack on Darwin&#39;s "Origin of Species," i. 142</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Phrenology, Wallace&#39;s belief in, i. 24, ii. <a href="#Pg237" class="tei tei-ref">237</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Physical Geography of the Malay Archipelago," Wallace&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg232" class="tei tei-ref">232</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— History of Man," Prichard&#39;s, i. 91, 116, ii. <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref">73</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Physics of the Earth&#39;s Crust," Fisher&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg074" class="tei tei-ref">74</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Physiological selection (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">see</span> Selection, physiological)</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Pickard-Cambridge, Rev. O., reminiscences of Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg131" class="tei tei-ref">131</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Pictet, Prof. F.J., reviews the "Origin of Species," i. 141, 144</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Pigeons, domestic, i. 130</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— of the Malay Archipelago," Wallace&#39;s, i. 166, ii. <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref">4</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Plants, Crossing," Darwin&#39;s, Wallace on, i. 296-7</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— geographical distribution of, i. 94;<br />
+  effect of climatic conditions on, 130;<br />
+  heterostyled, 298;<br />
+  migration of, 307 (note), 310, 311-12, 313-14, ii. <a href="#Pg032" class="tei tei-ref">32</a>, <a href="#Pg034" class="tei tei-ref">34</a>-5;<br />
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page282">[pg 282]</span>
+<a name="Pg282" id="Pg282" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+  Lyell on migration of, <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref">19</a>-20;<br />
+  variety of form and habit in, <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref">54</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Plants of India and Indo-Oceanic Continent," Blandford&#39;s, i. 290</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Pleistocene Period, i. 308</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Pliocene Period, i. 292, 294, ii. <a href="#Pg022" class="tei tei-ref">22</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Podmore, Frank, effect on, of Hodgson&#39;s Psychical Research report, ii. <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref">203</a>;<br />
+  report by, in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Proceedings</span> of Psychical Research Society, <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref">204</a>;<br />
+  proposed as President, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref">211</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Polymorphism, Wallace on, i. 168</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Population, Essay on," Malthus&#39;s, i. 103, 104, 111, 116, 136, 175, 317</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— Theory of," Spencer&#39;s, i. 124</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Poulton, Prof., and Weismann&#39;s "Essays upon Heredity," ii. <a href="#Pg044" class="tei tei-ref">44</a>-6;<br />
+  paper on colours of larva, pupa, etc., <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref">54</a>;<br />
+  appointed Hope Professor of Zoology in Oxford University, <a href="#Pg057" class="tei tei-ref">57</a>;<br />
+  exposure of an American Neo-Lamarckian by, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref">60</a>;<br />
+  Presidential Address to British Association, Wallace&#39;s criticism of, <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref">71</a>;<br />
+  Presidential Address to Entomological Society, <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref">79</a>;<br />
+  on Wallace, <a href="#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref">227</a>;<br />
+  at funeral of Wallace, <a href="#Pg252" class="tei tei-ref">252</a>;<br />
+  and the Westminster Abbey memorial, <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Poverty, Wallace&#39;s views on, ii. <a href="#Pg145" class="tei tei-ref">145</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Power of Movement in Plants," Darwin&#39;s, i. 311, ii. <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref">2</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Prain, Sir D., and Wallace memorial in Westminster Abbey, ii. <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Prehistoric Times," Lubbock&#39;s, i. 164, 165-6</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Present Evolution of Man, The," Archdall Reid&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref">67</a>, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref">73</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Price, Prof. B., formally offers D.C.L. degree to Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref">217</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Prichard&#39;s "Physical History of Man," i. 91, 116, ii. <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref">73</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Primula, Darwin&#39;s paper on, i. 218</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Principles of Geology," Lyell&#39;s, i. 135, ii. <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref">5</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— of Psychology," Spencer&#39;s, i. 123</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— of Sociology," Spencer&#39;s, i. 126</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Proctor, R.A., i. 263; "Expanse of Heaven," ii. <a href="#Pg180" class="tei tei-ref">180</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Progress and Poverty," Henry George&#39;s, i. 317, 318, ii, <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref">143</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Protection, principle of, i. 140, 177, 184, 186, 189, 192, 199, 205, 212 <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, 214 <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224,
+ 226 <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, 235-6, 252, 256, 257-9, 270, 291, 299-300<br />
+(<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">see also</span> Coloration, protective, <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">and</span> Mimicry)</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Protective Resemblance," Wallace&#39;s, i. 214</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— Value of Colour and Markings in Insects," ii. <a href="#Pg038" class="tei tei-ref">38</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Protoplasm, origin of, Sir W. Thiselton-Dyer on, ii. <a href="#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref">96</a>-7</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Psychic Philosophy," Desertis&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref">203</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Psychical research, Wallace and, ii. <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref">181</a>, <a href="#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref">186</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, <a href="#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref">196</a>, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref">199</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— Society, foundation of, ii. <a href="#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref">196</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Pteropus edulis, i. 54</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Purdon, Dr., ii. <a href="#Pg195" class="tei tei-ref">195</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">R</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Ramsay, Andrew, Darwin on, i. 141</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Sir Wm., and Wallace national memorial, ii. <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Rathbone, Reginald B., reminiscences of Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg124" class="tei tei-ref">124</a>-7</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Rationalism," Lecky&#39;s, i. 164-6</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Regression to the mean," ii. <a href="#Pg069" class="tei tei-ref">69</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Reichenbach, experiments of, with sensitives, ii. <a href="#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref">196</a>, <a href="#Pg197" class="tei tei-ref">197</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Reign of Law," Duke of Argyll&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref">23</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Researches," Prichard&#39;s, i. 91, 116, ii. <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref">73</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— on Evolution of Stellar Systems," ii. <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref">179</a>-80</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Revolt of Democracy," Wallace&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg104" class="tei tei-ref">104</a>, <a href="#Pg144" class="tei tei-ref">144</a>, <a href="#Pg145" class="tei tei-ref">145</a>, <a href="#Pg251" class="tei tei-ref">251</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">RhynchÊa, i. 183, 184</p>
+
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page283">[pg 283]</span>
+<a name="Pg283" id="Pg283" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Rice, Dr. Hamilton, survey of Uaupés River, i. 29</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Ridgeway, Dr., Bishop of Salisbury, ii. <a href="#Pg252" class="tei tei-ref">252</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Ridley, Mr. H.N., ii. <a href="#Pg076" class="tei tei-ref">76</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Ripon, Lord, i. 277</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Rogers, H.D., Darwin on, i. 141</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Romanes, G.J.:<br />
+  theory of physiological selection, i. 218, ii. <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref">36</a>;<br />
+  Meldola&#39;s criticism of, <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref">36</a>, <a href="#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref">49</a>-50;<br />
+  Wallace&#39;s criticism of, <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref">63</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>;<br />
+  his accusation against Wallace, <a href="#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref">235</a>-7</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Root Principles," Child&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref">83</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Rothschild, the Hon. Lionel (Lord), Wallace&#39;s admiration of his butterflies, ii. <a href="#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref">88</a>, <a href="#Pg129" class="tei tei-ref">129</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Royal Geographical Society, and exploration of Uaupés River, i. 29</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Institute, the, Wallace&#39;s lecture at, ii. <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref">87</a>, <a href="#Pg127" class="tei tei-ref">127</a>, <a href="#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref">222</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Rudimentary organs, i. 100</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Russell, Mr. Alfred, letter to, ii. <a href="#Pg158" class="tei tei-ref">158</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Russia, Czar of, manifesto of, ii. <a href="#Pg158" class="tei tei-ref">158</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Wallace on, ii. <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref">161</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">RÃŒtimeyer, researches on mammals in Switzerland by, i. 251</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Ryle, Bishop, and the medallion of Wallace, <a href="#Pg254" class="tei tei-ref">254</a>;<br />
+  sermon at its unveiling, <a href="#Pg254" class="tei tei-ref">254</a>-5</p>
+
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">S</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Sadong River, Wallace&#39;s exploration of, i. 93</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Salisbury, Bishop of, at funeral of Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg252" class="tei tei-ref">252</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Marquis of, view of Natural Selection, ii. <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref">59</a>, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref">60</a>;<br />
+  translation of his address, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref">65</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Santiago, Darwin at, i. 34</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Sarawak, Wallace in, i. 28, 38-40, 93, 106</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Scandinavia, distribution of plants in, i. 293</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Schaffhausen, Dr., almost anticipates Natural Selection, i. 142</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Scientific Aspect of the Supernatural," Wallace&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref">186</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— Demonstration of a Future Life," Hudson&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref">203</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Sclater, P.H., on Wallace&#39;s "Malay Archipelago," i. 139-140;<br />
+  and Lemuria, 290 (note);<br />
+  division of earth into zoological regions, ii. <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref">8</a>;<br />
+  distrust of Gould, <a href="#Pg024" class="tei tei-ref">24</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Scott, Dr. Dukinfield H., speech at presentation of Darwin-Wallace Medals, i. 110-112;<br />
+  at Wallace&#39;s funeral, ii. <a href="#Pg252" class="tei tei-ref">252</a>;<br />
+  and the Wallace memorial in Westminster Abbey, <a href="#Pg254" class="tei tei-ref">254</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Scott&#39;s "Antarctic Voyage," ii. <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref">82</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Sedgwick, Prof., and Darwin, i. 17, 18;<br />
+  attacks Darwin at Cambridge Philosophical Society, 142</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">See, T.J.J., ii. <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref">179</a>-80</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Seeman, Berthold, i. 199, 201, 210, 211</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Segregation of the unfit, Wallace on, ii. <a href="#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref">160</a>-1, <a href="#Pg246" class="tei tei-ref">246</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Selection, domestic, i. 130, 134, 136, 160, 161, 167, 181, 183, 186, 189 (note), 192, 208, 215, 226, 228, 231, 257, 299</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— natural, theory of, i. 155, 156, 170 <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, 195 <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, 218, 240, 267, 298, 301, ii. <a href="#Pg016" class="tei tei-ref">16</a>-17, <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref">63</a>, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref">75</a>,<br />
+   <a href="#Pg094" class="tei tei-ref">94</a>, <a href="#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref">96</a>, <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref">98</a>, <a href="#Pg101" class="tei tei-ref">101</a>, <a href="#Pg150" class="tei tei-ref">150</a>;<br />
+  discovery of, i. 2, 89-126;<br />
+  anticipations of, 116, 142, 176;<br />
+  Spencer&#39;s alternative term for, 125, 171;<br />
+  Lord Salisbury&#39;s conception of, ii. <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref">59</a>, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref">60</a>, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref">65</a>;<br />
+  Neo-Lamarckians and, <a href="#Pg064" class="tei tei-ref">64</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— physiological, Romanes&#39; theory of, i. 218, ii. <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref">36</a>, <a href="#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref">49</a>-50, <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref">63</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, <a href="#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref">235</a>-7</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— sexual, i. 157, 159, 177, 179, 182, 185-6, 194, 199, 203, 204, 212 <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, 216-17, 220, 224-5, 227 <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, 256, 261, 298, 299</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Self-fertilisation, i. 169, 297, ii. <a href="#Pg046" class="tei tei-ref">46</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Shall we have Common Sense?" Sleeper&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref">98</a>, <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref">99</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Sharpe, Mr. J.W., reminiscences of Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg107" class="tei tei-ref">107</a>-9</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Shells, Lyell on, ii. <a href="#Pg024" class="tei tei-ref">24</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Shipley, Dr. A.E., and Wallace medallion in Westminster Abbey, ii. <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p>
+
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page284">[pg 284]</span>
+<a name="Pg284" id="Pg284" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Shrewsbury Grammar School, Darwin and, i. 12, 15</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Sidgwick, Prof, and Mrs. H., telepathic experiments by, ii. <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref">199</a>, <a href="#Pg200" class="tei tei-ref">200</a>;<br />
+  Wallace&#39;s remarks on, <a href="#Pg200" class="tei tei-ref">200</a>-1</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Siege of the South Pole," Mill&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref">82</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Silk, George, i. 52, 87;<br />
+  Wallace&#39;s friendship with, 10;<br />
+  walking tour in Switzerland with Wallace, 35</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Sims, Mrs. (sister of A.R. Wallace), i. 30, 44, 56, 60, 62, 64, 85</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Thomas, i. 63, 73</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Singapore, Wallace at, i. 36</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Slade, prosecution of, ii. <a href="#Pg197" class="tei tei-ref">197</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Sleeper, George W., ii. <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref">98</a>, <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref">99</a>, <a href="#Pg100" class="tei tei-ref">100</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Smedley, Mr. E., ii. <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref">83</a>, <a href="#Pg100" class="tei tei-ref">100</a>, <a href="#Pg163" class="tei tei-ref">163</a>, <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref">175</a>, <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref">215</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Smith, Dr. Edwin, ii. <a href="#Pg210" class="tei tei-ref">210</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Social Environment and Moral Progress," Wallace&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg104" class="tei tei-ref">104</a>, <a href="#Pg144" class="tei tei-ref">144</a>-5, <a href="#Pg250" class="tei tei-ref">250</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— Statics," Spencer&#39;s, i. 123, 150, ii. <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref">143</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Socialism, Wallace&#39;s first lessons in, and later views of, i. 15, 16,<br />
+    ii. <a href="#Pg139" class="tei tei-ref">139</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>;<br />
+  "individualistic," <a href="#Pg114" class="tei tei-ref">114</a>;<br />
+  Wallace&#39;s definition of, <a href="#Pg152" class="tei tei-ref">152</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Society for Psychical Research, foundation of, ii. <a href="#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref">196</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Sociology, Principles of," i. 126</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— Study of," Spencer&#39;s, i. 283</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Solar nebula, lecture by Sir R. Ball on, ii. <a href="#Pg174" class="tei tei-ref">174</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— system, central position of, ii. <a href="#Pg171" class="tei tei-ref">171</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">South America, fauna of, ii. <a href="#Pg010" class="tei tei-ref">10</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Special creation, i. 189 (note), 190, 192, ii. <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref">23</a>, <a href="#Pg185" class="tei tei-ref">185</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Species, mutability of, i. 78, 137;<br />
+  law of introduction of, 96, 101-2;<br />
+  extinction of, 98.<br />
+  (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">See also</span> Selection, natural)</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Spencer, Herbert, birth of, i. 5;<br />
+  and Evolution, 122, 123;<br />
+  arguments with Huxley on Evolution, 123;<br />
+  sends Darwin a copy of his Essays, 124;<br />
+  suggests "survival of the fittest" as alternative to "natural selection," 125, 171;<br />
+  Wallace&#39;s relations with, 125;<br />
+  Darwin&#39;s approval of "survival of the fittest," 174;<br />
+  autobiography of, ii. <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref">211</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— letters from:<br />
+  on "Origin of the Races of Man," ii. <a href="#Pg018" class="tei tei-ref">18</a>;<br />
+  on theory of flight, <a href="#Pg027" class="tei tei-ref">27</a>-8;<br />
+  on "Darwinism,"<a href="#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref">47</a>;<br />
+  on Lord Salisbury&#39;s view of Natural Selection, <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref">59</a>, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref">60</a>, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref">65</a>;<br />
+  on Land Nationalisation Society, <a href="#Pg154" class="tei tei-ref">154</a>;<br />
+  on "Progress and Poverty," etc., <a href="#Pg154" class="tei tei-ref">154</a>-5</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Spilosoma menthastri, i. 179</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Spiritualism, Wallace&#39;s belief in, ii. <a href="#Pg122" class="tei tei-ref">122</a>, <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref">167</a>, <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref">178</a>, <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref">181</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, <a href="#Pg239" class="tei tei-ref">239</a>-40;<br />
+  Huxley on, <a href="#Pg187" class="tei tei-ref">187</a>;<br />
+  Lord Avebury on, <a href="#Pg212" class="tei tei-ref">212</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Spiritualists, Association of, ii. <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref">198</a>, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref">199</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Spontaneous generation, i. 274</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Spruce, Mr., i. 150, 161, 166, 232</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Stanley, Dean, at Linlathen, ii. <a href="#Pg228" class="tei tei-ref">228</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Stephens&#39; "Illustrations of British Insects," i. <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref">23</a> (note)</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Sterility, Natural Selection and, Meldola on, ii. <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref">41</a>-2</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Stevens, Samuel, i. 26, 48, 49, 54, 71, 72, 102, 105, 143</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Stewart, Prof. Balfour, and telepathy, ii. <a href="#Pg200" class="tei tei-ref">200</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Strahan, Dr. A., and Wallace memorial, ii. <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Strang, Mr., chalk portrait of Wallace by, ii. <a href="#Pg224" class="tei tei-ref">224</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Strasburger, Prof. Eduard, receives Darwin-Wallace Medal, i. 120;<br />
+  tribute to Wallace, 120;<br />
+  on Wallace&#39;s "Malay Archipelago," ii. <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref">231</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Stuart-Menteith, C.G., ii. <a href="#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref">160</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Studies, Scientific and Social," Wallace&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref">143</a>, <a href="#Pg147" class="tei tei-ref">147</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Study of Variation, with regard to Discontinuity in Origin of Species,"<br />
+    Bateson&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref">60</a>-1</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Subsidence and Elevation of Land," Sir H.H. Howorth&#39;s, i. 277</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— theory of, i. 132, 160, 212, 238, 286, 309</p>
+
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page285">[pg 285]</span>
+<a name="Pg285" id="Pg285" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Survival of the fittest, i. 125, 171, 174-5, ii. <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref">59</a><br />
+  (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">see also</span> Selection, natural)</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Sus papuensis, i. 161, 162</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— scrofa, i. 162</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Swinton, Mr. A.C., ii. <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref">155</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Synthetic philosophy, Spencer&#39;s, i. 1, 123, 124</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Switzerland, Wallace&#39;s visits to, i. 35, ii. <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref">204</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">T</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Telepathy, ii. <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref">181</a>, <a href="#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref">186</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, <a href="#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref">196</a>, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref">199</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from Original Type,"<br />
+    Wallace&#39;s, i. 109;<br />
+  loss of MS., 127, ii. <a href="#Pg007" class="tei tei-ref">7</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Ternate, Wallace at, i. 36, 68, 107, 108;<br />
+  volcanic eruption of 1849 in, 68;<br />
+  Wallace&#39;s paper on Natural Selection sent to Darwin from, i. 106, ii. <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref">39</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Tertiary Period, i. 159, 292, 294, 295</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Thayer&#39;s theory of animal colouring, ii. <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref">36</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Theories of Evolution," Poulton&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg061" class="tei tei-ref">61</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Theory of Development and Heredity," Orr&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref">60</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— of Natural Selection from a Mathematical Point of View," Bennett&#39;s, i. 253</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— of Population," Spencer&#39;s, i. 124</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Thiselton-Dyer, Sir W.T.:<br />
+  appreciation of Wallace by, i. 4;<br />
+  at Darwin-Wallace Jubilee, 122;<br />
+  paper on geographical distribution of plants by, ii. <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref">90</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— letters from:<br />
+  on Darwin Commemoration volume, ii. <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref">91</a>;<br />
+  on Sir F. Darwin&#39;s "Foundations" and the Darwin celebration, <a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref">92</a>;<br />
+  on Evolution and the fundamental powers and properties of life, <a href="#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref">95</a>-8;<br />
+  asking Wallace to join Royal Society, <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref">219</a>, <a href="#Pg220" class="tei tei-ref">220</a>-1;<br />
+  on Romanes&#39; charge of plagiarism, <a href="#Pg236" class="tei tei-ref">236</a>-7</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Thompson, Prof. Silvanus P., signs petition for national memorial to<br />
+    Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Thomson, Prof. J.A., ii. <a href="#Pg012" class="tei tei-ref">12</a> (note)</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Sir W. (Lord Kelvin), on age of world, i. 242, 250, 268, ii. <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref">75</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Thought transference (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">see</span> Telepathy)</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Threading my Way," R.D. Owen&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg225" class="tei tei-ref">225</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Timor, birds of, i. 80, ii. <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref">4</a>;<br />
+  mammalia of, i. 133, ii. <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref">4</a>;<br />
+  fossils of, i. 138, 148, 290;<br />
+  Darwin receives honeycomb from, 143, 146;<br />
+  flora of, 237</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Transmutation of species, i. 123, ii. <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref">23</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro," Wallace&#39;s, i, 30, 35</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Trees, tropical, i. 86</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Trimen, Mr., paper on mimetic butterflies by, i. 200, 201</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Trimorphism in plants, i. 161, 202, 220</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Tropical forests, Darwin&#39;s description of, i. 31-2;<br />
+  denizens of, 31</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— Nature," Wallace&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg011" class="tei tei-ref">11</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Turner, Dr., orchids of, ii. <a href="#Pg114" class="tei tei-ref">114</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Mr. H.H., signs petition for national memorial of Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Tylor, E.B., "Early History of Mankind," i. 164;<br />
+  Wallace on, 165;<br />
+  "Anthropology," ii. <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref">65</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Tyndall, John, birth of, i. 5;<br />
+  and psychical research, ii. <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref">198</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">U</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Uaupés, Indians of, i. 31;<br />
+  exploration of, i. 29</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Unfit, segregation of, ii. <a href="#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref">160</a>-1, <a href="#Pg246" class="tei tei-ref">246</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">United States, Wallace&#39;s lecturing tour in, ii. <a href="#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref">14</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Unparalleled Discoveries of Mr. T.J.J. See, Account of," ii. <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref">178</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Utricularia, i. 284-5</p>
+
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">V</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Vaccination, Wallace and, ii. <a href="#Pg149" class="tei tei-ref">149</a>, <a href="#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref">202</a>, <a href="#Pg237" class="tei tei-ref">237</a>, <a href="#Pg240" class="tei tei-ref">240</a>-1;<br />
+  Rev. H. Price Hughes on, <a href="#Pg158" class="tei tei-ref">158</a>;<br />
+  Frederic Myers and, <a href="#Pg206" class="tei tei-ref">206</a></p>
+
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page286">[pg 286]</span>
+<a name="Pg286" id="Pg286" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Variation, Heredity, and Evolution," Lock&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref">84</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— of birds, i. 162-3</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Variations of Animals and Plants under Domestication," Darwin&#39;s,<br />
+    i. 112, 189, 195, 197, 199, ii. <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref">2</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Variety, Wallace&#39;s differentiation of, from species, i. 91-2, 96, 97, 101, 115, 167 (note), 169, 173, 205, 210, 234, ii. <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref">21</a>, <a href="#Pg062" class="tei tei-ref">62</a>, <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref">63</a>, <a href="#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref">70</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Varley, C.F., i. 244</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Vegetarianism, Wallace on, ii. <a href="#Pg158" class="tei tei-ref">158</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation," i. 91, 92 (note)</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Victoria, Queen, approves of pension to Wallace, i. 315</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Vignettes from Nature," Grant Allen&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg046" class="tei tei-ref">46</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Vogt, Prof., i. 221</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Volcanic eruptions and migration, Lyell&#39;s theory of, ii. <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref">19</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Voyage of the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Beagle</span>," Darwin&#39;s, i. 31, 32, 34, ii. <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref">2</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"—— up the Amazon," Edwards&#39;s, i. 25</p>
+
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">W</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Waddell&#39;s "Lhasa," ii. <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref">82</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Waddington, Mr. Samuel, ii. <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref">77</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Wages, question of, ii. <a href="#Pg156" class="tei tei-ref">156</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Waimate (N.Z.), missionary settlement at, i. 37</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Wallace, Alfred Russel:<br />
+  co-discoverer of Natural Selection, i. 1, 2, 105, 106, 107, 111, 112, 113, 136, 139, 153, 158, ii. <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref">39</a>-40;<br />
+  early years, i. 5-44;<br />
+  nervousness, 7, 14, 35, ii. <a href="#Pg134" class="tei tei-ref">134</a>;<br />
+  his father, i. 8;<br />
+  his mother, 8, 9, 30;<br />
+  first experiments, 9, 19-20;<br />
+  schooldays, 11;<br />
+  geographical studies, 11;<br />
+  love of reading, 13;<br />
+  pupil teacher at Hertford Grammar School, 14;<br />
+  interest in Socialism, 15, 27, ii. <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref">151</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref">181</a>;<br />
+  land-surveying, i. 15, 17, 19, ii. <a href="#Pg139" class="tei tei-ref">139</a>, <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref">182</a>;<br />
+  astronomical studies and writings, i. 20, ii. <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref">167</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>;<br />
+  early interest in zoology and geology, i. 20;<br />
+  first telescope, 20, ii. <a href="#Pg168" class="tei tei-ref">168</a>;<br />
+  love of botany, i. 20, 21, ii. <a href="#Pg106" class="tei tei-ref">106</a>;<br />
+  his herbarium, i. 22;<br />
+  as watchmaker, 23;<br />
+  interest in phrenology and mesmerism, 24, ii. <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref">181</a>, <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref">182</a>;<br />
+  studies beetles and butterflies, i. 24, 114;<br />
+  school teacher at Leicester, 24;<br />
+  voyage to Amazon, 26 <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>;<br />
+  explores Uaupés River, 29;<br />
+  fire at sea and loss of collections, 29, 30;<br />
+  first meeting with Darwin, 35, 105, ii. <a href="#Pg062" class="tei tei-ref">62</a>;<br />
+  meets Huxley, i. 35;<br />
+  visits Switzerland, 35, ii. <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref">204</a>;<br />
+  visits Singapore, i. 36;<br />
+  on missionaries, 37-8, 47, 48, 50, 62-3;<br />
+  in Sarawak, 38-40;<br />
+  beetle and butterfly collecting, i. 38, 41-2, 114, 237, ii. <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref">4</a>-5;<br />
+  ill-health of, i. 40, 79;<br />
+  enthusiasm as naturalist and collector, 40-2, 115;<br />
+  journey in a "prau," 42;<br />
+  early letters, etc., 45-88;<br />
+  Darwin-Wallace joint paper read before Linnean Society, 71, 89, 109, 118, 122;<br />
+  Darwin&#39;s appreciation of his magnanimity, 71, 106, 118, 134, 137, 139, 141, 153, 164, 242, 252, 287, 304;<br />
+  attack of intermittent fever, 107, 108;<br />
+  jubilee of Darwin-Wallace essay and his speech, 110 <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq</span>;<br />
+  relations with Spencer, 125;<br />
+  Presidential Address to Entomological Society, 126;<br />
+  reads proofs of Spencer&#39;s "principles of Sociology," 126;<br />
+  correspondence with Darwin, 127-320;<br />
+  inscription on envelope containing Darwin&#39;s first eight letters, 128;<br />
+  sends Darwin a honeycomb, 143;<br />
+  reads Spencer&#39;s works, 147, 150;<br />
+  "exposé" of Rev. S. Haughton&#39;s "Bee&#39;s Cell," 148;<br />
+  his opinion of Agassiz, 149;<br />
+  and the origin of man, 152, 153, 154, 155 <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, 240;<br />
+  and Darwin&#39;s paper on climbing plants, 162;<br />
+  on a crested blackbird, 163;<br />
+  on the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Reader</span>, 165;<br />
+  on mimicry, 167 (note), 168, 176, 179;<br />
+  approves of term "survival of the fittest," 171;<br />
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page287">[pg 287]</span>
+<a name="Pg287" id="Pg287" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+  birth of a son, 188;<br />
+  later views on Natural Selection, 217, 218;<br />
+  dedicates "Malayan Travels" to Darwin, 232;<br />
+  birth of a daughter, 234;<br />
+  visits Wales, 247;<br />
+  reviews "Descent of Man," 260;<br />
+  on Chauncey Wright and Mivart, 265-7;<br />
+  Bethnal Green Museum directorship, 277;<br />
+  and second edition of "Descent of Man," 281 (note), 282, 283;<br />
+  social and political views, 283, 317, 319, ii. <a href="#Pg139" class="tei tei-ref">139</a>-65, <a href="#Pg245" class="tei tei-ref">245</a>-7;<br />
+  at Dorking, i. 294, 297, ii. <a href="#Pg106" class="tei tei-ref">106</a>;<br />
+  and the superintendency of Epping Forest, i. 302, 303, 304, 306, ii. <a href="#Pg106" class="tei tei-ref">106</a>;<br />
+  writes a work on Geography, i. 304, ii. <a href="#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref">14</a>;<br />
+  recommended for a Civil List pension, i. 313-16;<br />
+  works on Biology, etc., ii. <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref">3</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>;<br />
+  articles for "EncyclopÊdia Britannica,"<a href="#Pg011" class="tei tei-ref">11</a>;<br />
+  lectures at Boston, U.S.A., <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref">15</a>;<br />
+  correspondence on biology, geographical distribution, etc., <a href="#Pg018" class="tei tei-ref">18</a>-<a href="#Pg102" class="tei tei-ref">102</a>;<br />
+  on theory of flight, i. 145, ii. <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref">25</a>-8;<br />
+  and Mivart&#39;s "Genesis of Species,"<a href="#Pg034" class="tei tei-ref">34</a>;<br />
+  friendship with Meldola, <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref">35</a>;<br />
+  theory of animal heat, <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref">35</a>;<br />
+  and Romanes, <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref">36</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, <a href="#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref">49</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>;<br />
+  on ferns, <a href="#Pg040" class="tei tei-ref">40</a>;<br />
+  on sterility and Natural Selection, <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref">41</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>;<br />
+  admitted to Royal Society, <a href="#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref">55</a>, <a href="#Pg056" class="tei tei-ref">56</a>, <a href="#Pg221" class="tei tei-ref">221</a>, <a href="#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref">222</a>;<br />
+  on "discontinuous variation,"<a href="#Pg062" class="tei tei-ref">62</a>-3;<br />
+  theory of mouth-gesture as a factor in origin of language, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref">65</a>;<br />
+  on non-heredity of acquired characters, <a href="#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref">70</a>;<br />
+  his last public lecture, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref">87</a>, <a href="#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref">222</a>-3;<br />
+  two of his works translated into Japanese, <a href="#Pg100" class="tei tei-ref">100</a>;<br />
+  home life, <a href="#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref">103</a>-<a href="#Pg138" class="tei tei-ref">138</a>;<br />
+  domesticity of, <a href="#Pg104" class="tei tei-ref">104</a>;<br />
+  skill at chess, <a href="#Pg107" class="tei tei-ref">107</a>;<br />
+  Examiner in Physiography at South Kensington, <a href="#Pg109" class="tei tei-ref">109</a>;<br />
+  as housebuilder, <a href="#Pg110" class="tei tei-ref">110</a>, <a href="#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref">111</a>, <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref">119</a>-<a href="#Pg120" class="tei tei-ref">120</a>;<br />
+  honours from scientific societies, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref">113</a>;<br />
+  enthusiasm for orchids, <a href="#Pg114" class="tei tei-ref">114</a>;<br />
+  his method of writing, <a href="#Pg120" class="tei tei-ref">120</a>-1, <a href="#Pg243" class="tei tei-ref">243</a>;<br />
+  and psychical research, <a href="#Pg122" class="tei tei-ref">122</a>, <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref">167</a>, <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref">181</a>-<a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref">215</a>, <a href="#Pg239" class="tei tei-ref">239</a>-40;<br />
+  daily routine, <a href="#Pg123" class="tei tei-ref">123</a>-4;<br />
+  sense of humour, <a href="#Pg125" class="tei tei-ref">125</a>-6, <a href="#Pg132" class="tei tei-ref">132</a>, <a href="#Pg133" class="tei tei-ref">133</a>, <a href="#Pg134" class="tei tei-ref">134</a>, <a href="#Pg226" class="tei tei-ref">226</a>, <a href="#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref">227</a>, <a href="#Pg228" class="tei tei-ref">228</a>;<br />
+  receives the Order of Merit, <a href="#Pg127" class="tei tei-ref">127</a>-9;<br />
+  his Sarawak spider, <a href="#Pg131" class="tei tei-ref">131</a>;<br />
+  failing health, <a href="#Pg135" class="tei tei-ref">135</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>;<br />
+  death, <a href="#Pg138" class="tei tei-ref">138</a>, <a href="#Pg252" class="tei tei-ref">252</a>;<br />
+  funeral, <a href="#Pg252" class="tei tei-ref">252</a>;<br />
+  memorial in Westminster Abbey, <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a>-5;<br />
+  lists of writings, <a href="#Pg257" class="tei tei-ref">257</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to his mother: announcing arrival at Singapore, i. 47;<br />
+  describing work at Singapore, 48;<br />
+  on Malacca and missionaries, 49;<br />
+  on his collections and visit to Rajah Brooke, 51;<br />
+  on the Rajah, 59;<br />
+  on correspondence from Darwin and Hooker, and his Aru collection, 71;<br />
+  on plans for collecting at Java, and impending return to England, 83</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to his wife, sending plants from Furka Pass, ii. <a href="#Pg115" class="tei tei-ref">115</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to his son, Mr. W.G. Wallace: on building of house at Parkstone, ii. <a href="#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref">111</a>-13;<br />
+  on purchase of land at Broadstone and garden plans, <a href="#Pg117" class="tei tei-ref">117</a>-18;<br />
+  enclosing ground plan of house and describing progress, <a href="#Pg118" class="tei tei-ref">118</a>-20;<br />
+  on "Man&#39;s Place in the Universe," and Spiritualism, <a href="#Pg121" class="tei tei-ref">121</a>-2;<br />
+  requesting revision of "Mars," <a href="#Pg122" class="tei tei-ref">122</a>;<br />
+  on forthcoming lecture at the Royal Institution, and conferment of Order of Merit, <a href="#Pg127" class="tei tei-ref">127</a>-9;<br />
+  on discovery of a rare moth and beetles in root of an orchid, <a href="#Pg129" class="tei tei-ref">129</a>-30;<br />
+  on the railway strike, <a href="#Pg163" class="tei tei-ref">163</a>-4</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to his daughter Violet: on "victims of Landlordism," ii. <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref">113</a>;<br />
+  on "Freeland" and "Looking Backward," <a href="#Pg114" class="tei tei-ref">114</a>;<br />
+  on orchid growing, <a href="#Pg114" class="tei tei-ref">114</a>;<br />
+  on use of a wagging tail, <a href="#Pg115" class="tei tei-ref">115</a>-16;<br />
+  on "Maha Bharata," <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref">116</a>;<br />
+  on eight hours&#39; movement, <a href="#Pg156" class="tei tei-ref">156</a></p>
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page288">[pg 288]</span>
+<a name="Pg288" id="Pg288" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Lord Avebury, on Bill for bird preservation, i. 162</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to Sir W.F. Barrett:<br />
+  on the nebular hypothesis, ii. <a href="#Pg174" class="tei tei-ref">174</a>;<br />
+  on Mars, <a href="#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref">176</a>;<br />
+  on experiments with sensitives and on prosecution of Slade, <a href="#Pg197" class="tei tei-ref">197</a>;<br />
+  on Dr. Carpenter, <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref">198</a>;<br />
+  regretting inability to attend Dublin meeting of British Association, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref">199</a>;<br />
+  on the advocacy of vaccination, <a href="#Pg206" class="tei tei-ref">206</a>;<br />
+  on dowsing, <a href="#Pg206" class="tei tei-ref">206</a>-8;<br />
+  on presidency of Psychical Research Society, <a href="#Pg208" class="tei tei-ref">208</a>;<br />
+  on "Creative Thought" and on ministry of angels, <a href="#Pg213" class="tei tei-ref">213</a>;<br />
+  explaining his criticisms of "Creative Thought," <a href="#Pg214" class="tei tei-ref">214</a>-15</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to F. Bates, on exotic insect-collecting, i. 69</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to H.W. Bates:<br />
+  on Darwin&#39;s Journal, i. 25;<br />
+  on "Law regulating Introduction of New Species" and Ternate, 65;<br />
+  congratulating him on arriving home, 72;<br />
+  on Darwin, 73</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to Mr. F. Birch:<br />
+  on "Mars," ii. <a href="#Pg177" class="tei tei-ref">177</a>;<br />
+  announcing conferment of Order of Merit, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref">223</a>-4</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Mr. H. Jamyn Brooke, on monism, ii. <a href="#Pg177" class="tei tei-ref">177</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to Miss Buckley (Mrs. Fisher):<br />
+  on "Descent of Man," ii. <a href="#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref">31</a>-2;<br />
+  on physiology of ferns, etc., <a href="#Pg040" class="tei tei-ref">40</a>-1;<br />
+  on infinity of life-forms, <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref">89</a>-90;<br />
+  on house-planning at Broadstone, <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref">119</a>-20;<br />
+  on Turks, <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref">153</a>;<br />
+  on his "Reciprocity" article, <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref">153</a>;<br />
+  on the earth as only habitable planet, <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref">175</a>;<br />
+  on Spiritualism, <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref">188</a>-95;<br />
+  on psychical and other works, <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref">203</a>-4;<br />
+  on his visit to Switzerland, <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref">204</a>;<br />
+  on re-incarnation and theosophical writings, <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref">205</a>;<br />
+  on psychical research and Spencer&#39;s "Autobiography," <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref">211</a>;<br />
+  on conferment of Order of Merit, <a href="#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref">222</a>;<br />
+  on his autobiography, and Owen, <a href="#Pg224" class="tei tei-ref">224</a>-5;<br />
+  on reviews of "My Life," <a href="#Pg225" class="tei tei-ref">225</a>-6</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Mr. Sydney C. Cockerell, on Kropotkin&#39;s Life, ii. <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref">161</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Mr. Theo. D.A. Cockerell, on fertilisation, ii. <a href="#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref">49</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to Charles Darwin:<br />
+  on the Timor honeycomb, i. 143;<br />
+  on Darwin&#39;s "Orchids," 143;<br />
+  on theory of flight, 145;<br />
+  on Spencer&#39;s "Social Statics," 150;<br />
+  on Borneo exploration and his contribution to theory of man&#39;s origin, 152;<br />
+  on his paper on Man and Natural Selection, 155;<br />
+  on the Aru Islands, 161;<br />
+  on a case of variation becoming hereditary, 162;<br />
+  on the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Reader</span>, 165;<br />
+  on dimorphism, 168;<br />
+  suggesting "survival of the fittest" in preference to "natural selection," 170;<br />
+  on mimicry and glacier action, 176;<br />
+  on expression, 180;<br />
+  on "Creation by Law," 188, 192;<br />
+  on superintendency of a Museum, 193;<br />
+  on sterility of hybrids, 196;<br />
+  on natural selection as producing sterility of hybrids, and pangenesis, 199;<br />
+  on Trimen&#39;s paper at the Linnean Society, 201;<br />
+  on selective sterility, 203, 205, 210;<br />
+  on Darwin&#39;s "Cross Unions of Dimorphic Plants," 218;<br />
+  on protection and sexual selection, 221, 222, 227;<br />
+  on the dedication of "Malayan Travels," etc., 232;<br />
+  on single variations, 234;<br />
+  on colouring of caterpillars, 235;<br />
+  on his "unscientific" opinions on Man, 243, 250, 255;<br />
+  on wing-scales of butterflies, 244;<br />
+  on Dr. Meyer, 248;<br />
+  on "Descent of Man," 255, 259, 284;<br />
+  recommending two remarkable books, 263;<br />
+  on Mivart and Chauncey Wright&#39;s critique, 265;<br />
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page289">[pg 289]</span>
+<a name="Pg289" id="Pg289" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+  on Darwin&#39;s answer to Mivart, 271;<br />
+  on Dr. Bree, and Bastian&#39;s "Beginnings of Life," 273;<br />
+  on a Bethnal Green Museum appointment, 277;<br />
+  on Darwin&#39;s "Expression of the Emotions," 279;<br />
+  on invitation to undertake revision work for Darwin, 281, 282;<br />
+  on "Climbing Plants," 285;<br />
+  on Darwin&#39;s criticism of "Geographical Distribution," 288, 294;<br />
+  on Darwin&#39;s "Crossing Plants," 296;<br />
+  on Darwin&#39;s "Orchids," 297;<br />
+  on Darwin&#39;s "Forms of Flowers," and glacial theory, 298;<br />
+  on sufficiency of Natural Selection, 300;<br />
+  on Epping Forest superintendency, 302, 303;<br />
+  on "Island Life," 305, 306;<br />
+  on Darwin&#39;s criticism of "Island Life," 308;<br />
+  on Darwin&#39;s "Movements of Plants," 311;<br />
+  on land migration of plants, 311;<br />
+  on Civil List pension, 314, 315;<br />
+  on "Progress and Poverty," 317;<br />
+  on Darwin&#39;s "Earthworms," 320</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to Sir Francis Darwin:<br />
+  on Darwin&#39;s "Life and Letters," ii. <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref">39</a>;<br />
+  on descent with modification, <a href="#Pg078" class="tei tei-ref">78</a>;<br />
+  on mutation, <a href="#Pg080" class="tei tei-ref">80</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Mr. W.J. Farmer, on final cause of varying colour of hairs, etc., ii. <a href="#Pg101" class="tei tei-ref">101</a>-2</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Dr. W.B. Hemsley, on insular floras, ii. <a href="#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref">43</a>-4</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Rev. J.B. Henderson, on Christianity, ii. <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref">209</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Sir J. Hooker, on Natural Selection, etc., ii. <a href="#Pg081" class="tei tei-ref">81</a>-2</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to Huxley:<br />
+  enclosing a copy of "The Scientific Aspect of the Supernatural," ii. <a href="#Pg187" class="tei tei-ref">187</a>;<br />
+  on psychical research, <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref">188</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Mr. J. Hyder, on land nationalisation, ii. <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref">161</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Prof. Knight, on immortality, ii. <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref">178</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Dr. Littledale, acknowledging birthday
+congratulations, ii. <a href="#Pg136" class="tei tei-ref">136</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to Sir Oliver Lodge:<br />
+  on proof of constant variability, and Lord Kelvin&#39;s calculations, ii. <a href="#Pg074" class="tei tei-ref">74</a>-5;<br />
+  on principle of continuity, etc., <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref">178</a>-9;<br />
+  acknowledging Romanes&#39; lecture and criticising lectures by Mr. See, <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref">179</a>-80</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Sir C. Lyell, on colour of man, ii. <a href="#Pg029" class="tei tei-ref">29</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to Mr. J.W. Marshall:<br />
+  on Hudson&#39;s observations and theories, ii. <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref">53</a>-4;<br />
+  conveying condolences, and views on a hereafter, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref">209</a>;<br />
+  on his autobiography, <a href="#Pg226" class="tei tei-ref">226</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to Prof. Meldola:<br />
+  on physiological selection, ii. <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref">36</a>-8;<br />
+  on Natural Selection, <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref">41</a>, <a href="#Pg042" class="tei tei-ref">42</a>-3;<br />
+  on Meldola&#39;s controversy with Romanes, <a href="#Pg050" class="tei tei-ref">50</a>-1;<br />
+  on individual adaptability, <a href="#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref">55</a>-6;<br />
+  on "discontinuous variation,"<a href="#Pg062" class="tei tei-ref">62</a>-3;<br />
+  on Weismann&#39;s "Germinal Selection,"<a href="#Pg068" class="tei tei-ref">68</a>-70;<br />
+  on Weismann&#39;s doctrine of non-inheritance of acquired characters, <a href="#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref">70</a>-1;<br />
+  on Weismann&#39;s "Germ Plasm,"<a href="#Pg072" class="tei tei-ref">72</a>;<br />
+  on Fisher&#39;s "Physics of the Earth&#39;s Crust,"<a href="#Pg074" class="tei tei-ref">74</a>;<br />
+  on Meldola&#39;s offer to read Wallace&#39;s paper at Royal Institute, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref">87</a>-8</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Mr. Ben. R. Miller, on Sleeper&#39;s "Shall we<br />
+    have Common Sense?" ii. <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref">98</a>-9</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Mr. John (Lord) Morley, on Socialism, ii. <a href="#Pg159" class="tei tei-ref">159</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Mr. M.J. Murphy, on Mr. Lloyd George, ii. <a href="#Pg164" class="tei tei-ref">164</a>-5</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Dr. Norris, on increasing weakness, ii. <a href="#Pg136" class="tei tei-ref">136</a>-7</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— letter to Miss Norris, on health and diet, ii. <a href="#Pg136" class="tei tei-ref">136</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to Prof. E.B. Poulton:<br />
+  on "Protective Value of Colour and Markings in Insects," ii. <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref">39</a>;<br />
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page290">[pg 290]</span>
+<a name="Pg290" id="Pg290" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+  on Weismann&#39;s "Essays upon Heredity," <a href="#Pg044" class="tei tei-ref">44</a>, <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref">45</a>;<br />
+  on Grant Allen&#39;s theory of origin of wheat, <a href="#Pg046" class="tei tei-ref">46</a>;<br />
+  on Cope&#39;s "Origin of the Fittest," <a href="#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref">47</a>;<br />
+  on Weismann&#39;s additional essays, <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref">51</a>-3;<br />
+  on non-heredity of acquired characters, <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref">54</a>-5;<br />
+  on maternal impression, <a href="#Pg056" class="tei tei-ref">56</a>-8;<br />
+  on Bateson&#39;s "Material for the Study of Variation," <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref">60</a>-1;<br />
+  on Poulton&#39;s "Theories of Evolution," <a href="#Pg061" class="tei tei-ref">61</a>-2;<br />
+  criticising Romanes, <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref">63</a>-5;<br />
+  on Poulton&#39;s Presidential Address to British Association, <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref">71</a>-2;<br />
+  on denudation and deposition, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref">73</a>;<br />
+  on mutation, <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref">79</a>;<br />
+  on Poulton&#39;s Presidential Address to Entomological Society, <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref">79</a>;<br />
+  on Mendelism and mutation, <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref">84</a>;<br />
+  on Poulton&#39;s Introduction to "Essays on Evolution," <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref">85</a>-6;<br />
+  on invitation to lecture at Royal Institution, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref">87</a>;<br />
+  on Lord Rothschild&#39;s butterflies, and Royal Institution lecture, <a href="#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref">88</a>-9;<br />
+  on an article in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Times</span>, <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref">89</a>;<br />
+  on Bergson, <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref">98</a>;<br />
+  on Sleeper&#39;s alleged anticipation of Darwinism, <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref">99</a>-<a href="#Pg100" class="tei tei-ref">100</a>;<br />
+  on declining the Oxford D.C.L. degree, <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref">217</a>-18;<br />
+  agreeing to accept the degree, <a href="#Pg218" class="tei tei-ref">218</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to Dr. Archdall Reid:<br />
+  on "Present Evolution of Man," ii. <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref">67</a>-8;<br />
+  on instinctive knowledge, <a href="#Pg068" class="tei tei-ref">68</a>;<br />
+  on "Ancient Britain and Invasions of CÊsar," <a href="#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref">86</a>;<br />
+  on Mendelism and Evolution, <a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref">92</a>-3</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Mr. Clement Reid, on discovery of Miocene or Pliocene Man in India, ii. <a href="#Pg062" class="tei tei-ref">62</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Mr. H.N. Ridley, on De Rougemont, ii. <a href="#Pg076" class="tei tei-ref">76</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Mr. Alfred Russell, on vegetarianism, ii. <a href="#Pg158" class="tei tei-ref">158</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to Mr. G. Silk:<br />
+  on Alexandrian donkey-drivers, i. 45;<br />
+  on forthcoming visit to Sarawak, 52;<br />
+  on marriage, 87</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to Mrs. Sims (his sister):<br />
+  on his assistant, i. 56, 60;<br />
+  on missionaries, 62;<br />
+  on life in Macassar, 64;<br />
+  on Java and its flora, 85</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to Thomas Sims:<br />
+  on Singapore, i. 61;<br />
+  on monocular and binocular vision, Darwin&#39;s "Descent of Species," and belief and disbelief, 73</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to Mr. E. Smedley:<br />
+  on Child&#39;s "Root Principles," ii. <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref">83</a>-4, <a href="#Pg100" class="tei tei-ref">100</a>-1;<br />
+  on prayer, <a href="#Pg163" class="tei tei-ref">163</a>;<br />
+  on Mars, <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref">175</a>;<br />
+  on horoscope, <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref">215</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Dr. Edwin Smith, on Spiritualism, ii. <a href="#Pg210" class="tei tei-ref">210</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Mr. C.G. Stuart-Menteith, on segregation of the unfit, ii. <a href="#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref">160</a>-1</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Mr. A.C. Swinton, on suggested lecture tour in Australia, ii. <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref">155</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to Sir W. Thiselton-Dyer:<br />
+  on botanical distribution and migration, ii. <a href="#Pg034" class="tei tei-ref">34</a>-5;<br />
+  on Darwin Commemoration volume, <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref">90</a>-1;<br />
+  on "World of Life,"<a href="#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref">93</a>-5;<br />
+  on election to Royal Society, <a href="#Pg221" class="tei tei-ref">221</a>-2;<br />
+  on Romanes&#39; charge against Wallace of plagiarism, <a href="#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref">235</a>-6</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Samuel Waddington, on origin of all living things, ii. <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref">77</a>-8</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to Mr. A. Wiltshire:<br />
+  on the Liberal Government, ii. <a href="#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref">162</a>;<br />
+  on necessity for increased wages, <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref">165</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to an unknown correspondent, on fauna and flora of Borneo district, and Dyaks, i. 53</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Annie (A.R. Wallace&#39;s wife), ii. <a href="#Pg115" class="tei tei-ref">115</a>, <a href="#Pg252" class="tei tei-ref">252</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Herbert (A.R. Wallace&#39;s brother), i. 28, ii. <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref">182</a>, <a href="#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref">229</a></p>
+<span class="tei-pb" id="page291">[pg 291]</span>
+<a name="Pg291" id="Pg291" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— John (A.R. Wallace&#39;s brother), i. 11, 13, 15</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Mary Ann (A.R. Wallace&#39;s mother), i. 9</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Thomas Vere (A.R. Wallace&#39;s father), i. 8;<br />
+  Librarian of Hertford, 13;<br />
+  straitened circumstances of, 14, 15</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Violet (daughter of A.R. Wallace), reminiscences of her father, ii. <a href="#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref">103</a>-38</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— W.G. (son of A.R. Wallace), reminiscences of his father, ii. <a href="#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref">103</a>-38</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Wallace&#39;s line," i. 43, ii. <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref">19</a>, <a href="#Pg232" class="tei tei-ref">232</a>, <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref">233</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">War, Wallace&#39;s abhorrence of, ii. <a href="#Pg245" class="tei tei-ref">245</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Ward, Mr., on muscular fibres of whales, i. 145</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Warington, Mr., and "Origin of Species," i. 191</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Webb, Mr. W.L., ii. <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref">179</a>-80</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Wedgwood, Josiah, and Darwin, i. 18</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Weir, Jenner, on moths, i. 179;<br />
+  on plumage of birds, 205;<br />
+  Darwin&#39;s appreciation of, 220;<br />
+  paper at the Entomological Society, 235</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Weismann, Prof. A., receives Darwin-Wallace Medal, i. 120;<br />
+  on colouring of caterpillars, 299;<br />
+  "Essays upon Heredity," ii. <a href="#Pg044" class="tei tei-ref">44</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq</span>., <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref">51</a>-2<br />
+  (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">see also</span> Non-inheritance of acquired characters)</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Wells, Dr., and Natural Selection, i. 116, 176</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Westminster Abbey, graves and memorials of men of science in, i. 1;<br />
+  petition to Dean and Chapter as to medallion to Wallace in, ii. <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a>;<br />
+  unveiling of the medallion, <a href="#Pg254" class="tei tei-ref">254</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Westwood and theory of flight, i. 145;<br />
+  Darwin on, 146-7</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Whale, muscular fibres of, i. 145</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Wilberforce, Bishop, reviews Darwin&#39;s "Origin of Species," 144</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Williams, Dr., ii. <a href="#Pg192" class="tei tei-ref">192</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">—— Matthieu, i. 264</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Wilson, Mr. D.A., reminiscences of Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref">151</a>-2</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Wiltshire, Mr. A., letters to, ii. <a href="#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref">162</a>, <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref">165</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Wimborne, Lord, sale of land to Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref">119</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Wollaston, Dr., reviews "Origin of Species," i. 142;<br />
+  tribute to Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg230" class="tei tei-ref">230</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Wollaston&#39;s "Coleoptera Atlantidum," ii. <a href="#Pg022" class="tei tei-ref">22</a>-3</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Woman, independence and future of, Wallace&#39;s views on, ii. <a href="#Pg149" class="tei tei-ref">149</a>-51, <a href="#Pg245" class="tei tei-ref">245</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Wonderful Century," Wallace&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg144" class="tei tei-ref">144</a>, <a href="#Pg168" class="tei tei-ref">168</a>, <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref">169</a>, <a href="#Pg238" class="tei tei-ref">238</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Wonders of the World," i. 13</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Wood, J.G., book on the horse, ii. <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref">113</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Woodbury, Mr., researches of, i. 146</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"World of Life," Wallace&#39;s, ii. <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref">8</a>, <a href="#Pg094" class="tei tei-ref">94</a>, <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref">167</a>, <a href="#Pg172" class="tei tei-ref">172</a>, <a href="#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref">176</a>, <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref">178</a>, <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref">182</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Worms, Formation of Vegetable Mould by Action of," Darwin&#39;s, i. 320</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Wright, Chauncey, reviews Mivart&#39;s "Genesis of Species," i. 264, 265-7</p>
+
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Z</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Zöllner, Prof., and supernormal phenomena, ii. <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref">198</a>, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref">199</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">"Zoological Geography of the Malay Archipelago," Wallace&#39;s, i, 137, ii. <a href="#Pg232" class="tei tei-ref">232</a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p">Zoology, lectures on, at Edinburgh, i, 16; Darwin&#39;s study of, at Cambridge, 17</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+  <div class="tei tei-back">
+    <hr class="doublepage" />
+
+<div id="footnotes" class="tei tei-div"><a name="toc_203" id="toc_203"></a><h1 class="tei tei-head">Notes</h1><dl class="footnote">
+<dt><a name="note_1" id="note_1"></a><a href="#noteref_1">1.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"It is no doubt the chief work of my life."—C. DARWIN.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_2" id="note_2"></a><a href="#noteref_2">2.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"My Life," i. 396-7.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_3" id="note_3"></a><a href="#noteref_3">3.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"My Life," ii. 94-5.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_4" id="note_4"></a><a href="#noteref_4">4.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"My Life," pp. 97-8.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_5" id="note_5"></a><a href="#noteref_5">5.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"My Life," pp. 98-9.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_6" id="note_6"></a><a href="#noteref_6">6.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Dr. Henry Forbes in a note to the Editor writes: "In his
+&#39;Island Life&#39; Wallace extended his philosophical observations to a wider
+field, and it is in philosophical biology that Wallace&#39;s name must stand
+pre-eminent for all time." "In our own science of biology," say Profs.
+Geddes and Thomson in a recent work, "we may recall the &#39;Grand Old Men,&#39;
+surely second to none in history—Darwin, Wallace, and Hooker."</p></dd><dt><a name="note_7" id="note_7"></a><a href="#noteref_7">7.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"My Life," ii. 99-101.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_8" id="note_8"></a><a href="#noteref_8">8.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"My Life," ii. 22.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_9" id="note_9"></a><a href="#noteref_9">9.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"The Origin of the Races of Man."</p></dd><dt><a name="note_10" id="note_10"></a><a href="#noteref_10">10.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"The Malay Archipelago."</p></dd><dt><a name="note_11" id="note_11"></a><a href="#noteref_11">11.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"The Malay Archipelago."</p></dd><dt><a name="note_12" id="note_12"></a><a href="#noteref_12">12.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Private Secretary to Sir Charles Lyell.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_13" id="note_13"></a><a href="#noteref_13">13.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"The Descent of Man."</p></dd><dt><a name="note_14" id="note_14"></a><a href="#noteref_14">14.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Probably refers to "The Geographical Distribution of
+Animals."</p></dd><dt><a name="note_15" id="note_15"></a><a href="#noteref_15">15.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">The book referred to is Wallace&#39;s "Island Life," published in
+1880.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_16" id="note_16"></a><a href="#noteref_16">16.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">For the work on "Darwinism."</p></dd><dt><a name="note_17" id="note_17"></a><a href="#noteref_17">17.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Printed in full as a footnote to Weismann&#39;s "Essays upon
+Heredity," etc.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_18" id="note_18"></a><a href="#noteref_18">18.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">See</span> footnote 3, pp. 172-3, of Weismann&#39;s "Essays upon
+Heredity," etc.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_19" id="note_19"></a><a href="#noteref_19">19.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"The Origin of Floral Structures through Insect and Other
+Agencies."
+Internat. Sci. Series. 1888.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_20" id="note_20"></a><a href="#noteref_20">20.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"The Origin of the Fittest." London, 1887.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_21" id="note_21"></a><a href="#noteref_21">21.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"Essays upon Heredity and Kindred Biological Problems,"
+Vol. II. 1892.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_22" id="note_22"></a><a href="#noteref_22">22.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Trans. Ent. Soc., London</span>, 1892, p. 293.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_23" id="note_23"></a><a href="#noteref_23">23.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">As Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_24" id="note_24"></a><a href="#noteref_24">24.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">A member of a family which has produced several eminent
+medical men.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_25" id="note_25"></a><a href="#noteref_25">25.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Vol. I., p. 445, a review of "A Theory of Development and
+Heredity," by Henry B. Orr. 1893.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_26" id="note_26"></a><a href="#noteref_26">26.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"Material for the Study of Variation, treated with especial
+regard to Discontinuity in the Origin of Species." 1894.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_27" id="note_27"></a><a href="#noteref_27">27.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Reprinted in "Essays on Evolution," p. 95. 1908.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_28" id="note_28"></a><a href="#noteref_28">28.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"The Present Evolution of Man." 1896.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_29" id="note_29"></a><a href="#noteref_29">29.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Presidential Address in Section D of British Association,
+1896, reprinted in "Essays on Evolution," p. 1.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_30" id="note_30"></a><a href="#noteref_30">30.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">To the British Association at Edinburgh, 1892.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_31" id="note_31"></a><a href="#noteref_31">31.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Vol. ixx. (1904), p. 313, a review of T.H. Morgan&#39;s
+"Evolution and Adaptation."</p></dd><dt><a name="note_32" id="note_32"></a><a href="#noteref_32">32.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"The Bearing of the Study of Insects upon the Question, Are
+Acquired Characters Hereditary?" The Presidential Address to the
+Entomological Society of London, 1905, reprinted in "Essays on
+Evolution," p. 139.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_33" id="note_33"></a><a href="#noteref_33">33.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Probably "Root Principles," by Child.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_34" id="note_34"></a><a href="#noteref_34">34.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"Essays on Evolution." 1908.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_35" id="note_35"></a><a href="#noteref_35">35.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Of the Introduction to "Essays on Evolution."</p></dd><dt><a name="note_36" id="note_36"></a><a href="#noteref_36">36.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Vol. lxxvii., p. 54, a note "On the Interpretation of
+Mendelian Phenomena."</p></dd><dt><a name="note_37" id="note_37"></a><a href="#noteref_37">37.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">The Oxford Celebration of the Hundredth Anniversary of the
+Birth of Charles Darwin, February 12, 1809. An account of the
+celebration is given in "Darwin and &#39;The Origin,&#39;" by E.B. Poulton, p.
+78. 1909.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_38" id="note_38"></a><a href="#noteref_38">38.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">The Darwin Celebration.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_39" id="note_39"></a><a href="#noteref_39">39.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"The World of Life."</p></dd><dt><a name="note_40" id="note_40"></a><a href="#noteref_40">40.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Bedrock</span>, April, 1912, p. 48.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_41" id="note_41"></a><a href="#noteref_41">41.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"Shall we have Common Sense? Some Reeeat Lectures." By George
+W. Sleeper. Boston, 1849.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_42" id="note_42"></a><a href="#noteref_42">42.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">See</span> footnote to preceding letter. The book formed the
+subject of Prof.
+Poulton&#39;s Presidential Addresses (May 24, 1913, and May 25, 1914) to the
+Linnean Society (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Proceedings</span>, 1912-13, p. 26, and 1913-14, p. 23). The
+above
+letter is in part quoted in the former address.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_43" id="note_43"></a><a href="#noteref_43">43.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">This letter relates to evidences, favourable to Sleeper,
+which had not at the time been critically examined, but broke down when
+carefully scrutinised. <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">See</span> Prof. Poulton&#39;s address to the Linnean
+Society, May 25, 1914 (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Proc</span>., 1913-14, p. 23).</p></dd><dt><a name="note_44" id="note_44"></a><a href="#noteref_44">44.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">For many years he was Examiner in Physiography at South
+Kensington.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_45" id="note_45"></a><a href="#noteref_45">45.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">See</span> footnote on p. 109.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_46" id="note_46"></a><a href="#noteref_46">46.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">For letters from Wallace describing Col. Legge&#39;s visit with
+the Order, <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">see</span> pp. 128 and 224.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_47" id="note_47"></a><a href="#noteref_47">47.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">The present Lord Rothschild.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_48" id="note_48"></a><a href="#noteref_48">48.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">On his ninetieth birthday.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_49" id="note_49"></a><a href="#noteref_49">49.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">See his book, "Land Nationalisation, its Necessity and its
+Aims" (1882).</p></dd><dt><a name="note_50" id="note_50"></a><a href="#noteref_50">50.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Although this book was his last published work, it was written
+before
+"Social Environment and Moral Progress." He handed me the MS. a few months
+before his death.—The Editor.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_51" id="note_51"></a><a href="#noteref_51">51.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">A full account of this scheme is given in his "Studies,
+Scientific and Social," chap. xxvi.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_52" id="note_52"></a><a href="#noteref_52">52.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"My Life," ii. 237-8</p></dd><dt><a name="note_53" id="note_53"></a><a href="#noteref_53">53.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Advocating Eugenics and the segregation of the unfit.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_54" id="note_54"></a><a href="#noteref_54">54.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Hon. Sec. of the Federated Trades and Labour Council,
+Bournemouth.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_55" id="note_55"></a><a href="#noteref_55">55.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">At an Old Age Pension meeting.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_56" id="note_56"></a><a href="#noteref_56">56.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">See</span> Vol. I., p. 20.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_57" id="note_57"></a><a href="#noteref_57">57.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"The World of Life," p. 374.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_58" id="note_58"></a><a href="#noteref_58">58.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"Life and Letters," i. 58.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_59" id="note_59"></a><a href="#noteref_59">59.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Considerable reference is made to Mrs. Hardinge in
+"Miracles and Modern Spiritualism" pp. 117-21.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_60" id="note_60"></a><a href="#noteref_60">60.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">The "spirits" are supposed to produce the faces.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_61" id="note_61"></a><a href="#noteref_61">61.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">This is a strange accompaniment of most advanced spiritual
+phenomena.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_62" id="note_62"></a><a href="#noteref_62">62.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Against vaccination.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_63" id="note_63"></a><a href="#noteref_63">63.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Psychical Research Society Report.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_64" id="note_64"></a><a href="#noteref_64">64.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"The Wonderful Century."</p></dd><dt><a name="note_65" id="note_65"></a><a href="#noteref_65">65.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">A medium.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_66" id="note_66"></a><a href="#noteref_66">66.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">The lecture at the Royal Institution, when he wore the Order.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_67" id="note_67"></a><a href="#noteref_67">67.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">In <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nature</span>, Nov. 20, 1913, p. 348.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_68" id="note_68"></a><a href="#noteref_68">68.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"The Wonderful Century," p. 437.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_69" id="note_69"></a><a href="#noteref_69">69.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"I have been speculating last night," wrote C. Darwin to
+his son Horace, "what makes a man a discoverer of undiscovered things;
+and a most perplexing problem it is. Many men who are very clever—much
+cleverer than the discoverers—never originate anything. As far as I can
+conjecture, the art consists in habitually searching for the causes and
+meaning of everything which occurs."—"Emma Darwin," p. 207.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_70" id="note_70"></a><a href="#noteref_70">70.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">It is interesting to compare this with Darwin&#39;s manner of
+writing. Darwin confessed: "There seems to be a sort of fatality in my
+mind leading me to put at first my statement or proposition in a wrong
+or awkward form. Formerly I used to think about my sentences before
+writing them down; but for several years I have found that it saves time
+to scribble in a vile hand whole pages as quickly as I possibly can,
+contracting half the words; and then correct deliberately. Sentences
+thus scribbled down are often better ones than I could have written
+deliberately."</p></dd><dt><a name="note_71" id="note_71"></a><a href="#noteref_71">71.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">See pp. 227, 234.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_72" id="note_72"></a><a href="#noteref_72">72.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">But see <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">ante</span>, p. 153.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_73" id="note_73"></a><a href="#noteref_73">73.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Wallace&#39;s section of the Darwin-Wallace Essay entitled "On
+the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of
+Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection."</p></dd></dl></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and
+Reminiscences Vol 2 (of 2), by James Marchant
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences Vol 2 (of 2)
+
+Author: James Marchant
+
+Release Date: June 7, 2005 [EBook #15998]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE: ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Digital & Multimedia Center, Michigan State
+University Libraries., Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Josephine
+Paolucci, Joshua Hutchinson and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's note: Footnotes moved to end of book]
+
+
+
+
+ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE
+
+LETTERS AND REMINISCENCES
+
+[Illustration: A.R. WALLACE (1913)]
+
+
+
+
+Alfred Russel Wallace
+
+Letters and Reminiscences
+
+
+By James Marchant
+
+_With Two Photogravures and Eight Half-tone Plates_
+
+IN TWO VOLUMES
+
+Volume II
+
+
+CASSELL AND COMPANY, LTD
+
+London, New York, Toronto and Melbourne
+
+1916
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS OF VOLUME II
+
+
+PART III
+
+
+I. WALLACE'S WORKS ON BIOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
+
+II. CORRESPONDENCE ON BIOLOGY, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, ETC. (1864-98)
+
+III. CORRESPONDENCE ON BIOLOGY, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, ETC.
+(1894-1913)
+
+
+PART IV
+
+HOME LIFE
+
+
+PART V
+
+SOCIAL AND POLITICAL VIEWS
+
+
+PART VI
+
+SOME FURTHER PROBLEMS
+
+I. ASTRONOMY
+
+II. SPIRITUALISM
+
+
+PART VII
+
+CHARACTERISTICS
+
+APPENDIX: LISTS OF WALLACE'S WRITINGS
+
+INDEX
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF PLATES IN VOLUME II
+
+
+A.R. WALLACE (1913)   _Photogravure Frontispiece_
+
+
+MRS. A.R. WALLACE (ABOUT 1895)
+
+THE STUDY AT "OLD ORCHARD"
+
+A.R. WALLACE ADMIRING EREMURUS ROBUSTUS (ABOUT 1905)
+
+GRAVE OF ALFRED RUSSEL AND ANNIE WALLACE
+
+WALLACE AND DARWIN MEDALLIONS IN THE NORTH AISLE OF THE CHOIR OF
+WESTMINSTER ABBEY
+
+
+
+
+Alfred Russel Wallace
+
+Letters and Reminiscences
+
+
+
+
+PART III
+
+
+
+
+I.--Wallace's Works on Biology and Geographical Distribution
+
+    "I have long recognised how much clearer and deeper your insight
+    into matters is than mine."
+
+    "I sometimes marvel how truth progresses, so difficult is it for
+    one man to convince another, unless his mind is vacant."
+
+    "I grieve to differ from you, and it actually terrifies me, and
+    makes me constantly distrust myself. I fear we shall never quite
+    understand each other."
+
+    --DARWIN TO WALLACE.
+
+
+During the period covered by the reception, exposition, and gradual
+acceptance of the theory of Natural Selection, both Wallace and Darwin
+were much occupied with closely allied scientific work.
+
+The publication in 1859 of the "Origin of Species"[1] marked a distinct
+period in the course of Darwin's scientific labours; his previous
+publications had, in a measure, prepared the way for this, and those
+which immediately followed were branches growing out from the main line
+of thought and argument contained in the "Origin," an overflow of the
+"mass of facts" patiently gathered during the preceding years. With
+Wallace, the end of the first period of his literary work was completed
+by the publication of his two large volumes on "The Geographical
+Distribution of Animals," towards which all his previous thought and
+writings had tended, and from which, again, came other valuable works
+leading up to the publication of "Darwinism" (1889).
+
+It will be remembered that Darwin and Wallace, on their respective
+returns to England, after many years spent in journeyings by land and
+sea and in laborious research, found the first few months fully occupied
+in going over their large and varied collections, sorting and arranging
+with scrupulous care the rare specimens they had taken, and in
+discovering the right men to name and classify them into correct groups.
+
+At this point it will be useful to arrange Darwin's writings under three
+heads, namely: (1) His zoological and geological books, including "The
+Voyage of the _Beagle_" (published in 1839), "Coral Reefs" (1842), and
+"Geological Observations on South America" (1846). In this year he also
+began his work on Barnacles, which was published in 1854; and in
+addition to the steady work on the "Origin of Species" from 1837
+onwards, his observations on "Earthworms," not published until 1881,
+formed a distinct phase of his study during the whole of these years
+(1839-59). (2) As a natural sequence we have "Variations of Animals and
+Plants under Domestication" (1868), "The Descent of Man" (1871), and
+"The Expression of the Emotions" (1872). (3) What may be termed his
+botanical works, largely influenced by his evolutionary ideas, which
+include "The Fertilisation of Orchids" (1862), "Movements and Habits of
+Climbing Plants" (1875), "Insectivorous Plants" (1876), "The Different
+Forms of Flowers and Plants of the same Species" (1877), and "The Power
+of Movement in Plants" (1880).
+
+A different order, equally characteristic, is discovered in Wallace's
+writings, and it is to be noted that while Darwin devoted himself
+entirely to scientific subjects, Wallace diverged at intervals from
+natural science to what may be termed the scientific consideration of
+social conditions, in addition to his researches into spiritualistic
+phenomena.
+
+The many enticing interests arising out of the classifying of his birds
+and insects led Wallace to the conclusion that it would be best to
+postpone the writing of his book on the Malay Archipelago until he could
+embody in it the more generally important results derived from the
+detailed study of certain portions of his collections. Thus it was not
+until seven years later (1869) that this complete sketch of his travels
+"from the point of view of the philosophic naturalist" appeared.
+
+Between 1862 and 1867 he wrote a number of articles which were published
+in various journals and magazines, and he read some important papers
+before the Linnean, Entomological, and other learned Societies. These
+included several on physical and zoological geography; six on questions
+of anthropology; and five or six dealing with special applications of
+Natural Selection. As these papers "discussed matters of considerable
+interest and novelty," such a summary of them may be given as will serve
+to indicate their value to natural science.
+
+The first of them, read before the Zoological Society in January, 1863,
+gave some detailed information about his collection of birds brought
+from Buru. In this he showed that the island was originally one of the
+Moluccan group, as every bird found there which was not widely
+distributed was either identical with or closely allied to Moluccan
+species, while none had special affinities with Celebes. It was clear,
+then, that this island formed the most westerly outlier of the Moluccan
+group.
+
+The next paper of importance, read before the same Society in November
+(1863), was on the birds of the chain of islands extending from Lombok
+to the great island of Timor. This included a list of 186 species of
+birds, of which twenty-nine were altogether new. A special feature of
+the paper was that it enabled him to mark out precisely the boundary
+line between the Indian and Australian zoological regions, and to trace
+the derivation of the rather peculiar fauna of these islands, partly
+from Australia and partly from the Moluccas, but with a strong recent
+migration of Javanese species due to the very narrow straits separating
+most of the islands from each other. In "My Life" some interesting
+tables are given to illustrate how the two streams of immigration
+entered these islands, and further that "as its geological structure
+shows  ... Timor is the older island and received immigrants from
+Australia at a period when, probably, Lombok and Flores had not come
+into existence or were unhabitable.... We can," he says, "feel confident
+that Timor has not been connected with Australia, because it has none of
+the peculiar Australian mammalia, and also because many of the commonest
+and most widespread groups of Australian birds are entirely wanting."[2]
+
+Two other papers, dealing with parrots and pigeons respectively
+(1864-5), were thought by Wallace himself to be among the most important
+of his studies of geographical distribution. Writing of them he says:
+"These peculiarities of distribution and coloration in two such very
+diverse groups of birds interested me greatly, and I endeavoured to
+explain them in accordance with the laws of Natural Selection."
+
+In March, 1864, having begun to make a special study of his collection
+of butterflies, he prepared a paper for the Linnean Society on "The
+Malayan Papilionidae, as illustrating the Theory of Natural Selection."
+The introductory portion of this paper appeared in the first edition of
+his volume entitled "Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection"
+(1870), but it was omitted in later editions as being too technical for
+the general reader. From certain remarks found here and there, both in
+"My Life" and other works, butterflies would appear to have had a
+special charm and attraction for Wallace. Their varied and gorgeous
+colourings were a ceaseless delight to his eye, and when describing them
+one feels the sense of pleasure which this gave him, together with the
+recollection of the far-off haunts in which he had first discovered
+them.
+
+This series of papers on birds and insects, with others on the physical
+geography of the Archipelago and its various races of man, furnished all
+the necessary materials for the general sketch of the natural history of
+these islands, and the many problems arising therefrom, which made the
+"Malay Archipelago" the most popular of his books. In addition to his
+own personal knowledge, however, some interesting comparisons are drawn
+between the accounts given by early explorers and the impressions left
+on his own mind by the same places and people. On the publication of
+this work, in 1869, extensive and highly appreciative reviews appeared
+in all the leading papers and journals, and to-day it is still looked
+upon as one of the most trustworthy and informative books of travel.
+
+When the "Malay Archipelago" was in progress, a lengthy article on
+"Geological Climates and the Origin of Species" (which formed the
+foundation for "Island Life" twelve years later) appeared in the
+_Quarterly Review_ (April, 1869). Several references in this to the
+"Principles of Geology"--Sir Charles Lyell's great work--gave much
+satisfaction both to Lyell and to Darwin. The underlying argument was a
+combination of the views held by Sir Charles Lyell and Mr. Croll
+respectively in relation to the glacial epoch, and the great effect of
+changed distribution of sea and land, or of differences of altitude, and
+how by combining the two a better explanation could be arrived at than
+by accepting each theory on its own basis.
+
+His next publication of importance was the volume entitled
+"Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection," consisting of ten
+essays (all of which had previously appeared in various periodicals)
+arranged in the following order:
+
+1. On the Law which has regulated the Introduction of New Species.
+
+2. On the Tendency of Varieties to depart indefinitely from the Original
+Type.
+
+3. Mimicry, and other Protective Resemblances among Animals.
+
+4. The Malayan Papilionidae.
+
+5. Instinct in Man and Animals.
+
+6. The Philosophy of Birds' Nests.
+
+7. A Theory of Birds' Nests.
+
+8. Creation by Law.
+
+9. The Development of Human Races under the Law of Natural Selection.
+
+10. The Limits of Natural Selection as applied to Man.
+
+His reasons for publishing this work were, first, that the first two
+papers of the series had gained him the reputation of being an
+originator of the theory of Natural Selection, and, secondly, that there
+were a few important points relating to the origin of life and
+consciousness and the mental and moral qualities of man and other views
+on which he entirely differed from Darwin.
+
+Though in later years Wallace's convictions developed considerably with
+regard to the spiritual aspect of man's nature, he never deviated from
+the ideas laid down in these essays. Only a very brief outline must
+suffice to convey some of the most important points.
+
+In the childhood of the human race, he believed, Natural Selection would
+operate mainly on man's body, but in later periods upon the mind. Hence
+it would happen that the physical forms of the different races were
+early fixed in a permanent manner. Sharper claws, stronger muscles,
+swifter feet and tougher hides determine the survival value of lower
+animals. With man, however, the finer intellect, the readier
+adaptability to environment, the greater susceptibility to improvement,
+and the elastic capacity for co-ordination, were the qualities which
+determined his career. Tribes which are weak in these qualities give way
+and perish before tribes which are strong in them, whatever advantages
+the former may possess in physical structure. The finest savage has
+always succumbed before the advance of civilisation. "The Red Indian
+goes down before the white man, and the New Zealander vanishes in
+presence of the English settler." Nature, careless in this stage of
+evolution about the body, selects for survival those varieties of
+mankind which excel in mental qualities. Hence it has happened that the
+physical characteristics of the different races, once fixed in very
+early prehistoric times, have never greatly varied. They have passed out
+of the range of Natural Selection because they have become comparatively
+unimportant in the struggle for existence.
+
+After going into considerable detail of organic and physical
+development, he says: "The inference I would draw from this class of
+phenomena is, that a superior intelligence has guided the development of
+man in a definite direction, and for a special purpose, just as man
+guides the development of many animal and vegetable forms." Thus he
+foreshadows the conclusion, to be more fully developed in "The World of
+Life" (1910), of an over-ruling God, of the spiritual nature of man, and
+of the other world of spiritual beings.
+
+An essay that excited special attention was that on Mimicry. The two on
+Birds' Nests brought forth some rather heated correspondence from
+amateur naturalists, to which Wallace replied either by adducing
+confirmation of the facts stated, or by thanking them for the
+information they had given him.
+
+With reference to the paper on Mimicry, it is interesting to note that
+the hypothesis therein adopted was first suggested by H.W. Bates,
+Wallace's friend and fellow-traveller in South America. The essay under
+this title dealt with the subject in a most fascinating manner, and was
+probably the first to arouse widespread interest in this aspect of
+natural science.
+
+The next eight years saw the production of many important and valuable
+works, amongst which the "Geographical Distribution of Animals" (1876)
+occupies the chief place. This work, though perhaps the least known to
+the average reader, was considered by Wallace to be the most important
+scientific work he ever attempted. From references in letters written
+during his stay in the Malay Archipelago, it is clear that the subject
+had a strong attraction for him, and formed a special branch of study
+and observation many years before he began to work it out systematically
+in writing. His decision to write the book was the outcome of a
+suggestion made to him by Prof. A. Newton and Dr. Sclater about 1872. In
+addition to having already expressed his general views on this subject
+in various papers and articles, he had, after careful consideration,
+come to adopt Dr. Sclater's division of the earth's surface into six
+great zoological regions, which he found equally applicable to birds,
+mammalia, reptiles, and other great divisions; while at the same time
+it helped to explain the apparent contradictions in the distribution of
+land animals. Some years later he wrote:
+
+In whatever work I have done I have always aimed at systematic
+arrangement and uniformity of treatment throughout. But here the immense
+extent of the subject, the overwhelming mass of detail, and above all
+the excessive diversities in the amount of knowledge of the different
+classes of animals, rendered it quite impossible to treat all alike. My
+preliminary studies had already satisfied me that it was quite useless
+to attempt to found any conclusions on those groups which were
+comparatively little known, either as regards the proportion of species
+collected and described, or as regards their systematic classification.
+It was also clear that as the present distribution of animals is
+necessarily due to their past distribution, the greatest importance must
+be given to those groups whose fossil remains in the more recent strata
+are the most abundant and the best known. These considerations led me to
+limit my work in its detailed systematic groundwork, and study of the
+principles and law of distribution, to the mammalia and birds, and to
+apply the principles thus arrived at to an explanation of the
+distribution of other groups, such as reptiles, fresh-water fishes, land
+and fresh-water shells, and the best-known insect Orders.
+
+There remained another fundamental point to consider. Geographical
+distribution in its practical applications and interest, both to
+students and to the general reader, consists of two distinct divisions,
+or rather, perhaps, may be looked at from two points of view. In the
+first of these we divide the earth into regions and sub-regions, study
+the causes which have led to the difference in their animal productions,
+give a general account of these, with the amount of resemblance to and
+difference from other regions; and we may also give lists of the
+families and genera inhabiting each, with indications as to which are
+peculiar and which are also found in adjacent regions. This aspect of
+the study I term zoological geography, and it is that which would be of
+most interest to the resident or travelling naturalist, as it would give
+him, in the most direct and compact form, an indication of the numbers
+and kinds of animals he might expect to meet with.[3]
+
+The keynote of the general scheme of distribution, as set forth in these
+two volumes, may be expressed as an endeavour to compare the extinct and
+existing fauna of each country and to trace the course by which what is
+now peculiar to each region had come to assume its present character.
+The main result being that all the higher forms of life seem to have
+originally appeared in the northern hemisphere, which has sent out
+migration after migration to colonise the three southern continents; and
+although varying considerably from time to time in form and extent, each
+has kept essentially distinct, while at the same time receiving
+periodically wave after wave of fresh animal life from the northward.
+
+This again was due to many physical causes such as peninsulas parting
+from continents as islands, islands joining and making new continents,
+continents breaking up or effecting junction with or being isolated from
+one another. Thus Australia received the germ of her present abundant
+fauna of pouched mammals when she was part of the Old-World continent,
+but separated from that too soon to receive the various placental
+mammals which have, except in her isolated area, superseded those older
+forms. So, also, South America, at one time unconnected with North
+America, developed her great sloths and armadilloes, and, on fusing with
+the latter, sent her megatheriums to the north, and received mastodons
+and large cats in exchange.
+
+Some of the points, such for instance as the division of the sub-regions
+into which each greater division is separated, gave rise to
+considerable controversy. Wallace's final estimate of the work stands:
+"No one is more aware than myself of the defects of the work, a
+considerable portion of which are due to the fact that it was written a
+quarter of a century too soon--at a time when both zoological and
+palaeontological discovery were advancing with great rapidity, while new
+and improved classifications of some of the great classes and orders
+were in constant progress. But though many of the details given in these
+volumes would now require alteration, there is no reason to believe that
+the great features of the work and general principles established by it
+will require any important modification."[4]
+
+About this time he wrote the article on "Acclimatisation" for the
+"Encyclopaedia Britannica"; and another on "Distribution-Zoology" for the
+same work. As President of the Biological Section of the British
+Association he prepared an address for the meeting at Glasgow; wrote a
+number of articles and reviews, as well as his remarkable book on
+"Miracles and Modern Spiritualism." In 1878 he published "Tropical
+Nature," in which he gave a general sketch of the climate, vegetation,
+and animal life of the equatorial zone of the tropics from his own
+observations in both hemispheres. The chief novelty was, according to
+his own opinion, in the chapter on "climate," in which he endeavoured to
+show the exact causes which produce the difference between the uniform
+climate of the equatorial zone, and that of June and July in England.
+Although at that time _we_ receive actually more of the light and heat
+of the sun than does Java or Trinidad in December, yet these places have
+then a mean temperature very much higher than ours. It contained also a
+chapter on humming-birds, as illustrating the luxuriance of tropical
+nature; and others on the colours of animals and of plants, and on
+various biological problems.[5]
+
+"Island Life"[6] (published 1880) was begun in 1877, and occupied the
+greater part of the next three years. This had been suggested by certain
+necessary limitations in the writing of "The Geographical Distribution
+of Animals." It is a fascinating account of the relations of islands to
+continents, of their unwritten records of the distribution of plant and
+animal life in the morning time of the earth, of the causes and results
+of the glacial period, and of the manner of reckoning the age of the
+world from geological data. It also included several new features of
+natural science, and still retains an important place in scientific
+literature. No better summary can be given than that by the author
+himself:
+
+In my "Geographical Distribution of Animals" I had, in the first place,
+dealt with the larger groups, coming down to families and genera, but
+taking no account of the various problems raised by the distribution of
+particular _species_. In the next place, I had taken little account of
+the various islands of the globe, excepting as forming sub-regions or
+parts of sub-regions. But I had long seen the great interest and
+importance of these, and especially of Darwin's great discovery of the
+two classes into which they are naturally divided--oceanic and
+continental islands. I had already given lectures on this subject, and
+had become aware of the great interest attaching to them, and the great
+light they threw upon the means of dispersal of animals and plants, as
+well as upon the past changes, both physical and means of dispersal and
+colonisation of animals is so connected with, and often dependent on,
+that of plants, that a consideration of the latter is essential to any
+broad views as to the distribution of life upon the earth, while they
+throw unexpected light upon those exceptional means of dispersal which,
+because they are exceptional, are often of paramount importance in
+leading to the production of new species and in thus determining the
+nature of insular floras and faunas.
+
+Having no knowledge of scientific botany, it needed some courage, or, as
+some may think, presumption, to deal with this aspect of the problem;
+but  ... I had long been excessively fond of plants, and  ... interested
+in their distribution. The subject, too, was easier to deal with, on
+account of the much more complete knowledge of the detailed distribution
+of plants than of animals, and also because their classification was in
+a more advanced and stable condition. Again, some of the most
+interesting islands of the globe had been carefully studied botanically
+by such eminent botanists as Sir Joseph Hooker for the Galapagos, New
+Zealand, Tasmania, and the Antarctic islands; Mr. H.C. Watson for the
+Azores; Mr. J.G. Baker for Mauritius and other Mascarene islands; while
+there were floras by competent botanists of the Sandwich Islands,
+Bermuda and St. Helena....
+
+But I also found it necessary to deal with a totally distinct branch of
+science--recent changes of climate as dependent on changes of the
+earth's surface, including the causes and effects of the glacial epoch,
+since these were among the most powerful agents in causing the dispersal
+of all kinds of organisms, and thus bringing about the actual
+distribution that now prevails. This led me to a careful study of Mr.
+James Croll's remarkable works on the subject of the astronomical causes
+of the glacial and interglacial periods.... While differing on certain
+details, I adopted the main features of his theory, combining with it
+the effects of changes in height and extent of land which form an
+important adjunct to the meteorological agents....
+
+Besides this partially new theory of the causes of glacial epochs, the
+work contained a fuller statement of the various kinds of evidence
+proving that the great oceanic basins are permanent features of the
+earth's surface, than had before been given; also a discussion of the
+mode of estimating the duration of geological periods, and some
+considerations leading to the conclusion that organic change is now less
+rapid than the average, and therefore that less time is required for
+this change than has hitherto been thought necessary. I was also, I
+believe, the first to point out the great difference between the more
+ancient continental islands and those of more recent origin, with the
+interesting conclusions as to geographical changes afforded by both;
+while the most important novelty is the theory by which I explained the
+occurrence of northern groups of plants in all parts of the southern
+hemisphere--a phenomenon which Sir Joseph Hooker had pointed out, but
+had then no means of explaining.[7]
+
+In 1878 Wallace wrote a volume on Australasia for Stanford's "Compendium
+of Geography and Travel." A later edition was published in 1893, which
+contained in addition to the physical geography, natural history, and
+geology of Australia, a much fuller account of the natives of Australia,
+showing that they are really a primitive type of the great Caucasian
+family of mankind, and are by no means so low in intellect as had been
+usually believed. This view has since been widely accepted.
+
+Having, towards the close of 1885, received an invitation from the
+Lowell Institute, Boston, U.S.A., to deliver a course of lectures in the
+autumn and winter of 1886, Wallace decided upon a series which would
+embody those theories of evolution with which he was most familiar, with
+a special one on "The Darwinian Theory" illustrated by a set of original
+diagrams on variation. These lectures eventually became merged into the
+well-known book entitled "Darwinism."
+
+On the first delivery of his lecture on the "Darwinian Theory" at
+Boston it was no small pleasure to Wallace to find the audience both
+large and attentive. One of the newspapers expressed the public
+appreciation in the following truly American fashion: "The first
+Darwinian, Wallace, did not leave a leg for anti-Darwinism to stand on
+when he had got through his first Lowell Lecture last evening. It was a
+masterpiece of condensed statement--as clear and simple as compact--a
+most beautiful specimen of scientific work. Dr. Wallace, though not an
+orator, is likely to become a favourite as a lecturer, his manner is so
+genuinely modest and straightforward."
+
+Wherever he went during his tour of the States this lecture more than
+all others attracted and pleased his audiences. Many who had the
+opportunity of conversing with him, and others by correspondence,
+confessed that they had not been able to understand the "Origin of
+Species" until they heard the facts explained in such a lucid manner by
+him. It was this fact, therefore, which led him, on his return home in
+the autumn of 1887, to begin the preparation of the book ("Darwinism")
+published in 1889. The method he chose was that of following as closely
+as possible the lines of thought running through the "Origin of
+Species," to which he added many new features, in addition to laying
+special emphasis on the parts which had been most generally
+misunderstood. Indeed, so fairly and impartially did he set forth the
+general principles of the Darwinian theory that he was able to say:
+"Some of my critics declare that I am more Darwinian than Darwin
+himself, and in this, I admit, they are not far wrong."
+
+His one object, as set out in the Preface, was to treat the problem of
+the origin of species from the standpoint reached after nearly thirty
+years of discussion, with an abundance of new facts and the advocacy of
+many new and old theories. As it had frequently been considered a
+weakness on Darwin's part that he based his evidence primarily on
+experiments with domesticated animals and cultivated plants, Wallace
+desired to secure a firm foundation for the theory in the variation of
+organisms in a state of nature. It was in order to make these facts
+intelligible that he introduced a number of diagrams, just as Darwin was
+accustomed to appeal to the facts of variation among dogs and pigeons.
+
+Another change which he considered important was that of taking the
+struggle for existence first, because this is the fundamental phenomenon
+on which Natural Selection depends. This, too, had a further advantage
+in that, after discussing variations and the effects of artificial
+selection, it was possible at once to explain how Natural Selection
+acts.
+
+The subjects treated with novelty and interest in their important
+bearings on the theory of Natural Selection were: (1) A proof that all
+_specific_ characters are (or once have been) either useful in
+themselves or correlated with useful characters (Chap. VI.); (2) a proof
+that Natural Selection can, in certain cases, increase the sterility of
+crosses (Chap. VII.); (3) a fuller discussion of the colour relations of
+animals, with additional facts and arguments on the origin of sexual
+differences of colour (Chaps. VIII.-X.); (4) an attempted solution of
+the difficulty presented by the occurrence of both very simple and
+complex modes of securing the cross-fertilisation of plants (Chap. XI.);
+(5) some fresh facts and arguments on the wind-carriage of seeds, and
+its bearing on the wide dispersal of many arctic and alpine plants
+(Chap. XII.); (6) some new illustrations of the non-heredity of acquired
+characters, and a proof that the effects of use and disuse, even if
+inherited, must be overpowered by Natural Selection (Chap. XIV.); and
+(7) a new argument as to the nature and origin of the moral and
+intellectual faculties of man (Chap. XV.).
+
+"Although I maintain, and even enforce," wrote Wallace, "my differences
+from some of Darwin's views, my whole work tends forcibly to illustrate
+the overwhelming importance of Natural Selection over all other agencies
+in the production of new species. I thus take up Darwin's earlier
+position, from which he somewhat receded in the later editions of his
+works, on account of criticisms and objections which I have endeavoured
+to show are unsound. Even in rejecting that phase of sexual selection
+depending on female choice, I insist on the greater efficacy of Natural
+Selection. This is pre-eminently the Darwinian doctrine, and I therefore
+claim for my book the position of being the advocate of pure Darwinism."
+
+In concluding this section which, like a previous one, touches upon the
+intimate relations between Darwin and Wallace, and the points on which
+they agreed or differed, it is well, as the differences have been
+exaggerated and misunderstood, to bear in mind his own declaration:
+"None of my differences from Darwin imply any real divergence as to the
+overwhelming importance of the great principle of natural selection,
+while in several directions I believe that I have extended and
+strengthened it."[8]
+
+With these explanatory notes the reader will now be able to follow the
+two groups of letters on Natural Selection, Geographical Distribution,
+and the Origin of Life and Consciousness which follow.
+
+
+
+
+PART III (_Continued_)
+
+
+
+
+II.--Correspondence on Biology, Geographical Distribution, etc.
+
+[1864-93]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+H. SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_29 Bloomsbury Square, W.C. May 19, 1864._
+
+My dear Sir,--When I thanked you for your little pamphlet[9] the other
+day, I had not read it. I have since done so with great interest. Its
+leading idea is, I think, undoubtedly true, and of much importance
+towards an interpretation of the facts. Though I think that there are
+some purely physical modifications that may be shown to result from the
+direct influence of civilisation, yet I think it is quite clear, as you
+point out, that the small amounts of physical differences that have
+arisen between the various human races are due to the way in which
+mental modifications have served in place of physical ones.
+
+I hope you will pursue the inquiry. It is one in which I have a
+direct interest, since I hope, hereafter, to make use of its
+results.--Sincerely yours,
+
+HERBERT SPENCER
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_53 Harley Street. May 22, [1864]._
+
+My dear Sir,--I have been reading with great interest your paper on the
+Origin of the Races of Man, in which I think the question between the
+two opposite parties is put with such admirable clearness and fairness
+that that alone is no small assistance towards clearing the way to a
+true theory. The manner in which you have given Darwin the whole credit
+of the theory of Natural Selection is very handsome, but if anyone else
+had done it without allusion to your papers it would have been wrong....
+With many thanks for your most admirable paper, believe me, my dear Sir,
+ever very truly yours,
+
+CHA. LYELL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_73 Harley Street. March 19, 1867._
+
+Dear Mr. Wallace,--I am citing your two papers in my second volume of
+the new edition of the "Principles"--that on the Physical Geography of
+the Malay Archipelago, 1863, and the other on Varieties of Man in ditto,
+1864. I am somewhat confounded with the marked line which you draw
+between the two provinces on each side of the Straits of Lombok. It
+seems to me that Darwin and Hooker have scarcely given sufficient weight
+to the objection which it affords to some of their arguments. First, in
+regard to continental extension, if these straits could form such a
+barrier, it would seem as if nothing short of a land communication could
+do much towards fusing together two distinct faunas and floras. But here
+comes the question--are there any land-quadrupeds in Bali or in Lombok?
+I think you told me little was known of the plants, but perhaps you know
+something of the insects. It is impossible that birds of long flight
+crossing over should not have conveyed the seeds and eggs of some
+plants, insects, mollusca, etc. Then the currents would not be idle, and
+during such an eruption as that of Tomboro in Sumbawa all sorts of
+disturbances, aerial, aquatic and terrestrial, would have scattered
+animals and plants.
+
+When I first wrote, thirty-five years ago, I attached great importance
+to preoccupancy, and fancied that a body of indigenous plants already
+fitted for every available station would prevent an invader, especially
+from, a quite foreign province, from having a chance of making good his
+settlement in a new country. But Darwin and Hooker contend that
+continental species which have been improved by a keen and wide
+competition are most frequently victorious over an insular or more
+limited flora and fauna. Looking, therefore, upon Bali as an outpost of
+the great Old World fauna, it ought to beat Lombok, which only
+represents a less rich and extensive fauna, namely the Australian.
+
+You may perhaps answer that Lombok is an outpost of an army that may
+once have been as multitudinous as that of the old continent, but the
+larger part of the host have been swamped in the Pacific. But they say
+that European forms of animals and plants run wild in Australia and New
+Zealand, whereas few of the latter can do the same in Europe. In my map
+there is a small island called Nousabali; this ought to make the means
+of migration of seeds and animals less difficult. I cannot find that you
+say anywhere what is the depth of the sea between the Straits of Lombok,
+but you mention that it exceeds 100 fathoms. I am quite willing to infer
+that there is a connection between these soundings and the line of
+demarcation between the two zoological provinces, but must we suppose
+land communication for all birds of short flight? Must we unite South
+America with the Galapagos Islands? Can you refer me to any papers by
+yourself which might enlighten me and perhaps answer some of these
+queries? I should have thought that the intercourse even of savage
+tribes for tens of thousands of years between neighbouring islands would
+have helped to convey in canoes many animals and plants from one
+province to another so as to help to confound them. Your hypothesis of
+the gradual advance of two widely separated continents towards each
+other seems to be the best that can be offered. You say that a rise of
+a hundred fathoms would unite the Philippine Islands and Bali to the
+Indian region. Is there, then, a depth of 600 feet in that narrow strait
+of Bali, which seems in my map only two miles or so in breadth?
+
+I have [been] confined to the house for a week by a cold or I should
+have tried to see you. I am afraid to go out to-day.--Believe me ever
+most truly yours,
+
+CHA. LYELL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_73 Harley Street. April 4, 1867._
+
+My dear Mr. Wallace,--I have been reading over again your paper
+published in 1855 in the _Annals_ on "The Law which has regulated the
+Introduction of New Species"; passages of which I intend to quote, not
+in reference to your priority of publication, but simply because there
+are some points laid down more clearly than I can find in the work of
+Darwin itself, in regard to the bearing of the geological and zoological
+evidence on geographical distribution and the origin of species. I have
+been looking into Darwin's historical sketch thinking to find some
+allusion to your essay at page xx., 4th ed., when he gets to 1855, but I
+can find no allusion to it. Yet surely I remember somewhere a passage in
+which Darwin says in print that you had told him that in 1855 you meant
+by such expressions as "species being created on the type of
+pre-existing ones closely allied," and by what you say of modified
+prototypes, and by the passage in which you ask "what rudimentary organs
+mean if each species has been created independently," etc., that new
+species were created by variation and in the way of ordinary generation.
+
+Your last letter was a great help to me, for it was a relief to find
+that the Lombok barrier was not so complete as to be a source of
+difficulty. I have also to thank you for your papers, one of which I had
+read before in the _Natural History Review_, but I am very glad of a
+separate copy. I am rather perplexed by Darwin speculating on the
+possibility of New Zealand having once been united with Australia (p.
+446, 4th Ed.). The puzzle is greater than I can get over, even looking
+upon it as an oceanic island. Why should there have been no mammalia,
+rodents and marsupials, or only one mouse? Even if the Glacial period
+was such that it was enveloped in a Greenlandic winding-sheet, there
+would have been some Antarctic animals? It cannot be modern, seeing the
+height of those alps. It may have been a set of separate smaller
+islands, an archipelago since united into fewer. No savages could have
+extirpated mammalia, besides we should have found them fossil in the
+same places with all those species of extinct Dinornis which have come
+to light. Perhaps you will say that the absence of mammalia in New
+Caledonia is a corresponding fact.
+
+This reminds me of another difficulty. On the hypothesis of the coral
+islands being the last remnants of a submerged continent, ought they not
+to have in them a crowd of peculiar and endemic types, each rivalling
+St. Helena, instead of which I believe they are very poor [in] peculiar
+genera. Have they all got submerged for a short time during the ups and
+downs to which they have been subjected, Tahiti and some others having
+been built up by volcanic action in the Pliocene period? Madeira and the
+Canaries were islands in the Upper Miocene ocean, and may therefore well
+have peculiar endemic types of very old date, and destroyed elsewhere. I
+have just got in Wollaston's "Coleoptera Atlantidum," and shall be glad
+to lend it you when I have read the Introduction. He goes in for
+continental extension, which only costs him two catastrophes by which
+the union and disunion with the nearest mainland may readily be
+accomplished.... --Believe me ever most truly yours,
+
+CHA. LYELL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_73 Harley Street. May 2, 1867._
+
+My dear Sir,--I forgot to ask you last night about an ornithological
+point which I have been discussing with the Duke of Argyll. In Chapter
+V. of his "Reign of Law" (which I should be happy to lend you, if you
+have time to look at it immediately) he treats of humming-birds, saying
+that Gould has made out about 400 species, every one of them very
+distinct from the other, and only one instance, in Ecuador, of a species
+which varies in its tail-feathers in such a way as to make it doubtful
+whether it ought to rank as a species, an opinion to which Gould
+inclines, or only as a variety or incipient species, as the Duke thinks.
+For the Duke is willing to go so far towards the transmutation theory as
+to allow that different humming-birds may have had a common ancestral
+stock, provided it be admitted that a new and marked variety appears at
+once with the full distinctness of sex so remarkable in that genus.
+
+According to his notion, the new male variety and the female must both
+appear at once, and this new race or species must be regarded as an
+"extraordinary birth." My reason for troubling you is merely to learn,
+since you have studied the birds of South America, and I hope collected
+some humming-birds, whether Gould is right in saying that there are so
+many hundred very distinct species without instances of marked varieties
+and transitional forms. If this be the case, would it not present us
+with an exception to the rule laid down by Darwin and Hooker that when a
+genus is largely represented in a continuous tract of land the species
+of that genus tend to vary?
+
+I have inquired of Sclater and he tells me that he has a considerable
+distrust of Gould's information on this point, but that he has not
+himself studied humming-birds.
+
+In regard to shells, I have always found that dealers have a positive
+prejudice against intermediate forms, and one of the most philosophical
+of them, now no more, once confessed to me that it was very much against
+his trade interest to give an honest opinion that certain varieties were
+not real species, or that certain forms, made distinct genera by some
+conchologists, ought not so to rank. Nine-tenths of his customers, if
+told that it was not a good genus or good species, would say, "Then I
+need not buy it." What they wanted was names, not things. Of course
+there are genera in which the species are much better defined than in
+others, but you would explain this, as Darwin and Hooker do, by the
+greater length of time during which they have existed, or the greater
+activity of changes, organic and inorganic, which have taken place in
+the region inhabited by the generic or family type in question. The
+manufactory of new species has ceased, or nearly so, and in that case I
+suppose a variety is more likely to be one of the transitional links
+which has not yet been extinguished than the first step towards a new
+permanent race or allied species....
+
+Your last letter will be of great use to me. I had cited the case of
+beetles recovering from immersion of hours in alcohol from my own
+experience, but am glad it strikes you in the same light. McAndrew told
+me last night that the littoral shells of the Azores being European, or
+rather African, is in favour of a former continental extension, but I
+suspect that the floating of seaweed containing their eggs may dispense
+with the hypothesis of the submersion of 1,200 miles of land once
+intervening. I want naturalists carefully to examine floating seaweed
+and pumice met with at sea. Tell your correspondents to look out. There
+should be a microscopic examination of both these means of
+transport.--Believe me ever truly yours,
+
+CHA. LYELL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_73 Harley Street. July 3, 1867._
+
+My dear Mr. Wallace,--I was very glad, though I take in the _Westminster
+Review_, to have a duplicate of your most entertaining and instructive
+essay on Mimicry of Colours, etc., which I have been reading with great
+delight, and I may say that both copies are in full use here. I think it
+is admirably written and most persuasive.--Believe me ever most truly
+yours,
+
+CHA. LYELL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO HERBERT SPENCER
+
+
+_Hurstpierpoint, Sussex. October 26, 1867._
+
+My dear Mr. Spencer,--After leaving you yesterday I thought a little
+over your objections to the Duke of Argyll's theory of flight on the
+ground that it does not apply to insects, and it seems to me that
+exactly the same general principles do apply to insects as to birds. I
+read over the Duke's book without paying special attention to that part
+of it, but as far as I remember, the case of insects offers no
+difficulty in the way of applying his principles. If any wing were a
+rigid plane surface, it appears to me that there are only two ways in
+which it could be made to produce flight. Firstly, on the principle that
+the resistance in a fluid, and I believe also in air, increases in a
+greater ratio than the velocity (? as the square), the descending stroke
+might be more rapid than the ascending one, and the resultant would be
+an upward or forward motion. Secondly, some kind of furling or
+feathering by a rotatory motion of the wing might take place on raising
+the wings. I think, however, it is clear that neither of these actions
+occurs during the flight of insects. In both slow- and quick-flying
+species there is no appearance of such a difference of velocity, and I
+am not aware that anyone has attempted to prove that it occurs; and the
+fact that in so many insects the edges of the fore and hind wings are
+connected together, while their insertions at the base are at some
+distance apart, _entirely precludes a rotation of the wings_. The whole
+structure and form of the wings of insects, moreover, indicate an action
+in flight quite analogous to that of birds. I believe that a careful
+examination will show that the wings of almost all insects are slightly
+concave beneath. Further, they are all constructed with a strong and
+rigid anterior margin, while the outer and hinder margins are
+exceedingly thin and flexible. Yet further, I feel confident (and a
+friend here agrees with me) that they are much more rigid against
+_upward_ than against _downward_ pressure. Now in most insects (take a
+butterfly as an example) the body is weighted behind the insertion of
+the wings by the long and heavy abdomen, so as to produce an oblique
+position when freely suspended. There is also much more wing surface
+behind than before the fulcrum. Now if such an insect produces by
+muscular action a regular flapping of the wings, flight must result. At
+the downward stroke the pressure of the air against the hind wings would
+raise them all to a nearly horizontal position, and at the same time
+bend up their posterior margins a little, producing an upward and onward
+motion. At the upward stroke the pressure on the hind wings would
+depress them considerably into an oblique position, and from their great
+flexibility in that direction would bend down their hind margins. The
+resultant would be a slightly downward and considerably onward motion,
+the two strokes producing that undulating flight so characteristic of
+butterflies, and so especially observable in the broad-winged tropical
+species. Now all this is quite conformable to the action of a bird's
+wing. The rigid anterior margin, the slender and flexible hind margin;
+the greater resistance to upward than to downward pressure, and the
+slight concavity of the under surface, are all characters common to the
+wings of birds and most insects, and, considering the totally different
+structure and homologies of the two, I think there is at least an _a
+priori_ case for the function they both subserve being dependent upon
+these peculiarities. If I remember rightly, it is on these principles
+that the Duke of Argyll has explained the flight of birds, in which,
+however, there are of course some specialities depending on the more
+perfect organisation of the wing, its greater mobility and flexibility,
+its capacity for enlargement and contraction, and the peculiar
+construction and arrangement of the feathers. These, however, are
+matters of detail; and there are no doubt many and important differences
+of detail in the mode of flight of the different types of insects which
+would require a special study of each. It appeared to me that the Duke
+of Argyll had given that special study to the flight of birds, and
+deserved praise for having done so successfully, although he may not
+have quite solved the whole problem, or have stated quite accurately the
+comparative importance of the various causes that combine to effect
+flight.
+
+--Believe me yours very sincerely,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_57 Queen's Gardens, Bayswater, W. December 5, 1867._
+
+My dear Mr. Wallace,--I did not answer your last letter, being busy in
+getting out my second edition of "First Principles."
+
+I was quite aware of the alleged additional cause of flight which you
+name, and do not doubt that it is an aid. But I regard it simply as an
+aid. If you will move an outstretched wing backwards and forwards with
+equal velocity, I think you will find that the difference of resistance
+is nothing like commensurate with the difference in size between the
+muscles that raise the wings and the muscles that depress them. It seems
+to me quite out of the question that the principles of flight are
+fundamentally different in a bat and a bird, which they must be if the
+Duke of Argyll's interpretation is correct. I write, however, not so
+much to reply to your argument as to correct a misapprehension which my
+expressions seem to have given you. The objections are not made by
+Tyndall or Huxley; but they are objections made by me, which I stated to
+them, and in which they agreed--Tyndall expressing the opinion that I
+ought to make them public. I name this because you may otherwise some
+day startle Tyndall or Huxley by speaking to them of _their_ objections,
+and giving me as the authority for so affiliating them.--Very truly
+yours,
+
+HERBERT SPENCER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_73 Harley Street, London, W. November, 1867._
+
+Dear Wallace,--You probably remember an article by Agassiz in an
+American periodical, the _Christian Observer_, on the diversity of human
+races, etc., to prove that each distinct race was originally created for
+each zoological and botanical province. But while he makes out a good
+case for the circumscription of the principal races to distinct
+provinces, he evades in a singular manner the community of the Red
+Indian race to North and South America. He takes pains to show that the
+same American race pervades North and South America, or at least all
+America south of the Arctic region. This was Dr. Morton's opinion, and
+is, I suppose, not to be gainsaid. In other words, while the Papuan,
+Indo-Malayan, Negro and other races are strictly limited each of them to
+a particular region of mammalia, the Red Indian type is common to
+Sclater's Neo-arctic and Neo-tropical regions. Have you ever considered
+the explanation of this fact on Darwinian principles? If there were not
+barbarous tribes like the Fuegians, one might imagine America to have
+been peopled when mankind was somewhat more advanced and more capable of
+diffusing itself over an entire continent. But I cannot well understand
+why isolation such as accompanies a very low state of social progress
+did not cause the Neo-tropical and Neo-arctic regions to produce by
+varieties and Natural Selection two very different human races. May it
+be owing to the smaller lapse of time, which time, nevertheless, was
+sufficient to allow of the spread of the representatives of one and the
+same type from Canada to Cape Horn? Have you ever touched on this
+subject, or can you refer me to anyone who has?--Believe me ever most
+truly yours,
+
+CHA. LYELL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO SIR C. LYELL
+
+
+1867.
+
+Dear Sir Charles,--Why the colour of man is sometimes constant over
+large areas while in other cases it varies, we cannot certainly tell;
+but we may well suppose it to be due to its being more or less
+correlated with constitutional characters favourable to life. By far the
+most common colour of man is a warm brown, not very different from that
+of the American Indian. White and black are alike deviations from this,
+and are probably correlated with mental and physical peculiarities which
+have been favourable to the increase and maintenance of the particular
+race. I shall infer, therefore, that the brown or red was the original
+colour of man, and that it maintains itself throughout all climates in
+America because accidental deviations from it have not been accompanied
+by any useful constitutional peculiarities. It is Bates's opinion that
+the Indians are recent immigrants into the tropical plains of South
+America, and are not yet fully acclimatised.--Yours faithfully,
+
+A.R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_73 Harley Street. March 13, 1869._
+
+Dear Wallace,--  ...I am reading your new book,[10] of which you kindly
+sent me a copy, with very great pleasure. Nothing equal to it has come
+out since Darwin's "Voyage of the _Beagle_."  ... The history of the Mias
+is very well done. I am not yet through the first volume, but my wife is
+deep in the second and much taken with it. It is so rare to be able to
+depend on the scientific knowledge and accuracy of those who have so
+much of the wonderful to relate....--Believe me ever most truly yours,
+
+CHA. LYELL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CANON KINGSLEY TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_Eversley Rectory, Winchfield. May 5, 1869._
+
+My dear Sir,--I am reading--or rather have all but read--your new
+book,[10] with a delight which I cannot find words to express save those
+which are commonplace superlatives. Let me felicitate you on having, at
+last, added to the knowledge of our planet a chapter which has not its
+equal (as far as I can recollect) since our friend Darwin's "Voyage of
+the _Beagle_." Let me, too, compliment you on the modesty and generosity
+which you have shown, in dedicating your book to Darwin, and speaking of
+him and his work as you have done. Would that a like unselfish chivalry
+were more common--I do not say amongst scientific men, for they have it
+in great abundance, but--in the rest of the community.
+
+May I ask--as a very great favour--to be allowed to call on you some day
+in London, and to see your insects? I and my daughter are soon, I hope,
+going to the West Indies, for plants and insects, among other things;
+and the young lady might learn much of typical forms from one glance at
+your treasures.
+
+I send this letter by our friend Bates--being ignorant of your
+address.--Believe me, my dear Sir, ever yours faithfully,
+
+C. KINGSLEY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MISS A. BUCKLEY[11]
+
+
+_Holly House, Barking, E. February 2, 1871._
+
+Dear Miss Buckley,--I have read Darwin's first volume,[12] and like it
+very much. It is overwhelming as proving the origin of man from some
+lower form, but that, I rather think, hardly anyone doubts now.
+
+He is very weak, as yet, on my objection about the "hair," but promises
+a better solution in the second volume.
+
+Have you seen Mivart's book, "Genesis of Species"? It is exceedingly
+clever, and well worth reading. The arguments against Natural Selection
+as the exclusive mode of development are some of them exceedingly
+strong, and very well put, and it is altogether a most readable and
+interesting book.
+
+Though he uses some weak and bad arguments, and underrates the power of
+Natural Selection, yet I think I agree with his conclusion in the main,
+and am inclined to think it is more philosophical than my own. It is a
+book that I think will please Sir Charles Lyell.--Believe me, yours very
+truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MISS A. BUCKLEY
+
+
+_Holly House, Barking, E. March 3, 1871._
+
+Dear Miss Buckley,--Thanks for your note. I am hard at work criticising
+Darwin. I admire his Moral Sense chapter as much as anything in the
+book. It is both original and the most satisfactory of all the
+theories, if not quite satisfactory....--Believe me yours very
+faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+P.S.--Darwin's book on the whole is wonderful! There are plenty of
+points open to criticism, but it is a marvellous contribution to the
+history of the development of the forms of life.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_February 15, 1876._
+
+Dear Wallace,--I have read the Preface,[13] and like and approve of it
+much. I do not believe there is a word which Darwin would wish altered.
+It is high time this modest assertion of your claims as an independent
+originator of Natural Selection should be published.--Ever most truly,
+
+CHA. LYELL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR J. HOOKER TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_Royal Gardens, Kew. August 2, 1880._
+
+My dear Wallace,--I think you have made an immense advance to our
+knowledge of the ways and means of distribution, and bridged many great
+gaps.[14] Your reasoning seems to me to be sound throughout, though I am
+not prepared to receive it in all its details.
+
+I am disposed to regard the Western Australian flora as the latest in
+point of origin, and I hope to prove it by development, and by the
+absence of various types. If Western Australia ever had an old flora, I
+am inclined to suppose that it has been destroyed by the invasion of
+Eastern types after the union with East Australia. My idea is that these
+types worked round by the south, and altered rapidly as they proceeded
+westward, increasing in species. Nor can I conceive the Western Island,
+when surrounded by sea, harbouring a flora like its present one.
+
+I have been disposed to regard New Caledonia and the New Hebrides as the
+parent country of many New Zealand and Australian forms of vegetation,
+but we do not know enough of the vegetation of the former to warrant the
+conclusion; and after all it would be but a slight modification of your
+views.
+
+I very much like your whole working of the problem of the isolation and
+connection of New Zealand and Australia _inter se_ and with the
+countries north of them, and the whole treatment of that respecting
+north and south migration over the globe is admirable....--Ever most
+truly yours,
+
+J.D. HOOKER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR J. HOOKER TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_Royal Gardens, Kew. November 10, 1880._
+
+Dear Mr. Wallace,--I have been waiting to thank you for "Island Life"
+till I should have read it through as carefully as I am digesting the
+chapters I have finished; but I can delay no longer, if only to say that
+I heartily enjoy it, and believe that you have brushed away more cobwebs
+that have obscured the subject than any other, besides giving a vast
+deal that is new, and admirably setting forth what is old, so as to
+throw new light on the whole subject. It is, in short, a first-rate
+book. I am making notes for you, but hitherto have seen no defect of
+importance except in the matter of the Bahamas, whose flora is Floridan,
+not Cuban, in so far as we know it....--Very truly yours,
+
+JOS. D. HOOKER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO SIR W. THISELTON-DYER
+
+
+_Pen-y-bryn, St. Peter's Road, Croydon. January 7, 1881._
+
+Dear Mr. Thiselton-Dyer,--If I had had your lecture before me when
+writing the last chapters of my book I should certainly have quoted you
+in support of the view of the northern origin of the Southern flora by
+migration along existing continents. On reading it again I am surprised
+to find how often you refer to this; but when I read it on its first
+appearance I did not pay special attention to this point except to note
+that your views agreed more closely with those I had advanced, derived
+from the distribution of animals, than those of any previous writer on
+botanical distribution. When, at a much later period, on coming to the
+end of my work, I determined to give a chapter to the New Zealand flora
+in order to see how far the geological and physical relations between
+New Zealand and Australia would throw light on its origin, I went for my
+facts to the works of Sir Joseph Hooker and Mr. Bentham, and also to
+your article in the "Encyclopaedia Britannica," and worked out my
+conclusions solely from these, and from the few facts referring to the
+migration of plants which I had collected. Had I referred again to your
+lecture I should certainly have quoted the cases you give (in a note, p.
+431) of plants extending along the Andes from California to Peru and
+Chile, and vice versa. Whatever identity there is in our views was
+therefore arrived at independently, and it was an oversight on my part
+not referring to your views, partly due to your not having made them a
+more prominent feature of your very interesting and instructive lecture.
+Working as I do at home, I am obliged to get my facts from the few books
+I can get together; and I only attempted to deal with these great
+botanical questions because the facts seemed sufficiently broad and
+definite not to be much affected by errors of detail or recent additions
+to our knowledge, and because the view which I took of the past changes
+in Australia and New Zealand seemed calculated to throw so much light
+upon them. Without such splendid summaries of the relations of the
+Southern floras as are given in Sir J. Hooker's Introductions, I should
+not have touched the subject at all; and I venture to hope that you or
+some of your colleagues will give us other such summaries, brought down
+to the present date, of other important floras--as, for example, those
+of South Africa and South Temperate America.
+
+Many thanks for additional peculiar British plants. When I hear what Mr.
+Mitten has to say about the mosses, etc., I should like to send a
+corrected list to _Nature_, which I shall ask you to be so good as to
+give a final look over.--Believe me yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+P.S.--Mr. Darwin strongly objects to my view of the migration of plants
+along mountain-ranges, rather than along lowlands during cold periods.
+This latter view seems to me as difficult and inadequate as mine does to
+him.--A.R.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Wallace was in frequent correspondence with Professor Raphael Meldola,
+the eminent chemist, a friend both of Darwin and of Wallace, a student
+of Evolution, and a stout defender of Darwinism. I received from him
+much help and advice in connection with this work, and had he lived
+until its completion--he died, suddenly, in 1914--my indebtedness to him
+would have been even greater.
+
+The following letter to Meldola refers to a suggestion that the white
+colour of the undersides of animals might have been developed by
+selection through the _physical_ advantage gained from the protection of
+the vital parts by a _lighter_ colour and therefore by a surface of less
+radiative activity. The idea was that there would be less loss of animal
+heat through such a white coating. We were at that time unaware of
+Thayer's demonstration of the value of such colouring for the purposes
+of concealment among environment. Wallace accepted Thayer's view at once
+when it was subsequently put forward; as do most naturalists at the
+present time.
+
+TO PROF. MELDOLA
+
+
+_Frith Hill, Godalming. April 8, 1885._
+
+My dear Meldola,--Your letter in _Nature_ last week "riz my dander," as
+the Yankees say, and, for once in a way, we find ourselves deadly
+enemies prepared for mortal combat, armed with steel (pens) and prepared
+to shed any amount of our own--ink. Consequently I rushed into the fray
+with a letter to _Nature_ intended to show that you are as wrong (as
+wicked) as are the Russians in Afghanistan. Having, however, the most
+perfect confidence that the battle will soon be over,... --Yours very
+faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The following letter refers to the theory of physiological selection
+which had recently been propounded by Romanes, and which Prof. Meldola
+had criticised in _Nature_, xxxix. 384.
+
+TO PROF. MELDOLA
+
+
+_Frith Hill, Godalming. August 28, 1886._
+
+My dear Meldola,--I have just read your reply to Romanes in _Nature_,
+and so far as your view goes I agree, but it does not go far enough.
+Professor Newton has called my attention to a passage in Belt's
+"Nicaragua," pp. 207-8, in which he puts forth very clearly exactly your
+view. I find I had noted the explanation as insufficient, and I hear
+that in Darwin's copy there is "No! No!" against it. It seems, however,
+to me to summarise _all_ that is of the slightest value in Romanes'
+wordy paper. I have asked Newton (to whom I had lent it) to forward to
+you at Birmingham a proof of my paper in the _Fortnightly_, and I shall
+be much obliged if you will read it carefully, and, if you can, "hold a
+brief" for me at the British Association in this matter. You will see
+that a considerable part of my paper is devoted to a demonstration of
+the fallacy of that part of "Romanes" which declares species to be
+distinguished generally by useless characters, and also that
+"simultaneous variations" do not usually occur.
+
+On the question of sterility, which, as you well observe, is the core of
+the question, I think I show that it could not work in the way Romanes
+puts it. The objection to Belt's and your view is, also, that it would
+not work unless the "sterility variation" was correlated with the
+"useful variation." You assume, I think, this correlation, when you
+speak of two of your varieties, B. and K., being _less fertile with the
+parent form_. Without correlation they could not be so, only some few of
+them. Romanes always speaks of his physiological variations as being
+independent, "primary," in which case, as I show, they could hardly ever
+survive. At the end of my paper I show a correlation which is probably
+general and sufficient.
+
+In criticising Romanes, however, at the British Association, I want to
+call your special attention to a point I have hardly made clear enough
+in my paper. Romanes always speaks of the "physiological variety" as if
+it were like any other _simple_ variety, and could as easily (he says
+more easily) be increased. Whereas it is really complex, requiring a
+remarkable correlation between different sets of individuals which he
+never recognises. To illustrate what I mean, let me suppose a case. Let
+there occur in a species three individual physiological varieties--A, B
+and C--each being infertile with the bulk of the species, but quite
+fertile with some small part of it. Let A, for example, be fertile with
+X, Y and Z. Now I maintain it to be in the highest degree improbable
+that B, a quite distinct individual, with distinct parents originating
+in a distinct locality, and perhaps with a very different constitution,
+merely because it also is sterile with the bulk of the species, should
+be fertile with the very same individuals, X, Y, Z, that A is fertile
+with. It seems to me to be at least 100 to 1 that it will be fertile
+with some other quite distinct set of individuals. And so with C, and
+any other similar variety. I express this by saying that each has its
+"sexual complements," and that the complements of the one are almost
+sure not to be the complements of the other. Hence it follows that A, B,
+C, though differing in the same character of general infertility with
+the bulk of the species, will really be three distinct varieties
+physiologically, and can in no way unite to form a single physiological
+variety. This enormous difficulty Romanes apparently never sees, but
+argues as if all individuals that are infertile with the bulk of the
+species must be or usually are fertile with the same set of individuals
+or with each other. This I call a monstrous assumption, for which not a
+particle of evidence exists. Take this in conjunction with my argument
+from the severity of the struggle for existence and the extreme
+improbability of the respective "sexual complements" coming together at
+the right time, and I think Romanes' ponderous paper is disposed of.
+
+I wrote my paper, however, quite as much to expose the great presumption
+and ignorance of Romanes in declaring that Natural Selection is _not_ a
+theory of the origin of species--as it is calculated to do much harm.
+See, for instance, the way the Duke of Argyll jumped at it like a trout
+at a fly!--Yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The earlier part of the next letter refers to "The Experimental Proof of
+the Protective Value of Colour and Markings in Insects in reference to
+their Vertebrate Enemies," in the _Proceedings of the Zoological Society
+of London_, 1887, p. 191.
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Frith Hill, Godalming. October 20, 1887._
+
+My dear Poulton,--It is very interesting to me to see how very generally
+the facts are in accordance with theory, and I am only surprised that
+the exceptions and irregularities are not more numerous than they are
+found to be. The only difficult case, that of _D. euphorbiae_, is due
+probably to incomplete knowledge. Are lizards and sea-birds the only, or
+even the chief, possible enemies of the species? They evidently do not
+prevent its coming to maturity in considerable abundance, and it is
+therefore no doubt preserved from its chief enemies during its various
+stages of growth.
+
+The only point on which I differ from you--as you know--is your
+acceptance, as proved, of the theory of sexual colour selection, and
+your speaking of insects as having a sense of "the beautiful" in colour,
+as if that were a known fact. But that is a wide question, requiring
+full discussion.--Yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO SIR FRANCIS DARWIN
+
+
+_Frith Hill, Godalming. November 20, 1887._
+
+Dear Mr. Darwin,--Many thanks for the copy of your father's "Life and
+Letters," which I shall read with very great interest (as will all the
+world). I was not aware before that your father had been so
+distressed--or rather disturbed--by my sending him my essay from
+Ternate, and I am very glad to feel that his exaggerated sense of honour
+was quite needless so far as I was concerned, and that the incident did
+not in any way disturb our friendly relations. I always felt, and feel
+still, that people generally give me far too much credit for my mere
+sketch of the theory--so very small an affair as compared with the vast
+foundation of fact and experiment on which your father worked.--Believe
+me yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MRS. FISHER (_nee_ BUCKLEY)
+
+
+_Frith Hill, Godalming. February 16, 1888._
+
+My dear Mrs. Fisher,--I know nothing of the physiology of ferns and
+mosses, but as a matter of fact I think they will be found to increase
+and diminish together all over the world. Both like moist, equable
+climates and shade, and are therefore both so abundant in oceanic
+islands, and in the high regions of the tropics.
+
+I am inclined to think that the reason ferns have persisted so long in
+competition with flowering plants is the fact that they thrive best in
+shade, flowers best in the light. In our woods and ravines the flowers
+are mostly spring flowers, which die away just as the foliage of the
+trees is coming out and the shade deepens; while ferns are often dormant
+at that time, but grow as the shade increases.
+
+Why tree-ferns should not grow in cold countries I know not, except that
+it may be the winds are too violent and would tear all the fronds off
+before the spores were ripe. Everywhere they grow in ravines, or in
+forests where they are sheltered, even in the tropics. And they are not
+generally abundant, but grow in particular zones only. In all the Amazon
+valley I don't remember ever having seen a tree-fern....
+
+I too am struggling with my "Popular Sketch of Darwinism," and am just
+now doing a chapter on the great "hybridity" question. I really think I
+shall be able to arrange the whole subject more intelligibly than Darwin
+did, and simplify it immensely by leaving out the endless discussion of
+collateral details and difficulties which in the "Origin of Species"
+confuse the main issue....
+
+The most remarkable steps yet made in advance are, I think, the theory
+of Weismann of the continuity of the germ plasm, and its corollary that
+acquired modifications are never inherited! and Patrick Geddes's
+explanation of the laws of growth in plants on the theory of the
+antagonism of vegetative and reproductive growth....--Yours very
+sincerely,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. MELDOLA
+
+
+_Frith Hill, Godalming. March 20, 1888._
+
+My dear Meldola,--I have been working away at my hybridity chapters,[15]
+and am almost disposed to cry "Eureka!" for I have got light on the
+problem. When almost in despair of making it clear that Natural
+Selection could act one way or the other, I luckily routed out an old
+paper that I wrote twenty years ago, giving a demonstration of the
+action of Natural Selection. It did not convince Darwin then, but it has
+convinced me now, and I think it can be proved that in some cases (and
+those I think most probable) Natural Selection will accumulate
+variations in infertility between incipient species. Many other causes
+of infertility co-operate, and I really think I have overcome the
+fundamental difficulties of the question and made it a good deal clearer
+than Darwin left it.... I think also it completely smashes up
+Romanes.--Yours faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The next letter relates to a question which Prof. Meldola raised as to
+whether, in view of the extreme importance of "divergence" (in the
+Darwinian sense) for the separation and maintenance of specific types,
+it might not be possible that sterility, when of advantage as a check to
+crossing, had in itself, as a physiological character, been brought
+about by Natural Selection, just as extreme fecundity had been brought
+about (by Natural Selection) in cases where such fecundity was of
+advantage.
+
+TO PROF. MELDOLA
+
+
+_Frith Hill, Godalming. April 12, 1888._
+
+My dear Meldola,--Many thanks for your criticism. It is a perfectly
+sound one as against my view being a _complete explanation_ of the
+phenomena, but that I do not claim. And I do not see any chance of the
+required facts being forthcoming for many years to come. Experiments in
+the hybridisation of animals are so difficult and tedious that even
+Darwin never undertook any, and the only people who could and ought to
+have done it--the Zoological Society--will not. There is one point,
+however, I think you have overlooked. You urge the improbability of the
+required infertility being correlated with the particular variations
+which characterised each incipient species. But the whole point of my
+argument is, that the physiological adjustments producing fertility are
+so delicate that they are disturbed by almost any variation or change of
+conditions--except in the case of domestic animals, which have been
+domesticated because they are not subject to this disturbance. The whole
+first half of the chapter is to bring out this fact, which Darwin has
+dwelt upon, and it certainly does afford a foundation for the assumption
+that usually, and in some considerable number of individuals, variation
+in nature, accompanied by somewhat changed conditions of life, is
+accompanied by, and probably correlated with, some amount of
+infertility. No doubt this assumption wants proving, but in the meantime
+I am glad you think that, granting the assumption, I have shown that
+Natural Selection is able to accumulate sterility variations.
+
+That is certainly a step in advance, and we cannot expect to do more
+than take very short theoretical steps till we get more facts to rest
+upon. If you should happen to come across any facts which seem to bear
+upon it, pray let me know. I can find none but those I have referred to.
+
+I have just finished a chapter on male ornament and display, which I
+trust will help to clear up that point--Believe me yours very
+faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO DR. W.B. HEMSLEY
+
+
+_Frith Hill, Godalming. August 26, 1888._
+
+Dear Mr. Hemsley,--You are aware that Patrick Geddes proposes to exclude
+Natural Selection in the origination of thorns and spines, which he
+imputes to "diminishing vegetativeness" or "ebbing vitality of the
+species." It has occurred to me that insular floras should afford a test
+of the correctness of this view, since in the absence of mammalia the
+protection of spines would be less needed.
+
+Your study of these floras will no doubt enable you to answer a few
+questions on this point. Spines and thorns are, I believe, usually
+abundant in arid regions of continents, especially in South Africa,
+where large herbivorous mammals abound. Now, if the long-continued
+presence of these mammals is a factor in the production of spines by
+Natural Selection, they should be wholly or comparatively absent in
+regions equally arid where there are no mammals. The Galapagos seem to
+be such a case--also perhaps some of the Sandwich Islands, and generally
+the extra-tropical volcanic islands. Also Australia comparatively, and
+the highlands of Madagascar.
+
+Of course, the endemic species must be chiefly considered, as they have
+had time to be modified by the conditions. If you can give me the facts,
+or your general impression from your study of these floras, I shall be
+much obliged. I see, of course, many other objections to Geddes's
+theory, but this seems to offer a crucial test.--Believe me yours very
+truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO DR. W.B. HEMSLEY
+
+
+_Frith Hill, Godalming. September 13, 1888._
+
+Dear Mr. Hemsley,--Many thanks for your interesting letter. The facts
+you state seem quite to support the usual view, that thorns and spines
+have been developed as a protection against other animals. The few spiny
+plants in New Zealand may be for protection against land molluscs, of
+which there are several species as large as any in the tropics. Of
+course in Australia we should expect only a comparative scarcity of
+spines, as there are many herbivorous marsupials in the
+country.--Believe me yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The next and several of the succeeding letters refer to the translations
+of Weismann's "Essays upon Heredity and Kindred Biological Problems"
+(Oxford, 1889), and to "Darwinism" (London, 1889).
+
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Frith Hill, Godalming. November 4, 1888._
+
+My dear Mr. Poulton,--I returned you the two first of Weismann's essays,
+with a few notes and corrections in pencil on that on "Duration of
+Life." Looking over some old papers, I have just come across a short
+sketch on two pages, on "The Action of Natural Selection in producing
+Old Age, Decay and Death," written over twenty years ago.[16] I had the
+same general idea as Weismann, but not that beautiful suggestion of the
+duration of life, in each case, being the _minimum_ necessary for the
+preservation of the species. _That_ I think masterly. The paper on
+"Heredity" is intensely interesting, and I am waiting anxiously for the
+concluding part. I will refer to these papers in notes in my book,
+though perhaps yours will be out first....--Yours faithfully,
+
+A.R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Frith Hill, Godalming. November 8, 1888._
+
+Dear Mr. Poulton,--I return herewith (but separately) the "proofs" I
+have of Weismann's Essays. The last critical one is rather heavy, and
+adds nothing of importance to the earlier one on Duration of Life. I
+enclose my "Note" on the subject, which was written, I think, about
+1867, certainly before 1870. You will see it was only a few ideas jotted
+down for further elaboration and then forgotten. I see however it _does_
+contain the germ of Weismann's argument as to duration of life being
+determined by the time of securing continuance of the species.--Yours
+faithfully,
+
+A.R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Frith Hall, Godalming. January 20, 1889._
+
+My dear Mr. Poulton,--My attention has been called by Mr. Herdman, in
+his Inaugural Address to the Liverpool Biological Society, to Galton's
+paper on "Heredity," which I read years ago but had forgotten. I have
+just read it again (in the _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_,
+Vol. V., p. 329, Jan., 1876), and I find a remarkable anticipation of
+Weismann's theories which I think should be noticed in a preface to the
+translation of his book.[17] He argues that it is the undeveloped germs
+or gemmules of the fertilised ovum that form the sexual elements of the
+offspring, and thus heredity and atavism are explained. He also argues
+that, as a corollary, "acquired modifications are barely if at all
+inherited in the correct sense of the word." He shows the imperfection
+of the evidence on this point, and admits, just as Weismann does, the
+heredity of changes in the parent like alcoholism, which, by permeating
+the whole tissues, may _directly_ affect the reproductive elements. In
+fact, all the main features of Weismann's views seem to be here
+anticipated, and I think he ought to have the credit of it.
+
+Being no physiologist, his language is not technical, and for this
+reason, and the place of publication perhaps, his remarkable paper
+appears to have been overlooked by physiologists.
+
+I think you will find the paper very suggestive, even supplying some
+points overlooked by Weismann.--Yours faithfully,
+
+A.R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Hamilton House, The Croft, Hastings. February 19, 1889._
+
+Dear Mr. Poulton,--Do you happen to have, or can you easily refer to,
+Grant Allen's small books of collected papers under such titles as
+"Vignettes from Nature," "The Evolutionist at Large," "Colin Clout's
+Calendar," and another I can't remember? In one of them is a paper on
+the Origin of Wheat, in which he puts forth the theory that the grasses,
+etc., are degraded forms which were once insect-fertilised, summing up
+his views in the phrase, "Wheat is a degraded lily," or something like
+that. Now Henslow, in his "Floral Structures,"[18] adopts the same
+theory for all the wind-fertilised or self-fertilised flowers, and he
+tells me that he is _alone_ in the view. I believe the view is a true
+one, and I want to give G. Allen the credit of first starting it, and
+want to see how far he went. If you have or can get this work of his
+with that paper, can you lend it me for a few days? I know not who to
+write to for it, as botanists of course ignore it, and G. Allen himself
+is, I believe, in Algeria....--Yours faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_38 Queen's Gardens, Lancaster Gate, W. May 18, 1889._
+
+Dear Mr. Wallace,--A few days ago there reached me a copy of your new
+book, "Darwinism," for which, along with this acknowledgment, I send my
+thanks. In my present state of health I dare not read, and fear I shall
+be unable to profit by the accumulation of evidence you have brought
+together. I see sundry points on which I might raise discussions, but
+beyond the fact that I am at present unable to enter into them, I doubt
+whether they would be of any use. I regret that you have used the title
+"Darwinism," for notwithstanding your qualification of its meaning you
+will, by using it, tend greatly to confirm the erroneous conception
+almost universally current.--Truly yours,
+
+HERBERT SPENCER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. November 28, 1889._
+
+My dear Mr. Poulton,--I have much pleasure in sending you Cope's
+book[19] (with the review of "Darwinism"), which I hope you will keep as
+long as you like, till you have mastered all its obscurities of style
+and eccentricities of argument. I think you will find a good deal in it
+to criticise, and it will be well for you to know what the leader of the
+Neo-Lamarckians regards as the foundation-stones of his theory. I
+greatly enjoyed my visit to Oxford, and only regretted that I could not
+leave more time for personal talk with yourself, for I am so deplorably
+ignorant of modern physiology that I am delighted to get intelligible
+explanations of its bearings on the subjects that most interest me in
+science. I quite see all its importance in investigations of the
+mechanism of colours, but there is so much still unknown that it will be
+very hard to convince me that there is no other possible explanation of
+the peacock's feather than the "continued preference by the females" for
+the most beautiful males, in _this one point_, "during a long line of
+descent"--as Darwin says! I expect, however, great light from your new
+book....--Believe me yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR FRANCIS GALTON TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_42 Rutland Gate, S.W. May 24, 1890._
+
+Dear Mr. Wallace,--I send the paper with pleasure, and am glad that you
+will read it, and I hope then see more clearly than the abstract could
+show the grounds of my argument.
+
+These finger-marks are most remarkable things. Of course I have made out
+much more about them since writing that memoir. Indeed I have another
+paper on them next Thursday at the Royal Society, but that only refers
+to ways of cataloguing them, either for criminal administration, or what
+I am more interested in, viz. racial and hereditary inquiry.
+
+What I have done in this way is not ready for publication, but I may
+mention (privately, please) that these persistent marks, which seem
+fully developed in the sixth month of foetal life, and appear under the
+reservations and in the evidence published in the memoir to be
+practically _quite_ unchanged during life, are _not_ correlated with
+any ordinary characteristic that I can discover. They are the same in
+the lowest idiots as in ordinary persons. (I took the impressions of
+some 80 of these, so idiotic that they mostly could not speak, or even
+stand, at the great Darenth Asylum, Dartford.) They are the same in
+clod-hoppers as in the upper classes, and _yet_ they are as hereditary
+as other qualities, I think. Their tendency to symmetrical distribution
+on the two hands is _marked_, and symmetry _is_ a form of kinship. My
+argument is that sexual selection can have had nothing to do with the
+patterns, neither can any other form of selection due to vigour, wits,
+and so forth, because they are not correlated with them. They just go
+their own gait, uninfluenced by anything that we can find or reasonably
+believe in, of a _naturally selective influence_, in the plain meaning
+of the phrase.--Very sincerely yours,
+
+FRANCIS GALTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO THEO. D.A. COCKERELL
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. March 10, 1891._
+
+Dear Mr. Cockerell,--  ... Your theory to account for the influence of a
+first male on progeny by a second seems very probable--and in fact if,
+as I suppose, spermatozoa often enter ova without producing complete
+fertilisation, it must be so. _That_ would be easily experimented on,
+with fowls, dogs, etc., but I do not remember the fact having been
+observed except with horses. It ought to be common, when females have
+young by successive males.--Yours faithfully,
+
+A.R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The next letter relates to a controversy with Romanes concerning Herbert
+Spencer's argument about Co-adaptation which Romanes had urged in
+support of Neo-Lamarckism as opposed to Natural Selection. Prof. Meldola
+endeavoured to show that the difficulties raised by Spencer and
+supported by Romanes had no real weight because the possibility of
+so-called "co-adaptations" being developed _successively_ in the order
+of evolution had not been reckoned with. There was no real divergence
+between Wallace and Prof. Meldola on this matter when they subsequently
+discussed it. The correspondence is in _Nature_, xliii. 557, and
+subsequently. _See also_ "Darwin and After Darwin," by Romanes, 1895,
+ii. 68.
+
+
+TO PROF. MELDOLA
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset, April 25, 1891._
+
+My dear Meldola,--You have now put your foot in it! Romanes _agrees_
+with you! Henceforth he will claim you as a disciple, converted by his
+arguments!
+
+There was one admission in your letter I was very sorry to see, because
+it cannot be strictly true, and is besides open to much
+misrepresentation. I mean the admission that Romanes pounces upon in his
+second paragraph. Of course, the number of individuals in a species
+being finite, the chance of four coincident variations occurring in any
+one individual--each such variation being separately very common--cannot
+be anything like "infinity to one." Why, then, do you concede it most
+fully?--the result being that Romanes takes you to concede that it is
+infinity to one against the coincident variations occurring in "_any
+individuals_." Surely, with the facts of coincident independent
+variation we now possess, the occurrence of three, four, or five,
+coincident variations cannot be otherwise than frequent. As a fact, more
+than half the whole population of most species seems to vary to a
+perceptible and measurable, and therefore sufficient, amount in scores
+of ways. Take a species with a million pairs of individuals--half of
+these vary sufficiently, either + or -, in the four acquired characters
+A, B, C, D: what will be the proportion of individuals that vary + in
+these four characters according to the law of averages? Will it not be
+about 1 in 64? If so it is ample--in many cases--for Natural Selection
+to work on, because in many cases less than 1/64 of offspring survives.
+
+On Romanes' view of the impossibility of Natural Selection doing
+anything alone, because the required coincident variations do not occur,
+the occurrence of a "strong man" or a racehorse that beats all others
+easily must be impossible, since in each of these cases there must be
+scores of coincident favourable variations.
+
+Given sufficient variation, I believe divergent modification of a
+species in two lines could easily occur, even if free intercrossing
+occurred, because, the numbers varying being a large proportion of the
+whole, the numbers which bred like with like would he sufficient to
+carry on the two lines of divergence, those that intercrossed and
+produced less perfectly adapted offspring being eliminated. Of course
+some amount of segregate breeding does always occur, as Darwin always
+maintained, but, as he also maintained, it is not absolutely essential
+to evolution. Romanes argues as if "free intercrossing" meant that none
+would pair like with like! I hope you will have another slap at him, and
+withdraw or explain that unlucky "infinity to one," which is Romanes'
+sheet-anchor.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. June 16, 1892._
+
+My dear Mr. Poulton,--Many thanks for sending me Weismann's additional
+Essays,[20] which I look forward to reading with much pleasure. I have,
+however, read the first, and am much disappointed with it. It seems to
+me the _weakest and most inconclusive_ thing he has yet written. At p.
+17 he states his theory as to degeneration of eyes, and again, on p. 18,
+of anthers and filaments; but in both cases he fails to _prove_ it, and
+apparently does not see that his panmixia, or "cessation of selection,"
+cannot possibly produce _continuous_ degeneration culminating in the
+total or almost total disappearance of an organ. Romanes and others have
+pointed out this weakness in his theory, but he does not notice it, and
+goes on calmly throughout the essay to _assume_ that mere panmixia must
+cause progressive degeneration to an unlimited extent; whereas all it
+can do is to effect a reduction to the average of the total population
+on which selection has been previously worked. He says "individuals with
+weak eyes would not be eliminated," but omits to notice that individuals
+with strong eyes would also "not be eliminated," and as there is no
+reason alleged why variations in _all directions_ should not occur as
+before, the free intercrossing would tend to keep up a mean condition
+only a little below that which was kept up by selection. It is clear
+that some form of selection must always co-operate in degeneration, such
+as economy of growth, which he hardly notices except as a possible but
+not a necessary factor, or actual injuriousness. It appears to me that
+what is wanted is to take a number of typical cases, and in each of them
+show how Natural Selection comes in to carry on the degeneration begun
+by panmixia. Weismann's treatment of the subject is merely begging the
+question.--Yours faithfully,
+
+A.R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. August 29, 1892._
+
+My dear Mr. Poulton,--As to panmixia you have quite misunderstood my
+position. By the "mean condition," I do not mean the "mean" during the
+whole course of development of the organ, as you seem to take it. That
+would indeed be absurd. I do mean the "mean" of the whole series of
+individual variations now occurring, during a period sufficient to
+contain all or almost all the variations to which the species is _now_
+subject. Take, for instance, such a case as the wings of the swallow, on
+the full development of which the life of the bird depends. Many
+individuals no doubt perish for lack of wing-power, due to deficiency in
+size or form of wing, or in the muscles which move it. The extreme
+limits of variation would be seen probably if we examined every swallow
+that had reached maturity during the last century. The average of all
+those would perhaps be 5 or 10 per cent. below the average of those that
+survive to become the parents of the next generation in any year; and
+what I maintain is, that panmixia alone could not reduce a swallow's
+wings below this first average. Any further reduction must be due either
+to some form of selection or to "economy of growth"--which is also,
+fundamentally, a form of selection. So with the eyes of cave animals,
+panmixia could only cause an imperfection of vision equal to the average
+of those variations which occurred, say, during a century before the
+animal entered the cave. It could only produce more effect than this if
+the effects of disuse are hereditary--which is a non-Weismannian
+doctrine. I think this is also the position that Romanes took.--Yours
+faithfully,
+
+A.R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. J.W. MARSHALL
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. September 23, 1892._
+
+My dear Marshall,--I am glad you enjoyed Mr. Hudson's book. His
+observations are inimitable--and his theories and suggestions, if not
+always the best, at least show thought on what he has observed.
+
+I was most pleased with his demonstration as to the supposed instincts
+of young birds and lambs, showing clearly that the former at all events
+are not due to inherited experience, as Darwin thought. The whole book,
+too, is pervaded by such a true love of nature and such a perception of
+its marvels and mysteries as to be unique in my experience. The modern
+scientific morphologists seem so wholly occupied in tracing out the
+mechanism of organisms that they hardly seem to appreciate the
+overwhelming marvel of the powers of life, which result in such
+infinitely varied structures and such strange habits and so-called
+instincts. The older I grow the more marvellous seem to me the mere
+variety of form and habit in plants and animals, and the unerring
+certitude with which from a minute germ the whole complex organism is
+built up, true to the type of its kind in all the infinitude of details!
+It is this which gives such a charm to the watching of plants
+growing, and of kittens so rapidly developing their senses and
+habitudes!...--Yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. February 1, 1893._
+
+My dear Poulton,--Thanks for the separate copy of your great paper on
+colours of larva, pupa, etc.[21] I have read your conclusions and looked
+over some of the experiments, and think you have now pretty well settled
+that question.
+
+I am reading through the new volume of the Life of Darwin, and am struck
+with the curious example his own case affords of non-heredity of
+acquired variations. He expresses his constant dread--one of the
+troubles of his life--that his children would inherit his bad health.
+It seems pretty clear, from what F. Darwin says in the new edition, that
+Darwin's constant nervous stomach irritation was caused by his five
+years sea-sickness. It was thoroughly established before, and in the
+early years of, his marriage, and, on his own theory his children ought
+all to have inherited it. Have they? You know perhaps better than I do,
+whether any of the family show any symptoms of that particular form of
+illness--and if not it is a fine case!--Yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Wallace was formally admitted to the Royal Society in June, 1893. The
+postscript of the following letter refers to his cordial reception by
+the Fellows.
+
+
+TO PROF. MELDOLA
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. June 10, 1893._
+
+My dear Meldola,--As we had no time to "discourse" on Thursday, I will
+say a few words on the individual adaptability question. We have to deal
+with facts, and facts certainly show that, in many groups, there is a
+great amount of adaptable change produced in the individual by external
+conditions, and that that change is not inherited. I do not see that
+this places Natural Selection in any subordinate position, because this
+individual adaptability is evidently advantageous to many species, and
+may itself have been produced or increased by Natural Selection. When a
+species is subject to great changes of conditions, either locally or at
+uncertain times, it may be a decided advantage to it to become
+individually adapted to that change while retaining the power to revert
+instantly to its original form when the normal conditions return. But
+whenever the changed conditions are permanent, or are such that
+individual adaptation cannot meet the requirements, then Natural
+Selection rapidly brings about a permanent adaptation which is
+inherited. In plants these two forms of adaptation are well marked and
+easily tested, and we shall soon have a large body of evidence upon it.
+In the higher animals I imagine that individual adaptation is small in
+amount, as indicated by the fact that even slight varieties often breed
+true.
+
+In Lepidoptera we have the two forms of colour-adaptability clearly
+shown. Many species are, in all their stages, permanently adapted to
+their environment. Others have a certain power of individual adaptation,
+as of the pupae to their surroundings. If this last adaptation were
+strictly inherited it would be positively injurious, since the progeny
+would thereby lose the power of individual adaptability, and thus we
+should have light pupae on dark surroundings, and vice versa. Each kind
+of adaptation has its own sphere, and it is essential that the one
+should be non-inheritable, the other heritable. The whole thing seems to
+me quite harmonious and "as it should be."
+
+Thiselton-Dyer tells me that H. Spencer is dreadfully disturbed on the
+question. He fears that acquired characters may not be inherited, in
+which case the foundation of his whole philosophy is undermined!--Yours
+very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+P.S.--I am afraid you are partly responsible for that kindly meant but
+too personal manifestation which disturbed the solemnity of the Royal
+Society meeting on Thursday!...
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. September 25, 1893._
+
+My dear Poulton,--I suppose you were not at Nottingham and did not get
+the letter, paper, and photographs I sent you there, but to be opened
+by the Secretary of Section D in case you were not there. It was about a
+wonderful and perfectly authenticated case of a woman who dressed the
+arm of a gamekeeper after amputation, and six or seven months afterwards
+had a child born without the forearm on the right side, exactly
+corresponding in _form_ and _length_ of stump to that of the man.
+Photographs of the man, and of the boy seven or eight years old, were
+taken _by the physician of the hospital_ where the man's arm was cut
+off, and they show a most striking correspondence. These, with my short
+paper, appear to have produced an effect, for a committee of Section D
+has been appointed to collect evidence on this and other
+matters....--Yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. November 17, 1893._
+
+My dear Poulton,--The letter I wrote to you at Nottingham was returned
+to me here (after a month), so I did not think it worth while to send it
+to you again, though it did contain my congratulations on your
+appointment,[22] which I now repeat. As you have not seen the paper I
+sent to the British Association, I will just say that I should not have
+noticed the subject publicly but, after a friend had given me the
+photographs (sent with my paper), I came across the following statement
+in the new edition of Chambers' Encyclopaedia, art. Deformities (by Prof.
+A. Hare): "In an increasing proportion of cases which are carefully
+investigated, it appears that maternal impressions, the result of shock
+or unpleasant experiences, may have a considerable influence in
+producing deformities in the offspring." In consequence of this I sent
+the case which had been furnished me, and which is certainly about as
+well attested and conclusive as anything can be. The facts are these:
+
+A gamekeeper had his right forearm amputated at the North Devon
+Infirmary. He left before it was healed, thinking his wife could dress
+it, but as she was too nervous, a neighbour, a young recently married
+woman, a farmer's wife, still living, came and dressed it every day till
+it healed. About six months after she had a child born _without right
+hand and forearm_, the stump exactly corresponding in length to that of
+the gamekeeper. Dr. Richard Budd, M.D., F.R.C.P.,[23] of Barnstaple, the
+physician to the infirmary, when the boy was five or six years old,
+himself took a photograph of the boy and the gamekeeper side by side,
+showing the wonderful correspondence of the two arms. I have these facts
+_direct from Dr. Budd_, who was personally cognisant of the whole
+circumstances. A few years after, in November, 1876, Dr. Budd gave an
+account of the case and exhibited the photographs to a large meeting at
+the College of Physicians, and I have no doubt it is _one_ of the cases
+referred to in the article I have quoted, though Dr. Budd thinks it has
+never been published. It will be at once admitted that this is not a
+chance coincidence, and that all theoretical difficulties must give way
+to such facts as this,  ... Of course it by no means follows that similar
+causes should in all cases produce similar effects, since the
+idiosyncrasy of the mother is no doubt an important factor; but where
+the combined coincidences are so numerous as in this case--_place, time,
+person_ and exact correspondence of _resulting deformity_--some causal
+relation must exist.--Believe me yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+
+
+
+PART III (_Concluded_)
+
+
+
+
+III.--Correspondence on Biology, Geographical Distribution, etc.
+
+[1894--1913]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_Queen's Hotel, Cliftonville, Margate. August 10, 1894._
+
+Dear Mr. Wallace,--Though we differ on some points we agree on many, and
+one of the points on which we doubtless agree is the absurdity of Lord
+Salisbury's representation of the process of Natural Selection based
+upon the improbability of two varying individuals meeting. His
+nonsensical representation of the theory ought to be exposed, for it
+will mislead very many people. I see it is adopted by the _Pall Mall_. I
+have been myself strongly prompted to take the matter up, but it is
+evidently your business to do that. Pray write a letter to the _Times_
+explaining that selection or survival of the fittest does not
+necessarily take place in the way he describes. You might set out by
+remarking that whereas he begins by comparing himself to a volunteer
+colonel reviewing a regiment of regulars, he very quickly changes his
+attitude and becomes a colonel of regulars reviewing volunteers and
+making fun of their bunglings. He deserves a-severe castigation. There
+are other points on which his views should be rectified, but this is the
+essential point.
+
+It behoves you of all men to take up the gauntlet he has thrown
+down.--Very truly yours,
+
+HERBERT SPENCER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_Queen's Hotel, Cliftonville, Margate, Aug. 19, 1894._
+
+Dear Mr. Wallace,--I cannot at all agree with you respecting the
+relative importance of the work you are doing and that which I wanted
+you to do. Various articles in the papers show that Lord Salisbury's
+argument is received with triumph, and, unless it is disposed of, it
+will lead to a public reaction against the doctrine of evolution at
+large, a far more serious evil than any error which you propose to
+rectify among biologists. Everybody will look to you for a reply, and if
+you make no reply it will be understood that Lord Salisbury's objection
+is valid. As to the non-publication of your letter in the _Times_, that
+is absurd, considering that your name and that of Darwin are constantly
+coupled together.--Truly yours,
+
+HERBERT SPENCER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. September 8, 1894._
+
+My dear Poulton,--I was glad to see your exposure of another American
+Neo-Lamarckian in _Nature_.[24] It is astonishing how utterly illogical
+they all are! I was much pleased with your point of the adaptations
+supposed to be produced by the inorganic environment when they are
+related to the organic. It is I think new and very forcible. For nearly
+a month I have been wading through Bateson's book,[25] and writing a
+criticism of it, and of Galton, who backs him up with his idea of
+"organic stability."  ... Neither he nor Galton appears to have any
+adequate conception of what Natural Selection is, or how impossible it
+is to escape from it. They seem to think that, given a stable
+variation, Natural Selection must hide its diminished head!
+
+Bateson's preface, concluding reflections, etc., are often quite
+amusing.... He is so cocksure he has made a great discovery--which is
+the most palpable of mare's nests.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+P.S.--I allude of course to his grand argument--"environment
+_continuous_--species _discontinuous_--therefore _variations_ which
+produce species must be also _discontinuous_"! (Bateson--Q.E.D.).
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. February 19, 1895._
+
+My dear Poulton,--I have read your paper on "Theories of Evolution"[26]
+with great pleasure. It is very clear and very forcible, and I should
+think must have opened the eyes of some of your hearers. Your cases
+against Lamarckism were very strong, and I think quite conclusive. There
+is one, however, which seems to me weak--that about the claws of
+lobsters and the tails of lizards moving and acting when detached from
+the body. It may be argued, fairly, that this is only an incidental
+result of the extreme muscular irritability and contractibility of the
+organs, which might have been caused on Lamarckian as well as on the
+Darwinian hypothesis. The running of a fowl after its head is chopped
+off is an example of the same kind of thing, and this is certainly not
+useful. The detachment itself of claw and tail is no doubt useful and
+adaptive.
+
+When discussing the objection as to failures not being found fossil,
+there are two additional arguments to those you adduce: (1) Every
+failure has been, first, a success, or it could not have come into
+existence (as a species); and (2) the hosts of huge and very
+specialised animals everywhere recently extinct are clearly failures.
+They were successes as long as the struggle was with animal competitors
+only, physical conditions being highly favourable. But, when physical
+conditions became adverse, as by drought, cold, etc., they failed and
+became extinct. The entrance of new enemies from another area might
+equally render them failures. As to your question about myself and
+Darwin, I had met him once only for a few minutes at the British Museum
+before I went to the East.... --Yours very faithfully,
+
+A.R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. CLEMENT REID
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. November 18, 1894._
+
+My dear Clement Reid,--  ... The great, the grand, and long-expected, the
+prophesied discovery has at last been made--Miocene or Old Pliocene Man
+in India!!! Good worked flints found _in situ_ by the palaeontologist to
+the Geological Survey of India! It is in a ferruginous conglomerate
+lying beneath 4,000 feet of Pliocene strata and containing hippotherium,
+etc. But perhaps you have seen the article in _Natural Science_
+describing it, by Rupert Jones, who, very properly, accepts it! Of
+course we want the bones, but we have got the flints, and they may
+follow. Hurrah for the missing link! Excuse more.--Yours very
+faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The next letter relates to the rising school of biologists who, in
+opposition to Darwin's views, held that species might arise by what was
+at the time termed "discontinuous variation."
+
+
+TO PROF. MELDOLA
+
+
+_February 4, 1895._
+
+My dear Professor Meldola,--I hope to have copies of my "Evolution"
+article in a few days, and will send you a couple. The article was in
+print last September, but, being long, was crowded out month after
+month, and only now got in by being cut in two. I think I have
+demolished "discontinuous variation" as having any but the most
+subordinate part in evolution of species.
+
+Congratulations on Presidency of the Entomological Society.
+
+A.R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. March 15, 1895._
+
+My dear Poulton,--I have now nearly finished reading Romanes, but do not
+find it very convincing. There is a large amount of special pleading. On
+two points only I feel myself hit. My doubt that Darwin really meant
+that _all_ the individuals of a species could be similarly modified
+without selection is evidently wrong, as he adduces other quotations
+which I had overlooked. The other point is, that my suggested
+explanation of sexual ornaments gives away my case as to the utility of
+all specific characters. It certainly does as it stands, but I now
+believe, and should have added, that all these ornaments, where they
+differ from species to species, are also recognition characters, and as
+such were rendered stable by Natural Selection from their first
+appearance.
+
+I rather doubt the view you state, and which Gulick and Romanes make
+much of, that a portion of a species, separated from the main body, will
+have a different average of characters, unless they are a local race
+which has already been somewhat selected. The large amount of variation,
+and the regularity of the curve of variation, whenever about 50 or 100
+individuals are measured in the same locality, shows that the bulk of a
+species are similar in amount of variation everywhere. But when a
+portion of a species begins to be modified in adaptation to new
+conditions, distinction of some kind is essential, and therefore any
+slight difference would be increased by selection. I see no reason to
+believe that species (usually) have been isolated first and modified
+afterwards, but rather that new species usually arise from species which
+have a wide range, and in different areas need somewhat different
+characters and habits. Then _distinctness_ arises both by adaptation and
+by development of recognition marks to minimise intercrossing.
+
+I wonder Darwin did not see that if the unknown "constant causes" he
+supposes can modify all the individuals of a species, either
+indifferently, usefully, or hurtfully, and that these characters so
+produced are, as Romanes says, very, very numerous in all species, and
+are sometimes the only specific characters, then the Neo-Lamarckians are
+quite right in putting Natural Selection as a very secondary and
+subordinate influence, since all it has to do is to weed out the hurtful
+variations.
+
+Of course, if a species with warning colours were, in part, completely
+isolated, and its colours or markings were accidentally different from
+the parent form, whatever set of markings and colours it had would be, I
+consider, rendered stable for recognition, and also for protection,
+since if it varied too much the young birds and other enemies would take
+a heavier toll in learning it was uneatable. It might then be said that
+the character by which this species differs from the parent species is a
+useless character. But surely this is not what is usually meant by a
+"useless character." This is highly useful in itself, though the
+difference from the other species is not useful. If they were in contact
+it would be useful, as a distinction preventing intercrossing, and so
+long as they are not brought together we cannot really tell if it is a
+species at all, since it might breed freely with the parent form and
+thus return back to one type. The "useless characters" I have always had
+in mind when arguing this question are those which are or are supposed
+to be absolutely useless, not merely relatively as regards the
+difference from an allied species. I think this is an important
+distinction.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_64 Avenue Road, Regent's Park, London, N.W. September 28, 1895_
+
+Dear Mr. Wallace,--As I cannot get you to deal with Lord Salisbury I
+have decided to do it myself, having been finally exasperated into doing
+it by this honour paid to his address in France--the presentation of a
+translation to the French Academy. The impression produced upon some
+millions of people in England cannot be allowed to be thus further
+confirmed without protest.
+
+One of the points which I propose to take up is the absurd conception
+Lord Salisbury sets forth of the process of Natural Selection. When you
+wrote you said you had dealt with it yourself in your volume on
+Darwinism. I have no doubt that it is also in some measure dealt with by
+Darwin himself, by implication or incidentally. You of course know
+Darwin by heart, and perhaps you would be kind enough to save me the
+trouble of searching by indicating the relevant passages both in his
+books and in your own. My reading power is very small, and it tries me
+to find the parts I want by much reading.--Truly yours,
+
+HERBERT SPENCER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To the following letter from Mr. Gladstone, Wallace attached this pencil
+note: "In 1881 I put forth the first idea of mouth-gesture as a factor
+in the origin of language, in a review of E.B. Tylor's 'Anthropology,'
+and in 1895 I extended it into an article in the _Fortnightly Review_,
+and reprinted it with a few further corrections in my 'Studies,' under
+the title 'The Expressiveness of Speech or Mouth-Gesture as a Factor in
+the Origin of Language.' In it I have developed a completely new
+principle in the theory of the origin of language by showing that every
+motion of the jaws, lips and tongue, together with inward or outward
+breathing, and especially the mute or liquid consonants ending words
+which serve to indicate abrupt or continuous motion, have corresponding
+meanings in so many cases as to show a fundamental connection. I thus
+enormously extended the principle of onomatopoeia in the origin of vocal
+language. As I have been unable to find any reference to this important
+factor in the origin of language, and as no competent writer has pointed
+out any fallacy in it, I think I am justified in supposing it to be new
+and important. Mr. Gladstone informed me that there were many thousands
+of illustrations of my ideas in Homer."--A.R.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+W.E. GLADSTONE TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_Hawarden Castle, Chester. October 18, 1895._
+
+Dear Sir,--Your kindness in sending me your most interesting article
+draws on you the inconvenience of an acknowledgment.
+
+My pursuits in connection with Homer, especially, have made me a
+confident advocate of the doctrine that there is, within limits, a
+connection in language between sound and sense.
+
+I would consent to take the issue simply on English words beginning with
+_st_. You go upon a kindred class in _sn_. I do not remember a perfectly
+_innocent_ word, a word habitually used _in bonam partem_, and beginning
+with _sn_, except the word "snow," and "snow," as I gather from
+_Schnee_, is one of the worn-down words.
+
+May I beg to illustrate you once more on the ending in _p_. I take our
+old schoolboy combinations: hop, skip and jump. Each motion an ending
+motion; and to each word closed with _p_ compare the words _run, rennen,
+courir, currere._
+
+But I have now a new title to speak. It is deafness; and I know from
+deafness that I run a worse chance with a man whose mouth is covered
+with beard and moustache.
+
+A young relation of mine, slightly deaf, was sorely put to it in an
+University examination because one of his examiners was _secretal_ in
+this way.
+
+I will not trouble you further except to express, with misgiving, a
+doubt on a single point, the final _f_.
+
+In driving with Lord Granville, who was deaf but not very deaf, I had
+occasion to mention to him the Duke of _Fife_, I used every effort, but
+in no way could I contrive to make him hear the word.
+
+I break my word to add one other particular. Out of 27,000 odd lines in
+Homer, every one of them expressed, in a sense, heavy weight or force;
+the blows of heavy-armed men on the breastplates of foes  ... [illegible]
+and the like.--With many thanks, I remain yours very faithfully,
+
+W.E. GLADSTONE.
+
+P.S.--I should say that the efficacy of lip-expression, undeniably, is
+most subtle, and defies definite description.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO DR. ARCHDALL REID
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. April 19, 1896._
+
+Dear Sir,--I am sorry I had not space to refer more fully to your
+interesting work.[27] The most important point on which I think your
+views require emendation is on _instinct_. I see you quote Spalding's
+experiments, but these have been quite superseded and shown to be
+seriously incorrect by Prof. Lloyd Morgan. A paper by him in the
+_Fortnightly Review_ of August, 1893, gives an account of his
+experiments, and he read a paper on the same subject at the British
+Association last year. He is now preparing a volume on the subject
+which will contain the most valuable series of observations yet made on
+this question. Another point of some importance where I cannot agree
+with you is your treating dipsomania as a disease, only to be eliminated
+by drunkenness and its effects. It appears to me to be only a vicious
+habit or indulgence which would cease to exist in a state of society in
+which the habit were almost universally reprobated, and the means for
+its indulgence almost absent. But this is a matter of comparatively
+small importance.--Believe me yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO DR. ARCHDALL REID
+
+
+_Parkstone. April 28, 1896._
+
+Dear Sir,--"We can but reason from the facts we know." We know a good
+deal of the senses of the higher animals, very little of those of
+insects. If we find--as I think we do--that all cases of supposed
+"instinctive knowledge" in the former turn out to be merely intuitive
+reactions to various kinds of stimulus, combined with very rapidly
+acquired experience, we shall be justified in thinking that the actions
+of the latter will some day be similarly explained. When Lloyd Morgan's
+book is published we shall have much information on this question.
+(_See_ "Natural Selection and Tropical Nature," pp. 91-7.)--Yours truly,
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. MELDOLA
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. October 12, 1896._
+
+My dear Meldola,--I got Weismann's "Germinal Selection" two or three
+months back and read it very carefully, and on the whole I admire it
+very much, and think it does complete the work of ordinary variation and
+selection. Of course it is a pure hypothesis, and can never perhaps be
+directly proved, but it seems to me a reasonable one, and it enables us
+to understand two groups of facts which I have never been able to work
+out satisfactorily by the old method. These two facts are: (1) the
+total, or almost total, disappearance of many useless organs, and (2)
+the continuous development of secondary sexual characters beyond any
+conceivable utility, and, apparently, till checked by inutility. It
+explains both these. Disuse alone, as I and many others have always
+argued, cannot do the first, but can only cause _regression to the
+mean_, with perhaps some further regression from economy of material.
+
+As to the second, I have always felt the difficulty of accounting for
+the enormous development of the peacock's train, the bird of paradise
+plumes, the long wattle of the bell bird, the enormous tail-feathers of
+the Guatemalan trogon, of some humming-birds, etc. etc. etc. The
+beginnings of all these I can explain as recognition marks, and this
+explains also their distinctive character in allied species, but it does
+not explain their growing on and on far beyond what is needful for
+recognition, and apparently till limited by absolute hurtfulness. It is
+a relief to me to have "germinal selection" to explain this.
+
+I do not, however, think it at all necessary to explain adaptations,
+however complex. Variation is so general and so large, in dominant
+species, and selection is so tremendously powerful, that I believe all
+needful adaptation may be produced without it. But, if it exists, it
+would undoubtedly hasten the process of such adaptation and would
+therefore enable new places in the economy of nature to be more rapidly
+filled up.
+
+I was thinking of writing a popular exposition of the new theory for
+_Nature_, but have not yet found time or inclination for it. I began
+reading "Germinal Selection" with a prejudice against it. That prejudice
+continued through the first half, but when I came to the idea itself,
+and after some trouble grasped the meaning and bearing of it, I saw the
+work it would do and was a convert at once. It really has no relation to
+Lamarckism, and leaves the non-heredity of acquired characters exactly
+where it was.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The next letter relates to the great controversy then being carried on
+with respect to Weismann's doctrine of the non-inheritance of "acquired"
+characters, which doctrine implied complete rejection of the last trace
+of Lamarckism from Darwinian evolution. Wallace ultimately accepted the
+Weismannian teaching. Darwin had no opportunity during his lifetime of
+considering this question, which was raised later in an acute form by
+Weismann.
+
+
+TO PROF. MELDOLA
+
+
+_Parkstane, Dorset. January 6, 1897._
+
+My dear Meldola,--The passage to which you refer in the "Origin" (top of
+p. 6) shows Darwin's firm belief in the "heredity of acquired
+variations," and also in the importance of definite variations, that is,
+"sports," though elsewhere he almost gives these up in favour of
+indefinite variations; and this last is now the view of all Darwinians,
+and even of many Lamarckians. I therefore always now assume this as
+admitted. Weismann's view as to "possible variations" and "impossible
+variations" on p. 1 of "Germinal Selection" is misleading, because it
+can only refer to "sports" or to "cumulative results," not to
+"individual variations" such as are the material Natural Selection acts
+on. Variation, as I understand it, can only be a slight modification in
+the offspring of that which exists in the parent. The question whether
+pigs could possibly develop wings is absurd, and altogether beside the
+question, which is, solely, so far as direct evidence goes, as to the
+means by which the change from one species to another closely allied
+species has been brought about. Those who want to begin by discussing
+the causes of change from a dog to a seal, or from a cow to a whale, are
+not worth arguing with, as they evidently do not comprehend the A, B, C
+of the theory.
+
+Darwin's ineradicable acceptance of the theory of heredity of the
+effects of climate, use and disuse, food, etc., on the individual led to
+much obscurity and fallacy in his arguments, here and there.--Yours very
+sincerely,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON _Parkstone, Dorset. February 14, 1897._
+
+My dear Poulton,--Thanks for copy of your British Association
+Address,[28] which I did not read in _Nature_, being very busy just
+then. I have now read it with much pleasure, and think it a very useful
+and excellent discussion that was much needed. There is, however, one
+important error, I think, which vitiates a vital part of the argument,
+and which renders it possible so to reduce the time indicated by geology
+as to render the accordance of Geology and Physics more easy to effect.
+The error I allude to was made by Sir A. Geikie in his Presidential
+Address[29] which you quote. Immediately it appeared I wrote to him
+pointing it out, but he merely acknowledged my letter, saying he would
+consider it. To me it seems a most palpable and extraordinary blunder.
+The error consists in taking the rate of deposition as the same as the
+rate of denudation, whereas it is about twenty times as great, perhaps
+much more--because the area of deposition is at least twenty times less
+than that of denudation. In order to equal the area of denudation, it
+would require that _every_ bed of _every_ formation should have once
+extended over the _whole area_ of all the land of the globe! The
+deposition in narrow belts along coasts of all the matter brought down
+by rivers, as proved by the _Challenger_, leads to the same result. In
+my "Island Life," 2nd Edit., pp. 221-225, I have discussed this whole
+matter, and on reading it again I can find no fallacy in it. I have,
+however, I believe, overestimated the time required for deposition,
+which I believe would be more nearly one-fortieth than one-twentieth
+that of mean denudation; because there is, I believe, also a great
+overestimate of the maximum of deposition, because it is partly made up
+of beds which may have been deposited simultaneously. Also the maximum
+thickness is probably double the mean thickness.
+
+The mean rate of denudation, both for European rivers and for all the
+rivers that have been measured, is a foot in three million years, which
+is the figure that should be taken in calculations.--Believe me yours
+very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. MELDOLA
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. April 27, 1897._
+
+My dear Meldola,--  ... I thought Romanes' article in reply to Spencer
+was very well written and wonderfully clear for him, and I agree with
+most of it, except his high estimate of Spencer's co-adaptation
+argument. It is quite true that Spencer's biology rests entirely on
+Lamarckism, so far as heredity of acquired characters goes. I have been
+reading Weismann's last book, "The Germ Plasm." It is a wonderful
+attempt to solve the most complex of all problems, and is almost
+unreadable without some practical acquaintance with germs and their
+development.--Believe me yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. June 13, 1897._
+
+My dear Poulton,--  ... The rate of deposition might be modified in an
+archipelago, but would not necessarily be less than now, on the
+_average_. On the ocean side it might be slow, but wherever there were
+comparatively narrow straits between the islands it might be even faster
+than now, because the area of deposition would be strictly limited. In
+the seas between Java and Borneo and between Borneo and Celebes the
+deposition _may be_ above the average. Again, during the development of
+continents there were evidently extensive mountain ridges and masses
+with landlocked seas, or inland lakes, and in all these deposition would
+be rapid. Anyhow, the fact remains that there is no necessary equality
+between rates of denudation and deposition (in thickness) as Geikie has
+_assumed_.
+
+I was delighted with your account of Prichard's wonderful anticipation
+of Galton and Weismann! It is so perfect and complete.... It is most
+remarkable that such a complete statement of the theory and such a
+thorough appreciation of its effects and bearing should have been so
+long overlooked. I read Prichard when I was very young, and have never
+seen the book since. His facts and arguments are really useful ones, and
+I should think Weismann must be delighted to have such a supporter come
+from the grave. His view as to the supposed transmission of disease is
+quite that of Archdall Reid's recent book. He was equally clear as to
+Selection, and had he been a _zoologist_ and _traveller_ he might have
+anticipated the work of both Darwin and Weismann!
+
+To bring out such a book as his "Researches" when only twenty-seven, and
+a practising physician, shows what a remarkable man he was.--Believe me
+yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. MELDOLA
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. July 8, 1897._
+
+My dear Meldola,--  ... I am now reading a wonderfully interesting
+book--O. Fisher's "Physics of the Earth's Crust." It is really a grand
+book, and, though full of unintelligible mathematics, is so clearly
+explained and so full of good reasoning on all the aspects of this most
+difficult question that it is a pleasure to read it. It was especially a
+pleasure to me because I had just been writing an article on the
+Permanence of the Oceanic Basins, at the request of the Editor of
+_Natural Science_, who told me I was not orthodox on the point. But I
+find that Fisher supports the same view with very great force, and it
+strikes me that if weight of argument and number of capable supporters
+create orthodoxy in science, it is the other side who are not orthodox.
+I have some fresh arguments, and I was delighted to be able to quote
+Fisher. It seems almost demonstrated now that Sir W. Thomson was wrong,
+and that the earth _has_ a molten interior and a very thin crust, and in
+no other way can the phenomena of geology be explained....--Yours very
+truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO SIR OLIVER LODGE
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. March 8, 1898._
+
+My dear Sir,--My own opinion has long been--and I have many times given
+reasons for it--that there is always an ample amount of variation in all
+directions to allow any useful modification to be produced, very
+rapidly, as compared with the rate of those secular changes (climate and
+geography) which necessitate adaptation; hence no guidance of variation
+in certain lines is necessary. For proof of this I would ask you to look
+at the diagrams in Chapter III. of my "Darwinism," reading the
+explanation in the text. The proof of such constant indefinite
+variability has been much increased of late years, and if you consider
+that instead of tens or hundreds of individuals, Nature has as many
+thousands or millions to be selected from, every year or two, it will be
+clear that the materials for adaptation are ample.
+
+Again, I believe that the time, even as limited by Lord Kelvin's
+calculations, is ample, for reasons given in Chapter X., "On the Earth's
+Age," in my "Island Life," and summed up on p. 236. I therefore consider
+the difficulty set forth on p. 2 of the leaflet you send is not a real
+one. To my mind, the development of plants and animals from low forms of
+each is fully explained by the variability proved to exist, with the
+actual rapid multiplication and Natural Selection. For this no other
+intellectual agency is required. The problem is to account for the
+infinitely complex constitution of the material world and its forces
+which rendered living organisms possible; then, the introduction of
+consciousness or sensation, which alone rendered the animal world
+possible; lastly, the presence in man of capacities and moral ideas and
+aspirations which could not conceivably be produced by variation and
+Natural Selection. This is stated at p. 473-8 of my "Darwinism," and is
+also referred to in the article I enclose (at p. 443) and which you need
+not return.
+
+The subject is so large and complex that it is not to be wondered so
+many people still maintain the insufficiency of Natural Selection,
+without having really mastered the facts. I could not, therefore, answer
+your question without going into some detail and giving references....
+--Believe me yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. H.N. RIDLEY
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. October 3, 1898._
+
+My dear Mr. Ridley,--  ... We are much interested now about De Rougemont,
+and I dare say you have seen his story in the _Wide World Magazine_,
+while in the _Daily Chronicle_ there have been letters, interviews and
+discussions without end. A few people, who think they know everything,
+treat him as an impostor; but unfortunately they themselves contradict
+each other, and so far are proved to be wrong more often than De
+Rougemont. I firmly believe that his story is substantially true--making
+allowance for his being a foreigner who learnt one system of measures,
+then lived thirty years among savages, and afterwards had to reproduce
+all his knowledge in English and Australian idioms. As an intelligent
+writer in the _Saturday Review_ says, putting aside the sensational
+illustrations there is absolutely nothing in his story but what is quite
+_possible_ and even _probable_. He must have reached Singapore the year
+after I returned home, and I dare say there are people there who
+remember Jensen, the owner of the schooner _Veilland_, with whom he
+sailed on his disastrous pearl-fishing expedition. Jensen is said now to
+be in British New Guinea, and has often spoken of his lost cargo of
+pearls. ---- and ----, of the Royal Geographical Society, state that
+they are convinced of the substantial truth of the main outlines of his
+story, and after three interviews and innumerable questions are
+satisfied of his _bona fides_--and so am I.--With best wishes, believe
+me to be yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. SAMUEL WADDINGTON TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_7 Whitehall Gardens, London, S.W. February 19, 1901._
+
+Dear Sir,--I trust you will forgive a stranger troubling you with a
+letter, but a friend has asked me whether, as a matter of fact, Darwin
+held that _all_ living creatures descended from one and the same
+ancestor, and that the pedigree of a humming-bird and that of a
+hippopotamus would meet if traced far enough back. Can you tell me
+whether Darwin did teach this?
+
+I should have thought that as life was developed once, it probably could
+and would be developed many times in different places, as month after
+month, and year after year went by; and that, from the very first, it
+probably took many different forms and characters, in the same way as
+crystals take different forms and shapes, even when composed of the same
+substance. From these many developments of "life" would descend as many
+separate lines of evolution, one ending in the humming-bird, another in
+the hippopotamus, a third in the kangaroo, etc., and their pedigrees
+(however far back they might be traced) would not join until they
+reached some primitive form of protoplasm,--Yours faithfully,
+
+SAMUEL WADDINGTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. SAMUEL WADDINGTON
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. February 23, 1901._
+
+Dear Sir,--Darwin believed that all living things originated from "a few
+forms or from one"--as stated in the last sentence of his "Origin of
+Species." But privately I am sure he believed in the _one_ origin. Of
+course there is a possibility that there were several distinct origins
+from inorganic matter, but that is very improbable, because in that case
+we should expect to find some difference in the earliest forms of the
+germs of life. But there is no such difference, the primitive germ-cells
+of man, fish or oyster being almost indistinguishable, formed of
+identical matter and going through identical primitive changes.
+
+As to the humming-bird and hippopotamus, there is no doubt whatever of a
+common origin--if evolution is accepted at all; since both are
+vertebrates--a very high type of organism whose ancestral forms can be
+traced back to a simple type much earlier than the common origin of
+mammals, birds and reptiles.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO SIR FRANCIS DARWIN
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. July 3, 1901._
+
+Dear Mr. Darwin,--Thanks for the letter returned. I _do_ hold the
+opinion expressed in the last sentence of the article you refer to, and
+have reprinted it in my volume of Studies, etc. But the stress must be
+laid on the word _proof_. I intended it to enforce the somewhat similar
+opinion of your father, in the "Origin" (p. 424, 6th Edit.), where he
+says, "Analogy may be a deceitful guide." But I really do not go so far
+as he did. For he maintained that there was not any proof that the
+several great classes or kingdoms were descended from common ancestors.
+
+I maintain, on the contrary, that all without exception are now proved
+to have originated by "descent with modification," but that there is no
+proof, and no necessity, that the very same causes which have been
+sufficient to produce all the species of a genus or Order were those
+which initiated and developed the greater differences. At the same time
+I do _not_ say they were not sufficient. I merely urge that there is a
+difference between proof and probability.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. August 5, 1904._
+
+My dear Poulton,--  ... What a miserable abortion of a theory is
+"Mutation," which the Americans now seem to be taking up in place of
+Lamarckism, "superseded." Anything rather than Darwinism! I am glad Dr.
+F.A. Dixey shows it up so well in this week's _Nature_,[30] but too
+mildly!--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. April 3, 1905._
+
+My dear Poulton,--Many thanks for copy of your Address,[31] which I have
+read with great pleasure and will forward to Birch next mail. You have,
+I think, produced a splendid and unanswerable set of facts proving the
+non-heredity of acquired characters. I was particularly pleased with the
+portion on "instincts," in which the argument is especially clear and
+strong. I am afraid, however, the whole subject is above and beyond the
+average "entomologist" or insect collector, but it will be of great
+value to all students of evolution. It is curious how few even of the
+more acute minds take the trouble to reason out carefully the teaching
+of certain facts--as in the case of Romanes and the "variable
+protection," and as I showed also in the case of Mivart (and also
+Romanes and Gulick) declaring that isolation alone, without Natural
+Selection, could produce perfect and well-defined species (see _Nature_,
+Jan. 12, 1899).... --Yours faithfully,
+
+A.R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO SIR FRANCIS DARWIN
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. October 29, 1905._
+
+Dear Mr. Darwin,--I return you the two articles on "Mutation" with many
+thanks. As they are both supporters of de Vries, I suppose they put his
+case as strongly as possible. Professor Hubrecht's paper is by far the
+clearest and the best written, and he says distinctly that de Vries
+claims that all new species have been produced by mutations, and none by
+"fluctuating variations." Professor Hubrecht supports this and says that
+de Vries has proved it! And all this founded upon a few "sports" from
+one species of plant, itself of doubtful origin (variety or hybrid), and
+offering phenomena in no way different from scores of other cultivated
+plants. Never, I should think, has such a vast hypothetical structure
+been erected on so flimsy a basis!
+
+The boldness of his statements is amazing, as when he declares (as if it
+were a fact of observation) that fluctuating variability, though he
+admits it as the origin of all domestic animals and plants, yet "never
+leads to the formation of species"! (Hubrecht, p. 216.) There is one
+point where he so grossly misinterprets your father that I think you or
+some other botanist should point it out. De Vries is said to quote from
+"Life and Letters," II., p. 83, where Darwin refers to "chance
+variations"--explained three lines on as "the slight differences
+selected by which a race or species is at length formed." Yet de Vries
+and Hubrecht claim that by "chance variations" Darwin meant "sports" or
+"mutations," and therefore agrees with de Vries, while both omit to
+refer to the many passages in which, later, he gave less and less weight
+to what he termed "single large variations"--the same as de Vries'
+"mutations"!--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO SIR JOSEPH HOOKER
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. November 10, 1905._
+
+My dear Sir Joseph,--I am writing to apologise for a great oversight.
+When I sent my publishers a list of persons who had contributed to "My
+Life" in various ways, your name, which should have been _first_, was
+strangely omitted, and the omission was only recalled to me yesterday by
+reading your letters to Bates in Clodd's edition of his Amazon book,
+which I have just purchased. I now send you a copy by parcel-post, in
+the hope that you will excuse the omission to send it sooner.
+
+Now for a more interesting subject, I was extremely pleased and even
+greatly surprised, in reading your letters to Bates, to find that at
+that early period (1862) you were already strongly convinced of three
+facts which are absolutely essential to a comprehension of the method of
+organic evolution, but which many writers, even now, almost wholly
+ignore. They are (1) the universality and large amount of normal
+variability, (2) the extreme rigour of Natural Selection, and (3) that
+there is no adequate evidence for, and very much against, the
+inheritance of acquired characters.
+
+It was only some years later, when I began to write on the subject and
+had to think out the exact mode of action of Natural Selection, that I
+myself arrived at (1) and (2), and have ever since dwelt upon them--in
+season and out of season, as many will think--as being absolutely
+essential to a comprehension of organic evolution. The third I did not
+realise till I read Weismann, I have never seen the sufficiency of
+normal variability for the modification of species more strongly or
+better put than in your letters to Bates. Darwin himself never realised
+it, and consequently played into the hands of the "discontinuous
+variation" and "mutation" men, by so continually saying "_if_ they
+vary"--"without variation Natural Selection can do nothing," etc.
+
+Your argument that variations are not caused by change of environment is
+equally forcible and convincing. Has anybody answered de Vries yet?
+
+F. Darwin lent me Prof. Hubrecht's review from the _Popular Science
+Monthly_, in which he claims that de Vries has proved that new species
+have always been produced from "mutations," never through normal
+variability, and that Darwin latterly agreed with him! This is to me
+amazing! The Americans too accept de Vries as a second Darwin!--Yours
+very sincerely,
+
+ALFRED E. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR J. HOOKER TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_The Camp, Sunningdale. November 12, 1905._
+
+My dear Wallace,--My return from a short holiday at Sidmouth last
+Thursday was greeted by your kind and welcome letter and copy of your
+"Life." The latter was, I assure you, never expected, knowing as I do
+the demand for free copies that such a work inflicts on the writer. In
+fact I had put it down as one of the annual Christmas gifts of books
+that I receive from my own family. Coming, as it thus did, quite
+unexpectedly, it is doubly welcome, and I do heartily thank you for this
+proof of your greatly valued friendship. It will prove to be one of four
+works of greatest interest to me of any published since Darwin's
+"Origin," the others being Waddell's "Lhasa," Scott's "Antarctic
+Voyage," and Mill's "Siege of the South Pole."
+
+I have not seen Clodd's edition of Bates's "Amazon," which I have put
+down as to be got, and I had no idea that I should have appeared in it.
+Your citation of my letters and their contents are like dreams to me;
+but to tell you the truth, I am getting dull of memory as well as of
+hearing, and what is worse, in reading: what goes in at one eye goes out
+at the other. So I am getting to realise Darwin's consolation of old
+age, that it absolves me from being expected to know, remember, or
+reason upon new facts and discoveries. And this must apply to your query
+as to anyone having as yet answered de Vries. I cannot remember having
+seen any answer; only criticisms of a discontinuous sort. I cannot for a
+moment entertain the idea that Darwin ever assented to the proposition
+that new species have always been produced from mutation and never
+through normal variability. Possibly there is some quibble on the
+definition of mutation or of variation. The Americans are prone to
+believe any new things, witness their swallowing the thornless cactus
+produced by that man in California--I forget his name--which Kew exposed
+by asking for specimens to exhibit in the Cactus House....--I am, my
+dear Wallace, sincerely yours,
+
+JOS. D. HOOKER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. E. SMEDLEY
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. January 31, 1906._
+
+Dear Mr. Smedley,--I have read Oliver Lodge's book in answer to Haeckel,
+but I do not think it very well done or at all clearly written or well
+argued. A book[32] has been sent me, however, which is a masterpiece of
+clearness and sound reasoning on such difficult questions, and is a far
+more crushing reply to Haeckel than O. Lodge's. I therefore send you a
+copy, and feel sure you will enjoy it. It is a stiff piece of reasoning,
+and wants close attention and careful thought, but I think you will be
+able to appreciate it. In my opinion it comes as near to an intelligible
+solution of these great problems of the Universe as we are likely to
+get while on earth. It is a book to read and think over, and read again.
+It is a masterpiece....--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. July 27, 1907._
+
+My dear Poulton,--Thanks for your very interesting letter. I am glad to
+hear you have a new book on "Evolution"[33] nearly ready and that in it
+you will do something to expose the fallacies of the Mutationists and
+Mendelians, who pose before the world as having got _all_ wisdom, before
+which we poor Darwinians must hide our diminished heads!
+
+Wishing to know the best that could be said for these latter-day
+anti-Darwinians, I have just been reading Lock's book on "Variation,
+Heredity, and Evolution." In the early part of his book he gives a
+tolerably fair account of Natural Selection, etc. But he gradually turns
+to Mendelism as the "one thing needful"--stating that there can be "no
+sort of doubt" that Mendel's paper is the "most important" contribution
+of its size ever made to biological science!
+
+"Mutation," as a theory, is absolutely nothing new--only the assertion
+that new species originate _always_ in sports, for which the evidence
+adduced is the most meagre and inconclusive of any ever set forth with
+such pretentious claims! I hope you will thoroughly expose this absurd
+claim.
+
+Mendelism is something new, and within its very limited range,
+important, as leading to conceptions as to the causes and laws of
+heredity, but only misleading when adduced as the true origin of species
+in nature, as to which it seems to me to have no part.--Yours very
+truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. November 26, 1907._
+
+My dear Poulton,--Many thanks for letting me see the proofs.[34]  ... The
+whole reads very clearly, and I am delighted with the way you expose the
+Mendelian and Mutational absurd claims. That ought to really open the
+eyes of the newspaper men to the fact that Natural Selection and
+Darwinism are not only holding their ground but are becoming more firmly
+established than ever by every fresh research into the ways and workings
+of living nature. I shall look forward to great pleasure in reading the
+whole book. I was greatly pleased with Archdall Reid's view of Mendelism
+in _Nature_.[35] He is a very clear and original thinker.
+
+I see in Essay X. you use in the title the term "defensive coloration."
+Why this instead of the usual "protective"? Surely the whole function of
+such colours and markings is to protect from attack--not to defend when
+attacked. The latter is the function of stings, spines and hard coats. I
+only mention this because using different terms may lead to some
+misconception.
+
+Your illustration of mutation by throwing colours on a screen, and the
+argument founded on it, I liked much. That reminds me that H. Spencer's
+argument for inheritance of acquired variations--that co-ordination of
+many parts at once, required for adaptations, would be impossible by
+chance variations of those parts--applies with a hundredfold force to
+mutations, which are admittedly so much less frequent both in their
+numbers and the repetitions of them.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. December 18, 1907._
+
+My dear Poulton,--The importance of Mendelism to Evolution seems to me
+to be something of the same kind, but very much less in degree and
+importance, as Galton's fine discovery of the law of the average share
+each parent has in the characters of the child--one quarter, the four
+grandparents each one-sixteenth, and so on. That illuminates the whole
+problem of heredity, combined with individual diversity, in a way
+nothing else does. I almost wish you could introduce that!--Yours very
+truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO DR. ARCHDALL REID
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. January 19, 1908._
+
+Dear Sir,--  ... I was much pleased the other day to read, in a review of
+Mr. T. Rice Holmes's fine work on "Ancient Britain and the Invasions of
+Julius Caesar," that the author has arrived by purely historical study at
+the conclusion that we have not risen morally above our primitive
+ancestors. It is a curious and important coincidence.
+
+I myself got the germ of the idea many years ago, from a very acute
+thinker, Mr. Albert Mott, who gave some very original and thoughtful
+addresses as President of the Liverpool Philosophical Society, one of
+which dealt with the question of savages being often, perhaps always,
+the descendants of more civilised races, and therefore affording no
+proof of progression. At that time (about 1860-70) I could not accept
+the view, but I have now come to think he was right.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. November 2, 1908._
+
+My dear Poulton,--  ... You may perhaps have heard that I have been
+invited by the Royal Institution (through Sir W. Crookes) to give them a
+lecture on the jubilee of the "Origin of Species" in January, After some
+consideration I accepted, because I _think_ I can give a broad and
+general view of Darwinism, that will finally squash up the Mutationists
+and Mendelians, and be both generally intelligible and interesting. So
+far as I know this has never yet been done, and the Royal Institution
+audience is just the intelligent and non-specialist one I shall be glad
+to give it to if I can.
+
+I have been very poorly the last three weeks, but am now recovering my
+health and strength slowly. It will take me all my time the next two
+months to get this ready, and now I must write a letter in reply to the
+absurd and gross misrepresentation of Prof. Hubrecht, as to
+imaginary differences between Darwin and myself, in the last
+_Contemporary_!--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The next letter relates to Wallace's Friday evening Discourse at the
+Royal Institution. His friends were afraid whether his voice could be
+sustained throughout the hour--fears which were abundantly dispelled by
+the actual performance. This was his last public lecture.
+
+
+TO PROF. MELDOLA
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. December 20, 1908._
+
+My dear Meldola,--Thanks for your kind offer to read for me if
+necessary. But when Sir Wm. Crookes first wrote to me about it, he
+offered to read all, or any parts of the lecture, if my voice did not
+hold out. I am very much afraid I cannot stand the strain of speaking
+beyond my natural tone for an hour, or even for half that time--but I
+may be able to do the opening and conclusion....
+
+I am glad that you see, as I do, the utter futility of the claims of the
+Mutationists. I may just mention them in the lecture, but I hope I have
+put the subject in such a way that even "the meanest capacity" will
+suffice to see the absurdity of their claims.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. January 26, 1909._
+
+My dear Poulton,--I had a delightful two hours at the Museum on Saturday
+morning, as Mr. Rothschild brought from Tring several of his
+glass-bottomed drawers with his finest new New Guinea butterflies. They
+_were_ a treat! I never saw anything more lovely and interesting!...
+
+As to your very kind and pressing invitation,[36] I am sorry to be
+obliged to decline it. I cannot remain more than one day or night away
+from home, without considerable discomfort, and all the attractions of
+your celebration are, to me, repulsions....
+
+My lecture, even as it will be published in the _Fortnightly_, will be
+far too short for exposition of all the points I wish to discuss, and I
+hope to occupy myself during this year in saying all I want to say in a
+book (of a wider scope) which is already arranged for. One of the great
+points, which I just touched on in the lecture, is to show that all that
+is usually considered the waste of Nature--the enormous number produced
+in proportion to the few that survive--was absolutely essential in order
+to secure the variety and continuity of life through all the ages, and
+especially of that one line of descent which culminated in man. That, I
+think, is a subject no one has yet dealt with.--Yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. March 1, 1909._
+
+Dear Poulton,--  ... I am glad that Lankester has replied to the almost
+disgraceful Centenary article in the _Times_. But it is an illustration
+of the widespread mischief the Mutationists, etc., are doing. I have no
+doubt, however, it will all come right in the end, though the end may be
+far off, and in the meantime we must simply go on, and show, at every
+opportunity, that Darwinism actually does explain the whole fields of
+phenomena that they do not even attempt to deal with, or even
+approach....--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MRS. FISHER
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. March 6, 1909._
+
+Dear Mrs. Fisher,--  ... Another point I am becoming more and more
+impressed with is, a teleology of fundamental laws and forces rendering
+development of the infinity of life-forms possible (and certain) in
+place of the old teleology applied to the production of each species.
+Such are the case of feathers reproduced annually, which I gave at end
+of lecture, and the still more marvellous fact of the caterpillar, often
+in two or three weeks of chrysalis life, having its whole internal,
+muscular, nervous, locomotive and alimentary organs decomposed and
+recomposed into a totally different being--an absolute miracle if ever
+there is one, quite as wonderful as would be the production of a complex
+marine organism out of a mass of protoplasm. Yet, because there has
+been continuity, the difficulty is slurred over or thought to be
+explained!--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. June 22, 1909._
+
+Dear Sir William,--On Saturday, to my great pleasure, I received a copy
+of the Darwin Commemoration volume. I at once began reading your most
+excellent paper on the Geographical Distribution of Plants. It is
+intensely interesting to me, both because it so clearly brings out
+Darwin's views and so judiciously expounds his arguments--even when you
+intimate a difference of opinion--but especially because you bring out
+so clearly and strongly his views on the general permanence of
+continents and oceans, which to-day, as much as ever, wants insisting
+upon. I may just mention here that none of the people who still insist
+on former continents where now are deep oceans have ever dealt with the
+almost physical impossibility of such a change having occurred without
+breaking the continuity of terrestrial life, owing to the mean depth of
+the ocean being at least six times the mean height of the land, and its
+area nearly three times, so that the whole mass of the land of the
+existing continents would be required to build up even _one small_
+continent in the depths of the Atlantic or Pacific! I have demonstrated
+this, with a diagram, in my "Darwinism" (Chap, XII.), and it has never
+been either refuted or noticed, but passed by as if it did not exist!
+Your whole discussion of Dispersal and Distribution is also admirable,
+and I was much interested with your quotations from Guppy, whose book I
+have not seen, but must read.
+
+Most valuable to me also are your numerous references to Darwin's
+letters, so that the article serves as a compendious index to the five
+volumes, as regards this subject.
+
+Especially admirable is the way in which you have always kept Darwin
+before us as the centre of the whole discussion, while at the same time
+fairly stating the sometimes adverse views of those who differ from him
+on certain points....--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_The Ferns, Witcombe, Gloucester. June 25, 1909._
+
+Dear Dr. Wallace,--It is difficult for me to tell you how gratified I am
+by your extraordinarily kind letter.... The truth is that success was
+easy. It has been my immense good fortune to know most of those who
+played in the drama. The story simply wanted a straightforward
+amanuensis to tell itself. But it is a real pleasure to me to know that
+I have met with some measure of success.
+
+There are many essays in the book that you will not like any more than I
+do. The secret of this lies in the fact, which you pointed out in your
+memorable speech at the Linnean Celebration, that no one but a
+naturalist can really understand Darwin.
+
+I did not go to Cambridge--I had my hands full here. I was not sorry for
+the excuse. There seemed to me a note of insincerity about the whole
+business. I am short-tempered. I cannot stand being told that the origin
+of species has still to be discovered, and that specific differences
+have no "reality" (Bateson's Essay, p. 89). People are of course at
+liberty to hold such opinions, but decency might have presented another
+occasion for ventilating them.--Yours sincerely,
+
+W.T. THISELTON-DYER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_The Ferns, Witcombe, Gloucester. July 11, 1909._
+
+Dear Mr. Wallace,--  ... I have just got F. Darwin's "Foundations." He
+tries to make out that his father could have dispensed with Malthus. But
+the selection death-rate in a slightly varying large population is _the_
+pith of the whole business. The Darwin-Wallace theory is, as you say,
+"the continuous adjustment of the organic to the inorganic world." It is
+what mathematicians call "a moving equilibrium." In fact, I have always
+maintained that it is a mathematical conception.
+
+It seemed to me there was a touch of insincerity about the whole
+celebration,[37] as the younger Cambridge School as a whole do not even
+begin to understand the theory.... I take it that the reason is, as you
+pointed out, that none of them are naturalists.--Yours sincerely,
+
+W.T. THISELTON-DYER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO DR. ARCHDALL REID
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. December 28, 1909._
+
+Dear Dr. Archdall Reid,--Many thanks for your very interesting and
+complimentary letter. I am very glad to hear of your new book, which I
+doubt not will be very interesting and instructive. The subjects you
+treat are, however, so very complex, and require so much accurate
+knowledge of the facts, and so much sound reasoning upon them, that I
+cannot possibly undertake the labour and thought required before I
+should feel justified in expressing an opinion upon your treatment of
+them....
+
+I rejoice to hear that you have exposed the fallacy of the claims of the
+Mendelians. I have also tried to do so, but I find it quite impossible
+for me to follow their detailed studies and arguments. It wants a
+mathematical mind, which I have not.
+
+But on the general relation of Mendelism to Evolution I have come to a
+very definite conclusion. This is, that it has no relation whatever to
+the evolution of species or higher groups, but is really antagonistic to
+such evolution! The essential basis of evolution, involving as it does
+the most minute and all-pervading adaptation to the whole environment,
+is extreme and ever-present plasticity, as a condition of survival and
+adaptation. But the essence of Mendelian characters is their rigidity.
+They are transmitted without variation, and therefore, except by the
+rarest of accidents, can never become adapted to ever-varying
+conditions. Moreover, when crossed they reproduce the same pair of types
+in the same proportions as at first, and therefore without selection;
+they are antagonistic to evolution by continually reproducing injurious
+or useless characters--which is the reason they are so rarely found in
+nature, but are mostly artificial breeds or sports. My view is,
+therefore, that Mendelian characters are of the nature of abnormalities
+or monstrosities, and that the "Mendelian laws" serve the purpose of
+eliminating them when, as usually, they are not useful, and thus
+preventing them from interfering with the normal process of natural
+selection and adaptation of the more plastic races. I am also glad to
+hear of your new argument for non-inheritance of acquired
+characters.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne, February 8, 1911._
+
+Dear Sir W. Thiselton-Dyer,--I thank you very much for taking so much
+trouble as you have done in writing your views of my new book.[38] I am
+glad to find that you agree with much of what I have said in the more
+evolutionary part of it, and that you differ only on some of my
+suggested interpretations of the facts. I have always felt the
+disadvantage I have been under--more especially during the last twenty
+years--in having not a single good biologist anywhere near me, with whom
+I could discuss matters of theory or obtain information as to matters of
+fact. I am therefore the more pleased that you do not seem to have come
+across any serious misstatements in the botanical portions, as to which
+I have had to trust entirely to second-hand information, often obtained
+through a long and varied correspondence.
+
+As to your disagreement from me in the conclusions arrived at and
+strenuously advocated in the latter portions of my work, I am not
+surprised. I am afraid, now, that I have not expressed myself
+sufficiently clearly as to the fundamental phenomena which seem to me
+absolutely to necessitate a guiding mind and organising power. Hardly
+one of my critics (I think absolutely not one) has noticed the
+distinction I have tried and intended to draw between Evolution on the
+one hand, and the fundamental powers and properties of Life--growth,
+assimilation, reproduction, heredity, etc.--on the other. In Evolution I
+recognise the action of Natural Selection as universal and capable of
+explaining all the facts of the continuous development of species from
+species, "from amoeba to man." But this, as Darwin, Weismann, Kerner,
+Lloyd-Morgan, and even Huxley have seen, has nothing whatever to do with
+the basic mysteries of life--growth, etc. etc. The chemists think they
+have done wonders when they have produced in their laboratories certain
+organic substances--always by the use of other organic products--which
+life builds up within each organism, and from the few simple elements
+available in air, earth, and water, innumerable structures--bone, horn,
+hair, skin, blood, muscle, etc. etc.; and these are not amorphous--mere
+lumps of dead matter--but organised to serve certain definite purposes
+in each living organism. I have dwelt on this in my chapter on "The
+Mystery of the Cell." Now I have been unable to find any attempt by any
+biologist or physiologist to grapple with this problem. One and all,
+they shirk it, or simply state it to be insoluble. It is here that I
+state guidance and organising power are essential. My little
+physiological parable or allegory (p. 296) I think sets forth the
+difficulty fairly, though by no means adequately, yet not one of about
+fifty reviews I have read even mentions it.
+
+If you know of any writer of sufficient knowledge and mental power, who
+has fully recognised and fairly grappled with this fundamental problem,
+I should be very glad to be referred to him. I have been able to find no
+approach to it. Yet I am at once howled at, or sneered at, for pointing
+out the facts that such problems exist, that they are not in any way
+touched by Evolution, but are far before it, and the forces, laws and
+agencies involved are those of existences possessed of powers, mental
+and physical, far beyond those mere mechanical, physical, or chemical
+forces we see at work in nature....--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_The Ferns, Witcombe, Gloucester. February 12, 1911._
+
+Dear Mr. Wallace,--  ... You must let me correct you on one technical
+point in your letter. It is no longer possible to say that chemists
+effect the synthesis of organic products "by the use of other organic
+substances." From what has been already effected, it cannot be doubted
+that eventually every organic substance will be built up from "the few
+simple elements available in air, earth and water." I think you may take
+it from me that this does not admit of dispute....
+
+At any rate we are in agreement as to Natural Selection being capable of
+explaining evolution "from amoeba to man."
+
+It is generally admitted that that is a mechanical or scientific
+explanation. That is to say, it invokes nothing but intelligible actions
+and causes.
+
+De Vries, however, asserts that the Darwinian theory is _not_ scientific
+at all, and that is of course a position he has a right to take up.
+
+But if we admit that it is scientific, then we are precluded from
+admitting a "directive power."
+
+This was von Baer's position, also that of Kant and of Weismann.
+
+But von Baer remarks that the naturalist is not precluded from asking
+"whether the _totality_ of details leads him to a general and final
+basis of intentional design." I have no objection to this, and offer it
+as an olive-branch which you can throw to your howling and sneering
+critics.
+
+As to "structures organised to serve certain definite purposes," surely
+they offer no more difficulty as regards "scientific" explanation than
+the apparatus by which an orchid is fertilised.
+
+We can work back to the amoeba to find ourselves face to face with a
+scarcely organised mass of protoplasm. And then we find ourselves face
+to face with a problem which will, perhaps, for ever remain insoluble
+scientifically. But as for that, so is the primeval material of which it
+(protoplasm) is composed. "Matter" itself is evaporating, for it is
+being resolved by physical research into something which is intangible.
+
+We cannot form the slightest idea how protoplasm came into existence.
+It is impossible to regard it as a mere substance. It is a mechanism.
+Although the chemist may hope to make eventually all the substances
+which protoplasm fabricates, and will probably do so, he can only build
+them up by the most complicated processes. Protoplasm appears to be able
+to manufacture them straight off in a way of which the chemist cannot
+form the slightest conception. This is one aspect of the mystery of
+_life_. Herbert Spencer's definition tells one nothing.
+
+Science can only explain nature as it reveals itself to the senses in
+terms of consciousness. The explanation may be all wrong in the eyes of
+omniscience. All one can say is that it is a practical working basis,
+and is good enough for mundane purposes. But if I am asked if I can
+solve the riddle of the Universe I can only answer, No. Brunetiere then
+retorts that science is bankrupt. But this is equivocal. It only means
+that it cannot meet demands beyond its power to satisfy.
+
+I entirely sympathise with anyone who seeks an answer from some other
+non-scientific source. But I keep scientific explanations and spiritual
+craving wholly distinct.
+
+The whole point of evolution, as formulated by Lyell and Darwin, is to
+explain phenomena by known causes. Now, directive power is not a known
+cause. Determinism compels me to believe that every event is inevitable.
+If we admit a directive power, the order of nature becomes capricious
+and unintelligible. Excuse my saying all this. But that is the dilemma
+as it presents itself to _my_ mind. If it does not trouble other people,
+I can only say, so much the better for them. Briefly, I am afraid I must
+say that it is ultra-scientific. I think that would have been pretty
+much Darwin's view.
+
+I do not think that it is quite fair to say that biologists shirk the
+problem. In my opinion they are not called upon to face it. Bastian, I
+suppose, believed that he had bridged the gulf between lifeless and
+living matter. And here is a man, of whom I know nothing, who has
+apparently got the whole thing cut and dried.--Yours sincerely,
+
+W.T. THISELTON-DYER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. May 28, 1912._
+
+My dear Poulton,--Thanks for your paper on Darwin and Bergson.[39] I
+have read nothing of Bergson's, and although he evidently has much in
+common with my own views, yet all vague ideas--like "an internal
+development force"--seem to me of no real value as an explanation of
+Nature.
+
+I claim to have shown the necessity of an ever-present Mind as the
+primal cause both of all physical and biological evolution. This Mind
+works by and through the primal forces of nature--by means of Natural
+Selection in the world of life; and I do not think I could read a book
+which rejects this method in favour of a vague "law of sympathy." He
+might as well reject gravitation, electrical repulsion, etc. etc., as
+explaining the motions of cosmical bodies....--Yours very truly, ALFRED
+R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. BEN R. MILLER
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset, January 18, 1913._
+
+Dear Sir,--Thanks for your kind congratulations, and for the small
+pamphlet[40] you have sent me. I have read it with much interest, as the
+writer was evidently a man of thought and talent. The first lecture
+certainly gives an approach to Darwin's theory, perhaps nearer than any
+other, as he almost implies the "survival of the fittest" as the cause
+of progressive modification. But his language is imaginative and
+obscure. He uses "education" apparently in the sense of what we should
+term "effect of the environment."
+
+The second lecture is even a more exact anticipation of the modern views
+as to microbes, including their transmission by flies and other insects
+and the probability that the blood of healthy persons contains a
+sufficiency of destroyers of the pathogenic germs--such as the white
+blood-corpuscles--to preserve us in health.
+
+But he is so anti-clerical and anti-Biblical that it is no wonder he
+could not get a hearing in Boston in 1847.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. April 2, 1913._
+
+My dear Poulton,--About two months ago an American  ... sent me the
+enclosed booklet,[41] which he had been told was very rare, and
+contained an anticipation of Darwinism.
+
+This it certainly does, but the writer was highly imaginative, and, like
+all the other anticipators of Darwin, did not perceive the whole scope
+of his idea, being, as he himself says, not sufficiently acquainted with
+the facts of nature.
+
+His anticipations, however, of diverging lines of descent from a common
+ancestor, and of the transmission of disease germs by means of insects,
+are perfectly clear and very striking.
+
+As you yourself made known one of the anticipators of Darwin, whom he
+himself had overlooked, you are the right person to make this known in
+any way you think proper. As you have so recently been in America, you
+might perhaps ascertain from the librarian of the public library in
+Boston, or from some of your biological friends there, what is known of
+the writer and of his subsequent history.
+
+If the house at Down is ever dedicated to Darwin's memory it would seem
+best to preserve this little book there; if not you can dispose of it as
+you think best.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+P.S.--Two of my books have been translated into Japanese: will you
+ascertain whether the Bodleian would like to have them?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. POULTON[42]
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset, June 3, 1913._
+
+My dear Poulton,--I am very glad you have changed your view about the
+"Sleeper" lectures being a "fake." The writer was too earnest, and too
+clear a thinker, to descend to any such trick. And for what? "Agnostic"
+is not in Shakespeare, but it may well have been used by someone before
+Huxley. The parts of your Address of which you send me slips are
+excellent, and I am sure will be of great interest to your audience. I
+quite agree with your proposal that the "Lectures" shall be given to the
+Linnean Society.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. E. SMEDLEY
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. August 26, 1913._
+
+Dear Mr. Smedley,--I am glad to see you looking so jolly. I return the
+photo to give to some other friend. Mr. Marchant, the lecturer you
+heard, is a great friend of mine, but is now less dogmatic. The
+Piltdown skull does not prove much, if anything!
+
+The papers are wrong about me. I am not writing anything now; perhaps
+shall write no more. Too many letters and home business. Too much
+bothered with many slight ailments, which altogether keep me busy
+attending to them. I am like Job, who said "the grasshopper was a
+burthen" to him! I suppose its creaking song.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. W.J. FARMER
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. 1913._
+
+Dear Sir,--  ... I presume your question "Why?" as to the varying colour
+of individual hairs and feathers, and the regular varying of adjacent
+hairs, etc., to form the surface pattern, applies to the ultimate cause
+which enables those patterns to be hereditary, and, in the case of
+birds, to be reproduced after moulting yearly.
+
+The purpose, or end they serve, I have, I think, sufficiently dealt with
+in my "Darwinism"; the method by which such useful tints and markings
+are produced, because useful, is, I think, clearly explained by the law
+of Natural Selection or Survival of the Fittest, acting through the
+universal facts of heredity and variation.
+
+But the "why"--which goes further back, to the directing agency which
+not only brings each special cell of the highly complex structure of a
+feather into its exactly right position, but, further, carries pigments
+or produces surface striae (in the case of the metallic or interference
+colours) also to their exactly right place, and nowhere else--is the
+mystery, which, if we knew, we should (as Tennyson said of the flower in
+the wall) "know what God and Man is."
+
+The idea that "cells" are all conscious beings and go to their right
+places has been put forward by Butler in his wonderful book "Life and
+Habit," and now even Haeckel seems to adopt it. All theories of
+heredity, including Darwin's pangenesis, do not touch it, and it seems
+to me as fundamental as life and consciousness, and to be absolutely
+inconceivable by us till we know what life is, what spirit is, and what
+matter is; and it is probable that we must develop in the spirit world
+some few thousand million years before we get to this knowledge--if
+then!
+
+My book, "Man's Place in the Universe," shows, I think, indications of
+the vast importance of that Universe as the producer of Man which so
+many scientific men to-day try to belittle, because of what may be, in
+the infinite!--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+
+
+
+PART IV
+
+Home Life
+
+(By W.G. WALLACE and VIOLET WALLACE)
+
+
+In our father's youth and prime he was 6 ft. 1 in. in height, with
+square though not very broad shoulders. At the time to which our first
+clear recollections go back he had already acquired a slight stoop due
+to long hours spent at his desk, and this became more pronounced with
+advancing age; but he was always tall, spare and very active, and walked
+with a long easy swinging stride which he retained to the end of his
+life.
+
+As a boy he does not appear to have been very athletic or muscularly
+strong, and his shortsightedness probably prevented him from taking part
+in many of the pastimes of his schoolfellows. He was never a good
+swimmer, and he used to say that his long legs pulled him down. He was,
+however, always a good walker and, until quite late in life, capable of
+taking long country walks, of which he was very fond.
+
+He was very quick and active in his movements at times, and even when 90
+years of age would get up on a chair or sofa to reach a book from a high
+shelf, and move about his study with rapid strides to find some paper to
+which he wished to refer.
+
+When out of doors he usually carried an umbrella, and in the garden a
+stick, upon which he leaned rather heavily in his later years. His hair
+became white rather early in life, but it remained thick and fine to the
+last, a fact which he attributed to always wearing soft hats. He had
+full beard and whiskers, which were also white. His eyes were blue and
+his complexion rather pale. He habitually wore spectacles, and to us he
+never looked quite natural without them. Towards the end of his life his
+eyes were subject to inflammation, and the glasses were blue. His hands,
+though large, were not clumsy, and were capable of very delicate
+manipulation, as is shown by his skill in handling and preserving
+insects and bird-skins, and also in sketching, where delicacy of touch
+was essential. His handwriting is another example of this; it remained
+clear and even to the end, in spite of the fact that he wrote all his
+books, articles, and letters with his own hand until the last few years,
+when he occasionally had assistance with his correspondence; but his
+last two books, "Social Environment" and "The Revolt of Democracy,"
+written when he was 90 years of age, were penned by himself, and the
+MSS. are perfectly legible and regular.
+
+He was very domestic, and loved his home. His interest extended to the
+culinary art, and he was fond of telling us how certain things should be
+cooked. This became quite a joke among us. He was very independent, and
+it never seemed to occur to him to ask to have anything done for him if
+he could do it himself--and he could do many things, such as sewing on
+buttons and tapes and packing up parcels, with great neatness. When
+unpacking parcels he never cut the string if it could be untied, and he
+would fold it up before removing the paper, which in its turn was also
+neatly folded.
+
+His clothes were always loose and easy-fitting, and generally of some
+quiet-coloured cloth or tweed. Out of doors he wore a soft black felt
+hat rather taller than the clerical pattern, and a black overcoat unless
+the weather was very warm. He wore no ornaments of any kind, and even
+the silver watch-chain was worn so as to be invisible. He wore low
+collars with turned-down points and a narrow black tie, which was,
+however, concealed by his beard. He was not very particular about his
+personal appearance, except that he always kept his hair and beard well
+brushed and trimmed.
+
+[Illustration: MRS. A.R. WALLACE (about 1895)]
+
+In our early days at Grays we children were allowed to run in and out of
+his study; but if he was busy writing at the moment we would look at a
+book until he could give us his attention. His brother in California
+sent him a live specimen of the lizard called the "horned toad," and
+this creature was kept in the study, where it was allowed to roam about,
+its favourite place being on the hearth.
+
+About this time he read "Alice through the Looking-glass," which pleased
+him greatly; he was never tired of quoting from it and using some of
+Lewis Carroll's quaint words till it became one of our classics.
+
+Some of our earliest recollections are of the long and interesting walks
+we took with our father and mother. He never failed to point out
+anything of interest and tell us what he knew about it, and would answer
+our numerous questions if possible, or put us off with some joking
+reference to Boojums or Jabberwocks. We looked upon him as an infallible
+source of information, not only in our childhood, but to a large extent
+all his life. When exploring the country he scorned "trespass boards."
+He read them "Trespassers will be persecuted," and then ignored them,
+much to our childish trepidation. If he was met by indignant gamekeepers
+or owners, they were often too much awed by his dignified and commanding
+appearance to offer any objection to his going where he wished. He was
+fond of calling our attention to insects and to other objects of natural
+history, and giving us interesting lessons about them. He delighted in
+natural scenery, especially distant views, and our walks and excursions
+were generally taken with some object, such as finding a bee-orchis or
+a rare plant, or exploring a new part of the country, or finding a
+waterfall.
+
+In 1876 we went to live at Dorking, but stayed there only a year or two.
+An instance of his love of mystifying us children may be given. It must
+have been shortly after our arrival at Dorking that one day, having been
+out to explore the neighbourhood, he returned about tea-time and said,
+"Where do you think I have been? To Glory!" Of course we were very
+properly excited, and plied him with questions, but we got nothing more
+out of him then. Later on we were taken to see the wonderful place
+called "Glory Wood"; and it had surely gained in glory by such
+preparation.
+
+Sometimes it would happen that a scene or object would recall an
+incident in his tropical wanderings and he would tell us of the sights
+he had seen. At the time he was greatly interested in botany, in which
+he was encouraged by our mother, who was an ardent lover of flowers; and
+to the end of his life he exhibited almost boyish delight when he
+discovered a rare plant. Many walks and excursions were taken for the
+purpose of seeing some uncommon plant growing in its natural habitat.
+When he had found the object of his search we were all called to see it.
+During his walks and holidays he made constant use of the one-inch
+Ordnance Maps, which he obtained for each district he visited, planning
+out our excursions on the map before starting. He had a gift for finding
+the most beautiful walks by means of it.
+
+In 1878 we moved to Croydon, where we lived about four years. It was at
+this time that he hoped to get the post of Superintendent of Epping
+Forest. We still remember all the delights we children were promised if
+we went to live there. We had a day's excursion to see the Forest, he
+with his map finding out the roads and stopping every now and then to
+admire a fresh view or to explain what he would do if the opportunity
+were given him. It was a very hot day, and we became so thirsty that
+when we reached a stream, to our great joy and delight he took out of
+his pocket, not the old leather drinking-cup he usually carried, but a
+long piece of black indiarubber tubing. We can see him now, quite as
+pleased as we were with this brilliant idea, letting it down into the
+stream and then offering us a drink! No water ever tasted so nice! Our
+mother used to be a little anxious as to the quality of the water, but
+he always put aside such objections by saying _running_ water was quite
+safe, and somehow we never came to any harm through it. The same happy
+luck attended our cuts and scratches; he always put "stamp-paper" on
+them, calling it plaster, and we knew of no other till years later. He
+used the same thing for his own cuts, etc., to the end of his life, with
+no ill effects.
+
+In 1881 we moved again, this time to Godalming, where he had built a
+small house which be called "Nutwood Cottage." After Croydon this was a
+very welcome change and we all enjoyed the lovely country round. The
+garden as usual was the chief hobby, and Mr. J.W. Sharpe, our old friend
+and neighbour in those days, has written his reminiscences of this time
+which give a very good picture of our father. They are as follows:
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+About thirty-five years ago Dr. Wallace built a house upon a plot of
+ground adjoining that upon which our house stood. I was at that time an
+assistant master at Charterhouse School; and Dr. Wallace became
+acquainted with a few of the masters besides myself. With two or three
+of them he had regular weekly games of chess; for he was then and for
+long afterwards very fond of that game; and, I understand, possessed
+considerable skill at it. A considerable portion of his spare time was
+spent in his garden, in the management of which Mrs. Wallace, who had
+much knowledge and experience of gardening, very cordially assisted him.
+Here his characteristic energy and restlessness were conspicuously
+displayed. He was always designing some new feature, some alteration in
+a flower-bed, some special environment for a new plant; and always he
+was confident that the new schemes would be found to have all the
+perfections which the old ones lacked. From all parts of the world
+botanists and collectors sent him, from time to time, rare or newly
+discovered plants, bulbs, roots or seeds, which he, with the help of
+Mrs. Wallace's practical skill, would try to acclimatise, and to
+persuade to grow somewhere or other in his garden or conservatory.
+Nothing disturbed his cheerful confidence in the future, and nothing
+made him happier than some plan for reforming the house, the garden, the
+kitchen-boiler, or the universe. And, truth to say, he displayed great
+ingenuity in all these enterprises of reformation. Although they were
+never in effect what they were expected to be by their ingenious author,
+they were often sufficiently successful; but, successful or not, he was
+always confident that the next would turn out to be all that he expected
+of it. With the same confidence he made up his mind upon many a
+disputable subject; but, be it said, never without a laborious
+examination of the necessary data, and the acquisition of much
+knowledge. In argument, of which intellectual exercise he was very fond,
+he was a formidable antagonist. His power of handling masses of details
+and facts, of showing their inner meanings and the principles underlying
+them, and of making them intelligible, was very great; and very few men
+of his time had it in equal measure.
+
+But the most striking feature in his conversation was his masterly
+application of general principles: these he handled with extraordinary
+skill. In any subject with which he was familiar, he would solve, or
+suggest a plausible solution of, difficulty after difficulty by
+immediate reference to fundamental principles. This would give to his
+conclusions an appearance of inevitableness which usually overbore his
+adversary, and, even if it did not convince him, left him without any
+effective reply. This, too, had a good deal to do, I am disposed to
+conjecture, with another very noticeable characteristic of his which
+often came out in conversation, and that was his apparently unfailing
+confidence in the goodness of human nature. No man nor woman but he took
+to be in the main honest and truthful, and no amount of
+disappointment--not even losses of money and property incurred through
+this faith in others' virtues--had the effect of altering this mental
+habit of his.
+
+His intellectual interests were very widely extended, and he once
+confessed to me that they were agreeably stimulated by novelty and
+opposition. An uphill fight in an unpopular cause, for preference a
+thoroughly unpopular one, or any argument in favour of a generally
+despised thesis, had charms for him that he could not resist. In his
+later years, especially, the prospect of writing a new book, great or
+small, upon any one of his favourite subjects always acted upon him like
+a tonic, as much so as did the project of building a new house and
+laying out a new garden. And in all this his sunny optimism and his
+unfailing confidence in his own powers went far towards securing him
+success.--J.W.S.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"Land Nationalisation" (1882), "Bad Times" (1885), and "Darwinism"
+(1889) were written at Godalming, also the series of lectures which he
+gave in America in 1886-7 and at various towns in the British Isles. He
+also continued to have examination papers[43] to correct each year--and
+a very strenuous time that was. Our mother used to assist him in this
+work, and also with the indexes of his books.
+
+We now began to make nature collections, in which he took the keenest
+interest, many holidays and excursions being arranged to further these
+engrossing pursuits. One or two incidents occurred at "Nutwood" which
+have left clear impressions upon our minds. One day one of us brought
+home a beetle, to the great horror of the servant. Passing at the
+moment, he picked it up, saying, "Why, it is quite a harmless little
+creature!" and to demonstrate its inoffensiveness he placed it on the
+tip of his nose, whereupon it immediately bit him and even drew blood,
+much to our amusment and his own astonishment. On another occasion he
+was sitting with a book on the lawn under the oak tree when suddenly a
+large creature alighted upon his shoulder. Looking round, he saw a fine
+specimen of the ring-tailed lemur, of whose existence in the
+neighbourhood he had no knowledge, though it belonged to some neighbours
+about a quarter of a mile away. It seemed appropriate that the animal
+should have selected for its attentions the one person in the district
+who would not be alarmed at the sudden appearance of a strange animal
+upon his shoulder. Needless to say, it was quite friendly.
+
+A year or so before we left Godalming he enlarged the house and altered
+the garden. But his health not having been very good, causing him a good
+deal of trouble with his eyes, and having more or less exhausted the
+possibilities of the garden, he decided to leave Godalming and find a
+new house in a milder climate. So in 1889 he finally fixed upon a small
+house at Parkstone in Dorset.
+
+Planning and constructing houses, gardens, walls, paths, rockeries,
+etc., were great hobbies of his, and he often spent hours making scale
+drawings of some new house or of alterations to an existing one, and
+scheming out the details of construction. At other times he would devise
+schemes for new rockeries or waterworks, and he would always talk them
+over with us and tell us of some splendid new idea he had hit upon. As
+Mr. Sharpe has noted, he was always very optimistic, and if a scheme did
+not come up to his expectations he was not discouraged but always
+declared he could do it much better next time and overcome the defects.
+He was generally in better health and happier when some constructional
+work was in hand. He built three houses, "The Dell" at Grays, "Nutwood
+Cottage" at Godalming, and the "Old Orchard" at Broadstone. The last he
+actually built himself, employing the men and buying all the materials,
+with the assistance of a young clerk of works; but though the enterprise
+was a source of great pleasure, it was a constant worry. He also
+designed and built a concrete garden wall, with which he was very
+pleased, though it cost considerably more than he anticipated. He had
+not been at Parkstone long before he set about the planning of
+"alterations" with his usual enthusiasm. We were both away from home at
+this time, and consequently had many letters from him, of which one is
+given as a specimen. His various interests are nearly always referred to
+in these letters, and in not a few of them his high spirits show
+themselves in bursts of exuberance which were very characteristic
+whenever a new scheme was afoot. The springs of eternal youth were for
+ever bubbling up afresh, so that to us he never grew old. One of us
+remembers how, when he must have been about 80, someone said, "What a
+wonderful old man your father is!" This was quite a shock, for to us he
+was not old. The letter referred to above is the following:
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. W.G. WALLACE
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset, February 1, 1891._
+
+My dear Will,--Another week has passed away into eternity, another month
+has opened its eyes on the world, and still the illustrious Charles
+[bricklayer] potters about, still the carpenter plies the creaking saw
+and the stunning hammer, still the plumber plumbs and the bellhanger
+rattles, still the cisterns overflow and the unfinished drains send
+forth odorous fumes, still the rains descend and all around the house
+is a muddle of muck and mire, and still there is so much to do that we
+look forward to some far distant futurity, when all that we are now
+suffering will be over, and we may look back upon it as upon some
+strange yet not altogether uninteresting nightmare!
+
+Briefly to report progress. The new pipe-man has finished the bathroom
+and nearly done the bells, and we have had gas alight the last three
+days. The balcony is finished, the bath and lavatory are closed up and
+waiting for the varnishers. Charles has finished the roof, and the
+scaffolding is removed. But though two plumbers have tried all their
+skill, the ball-cock in the cistern won't work, and when the water has
+been turned on an hour it overflows. The gutters and pipes to roof are
+not up, and the night before last a heavy flood of rain washed a
+quantity of muddy water into the back entrance, which flowed right
+across the kitchen into the back passage and larder, leaving a deposit
+of alluvial mud that would have charmed a geologist. However, we have
+stopped that for the future by a drain under the doorstep. The new
+breakfast-room is being papered and will look tidy soon. A man has been
+to measure for the stairs. The front porch door is promised for
+to-morrow, and the stairs, I suppose, in another week. A lot of fresh
+pointing is to be done, and all the rain-water pipes and the rain-water
+cistern with its overflow pipes, and then the greenhouse, and then all
+the outside painting--after which we shall rest for a month and then do
+the inside papering; but whether that can be done before Easter seems
+very doubtful....
+
+Our alterations still go on. The stairs just up--Friday night we had to
+go outside to get to bed, and Saturday and Sunday we _could_ get up, but
+over a chasm, and with alarming creaks. Now it is all firm, but no
+handrail yet. Painters still at work, and whitewashers. Porch
+door up, with two birds in stained glass--looks fine--proposed
+new name, "Dicky-bird Lodge." Bath fixed, but waiting to be
+varnished--luxurious!...
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Dr. Wallace had already received four medals from various scientific
+societies, and at our suggestion he had a case made to hold them all,
+which is referred to in the following letter. The two new medals
+mentioned were those of the Royal Geographical and Linnean Societies. He
+attached very little importance to honours conferred upon himself,
+except in so far as they showed acceptance of "the truth," as he called
+it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MISS VIOLET WALLACE
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. April 3, 1892._
+
+My dear Violet,--  ... I have got J.G. Wood's book on the horse. It is
+very good; I think the best book he has written, as his heart was
+evidently in it....
+
+A dreadful thing has happened! Just as I have had my medal-case made,
+"regardless of expense," they are going to give me another medal! Hadn't
+I better decline it, with thanks? "No room for more medals"!!--Your
+affectionate papa,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+P.S.--A poor man came here last night (Saturday) with a basket of
+primrose roots--had carried them eight miles, couldn't sell one in Poole
+or Parkstone--was 64 years old--couldn't get any work to do--had no
+home, etc. So, though I do not approve of digging up primrose roots as a
+trade, I gave him 1s. 6d. for them, pitying him as one of the countless
+victims of landlordism.--A.R.W.
+
+A poor man was sentenced to fourteen days' hard labour last week for
+picking snowdrops in Charborough Park. Shame!--A.R.W., Pres. L.N.
+Society.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO Miss VIOLET WALLACE
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. May 5, 1892._
+
+My dear Violet,--I have finished reading "Freeland." It is very good--as
+good a story as "Looking Backward," but not quite so pleasantly
+written--rather heavy and Germanic in places. The results are much the
+same as in "Looking Backward" but brought about in a different and very
+ingenious manner. It may be called "Individualistic Socialism." I shall
+be up in London soon, I expect, to the first Meetings of the Examiners
+in the great science of "omnium gatherum."[44]--Your affec. papa,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+While he lived at Parkstone our father built a small orchid house in
+which he cultivated a number of orchids for a few years, but the
+constant attention which they demanded, together with the heated
+atmosphere, were too much for him, and he was obliged to give them up.
+He was never tired of admiring their varied forms and colours, or
+explaining to friends the wonderful apparatus by which many of them were
+fertilised. The following letter shows his enthusiasm for orchids:
+
+
+TO Miss VIOLET WALLACE
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. November_ 25, 1894.
+
+My dear Violet,--  ... I have found a doctor at Poole (Mr. Turner) who
+has two nice orchid houses which he attends to entirely himself, and as
+I can thus get advice and sympathy from a fellow maniac (though he _is_
+a public vaccinator!) my love of orchids is again aroused to fever-heat,
+and I have made some alterations in the greenhouse which will better
+adapt it for orchid growing, and have bought a few handsome kinds very
+cheap, and these give me a lot of extra work and amusement....
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TO HIS WIFE
+
+
+_Hotel du Glacier du Rhone. Wednesday evening, [July, 1895]._
+
+My dear Annie,--I send you now a box of plants I got on both sides of
+the Furka Pass yesterday, and about here to-day. The Furka Pass on both
+sides is a perfect flower-garden, and the two sides have mostly
+different species. The violets and anemones were lovely, and I have got
+two species of glorious gentians.... All the flowers in the box are very
+choice species, and have been carefully dug up, and having seen how they
+grow, I have been thinking of a plan of making a little bed for them on
+the top of the new rockery where there is now nothing particular. Will
+you please plant them out carefully in the zinc tray of peat and
+sphagnum that stands outside near the little greenhouse door? Just lift
+up the sphagnum and see if the earth beneath is moist, if not give it a
+soaking. Then put them all in, the short-rooted ones in the sphagnum
+only, the others through into the peat. Then give them a good syringing
+and put the tray under the shelf outside the greenhouse, and cover with
+newspaper for a day or two. After that I think they will do, keeping
+them moist if the weather is dry. I am getting hosts of curiosities.
+To-day we found four or five species of willows from 1/4 in. to 2 in.
+high, and other rarities.... In haste for post and dinner.--Your ever
+affectionate
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MISS VIOLET WALLACE
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. October 22, 1897._
+
+My dear Violet,--In your previous letter you asked me the conundrum, Why
+does a wagtail wag its tail? That's quite easy, on Darwinian principles.
+Many birds wag their tails. Some Eastern flycatchers--also black and
+white--wag their long tails up and down when they alight on the ground
+or on a branch. Other birds with long tails jerk them up in the air when
+they alight on a branch. Now these varied motions, like the motions of
+many butterflies, caterpillars, and many other animals, must have a use
+to the animal, and the most common, or rather the most probable, use is,
+either to frighten or to distract an enemy. If a hawk was very hungry
+and darted down on a wagtail from up in the air, the wagging tail would
+be seen most distinctly and be aimed at, and thus the bird would be
+missed or at most a feather torn out of the tail. The bird hunts for
+food in the open, on the edges of ponds and streams, and would be
+especially easy to capture, hence the wagging tail has been developed to
+baffle the enemy....
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MISS VIOLET WALLACE
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. March 8, 1899._
+
+My dear Violet,--  ... I have now finished reading the "Maha Bharata,"
+which is on the whole very fine--finer, I think, than the "Iliad." I
+have read a good deal of it twice, and it will bear reading many times.
+It corresponds pretty nearly in date with the "Iliad," the scenes it
+describes being supposed to be about B.C. 1500. Many of the ideas and
+moral teachings are beautiful; equal to the best teaching and superior
+to the general practice of to-day. I have made a lot of emendations and
+suggestions, which I am going to send to the translator, as the proofs
+have evidently not been carefully read by any English literary man.
+
+About the year 1899 Dr. Wallace began to think of leaving Parkstone,
+partly for reasons of health and partly to get a larger garden, if
+possible. He spent three years in looking for a suitable spot in many of
+the southern counties, and we were all pressed to join in the search.
+Finally he found just the spot he wanted at Broadstone; only three miles
+away. The following letters describe his final success--all written
+with his usual optimism and high spirits:
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. W.G. WALLACE
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. October 26, 1901._
+
+My dear Will,--At length the long quest has come to an end, and I have
+agreed to buy three acres of land at Broadstone. Ma and I have just been
+over again this morning to consider its capabilities, and the exact
+boundaries that will be the most advantageous, as I have here the great
+advantage of choosing exactly what I will have. I only wish I could
+afford five acres instead of three, or even ten; but the three will
+contain the very eye of the whole. I enclose you a bit of the 6-inch
+ordnance on which I have marked the piece I have finally fixed upon in
+red chalk. The attractive bit is the small enclosure of one acre, left
+rather paler, which is an old orchard in a little valley sloping
+downward to the S.S.E. There are, perhaps, a score of trees in
+it--apples, pears, plums and cherries, I believe, and under them a
+beautiful green short turf like a lawn--kept so, I believe, by rabbits.
+From the top of this orchard is a fine view over moor and heather, then
+over the great northern bay of Poole Harbour, and beyond to the Purbeck
+Hills and out to the sea and the Old Harry headland. It is not very
+high--about 140 feet, I think, but being on the edge of one of the
+plateaus the view is very effective. On the top to the left of the road
+track is a slightly undulating grass field, of which I have a little
+less than an acre. To the right of the fence, and coming down to the
+wood, is very rough ground densely covered with heather and dwarf gorse,
+a great contrast to the field. The wood on the right is mixed but
+chiefly oak, I think, with some large firs, one quite grand; while the
+wood on the left is quite different, having some very tall Spanish
+chestnuts loaded with fruit, some beeches, some firs--but I have not
+had time yet to investigate thoroughly. Thus this little bit of three
+acres has five subdivisions, each with a quite distinct character of its
+own, and I never remember seeing such variety in such a small area. The
+red wavy line is about where I shall have to make my road, for the place
+has now no road, and I think I am very lucky in discovering it and in
+getting it. Another advantage is in the land, which is varied to suit
+all crops. I fancy  ... I shall find places to grow most of my choice
+shrubs, etc., better than here. I expect bulbs of all kinds will grow
+well, and I mean to plant a thousand or so of snowdrops, crocuses,
+squills, daffodils, etc., in the orchard, where they will look lovely.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. W.G. WALLACE
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. November 6, 1901._
+
+My dear Will,--  ... I have taken advantage of a foggy cold day to trace
+you a copy of the ground plan of the proposed house.... Of course the
+house will be much larger than we want, but I look to future value, and
+rather than build it smaller, to be enlarged afterwards, I would prefer
+to leave the drawing-room and bedroom adjoining with bare walls inside
+till they can be properly finished. The house-keeper's room would be a
+nice dining-room, and the hall a parlour and drawing-room combined. But
+the outside must be finished, on account of the garden, creepers, etc.
+The S.E. side (really about S.S.E.) has the fine views. If you can
+arrange to come at Christmas we will have a picnic on the ground the
+first sunny day. I was all last week surveying--a very difficult job, to
+mark out exactly three acres so as to take in exactly as much of each
+kind of ground as I wanted, and with no uninterrupted view over any one
+of the boundary lines! I found the sextant, and it was very useful
+setting out the two right angles of the northern boundary. I have not
+got possession yet, but hope to do so by next week. The house, we
+reckon, can be built for L1,000 at the outside....
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MRS. FISHER
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. February 4, 1902._
+
+Dear Mrs. Fisher,--  ... You will be surprised to hear that I have been
+so rash as to buy land and to (propose to) build a house! Every other
+effort to get a pleasant country cottage with a little land having
+failed, we discovered, accidentally, a charming spot only four miles
+from this house and half a mile from Broadstone Station, and have
+succeeded in buying three acres, _chosen by myself_, from Lord Wimborne
+at what is really a reasonable price. In its contour, views, wood, and
+general aspect of wild nature it is almost perfection; and Annie,
+Violet, and Will are all pleased and satisfied with it. It is on the
+slope of the Broadstone middle plateau, looking south over Poole Harbour
+with the Purbeck Hills beyond, and a little eastward out to the sea....
+The ground is good loam in the orchard, with some sand and clay in the
+field, but this is so open to the sun and air that we are not afraid of
+it, as the _house-site_ will be entirely concreted over, and I have
+arranged for a heating stove in a cellar, which will warm and dry the
+whole basement. In a week or two we hope to begin building, so you may
+fancy how busy I am, especially as we are building it without a
+contractor, with the help of a friend.... I go over two or three times a
+week, as I have two gardeners at work. In the summer (should I be still
+in the land of the living) I hope you will be able to come and see our
+little estate, which is to be called by the descriptive name of "Old
+Orchard." I have got a good architect to make the working drawings and
+he has designed a very picturesque yet unpretentious house.--Yours very
+truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. W.G. WALLACE
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. March 2, 1902._
+
+My dear Will,--This week's progress has been fairly good although the
+wet after the frost has caused two falls in the cellar excavations, and
+we have had to put drain pipes to carry water out, though not much
+accumulated.... During the week some horses in the field have not only
+eaten off the tops of the privet hedge, but have torn up some dozens of
+the plants by the roots, by putting their heads over the 4-foot wire
+fence. I am therefore obliged in self-defence to raise the post a foot
+higher and put barbed wire along the top of it. Some cows also got in
+our ground one day and ate off the tops of the newly planted laurels,
+which I am told they are very fond of, so I have got a chain and padlock
+for our gate....
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We moved into the new house at Broadstone at the end of November, 1902,
+before it was quite finished, and here Dr. Wallace lived till the end of
+his life. The garden was an endless source of interest and occupation,
+being much larger than any he had had since leaving Grays.
+
+When writing he was not easily disturbed and never showed any impatience
+or annoyance at any interruption. If interrupted by a question he would
+pause, pen in hand, and reply or discuss the matter and then resume his
+unfinished sentence.
+
+[Illustration: THE STUDY AT "OLD ORCHARD"]
+
+He seemed to have the substance of his writing in his mind before he
+commenced, and did not often refer to books or to notes, though he
+usually had one or two books or papers on the table at hand, and
+sometimes he would jump up to get a book from the shelves to verify some
+fact or figure. When preparing for a new book or article he read a great
+many works and papers bearing on the subject. These were marked with
+notes and references on the flyleaves; and often by pencil marks to
+indicate important passages, but he did not often make separate notes.
+He had a wonderful memory, and stored in his mind the facts and
+arguments he wished to use, or the places where they were to be found.
+He borrowed many books from libraries, and from these he sometimes made
+a few notes. He was not a sound sleeper, and frequently lay awake during
+the night, and then it was that he thought out and planned his work. He
+often told us with keen delight of some new idea or fresh argument which
+had occurred to him during these waking hours.
+
+After spending months, or sometimes years, in reading and digesting all
+the literary matter he could obtain on a subject,--and forming a plan
+for the treatment of it, he would commence writing, and keep on steadily
+for five or six hours a day if his health permitted. He also wrote to
+people all over the world to obtain the latest facts bearing on the
+subject.
+
+In 1903 he began writing "Man's Place in the Universe."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. W.G. WALLACE
+
+
+_Old Orchard. July 8, 1903._
+
+My dear Will,--I have just finished going over your notes and
+corrections of the last four chapters. I can't think how I was so stupid
+to make the mistake in figures which you corrected. In almost all cases
+I have made some modification in accordance with your suggestions, and
+the book will be much improved thereby. I have put in a new paragraph
+about the stars in other parts than the Milky Way and Solar Cluster, but
+there is really nothing known about them. I have also cut out the first
+reference to Jupiter altogether. Of course a great deal is speculative,
+but any reply to it is equally speculative. The question is, which
+speculation is most in accordance with the known facts, and not with
+prepossessions only?
+
+Considering that the book has all been read up and written in less than
+three months, it cannot be expected to be as complete and careful as if
+three years had been expended on it, but then it is fresher perhaps. The
+bit about the pure air came to me while writing, and I let myself go.
+Why should I not try and do a little good and make people think a little
+on such matters, when I have the chance of perhaps more readers than all
+my other books?
+
+As to my making too much of Man, of course that is the whole subject of
+the book! And I look at it differently from you, because I know _facts_
+about him you neither know nor believe _yet_. If you are once convinced
+of the facts and teachings of Spiritualism, you will think more as I do.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The following letter refers to his little book on Mars.
+
+
+TO MR. W.G. WALLACE
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. September 26, 1907._
+
+My dear Will,--  ... After elaborate revision and correction I have sent
+my MS. of the little "Mars" book to Macmillans yesterday.... Will you
+read the whole proofs carefully, in the character of the "intelligent
+reader"? Your fresh eye will detect little slips, bad logic, too
+positive statements, etc., which I may have overlooked. It will only be
+about 100 or 150 pages large type--and I want it to be really good, and
+free from blunders that any fool can see....
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+For some years now he had suffered from repeated attacks of asthma and
+bronchitis. He had tried the usual remedies for these complaints without
+any good results, and, though still able to write, had then no thought
+of beginning any large work; in fact, he considered he had but a few
+more years to live. When Mr. Bruce-Joy came to see him in order to model
+the portrait medallion, he mentioned in the course of conversation that
+he had tried the Salisbury treatment with wonderful results. Our father
+was at first incredulous, but decided to try it in a modified form. He
+gave up all starchy foods and ate beef only, cooked in a special manner
+to render it more digestible. He found such relief from this change of
+diet that from this time onwards he followed a very strict daily
+routine, which he continued to the end of his life with slight
+variations.
+
+He made himself a cup of tea on a gas stove in his bedroom at 6 a.m.
+(the exact quantity of tea and water having been measured the previous
+evening), and boiled it in a small double saucepan for a definite time
+by the watch. He always said this cup of tea tasted better than at any
+other time of the day. He then returned to bed and slept till 8 a.m.
+During his last two or three years he suffered from rheumatism in his
+shoulder and it took him a long time to dress, and he called in the aid
+of his gardener in the last year, who acted as his valet. While dressing
+he prepared a cup of cocoa on the gas stove, which he carried into the
+study (next door) at 9 a.m. This was all he had for breakfast, and he
+took it while reading the paper or his letters.
+
+Dinner at one o'clock was taken with his family, and he usually related
+any interesting or striking news he had read in the paper, or in his
+correspondence, and commented upon it, or perhaps he would tell us of
+some new flower in the garden.
+
+He drank hot water with a little Canary sack and a dash of soda-water,
+to which he added a spoonful of plum jam. He was very fond of sweet
+things, such as puddings, but he had to partake sparingly of them, and
+it was a great temptation when some dish of which he was particularly
+fond was placed upon the table.
+
+After dinner he usually took a nap in the study before resuming work or
+going into the garden.
+
+Tea was at four o'clock, and consisted only of a cup of tea, which he
+made himself in the study, unless there were visitors whom he wished to
+see, when he would sometimes take it into the drawing-room and make it
+there.
+
+After tea he again wrote, or took a turn in the garden if the weather
+and season permitted. Latterly he spent a good part of the afternoon and
+evening reading and dozing on the sofa, and only worked at short
+intervals when he felt equal to it.
+
+Supper, at seven, was a repetition of dinner, and he took it with us in
+the dining-room. After supper he generally read a novel before the fire
+except in the very hottest weather, and he frequently dozed on and off
+till he retired at eleven. He made himself a cup of cocoa while
+preparing for bed, and drank it just before lying down.
+
+For the last year or two it was a constant difficulty with him to secure
+enough nourishment without aggravating his ailments by indigestion.
+During this time he suffered continuous discomfort, though he seldom
+gave utterance to complaint or allowed it to affect the uniform
+equability of his temper.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1903 his daughter came to live with her parents, who generously
+allowed her to take three or four children as pupils. At first we feared
+they might bother our father, but he really enjoyed seeing them about
+and talking to them. He was always interested in any new child, and if
+for a short time none were forthcoming, always lamented the fact. At
+dinner the children would ask him all sorts of questions, very amusing
+ones sometimes. They were also intensely interested in what he ate, and
+watched with speechless wonder when they saw him eating orange, banana,
+and sugar with his meat.
+
+One of these early pupils, Reginald B. Rathbone, has sent reminiscences
+which are so characteristic that we give them as they stand:
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"I have stayed at Dr. Wallace's house on three occasions; the first two
+were when I was only about eight or nine years old, and my recollections
+of him at that time are therefore necessarily somewhat dim. Certain
+things, however, have stuck in my memory. I went there quite prepared to
+see a very venerable and imposing-looking old gentleman, and filled in
+advance with much awe and respect for him. As regards his personal
+appearance I was by no mean disappointed, as his tall, slightly-stooping
+figure, long white hair and beard, and his spectacles fulfilled my
+highest expectations, I remember being struck with the kindly look of
+his eyes, and indeed they did not belie his nature, for he always
+treated me with great kindness, patience and indulgence, which is
+somewhat remarkable considering my age, and how exasperating I must have
+been sometimes. I soon began to regard him as a never-failing fount of
+wisdom, and as one who could answer any question one liked to put to
+him. Of this latter fact I was not slow to take advantage. I plied him
+with every kind of question my imaginative young brain could conceive,
+usually beginning with 'why.'
+
+"He nearly always gave me an answer, and what is more, a satisfactory
+one, and well within the scope of my limited understanding. These
+definite, satisfactory answers of his used to afford me great pleasure,
+it being quite a new experience for me to have all my questions answered
+for me in this way. These answers, as I have said, were nearly always
+forthcoming, though indeed, on one or two occasions, in answer to an
+especially ridiculous query of mine he would answer, 'That is a very
+foolish question, Reggie.' But this was very rare.
+
+"I remember taking a great interest in what Dr. Wallace ate. He had a
+hearty appetite, and was no believer in vegetarianism, for at lunch his
+diet consisted chiefly of cold beef, liberally seasoned with various
+sauces and relishes, also vinegar. I used to gaze at these bottles with
+great admiration. Whenever there were peas he used to take large
+quantities of sugar with them. This greatly aroused my curiosity, and I
+questioned him about it. 'Why,' said he, 'peas themselves contain sugar;
+it is, therefore, much more sensible to take sugar with them than salt.'
+And he recounted an anecdote of how an eminent personage he had once
+dined with had been waited on with great respect and attention by all
+present, but salt was offered to him with the peas. 'If you want to make
+me quite happy,' said the great man, 'you will give me some sugar with
+my peas.' His favourite drink, I remember, was Canary sack.
+
+"He had a strongly humorous side, and always enjoyed a good laugh. As
+an instance of this, I will recount the following incident: When I had
+returned home after my first visit to 'The Old Orchard,' my sister,
+three years older than myself, and I had a heated argument on the
+subject of the number of stomachs in a cow. I insisted it was three;
+she, on the other hand, held that it was seven. After a long and fierce
+dispute, I exclaimed: 'Well, let us write to Dr. Wallace, and he will
+settle it for us and tell us the real number.' This we did, the brazen
+audacity of the proceeding not striking us at the time. By return of
+post we received a letter which, alas! I have unfortunately not
+preserved, but the substance of which I well remember. 'Dear Irene and
+Reggie,' it ran, 'Your dispute as to the number of stomachs which a cow
+possesses can be settled and rectified by a simple mathematical process
+usually called subtraction, thus:
+
+  Irene's Cow         7 stomachs
+  Reggie's Cow        3 stomachs
+                      ----------
+  The Farmer's cow    4 stomachs.
+
+"Dr. Wallace then went on to explain the names and uses of the four
+stomachs.
+
+"Two instances of his fun come to my mind as I write. 'Why,' I asked,
+'do you sometimes take off your spectacles to read the paper?' 'Because
+I can see better without 'em,' he said. 'Then why,' I asked again, 'do
+you ever wear them?' 'Because I can see better with 'em,' was the reply.
+The other instance relates to chloroform. He was describing the agonies
+suffered by those who had to undergo amputation before the discovery of
+anaesthetics, whereas nowadays, he said, 'you are put under chloroform,
+then wake up and find your arm cut off, having felt nothing. Or you wake
+up and find your leg cut off. Or you wake up and find your head cut
+off!' He then laughed heartily at his own joke.
+
+"These are just a few miscellaneous reminiscences, many of them no doubt
+trivial, but they may perhaps be not entirely devoid of interest, when
+it is remembered that they are the impressions and recollections of one
+who was then a boy of eight years old."--B.B.K.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The year 1908 was very auspicious to Dr. Wallace. To begin with, it was
+the fiftieth anniversary of the reading of the Darwin and Wallace joint
+papers on the Origin of Species before the Linnean Society, an event
+which was commemorated in the way described elsewhere.
+
+In the autumn, and just as he was beginning to recover from a spell of
+bad health, he was invited to give a lecture at the Royal Institution,
+the prospect of which seemed to have upon him a most stimulating effect;
+he at once began to think about a suitable subject.
+
+Following closely on this came the news that the Order of Merit was to
+be conferred upon him. His letters to his son give the details of this
+eventful period:[45]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. W.G. WALLACE
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. October_ 28, 1908.
+
+My dear Will,--  ... I have a rather surprising bit of news for you. When
+I was almost at my worst, feeling very bad, I had a letter inviting me
+to give an evening lecture at the Royal Institution, for their Jubilee
+of the "Origin of Species"! Of course I decided at once to decline as
+impossible, etc., having nothing new to say, etc. But a few hours
+afterwards an idea suddenly came to me for a very fine lecture, if I can
+work it out as I hope--and the more I thought over it the better it
+seemed. So, two days back, I wrote to Sir W. Crookes--the Honorary
+Secretary, who had written to me--accepting provisionally!... Here is
+another "crowning honour"--the most unexpected of all!...
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. W.G. WALLACE
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. December 2, 1908._
+
+My dear Will,--  ... This morning the Copley Medals came, gold and
+silver, smaller than any of the others, but very beautifully designed;
+the face has the Royal Society's arms, with Copley's name, and
+"Dignissimo," and my name below. The reverse is the Royal Arms. By the
+same post came a letter from the Lord Chancellor's Office informing me,
+to my great relief, that the King had been graciously pleased to
+dispense with my personal attendance at the investiture of the Order of
+Merit,  ...
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. W.G. WALLACE
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. December 17, 1908._
+
+My dear Will,--The ceremony is over, very comfortably. I am duly
+"invested," and have got two engrossed documents, both signed by the
+King, one appointing me a member of the "Order of Merit" with all sorts
+of official and legal phrases, the other a dispensation from being
+personally "invested" by the King--as Col. Legge explained, to safeguard
+me as having a right to the Order in case anybody says I was not
+"invested."  ... Colonel Legge was a very pleasant, jolly kind of man,
+and he told us he was in attendance on the German Emperor when he was
+staying near Christchurch last summer, and went for many drives with the
+Emperor only, all about the country.... Col. Legge got here at 2.40, and
+had to leave at 3.20 (at station), so we got a carriage from Wimborne to
+meet the train and take him back, and Ma gave him some tea, and he said
+he had got a nice little place at Stoke Poges but with no view like
+ours, and he showed me how to wear the Order and was very pleasant: and
+we were all pleased....
+
+The next letter refers to the discovery of a rare moth and some beetles
+in the root of an orchid. It was certainly a strange yet pleasant
+coincidence that these creatures should find themselves in Dr. Wallace's
+greenhouse, where alone they would be noticed and appreciated as
+something uncommon.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. W.G. WALLACE
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. February 23, 1909._
+
+My dear Will,--  ... In my last letter I did not say anything about my
+morning at the Nat. Hist. Museum.... What I enjoyed most was seeing some
+splendid New Guinea butterflies which Mr. Rothschild[46] and his
+curator, Mr. Jordan, brought up from Tring on purpose to show me. I
+could hardly have imagined anything so splendid as some of these. I also
+saw some of the new paradise birds in the British Museum. But Mr.
+Rothschild says they have five times as many at Tring, and much finer
+specimens, and he invited me to spend a week-end at Tring and see the
+Museum. So I may go, perhaps--in the summer.
+
+But I have a curious thing to tell you about insect collecting at "Old
+Orchard." About five months back I was examining one of the clumps of an
+orchid in the glass case--which had been sent me from Buenos Ayres by
+Mr. John Hall--when three pretty little beetles dropped out of it, on
+the edge of the tank, and I only managed to catch two of them. They were
+pretty little Longicornes, about an inch long, but very slender and
+graceful, though only of a yellowish-brown colour. I sent them up to the
+British Museum asking the name, and telling them they could keep them if
+of any use. They told me they were a species of the large South American
+genus Ibidion, but they had not got it in the collection!
+
+On the Sunday before Christmas Day I was taking my evening inspection
+of the orchids, etc., in the glass case when a largish insect flew by my
+face, and when it settled it looked like a handsome moth or butterfly.
+It was brilliant orange on the lower wings, the upper being shaded
+orange brown, very moth-like, but the antennae were clubbed like a
+butterfly's. At first I thought it was a butterfly that mimicked a moth,
+but I had never seen anything like it before.
+
+Next morning I got a glass jar half filled with bruised laurel leaves,
+and Ma got it in, and after a day or two I set it, clumsily, and meant
+to take it to London, but had no small box to put it in. I told Mr.
+Rothschild about it, and he said it sounded like a Castnia--curious
+South American moths very near to butterflies. So he got out the drawer
+with them, but mine was not there; then he got another drawer
+half-empty, and there it was--only a coloured drawing, but exactly like.
+It had been described, but neither the Museum nor Mr. Rothschild had got
+it! I had had the orchids nearly a year and a half, so it must have
+been, in the chrysalis all that time and longer, which Mr. Rothschild
+said was the case with the Castnias. On going home I searched, and found
+the brown chrysalis-case it had come out of among the roots of the same
+orchid the little Longicornes had dropped from. It is, I am pretty sure,
+a Brazilian species, and I have written to ask Mr. Hall if he knows
+where it came from. I have sent the moth and chrysalis to Prof. Poulton
+(I had promised it to him at the lecture) for the Oxford collection, and
+he is greatly pleased with it; and especially with its history--one
+quite small bit of an orchid, after more than a year in a greenhouse,
+producing a rare or new beetle and an equally rare moth!...
+
+I am glad to say I feel really better than any time the last ten
+years.--A.R.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge has kindly written his reminiscence of
+another very curious coincidence connected with a natural history
+object.
+
+"Some years ago, on looking over some insect drawers in my collection,
+Mr. A.R. Wallace exclaimed, 'Why, there is my old Sarawak spider!'
+'Well! that is curious,' I replied, 'because that spider has caused me
+much trouble and thought as to who might have caught it, and where; I
+had only lately decided to describe and figure it, even though I could
+give the name of neither locality nor finder, being, as it seemed to me,
+of a genus and species not as yet recorded; also I had, as you see,
+provisionally conferred your name upon it, although I had not the
+remotest idea that it had anything else to do with you.' 'Well,' said
+Mr. Wallace, 'if it is my old spider it ought to have my own private
+ticket on the pin underneath.' 'It has a ticket,' I replied, 'but it is
+unintelligible to me; the spider came to me among some other items by
+purchase at the sale of Mr. Wilson Saunders' collections.' 'If it is
+mine,' said Wallace (examining it), 'the ticket should be so-and-so. And
+it is! I caught this spider at Sarawak, and specially noted its
+remarkable form. I remember it as if it were yesterday, and now I find
+it here, and you about to publish it as a new genus and species to
+which, in total ignorance of whence it came or who caught it, you have
+given my name!' Thus it stands, and '_Friula Wallacii_, Camb. (family
+Gasteracanthidae), taken by Alfred Russel Wallace at Sarawak,' is the
+(unique as I believe) type specimen, in my collection."--O.P.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Dr. Wallace was very fond of reading good novels, and usually spent an
+hour or two, before retiring to bed, with what he called a "good
+domestic story." One of his favourite authors was Marion Crawford.
+Poetry appealed to him very strongly, and he had a good memory for his
+favourite verses, especially for those he had learned in his youth.
+Amongst his books were over fifty volumes of poetry.
+
+He liked to see friends or interesting visitors, but he was rather
+nervous with strangers until he became interested in what they had to
+say. He enjoyed witty conversation, and especially a good story well
+told. No one laughed more heartily than he when he was much amused, and
+he would slap his hands upon his knees with delight.
+
+He was very accessible to anyone who might have something to say worth
+hearing, and he had a great many visitors, especially during the last
+ten years of his life. Many people distinguished in science, literature,
+or politics called upon him, and he always enjoyed these visits, and the
+excitement of them seemed to have no bad effect upon him, even in the
+last year, when we sometimes feared he might be fatigued by them. In
+consequence of his sympathy with many heterodox ideas he frequently had
+visits from "cranks" who wished to secure his support for some new
+theory or "discovery." He would listen patiently, perhaps ask a few
+questions, and then endeavour to point out their fallacies. He would
+amuse us afterwards by describing their "preposterous ideas," and if
+much bored, he would speak of them as "muffs." He was loath to hurt
+their feelings, but he generally ended by expressing his opinion quite
+clearly, occasionally to their discomfiture.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Dr. Littledale has contributed some reminiscences which may be
+introduced here.
+
+"When I first met Dr. Wallace the conversation turned on the types of
+visitors that came to see him, and he gave us an amusing account of two
+young women who called on him to read through a most ponderous treatise
+relating to the Universe (I think it was). At all events the treatise
+proved, amongst other things, that Kepler's laws were all wrong. Dr.
+Wallace was very busy at the time, and politely declined to undertake
+the task. I remember him well describing with his hands the size of this
+enormous manuscript and laughing heartily as he detailed how the writer
+of the manuscript, the elder of the two sisters, persistently tried to
+persuade him that her theories were all absolutely proved in the work,
+while the younger sister acted as a sort of echo to her sister. The
+climax came in a fit of weeping, and, as Dr. Wallace described it, the
+whole fabric of the universe was washed away in a flood of tears.
+
+"On one occasion, when I was asked by Mrs. Wallace to see Dr. Wallace
+professionally, he was lying on the sofa in his study by the fire
+wrapped up in rugs, having just got over a bad shivering attack or
+rigor. His temperature was 104 deg. Fahr., and all the other usual signs of
+acute fever were present, but nothing to enable one to form a positive
+opinion as to the cause. It must have been forty years since he had been
+in the tropics, but I think he felt that it was an attack of malarial
+fever. Knowing my patient, my treatment consisted in asking what he was
+going to do for himself. 'Well,' he said, 'I am going to have a hot bath
+and then go to bed, and to-morrow I shall get up and go into the garden
+as usual.' And he was out in the garden next day when I went to see him.
+This was an instance, doubtless one of many, of the 'will to live,'
+which carried him through a long life.
+
+"Once, when he was talking about the gaps in the evolution of life, viz.
+between the inorganic and organic, between vegetable and animal, and
+between animal and man, I asked, 'Why postulate a beginning at all? We
+are satisfied with illimitability at one end, why not at the other?'
+'For the simple reason,' he said, 'that the mind cannot comprehend
+anything that has never had a beginning.'
+
+"What attracted me to him most, I think, was his remarkable simplicity
+of language, whatever the topic of conversation might be, and this not
+the simplicity of the great mind bringing itself down to the level of
+the ordinary individual, but his customary mode of expression. I have
+heard him say that he felt the need of the fluency of speech which
+Huxley possessed, as he had to cast about for the expression that he
+wanted. This may have been the case when he was lecturing, but I
+certainly never noticed it in conversation."--H.E.L.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Dr. Wallace was always interested in young men and others who were going
+abroad with the intention of studying Natural History, and gave them
+what advice and help he could. He much enjoyed listening to the
+accounts given by travellers of the scenes, animals and plants and
+native life they had seen, and deplored the so-called civilising of the
+natives, which, in his opinion, generally meant their exploitation by
+Europeans, leading to their deterioration and extermination.
+
+His nervousness with strangers sometimes led them to form quite
+erroneous impressions. It occasionally found expression in a nervous
+laugh which had nothing to do with amusement or humour, but was often
+heard when he was most serious and felt most deeply. One or two
+interviewers described it as a "chuckle," an expression which suggested
+feelings most opposite to those which he really experienced.
+
+Although he could draw and sketch well, he did not take much pleasure in
+it, and only exercised his skill when there was a definite object in
+view. His sketches show a very delicate touch, and denote painstaking
+accuracy, while some are quite artistic. He much preferred drawing with
+compasses and squares, there being a practical object in his mind for
+which the plans or drawings were only the first steps. Even in his
+ninety-first year he found much enjoyment in drawing plans, and spent
+many hours in designing alterations to a small cottage which his
+daughter had bought.
+
+He was interested in literary puzzles and humorous stories, and he
+preserved in an old scrap-book any that appealed to him. He would
+sometimes read some of them on festive occasions, or when we had
+children's parties, and sometimes he laughed so heartily himself that he
+could not go on reading.
+
+In reviewing the years during which Dr. Wallace lived at Broadstone, the
+last decade, when he was between eighty and ninety years of age, this
+period seems to have been one of the most eventful, and as full of work
+and mental activity as any previous period. He never tired of his
+garden, in which he succeeded in growing a number of rare and curious
+shrubs and plants. Our mother shared his delight and interest in the
+garden, and knew a great deal about flowers. She had an excellent memory
+for their botanical names, and he often asked her the name of some
+plant which he was pointing out to a friend and which for the moment he
+had forgotten. She was very fond of roses and of primroses, and there
+was a fine display of these flowers at "Old Orchard." She was successful
+in "budding" and in hybridising roses, and produced several beautiful
+varieties. She was proficient in raising seeds, and he sometimes placed
+some which he received from abroad in her charge.
+
+When he first came to live at Broadstone he frequently took short walks
+to the post or to the bank, and sometimes went by train to Poole on
+business, but he gradually went out less and less, till in the last few
+years he seldom went outside the garden, but strolled about looking at
+the flowers or supervising the construction of a new bed or rockery.
+During his last years his gardener wheeled him about the garden in a
+bath-chair when he did not feel strong enough to walk all the time.
+
+In 1913, after his last two small books were written, he did no more
+writing except correspondence. This he attended to himself, except on
+one or two occasions when he was not very well or felt tired, when he
+asked one of us to answer a few letters for him. He took great interest
+in a small cottage which had recently been acquired on the Purbeck Hills
+near the sea, and in September, much against our wishes, he went there
+for two nights, taking the gardener to look after him. Luckily the
+weather was fine, and the change and excitement seemed to do him good,
+and during the next month he was very bright and cheerful, though, as
+some of his letters to his old friend Dr. Richard Norris and to Dr.
+Littledale show, he had been becoming increasingly weak.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MISS NORRIS
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. December 10, 1912._
+
+My dear Miss Norris,--I am very sorry to hear that your father is so
+poorly. The weather is terribly gloomy, and I have not been outside my
+rooms and greenhouse for more than an hour a week perhaps, for the last
+two months, and feel the better for it. Just now I feel better than I
+have done for a year past, having at last, I think, hit upon a proper
+diet, though I find it very difficult to avoid eating or drinking too
+much of what I like best.... It is one of my fads that I hate to waste
+anything, and it is that partly which makes it so difficult for me to
+avoid overeating. From a boy I was taught to leave no scraps on my
+plate, and from this excellent general rule of conduct I now suffer in
+my old age!...--Yours very sincerely,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO DR. LITTLEDALE
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. January 11, 1913._
+
+Dear Dr. Littledale,--Many thanks for your kind congratulations and good
+wishes.[47] I am glad to say I feel still able to jog on a few years
+longer in this _very good_ world--for those who can make the best of it.
+
+I am now suffering most from "eczema," which has settled in my legs, so
+that I cannot stand or walk for any length of time. Perhaps that is an
+outlet for something worse, as I still enjoy my meals, and usually feel
+as well as ever, though I have to be very careful as to _what_ I
+eat.--With best wishes for your prosperity, yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO DR. NORRIS
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. October 4, 1913._
+
+My dear Dr. Norris,--Except for a continuous weakness I seem improving a
+little in general health, and the chronic rheumatic pain in my right
+shoulder has almost passed away in the last month (after about three
+years), and I can impute it to nothing but about a quarter of a pint a
+day of Bulmer's Cider! A most agreeable medicine! The irritability of
+the skin, however, continues, though the inflammation of the legs has
+somewhat diminished....
+
+My increasing weakness is now my most serious trouble, as it prevents me
+really from doing any more work, and causes a large want of balance, and
+liability to fall down. Even moving about the room after books, etc.,
+dressing and undressing, make me want to lie down and rest....
+
+With kind remembrances to your daughter, believe me yours very
+sincerely,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In disposition Dr. Wallace was cheerful, and very optimistic, and
+remarkably even-tempered. If irritated he quickly recovered, and soon
+forgot all about the annoyance, but he was always strongly indignant at
+any injustice to the weak or helpless. When worried by business
+difficulties or losses he very soon recovered his optimism, and seemed
+quite confident that all would come right (as indeed it generally did),
+and latterly he became convinced that all his past troubles were really
+blessings in disguise, without which as a stimulant he would have done
+no useful work.
+
+His life was a happy one, and even the discomforts caused by his
+ailments, which were at times very acute for days together, never
+prevented him from enjoying the contemplation of his flowers, nor
+disturbed the serenity of his temper, nor caused him to complain.
+
+Although rather delicate all his life, he rarely stayed in bed; in fact,
+only once in our memory, during an illness at Parkstone, did he do so,
+and then only for one day.
+
+On Saturday, November 1st (1913), he walked round the garden, and on the
+following day seemed very bright, and enjoyed his dinner and supper, but
+about nine o'clock he felt faint and shivered violently. We called in
+Dr. Norman, who came in about an hour, and we heard them having a long
+talk and even laughing, in the study. As the doctor left he said,
+"Wonderful man! he knows so much. I can do nothing for him."
+
+The next day he did not get up at the usual time, but we felt no anxiety
+until noon, when he still showed no inclination to rise. He appeared to
+be dozing, and said he wanted nothing. From that time he gradually sank
+into semi-consciousness, and at half-past nine in the morning of Friday,
+November 7th, quietly passed on to that other life in which he was such
+a firm believer.
+
+
+
+
+PART V
+
+Social and Political Views
+
+    "When a country is well governed, poverty and a mean condition are
+    things to be ashamed of. When a country is ill governed, riches
+    and honour are things to be ashamed of."--CONFUCIUS.
+
+
+In the above sentences, written long before the dawn of Christian
+civilisation, we have an apt summary of the social and political views
+of Alfred Russel Wallace.
+
+As we have stated in a previous chapter, it was during his short stay in
+London as a boy, when he was led to study the writings and methods of
+Robert Owen, of New Lanark, that his mind first opened to the
+consideration of the inequalities of our social life.
+
+During the six years which he spent in land-surveying he obtained a more
+practical knowledge of the laws pertaining to public and private
+property as they affected the lives and habits of both squire and
+peasant.
+
+The village inn, or public-house, was then the only place where men
+could meet to discuss topics of mutual interest, and it was there that
+young Wallace and his brother spent some of their own leisure hours
+listening to and conversing with the village rustics. The conversation
+was not ordinarily of an educational character, but occasionally
+experienced farmers would discuss agricultural and land problems which
+were beginning to interest Wallace.
+
+In reading his books and essays written more than seventy years later,
+we are struck with the exceptional opportunities which he had of
+comparing social conditions, and commercial and individual prosperity
+during that long period, and of witnessing the introduction of many
+inventions. He used to enjoy recalling many of the discussions between
+intelligent mechanics which he heard of in his early days regarding the
+introduction of the steam-engine. One and another declared that the grip
+of the engine on the rails would not be sufficient to draw heavy trucks
+or carriages; that the wheels, in fact, would whiz round instead of
+going on, and that it would be necessary to sprinkle sand in front of
+the wheels, or make the tyres rough like files. About this time, too,
+there arose a keen debate upon the relative merits of the new railroads
+and the old canals. Many thought that the former could never compete
+with the latter in carrying heavy goods; but facts soon proved
+otherwise, for in one district alone the traffic of the canal, within
+two years of the coming of the railway, decreased by 1,000,000 tons.
+
+It was during these years, and when he and his brother were making a
+survey for the enclosure of some common lands near Llandrindod Wells,
+that Wallace finally became aware of the injustice towards the labouring
+classes of the General Enclosure Act.
+
+In this particular locality the land to be enclosed consisted of a large
+extent of moor, and mountain which, with other common rights, had for
+many years enabled the occupants of the scattered cottages around to
+keep a horse, cow, or a few sheep, and thus make a fairly comfortable
+living. Under the Act, the whole of this open land was divided among the
+adjacent landowners of the parish or manor, in proportion to the size or
+value of their estates. Thus, to those who actually possessed much, much
+was given; whilst to those who only nominally owned a little land, even
+that was taken away in return for a small compensation which was by no
+means as valuable to them as the right to graze their cattle. In spite
+of the statement set forth in the General Enclosure Act--"Whereas it is
+expedient to facilitate the enclosure and improvement of common and
+other lands now subject to the rights of property which obstruct
+cultivation and the productive employment of labour," Wallace
+ascertained many years later that no single part of the land so enclosed
+had been cultivated by those to whom it was given, though certain
+portions had been let or sold at fabulous prices for building purposes,
+to accommodate summer visitors to the neighbourhood. Thus the
+unfortunate people who had formerly enjoyed home, health, and
+comparative prosperity in the cottages scattered over this common land
+had been obliged to migrate to the large towns, seeking for fresh
+employment and means of subsistence, or had become "law-created
+paupers"; whilst to crown all, the piece of common originally "reserved"
+for the benefit of the inhabitants had been turned into golf-links!
+
+Again and again Wallace drew attention to the fundamental duties of
+landownership, maintaining that the public, as a whole, had become so
+blinded by custom that no effectual social reform would ever be
+established unless some strenuous and unremitting effort was made to
+recover the land by law from those who had made the land laws and who
+had niched the common heritage of humanity for their own private
+aggrandisement.
+
+With regard to the actual value of land, Wallace pointed out that the
+last valuation was made in the year 1692, and therefore, with the
+increase of value through minerals and other products since then, the
+arrears of land tax due up to 1905 would amount to more than the value
+of all the agricultural land of our country at the present time;
+therefore existing landlords, in clamouring for their alleged rights of
+property, might find out that those "rights" no longer exist.
+
+Yet another point on which he insisted was the right of way through
+fields or woodlands, and especially beside the sea. With the advent of
+the motor-car and other swift means of locomotion, the public roads are
+no longer safe and pleasurable for pedestrians; besides the iniquitous
+fact that hundreds are kept from enjoying the beauties of nature by the
+utterly selfish and useless reservations of such by-paths by the
+landowner.
+
+"This all-embracing system of land-robbery," again he writes, "for which
+nothing is too great or too small; which has absorbed meadow and forest,
+moor and mountain, which has appropriated most of our rivers and lakes
+and the fish that live in them; making the agriculturist pay for his
+seaweed manure and the fisherman for his bait of shell-fish; which has
+desolated whole counties to replace men by sheep or cattle, and has
+destroyed fields and cottages to make a wilderness for deer and grouse;
+which has stolen the commons and filched the roadside wastes; which has
+driven the labouring poor into the cities, and thus been the chief cause
+of the misery, disease, and early death of thousands  ... it is the
+advocates of this inhuman system who, when a partial restitution of
+their unholy gains is proposed, are the loudest in their cries of
+'robbery'!
+
+"But all the robbery, all the spoliation, all the legal and illegal
+filching, has been on _their_ side.... They made the laws to legalise
+their actions, and, some day, we, the people, will make laws which will
+not only legalise but justify our process of restitution. It will
+justify it, because, unlike their laws, which always took from the poor
+to give to the rich--to the very class which made the laws--ours will
+only take from the superfluity of the rich, _not_ to give to the poor or
+to any individuals, but to so administer as to enable every man to live
+by honest work, to restore to the whole people their birthright in their
+native soil, and to relieve all alike from a heavy burden of unnecessary
+and unjust taxation. _This_ will be the true statesmanship of the
+future, and it will be justified alike by equity, by ethics, and by
+religion."
+
+These, then, are the facts and reasons upon which Dr. Wallace based his
+strenuous advocacy of Land Nationalisation.[48] It was only by slow
+degrees that he arrived at some of the conclusions propounded in his
+later years, but once having grasped their full importance to the social
+and moral well-being of the community, he held them to the last.
+
+The first book which tended to fasten his attention upon these matters
+was "Social Statics," by Herbert Spencer, but in 1870 the publication of
+his "Malay Archipelago" brought him into personal contact with John
+Stuart Mill, through whose invitation he became a member of the General
+Committee of the Land Tenure Reform Association. On the formation of the
+Land Nationalisation Society in 1880 he retired from the Association,
+and devoted himself to the larger issues which the new Society embraced.
+
+Soon after the latter Society was started, Henry George, the American
+author of "Progress and Poverty," came to England, and Wallace had many
+opportunities of hearing him speak in public and of discussing matters
+of common interest in private. In spite of the ridicule poured upon
+Henry George's book by many eminent social reformers, Wallace
+consistently upheld its general principles.
+
+His second work on these various subjects was a small book entitled "Bad
+Times," issued in 1885, in which he went deeply into the root causes of
+the depression in trade which had lasted since 1874. The facts there
+given were enlarged upon and continually brought up to date in his later
+writings. Articles which had appeared in various magazines were gathered
+together and included, with those on other subjects, in "Studies,
+Scientific and Social." His last three books, which include his ideas on
+social diseases and the best method of preventing them, were "The
+Wonderful Century," "Social Environment and Moral Progress," and "The
+Revolt of Democracy"; the two last being issued, as we have seen, in
+1913, the year of his death.
+
+In "Social Environment and Moral Progress" the conclusion of his
+vehement survey of our moral and social conditions was startling: "_It
+is not too much to say that our whole system of Society is rotten from
+top to bottom, and that the social environment as a whole in relation to
+our possibilities and our claims is the worst that the world has ever
+seen_."
+
+That terrible indictment was doubly underscored in his MS.
+
+What, in his mature judgment, were the causes and remedies? He set them
+out in this order:
+
+1. The evils are due, broadly and generally, to our living under a
+system of universal competition for the means of existence, the remedy
+for which is equally universal co-operation.
+
+2. It may also be defined as a system of economic antagonism, as of
+enemies, the remedy being a system of economic brotherhood, as of a
+great family, or of friends.
+
+3. Our system is also one of monopoly by a few of all the means of
+existence--the land, without access to which no life is possible; and
+capital, or the results of stored-up labour, which is now in the
+possession of a limited number of capitalists, and therefore is also a
+monopoly. The remedy is freedom of access to land and capital for all.
+
+4. Also, it may be defined as social injustice, inasmuch as the few in
+each generation are allowed to inherit the stored-up wealth of all
+preceding generations, while the many inherit nothing. The remedy is to
+adopt the principle of equality of opportunity for all, or of universal
+_inheritance by the State in trust for the whole community_.
+
+"We have," he finally concluded, "ourselves created an immoral or
+unmoral social environment. To undo its inevitable results we must
+reverse our course. We must see that _all_ our economic legislation,
+_all_ our social reforms, are in the very opposite direction to those
+hitherto adopted, and that they tend in the direction of one or other of
+the four fundamental remedies I have suggested. In this way only can we
+hope to change our existing immoral environment into a moral one, and
+_initiate a new era of Moral Progress._" The "Revolt of Democracy"[49]
+was addressed directly to the Labour Party. And once again he drew a
+vivid picture of how, during the whole of the nineteenth century, there
+was a continuous advance in the application of scientific discovery to
+the arts, especially to the invention and application of labour-saving
+machinery; and how our wealth had increased to an equally marvellous
+extent.
+
+He pointed out that various estimates which had been made of the
+increase in our wealth-producing capacity showed that, roughly speaking,
+the use of mechanical power had increased it more than a hundredfold
+during the century; yet the result had been to create a limited upper
+class, living in unexampled luxury, while about one-fourth of the whole
+population existed in a state of fluctuating penury, often sinking below
+the margin of poverty. Many thousands were annually drawn into this gulf
+of destitution, and died from direct starvation and premature exhaustion
+or from diseases produced by unhealthy employment.
+
+During this long period, however, although wealth and want had alike
+increased side by side, public opinion had not been sufficiently
+educated to permit of any effectual remedy being applied. The workers
+themselves had failed to visualise its fundamental causes, land monopoly
+and the competitive system of industry giving rise to an ever-increasing
+private capitalism which, to a very large extent, had controlled the
+Legislature. All through the last century this rapid accumulation of
+wealth due to extensive manufacturing industries led to a still greater
+increase of middlemen engaged in the distribution of the products, from
+the wealthy merchant to the various grades of tradesmen and small
+shop-keepers who supplied the daily wants of the community.
+
+To those who lived in the midst of this vast industrial system, or were
+a part of it, it seemed natural and inevitable that there should be rich
+and poor; and this belief was enforced on the one hand by the clergy,
+and on the other by political economists, so that religion and science
+agreed in upholding the competitive and capitalistic system of society
+as the only rational and possible one. Hence it came to be believed that
+the true sphere of governmental action did not include the abolition of
+poverty. It was even declared that poverty was due to economic causes
+over which governments had no power; that wages were kept down by the
+"iron law" of supply and demand; and that any attempt to find a remedy
+by Acts of Parliament only aggravated the disease. During the
+Premiership of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman this attitude was, for the
+first time, changed. On numerous occasions Sir Henry declared that he
+held it to be the duty of a government to deal with problems of
+unemployment and poverty.
+
+In 1908 three great strikes, coming in rapid succession--those of the
+Railway and other Transport Unions, the Miners, and the London Dock
+Labourers--brought home to the middle and upper classes, and to the
+Government, how completely all are dependent on the "working classes."
+This and similar experiences showed us that when the organisation of
+the trade unions was more complete, and the accumulated funds of several
+years were devoted to this purpose, the bulk of the inhabitants of
+London, and of other great cities, could be made to suffer a degree of
+famine comparable with that of Paris when besieged by the German army in
+1870.
+
+Wallace's watchword throughout these social agitations was "Equality of
+Opportunity for All," and the ideal method by which he hoped to achieve
+this end was a system of industrial colonisation in our own country
+whereby _all_ would have a fair, if not an absolutely equal, share in
+the benefits arising from the production of their own labour, whether
+physical or mental.[50]
+
+With regard to the education of the people, especially as a
+stepping-stone to moral and intellectual reform, Wallace believed in the
+training of individual natural talent, rather than the present system of
+general education thrust upon every boy or girl regardless of their
+varying mental capacities. He also urged that the building-up of the
+mind should be alternated with physical training in one or more useful
+trades, so that there might be, not only at the outset, but also in
+later life, a choice of occupation in order to avoid the excess of
+unemployment in any one direction.
+
+In his opinion, one of the injurious results of our competitive system,
+having its roots, however, in the valuable "guilds" of a past epoch, was
+the almost universal restriction of our workers to only one kind of
+labour. The result was a dreadful monotony in almost all spheres of
+work, the extreme unhealthiness of many, and a much larger amount of
+unemployment than if each man or woman were regularly trained in two or
+more occupations. In addition to two of what are commonly called trades,
+every youth should be trained for one day a week or one week in a
+month, according to the demand for labour, in some of the various
+operations of farming or gardening. Not only would this improve the
+general health of the workers, but it would also add much to the
+interest and enjoyment of their lives.
+
+"There is one point," he wrote, "in connection with this problem which I
+do not think has ever been much considered or discussed. It is the
+undoubted benefit to all the members of a society of _the greatest
+possible diversity of character_, as a means both towards the greatest
+enjoyment and interest of association, and to the highest ultimate
+development of the race. If we are to suppose that man might have been
+created or developed with none of those extremes of character which now
+often result in what we call wickedness, vice, or crime, there would
+certainly have been a greater monotony in human nature, which would,
+perhaps, have led to less beneficial results than the variety which
+actually exists may lead to. We are more and more getting to see that
+very much, perhaps all, the vice, crime, and misery that exists in the
+world is the result, not of the wickedness of individuals, but of the
+entire absence of sympathetic training from infancy onwards. So far as I
+have heard, the only example of the effects of such a training on a
+large scale was that initiated by Robert Owen at New Lanark, which, with
+most unpromising materials, produced such marvellous results on the
+character and conduct of the children as to seem almost incredible to
+the numerous persons who came to see and often critically to examine
+them. There must have been all kinds of characters in his schools, yet
+_none_ were found to be incorrigible, _none_ beyond control, _none_ who
+did not respond to the love and sympathetic instruction of their
+teachers. It is therefore quite possible that _all_ the evil in the
+world is directly due to man, not to God, and that when we once realise
+this to its full extent we shall be able, not only to eliminate almost
+completely what we now term evil, but shall then clearly perceive that
+all those propensities and passions that under bad conditions of society
+inevitably led to it, will under good conditions add to the variety and
+the capacities of human nature, the enjoyment of life by all, and at the
+same time greatly increase the possibilities of development of the whole
+race. I myself feel confident that this is really the case, and that
+such considerations, when followed out to their ultimate issues, afford
+a complete solution of the great problem of the ages--the origin of
+evil."[51]
+
+Closely allied with the welfare of the child is another "reform" with
+which Wallace's name will long be associated. That is his strong
+denunciation of Vaccination. For seven years he laboured to show medical
+and scientific men that statistics proved beyond doubt the futility of
+this measure to prevent disease. A few were converted, but public
+opinion is hard to move.
+
+In his ideal of the future, Dr. Wallace gave a large and honoured sphere
+to women. He considered that it was in the highest degree presumptuous
+and irrational to attempt to deal by compulsory enactments with the most
+vital and most sacred of all human relationships, regardless of the fact
+that our present phase of social development is not only extremely
+imperfect, but, as already shown, vicious and rotten to the core. How
+could it be possible to determine by legislation those relations of the
+sexes which shall be best alike for individuals and for the race in a
+society in which a large proportion of our women are forced to work long
+hours daily for the barest subsistence, with an almost total absence of
+the rational pleasures of life, for the want of which thousands are
+driven into uncongenial marriages in order to secure some amount of
+personal independence or physical well-being. He believed that when men
+and women are, for the first time in the course of civilisation, equally
+free to follow their best impulses; when idleness and vicious and
+hurtful luxury on the one hand, and oppressive labour and the dread of
+starvation on the other, are alike unknown; when _all_ receive the best
+and broadest education that the state of civilisation and knowledge will
+admit; when the standard of public opinion is set by the wisest and the
+best among us, and that standard is systematically inculcated in the
+young--then we shall find that a system of truly "Natural Selection" (a
+term that Wallace preferred to "Eugenics," which he utterly disliked)
+will come spontaneously into action which will tend steadily to
+eliminate the lower, the less developed, or in any way defective types
+of men, and will thus continuously raise the physical, moral, and
+intellectual standard of the race.
+
+He further held that "although many women now remain unmarried from
+necessity rather than from choice, there are always considerable numbers
+who feel no strong impulse to marriage, and accept husbands to secure
+subsistence and a home of their own rather than from personal affection
+or sexual emotion. In a state of society in which all women were
+economically independent, where all were fully occupied with public
+duties and social or intellectual pleasures, and had nothing to gain by
+marriage as regards material well-being or social position, it is highly
+probable that the numbers of unmarried from choice would increase. It
+would probably come to be considered a degradation for any woman to
+marry a man whom she could not love and esteem, and this reason would
+tend at least to delay marriage till a worthy and sympathetic partner
+was encountered." But this choice, he considered, would be further
+strengthened by the fact that, with the ever-increasing approach to
+equality of opportunity for every child born in our country, that
+terrible excess of male deaths, in boyhood and early manhood especially,
+due to various preventable causes, would disappear, and change the
+present majority of women to a majority of men. This would lead to a
+greater rivalry for wives, and give to women the power of rejecting all
+the lower types of character among their suitors.
+
+"It will be their special duty so to mould public opinion, through home
+training and social influence, as to render the women of the future the
+regenerators of the entire human race." He fully hoped and believed that
+they would prove equal to the high and responsible position which, in
+accordance with natural laws, they will be called upon to fulfil.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mr. D.A. Wilson, who visited him in 1912, writes:
+
+He surprised me by saying he was a Socialist--one does not expect a man
+like him to label himself in any way. It appeared to be unconscious
+modesty, like a school-boy's, which made him willing to be labelled; but
+no label could describe him, and his mental sweep was unlimited.
+Although in his ninetieth year, he seemed to be in his prime. There was
+no sign of age but physical weakness, and you had to make an effort at
+times to remember even that. His eye kindled as he spoke, and more than
+once he walked about and chuckled, like a schoolboy pleased.
+
+An earnest expression like Carlyle's came over his countenance as he
+reprobated the selfish, wild-cat competition which made life harder and
+more horrible to-day for a well-doing poor man in England than among the
+Malays or Burmese before they had any modern inventions. Co-operation
+was the upward road for humanity. Men grew out of beasthood by it, and
+by it civilisation began. Forgetting it, men retrograded, subsiding
+swiftly, so that there were many individuals among us to-day who were in
+body, mind, and character below the level of our barbarian ancestors or
+contemporary "savages," to say nothing of civilised Burmese or Malays.
+What he meant by Socialism can be seen from his books. Nothing in them
+surprised me after our talk. His appreciation of Confucius, when I
+quoted some things of the Chinese sage's which confirmed what he was
+saying, was emphatic, and that and many other things showed that
+Socialism to him implied the upward evolution of humanity. It was
+because of the degradation of men involved that he objected to letting
+individuals grab the public property--earth, air and water. Monopolies,
+he thought, should at once revert to the public, and we had an argument
+which showed that he had no objection to even artificial monopolies if
+they were public property. He defended the old Dutch Government
+monopolies of spices, and declared them better than to-day's free trade,
+when cultivation is exploited by men who always tended to be mere
+money-grabbers, selfish savages let loose. In answer I mentioned the
+abuses of officialdom, as seen by me from the inside in Burma, and he
+agreed that the mental and moral superiority of many kinds of Asiatics
+to the Europeans who want to boss them made detailed European
+administration an absurdity. We should leave these peoples to develop in
+their own way. Having conquered Burma and India, he proceeded, the
+English should take warning from history and restrict themselves to
+keeping the peace, and protecting the countries they had taken. They
+should give every province as much home rule as possible and as soon as
+possible, and study to avoid becoming parasites.--D.A.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We may fittingly conclude this brief summary of Wallace's social views
+and ideals by citing his own reply to the question: "Why am I a
+Socialist?" "I am a Socialist because I believe that the highest law for
+mankind is justice. I therefore take for my motto, 'Fiat Justitia, Ruat
+Coelum'; and my definition of Socialism is, 'The use, by everyone, of
+his faculties for the common good, and the voluntary organisation of
+labour for the equal benefit of all.' That is absolute social justice;
+that is ideal Socialism. It is, therefore, the guiding star for all true
+social reform."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+He corresponded with Miss Buckley not only on scientific but also on
+public questions and social problems:
+
+TO MISS BUCKLEY
+
+
+_Rosehill, Dorking. Sunday, [? December, 1878]._
+
+Dear Miss Buckley,--  ... How wonderfully the Russians have got on since
+you left! A very little more and the Turkish Government might be turned
+out of Europe--even now it might be with the greatest ease if our
+Government would join in giving them the last kick. Whatever power they
+retain in Europe will most certainly involve another war before twenty
+years are over.--Yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MISS BUCKLEY
+
+
+_Waldron Edge, Croydon. May 2, 1879._
+
+Dear Miss Buckley,--  ... My "Reciprocity" article seems to have produced
+a slight effect on the _Spectator_, though it did snub me at first, but
+it is perfectly sickening to read the stuff spoken and written, in
+Parliament and in all the newspapers, about the subject, all treating
+our present practice as something holy and immutable, whatever bad
+effects it may produce, and though it is not in any way "free trade" and
+would I believe have been given up both by Adam Smith and Cobden.--Yours
+very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+He was always ready, even eager, to discuss his social and land
+nationalisation principles with his scientific friends, with members of
+his own family, and indeed with anyone who would lend a willing ear.
+
+HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_38 Queen's Gardens, Bayswater, W. April 25, 1881._
+
+Dear Mr. Wallace,--As you may suppose, I fully sympathise with the
+general aims of your proposed Land Nationalisation Society; but for
+sundry reasons I hesitate to commit myself, at the present stage of the
+question, to a programme so definite as that which you send me. It seems
+to me that before formulating the idea in a specific shape it is needful
+to generate a body of public opinion on the general issue, and that it
+must be some time before there can be produced such recognition of the
+general principle involved as is needful before definite plans can be
+set forth to any purpose....--Truly yours,
+
+HERBERT SPENCER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_38 Queen's Gardens, Bayswater, W. July 6, 1881._
+
+Dear Mr. Wallace,--I have already seen the work you name, "Progress and
+Poverty," having had a copy, or rather two copies, sent me. I gathered
+from what little I glanced at that I should fundamentally disagree with
+the writer, and have not read more.
+
+I demur entirely to the supposition, which is implied in the book, that
+by any possible social arrangements whatever the distress which humanity
+has to suffer in the course of civilisation could have been prevented.
+The whole process, with all its horrors and tyrannies, and slaveries,
+and wars, and abominations of all kinds, has been an inevitable one
+accompanying the survival and spread of the strongest, and the
+consolidation of small tribes into large societies; and among other
+things the lapse of land into private ownership has been, like the lapse
+of individuals into slavery, at one period of the process altogether
+indispensable. I do not in the least believe that from the primitive
+system of communistic ownership to a high and finished system of State
+ownership, such as we may look for in the future, there could be any
+transition without passing through such stages as we have seen and which
+exist now. Argument aside, however, I should be disinclined to commit
+myself to any scheme of immediate action, which, as I have indicated to
+you, I believe at present premature. For myself I feel that I have to
+consider not only what I may do on special questions, but also how the
+action I take on special questions may affect my general influence; and
+I am disinclined to give more handles against me than are needful.
+Already, as you will see by the enclosed circular, I am doing in the way
+of positive action more than may be altogether prudent.--Sincerely
+yours,
+
+HERBERT SPENCER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A.R. WALLACE TO MR. A.C. SWINTON
+
+
+_Frith Hill, Godalming. December 23, 1885._
+
+My dear Swinton,--  ... I have just received an invitation to go to
+lecture in Sydney on Sundays for three months, with an intimation that
+other lectures can be arranged for in Melbourne and New Zealand. It is
+tempting!... If I had the prospect of clearing L1,000 by a lecturing
+campaign I would go, though it would require a great effort.... I did
+not think it possible even to contemplate going so far again, but the
+chance of earning a lot of money which would enable me to clear off this
+house and leave something for my family must be seriously
+considered.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MISS VIOLET WALLACE
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. May_ 10, 1891.
+
+My dear Violet,--  ... I am quite in favour of a legal eight hours' day.
+Overtime need not be forbidden, but every man who works overtime should
+have a legal claim to double wages for the extra hours. That would make
+it cheaper for the master to employ two sets of men working each eight
+hours when they had long jobs requiring them, while for the necessities
+of finishing contracts, etc., they could well afford to pay double for
+the extra hours. "It would make everything dearer!" Of course it would!
+How else can you produce a more equal distribution of wealth than by
+making the rich and idle pay more and the workers receive more? "The
+workers would have to pay more, too, for everything they bought!" True
+again, but what they paid more would not equal their extra earnings,
+because a large portion of the extra pay to the men will be paid by the
+rich, and only the remainder paid by the men themselves. The eight
+hours' day and double pay for overtime would not only employ thousands
+now out of work, but would actually raise wages per hour and per day.
+This is clear, because wages are kept down wholly by the surplus supply
+of labour in every trade. The moment the surplus is used up, or nearly
+so, by more men being required on account of shorter hours, competition
+among the men becomes less; among the employers, for men, more: hence
+necessarily higher wages all round. As to the bogey of foreign
+competition, it is a bogey only. All the political economists agree that
+if wages are raised in all trades, it will not in the least affect our
+power to export goods as profitably as now. Look and see! And, secondly,
+the eight hours' movement is an international one, and will affect all
+alike in the end.
+
+There are some arguments for you! Poor unreasoning infant!!...
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+REV. AUGUSTUS JESSOPP TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_Scarning Rectory, East Dereham. August 25, 1893._
+
+My dear Mr. Wallace,--I have put off writing to thank you for your kind
+letter, and the book and pamphlets you were good enough to send me,
+because I hoped in acknowledgment to say I had read your little volumes,
+as I intend to. The fates have been against me, and I will delay no
+longer thanking you for sending them to me.
+
+I do not believe in your theory of land nationalisation one bit! But I
+like to see all that such a man as you has to say on his side.
+
+In return I send you my view of the matter, which is just as likely to
+convert you as your book is to convert me.
+
+I love a man with a theory, for I learn most from such a man, and when I
+have thought a thing out in my own mind and forgotten the arguments
+while I have arrived at a firm conviction as to the conclusion, it is
+refreshing to be reminded of points and facts that have slipped away
+from me!
+
+It was a great pleasure and privilege to make your acquaintance the
+other day, and I hope we may meet again some day.--Very truly yours,
+
+AUGUSTUS JESSOPP.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+REV. H. PRICE HUGHES TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_8 Taviton Street, Gordon Square, W.C. September 14, 1898._
+
+Dear Dr. Wallace,--I am always very glad when I hear from you. So far as
+your intensely interesting volume has compelled some very prejudiced
+people to read your attack on modern delusions, it is a great gain,
+especially to themselves. I have read your tract on "Justice, not
+Charity," with great pleasure and approval. The moment Mr. Benjamin
+Kidd invented the striking term of "equality of opportunity" I adopted
+it, and have often preached it in the pulpit and on the platform, just
+as you preach it in the tract before me. I fully agree that justice, not
+charity, is the fundamental principle of social reform. There is
+something very contemptible in the spiteful way in which many newspapers
+and magistrates are trying to aggravate the difficulties of
+conscientious men who avail themselves of the conscience clause in the
+new Vaccination Act. There is very much to be done yet before social
+justice is realised, but the astonishing manifesto of the Czar of
+Russia, which I have no doubt is a perfectly sincere one, is a
+revelation of the extent to which social truth is leavening European
+society. Since I last wrote to you I have been elected President of the
+Wesleyan Methodist Conference, which will give me a great deal of
+special work and special opportunities also, I am thankful to say, of
+propagating Social Christianity, which in fact, and to a great extent in
+form, is what you yourself are doing.--Yours very sincerely,
+
+H. PRICE HUGHES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO ALFRED RUSSELL
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. May 11, 1900._
+
+Dear Sir,--I am not a vegetarian, but I believe in it as certain to be
+adopted in the future, and as essential to a higher social and moral
+state of society. My reasons are:
+
+(1) That far less land is needed to supply vegetable than to supply
+animal food.
+
+(2) That the business of a butcher is, and would be, repulsive to all
+refined natures.
+
+(3) That with proper arrangements for variety and good cookery,
+vegetable food is better for health of body and mind.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. JOHN (LORD) MORLEY
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset, October 20, 1900._
+
+Dear Sir,--I look upon you as the one politician left to us, who, by his
+ability and integrity, his eloquence and love of truth, his high
+standing as a thinker and writer, and his openness of mind, is able to
+become the leader of the English people in their struggle for freedom
+against the monopolists of land, capital, and political power. I
+therefore take the liberty of sending you herewith a book of mine
+containing a number of miscellaneous essays, a few of which, I venture
+to think, are worthy of your serious attention.
+
+Some time since you intimated in one of your speeches that, if the
+choice for this country were between Imperialism and Socialism, you were
+inclined to consider the latter the less evil of the two. You added, I
+think, your conviction that the dangers of Socialism to human character
+were what most influenced you against it. I trust that my impression of
+what you said is substantially correct. Now I myself believe, after a
+study of the subject extending over twenty years, that this danger is
+non-existent, and certainly does not in any way apply to the fundamental
+principles of Socialism, which is, simply, _the voluntary organisation
+of labour for the good of all_....--With great esteem, I am yours very
+faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. JOHN (LORD) MORLEY TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_57 Elm Park Gardens, S.W. October 31, 1900._
+
+My dear Sir,--For some reason, though your letter is dated the 20th, it
+has only reached me, along with the two volumes, to-day. I feel myself
+greatly indebted to you for both. In older days I often mused upon a
+passage of yours in the "Malay Archipelago" contrasting the condition of
+certain types of savage life with that of life in a modern industrial
+city. And I shall gladly turn again to the subject in these pages, new
+to me, where you come to close quarters with the problem.
+
+But my time and my mind are at present neither of them free for the
+effective consideration of this mighty case. Nor can I promise myself
+the requisite leisure for at least several months to come. What I can do
+is to set your arguments a-simmering in my brain, and perhaps when the
+time of liberation arrives I may be in a state to make something of it.
+I don't suppose that I shall be a convert, but I always remember J.S.
+Mill's observation, after recapitulating the evils to be apprehended
+from Socialism, that he would face them in spite of all, if the only
+alternative to Socialism were our present state.--With sincere thanks
+and regard, believe me yours faithfully
+
+JOHN MORLEY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. C.G. STUART-MENTEITH
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. June 6, 1901._
+
+Dear Sir,--I have no time to discuss your letter[52] at any length. You
+seem to assume that we can say definitely who are the "fit" and who the
+"unfit."
+
+I deny this, except in the most extreme cases.
+
+I believe that, even now, the race is mostly recruited by the _more
+fit_--that is the upper working classes and the lower middle classes.
+
+Both the very rich and the very poor are probably--as classes--below
+these. The former increase less rapidly through immorality and late
+marriage; the latter through excessive infant mortality. If that is the
+case, no legislative interference is needed, and would probably do harm.
+
+I see nothing in your letter which is really opposed to my
+contention--that under rational social conditions the healthy instincts
+of men and women will solve the population problem far better than any
+tinkering interference either by law or by any other means.
+
+And in the meantime the condition of things is not so bad as you
+suppose.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. SYDNEY COCKERELL
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. January 15, 1906._
+
+Dear Mr. Cockerell,--I have now finished reading Kropotkin's Life with
+very great interest, especially for the light it throws on the present
+condition of Russia. It also brings out clearly some very fine aspects
+of the Russian character, and the horrible despotism to which they are
+still subject, equivalent to that of the days of the Bastille and the
+system of _Lettres de cachet_ before the great Revolution in France. It
+seems to me probable that under happier conditions--perhaps in the not
+distant future--Russia may become the most advanced instead of the most
+backward in civilisation--a real leader among nations, not in war and
+conquest but in social reform.--Yours faithfully,
+
+A.R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. J. HYDER (Of THE LAND NATIONALISATION SOCIETY)
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. May 13, 1907._
+
+Dear Mr. Hyder,--Although it is not safe to hallo before one is out of
+the wood, I think I may congratulate the Society upon the prospect it
+now has of obtaining the first-fruits of its persistent efforts, for a
+quarter of a century, to form an enlightened public opinion in favour of
+our views. If the Government adequately fulfils its promises, we shall
+have, in the Bill for a fair valuation of land apart from improvements,
+as a basis of taxation and for purchase, and that giving local
+authorities full powers to acquire land so valued, the first real and
+definite steps towards complete nationalisation....
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE,
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. A. WILTSHIRE[53]
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. October 10, 1907._
+
+Dear Sir,--I told Mr. Button that I do not approve of the resolution you
+are going to move.[54]
+
+The workers of England have themselves returned a large majority of
+ordinary Liberals, including hundreds of capitalists, landowners,
+manufacturers, and lawyers, with only a sprinkling of Radicals and
+Socialists. The Government--your own elected Government--is doing more
+for the workers than any Liberal Government ever did before, yet you are
+going to pass what is practically a vote of censure on it for not being
+a Radical, Labour, and Socialist Government!
+
+If this Government attempted to do what you and I think ought to be
+done, it would lose half its followers and be turned out, ignominiously,
+giving the Tories another chance. That is foolish as well as
+unfair.--Yours truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO LORD AVEBURY
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. June 23, 1908._
+
+Dear Lord Avebury,--  ... Allow me to wish every success to your Bill for
+preserving beautiful birds from destruction. To stop the import is the
+only way--short of the still more drastic method of heavily fining
+everyone who wears feathers in public, with imprisonment for a second
+offence. But we are not yet ripe for that.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE. TO MR. E. SMEDLEY
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. December 25, 1910._
+
+Dear Mr. Smedley,--Thanks for your long and interesting letter.... Man
+is, and has been, horribly cruel, and it is indeed difficult to explain
+why. Yet that there is an explanation, and that it does lead to good in
+the end, I believe. Praying is evidently useless, and should be, as it
+is almost always selfish--for _our_ benefit, or our _families_, or our
+_nation_.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED E. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. W.G. WALLACE
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. August 20, 1911._
+
+My dear Will,--  ... The railway strike surpasses the Parliament Bill in
+excitement. On receipt of Friday's paper, I sat down and composed and
+sent off to Lloyd George a short but big letter, on large foolscap
+paper, urging him and Asquith, as the two strong men of the Government,
+to take over at once the management of the railways of the entire
+country, by Royal Proclamation--on the ground of mismanagement for
+seventy years, and having brought the country to the verge of starvation
+and civil war; to grant an amnesty to all strikers (except for acts of
+violence), also grant all the men's demands for one year, and devote
+that time to a deliberate and impartial inquiry and a complete scheme of
+reorganisation of the railways in the interest, first of the public,
+then of the men of all grades, lastly of the share and bond owners, who
+will become guaranteed public creditors.... It has been admitted and
+proved again and again, that the men are badly treated, that their
+grievances are real--their very unanimity and standing by each other
+proves it. Their demands are most moderate; and the cost in extra wages
+will be saved over and over in safety, regularity, economy of working,
+and public convenience. I have not had even an acknowledgment of receipt
+yet, but hope to in a day or two....
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. H.M. HYNDMAN TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_9 Queen Anne's Gate, Westminster, S.W. March 14, 1912._
+
+Dear Sir,--Everyone who knows anything of the record of modern science
+in this country recognises how very much we all owe to you. It was,
+therefore, specially gratifying to me that you should be so kind as to
+write such a very encouraging letter on the occasion of my seventieth
+birthday. I owe you sincere thanks for what you said, though I may
+honestly feel that you overpraised what I have done. It has been an
+uphill fight, but I am lucky in being allowed to see through the smoke
+and dust of battle a vision of the promised land. The transformation
+from capitalism to socialism is going on slowly under our eyes.
+
+Again thanking you and wishing you every good wish, believe me yours
+sincerely,
+
+H.M. HYNDMAN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. M.J. MURPHY
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. August 19, 1913._
+
+Dear Sir,--I not only think but firmly believe that Lloyd George is
+working for the good of the people, in all ways open to him. The wonder
+is that he can persuade Asquith and the Cabinet to let him go as far as
+he does. No doubt he is obliged to do things he does not think the best
+absolutely, but the best that are practicable. He does not profess to be
+a Socialist, and he is not infallible, but he does the best he can,
+under the conditions in which he finds himself. Socialists who condemn
+him for not doing more are most unfair. They must know, if they think,
+that if he tried to do much more towards Socialism he would break up the
+Government and let in the Tories.--Yours truly,
+
+A.R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. A. WILTSHIRE
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. September 14, 1913._
+
+Dear Sir,--I wish you every success in your work for the amelioration of
+the condition of the workers, through whose exertions it may be truly
+said we all live and move and have our being.
+
+Your motto is excellent. Above all things stick together.
+
+Equally important is it to declare as a fixed principle that wages are
+to be and must be continuously raised, never lowered. You have too much
+arrears to make up--too many forces against you, to admit of their being
+ever lowered. Let future generations decide when that is necessary--if
+ever.
+
+This is a principle worth enforcing by a general strike. Nothing less
+will be effective--nothing less should be accepted; and you must let the
+Government know it, and insist that they adopt it.
+
+The rise must always be towards uniformity of payment for all useful and
+productive work.--Yours sincerely,
+
+ALFRED E. WALLACE.
+
+
+
+
+PART VI
+
+Some Further Problems
+
+
+
+
+I.--Astronomy
+
+
+Of the varied subjects upon which Wallace wrote, none, perhaps, came
+with greater freshness to the general reader than his books written when
+he was nearly eighty upon the ancient science of astronomy.
+
+Perhaps he would have said that the "directive Mind and Purpose" kept
+these subjects back until the closing years of his life in order that he
+might bring to bear upon them his wider knowledge of nature, enlightened
+by that spiritual perception which led him to link the heavens and the
+earth in one common bond of evolution, culminating in the development of
+moral and spiritual intelligences.
+
+"Man's Place in the Universe" (1903) was in effect a prelude to "The
+World of Life" (1910). Wallace saw afterwards that one grew out of the
+other, as we find him frequently saying with regard to his other books
+and essays.
+
+As with Spiritualism, so with Astronomy, the seed-interest practically
+lay dormant in his mind for many years; with this difference, however,
+that temperament and training caused a speedy unfolding of his mind when
+once a scientific subject gripped him, whereas with Spiritualism he felt
+the need of moving slowly and cautiously before fully accepting the
+phenomena as verifiable facts.
+
+It was during the later period of his land-surveying, when he was
+somewhere between the ages of 18 and 20, that he became distinctly
+interested in the stars. Being left much alone at this period, he began
+to vary his pursuits by studying a book on Nautical Astronomy, and
+constructing a rude telescope.[55] This primitive appliance increased
+his interest in other astronomical instruments, and especially in the
+grand onward march of astronomical discovery, which he looked upon as
+one of the wonders of the nineteenth century.
+
+It was the inclusion of astronomy in lectures he delivered at Davos
+which led him to extend his original brief notes into the four chapters
+which form an important part of his "Wonderful Century." He freely
+confessed that in order to write these chapters he was obliged to read
+widely, and to make much use of friends to whom astronomy was a more
+familiar study. And it was whilst he was engaged upon these chapters
+that his attention became riveted upon the unique position of our planet
+in relation to the solar system.
+
+He had noticed that certain definite conditions appeared to be
+absolutely essential to the origin and development of the higher types
+of terrestrial life, and that most of these must have been certainly
+dependent on a very delicate balance of the forces concerned in the
+evolution of our planet. Our position in the solar system appeared to
+him to be peculiar and unique because, he thought, we may be almost sure
+that these conditions do not coexist on any other planet, and that we
+have no good reason to believe that other planets could have maintained
+over a period of millions of years the complex and equable conditions
+absolutely necessary to the existence of the higher forms of terrestrial
+life. Therefore it appeared to him to be proved that our earth does
+really stand alone in the solar system by reason of its special
+adaptation for the development of human life.
+
+Granting this, however, the question might still be asked, Why should
+not any one of the suns in other parts of space possess planets as well
+adapted as our own to develop the higher forms of organic life? These
+questions cannot be answered definitely; but there are reasons, he
+considered, why the central position which we occupy may alone be
+suitable. It is almost certain that electricity and other mysterious
+radiant forces (of which we have so recently discovered the existence)
+have played an important part in the origin and development of organised
+life, and it does not appear to be extravagant to assume that the
+extraordinary way in which these cosmic forces have remained hidden from
+us may be due to that central position which we are found to occupy in
+the whole universe of matter discoverable by us. Indeed, it may well be
+that these wonderful forces of the ether are more irregular--and perhaps
+more violent--in their effect upon matter in what may be termed the
+outer chambers of that universe, and that they are only so nicely
+balanced, so uniform in their action, and so concealed from us, as to be
+fit to aid in the development of organic life in that central portion of
+the stellar system which our globe occupies. Should these views as to
+the unique central position of our earth be supported by the results of
+further research, it will certainly rank as the most extraordinary and
+perhaps the most important of the many discoveries of the past century.
+
+While still working on this section of his "Wonderful Century," he was
+asked to write a scientific article, upon any subject of his own choice,
+for the _New York Independent_. And as the idea of the unique position
+of the earth to be the abode of human life was fresh in his mind, he
+thought it would prove interesting to the general public. However,
+before his article appeared simultaneously in the American papers and in
+the _Fortnightly Review_, a friend who read it was so impressed with
+its originality and treatment that he persuaded Wallace to enlarge it
+into book form; and it appeared in the autumn of 1903 as "Man's Place in
+the Universe."
+
+This fascinating treatise upon the position occupied by the earth, and
+man, in the universe, had the same effect as some of his former
+writings, of drawing forth unstinted commendation from many religious
+and secular papers; whilst the severely scientific and materialistic
+reviewers doubted how far his imagination had superseded unbiased
+reason.
+
+On one point, however, most outsiders were in agreement--that he had
+invested an ancient subject with freshest interest through approaching
+it by an entirely new way. The plan followed was that of bringing
+together all the positive conclusions of the astronomer, the geologist,
+the physicist, and the biologist, and by weighing these carefully in the
+balance he arrived at what appeared to him to be the only reasonable
+conclusion. He therefore set out to solve the problem whether or not the
+logical inferences to be drawn from the various results of modern
+science lent support to the view that our earth is the only inhabited
+planet, not only in our own solar system, but in the whole stellar
+universe. In the course of his close and careful exposition he takes the
+reader through the whole trend of modern scientific research, concluding
+with a summing-up of his deductions in the following six propositions,
+in the first three of which he sets out the conclusions reached by
+modern astronomers:
+
+(1) That the stellar universe forms one connected whole; and, though of
+enormous extent, is yet finite, and its extent determinable.
+
+(2) That the solar system is situated in the plane of the Milky Way, and
+not far removed from the centre of that plane. The earth is, therefore,
+nearly in the centre of the stellar universe.
+
+(3) That this universe consists throughout of the same kinds of matter,
+and is subjected to the same physical and chemical laws.
+
+The conclusions which I claim to have shown to have enormous
+probabilities in their favour are:
+
+(4) That no other planet in the solar system than our earth is inhabited
+or habitable.
+
+(5) That the probabilities are almost as great against any other sun
+possessing inhabited planets.
+
+(6) That the nearly central position of our sun is probably a permanent
+one, and has been specially favourable, perhaps absolutely essential, to
+life-development on the earth.
+
+Wallace never maintained that this earth alone in the whole universe is
+the abode of life. What he maintained was, first, that our solar system
+appears to be in or near the centre of the visible universe, and,
+secondly, that all the available evidence supports the idea of the
+extreme unlikelihood of there being on any star or planet revealed by
+the telescope any intelligent life either identical with or analogous to
+man. To suppose that this one particular type of universe extends over
+all space was, he considered, to have a low idea of the Creator and His
+power. Such a scheme would mean monotony instead of infinite variety,
+the keynote of things as they are known to us. There might be a million
+universes, but all different.
+
+To his mind there was no difficulty in believing in the existence of
+consciousness apart from material organism; though he could not readily
+conceive of pure mind, or pure spirit, apart from some kind of
+substantial envelope or substratum. Many of the views suggested in
+"Man's Place in the Universe" as to man's spiritual progress hereafter,
+the reason or ultimate purpose for which he was brought into existence,
+were enlarged upon, later, in "The World of Life." As early, however, as
+1903, Wallace did not hesitate to express his own firm conviction that
+Science and Spiritualism were in many ways closely akin.
+
+He believed that the near future would show the strong tendency of
+scientists to become more religious or spiritual. The process, he
+thought, would be slow, as the general attitude has never been more
+materialistic than now. A few have been bold enough to assert their
+belief in some outside power, but the leading scientific men are, as a
+rule, dead against them. "They seem," he once remarked, "to think, and
+to like to think, that the whole phenomena of life will one day be
+reduced to terms of matter and motion, and that every vegetable, animal,
+and human product will be explained, and may some day be artificially
+produced, by chemical action. But even if this were so, behind it all
+there would still remain an unexplained mystery."
+
+Closely associated with "Man's Place in the Universe" is a small volume,
+"Is Mars Habitable?" This was first commenced as a review of Professor
+Percival Lowell's book, "Mars and its Canals," with the object of
+showing that the large amount of new and interesting facts contained in
+this work did not invalidate the conclusion that he (Wallace) had
+reached in 1903--that Mars is not habitable. The conclusions to which
+his argument led him were these:
+
+(1) All physicists are agreed that  ... Mars would have a mean
+temperature of about 35 deg. F. owing to its distance from the sun.
+
+(2) But the very low temperatures on the earth under the equator at a
+height where the barometer stands at about three times as high as on
+Mars, proves that from scantiness of atmosphere alone Mars cannot
+possibly have a temperature as high as the freezing-point of water. The
+combination of these two results must bring down the temperature of Mars
+to a degree wholly incompatible with the existence of animal life.
+
+(3) The quite independent proof that water-vapour cannot exist on Mars,
+and that, therefore, the first essential of organic life--water--is
+non-existent.
+
+The conclusion from these three independent proofs  ... is therefore
+irresistible--that animal life, especially in its highest forms, cannot
+exist. Mars, therefore, is not only uninhabited by intelligent beings
+... but is absolutely uninhabitable.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In contrast to his purely scientific interest in astronomy, Wallace was
+moved by the romance of the "stars," akin to his enthusiastic love of
+beautiful butterflies. Had it not been for this touch of romance and
+idealism in his writings on astronomy, they would have lost much of
+their charm for the general reader. His breadth of vision transforms him
+from a mere student of astronomy into a seer who became ever more deeply
+conscious of the mystery both "before and behind."
+
+  "Rain, sun, and rain! and the free blossom blows;
+  Sun, rain, and sun! and where is he who knows?
+  From the great deep to the great deep he goes."
+
+And whilst facing with brave and steady mind the great mysteries of
+earth and sky, of life and what lies beyond it, he himself loved to
+quote:
+
+  "Fear not thou the hidden purpose
+     Of that Power which alone is great,
+   Nor the myriad world His shadow,
+     Nor the silent Opener of the Gate."
+
+Among the scientific friends to whom he appealed for help when writing
+his astronomical books was Prof. (now Sir) W.F. Barrett.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. BARRETT
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. February 12, 1901._
+
+My dear Barrett,--I shall be much obliged if you will give me your
+opinion on a problem in physics that I cannot find answered in any book.
+It relates to the old Nebular Hypothesis, and is this:
+
+It is assumed that the matter of the solar system was once wholly
+gaseous, and extended as a roughly globular or lenticular mass beyond
+the orbit of Neptune. Sir Robert Ball stated in a lecture here that even
+when the solar nebula had shrunk to the size of the earth's orbit it
+must have been (I think he said) hundreds of times rarer than the
+residual gas in one of Crookes's high vacuum tubes. Yet, by hypothesis,
+it was hot enough, even in its outer portions, to retain all the solid
+elements in the gaseous state.
+
+Now, admitting this to be _possible_ at any given epoch, my difficulty
+is this: how long could the outer parts of this nebula exist, exposed to
+the zero temperature of surrounding space, without losing the gaseous
+state and aggregating into minute solid particles--into meteoric dust,
+in fact?
+
+Could it exist an hour? a day? a year? a century? Yet the process of
+condensation from the Neptunian era to that of Saturn or Jupiter must
+surely have occupied millions of centuries. What kept the almost
+infinitely rare metallic gases in the gaseous state all this time? Is
+such a condition of things physically possible?
+
+I cannot myself imagine any such condition of things as the supposed
+primitive solar nebula as possibly coming into existence under any
+conceivably antecedent conditions, but, granted that it did come into
+existence, it seems to me that the gaseous state must almost instantly
+begin changing into the solid state. Hence I adopt the meteoric theory
+instead of the nebular; since all the evidence is in favour of solid
+matter being abundant all through known space, while there is no
+evidence of metallic gases existing in space, except as the result of
+collisions of huge masses of matter. Is my difficulty a mare's
+nest?--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO Mrs. Fisher
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. February 28, 1905._
+
+Dear Mrs. Fisher,--Thanks for your letter. Am sorry I have not converted
+you, but perhaps it will come yet! I will only make one remark as to
+your conclusion.
+
+I have not attempted to prove a negative! That is not necessary. What I
+claim to have done is, to have shown that all the evidence we have, be
+it much or little, is decidedly against not only other solar planets
+having inhabitants, but also, as far as probabilities are concerned,
+equally against it in any supposed stellar planets--for not one has been
+proved to exist. There is absolutely no evidence which shows even a
+probability of there being other inhabited worlds. It is all pure
+speculation, depending upon our ideas as to what the universe is for, as
+to what _we_ think (some of us!) _ought_ to be! That is not evidence,
+even of the flimsiest. All I maintain is that mine _is_ evidence,
+founded on physical probabilities, and that, as against no evidence at
+all--no proved physical probability--mine holds the field!--Yours very
+truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. E. SMEDLEY
+
+
+_Broadstone, Dorset. July 24, 1907._
+
+Dear Mr. Smedley,--  ... I write chiefly to tell you that I have read Mr.
+Lowell's last book, "Mars and its Canals," and am now writing an
+article, or perhaps a small book, about it. I am sure his theories are
+all wrong, and I am showing why, so that anyone can see his fallacies.
+His observations, drawings, photographs, etc., are all quite right, and
+I believe true to nature, but his interpretation of what he sees is
+wrong--often even to absurdity. He began by thinking the straight lines
+are works of art, and as he finds more and more of these straight lines,
+he thinks that proves more completely that they are works of art, and
+then he twists all other evidence to suit that. The book is not very
+well written, but no doubt the newspaper men think that as he is such a
+great astronomer he must know what it all means!
+
+I am more than ever convinced that Mars is totally
+uninhabitable....--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. BARRETT
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. August 10, 1907._
+
+My dear Barrett,--Thanks for your letter, and your friend Prof.
+Stroud's. I have come to the sad conclusion that it is hopeless to get
+any mathematician to trouble himself to track out Lowell's obscurities
+and fallacies.... So, being driven on to my own resources, I have worked
+out a mode of estimating (within limits) the temperature of Mars,
+without any mathematical formulae--and only a little arithmetic. I want
+to know if there is any fallacy in it, and therefore take the liberty of
+sending it to you, as you are taking your holiday, just to read it over
+and tell me if you see any flaw in it. I also send my short summary of
+Lowell's _Philosophical Magazine_ paper, so that you can see if my
+criticism at the end is fair, and whether his words really mean what to
+me they seem to....--Yours very sincerely,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. F. BIRCH
+
+
+_Sept. 12, 1907._
+
+Dear Fred,--  ... For the last two or three months I have had a hard
+struggle with Mars--not the god of war, but the planet--writing a small
+book, chiefly criticising Lowell's last book, called "Mars and its
+Canals," published less than a year back by Macmillan, who will also
+publish my reply. _I_ think it is crushing, but it has cost me a deal of
+trouble, as Lowell has also printed a long and complex mathematical
+article trying to prove that though Mars receives less than half the
+sun-heat we do, yet it is very nearly as warm and quite habitable! But
+his figures and arguments are alike so shaky and involved that I cannot
+get any of my mathematical friends to tackle it or point out his errors.
+However, I think I have done it myself by the rules of common
+sense....--Your sincere friend,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. H. JAMYN BROOKE
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. December 2, 1910._
+
+Dear Sir,--Your "monistic" system is to me a system of mere
+contradictory words. You begin with three things--then you say they are
+correlated with one substance--coextensive with the universe. This you
+cannot possibly know, and it is about as intelligible and as likely to
+be true as the Athanasian Creed!--Yours truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROP. KNIGHT
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. October 1, 1913._
+
+Dear Mr. Knight,--I have written hardly anything on the direct proofs of
+"immortality" except in my book on "Miracles and Modern Spiritualism,"
+and also in "My Life," Vol. II. But my two works, "Man's Place in the
+Universe" (now published at 1s.), and my later volume, "The World of
+Life," form together a very elaborate, and I think conclusive,
+scientific argument in favour of the view that the whole material
+universe exists and is designed for the production of immortal spirits,
+in the greatest possible diversity of nature, and character,
+corresponding with  ... the almost infinite diversity of that universe,
+in all its parts and in every detail....--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+P.S.--I am fairly well, but almost past work.--A.R.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO SIR OLIVER LODGE
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. October 9, 1913._
+
+Dear Sir Oliver Lodge,--Owing to ill-health and other causes I have only
+now been able to finish the perusal of your intensely interesting and
+instructive Address to the British Association. I cannot, however,
+refrain from writing to you to express my admiration of it, and
+especially of the first half of it, in which you discuss the almost
+infinite variety and complexity of the physical problems involved in the
+great principle of "continuity" in so clear a manner that outsiders like
+myself are able to some extent to apprehend them. I am especially
+pleased to find that you uphold the actual existence and _continuity_ of
+the ether as scientifically established, and reject the doubts of some
+mathematicians as to the reality and perfect continuity of space and
+time as unthinkable.
+
+The latter part of the Address is even more important, and is especially
+notable for your clear and positive statements as to the evidence in all
+life-process of a "guiding" Mind. I can hardly suppose that you can have
+found time to read my rather discursive and laboured volume on "The
+World of Life," written mainly for the purpose of enforcing not only the
+proofs of a "guiding" but also of a "foreseeing" and "designing" Mind by
+evidence which will be thought by most men of science to be unduly
+strained. It is, therefore, the more interesting to me to find that you
+have yourself (on pp. 33-34 of your Address) used the very same form of
+analogical illustration as I have done (at p. 296 of "The World of
+Life") under the heading of "A Physiological Allegory," as being a very
+close representation of what really occurs in nature.
+
+To conclude: your last paragraph rises to a height of grandeur and
+eloquence to which I cannot attain, but which excites my highest
+admiration.
+
+Should you have a separate copy to spare of your Romanes Lecture at
+Oxford, I should be glad to have it to refer to.--Believe me yours very
+truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The last of Wallace's letters on astronomical subjects was written to
+Sir Oliver Lodge about a week before his death:
+
+TO SIR OLIVER LODGES
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. October 27, 1913._
+
+Dear Sir Oliver Lodge,--Many thanks for your Romanes Lecture, which,
+owing to my ignorance of modern electrical theory and experiments, is
+more difficult for me than was your British Association Address.
+
+I have been very much interested the last month by reading a book sent
+me from America by Mr. W.L. Webb, being "An Account of the Unparalleled
+Discoveries of Mr. T.J.J. See."
+
+Several of Mr. See's own lectures are given, with references to his
+"Researches on the Evolution of the Stellar Systems," in two large
+volumes.
+
+His theory of "capture" of suns, planets, and satellites seems to me
+very beautifully worked out under the influence of gravitation and a
+resisting medium of cosmical dust--which explains the origin and motions
+of the moon as well as that of all the planets and satellites far better
+than Sir G. Darwin's expulsion theory.
+
+I note however that he is quite ignorant that Proctor, forty years ago,
+gave full reasons for this "capture" theory in his "Expanse of Heaven,"
+and also that the same writer showed that the Milky Way could not have
+the enormous lateral extension he gives to it, but that it cannot really
+be much flattened. He does not even mention the proofs given of this
+both by Proctor and, I think, by Herbert Spencer, while in Mr. Webb's
+volume (opposite p. 212) is a diagram showing the "Coal Sack" as a
+"vacant lane" running quite through and across the successive spiral
+extensions laterally of the galaxy, without any reference or a word of
+explanation that such features, of which there are many, really
+demonstrate the untenability of such extension.
+
+An even more original and extremely interesting part of Mr. See's work
+is his very satisfactory solution of the hitherto unsolved geological
+problem of the origin of all the great mountain ranges of the world, in
+Chapters X., XI., and XII. of Mr. Webb's volume. It seems quite complete
+except for the beginnings, but I suppose it is a result of the formation
+of the _earth_ by accretion and not by expulsion, by heating and not by
+cooling....--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+
+
+
+II.--Spiritualism
+
+    "The completely materialistic mind of my youth and early manhood
+    has been slowly moulded into the socialistic, spiritualistic, and
+    theistic mind I now exhibit--a mind which is, as my scientific
+    friends think, so weak and credulous in its declining years, as to
+    believe that fruit and flowers, domestic animals, glorious birds
+    and insects, wool, cotton, sugar and rubber, metals and gems, were
+    all foreseen and foreordained for the education and enjoyment of
+    man. The whole cumulative argument of my 'World of Life' is that
+    _in its every detail_ it calls for the agency of a mind  ...
+    enormously above and beyond any human mind  ... Whether this
+    Unknown Reality is a single Being and acts everywhere in the
+    universe as direct creator, organiser, and director of every
+    minutest motion  ... or through 'infinite grades of beings,' as I
+    suggest, comes to much the same thing. Mine seems a more clear and
+    intelligible supposition  ... and it is the teaching of the Bible,
+    of Swedenborg, and of Milton."--Letter from A.R. Wallace to JAMES
+    MARCHANT, written in 1913.
+
+
+The letters on Spiritualism which Wallace wrote cast further light on
+the personal attitude of mind which he maintained towards that subject.
+He was an unbiased scientific investigator, commencing on the "lower
+level" of spirit phenomena, such as raps and similar physical
+manifestations of "force by unseen intelligences," and passing on to a
+clearer understanding of the phenomena of mesmerism and telepathy; to
+the materialisation of, and conversation with, the spirits of those who
+had been known in the body, until the conviction of life after death, as
+the inevitable crowning conclusion to the long process of evolution, was
+reached in the remarkable chapter with which he concludes "The World of
+Life"--an impressive prose poem.
+
+Like that of many other children, Wallace's early childhood was spent in
+an orthodox religious atmosphere, which, whilst awakening within him
+vague emotions of religious fervour, derived chiefly from the more
+picturesque and impassioned of the hymns which he occasionally heard
+sung at a Nonconformist chapel, left no enduring impression. Moreover,
+at the age of 14 he was brought suddenly into close contact with
+Socialism as expounded by Robert Owen, which dispelled whatever
+glimmerings of the Christian faith there may have been latent in his
+mind, leaving him for many years a confirmed materialist.
+
+This fact, together with his early-aroused sense of the social injustice
+and privations imposed upon the poorer classes both in town and country,
+which he carefully observed during his experience as a land-surveyor,
+might easily have had an undesirable effect upon his general character
+had not his intense love and reverence for nature provided a stimulus to
+his moral and spiritual development. But the "directive Mind and
+Purpose" was preparing him silently and unconsciously until his "fabric
+of thought" was ready to receive spiritual impressions. For, according
+to his own theory, as "the laws of nature bring about continuous
+development, on the whole progressive, one of the subsidiary results of
+this mode of development is that no organ, no sensation, no faculty
+arises _before_ it is needed, or in greater degree than it is
+needed."[56] From this point of view we may make a brief outline of the
+manner in which this particular "faculty" arose and was developed in
+him.
+
+When at Leicester, in 1844, his curiosity was greatly excited by some
+lectures on mesmerism given by Mr. Spencer Hall, and he soon discovered
+that he himself had considerable power in this direction, which he
+exercised on some of his pupils.
+
+Later, when his brother Herbert joined him in South America, he found
+that he also possessed this gift, and on several occasions they
+mesmerised some of the natives for mere amusement. But the subject was
+put aside, and Wallace paid no further attention to such phenomena until
+after his return to England in 1862.
+
+It was not until the summer of 1865 that he witnessed any phenomena of a
+spiritualistic nature; of these a full account is given in "Miracles and
+Modern Spiritualism" (p. 132). "I came," he says, "to the inquiry
+utterly unbiased by hopes or fears, because I knew that my belief could
+not affect the reality, and with an ingrained prejudice even against
+such a word as 'spirit,' which I have hardly yet overcome."
+
+From that time until 1895, when the second edition of that book
+appeared, he did much, together with other scientists, to establish
+these facts, as he believed them to be, on a rational and scientific
+foundation. It will also be noticed, both before and after this period,
+that in addition to the notable book which he published dealing
+exclusively with these matters, the gradual trend of his convictions,
+advancing steadily towards the end which he ultimately reached, had
+become so thoroughly woven into his "fabric of thought" that it appears
+under many phases in his writings, and occupies a considerable part of
+his correspondence, of which we have only room for some specimens.
+
+The first definite statement of his belief in "this something" other
+than material in the evolution of Man appeared in his essay on "The
+Development of Human Faces under the Law of Natural Selection" (1864).
+In this he suggested that, Man having reached a state of physical
+perfection through the progressive law of Natural Selection, thenceforth
+Mind became the dominating factor, endowing Man with an ever-increasing
+power of intelligence which, whilst the physical had remained
+stationary, had continued to develop according to his needs. This
+"in-breathing" of a divine Spirit, or the controlling force of a supreme
+directive Mind and Purpose, which was one of the points of divergence
+between his theory and that held by Darwin, is too well known to need
+repetition.
+
+This disagreement has a twofold interest from the fact that Darwin, in
+his youth, studied theology with the full intention of taking holy
+orders, and for some years retained his faith in the more or less
+orthodox beliefs arising out of the Bible. But as time went by, an
+ever-extending knowledge of the mystery of the natural laws governing
+the development of man and nature led him to make the characteristically
+frank avowal that he "found it more and more difficult  ... to invent
+evidence which would suffice to convince"; adding, "This disbelief crept
+over me at a very slow rate, but was at last complete. The rate was so
+slow that I felt no distress."[57] With Wallace, however, his early
+disbelief ended in a deep conviction that "as nothing in nature actually
+'dies,' but renews its life in another and higher form, so Man, the
+highest product of natural laws here, must by the power of mind and
+intellect continue to develop hereafter."
+
+The varied reasons leading up to this final conviction, as related by
+himself in "Miracles and Modern Spiritualism" and "My Life," are,
+however, too numerous and detailed to be retold in a brief summary in
+this place.
+
+The correspondence that follows deals entirely with investigations on
+this side of the Atlantic, but a good deal of evidence which to him was
+conclusive was obtained during his stay in America, where Spiritualism
+has been more widely recognised, and for a much longer period than in
+England.
+
+Some of the letters addressed to Miss Buckley (afterwards Mrs. Fisher)
+reveal the extreme caution which he both practised himself and advocated
+in others when following up any experimental phase of spiritual
+phenomena. The same correspondence also gives a fairly clear outline of
+his faith in the ascending scale from the physical evidence of
+spirit-existence to the communication of some actual knowledge of life
+as it exists beyond the veil.
+
+In spiritual matters, as in natural science, though at times his head
+may have appeared to be "in the clouds," his feet were planted firmly on
+the earth. This is seen, to note another curious instance, in his
+correspondence with Sir Wm. Barrett, where he maintains a delicate
+balance between natural science and "spirit impression" when discussing
+the much controverted reality of "dowsing" for water.
+
+It was this breadth of vision, unhampered by mere intellectualism, but
+always kept within reasonable bounds by scientific deduction and
+analysis, which constituted Alfred Russel Wallace a seer of the first
+rank.
+
+Wallace lived to see the theory of evolution applied to the life-history
+of the earth and the starry firmament, to the development of nations and
+races, to the progress of mind, morals and religion, even to the origin
+of consciousness and life--a conception which has completely
+revolutionised man's attitude towards himself and the world and God.
+Evolution became intelligible in the light of that idea which came to
+him in his hut at Ternate and changed the face of the universe. Surely
+it was enough for any one man to be one of the two chief originators of
+such a far-reaching thought and to witness its impact upon the ancient
+story of special creations which it finally laid in the dust. But
+Wallace was privileged beyond all the men of his generation. He lived to
+see many of the results of the theory of evolution tested by time and to
+foresee that there were definite limits to its range, that, indeed,
+there were two lines of development--one affecting the visible world of
+form and colour and the other the invisible world of life and
+spirit--two worlds springing from two opposite poles of being and
+developing _pari passu_, or, rather, the spiritual dominating the
+material, life originating and controlling organisation. It was, in
+short, his peculiar task to reveal something of the Why as well as the
+How of the evolutionary process, and in doing so verily to bring
+immortality to light.
+
+The immediate exciting cause of this discovery of the inadequacy of
+evolution from the material side alone to account for the world of life
+may seem to many to have been trivial and unworthy of the serious
+attention of a great scientist. How, it might be asked, could the crude
+and doubtful phenomena of Spiritualism afford reasonably adequate
+grounds for challenging its supremacy and for setting a limit to its
+range? But spiritualistic phenomena were only the accidental modes in
+which the other side of evolution struck in upon his vision. They set
+him upon the other track and opened up to him the vaster kingdom of life
+which is without beginning, limit or end; in which perchance the
+sequence of life from the simple to the complex, from living germ to
+living God, may also be the law of growth. It is in the light of this
+ultimate end that we must judge the stumbling steps guided by raps and
+visions which led him to the ladder set up to the stars by which
+connection was established with the inner reality of being. That was the
+distinctive contribution which he made to human beliefs over and above
+his advocacy of pure Darwinism.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Reading almost everything he could obtain upon occult phenomena, Wallace
+found that there was such a mass of testimony by men of the highest
+character and ability in every department of human learning that he
+thought it would be useful to bring this together in a connected sketch
+of the whole subject. This he did, and sent it to a secularist magazine,
+in which it appeared in 1866, under the title of "The Scientific Aspect
+of the Supernatural." He sent a copy to Huxley.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO T.H. HUXLEY
+
+
+_9 St. Mark's Crescent, Regent's Park, N.W. November 22, 1866._
+
+Dear Huxley,--I have been writing a little on a _new branch_ of
+Anthropology, and as I have taken your name in vain on the title-page I
+send you a copy. I fear you will be much shocked, but I can't help it;
+and before finally deciding that we are all mad I hope you will come and
+see some very curious phenomena which we can show you, _among friends
+only_. We meet every Friday evening, and hope you will come sometimes,
+as we wish for the fullest investigation, and shall be only too grateful
+to you or anyone else who will show us how and where we are deceived.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+T.H. HUXLEY TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+[? _November, 1886._]
+
+Dear Wallace,--I am neither shocked nor disposed to issue a Commission
+of Lunacy against you. It may be all true, for anything I know to the
+contrary, but really I cannot get up any interest in the subject. I
+never cared for gossip in my life, and disembodied gossip, such as these
+worthy ghosts supply their friends with, is not more interesting to me
+than any other. As for investigating the matter, I have half-a-dozen
+investigations of infinitely greater interest to me to which any spare
+time I may have will be devoted. I give it up for the same reason I
+abstain from chess--it's too amusing to be fair work, and too hard work
+to be amusing.--Yours faithfully,
+
+T.H. HUXLEY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO T.H. HUXLEY
+
+
+_9 St. Mark's Crescent, Regent's Park, N.W. December 1, 1866._
+
+Dear Huxley,--Thanks for your note. Of course, I have no wish to press
+on you an inquiry for which you have neither time nor inclination. As
+for the "gossip" you speak of, I care for it as little as you can do,
+but what I do feel an intense interest in is the exhibition of _force_
+where force has been declared _impossible_, and of _intelligence_ from a
+source the very mention of which has been deemed an _absurdity_.
+
+Faraday has declared (apropos of this subject) that he who can prove the
+existence or exertion of force, if but the lifting of a single ounce, by
+a power not yet recognised by science, will deserve and assuredly
+receive applause and gratitude. (I quote from memory the sense of his
+expressions in his Lecture on Education.)
+
+I believe I can now show such a force, and I trust some of the
+physicists may be found to admit its importance and examine into
+it.--Believe me yours very sincerely,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MISS BUCKLEY
+
+
+_Holly House, Barking, E. December 25, 1870._
+
+Dear Miss Buckley,--  ... You did not hear Mrs. Hardinge[58] on very
+favourable topics, and I hope you will hear her often again, and
+especially hear one of her regular discourses. I think, however, from
+what you heard, that, setting aside all idea of her being more than a
+mere spiritualist lecturer setting forth the ideas and opinions of the
+sect, you will admit that spiritualists, as represented by her, are
+neither prejudiced nor unreasonable, and that they are truly imbued with
+the scientific spirit of subordinating all theory to fact. You will also
+admit, I think, that the moral teachings of Spiritualism, as far as she
+touched upon them, are elevated and beautiful and calculated to do good;
+and if so, that is the use of Spiritualism--the getting such doctrines
+of future progress founded on actual phenomena which we can observe and
+examine now, not on phenomena which are said to have occurred thousands
+of years ago and of which we have confessedly but imperfect records.
+
+I think, too, that the becoming acquainted with two such phases of
+Spiritualism as are exhibited by Mrs. Hardinge and Miss Houghton must
+show you that the whole thing is not to be judged by the common
+phenomena of public stances alone, and I can assure you that there are
+dozens of other phases of the subject as remarkable as these
+two....--Yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MISS BUCKLEY
+
+
+_Holly House. Barking, E. June 1, 1871._
+
+Dear Miss Buckley,--  ... I have lately had a stance with the celebrated
+Mr. Home, and saw that most wonderful phenomenon an accordion playing
+beautiful music by itself, the bottom only being held in Mr. Home's
+hand. I was invited to watch it as closely as I pleased under the table
+in a well-lighted room. I am sure nothing touched it but Mr. Home's one
+hand, yet at one time I saw a shadowy yet defined hand on the keys. This
+is too vast a phenomenon for any sceptic to assimilate, and I can well
+understand the impossibility of their accepting the evidence of their
+own senses. Mr. Crookes, F.R.S., the chemist, was present and suspended
+the table with a spring balance, when it was at request made heavy or
+light, the indicator moving accordingly, and to prevent any mistake it
+was made light when the hands of all present were resting on the table
+and heavy when our hands were all underneath it. The difference, if I
+remember, was about 40 lb. I was also asked to place a candle on the
+floor and look under the table while it was lifted completely off the
+floor, Mr. Home's feet being 2 ft. distant from any part of it. This was
+in a lady's house in the West End. Mr. Home courts examination if people
+come to him in a fair and candid spirit of inquiry....--Yours very
+faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MISS BUCKLEY
+
+
+_The Dell, Grays, Essex. January 11, 1874._
+
+My dear Miss Buckley,--I am delighted to hear of your success so far,
+and hope you are progressing satisfactorily. Pray keep accurate notes of
+all that takes place.... Allow me  ... to warn you not to take it for
+granted till you get proof upon proof that it is really your sister that
+is communicating with you. I hope and think it is, but still, the
+conditions that render communication possible are so subtle and complex
+that she may not be able; and some other being, reading your mind, may
+be acting through you and making you think it is your sister, to induce
+you to go on. Be therefore on the look out for characteristic traits of
+your sister's mind and manner which are different from your own. These
+will be tests, especially if they come when and how you are not
+expecting them. Even if it is your sister, she may be obliged to use the
+intermediation of some other being, and in that case her peculiar
+idiosyncrasy may be at first disguised, but it will soon make itself
+distinctly visible. Of course you will preserve every scrap you write,
+and date them, and they will, I have no doubt, explain each other as you
+go on.
+
+If you can get to see the last number of the _Quarterly Journal of
+Science_, you will find a most important article by Mr. Crookes, giving
+an outline of the results of his investigations, which he is going to
+give in full in a volume. His facts are most marvellous and convincing,
+and appear to me to answer every one of the objections that have usually
+been made to the evidence adduced....--Yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MISS BUCKLEY
+
+
+_The Dell, Grays, Essex. February 28, 1874._
+
+Dear Miss Buckley,--I was much pleased with your long and interesting
+letter of the 19th and am glad you are getting on at last. It will be
+splendid if you really become a good medium for some first-rate
+unmistakable manifestations that even Huxley will acknowledge are worth
+seeing, and Carpenter confess are not to be explained by unconscious
+cerebration....--Yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MISS BUCKLEY
+
+
+_The Dell, Grays, Essex. March 9, 1874._
+
+Dear Miss Buckley,--I compassionate your mediumistic troubles, but I
+have no doubt it will all come right in the end. The fact that your
+sister will not talk as you want her to talk--will not say what you
+expect her to say, is a grand proof that it is not your unconscious
+cerebration that does her talking for her. Is not that clear? Whether it
+is she herself or someone else who is talking to you, is not so clear,
+but that it is not you, I think, is clear enough.
+
+I can quite understand, too, that your sister in her new life may be,
+above all things, interested in getting the telegraph in good order, to
+communicate, and will not think of much else till that is done. While
+the first Atlantic cable was being laid the messages would be chiefly
+reports of progress, directions and instructions, with now and then
+trivialities about the weather, the time, or small items of news. Only
+when it was in real working order was a President's Message, a Queen's
+Speech, sent through it.
+
+Automatic writing and trance speaking never yet convinced anybody. They
+are only useful for those who are already convinced. But you _would_
+begin this way. You would not go to mediums and seances and see what you
+could get that way. So now you must persevere; but do not give up your
+own judgment in anything. Insist upon having things explained to you, or
+say you won't go on. You will then find they will be explained, only it
+may take a little more time.... --Yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MISS BUCKLEY
+
+
+_The Dell, Grays, Essex. April 24, 1874._
+
+Dear Miss Buckley,--  ... On coming home this evening I received the news
+of poor little Bertie's death--this morning at eight o'clock. I left him
+only yesterday forenoon, and had then considerable hopes, for we had
+just commenced a new treatment which a fortnight earlier I am pretty
+sure might have saved him. The thought suddenly struck me to go to Dr.
+Williams, of Hayward's Heath  ... but it was too late. As he had been in
+this same state of exhaustion for nearly a month, it is evident that
+very slight influences might have been injurious or beneficial. Our
+orthodox medical men are profoundly ignorant of the subtle influences of
+the human body in health and disease, and can thus do nothing in many
+cases which Nature would cure if assisted by proper conditions. We who
+know what strange and subtle influences are around us can believe
+this....--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mr. Wallace felt the death of this child so deeply that during the
+remainder of his life he never mentioned him except when obliged, and
+then with tears in his eyes.--A.B. FISHER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MISS BUCKLEY
+
+
+_The Dell, Grays, Essex. Thursday evening, [? December, 1875]._
+
+Dear Miss Buckley,--Our stance came off last evening, and was a
+tolerable success. The medium is a very pretty little lively girl, the
+place where she sits a bare empty cupboard formed by a frame and doors
+to close up a recess by the side of a fireplace in a small basement
+breakfast-room. We examined it, and it is absolutely impossible to
+conceal a scrap of paper in it. Miss Cooke is locked in this cupboard,
+above the door of which is a square opening about 15 inches each way,
+the only thing she takes with her being a long piece of tape and a chair
+to sit on. After a few minutes Katie's whispering voice was heard, and a
+little while after we were asked to open the door and seal up the
+medium. We found her hands tied together with the tape passed three
+times round each wrist and tightly knotted, the hands tied close
+together, the tape then passing behind and well knotted to the
+chair-back. We sealed all the knots with a private seal of my friend's,
+and again locked the door. A portable gas lamp was on a table the whole
+evening, shaded by a screen so as to cast a shadow on the square opening
+above the door of the cupboard till permission was given to illuminate
+it. Every object and person in the room were always distinctly visible.
+A face[59] then appeared at the opening, but dark and indistinct.
+
+After a time another face quite distinct with a white turban-like
+headdress--this was a handsome face with a considerable general likeness
+to that of the medium, but paler, larger, fuller, and older--decidedly a
+different face, although like. The light was thrown full on this face,
+and on request it advanced so that the chin projected a little beyond
+the aperture. We were then ordered to release the medium. I opened the
+door, and found her bent forward with her head in her lap, and
+apparently in a deep sleep or trance--from which a touch and a few words
+awoke her. We then examined the tape and knots--all was as we left it
+and every seal perfect.
+
+The same face appeared later in the evening, and also one decidedly
+different with coarser features.
+
+After this, for the sake I believe of two sceptics present, the medium
+was twice tied up in a way that no human being could possibly tie
+herself. Her wrists were tied together so tightly and painfully that it
+was impossible to untie them in any moderate time, and she was also
+secured to the chair; on the other occasion the two arms were tied close
+above the elbows so tightly that the arms were swelling considerably
+from impeded circulation, the elbows being drawn together as close as
+possible behind the back, there repeatedly knotted, and again tightly
+knotted to the back of the chair. Miss C. was evidently in considerable
+pain, and she had to be lifted out bodily in her chair before we could
+safely cut her loose, so tightly was she bound. This evidently had a
+great effect on the sceptics, as I have no doubt it was intended to
+have, and it demonstrated pretty clearly that some strange being was
+inside the cupboard playing these tricks, although quite invisible and
+intangible to us except when she made certain portions of herself
+visible.
+
+When Miss C. was complaining of being hurt by the tying we could hear
+the whispering voice soothing her in the kindest manner, and also heard
+kisses, and Miss C. afterwards declared that she could feel hands and
+face about her like those of a real person.
+
+During all the face exhibitions singing had to go on to a rather painful
+extent.[60]
+
+A Dr. Purdon was present, an Army surgeon, who has been much in India,
+and seems a very intelligent man. He seemed very intimate with the
+family, and told us he had studied them all, and had had Miss Cooke a
+month at a time in his own house, studying these phenomena. He was
+absolutely satisfied of their genuineness, and indeed no opportunity for
+imposture seems to exist.
+
+The children of the house tell wonderful tales of how they are lifted up
+and carried about by the spirits. They seem to enjoy it very much, and
+to look upon it all as just as real and natural as any other matters of
+their daily life.
+
+Can such things be in this nineteenth century, and the wise ones pass
+away in utter ignorance of their existence?--Yours very sincerely,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+At the Glasgow Meeting of the British Association in 1876, Prof. (now
+Sir) W.F. Barrett read a paper "On some Phenomena associated with
+Abnormal Conditions of Mind." Wallace was Chairman of the Section in
+which the paper was read, and a vigorous controversy arose at the close
+between Dr. Carpenter, who came in towards the end of the paper, and the
+Chairman. The paper set forth certain remarkable evidence which Prof.
+Barrett had obtained from a subject in the mesmeric trance, giving what
+appeared to be indubitable proof of some supernormal mode of
+transmission of ideas from his mind to that of the subject. The facts
+were so novel and startling that Prof. Barrett asked for a committee of
+experts to examine the whole question and see whether such a thing as
+"thought transference," independently of the recognised channels of
+sense, did really exist. This was the first time evidence of this kind
+had been brought before a scientific society, and a protracted
+discussion followed. The paper also dealt with certain so-called
+spiritualistic phenomena, which at the time Prof. Barrett was disposed
+to attribute to hallucination and "thought-transference." The
+introduction of this topic led the discussion away from the substance of
+the paper, and Prof. Barrett's plea for a committee of investigation on
+thought-transference fell through. So strong was the feeling against the
+paper in official scientific circles at the time, that even an abstract
+was refused publication in the _Report_ of the British Association, and
+it was not until the Society for Psychical Research was founded that the
+paper was published, in the first volume of its _Proceedings_. It was
+the need of a scientific society to collect, sift and discuss and
+publish the evidence on behalf of such supernormal phenomena as Prof.
+Barrett described at the British Association that induced him to call a
+conference in London at the close of 1881, which led to the foundation
+of the Society for Psychical Research early in 1882.
+
+Wallace, in his letter to Prof. Barrett which follows, refers to
+Reichenbach's experiments with certain sensitives who declared they saw
+luminosity from the poles of a magnet after they had been for some time
+in a perfectly darkened room. Acting on Wallace's suggestion, Prof.
+Barrett constructed a perfectly darkened room and employed a large
+electro-magnet, the current for which could be made or broken by an
+assistant outside without the knowledge of those present in the darkened
+room. Under these circumstances, and taking every precaution to prevent
+any knowledge of when the magnet was made active by the current, Prof.
+Barrett found that two or three persons, out of a large number with whom
+he experimented, saw a luminosity streaming from the poles of the magnet
+directly the current was put on. An article of Prof. Barrett's on the
+subject, with the details of the experiment, was published in the
+_Philosophical Magazine_, and also in the _Proceedings_ of the Society
+for Psychical Research (Vol. I.).
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. BARRETT
+
+
+_Rosehill, Dorking, December 18, 1876._
+
+My dear Prof. Barrett,--  ... I see you are to lecture at South
+Kensington the end of this month (I think), and if you can spare time to
+run down here and stay a night or two we shall be much pleased to see
+you, and I shall be greatly interested to have a talk on the subject of
+your paper, and hear what further evidence you have obtained. I want
+particularly to ask you to take advantage of any opportunity that you
+may have to test the power of sensitives to see the "flames" from
+magnets and crystals, as also to _feel_ the influence from them. This is
+surely a matter easily tested and settled. I consider it has been tested
+and settled by Reichenbach, but he is ignored, and a fresh proof of this
+one fact, by indisputable tests, is much needed; and a paper describing
+such tests and proofs would I imagine be admitted into the _Proceedings_
+of any suitable society.
+
+You will have heard no doubt of the Treasury having taken up the
+prosecution of Slade. Massey the barrister, one of the most intelligent
+and able of the Spiritualists (whose accession to the cause is due, I am
+glad to say, to my article in the _Fortnightly_), proposes a memorial
+and deputation to the Government protesting against this prosecution by
+the Treasury on the ground that it implies that Slade is an habitual
+impostor and nothing else, and that in face of the body of evidence to
+the contrary, it is an uncalled-for interference with the private right
+of investigation into these subjects. On such general grounds as these I
+sincerely hope you will give your name to the memorial....--Yours very
+faithfully,
+
+A.R. WALLACE. TO PROF. BARRETT
+
+
+_Rosehill, Dorking. December 9, 1877._
+
+My dear Barrett,--I am always glad when a man I like and respect treats
+me as a friend. I am advised by other friends also not to waste more
+time on Dr. C. [Carpenter], and I do not think I shall answer him again,
+except perhaps to keep him to certain points, as in my letter in the
+last _Nature_. In a proof of his new edition of "Lectures" I see he
+challenges me to produce a person who can detect by light or sensation
+when an electro-magnet is made and unmade. The Association of
+Spiritualists are going to experiment, as Dr. C. offers to pay L30 if it
+succeeds. Should you have an opportunity of trying with any persons, and
+can find one who sees or feels the influence strongly, it might be worth
+while to send him to London, as nothing would tend to lower Dr. C. in
+public estimation on this subject more than his being forced to
+acknowledge that what he has for more than thirty years declared to be
+purely subjective is after all an objective phenomenon.
+
+I never had anything to do with showing or sending a medium to Huxley.
+He must refer to his seance a few months ago with Mrs. Kane and Mrs.
+Jencken (along with Carpenter and Tyndall), when  ... nothing but raps
+occurred....--Yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The British Association met in Dublin in 1878, and Prof. Barrett asked
+Wallace to stay with him at Kingstown, or, if he preferred being nearer
+the meetings, with a friend in Dublin. Earlier in the year Mr. Huggins,
+afterwards Sir W. Huggins, O.M. and President of the Royal Society, had
+sent Prof. Barrett a very beautifully executed drawing of the knots tied
+in an endless cord during the remarkable sittings Prof. Zoellner had with
+the medium Slade. Sir W. Huggins invited Prof. Barrett to come and see
+him at his observatory at Tulse Hill, near London, and there he met
+Wallace and discussed the whole matter. It may not be generally known
+that so careful and accurate an observer as Sir W. Huggins was convinced
+of the genuineness of the phenomena he had witnessed with Lord Dunraven
+and others through the medium D.D. Home. He informed Prof. Barrett of
+this himself.
+
+
+TO PROF. BARRETT
+
+
+_Waldron Edge, Duppas Hill, Croydon. June 27, 1873._
+
+My dear Barrett,--The receipt of a British Association circular reminds
+me of your kind invitation to stay with you or your friend at Dublin,
+and as you may be wishing soon to make your arrangements I write at once
+to let you know that, much to my regret, I shall not be able to come to
+Dublin this year. Since I met you at Mr. Huggins's I have done nothing
+myself in Spiritual investigations, but have been exceedingly interested
+in the knot-tying experiment of Prof. Zoellner and the weight-varying
+experiments of the Spiritualists' Association. I do not see what flaw
+can be found in either of them....--Yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the discussion on Prof. Barrett's paper at the Glasgow Meeting of the
+British Association, which took place in the London _Times_ and other
+newspapers, instances of apparent thought-transference were given by
+many correspondents. Each of these cases Prof. Barrett investigated
+personally, and one of them led to a remarkable series of experiments
+which he conducted at Buxton, with the result that no doubt was left on
+his mind of the fact of the transference of ideas from one mind to
+another independent of the ordinary channels of sense. He asked Prof.
+and Mrs. H. Sidgwick to come to Buxton and repeat his experiments with
+the subjects there--daughters of a local clergyman. They did so, and
+though they had less success at first than Prof. Barrett had had, they
+were ultimately convinced of the genuineness of the phenomena. In
+addition, Mr. Edmund Gurney, Mr. Frederic Myers, Prof. A. Hopkinson and
+Prof. Balfour Stewart, all responded to Prof. Barrett's invitation to
+visit Buxton and test the matter for themselves, and all came to the
+same conclusion as he had. Subsequently Gurney and Myers associated
+their name with Barrett's in a paper on the subject, published in the
+_Nineteenth Century_.
+
+Prof. Barrett asked Wallace to read over the first report made by Prof.
+and Mrs. Sidgwick, which at first seemed somewhat disheartening, and the
+following is his reply:
+
+
+REMARKS ON EXPERIMENTS IN THOUGHT READING BY MR. AND MRS. SIDGWICK AT
+BUXTON
+
+The failure of so many of these experiments seems to me to depend on
+their having been conducted without any knowledge of the main
+peculiarity of thought reading or clairvoyance--that it is a perception
+of the object thought of or hidden, not by its name, or even by its sum
+total of distinctive qualities, but by the simple qualities separately.
+A clairvoyant will perceive a thing as round, then as yellow, and
+finally as an orange. Now Mr. Galton's experiments have shown how
+various are the powers of visualising objects possessed by different
+persons, and how distinct their modes of doing so; and if these distinct
+visualisations of the same thing are in any way presented to a
+clairvoyant, there is little wonder that some confusion should result.
+This would suggest that one person who possesses the faculty of clearly
+visualising objects would meet with more success than a number of
+persons some of whom visualise one portion or quality of the object,
+some another, while to others the name alone is present to the mind. It
+follows from these considerations that cards are bad for such
+experiments. The qualities of number, colour, form and arrangement may
+be severally most prominent in one mind or other, and the result is
+confusion to the thought reader. This is shown in the experiments by the
+number of pips or the suit alone being often right.
+
+It must also be remembered that children have not the same thorough
+knowledge of the names of the cards that we have, nor can they so
+rapidly and certainly count their numbers. This introduces another
+source of uncertainty which should be avoided in such experiments as
+these.
+
+The same thing is still more clearly shown by the way in which objects
+are guessed by some prominent quality or resemblance, not by any
+likeness of name--as poker guessed for walking-stick, fork for pipe,
+something iron for knife, etc. And the total failure in the case of
+names of towns is clearly explained by the fact that these would convey
+no distinct idea or concrete image that could be easily described. These
+last failures really give an important clue to the nature of the faculty
+that is being investigated, since they show that it is not _words_ or
+_names_ that are read but thoughts or images that are perceived, and the
+certainty of the perception will depend upon the simple character of
+these images and the clearness and identity of the perception of them by
+the different persons present.
+
+If these considerations are always kept in view, I feel sure that the
+experiments will be far more successful.
+
+ALFRED E. WALLACE.
+
+Sept. 6, 1881.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Wallace's remarkable gifts as a lecturer are less widely known than his
+lucid and admirable style as a writer. Though Sir Wm. Barrett has heard
+a great number of eminent scientific men lecture, he considers that few
+could approach him for the simplicity, clearness and vigour of his
+exposition, which commanded the unflagging attention of every one of his
+hearers. Mr. Frederic Myers, no mean judge of literary merit, once said
+he thought Wallace one of the most lucid English writers and lecturers
+of his time. Prof. Barrett was anxious to induce Wallace to lecture in
+Dublin, and brought the matter before the Science Committee of the Royal
+Dublin Society, which arranges a course of afternoon lectures by
+distinguished men every spring. The Committee cordially supported the
+suggestion that Wallace should be invited to lecture, and the invitation
+was accepted. During his visit to Dublin, Wallace stayed with Prof.
+Barrett at Kingstown, and was busily engaged in revising the
+proof-sheets of his book on "Land Nationalisation" (1882).
+
+In "My Life" (Vol. II., p. 334) Wallace says that among the eminent men
+whose "first acquaintance and valued friendship" he owed to a common
+interest in Spiritualism was Frederic Myers, whom he met first at some
+seances in London about the year 1878.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+F.W.H. MYERS TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_Leckhampton House, Cambridge. April 12, 1890._
+
+My dear Wallace,--I will read your pamphlet[61] most carefully; will
+write and tell you how it affects me; and will in any case send it on
+with your letter and a letter of my own to Sir John Gorst, whom I know
+well, and whom I agree with you in regarding as the most acceptable
+member of the Government.
+
+If I am converted, it will be wholly _your_ doing. I have read much on
+the subject--Creighton, etc., and am at present strongly
+pro-vaccination; at the same time, there is no one by whom I would more
+willingly be converted than yourself.
+
+I am glad to take this opportunity of telling you something about my
+relation to one of your books. I write now from bed, having had some
+influenzic pneumonia, now going off. For some days my temperature was
+105 and I was very restless at night, anxious to read, but in too
+sensitive and fastidious a state to tolerate almost any book. I found
+that almost the only book which I could read was your "Malay
+Archipelago" (of course I had read it before). In spite of my complete
+ignorance of natural history there was a certain charm about the book,
+both moral and literary, which made it deeply congenial in those trying
+hours. You have had few less instructed readers, but very few can have
+dwelt on that simple manly record with a more profound sympathy.
+
+I want to bespeak you as a _friend at court_. When we get into the next
+world, I beg you to remember me and say a good word for me when you can,
+as you will have much influence there.
+
+To me it seems that Hodgson's report[62] is the _best_ thing which we
+have yet published. I trust that it impresses you equally. It has
+converted _Podmore_ amongst other people!
+
+I will, then, write again soon, and I am yours most truly,
+
+F.W.H. MYERS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MRS. FISHER (_nee_ BUCKLEY)
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. January 4, 1896._
+
+My dear Mrs. Fisher,--I am glad to hear that you are going on with your
+book. I am sure it will be a comfort to you. I have read one book of
+Hudson's--"A Scientific Demonstration of a Future Life," and that is so
+pretentious, so unscientific, and so one-sided that I do not feel
+inclined to read more of the same author's work. I do not think I
+mentioned to you (as I thought you did not read much now) a really fine
+and original work, called "Psychic Philosophy, a Religion of Natural
+Law," by Desertis (Redway). I should like to know if, after reading
+that, you still think Hudson's books worth reading. I have been much
+pleased and interested lately in reading Mark Twain's, Mrs. Oliphant's
+and Andrew Lang's books about Joan of Arc. The last two are far the
+best, Mrs. Oliphant's as a genuine sympathetic _history_, Lang's as a
+fine realistic story ("A Monk of Fife"). Jeanne was really perhaps the
+most beautiful character in authentic history, and the one that most
+conclusively demonstrates spirit-guidance, and both Mrs. Oliphant and A.
+Lang bring this out admirably.... --Yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MRS. FISHER
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. September 14, 1896._
+
+My dear Mrs. Fisher,--I have much pleasure in signing your application
+for the Psychical Research Society, though the majority of the active
+members are so absurdly and illogically sceptical that you will not find
+much instruction in their sayings. Mr. Podmore's report in the
+last-issued _Proceedings_ is a good illustration....
+
+We have all been in Switzerland this year. Violet, her mother, and five
+lady friends all went together to a rather newly-discovered place,
+Adelboden, a branch valley from that going up to the Gemmi Pass by
+Kandersteg. I went first for a week to Davos, to give a lecture to Dr.
+Lunn's party, and enjoyed myself much, chiefly owing to the company of
+Rev. Hugh Price Hughes, one of the most witty, earnest, advanced, and
+estimable men I have ever met. Dr. Lunn himself is very jolly, and we
+had also Mr. Le Gallienne, the poet and critic, and between them we had
+a very brilliant table-talk. Mr. Haweis was also there, and one
+afternoon he and I talked for two hours about Spiritualism. He is a
+thorough spiritualist, and preaches it....--Yours very sincerely,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE. TO MRS. FISHER
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. April 9, 1897._
+
+My dear Mrs. Fisher,--I have tried several Reincarnation and
+Theosophical books, but _cannot_ read them or take any interest in them.
+They are so purely imaginative, and do not seem to me rational. Many
+people are captivated by it--I think most people who like a grand,
+strange, complex theory of man and nature, given with authority--people
+who if religious would be Roman Catholics. Crookes gave a suggestive and
+interesting, but in some ways rather misleading address as President of
+the Psychical Research Society. I liked Oliver Lodge's address to the
+Spiritualists' Association better....--Yours very sincerely,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1891, at the urgent request of Prof. H. Sidgwick, President of the
+Society for Psychical Research, Prof. Barrett undertook, with
+considerable reluctance, to make a thorough examination of the subject
+of "dowsing" for water and minerals by means of the so-called "divining
+rod." At the time he fully believed that a critical inquiry of this kind
+would speedily show all the alleged successes of the dowser to be due
+either to fraud or a sharp eye for the ground. As the inquiry went on,
+to his surprise he found that neither chicanery, nor clever guessing,
+nor local knowledge, nor chance coincidence could explain away the
+accumulated evidence, but that something new to science was really at
+the root of the matter. This result was so startling that Prof. Barrett
+had to pursue the investigation for six years before venturing to
+publish his first report, which appeared in the _Proceedings_ of the
+Society for Psychical Research, Part xxxii., 1897. This was followed by
+a second report published some years later, in which he gave a fresh
+body of evidence on the criticisms of some eminent geologists to whom he
+had submitted the evidence. The reports were reviewed in _Nature_ with
+considerable severity, and some erroneous statements were made, to
+which Prof. Barrett replied. The editor, Sir Norman Lockyer, at first
+declined to publish Prof. Barrett's reply, and to this Wallace refers in
+the following letter.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. BARRETT
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. October 30, 1899._
+
+My dear Barrett,--  ... Apropos of _Nature_, they never gave a word of
+notice to my book[63]--probably they would say out of kindness to myself
+as one of their oldest contributors, since they would have had to
+scarify me, especially as regards the huge Vaccination chapter, which is
+nevertheless about the most demonstrative bit of work I have done. I
+begged Myers--as a personal favour--to read it. He told me he firmly
+believed in vaccination, but would do so, and afterwards wrote me that
+he could see no answer to it, and if there was none he was converted.
+There certainly has been not a tittle of answer except abuse.
+
+I am glad you brought Lockyer up sharp in his attempt to refuse you the
+right to reply. I am glad you now have some personal observations to
+adduce. I hope persons or corporations who are going to employ a dowser
+will now advise you so that you may be present....--Yours very
+faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. BARRETT
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. December 24, 1900._
+
+My dear Barrett,--  ... I have read your very interesting paper on the
+divining rod, and the additional evidence you now send. Of course, I
+think it absolutely conclusive, but there are many points on which I
+differ from your conclusions and remarks, which I think are often unfair
+to the dowsers. I will just refer to one or two. At p. 176 (note) you
+call the idea of there being a "spring-head" at a particular point
+"absurd." But instead of being absurd it is a _fact_, proved not only by
+numerous cases you have given of strong springs being found quite near
+to weak springs a few yards off, but by all the phenomena of mineral and
+hot springs. Near together, as at Bath, hot springs and cold springs
+rise to the surface, and springs of different quality at Harrogate, yet
+each keeps its distinct character, showing that each rises from a great
+depth without any lateral diffusion or intermixture. This is a common
+phenomenon all over the world, the dowsers' facts support it, geologists
+know all about it, yet I presume they have told you that when a dowser
+states this fact it ceases to be a fact and becomes an absurdity!
+
+The only other point I have time to notice is your Sect. II. (p. 285).
+You head this, "Evidence that the Motion of the Rod is due to
+Unconscious Muscular Action." Naturally I read this with the greatest
+interest, but found to my astonishment that you adduce no evidence at
+all, but only opinions of various people, and positive assertions that
+such is the case! Now as I _know_ that motions of various objects occur
+without any muscular action, or even any contact whatever, while Crookes
+has proved this by careful experiments which have never been refuted,
+what _improbability_ is there that this should be such a case, and what
+is the value of these positive assertions which you quote as "evidence"?
+And at p. 286 you quote the person who says the more he tried to prevent
+the stick's turning the more it turned, as _evidence_ in favour of
+muscular action, without a word of explanation. Another man (p. 287)
+says he "could not restrain it." None of the "trained anatomists" you
+quote give a particle of _proof_, only positive opinion, that it must be
+muscular action--simply because they do not believe any other action
+possible. Their evidence is just as valueless as that of the people who
+say that all thought-transference is collusion or imposture!
+
+I do not say that it is not "muscular action," though I believe it is
+not always so, but I do say that you have as yet given not a particle of
+proof that it is so, while scattered through your paper is plenty of
+evidence which points to its being something quite different. Such are
+the cases when people hold the rod for the first time and have never
+seen a dowser work, yet the rod turns, over water, to their great
+astonishment, etc. etc.
+
+Your conclusion that it is "clairvoyance" is a good provisional
+conclusion, but till we know what clairvoyance really is it explains
+nothing, and is merely another way of stating the _fact_.
+
+I believe all true clairvoyance to be spirit impression, and that all
+true dowsing is the same--that is, when in either case it cannot be
+thought-transference, but even this I believe to be also, for the most
+part, if not wholly, spirit impression.--Believe me yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. BARRETT
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. February 17, 1901._
+
+My dear Barrett,--I am rather sorry you wrote to any one of the Society
+for Psychical Research people about my being asked to be President,
+because I should certainly feel compelled to decline it. I never go,
+willingly, to London now, and should never attend meetings, so pray say
+no more about it. Besides, I am so widely known as a "crank" and a
+"faddist" that my being President would injure the Society, as much as
+Lord Rayleigh would benefit it, so pray do not put any obstacle in _his_
+way, though of course there is no necessity to beg him as a favour to
+be the successor of Sidgwick, Crookes and Myers....
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO REV. J.B. HENDERSON
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. August 10, 1893._
+
+Dear Sir,--Although I look upon Christianity as originating in an
+unusual spiritual influx, I am not disposed to consider [it] as
+_essentially_ different from those which originated other great
+religious and philanthropic movements. It is probable that in _your_
+sense of the word I am not a Christian.--Believe me yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. J.W. MARSHALL
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. March 6, 1894._
+
+My dear Marshall,--We were very much grieved to hear of your sad loss in
+a letter from Violet. Pray accept our sincere sympathy for Mrs. Marshall
+and yourself.
+
+Death makes us feel, in a way nothing else can do, the mystery of the
+universe. Last autumn I lost my sister, and she was the only relative I
+have been with at the last. For the moment it seems unnatural and
+incredible that the living self with its special idiosyncrasies you have
+known so long can have left the body, still more unnatural that it
+should (as so many now believe) have utterly ceased to exist and become
+nothingness!
+
+With all my belief in, and knowledge of, Spiritualism, I have, however,
+occasional qualms of doubt, the remnants of my original deeply ingrained
+scepticism; but my reason goes to support the psychical and
+spiritualistic phenomena in telling me that there _must_ be a hereafter
+for us all....--Believe me yours very sincerely,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO DR. EDWIN SMITH
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. October 19, 1899._
+
+Dear Sir,--I know nothing of London mediums now. Nine-tenths of the
+alleged frauds in mediums arise from the ignorance of the sitters. The
+only way to gain any real knowledge of spiritualistic phenomena is to
+follow the course pursued in all science--study the elements before
+going to the higher branches. To expect proof of materialisation before
+being satisfied of the reality of such simpler phenomena as raps,
+movements of various objects, etc. etc., is as if a person began
+chemistry by trying to analyse the more complex vegetable products
+before he knew the composition of water and the simplest salts.
+
+If you want to _know_ anything about Spiritualism you should experiment
+yourself with a select party of earnest inquirers--personal friends.
+When you have thus satisfied yourself of the existence of a considerable
+range of the physical phenomena and of many of the obscurities and
+difficulties of the inquiry, you may use the services of public mediums,
+without the certainty of imputing every little apparent suspicious
+circumstance to trickery, since you will have seen similar suspicious
+facts in your private circle where you _knew_ there was no trickery. You
+will find rules for forming private circles in some issues of _Light_.
+You can get them from the office of _Light_.--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PROF. BARRETT TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+_6 De Vesci Terrace, Kingstown, Co. Dublin. November 3, 1905._
+
+My dear Wallace,--  ... Just now I am engaged in a correspondence with
+the Secretaries of the Society for Psychical Research on the question of
+the Presidency for next year. I maintain that as a matter of duty to
+the Society you should be asked to accept the Presidency, though of
+course it would be impossible for you to be much more than an Honorary
+President, as we could not expect you often to come to London. I am
+anxious that in our records for future reference your Presidency should
+appear.... Podmore, who is proposed as President, represents the
+attitude of resolute incredulity, and I consider this line of action has
+been to some extent injurious to the S.P.R. Crookes supported my
+proposal, and so did Lodge, and so would Myers if he had lived. All this
+is of course between ourselves....
+
+I have a vast amount of material unpublished on "dowsing" and am
+convinced the explanation is subconscious clairvoyance....--Yours very
+sincerely,
+
+W.F. BARRETT.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MRS. FISHER
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. April 20, 1906._
+
+My dear Mrs. Fisher,--If you mean "honest" by "thoroughly reliable,"
+there are plenty of such mediums, but if you mean those who give equally
+good results always, and to all persons, I should say there are none....
+
+I am reading Herbert Spencer's "Autobiography" (just finished Vol. I.).
+I find it very interesting, though tedious in parts. I am glad I did not
+read it before I wrote mine. He certainly brings out his own character
+most strikingly, and a wonderful character it was. How extraordinarily
+little he owed either to teaching or to reading! I think he is best
+described as a "reasoning genius."--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LORD AVEBURY TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_48 Grosvenor Street, W. May 1, 1910._
+
+My dear Wallace,--I have been reading your biography with great
+interest. It must be a source of very pleasant memories to you to look
+back and feel how much you have accomplished.
+
+It surprises me, however, how much we differ, and it is another
+illustration of the problems [?] of our (or rather I should say of my)
+intellect.
+
+In some cases, indeed, the difference is as to facts.
+
+You would, I am sure, for instance, find that you have been misinformed
+as to "thousands of dogs" being vivisected annually (p. 392).... As to
+Spiritualism, my difficulty is that nothing comes of it. What has been
+gained by your seances, compared to your studies?
+
+I see you have a kindly reference to our parties at High Elms in old
+days, on which I often look back with much pleasure, but much regret
+also.
+
+If you would give us the pleasure of another visit, _do_ propose
+yourself, and you will have a very hearty welcome from yours very
+sincerely,
+
+AVEBURY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A lecture delivered by Prof. Barrett before the Quest Society in London,
+entitled "Creative Thought," was published by request, and as it
+discussed the subject of evolution and the impossibility of explaining
+the phenomena of life without a supreme Directing and Formative Force
+behind all the manifestations of life, he was anxious to have Wallace's
+criticisms. At that time he had not read Wallace's recently published
+work on a similar subject, and he was greatly surprised to find how
+closely his views agreed with those of the great naturalist.
+
+
+TO PROF. BARRETT
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. February 15, 1911._
+
+My dear Barrett,--Thanks for your proofs, which I return. It is really
+curious how closely your views coincide with mine, and how admirably and
+clearly you have expressed them. If it were not for your adopting
+throughout, as an actual fact, the (to me) erroneous theory of the
+"subconscious self," I should agree with every word of it. I have put
+"?" where this is prominently put forward, merely to let you know how I
+totally dissent from it. To me it is pure assumption, and, besides,
+proves nothing. Thanks for the flattering "Postscript," which I return
+with a slight suggested alteration.
+
+Reviews have been generally very fair, complimentary and flattering. But
+to me it is very curious that even the religious reviewers seem
+horrified and pained at the idea that the Infinite Being does not
+actually do every detail himself, apparently leaving his angels, and
+archangels, his seraphs and his messengers, which seem to exist in
+myriads according to the Bible, to have no function whatever!--Yours
+very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PROF. BARRETT TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_6 De Vesci Terrace, Kingstown, Co. Dublin. February 18, 1911._
+
+My dear Wallace,--  ... Thank you very much for your kind letter and
+comments. I have modified somewhat the phraseology as regards the
+"subliminal self." I think we really agree but use different terms.
+There _is_ a hidden directive power, which works in conjunction with,
+and is temporarily part of, our own conscious self; but it is below the
+threshold of consciousness, or is a subliminal part of our self.
+
+I should like to have come over to Broadstone expressly to ask your
+views on the parts you queried. For I have an immense faith in the
+soundness of your judgment, and in the accuracy of your views _in the
+long run_.
+
+I should like also immensely to see you again and in your lovely
+home....--Yours ever sincerely,
+
+W.F. BARRETT.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO PROF. BARRETT
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. February 20, 1911._
+
+My dear Barrett,--I wrote you yesterday on quite another matter, but
+having yours this morning in reply to my criticisms of your Address, I
+send a few lines of explanation. Most of my queries to your statements
+apply solely to your expressing them so positively, as if they were
+absolute certainties which no psychical researcher doubted. My main
+objection to the term "subliminal self" and its various synonyms is,
+that it is so dreadfully vague, and is an excuse for the assumption that
+a whole series of the most mysterious of psychical phenomena are held to
+be actually explained by it. Thus it is applied to explain all cases of
+apparent "possession," when the alleged "secondary self" has a totally
+different character, and uses the dialect of another social grade, from
+the normal self, sometimes even possesses knowledge that the real self
+could not have acquired, speaks a language that the normal self never
+learnt. All this is, to me, the most gross travesty of science, and I
+therefore object totally to the use of the term which is so vaguely and
+absurdly used, and of which no clear and rational explanation has ever
+been given.
+
+You are now one of my oldest friends, and one with whom I most
+sympathise; and I only regret that we have seen so little of each
+other.--Yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO MR. E. SMEDLEY
+
+
+_Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. October 2, 1911._
+
+Dear Mr. Smedley,--I am quite astonished at your wasting your money on
+an advertising astrologer. In the horoscope sent you there is not a
+single definite fact that would apply to you any more than to thousands
+of other men. All is vague, what "might be," etc. etc. It is just
+calculated to lead you on to send more money, and get in reply more
+words and nothing else....--Yours very truly,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+[Illustration: A.R. WALLACE ADMIRING _EREMUS ROBUSTUS_ about 1905.]
+
+
+
+
+PART VII
+
+Characteristics
+
+    "There is a point of view so lofty or so peculiar that from it we
+    are able to discern in men and women something more than and apart
+    from creed and profession and formulated principle; which indeed
+    directs and colours this creed and principle as decisively as it
+    is in its turn acted on by them, and this is their character or
+    humanity."--LORD MORLEY.
+
+  "As sets the sun in fine autumnal calm
+  So dost thou leave us. Thou not least but last
+  Link with that rare and gallant little band
+  Of seekers after truth, whose days, though past,
+  Shed lustre on the hist'ry of their land.
+  And thine, O Wallace, thine the added charm
+  Of modesty, thy mem'ry to embalm."--_Anonymous._
+
+(_Received with a bunch of lilies-of-the-valley, a few days after Dr.
+Wallace's death_.)
+
+
+Addison somewhere says that modesty sets off every talent which a man
+can be possessed of. This was manifestly true of Alfred Russel Wallace.
+When, for instance, honours were bestowed upon him, he accepted or
+rejected them with the same good-humour and unspoilable modesty. To
+Prof. E.B. Poulton, whose invitation for the forthcoming Encaemia had
+been conveyed in Prof. Bartholomew Price's letter, he wrote:
+
+_Godalming. May 28, 1889._
+
+My dear Mr. Poulton,--I have just received from Prof. B. Price the
+totally unexpected offer of the honorary degree of D.C.L. at the coming
+Commemoration, and you will probably be surprised and _disgusted_ to
+hear that I have declined it. I have to thank you for your kind offer of
+hospitality during the ceremony, but the fact is, I have at all times a
+profound distaste of all public ceremonials, and at this particular
+time that distaste is stronger than ever. I have never recovered from
+the severe illness I had a year and a half ago, and it is in hopes of
+restoring my health that I have let my cottage here and have taken
+another at Parkstone, Dorset, into which I have arranged to move on
+Midsummer Day. To add to my difficulties, I have work at examination
+papers for the next two or three weeks, and also a meeting (annual) of
+our Land Nationalisation Society, so that the work of packing my books
+and other things and looking after the plants which I have to move from
+my garden will have to be done in a very short time. Under these
+circumstances it would be almost impossible for me to rush away to
+Oxford except under absolute compulsion, and to do so would be to render
+a ceremony which at any time would be a trial, a positive punishment.
+
+Really the greatest kindness my friends can do me is to leave me in
+peaceful obscurity, for I have lived so secluded a life that I am more
+and more disinclined to crowds of any kind. I had to submit to it in
+America, but then I felt exceptionally well, whereas now I am altogether
+weak and seedy and not at all up to fatigue or excitement.--Yours very
+faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE. Prof. Poulton pressed him to reconsider his decision,
+and he reluctantly gave way.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Godalming. June 2, 1889._
+
+My dear Mr. Poulton,--I am exceedingly obliged by your kind letters, and
+I will say at once that if the Council of the University should again
+ask me to accept the degree, to be conferred in the autumn, as you
+propose, I could not possibly refuse it. At the same time I hope you
+will not in any way urge it upon them, as I really feel myself too much
+of an amateur in Natural History and altogether too ignorant (I left
+school--a bad one--finally, at fourteen) to receive honours from a great
+University. But I will say no more about that.--Yours very faithfully,
+
+A.R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In due course he received the degree. "On that occasion," says Professor
+Poulton, "Wallace stayed with us, and I was anxious to show him
+something of Oxford; but, with all that there is to be seen, one subject
+alone absorbed the whole of his interest--he was intensely anxious to
+find the rooms where Grant Allen had lived. He had received from Grant
+Allen's father a manuscript poem giving a picture of the ancient city
+dimly seen by midnight from an undergraduate's rooms. With the help of
+Grant Allen's college friends we were able to visit every house in which
+he had lived, but were forced to conclude that the poem was written in
+the rooms of a friend or from an imaginary point of view."
+
+His friend Sir W.T. Thiselton-Dyer, with others, was promoting his
+election to the Royal Society, and wrote to him:
+
+SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_Kew. October 23, 1892._
+
+Dear Mr. Wallace,--  ... When you were at Kew this summer I took the
+liberty of saying that it would give great pleasure to the Fellows of
+the Royal Society if you would be willing to join their body. I
+understood you to say that it would be agreeable to you. I now propose
+to comply with the necessary formalities. But before doing so it will be
+proper to ask for your formal consent. You will then, as a matter of
+course, be included in the next annual election.
+
+Will you forgive me if I am committing any indiscretion in saying that I
+have good authority for adding (though I suppose it can hardly be stated
+officially at this stage) that no demand will ever be made upon you for
+a subscription?--Believe me yours sincerely,
+
+W.T. THISELTON-DYER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_Kew. January 12, 1893._
+
+Dear Mr. Wallace,--  ... I was very vexed to hear that I had
+misunderstood your wishes about the Royal Society. Of course, the matter
+must often have presented itself to your mind, and I confess that it
+argued a little presumption on the part of a person like myself, so far
+inferior to you in age and standing, to think that you would yield to my
+solicitation.
+
+I was obliged for my health to go to Eastbourne, and there I had the
+pleasure of seeing Mr. Huxley, who, you will be glad to hear, is
+wonderfully well, and an ardent gardener! His present ambition is to
+grow every possible saxifrage.
+
+I told him that I had had the audacity to approach you on the subject of
+the Royal Society. He heartily approved, and expressed the strongest
+opinion that unless you had some insuperable objection you ought to
+yield. All of us who belong to the R.S. have but one wish, which is that
+it should stand before the public as containing all that is best and
+worthiest in British Science. As long as men like you stand aloof, that
+cannot be said. Lately we have been exposed to some very ill-natured
+attacks: we have been told that we are professional, and not
+discoverers. Well, this is all the more reason for your not holding
+aloof from us. I wish you would think it over again. Huxley went the
+length of saying that to him it seemed a plain duty. But this is
+language I do not like to use.
+
+As to attending the meetings or taking part in the work of the Society,
+that is immaterial. Darwin never did either, though he did once come to
+one of the evening receptions, and enjoyed it immensely.
+
+In writing as I do I am not merely expressing my own opinions, but those
+of many others of my own standing who are keenly interested in the
+matter.
+
+It is not a great matter to ask. I have the certificate ready. You have
+but to say the word. You will be put to no trouble or pecuniary
+responsibility. That my father-in-law arranged, long ago.
+
+To dissociate yourself from the R.S. really amounts nowadays to doing it
+an injury. And I am sure you do not wish that.
+
+With all good wishes, believe me yours sincerely,
+
+W.T. THISELTON-DYER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER
+
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. January 17, 1893._
+
+Dear Mr. Thiselton-Dyer,--I have been rather unwell myself the last few
+days or should have answered your very kind letter sooner. I feel really
+overpowered. I cannot understand why you or anyone should care about my
+being an F.R.S., because I have really done so little of what is usually
+considered scientific work to deserve it. I have for many years felt
+almost ashamed of the amount of reputation and honour that has been
+awarded me. I can understand the general public thinking too highly of
+me, because I know that I have the power of clear exposition, and, I
+think, also, of logical reasoning. But all the work I have done is more
+or less amateurish and founded almost wholly on other men's
+observations; and I always feel myself dreadfully inferior to men like
+Sir J. Hooker, Huxley, Flower, and scores of younger men who have
+extensive knowledge of whole departments of biology of which I am
+totally ignorant. I do not wish, however, to be thought ungrateful for
+the many honours that have been given me by the Royal and other
+Societies, and will therefore place myself entirely in your hands as
+regards my election to the F.R.S.
+
+I am much pleased to hear that Huxley has taken to gardening. I have no
+doubt he will do some good work with his saxifrages. For myself the
+personal attention to my plants occupies all my spare time, and I derive
+constant enjoyment from the mere contemplation of the infinite variety
+of forms of leaf and flower, and modes of growth, and strange
+peculiarities of structure which are the source of fresh puzzles and
+fresh delights year by year. With best wishes and many thanks for the
+trouble you are taking on my behalf, believe me yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED B. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1902 the _Standard_ announced that the degree of D.C.L. was to be
+conferred upon him by the University of Wales. He wrote to Miss Dora
+Best, who had sent him the information:
+
+
+I have not seen the _Standard_. But I suppose it is about the offer of a
+degree by the University of Wales. You will not be surprised to hear
+that I have declined it "with thanks." The bother, the ceremony, the
+having perhaps to get a blue or yellow or scarlet gown! and at all
+events new black clothes and a new topper! such as I have not worn this
+twenty years. Luckily I had a good excuse in having committed the same
+offence before. Some ten years back I declined the offer of a degree
+from Cambridge, so that settled it.
+
+P.S.--Having already degrees two--LL.D. (Dublin) and D.C.L. (Oxford)--I
+might have quoted Shakespeare: "To gild refined gold, to paint the
+lily," etc. But I didn't!--A.R.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1908 he received the Order of Merit, the highest honour conferred
+upon him. To his friend Mrs. Fisher he wrote:
+
+
+Dear Mrs. Fisher,--Is it not awful--two more now! I should think very
+few men have had three such honours within six months! I have never felt
+myself worthy of the Copley Medal--and as to the Order of Merit--to be
+given to a red-hot Radical, Land Nationaliser, Socialist,
+Anti-Militarist, etc. etc. etc., is quite astounding and
+unintelligible!...
+
+There is another thing you have not heard yet, but it will be announced
+soon. Sir W. Crookes, as Secretary of the Royal Institution, wrote to me
+two weeks back asking me very strongly to give them a lecture at their
+opening meeting (third week in January) appropriate to the Jubilee of
+the "Origin of Species." I was very unwell at the time--could eat
+nothing, etc.--and was going to decline positively, having nothing more
+to say! But while lying down, vaguely thinking about it, an idea flashed
+upon me of a new treatment of the whole subject of Darwinism, just
+suitable for a lecture to a R.I. audience. I felt at once there was
+something that ought to be said, and that I should like to say--so I
+actually wrote and accepted, provisionally. My voice has so broken that
+unless I can improve it I fear not being heard, but Crookes promised to
+read it either wholly, or leaving to me the opening and concluding
+paragraphs. I was very weak--almost a skeleton--but I am now getting
+much better. But finishing up the "Spruce" book, and now all these
+honours and congratulations and letters, etc., are giving me much work,
+yet I am getting strong again, and really hope to do this "lecture" as
+my last stroke for Darwinism against the Mutationists and Mendelians,
+but much more effective, I hope, than my article in the August
+_Contemporary Review_, though that was pretty strong.--Yours very
+sincerely,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+How more than true "Sunlight's"[64] words have come, "You will come out
+of the hole! You will be more in the world. You will have satisfaction,
+retrospection, and work"! Literally fulfilled!--A.R.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+And to Mr. F. Birch:
+
+_December 30, 1908._
+
+Dear Fred,--  ... I received a letter from Lord Knollys--the King's
+Private Secretary--informing me that His Majesty proposed to offer me
+the Order of Merit, among the Birthday honours! This is an "Order"
+established by the present King about eight years ago, solely for
+"merit"--whether civil or military--it is a pity it was not civil only,
+as the military have so many distinctions already. So I had to compose a
+very polite letter of acceptance and thanks, and then later I had to beg
+to be excused (on the ground of age and delicate health) from attending
+the investiture at Buckingham Palace (on December 14th), when Court
+dress--a kind of very costly livery--is obligatory! and I was kept for
+weeks waiting. But at last one of the King's Equerries, Col. Legge (an
+Earl's son), came down here about two weeks ago bringing the Order,
+which is a very handsome cross in red and blue enamel and gold--rich
+colours--with a crown above, and a rich ribbed-silk blue and crimson
+riband to hang it round the neck! Col. Legge was very pleasant, stayed
+half an hour, had some tea, and showed us how to wear it. So I shall be
+in duty bound to wear it on the only public occasion I shall be seen
+again (in all probability), when I give (or attempt to give) my
+lecture.[65] Then, I had a letter from Windsor telling me that chalk
+portraits of all the members of the Order were to be taken for the
+collections in the Library, and a Mr. Strang came and stayed the night,
+and in four hours completed a very good life-size head, in coloured
+chalk, and so far, so good!--Yours very sincerely, ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Wallace regarded "Sunlight's" prophecy about "retrospection" as being
+fulfilled in 1904, when he received the invitation of Messrs. Chapman
+and Hall to begin collecting material for his autobiography which was
+subsequently published in two large volumes, under the title of "My
+Life."
+
+Referring to this work he wrote to Mrs. Fisher:
+
+_Broadstone, Dorset. April_ 17, 1904.
+
+Dear Mrs. Fisher,--Thanks for your remarks on what an autobiography
+ought to be. But I am afraid I shall fall dreadfully short. I seem to
+remember nothing but ordinary facts and incidents of no interest to
+anyone but my own family. I do not feel myself that anything has much
+influenced my character or abilities, such as they are. Lots of things
+have given me opportunities, and those I can state. Also other things
+have directed me into certain lines, but I can't dilate on these; and
+really, with the exception of Darwin and Sir Charles Lyell, I have come
+into close relations with hardly any eminent men. All my doings and
+surroundings have been commonplace!
+
+I am now just reading a charming and ideal bit of autobiography--Robert
+Dale Owen's "Threading my Way." If you have not read it, do get it
+(published by Truebner and Co. in 1874). It is delightful. So simple and
+natural throughout. But his father was one of the most wonderful men of
+the nineteenth century--Robert Owen of New Lanark--and this book gives
+the true history of his great success. Then R.D. Owen met Clarkson and
+heard from his own lips how he worked to abolish the slave trade.
+
+Then he had part of his education at Hofwyl under Fellenberg, an
+experiment in education and self-government wonderfully original and
+successful. He afterwards worked at "New Harmony" with his father, and
+met during his life almost all the most remarkable people in England and
+America.
+
+This book only contains the first twenty-seven years of his life and I
+am afraid he never completed it. Such a book makes me despair!--Yours
+very sincerely,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+When "My Life" was published, he wrote to the same old and valued
+friend:
+
+
+_Broadstone, Wimborne. November 7, 1905._
+
+My dear Mrs. Fisher,--The reviewers are generally very fair about the
+fads except a few. The _Review_ invents a new word for me--I am an
+"anti-body"; but the _Outlook_ is the richest: I am the one man who
+believes in Spiritualism, phrenology, anti-vaccination, and the
+centrality of the earth in the universe, whose life is worth writing.
+Then it points out a few things I am capable of believing, but which
+everybody else knows to be fallacies, and compares me to Sir I. Newton
+writing on the prophets! Yet of course he praises my biology up to the
+skies--there I am wise--everywhere else I am a kind of weak, babyish
+idiot! It is really delightful!
+
+Only one is absolutely savage about it all--the _Liverpool_ _Daily Post
+and Mercury_. The reviewer devotes over three columns almost wholly to
+the fads--as to all of which he evidently knows absolutely nothing, but
+he is cocksure that I am always wrong!...--Yours very sincerely,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+He always thought that he was deficient in the gift of humour: "I am,"
+he wrote to Mr. J.W. Marshall (May 6, 1905), "still grinding away at my
+autobiography. Have got to my American lecture tour, and hope to finish
+by about Sept. but have such lots of interruptions. I am just reading
+Huxley's Life. Some of his letters are inimitable, but the whole is
+rather monotonous. I find there is a good deal of variety in my life if
+I had but the gift of humour! Alas! I could not make a joke to save my
+life. But I find it very interesting." "Unless somebody," he wrote to
+Miss Evans, "can make me laugh just before the critical moment I always
+have a horrid expression in photographs." Yet another observant friend
+remarked that "he had a keen sense of humour. It was always his boyish
+joyous exuberance which touched me. He never grew old. When I had sat
+with him an hour he was a young man, he became transfigured to me."  ...
+"The last time I saw Dr. Wallace," writes Prof. T.D.A. Cockerell of
+Colorado, "was immediately after the Darwin Celebration at Cambridge in
+1909. I was the first to give him the details concerning it, and vividly
+remember how interested he was, and how heartily he laughed over some of
+the funny incidents, which may not as yet be told in print. One of his
+most prominent characteristics was his keen sense of humour, and his
+enjoyment of a good story." In the summer of 1885 he spent a holiday
+with Prof. Meldola at Lyme Regis. "After our ramble," said the
+Professor, "we used to spend the evenings indoors, I reading aloud the
+'Ingoldsby Legends,' which Wallace richly enjoyed. His humour was a
+delightful characteristic. 'The inimitable puns of T. Hood were,' he
+said, 'the delight of my youth, as is the more recondite and fantastic
+humour of Mark Twain and Lewis Carroll in my old age.'"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Wallace loved to give time and trouble in aiding young men to start in
+life, especially if they were endeavouring to become naturalists. He
+sent them letters of advice, helped them in the choice of the right
+country to visit, and gave them minute practical instructions how to
+live healthily and to maintain themselves. He put their needs before
+other and more fortunate scientific workers and besought assistance for
+them.
+
+"The central secret of his personal magnetism lay in his wide and
+unselfish sympathy," writes Prof. Poulton.[66] "It might be thought by
+those who did not know Wallace that the noble generosity which will
+always stand as an example before the world was something
+special--called forth by the illustrious man with whom he was brought in
+contact. This would be a great mistake. Wallace's attitude was
+characteristic, and characteristic to the end of his life.
+
+"A keen young naturalist in the North of England, taking part in an
+excursion to the New Forest, called on Wallace and confided to him the
+dream of his life--a first-hand knowledge of tropical nature. When I
+visited 'Old Orchard' in the summer of 1903, I found that Wallace was
+intently interested in two things: his garden, and the means by which
+his young friend's dream might best be realised. The subject was
+referred to in seventeen letters to me; it formed the sole topic of some
+of them. It was a grand and inspiring thing to see this great man
+identifying himself heart and soul with the interests of one--till then
+a stranger--in whom he recognised the passionate longings of his own
+youth. By the force of sympathy he re-lived in the life of another the
+splendid years of early manhood."
+
+The late Prof. Knight recalled meeting him at the British Association in
+Dundee, during the year 1867, when Wallace was his guest for the usual
+time of the gathering. He wrote:
+
+    I, and everyone else who then met him at my house, were struck, as
+    no one could fail to be, by his rare urbanity, his social charm,
+    his modesty, his unobtrusive strength, his courtesy in explaining
+    matters with which he was himself familiar but those he conversed
+    with were not; and his abounding interest, not only in almost
+    every branch of Science, but in human knowledge in all its phases,
+    especially new ones. He was a many-sided scientific man, and had a
+    vivid sense of humour. He greatly enjoyed anecdote, as
+    illustrative of character. During those days he talked much on the
+    fundamental relations between Science and Philosophy, as well as
+    on the connection of Poetry with both of them. When he left Dundee
+    he went to Kenmore, that he might ascend Ben Lawers in search of
+    some rare ferns.
+
+    In 1872 I saw him, after meeting Thomas Carlyle and Dean Stanley
+    at Linlathen, when Darwin's theory was much discussed, and when
+    our genial host--Mr. Erskine--talked so dispassionately but
+    decidedly against evolution as explanatory of the rise of what was
+    new. A little later in the same year Matthew Arnold discussed the
+    same subject with some friends at the Athenaeum Club, defending the
+    chief aim of Darwin's theory, and enlarging from a different point
+    of view what Wallace had done in the same direction. I remember
+    well that he characterised the two men as fellow-workers, not as
+    followers, or in any sense as copyists. Wallace's versatility not
+    only continued, but grew in many ways with the advance of years.
+    It was seen in his appreciation of the value of historical study.
+    Quite late in life he wrote: "The nineteenth century is quite as
+    wonderful in the domain of History as in that of Science."
+    Comparatively few know, or remember, that he and his young brother
+    Herbert--on whom he left an interesting chapter _in
+    memoriam_--both wrote verses, some of which were of real value.
+
+    It may be safely said that few scientific men have sympathetically
+    entered into bordering territories and therein excelled. The whole
+    field of psychical research was familiar to him, and he might have
+    been a leader in it.
+
+    My last meeting with him was at his final home, the "Old Orchard,"
+    Broadstone, in 1909. I was staying at Boscombe in Hants, and he
+    asked me to "come and see his garden, while we talked of past
+    days." He had then the freshness of boyhood, blent with the mellow
+    wisdom of age.--W.A.K.
+
+The eminent naturalist and traveller, Dr. Henry O. Forbes, who later
+explored the greater part of the lands visited by Wallace, contributes
+the following appreciation of the latter's scientific work:
+
+    As a traveller, explorer and working naturalist, Wallace will
+    always stand in the first rank, compared even with the most modern
+    explorers. It ought not to be forgotten, however, how great were
+    the difficulties, the dangers and the cost of travel fifty years
+    ago, compared with the facilities now enjoyed by his successors,
+    who can command steam and motor transport to wellnigh any spot on
+    the coasts of the globe, and who have to their hand concentrated
+    and preserved foods, a surer knowledge of the causes of tropical
+    diseases, and outfits of non-perishable medicines sufficient for
+    many years within the space of a few cubic inches. Commissariat
+    and health are the keys to all exploration in uncivilised regions.
+    Wallace accomplished his work on the shortest of commons and lay
+    weeks at a time sick through inability to replenish his medical
+    stores.
+
+    He was no mere "trudger" over new lands. Where those before him,
+    and even many after him, have been able to see only sterile
+    objects, his discerning eyes perceived everywhere a meaning in
+    the varying modes of organic life, and in response to his
+    sympathetic mind Nature revealed to him more of her multitudinous
+    secrets than to most others. Wallace's Amazonian travels were far
+    from unfruitful, in spite of the irreparable loss he sustained in
+    the burning of his notes and the bulk of his collections in the
+    vessel by which he was returning home; but it was in the Malay
+    Archipelago that his most celebrated years of investigation were
+    passed, which marked him as one of the greatest naturalists of our
+    time. As a methodical natural history collector--which is "the
+    best sport in the world" according to Darwin--he has never been
+    surpassed; and few naturalists, if any, have ever brought together
+    more enormous collections than he. The mere statement, taken from
+    his "Malay Archipelago," of the number of his captures in the
+    Archipelago in six years of actual collecting, exceeding 125,000
+    specimens--a number greater than the entire contents of many large
+    museums--still causes amazement. The value of a collection,
+    however, depends on the full and accurate information attached to
+    each specimen, and from this point of view only a few collections,
+    including Darwin's and Bates's, have possessed the great
+    scientific value of his.
+
+    Wallace's Eastern explorations included nearly all the large and
+    the majority of the smaller islands of the Archipelago. Many of
+    them he was the first naturalist to visit, or to reside on. Ceram,
+    Batjian, Buru, Lombok, Timor, Aru, Ke and New Guinea had never
+    been previously scientifically investigated. When in 1858 "the
+    first and greatest of the naturalists," as Dr. Wollaston styles
+    Wallace, visited New Guinea, it was "the first time that any
+    European had ventured to reside alone and practically unprotected
+    on the mainland of this country," which, dangerous as it is now in
+    the same regions, was infinitely more so then. Of the journals of
+    his voyagings, "The Malay Archipelago" will always be ranked among
+    the greatest narratives of travel. The fact that this volume has
+    gone through a dozen editions is witness to its extraordinary
+    popularity among intelligent minds, and hardly supports the belief
+    that his scientific work has been forgotten. Nor can this
+    popularity be a matter of much surprise, for few travellers have
+    possessed Wallace's powers of exposition, his lucidity and charm
+    of style. Professor Strasburger of Bonn has declared that through
+    "The Malay Archipelago" "a new world of scientific knowledge" was
+    unfolded before him. "I feel it  ... my duty," he adds, "to
+    proclaim it with gratitude." Wallace's narrative has attracted
+    during the past half-century numerous naturalists to follow in his
+    tracks, many of whom have reaped rich aftermaths of his harvest;
+    but certain it is that no explorer in the same, if in any other,
+    region has approached his eminence, or attained the success he
+    achieved.
+
+    As a systematic zoologist, Wallace took no inconsiderable place;
+    his _metier_, however, was different. He described, nevertheless,
+    large sections of his Lepidoptera and of his birds, on which many
+    valuable papers are printed in the _Transactions_ of the learned
+    societies and in various scientific periodicals. Of the former,
+    special mention may be made of that on variation in the
+    "Papilionidae of the Malayan Region," of which Darwin has recorded:
+    "I have never in my life been more struck by any paper." Of the
+    latter, reference may be drawn to his account of the "Pigeons of
+    the Malay Archipelago" and his paper on the "Passerine Birds," in
+    which he proposed an important new arrangement of the families of
+    that group (used later in his "Geographical Distribution") based
+    on the feathering of their wings. Without a lengthy search through
+    the zoological records, it would be impossible to say how many
+    species Wallace added to science; but the constant recurrence in
+    the Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum of "wallacei" as the
+    name bestowed on various new species by other systematists, and of
+    "Wallace" succeeding those scientifically named by himself, is an
+    excellent gauge of their very large number.
+
+    In the field of anthropology Wallace could never be an
+    uninterested spectator. He took a deep interest, he tells us, in
+    the study of the various races of mankind. His accounts of the
+    Amazonian tribes suffered greatly by the loss of his journals; but
+    of the peoples of the Malay Archipelago he has given us a most
+    interesting narrative, detailing their bodily and mental
+    characteristics, and showing how their distribution accorded with
+    that of the fauna on the opposite sides--Malays to the West,
+    Papuans to the East--of Wallace's Line. If fuller investigation of
+    the New Guinea tribes requires some modification in regard to
+    their origin, his observations, as broadly outlined then, remain
+    true still. His opinions on the origin of the Australian
+    aborigines--that they were a low and primitive type of Caucasian
+    race--which, when first promulgated, were somewhat sceptically
+    received, are now those accepted by many very competent
+    anthropologists.
+
+    Wallace's contributions to Geographical Science were only second
+    in importance to those he so pre-eminently made to biology. Though
+    skilled in the use of surveying instruments, he did little or no
+    map-making--at all times a laborious and lengthy task--for, with
+    more important purposes in his mind, he could not spare the time,
+    nor did the limitations to his movements permit any useful
+    attempt. Yet he did pure geographical work quite as important. The
+    value of the comparative study of the flora and fauna of
+    neighbouring regions, the great differences in the midst of much
+    likeness between the organic life of neighbouring land masses, was
+    a subject that was always in Wallace's mind during his exploration
+    of the Amazon Valley, for he perceived that the physical geography
+    and the distribution of these animals and plants were of the
+    greatest service in elucidating their history where the geological
+    record was defective. As is well known, the visual inspection of
+    the geological structure of tropical countries is always difficult
+    and often impossible to make out because of the dense vegetation
+    upon the surface and even the faces of the river gorges. But for
+    the loss of his collections and notes we should have had from
+    Wallace's pen a Physical History of the Amazon. This loss was,
+    however, amply made up by his very original contributions to the
+    geography of the Malay Archipelago. "The Zoological Geography of
+    the Malay Archipelago" and "The Physical Geography of the Malay
+    Archipelago" (written on Eastern soil, with the texts of his
+    discourses around him) were the forerunners of his monumental
+    "Geographical Distribution of Animals," elaborated in England
+    after his return. "To the publication of the 'Geographical
+    Distribution of Animals' we owe the first scientific study of the
+    distribution of organic life on the globe, which has broadened
+    ever since, and continues to interest students daily; his
+    brilliant work in Natural History and Geography  ... is universally
+    honoured," are the opinions of Dr. Scott speaking as President of
+    the Linnean Society of London.
+
+    One of Wallace's most important contributions to the physical
+    geography of the Malay region was his discovery of the physical
+    differences between the western and the eastern portions of the
+    Archipelago; i.e. that the islands lying to the east of a line
+    running north from the middle of the Straits of Bali and outside
+    Celebes were fragments of an ancient and larger Australian
+    continent, while those to the western side were fragments of an
+    Asiatic continent. This he elucidated by recognising that the
+    flora and fauna on the two sides of the line, close though these
+    islands approached each other, were absolutely different and had
+    remained for ages uncommingled. This line was denominated
+    "Wallace's Line" by Huxley, and this discovery alone would have
+    been sufficient to associate his name inseparably with this region
+    of the globe.--H.O.F.
+
+Like Darwin, Wallace gave excessive attention to the suggestions and
+criticisms of people who were obviously ignorant of the subjects about
+which they wrote. He was never impatient with honest ignorance or
+considered the lowly position of his correspondents. He replied to all
+letters of inquiry (and he received many from working men), and always
+gave his best knowledge and advice to anyone who desired it. There was
+not the faintest suggestion of the despicable sense of superiority about
+him.
+
+"I had, of course, revelled in 'The Malay Archipelago' when a boy," says
+Prof. Cockerell, "but my first personal relations with Dr. Wallace arose
+from a letter I wrote him after reading his 'Darwinism,' then (early in
+1890) recently published. The book delighted me, but I found a number of
+little matters to criticise and discuss, and with the impetuosity of
+youth proceeded to write to the author, and also to send a letter on
+some of the points to _Nature_. I have possibly not yet reached years of
+discretion, but in the perspective of time I can see with confusion that
+what I regarded as worthy zeal might well have been characterised by
+others as confounded impudence. In the face of this, the tolerance and
+kindness of Dr. Wallace's reply is wholly characteristic: 'I am very
+much obliged to you for your letter containing so many valuable
+emendations and suggestions on my "Darwinism." They will be very useful
+to me in preparing another edition. Living in the country with but few
+books, I have often been unable to obtain the _latest_ information, but
+for the purpose of the argument the facts of a few years back are often
+as good as those of to-day--which in their turn will be modified a few
+years hence.... You appear to have so much knowledge of details in so
+many branches of natural history, and also to have thought so much on
+many of the more recondite problems, that I shall be much pleased to
+receive any further remarks or corrections on any other portions of my
+book.' This letter, written to a very young and quite unknown man in the
+wilds of Colorado, who had merely communicated a list of more or less
+trifling criticisms, can only be explained as an instance of Dr.
+Wallace's eagerness to help and encourage beginners. It did not occur to
+him to question the propriety of the criticisms, he did not write as a
+superior to an inferior; he only saw what seemed to him a spark of
+biological enthusiasm, which should by all means be kindled into flame.
+Many years later, when I was at his house, he produced with the greatest
+delight some letters from a young man who had gone to South America and
+was getting his first glimpse of the tropical forest. What discoveries
+he might make! What joy he must have on seeing the things described in
+the letter, such things as Dr. Wallace himself had seen in Brazil so
+long ago!"
+
+Wallace's critical faculty was always keen and vigilant. Unlike some
+critics, however, he relished genuine and well-informed criticism of his
+own writings. Flattery he despised; whilst the charge of dishonesty
+aroused strongest resentment. Deceived he might be, but he required
+clear proof that his own eyes and ears had led him astray. Romanes, who
+had propounded the forgotten theory of physiological selection, charged
+Wallace with adopting it as his own. This was not only untrue, it was
+ridiculous; and Wallace, after telling him so and receiving no apology,
+dropped him out of his recognition. During Romanes' illness Mr.
+Thiselton-Dyer wrote to Wallace and sought to bring about a
+reconciliation, and Wallace replied:
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Parkstone, Dorset. September 26, 1893._
+
+My dear Thiselton-Dyer,--I am sorry to hear of Romanes' illness, because
+I think he would have done much good work in carrying out experiments
+which require the leisure, means and knowledge which he possesses. I
+cannot, however, at all understand his wishing to have any communication
+from myself. I do not think I ever met Romanes in private more than
+once, when he called on me more than twenty years ago about some curious
+psychical phenomena occurring in his own family; and perhaps half a
+dozen letters--if so many--may have passed between us since. There is
+therefore no question of personal friendship disturbed. I consider,
+however, that he made a very gross misstatement and personal attack on
+me when he stated, both in English and American periodicals, that in my
+"Darwinism" I adopted his theory of "physiological selection" and
+claimed it as my own, and that my adoption of it was "unequivocal and
+complete." This accusation he supported by such a flood of words and
+quotations and explanations as to obscure all the chief issues and
+render it almost impossible for the ordinary reader to disentangle the
+facts. I told him then that unless he withdrew this accusation as
+publicly as he had made it I should decline all future correspondence
+with him, and should avoid referring to him in any of my writings.
+
+This is, of course, very different from any criticism of my theories;
+that, or even ridicule, would never disturb me; but when a man has made
+an accusation of literary and scientific dishonesty, and has done all he
+can to spread this accusation over the whole civilised world, my only
+answer can be--after showing, as I have done (_see Nature_, vol. xliii.,
+pp. 79 and 150), that his accusations are wholly untrue--to ignore his
+existence.
+
+I cannot believe that he can want any sympathy from a man he says has
+wilfully and grossly plagiarised him, unless he feels that his
+accusations were unfounded. If he does so, and will write to me to that
+effect (for publication, if I wish, after his death), I will accept it
+as full reparation and write him such a letter as you suggest.--Believe
+me yours very faithfully,
+
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE
+
+
+_Kew. September 27, 1897._
+
+Dear Mr. Wallace,--I am afraid I have been rather guilty of an
+impertinence which I hope you will forgive.
+
+Romanes is an old acquaintance of mine of many years' standing.
+Personally, I like him very much; but for his writings I confess I have
+no great admiration.
+
+Pray believe me I had no mission of any sort on his part to write to
+you. But I feel so sorry for him that when he told me how much he
+regretted that he did not stand well with you, I could not resist
+writing to tell you of the calamities that have befallen him.
+
+I must confess I was in total ignorance of what you tell me. I don't
+see how, under the circumstances, you can do anything. I was never more
+surprised in my life, in fact, than when I read your letter. The whole
+thing is too childishly preposterous.
+
+Romanes laments over _me_ because he says I wilfully misunderstand his
+theory. The fact is, poor fellow, that I do not think he understands it
+himself. If his life had been destined to be prolonged I should have
+done all in my power to have induced him to occupy himself more with
+observation and less with mere logomachy.
+
+I cannot get him to face the fact that natural hybrids are being found
+to be more and more common amongst plants. At the beginning of the
+century it was supposed that there were some sixty recognisable species
+of willows in the British Isles: now they are cut down to about sixteen,
+and all the rest are resolved into hybrids.--Ever sincerely,
+
+W.T. THISELTON-DYER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Wallace was a seeker after Truth who was never shy of his august
+mistress, whatever robes she wore. "I feel within me," wrote Darwin to
+Henslow, "an instinct for truth, or knowledge, or discovery, of
+something of the same nature as the instinct of virtue." This was
+equally true of Wallace. He had a fine reverence for truth, beauty and
+love, and he feared not to expose error. He paid no respect to
+time-honoured practices and opinions if he believed them to be false.
+Vaccination came under his searching criticism, and in the face of
+nearly the whole medical faculty he denounced it as quackery condemned
+by the very evidence used to defend it. He very carefully examined the
+claims of phrenology, which had been laughed out of court by scientific
+men, and he came to the conclusion that "in the present (twentieth)
+century phrenology will assuredly attain general acceptance. It will
+prove itself to be the true science of the mind. Its practical uses in
+education, in self-discipline, in the reformatory treatment of
+criminals, and in the remedial treatment of the insane, will gain it
+one of the highest places in the hierarchy of the sciences; and its
+persistent neglect and obloquy during the last sixty years of the
+nineteenth century will be referred to as an example of the almost
+incredible narrowness and prejudice which prevailed among men of science
+at the very time they were making such splendid advances in other fields
+of thought and discovery."[67]
+
+Wallace was not even scared out of his wits by ghosts, for, unlike
+Coleridge, he believed in them although he thought he had seen many.
+Whether truth came from the scaffold or the throne, the seance or the
+sky, it did not alter the truth, and did not prejudice or overbear his
+judgment. He shed his early materialism (which temporarily took
+possession of him as it did of many others as a result of the shock
+following the overwhelming discoveries of that period) when he was
+brought face to face with the phenomena of the spiritual kingdom which
+withstood the searching test of his keen observation and reasoning
+powers. Prejudices, preconceived notions, respect for his scientific
+position or the opinions of his eminent friends or the reputation of the
+learned societies to which he belonged--all were quietly and firmly put
+aside when he saw what he recognised to be the truth. If his
+fellow-workers did not accept it, so much the worse for them. He stood
+four-square against the onslaught of quasi-scientific rationalism, which
+once threatened to obliterate all the ancient landmarks of morality and
+religion alike. He made mistakes, and he admitted and corrected them,
+because he verily loved Truth for her own sake. And to the very end of
+his long life he kept the windows of his soul wide open to what he
+believed to be the light of this and other worlds.
+
+He was, then, a man of lofty ideals, and his idealism was at the base
+of his opposition to the materialism which boasted that Natural
+Selection explained all adaptation, and that Physics could give the
+solution of Huxley's poser to Spencer: "Given the molecular forces in a
+mutton chop, deduce Hamlet and Faust therefrom," and which regarded mind
+as a quality of matter as brightness is a quality of steel, and life as
+the result of the organisation of matter and not its cause.
+
+"We have ourselves," wrote Prof. H.F. Osborn in an account of Wallace's
+scientific work which Wallace praised, "experienced a loss of confidence
+with advancing years, an increasing humility in the face of
+transformations which become more and more mysterious the more we study
+them, although we may not join with this master in his appeal to an
+organising and directing principle." But profound contemplation of
+nature and of the mind of man led Wallace to belief in God, to accept
+the Divine origin of life and consciousness, and to proclaim a hierarchy
+of spiritual beings presiding over nature and the affairs of nations.
+"Whatever," writes Dr. H.O. Forbes, "may be the last words on the deep
+and mysterious problems to which Wallace addressed himself in his later
+works, the unquestioned consensus of the highest scientific opinion
+throughout the world is that his work has been for more than half a
+century, and will continue to be, a living stimulus to interpretation
+and investigation, a fertilising and vivifying force in every sphere of
+thought."
+
+It is perhaps unprofitable to go further than in previous chapters into
+his so-called heresies--political, scientific or religious. Yet we may
+imitate his boldness and ask whether he was not, perhaps, in advance of
+his age and whether his heresies were not shrewd anticipations of some
+truth at present but partially revealed. Take the example of
+Spiritualism, which, I suppose, has more opponents than
+anti-vaccination. No one can overlook the fact that Spiritualism has
+many scientific exponents--Myers, Crookes, Lodge, Barrett and others.
+Prejudices against Spiritualism are as unscientific as the credulity
+which swallows the mutterings of every medium. Podmore's two ponderous
+volumes on the History of Spritualism are marred by an obvious anxiety
+to make the very least, if not the very worst, of every phenomenon
+alleged to be spiritualistic. That kind of deliberate and obstinate
+blindness which prided itself on being the clear cold light of science
+Wallace scorned and denounced. He did not insist upon spiritualistic
+manifestations shaping themselves according to his own predesigned
+moulds in order to be investigated. He watched for facts whatever form
+they assumed. He fully recognised that the phenomena he saw and heard
+could be easily ridiculed, but behind them he as fully believed that he
+came into contact with spiritual realities which remain, and which led
+him to other explanations of the higher faculties of man and the origin
+of life and consciousness than were acceptable to the materialistic
+followers of Haeckel, Buechner and Huxley. And who dares dogmatically to
+assert in the name of science and in the second decade of the twentieth
+century, when the deeper meanings of evolution are being revealed, and
+the philosophy of Bergson is spoken about on the housetops, that he was
+wrong? In these views may he not become the peer of Darwin?
+
+At first blush it may seem to be a bad example of special pleading to
+attempt to discover the reason for his opposition to vaccination in his
+idealism. But it is not far from the truth. He believed in a Ministry of
+Public Health, that doctors should be servants of the State, and that
+they should be paid according as they kept people well and not ill.
+Health is the natural condition of the human body when it is properly
+sustained and used. And chemicals, even in sickness, are of less
+importance than fresh air, light and proper food. He ridiculed, too, the
+notion of unhealthy places. "It is like," he wrote to Mr. Birch, "the
+old idea that every child must have measles, and the sooner the better."
+To the same correspondent, who was contemplating going into virgin
+forests and who expressed his fear of malaria, he replied: "There is no
+special danger of malaria or other diseases in a dense forest region. I
+am sure this is a delusion, and the dense virgin forests, even when
+swampy, are, in a state of nature, perfectly healthy to live in. It is
+man's tampering with them, and man's own bad habits of living, that
+render them unhealthy. Having now gone over all Spruce's journals and
+letters during his twelve years' life in and about the Amazonian
+forests, I am sure this is so. And even where a place is said to be
+notoriously 'malarious,' it is mostly due not to infection only but to
+predisposition due to malnutrition or some bad mode of living. A person
+living healthily may, for the most part, laugh at such terrors. Neither
+I nor Spruce ever got fevers when we lived in the forests and were able
+to get wholesome food." "Health," he said to the present writer, "is the
+best resistant to disease, and not the artificial giving of a mild form
+of a disease in order to render the body immune to it for a season.
+Vaccination is not only condemned upon the statistics which are used to
+uphold it, but it is a false principle--unscientific, and therefore
+doomed to fail in the end." Besides which, he believed in mental
+healing, and had recorded definite and certain benefit from spiritual
+"healers." And he reminded himself that amongst doctors (witness the
+blind opposition encountered by Lister's discoveries) were found from
+time to time not a few enemies of the true healing art, and obstinate
+defenders of many forms of quackery. Wallace made no claim to be an
+original investigator. He knew his limitations, and said again and again
+that he could not have conducted the slow and minute researches or have
+accumulated the vast amount of detailed evidence to which Darwin, with
+infinite patience, devoted his life. He was genuinely glad that it had
+not fallen to his lot to write "The Origin of Species." He felt that his
+chief faculty was to reason from facts which others discovered. Yet he
+had that original insight and creative faculty which enabled him to see,
+often as by flashlight, the explanation which had remained hidden from
+the eyes of the man who was most familiar with the particular facts, and
+he elaborated it with quickening pulse, anxious to put down the whole
+conception which filled his mind lest some portion of it should escape
+him. Therein lay one secret of his great genius. He often said that he
+was an idler, but we know that he was a patient and industrious worker.
+His idleness was his way of describing his long musings, waiting the
+bidding of her whom God inspires--Truth, who often hides her face from
+the clouded eyes of man. For hours, days, weeks, he was disinclined to
+work. He felt no constraining impulse, his attention was relaxed or
+engaged upon a novel, or his seeds, or the plan of a new house, which
+always excited his interest. Then, apparently suddenly, whilst in one of
+his day-dreams, or in a fever (as at Ternate, to recall the historical
+episode when the theory of Natural Selection struck him), an
+explanation, a theory, a discovery,[68] the plan of a new book, came to
+him like a flash of light, and with the plan the material, the
+arguments, the illustrations; the words came tumbling one over the
+other in his brain, and as suddenly his idleness vanished, and work,
+eager, prolonged, unwearying, filled his days and months and years until
+the message was written down and the task fully accomplished. Whilst
+writing he referred to few books, but wrote straight on, adding
+paragraph to paragraph, chapter to chapter, without recasting or
+revision.[69] And the result was fresh, striking, original. It was a
+creation. The work being done, he relapsed into his busy idleness. The
+truth, as he saw it, seemed to come to him. Some people called him a
+prophet, but he was not conscious of that high calling. I do not
+remember him saying that he was only a messenger. Perhaps later, when he
+was reviewing his life, he connected his sudden inspirations with a
+higher source, but for their realisation he relied upon a foundation of
+veritable facts, facts patiently accumulated, a foundation laid broad
+and deep. He had the vision of the prophet allied with the wisdom of the
+philosopher and the calm mental detachment of the man of science.
+Perhaps another explanation of his genius may be found in his
+open-mindedness. Truth found ready access to his conscience, and always
+a warm welcome, and he saw with open eyes where others were stone-blind.
+
+He belonged to our common humanity. No caste or acquired pride or
+unapproachable intellectualism cut him off from the people. His simple
+humanness made him one with us all. And his humanity was singularly
+comprehensive. It led him, for instance, to investigate the subject of
+suffering in animals. He noticed that all good men and women rightly
+shrank from giving pain to them, and he set himself to prove that the
+capacity for pain decreased as we descended the scale of life, and that
+poets and others were mistaken when they imputed acute suffering to the
+lower creation, because of the very restricted response of their nervous
+system. Even in the case of the human infant, he concluded that only
+very slight sensations are at first required, and that such only are
+therefore developed. The sensation of pain does not, probably, reach its
+maximum till the whole organism is fully developed in the adult
+individual. "This," he added, with that characteristic touch which made
+him kin to all oppressed people, "is rather comforting in view of the
+sufferings of so many infants needlessly sacrificed through the terrible
+defects of our vicious social system."
+
+To Wallace pain was the birth-cry of a soul's advance--the stamp of rank
+in nature is capacity for pain. Pain, he held, was always strictly
+subordinated to the law of utility, and was never developed beyond what
+was actually needed for the protection and advance of life. This brings
+the sensitive soul immense relief. Our susceptibility to the higher
+agonies is a condition of our advance in life's pageant.
+
+Take another instance. Amongst his numerous correspondents there were
+not a few who decided not to take life, for food, or science, or in war.
+One young man who went out with the assistance of Wallace to Trinidad
+and Brazil to become a naturalist, and to whom he wrote many letters[70]
+of direction and encouragement, gave up the work of collecting--to
+Wallace's sincere disappointment--and came home because he felt that it
+was wrong to take the lives of such wondrous and beautiful birds and
+insects. Another correspondent, who had joined the Navy, wrote a number
+of long letters to Wallace setting forth his conscientious objections to
+killing, arrived at after reading Wallace's books; and although Wallace
+endeavoured from prudential considerations to restrain him from giving
+up his position, he nevertheless wholly sympathised with him and in the
+end warmly defended him when it was necessary to do so. The sacrifice,
+too, of human life in dangerous employments for the purpose of financial
+gain, no less than the frightful slaughter of the battlefield, was
+abhorrent to Wallace and aroused his intensest indignation. Life to him
+was sacred. It had its origin in the spiritual kingdom. "We are lovers
+of nature, from 'bugs' up to 'humans,'" he wrote to Mr. Fred Birch.
+
+By every means he laboured earnestly to secure an equal opportunity of
+leading a useful and happy life for all men and women. He championed the
+cause of women--of their freer life and their more active and public
+part in national service. He found the selective agency, which was to
+work for the amelioration he desired, in a higher form of sexual
+selection, which will be the prerogative of women; and therefore woman's
+position in the not distant future "will be far higher and more
+important than any which has been claimed for or by her in the past."
+When political and social rights are conceded to her on equality with
+men, her free choice in marriage, no longer influenced by economic and
+social considerations, will guide the future moral progress of the race,
+restore the lost equality of opportunity to every child born in our
+country, and secure the balance between the sexes. "It will be their
+(women's) special duty so to mould public opinion, through home training
+and social influence, as to render the women of the future the
+regenerators of the entire human race."
+
+He was acutely anxious that his ideals should be realised on earth by
+the masses of the people. He had a large and noble vision of their
+future. And he had his plan for their immediate redemption--national
+ownership of the soil, better housing, higher wages, certainty of
+employment, abolition of preventable diseases, more leisure and wider
+education, not merely for the practical work of obtaining a livelihood
+but to enable them to enjoy art and literature and song. His opposition
+to Eugenics (to adopt the word introduced by Galton, which Wallace
+called jargon) sprang from his idealism and his love of the people, as
+well as from his scientific knowledge. On the social side he thought
+that Eugenics offered less chance of a much-needed improvement of
+environment than the social reforms which he advocated, whilst on the
+scientific side he believed that the attempt, with our extremely limited
+knowledge, to breed men and women by artificial selection was worse than
+folly. He feared that, as he understood it, Eugenics would perpetuate
+class distinctions, and postpone social reform, and afford
+quasi-scientific excuses for keeping people "in the positions Nature
+intended them to occupy," a scientific reading of the more offensive
+saying of those who, having plenty themselves, believe that it is for
+the good of the lower classes to be dependent upon others. "Clear up,"
+he said to the present writer one day, when we drifted into a warm
+discussion of the teachings of Eugenists; "change the environment so
+that all may have an adequate opportunity of living a useful and happy
+life, and give woman a free choke in marriage; and when that has been
+going on for some generations you may be in a better position to apply
+whatever has been discovered about heredity and human breeding, and you
+may then know which are the better stocks."
+
+"Segregation of the unfit," he remarked to an interviewer after the
+Eugenic Conference, at which much was unhappily said that wholly
+justified his caustic denunciation, "is a mere excuse for establishing
+a medical tyranny. And we have enough of this kind of tyranny already
+... the world does not want the eugenist to set it straight.... Eugenics
+is simply the meddlesome interference of an arrogant scientific
+priestcraft."
+
+Thus his radicalism and his so-called fads were born of his high
+aspirations. He was not the recluse calmly spinning theories from a
+bewildering chaos of observations, and building up isolated facts into
+the unity of a great and illuminating conception in the silence and
+solitude of his library, unmindful of the great world of sin and sorrow
+without. He could say with Darwin, "I was born a naturalist"; but we can
+add that his heart was on fire with love for the toiling masses. He had
+felt the intense joy of discovering a vast and splendid generalisation,
+which not only worked a complete revolution in biological science, but
+has also illuminated the whole field of human knowledge. Yet his
+greatest ambition was to improve the cruel conditions under which
+thousands of his fellow-creatures suffered and died, and to make their
+lives sweeter and happier. His mind was great enough and his heart large
+enough to encompass all that lies between the visible horizons of human
+thought and activity, and even in his old age he lived upon the topmost
+peaks, eagerly looking for the horizon beyond. In the words of the late
+Mr. Gladstone, he "was inspired with the belief that life was a great
+and noble calling; not a mean and grovelling thing that we are to
+shuffle through as we can, but an elevated and lofty destiny."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+But we must not be tempted into further disquisition. As he grew older
+the public Press as well as his friends celebrated his birthdays.
+Congratulations by telegram and letter poured in upon him and gave him
+great pleasure. Minor poets sang special solos, or joined in the
+chorus. One example may be quoted:
+
+  ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE
+
+  8TH JANUARY, 1911
+
+  A little cot back'd by a wood-fring'd height,
+      Where sylvan Usk runs swiftly babbling by:
+      Here thy young eyes first look'd on earth and sky,
+  And all the wonders of the day and night;
+  O born interpreter of Nature's might,
+      Lord of the quiet heart and seeing eye,
+      Vast is our debt to thee we'll ne'er deny,
+  Though some may own it in their own despite.
+  Now after fourscore teeming years and seven,
+      Our hearts are jocund that we have thee still
+      A refuge in this world of good and ill,
+  When evil triumphs and our souls are riv'n;
+  A friend to all the friendless under heav'n;
+  A foe to fraud and all the lusts that kill.
+
+  O champion of the Truth, whate'er it be!
+      World-wand'rer over this terrestrial frame;
+      Twin-named with Darwin on the roll of fame;
+  This day we render homage unto thee;
+  For in thy steps o'er alien land and sea,
+      Where life burns fast and tropic splendours flame.
+      Oft have we follow'd with sincere acclaim
+  To mark thee unfold Nature's mystery.
+  For this we thank thee, yet one thing remains
+      Shall shrine thee deeper in the heart of man,
+      In ages yet to be when we are dust;
+  Thou hast put forth thy hand to rend our chains,
+      Our birthright to restore from feudal ban;
+      O righteous soul, magnanimous and just!
+
+  W. BRAUNSTON JONES.
+
+Sir William Barrett, one of Wallace's oldest friends, visited him during
+the last year of his life, and thus describes the visit:
+
+    In the early summer of 1913, some six months before his death, I
+    had the pleasure of paying another visit and spending a delightful
+    afternoon with my old friend. His health was failing, and he sat
+    wrapped up before a fire in his study, though it was a warm day.
+    He could not walk round his garden with me as before, but pointed
+    to the little plot of ground in front of the French windows of his
+    study--where he had moved some of his rarer primulas and other
+    plants he was engaged in hybridising--and which he could just
+    manage to visit. His eyesight and hearing seemed as good as ever,
+    and his intellectual power was undimmed....
+
+    Dr. Wallace then, pointing to the beautiful expanse of garden,
+    woodland and sea which was visible from the large study windows,
+    burst forth with vigorous gesticulation and flashing eyes: "Just
+    think! All this wonderful beauty and diversity of nature results
+    from the operation of a few simple laws. In my early unregenerate
+    days I used to think that only material forces and natural laws
+    were operative throughout the world. But these I now see are
+    hopelessly inadequate to explain this mystery and wonder and
+    variety of life. I am, as you know, absolutely convinced that
+    behind and beyond all elementary processes there is a guiding and
+    directive force; a Divine power or hierarchy of powers, ever
+    controlling these processes so that they are tending to more
+    abundant and to higher types of life."
+
+    This led Dr. Wallace to refer to my published lecture on "Creative
+    Thought" and express his hearty concurrence with the line of
+    argument therein; in fact he had already sent me his views, which,
+    with his consent, I published as a postscript to that lecture.
+
+    Then our conversation turned upon recent political events, and it
+    was remarkable how closely he had followed, and how heartily he
+    approved, the legislation of the Liberal Government of the day.
+    His admiration for Mr. Lloyd George was unfeigned. "To think that
+    I should have lived to see so earnest and democratic a Chancellor
+    of the Exchequer!" he exclaimed, and he confidently awaited still
+    larger measures which would raise the condition of the workers to
+    a higher level; and nothing was more striking than his intense
+    sympathy with every movement for the relief of poverty and the
+    betterment of the wage-earning classes. The land question, we
+    agreed, lay at the root of the matter, and land nationalisation
+    the true solution. In fact, ever since I read the proof-sheets of
+    his book on this subject, which he corrected when staying at my
+    house in Kingstown, I have been a member of the Land
+    Nationalisation Society, of which he was President.
+
+    Needless to say, Dr. Wallace was an ardent Home Ruler and Free
+    Trader,[71] but on the latter question he said there should be an
+    export duty on coal, especially the South Wales steam coal, as our
+    supply was limited and it was essential for the prosperity of the
+    country--and "the purchaser pays the duty," he remarked. I
+    heartily agreed with him, and said that a small export duty _had_
+    been placed on coal by the Conservative Government, but
+    subsequently was removed. This he had forgotten, and when later on
+    I sent him particulars of the duty and its yield, he replied
+    saying that at that time he was so busy with the preparation of a
+    book that he had overlooked the fact. He wrote most energetically
+    on the importance of the Government being wise in time, and urged
+    at least a 2s. export duty on coal.
+
+    We talked about the question of a portrait of Dr. Wallace being
+    painted and presented to the Royal Society, which had been
+    suggested by the Rev. James Marchant, to whom Dr. Wallace
+    referred, when talking to me, in grateful and glowing
+    terms.--W.F.B.
+
+Perhaps it should be added to Sir William Barrett's reminiscences that
+the movement which was set on foot to carry out this project was stayed
+by Wallace's death.
+
+During the last years of his life his pen was seldom dry. His interest
+in science and in politics was fresh and keen to the closing week. He
+wrote "Social Environment and Moral Progress" in 1912, at the age of 90.
+The book had a remarkable reception. Leading articles and illustrated
+reviews appeared in most of the daily newspapers. The book, into which
+he had put his deepest thoughts and feelings upon the condition of
+society, was hailed as a virile and notable production from a truly
+great man. After this was issued, he saw another, "The Revolt of
+Democracy," through the press. But this did not exhaust his activities.
+He entered almost immediately into a contract to write a big volume upon
+the social order, and as a side issue to help, as is mentioned in the
+Introduction, in the production of an even larger book upon the writings
+and position of Darwin and Wallace and the theory of Natural Selection
+as an adequate explanation of organic evolution. Age did not seem to
+weaken his amazing fertility of creative thought, nor to render him less
+susceptible to the claims of humanity, which he faced with a noble
+courage. In nobility of character and in magnitude, variety and richness
+of mind he was amongst the foremost scientific men of the Victorian Age,
+and with his death that great period, which was marked by wide and
+illuminating generalisations and the grand style in science, came to an
+end.
+
+Apart altogether, however, from his scientific position and attainments,
+which set him on high, he was a noble example of brave, resolute, and
+hopeful endeavour, maintained without faltering to the end of a long
+life. And this is not the least valuable part of his legacy to the race.
+
+When Henslow died, Huxley wrote to Hooker: "He had intellect to
+comprehend his highest duty distinctly, and force of character to do it;
+which of us dare ask for a higher summary of his life than that? For
+such a man there can be no fear in facing the great unknown; his life
+has been one long experience of the substantial justice of the laws by
+which this world is governed, and he will calmly trust to them still as
+he lays his head down for his long sleep." Let that also stand as the
+estimate of Wallace by his contemporaries, an estimate which we believe
+posterity will confirm. And to it we may add that death, which came to
+him in his sleep as a gentle deliverer, opened the door into the larger
+and fuller life into which he tried to penetrate and in which he firmly
+believed. If that faith be founded in truth, Darwin and Wallace, yonder
+as here, are united evermore.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I am writing these concluding words on the second anniversary of his
+death. Before me there lies the telegram which brought me the sad news
+that he had "passed away very peacefully at 9.25 a.m., without regaining
+consciousness." He was in his ninety-first year. It was suggested that
+he should be buried in Westminster Abbey, beside Charles Darwin, but
+Mrs. Wallace and the family, expressing his own wishes as well as
+theirs, did not desire it. On Monday, November 10th, he was laid to rest
+with touching simplicity in the little cemetery of Broadstone, on a
+pine-clad hill swept by ocean breezes. He was followed on his last
+earthly journey by his son and daughter, by Miss Mitten, his
+sister-in-law, and by the present writer. Mrs. Wallace, being an
+invalid, was unable to attend. The funeral service was conducted by the
+Bishop of Salisbury (Dr. Ridgeway), and among the official
+representatives were Prof. Raphael Meldola and Prof. E.B. Poulton
+representing the Royal Society; the latter and Dr. Scott representing
+the Linnean Society, and Mr. Joseph Hyder the Land Nationalisation
+Society. A singularly appropriate monument, consisting of a fossil
+tree-trunk from the Portland beds, has been erected over his grave upon
+a base of Purbeck stone, which bears the following inscription:
+
+  ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE, O.M.
+  Born Jan. 8th, 1823, Died Nov. 7th, 1913
+
+A year later, on the 10th of December, 1914, his widow died after a long
+illness, and was buried in the same grave. She was the eldest daughter
+of Mr. William Mitten, of Hurstpierpoint, an enthusiastic botanist, and
+in no mean degree she inherited her father's love of wild flowers and of
+the beautiful in nature. It was this similarity of tastes which led to
+her close intimacy and subsequent marriage, in 1866, with Wallace. Their
+married life was an exceedingly happy one. She was able to help him in
+his scientific labours, and she provided that atmosphere in the home
+life which enabled him to devote himself to his many-sided enterprises.
+And nothing would give him more joy than to know that this book is
+dedicated to her memory.
+
+[Illustration: THE GRAVE OF ALFRED RUSSEL AND ANNIE WALLACE]
+
+Soon after Wallace's death a Committee was formed (with Prof. Poulton as
+Chairman and Prof. Meldola as Treasurer) to erect a memorial, and the
+following petition was sent to the Dean and Chapter of Westminster
+Abbey:
+
+    We, the undersigned, earnestly desiring a suitable national
+    memorial to the late Alfred Russel Wallace, and believing that no
+    position would be so appropriate as Westminster Abbey, the
+    burial-place of his illustrious fellow-worker Charles Darwin,
+    petition the Right Reverend the Dean and Chapter for permission to
+    place a medallion in Westminster Abbey. We further guarantee, if
+    the medallion be accepted, to pay the Abbey fees of L200.
+
+  ARCH. GEIKIE
+  WILLIAM CROOKES
+  A.B. KEMPE
+  E. RAY LANKESTER
+  D.H. SCOTT
+  D. PRAIN
+  A.E. SHIPLEY
+  RAPHAEL MELDOLA
+  P.A. MACMAHON
+  JOHN W. JUDD
+  OLIVER J. LODGE
+  E.B. POULTON
+  A. STRAHAN
+  H.H. TURNER
+  J. LARMOR
+  W. RAMSAY
+  SILVANUS P. THOMPSON
+  JOHN PERRY
+  JAMES MARCHANT (Hon. Sec.)
+
+To which the Dean replied:
+
+    _The Deanery, Westminster, S.W. December 2, 1913._
+
+    Dear Mr. Marchant,--I have pleasure in informing you that I
+    presented your petition at our Chapter meeting this morning, and a
+    glad and unanimous assent was accorded to it.
+
+    I should be glad later on to be informed as to the artist you are
+    employing; and probably it would be as well for him and you and
+    some members of the Royal Society to meet me and the Chapter and
+    confer together upon the most suitable and artistic arrangement or
+    rearrangement of the medallions of the great men of science of the
+    nineteenth century.
+
+    Nothing could have been more satisfactory or impressive than the
+    document with which you furnished me this morning. I hope to get
+    it specially framed.--Yours sincerely,
+
+    HERBERT E. RYLE.
+
+Mr. Bruce-Joy, who had made an excellent medallion of Dr. Wallace during
+his lifetime, accepted the commission to fashion the medallion for
+Westminster Abbey, and it was unveiled, by a happy but undesigned
+coincidence, on All Souls' Day, November 1 1915, together with
+medallions to the memory of Sir Joseph Hooker and Lord Lister. In the
+course of his sermon, the Dean said--and with these words we may well
+conclude this book:
+
+"To-day there are uncovered to the public view, in the North Aisle of
+the Choir, three memorials to men who, I believe, will always be ranked
+among the most eminent scientists of the last century. They passed away,
+one in 1911, one in 1912, and one in 1913. They were all men of
+singularly modest character. As is so often observable in true
+greatness, there was in them an entire absence of that vanity and
+self-advertisement which are not infrequent with smaller minds. It is
+the little men who push themselves into prominence through dread of
+being overlooked. It is the great men who work for the work's sake
+without regard to recognition, and who, as we might say, achieve
+greatness in spite of themselves.
+
+[Illustration: THE WALLACE AND DARWIN MEDALLIONS IN THE NORTH AISLE OF
+THE CHOIR OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY]
+
+"Alfred Russel Wallace was a most famous naturalist and zoologist. He
+arrived by a flash of genius at the same conclusions which Darwin had
+reached after sixteen years of most minute toil and careful
+observation.... It was a unique example of the almost exact concurrence
+of two great minds working upon the same subject, though in different
+parts of the world, without collusion and without rivalry.... Between
+Darwin and Wallace goodwill and friendship were never interrupted.
+Wallace's life was spent in the pursuit of various objects of
+intellectual and philosophical interest, over which I need not here
+linger. All will agree that it is fitting his medallion should be placed
+next to that of Darwin, with whose great name his own will ever be
+linked in the worlds of thought and science.
+
+"All will acknowledge the propriety of these three great names being
+honoured in this Abbey Church, even though it be, to use Wordsworth's
+phrase, already
+
+  'Filled with mementoes, satiate with its part
+     Of grateful England's overflowing dead.'
+
+"These are three men whose lifework it was to utilise and promote
+scientific discovery for the preservation and betterment of the human
+race."
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX
+
+
+
+
+LISTS OF WALLACE'S WRITINGS
+
+
+I.--BOOKS
+
+Date                  Title
+
+1853    "Palm Trees on the Amazon"
+1853    "A Narrative of Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro." New
+             Edition in "The Minerva Library," 1889
+1866    "The Scientific Aspect of the Supernatural"
+1869    "The Malay Archipelago," 2 vols. Tenth Edition, 1 vol., 1890
+1870    "Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection." Republished,
+        with "Tropical Nature," 1891
+1874    "Miracles and Modern Spiritualism." Revised Edition, 1896
+1876    "The Geographical Distribution of Animals," 2 vols.
+1878    "Tropical Nature and other Essays." Printed in 1 vol. with
+        "Natural Selection," 1891
+1879    "Australasia." "Stanford's Compendium of Geography and Travel."
+           (New issue, 1893)
+1880    "Island Life." Revised Edition, 1895
+1882    "Land Nationalisation"
+1885    "Bad Times"
+1889    "Darwinism." 3rd Edition, 1901
+1898    "The Wonderful Century." New Edition, 1903
+1900    "Studies, Scientific and Social"
+1901    "The Wonderful Century Reader"
+1901    "Vaccination a Delusion"
+1903    "Man's Place in the Universe." New Edition, 1904. Cheap 1s.
+           Edition, 1912
+1905    "My Life," 2 vols. New Edition, 1 vol., 1908
+1907    "Is Mars Habitable?"
+1908    "Notes of a Botanist on the Amazon and Andes," by Richard
+           Spruce. Edited by A.R. Wallace
+1910    "The World of Life"
+1913    "Social Environment and Moral Progress"
+1913    "The Revolt of Democracy"
+
+
+II.--ARTICLES, PAPERS, REVIEWS, ETC.
+
+_The articles marked with an asterisk were republished in Wallace's
+"Studies, Scientific and Social."_
+
+
+-----------------+---------------------+----------------------------------
+     DATE        |     PERIODICAL OR   |             SUBJECT
+                 |        SOCIETY      |
+--------+--------+---------------------+----------------------------------
+        | 1850   | Proc. Zool. Soc.,   | On the Umbrella Bird
+        |        |  Lond.              |
+        | 1852   |   "      "          | Monkeys of the Amazon
+        | 1852-3 | Trans. Entomol.     | On the Habits of the Butterflies
+        |        |  Soc.               |   of the Amazon Valley
+        | 1853   | Zoologist           | On the Habits of the Hesperidae
+        | 1853   | Proc. Zool. Soc.,   | On some Fishes allied to Gymnotus
+        |        |  Lond.              |
+June 6  | 1853   | Entomolog. Soc.     | On the Insects used for Food by
+        |        |                     |   the Indians of the Amazon
+June 13 | 1853   | Royal Geograph. Soc.| The Rio Negro
+        | 1854-5 | Zoologist           | Letters from Singapore and Borneo
+        | 1854-6 | Trans. Entomol.     | Description of a New Species of
+        |        | Soc.                |   Ornithoptera
+        | 1855   | Annals and Mag.     | On the Ornithology of Malacca
+        |        | of Nat. Hist.       |
+        | 1855   | Journ. Bot.         | Botany of Malacca
+        | 1855   | Zoologist           | The Entomology of Malacca
+Sept.   | 1855   | Annals and Mag.     | On the Law which has regulated
+        |        | of Nat. Hist.       |   the Introduction of New Species
+        | 1856   |    "      "         | Some Account of an Infant
+        |        |                     |   Orang-Outang
+        | 1856   |    "      "         | On the Orang-Outang or Mias of
+        |        |                     |   Borneo
+Dec.    | 1856   |    "      "         | On the Habits of the Orang-Outang
+        |        |                     |   of Borneo
+        | 1856   |    "      "         | Attempts at a Natural Arrangement
+        |        |                     |   of Birds
+Nov. 22 | 1856   | Chambers's Journ.   | A New Kind of Baby
+        | 1856   | Journ. Bot.         | On the Bamboo and Durian of Borneo
+        | 1856   | Zoologist           | Observations on the Zoology of
+        |        |                     |   Borneo
+        | 1856-8 | Trans. Entomol.     | On the Habits, etc., of a Species
+        |        | Soc.                |   of Ornithoptera inhabiting the
+        |        |                     |   Aru Islands
+        | 1856-9 |    "      "         | Letters from Aru Islands and from
+        |        |                     |   Batchian
+Dec.    | 1857   | Annals and Mag.     | Natural History of the Aru Islands
+        |        | of Nat. Hist.       |
+        | 1857   |    "      "         | On the Great Bird of Paradise
+        | 1857   | Proc. Geograph.     | Notes of a Journey up the Sadong
+        |        | Soc.                |   River
+        | 1858   |    "      "         | On the Aru Islands
+        | 1858   | Zoologist           | Note on the Theory of Permanent
+        |        |    "      "         |   and Geographical Varieties
+        | 1858   |    "      "         | On the Entomology of the Aru
+        |        |                     |    Islands
+        | 1858-61| Trans. Entomol.     | Note on the Sexual Differences in
+        |        | Soc.                |   the Genus Lomaptera
+        | 1859   | Annals and Mag.     | Correction of an Important Error
+        |        | of Nat. Hist.       |   affecting the Classification of
+        |        |                     |   the _Psittacidae_
+        | 1859   | Proc, Linn. Soc.    |On the Tendency of Varieties to
+        |        |   (iii. 45)         |  Depart Indefinitely from the
+        |        |                     |  Original Type[72]
+Oct.    | 1859   | Ibis                |Geographical Distribution of Birds
+Dec.    | 1859   | Entomolog. Soc.     |Note on the Habits of Scolytidae and
+        |        |                     |   Bostrichidae
+        | 1860   | Journ. Geograph.    |Notes of a Voyage to New Guinea
+        |        |   Soc.              |
+        | 1860   | Ibis                |The Ornithology of North Celebes
+        | 1860   | Proc. Zool, Soc.,   |Notes on Semioptera wallacii
+        |        |   Lond.             |
+        | 1860   | Proc. Linn. Soc.    |Zoological Geography of Malay
+        |        |   (iv. 172)         |   Archipelago
+        | 1861   | Ibis                |On the Ornithology of Ceram and
+        |        |                     |  Waigiou
+        | 1861   | "                   |Notes on the Ornithology of Timor
+        | 1862   | Proc. and Journ.    |On the Trade between the Eastern
+        |        |   Geogr. Soc.       |  Archipelago and New Guinea
+        |        |                     | and its Islands
+        | 1862   | Proc. Zool. Soc.,   |List of Birds from the Sula Islands
+        |        |   Lond.             |
+        | 1862   | Ibis                |On some New Birds from the Northern
+        |        |                     |   Moluccas
+        | 1862   | Proc. Zool. Soc.,   |Narrative of Search after Birds of
+        |        |   Lond.             |  Paradise
+        | 1862   | "                   |On some New and Rare Birds from New
+        |        |                     |   Guinea
+        | 1862   | "                   |Description of Three New Species
+        |        |                     |   of _Pitta_ from the Moluccas
+        | 1863   | Annals and Mag.     |On the Proposed Change in Name of
+        |        |   of Nat. Hist.     |    _Gracula pectoralis_
+        | 1863   | Entomol. Journ.     |Notes on the Genus _Iphias_
+        | 1863   | Ibis                |Note on _Corvus senex _and _Corvus
+        |        |                     |  fuscicapillus_
+        | 1863   | "                   |Notes on the Fruit-Pigeons of Genus
+        |        |                     |   _Treron_
+        | 1863   | Intellectual        |The Bucerotidae, or Hornbills
+        |        |  Observer           |
+        | 1863   | Proc. Zool, Soc.    |List of Birds collected on Island
+        |        |    Lond.            |  of Bouru
+April   | 1863   | Zoologist           |Who are the Humming-Bird's
+        |        |                     |   Relations?
+June    | 1863   | Royal Geograph.     |Physical Geography of the Malay
+        |        |   Soc.              |   Archipelago
+        | 1863   | Proc, Zool. Soc.,   |On the Identification of _Hirundo
+        |        |   Lond.             |   esculenta_, Linn.
+        | 1863   | "                   |List of Birds inhabiting the
+        |        |                     |   Islands of Timor, Flores and
+        |        |                     |   Lombok
+        | 1863   | Annals and Mag.     |On the Rev. S. Haughton's Paper on
+        |        |   of Nat. Hist.     |   the Bee's Cell and the Origin of
+        |        |                     |   Species
+Jan. 1  |        | Nat. Hist. Rev.     |Some Anomalies in Zoological and
+        |        |                     |   Botanical Geography
+Jan. 7  | 1864   |Edinburgh New        |Ditto
+        |        |  Journ. (Philos.)   |
+        | 1864   | Proc. Zool. Soc.,   | Parrots of the Malayan Region
+        |        |   Lond.             |
+        | 1864   | Anthropol. Soc.     | The Origin of Human Races and the
+        |        |   Journ.            |   Antiquity of Man deduced from
+        |        |                     |   Natural Selection
+        | 1864   | Proc. Entom. Soc.   | Effect of Locality in producing
+        |        |   and Zoologist     |   Change of Form in Insects
+        | 1864   | Proc. Entom. Soc.   | Views on Polymorphism
+        | 1864   | Ibis                | Remarks on the Value of
+        |        |                     |   Osteological Characters in the
+        |        |                     |   Classification of Birds
+        | 1864   | "                   | Remarks on the Habits,
+        |        |                     |   Distribution, etc., of the Genus
+        |        |                     |   _Pitta_
+        | 1864   | "                   | Note on _Astur griseiceps_
+        | 1864   | Nat. Hist. Rev.     | Bone Caves in Borneo
+        | 1865   | Proc. Zool. Soc.,   | List of the Land Shells collected
+        |        |   Lond.             |   by Mr. Wallace in the Malay
+        |        |                     |   Archipelago
+Jan.    | 1865   | Trans. Ethnolog.    | On the Progress of Civilisation in
+        |        |   Soc.              |   North Celebes
+Jan.    | 1865   | "                   | On the Varieties of Man in the
+        |        |                     |   Malay Archipelago
+        | 1865   | Proc. Zool. Soc.,   | Descriptions of New Birds from the
+        |        |   Lond.             |   Malay Archipelago
+June 17 | 1865   | Reader              | How to Civilise Savages*
+Oct.    | 1865   | Ibis                | Pigeons of the Malay Archipelago
+        | 1866   | Trans. Linn. Soc.   | On the Phenomena of Variation and
+        |        |   (xxv.) (Abstract  |   Geographical Distribution as
+        |        |   in Reader, April, |   illustrated by Papilionidae of
+        |        |   1864)             |   the Malayan Region
+        | 1866   | Proc. Zoo. Soc.,    | List of Lepidoptera collected by
+        |        |   Lond.             |   Swinton at Takow, Formosa
+        | 1866   | Proc. Entomol.     }| Exposition of the Theory of
+        |        |   Soc.             }|   Mimicry as explaining Anomalies
+        | 1867   | Zoologist          }|   of Sexual Variation
+        | 1867   | Intellectual        | The Philosophy of Birds' Nests
+        |        |   Observer          |
+Jan.    | 1867   | Quarterly Journ.    | Ice-Marks in North Wales
+        |        |   of Sci.           |
+April   | 1867   | "                   | The Polynesians and their
+        |        |                     |   Migrations*
+July    | 1867   | Westminster Rev.    | Mimicry and other Protective
+        |        |                     |   Resemblances among Animals
+Sept.   | 1867   | Science Gossip      | Disguises of Insects
+Oct.    | 1867   | Quarterly Journ.    | Creation by Law
+        |        |   of Sci.           |
+        | 1867   | Proc. Entomol.     }|
+        |        |   Soc.             }| A Catalogue of the Cetoniidae of
+        | 1868   | Trans. Entomol.    }|   the Malayan Archipelago, etc.
+        |        |   Soc.             }|
+Jan. 7  | 1868   | Ibis                | Raptorial Birds of the Malay
+        |        |                     |   Archipelago
+        | 1868   | Trans. Entomol.     | On the Pieridae of the Indian and
+        |        |   Soc.              |   Australian Regions
+        | 1868   |      ---            | The Limits of Natural Selection
+        |        |                     |   applied to Man*
+        | 1869   | Trans. Entomol.     | Note on the Localities given in
+        |        |   Soc.              |   the "Longicornia Malayana"
+        | 1869   | Journ. of Travel    | A Theory of Birds' Nests
+        |        |   and Nat. Hist.    |
+April   | 1869   | Quarterly Rev.      | Reviews of Lyell's "Principles
+        |        |                     |   of Geology" (entitled
+        |        |                     |   "Geological Climates and
+        |        |                     |   Origin of Species")
+        | 1869   | Macmillan's Mag.    | Museums for the People*
+        | 1869   | Trans. Entomol.     | Notes on Eastern Butterflies (3
+        |        |  Soc.               |   Parts)
+        | 1870   | Brit. Association   | On a Diagram of the Earth's
+        |        |   Report            |   Eccentricity, etc.
+March   | 1871   | Academy             | Review of Darwin's "Descent of
+        |        |                     |   Man"
+May 23  | 1871   | Entomolog. Soc.     | Address on Insular Faunas, etc.
+        | 1871   | "                   | The Beetles of Madeira and
+        |        |                     |   their Teachings*
+Nov.    | 1871   | ----                | Reply to Mr. Hampden's Charges
+        | 1873   | Journ. Linnean Soc. | Introduction to F. Smith's
+        |        |                     |   Catalogue of Aculeate
+        |        |                     |   Hymenoptera, etc.
+Jan. 4  | 1873   | Times               | Spiritualism and Science
+April   | 1873   | Macmillan's Mag.    | Disestablishment and
+        |        |                     |   Disendowment, with a Proposal
+        |        |                     |   for a really National Church
+        |        |                     |   of England*
+Sept. 16| 1873   | Daily News          | Coal a National Trust*
+Dec.    | 1873   | Contemp. Rev.       | Limitation of State Functions
+        |        |                     |   in the Administration of
+        |        |                     |   Justice*
+Jan. 17 | 1874   | Academy             | Reviews of Mivart's "Man and
+        |        |                     |   Apes" and A.J. Mott's "Origin
+        |        |                     |   of Savage Life"
+April   | 1874   | ----                | Review of W. Marshall's
+        |        |                     |   "Phrenologist amongst the
+        |        |                     |   Todas"
+April   | 1874   | ----                | Review of G. St. Clair's
+        |        |                     |   "Darwinism and Design"
+        | 1874   | Ibis                | On the Arrangement of the
+        |        |                     |   Families constituting the
+        |        |                     |   Order Passeres
+May     | 1876   | Academy             | Review of Mivart's "Lessons
+        |        |                     |   from Nature"
+        | 1877   | Proc. Geograph.     | The Comparative Antiquity of
+        |        |   Soc.              |   Continents
+July    | 1877   | Quarterly Journ. of | Review of Carpenter's
+        |        |   Sci.              |   "Mesmerism and Spiritualism,"
+        |        |                     |   etc.
+Sept.   | 1877   | Macmillan's Mag.    | The Colours of Animals and
+and Oct.|        |                     |   Plants
+Nov.    | 1877   | Fraser's Mag.       | The Curiosities of Credulity
+Dec.    | 1877   | Fortnightly Rev.    | Humming-Birds
+Dec.    | 1877}  | Athenaeum            | {Correspondence with W.B.
+Jan.    | 1878}  | "                   | {  Carpenter on Spiritualism
+Nov.    | 1878   | Fortnightly Rev.    | Epping Forest, and How to Deal
+        |        |                     |   with it
+Feb.    | 1879   | Contemp. Rev.       | New Guinea and its Inhabitants
+April   | 1879   | Academy             | Review of Haeckel's "Evolution
+        |        |                     |   of Man"
+July    | 1879   | Nineteenth Cent.    | Reciprocity: A Few Words in
+        |        |                     |   Reply to Mr. Lowe*
+July    | 1879   | Quarterly Rev.      | Glacial Epochs and Warm Polar
+        |        |                     |   Climates
+Jan.    | 1880   | Nineteenth Cent.    | The Origin of Species and
+        |        |                     |   Genera*
+Oct.    | 1880   | Academy             | Review of A.H. Swinton's
+        |        |                     |   "Insect Variety"
+Nov.    | 1880   | Contemp. Rev.       | How to Nationalise the Land*
+        |        |                     |
+Dec. 4  | 1880   | Academy             | Review of Seebohm's "Siberia In
+        |        |                     |   Europe"
+        | 1881   | Rugby Nat. Hist.    | Abstract of Four Lectures on
+        |        |  Soc. Rept.         |   the Natural History of
+        |        |                     |   Islands
+Dec.    | 1881   | Contemp. Rev.       | Monkeys: Their Affinities and
+        |        |                     |   Distribution*
+Aug. and| 1883   | Macmillan's Mag.    | The Why and How of Land
+  Sept. |        |                     |   Nationalisation*
+March   | 1884   | Christn. Socialist  | The Morality of Interest--The
+        |        |                     |   Tyranny of Capital
+        | 1886   | Claims of Labour    | The Depression of Trade*
+        |        |   Lectures          |
+Mar. 5  | 1887   | Banner of Light     | Letter "_In re_ Mrs. Ross
+        |        |                     |   (Washington, D.C.)"
+Mar. 17 | 1887   | Independ. Rev.      | Review of E.D. Cope's "Origin
+        |        |                     |   of the Fittest"
+        | 1887   | Nation              |"
+Oct.    | 1887   | Fortnightly Rev.    | American Museums*
+        | 1888   | ----                | The Action of Natural Selection
+        |        |                     |   in producing Old Age, Decay
+        |        |                     |   and Death
+June    | 1889   | Land Nationalisation| Address
+        |        |   Soc.              |
+Sept.   | 1890   | Fortnightly Rev.    | Progress without Poverty (Human
+        |        |                     |   Selection)*
+Oct.    | 1891   | "                   | English and American Flowers*
+Dec.    | 1891   | "                   | Flowers and Forests of the Far
+        |        |                     |   West*
+Jan.    | 1892   | Arena               | Human Progress, Past and
+        |        |                     |   Future*
+        | 1892   | Address to L.N.S.   | Herbert Spencer on the Land
+        |        |                     |   Question*
+Aug.    | 1892   | Nineteenth Cent.    | Why I Voted for Mr. Gladstone
+Aug. and| 1892   | Natural Sci.        | The Permanence of Great Ocean
+  Dec.  |        |                     |   Basins*
+Nov.    | 1892   | Fortnightly Rev.    | Our Molten Globe*
+Dec.    | 1892   | Natural Sci.        | Note on Sexual Selection
+Feb.    | 1893   | Nineteenth Cent.    | Inaccessible Valleys*
+Mar. and| 1893   | Arena               | The Social Quagmire and the Way
+   Apr. |        |                     |   Out of it*
+Apr. and| 1893   | Fortnightly Rev.    | Are Individually Acquired
+  May   |        |                     |   Characters Inherited?*
+Nov.    | 1893   | "                   | The Ice Age and its Work*
+Dec.    | 1893   | "                   | Erratic Blocks, etc. Lake
+        |        |                     |   Basins*
+        | 1893   | Arena               | The Bacon-Shakespeare Case
+April 9 | 1894   | Land Nationalisation| Address on Parish Councils
+        |        |   Soc.              |
+June    | 1894   | Natural Sci.        | The Palearctic and Nearctic
+        |        |                     |   Regions compared as regards
+        |        |                     |   Families and Genera of
+        |        |                     |   Mammalia and Birds
+June    | 1894   | Contemp. Rev.       | How to Preserve the House of
+        |        |                     |   Lords*
+July    | 1894   | Land and Labour     | Review of F.W. Hayes' "Great
+        |        |                     |   Revolution of 1905"
+Sept.   | 1894   | Natural Sci.        | The Rev. G. Henslow on Natural
+        |        |                     |   Selection*
+        | 1894   | Smithsonian Rep.    | Method of Organic Evolution
+Oct.    | 1894   | Nineteenth Cent.    | A Counsel of Perfection for
+        |        |                     |   Sabbatarians*
+        |        |                     |
+        | 1894   | Vox Clamantium      | Economic and Social Justice*
+Feb. and| 1895   | Fortnightly Rev.    | Method of Organic Evolution*
+  March |        |                     |
+Oct.    | 1895   | "                   | Expressiveness of Speech or
+        |        |                     |   Mouth-Gesture as a Factor in
+        |        |                     |   the Origin of Language*
+        | 1895   | Agnostic Annual     | Why Live a Moral Life?*
+May     | 1896   | Contemp. Rev.       | How Best to Model the Earth*
+July 25 | 1896   | Labour Leader       | Letter on International Labour
+        |        |                     |   Congress
+Aug.    | 1896   | Fortnightly Rev.    | The Gorge of the Aar and its
+        |        |                     |   Teaching*
+Dec.    | 1896   | Journ. Linn. Soc.   | The Problem of Utility: Are
+        |        |   (v. 25)           |   Specific Characters always or
+        |        |                     |   generally Useful?
+March   | 1897   | Natural Sci.        | Problem of Instinct*
+        | 1897   | "Forecasts of       | Re-occupation of Land, Solution
+        |        |   Coming Century"   |   of the Unemployed Problem*
+March 20| 1898   | Lancet              | Letter on Vaccination
+May 9   | 1898   | Shrewsbury Chron.   | Letter to Dr. Bond and A.K.W.
+        |        |                     |   on Vaccination
+June 16,|        |                     |
+ 21, 25,| 1898   | Echo                |"
+Aug. 15 |        |                     |
+Sept. 1 | 1898   | The Eagle and the   | Darwinism and Nietzscheism in
+        |        |   Serpent           |   Sociology
+        | 1898   | Printed for private | Justice not Charity (Address to
+        |        |   circulation       |   International Congress of
+        |        |                     |   Spiritualists, London, June,
+        |        |                     |   1898)*
+Dec. 31 | 1898   | Academy             | Paper Money as a Standard of
+        |        |                     |   Value*
+Feb.,   | 1899   | Journ. Soc.         | Letters on Mr. Podmore _re_
+  March,|        |   Psychical Res.    |   Clairvoyance, etc.
+  April |        |                     |
+May     | 1899   | L'Humanite          | The Causes of War and the
+        |        |   Nouvelle          |   Remedies*
+Nov. 18 | 1899   | Clarion             | Letter on the Transvaal War
+        | 1899   | N.Y. Independent    | White Men in the Tropics*
+        |        |                     |
+        | 1900   | N.Y. Sun            | Evolution
+Nov.    | 1900   | N.Y. Journ.         | Social Evolution in the
+        |        |                     |   Twentieth Century: An
+        |        |                     |   Anticipation
+        | 1900   | ----                | Ralahine and its Teachings*
+        |        | ----                | True Individualism the
+        |        |                     |   Essential Preliminary of a
+        |        |                     |   Real Social Advance*
+        | 1901   | Morning Leader      | An Appreciation of the Past
+        |        |                     |   Century
+Jan. 17 | 1903   | Black and White     | Relations with Darwin
+March   | 1903   | Fortnightly Rev.    | Man's Place in the Universe
+Sept.   | 1903   | "                   | Man's Place in the Universe.
+        |        |                     |   Reply to Critics
+Oct.    | 1903   | Academy             | The Wonderful Century. Reply to
+        |        |                     |   Dr. Saleeby
+Nov. 12 | 1903   | Daily Mail          | Does Man Exist in Other Worlds?
+        |        |                     | Reply to Critics
+Jan. 1  | 1904   | Clarion             | Anticipations for the Immediate
+        |        |                     |   Future, Written for the
+        |        |                     |   _Berliner Lokalanzeiger_, and
+        |        |                     |   refused
+Feb.,   | 1904   | Fortnightly Rev.    | An Unpublished Poem by E.A.
+  April |        |                     |   Poe, "Leonainie"
+Apr.,   | 1904   | Independent Rev.    | Birds of Paradise in the
+  May   |        |                     |   Arabian Nights
+        | 1904   | Anti-Vaccination    | Summary of the Proofs that
+        |        |   League            |   Vaccination does not Prevent
+        |        |                     |   Small-pox, but really
+        |        |                     |   Increases it
+        | 1904   | Labour Annual       | Inefficiency of Strikes
+        | 1904   | Clarion             | Letter on Opposition to
+        |        |                     |   Military Expenditure
+        |        | Vaccination         | Letter on Inconsistency of the
+        |        |   Inquirer          |   Government on Vaccination
+Oct. 27 | 1906   | Daily News          | Why Not British Guiana? Five
+        |        |                     |   Acres for 2s. 6d.
+Nov.    | 1906   | Independent Rev.    | The Native Problem in South
+        |        |                     |   Africa and Elsewhere
+Jan.    | 1907   | Fortnightly Rev.    | Personal Suffrage, a Rational
+        |        |                     |   System of Representation and
+        |        |                     |   Election
+Feb.    | 1907   | "                   | A New House of Lords
+        | 1907   |Harmsworth's "History| How Life became Possible on the
+        |        |   of the World"     |   Earth
+Sept. 13| 1907   | Public Opinion      | Letter on Sir W. Ramsay's
+        |        |                     |   Theory: Did Man reach his
+        |        |                     |   Highest Development in the
+        |        |                     |   Past?
+Jan. 1  | 1908   | N.Y. World          | Cable on Advance in Science in
+        |        |                     |   1907
+Jan. 18 | 1908   | Outlook             | Letter on Woman
+Jan.    | 1908   | Fortnightly Rev.    | Evolution and Character
+June and| 1908   | Socialist Rev.      | The Remedy for Unemployment
+  July  |        |                     |
+July    | 1908   | Times               | Letter on the First Paper on
+        |        |                     |   Natural Selection
+July    | 1908   | Delineator          | Are the Dead Alive?
+Aug. 14 | 1908   | Public Opinion      | Is it Peace or War? A Reply
+Aug.    | 1908   | Contemp. Rev.       | Present Position of Darwinism
+Sept.   | 1908   | New Age             | Letter on Nationalisation, not
+        |        |                     |   Purchase, of Railways
+Dec.    | 1908   | Contemp. Rev.       | Darwinism _v._ Wallaceism
+Christ  | 1908   | Christian           | On the Abolition of Want
+   -mas |        |   Commonwealth      |
+Jan. 22 | 1909   | Royal Institution   | The World of Life, as
+        |        |                     |   Visualised, etc., by
+        |        |                     |   Darwinism
+Feb.    | 1909   | Clarion pamphlet    | The Remedy for Unemployment
+        |        |   (? Socialist Rev.)|
+Feb. 6  | 1909   | Daily News          | Flying Machines in War
+Feb. 12 | 1909   | Daily Mail          | Charles Darwin (Centenary)
+Feb. 12 | 1909   | Clarion             | The Centenary of Darwin
+March   | 1909   | Fortnightly Rev.    | The World of Life (revised
+        |        |                     |   Lecture)
+April 8 | 1909   | Daily News          | Letter on Aerial Fleets
+April 8 | 1910   | "                   | Man in the Universe
+Oct. 14 | 1910   | Public Opinion      | A New Era in Public Opinion
+Jan. 25 | 1912   | Daily Chronicle     | Letter on the Insurance Act
+Aug. 9  | 1912   | Daily News          | A Policy of Defence
+Sept.   | 1912   | ----                | The Nature and Origin of Life
+
+
+III.--LETTERS, REVIEWS, ETC., IN "NATURE"
+
+--------+----------+------+--------------------------------------------
+  VOL.  |   PAGE   | DATE |                 SUBJECT
+--------+----------+------+--------------------------------------------
+  I.    |      105 | 1869 | Origin of Species Controversy
+  "     |      132 |   "  |      "         "        "
+  "     | 288, 315 | 1870 | Government Aid to Science
+  "     | 399, 452 |   "  | Measurement of Geological Time
+  "     |      501 |   "  | Hereditary Genius
+  II.   |       82 |   "  | Pettigrew's "Handy Book of Bees"
+  "     |      234 |   "  | A Twelve-wired Bird of Paradise
+  "     |      350 |   "  | Early History of Mankind
+  "     |      465 |   "  | Speech on the Arrangement of Specimens
+        |          |   "  |   in a Natural History Museum (British
+        |          |   "  |   Association)
+  "     |      510 |   "  | Glaciation of Brazil
+ III.   |    8, 49 |   "  | Man and Natural Selection
+  "     |  85, 107 |   "  |      "         "        "
+  "     |      165 |   "  | Mimicry versus Hybridity
+  "     |      182 | 1871 | Leroy's "Intelligence and Perfectibility of
+        |          |      |   Animals"
+  "     |      309 |   "  | Theory of Glacial Motion
+  "     |      329 |   "  | Duncan's "Metamorphoses of Insects"
+  "     |      385 |   "  | Dr. Bevan's "Honey Bee"
+  "     |      435 |   "  | Anniversary Address at the Entomological
+        |          |   "  |   Society
+  "     |      466 |   "  | Sharpe's Monograph of the Alcedinidae
+ IV.    |       22 |   "  | Staveley's "British Insects"
+  "     |      178 |   "  | Dr. Bastian's Work on the Origin of Life
+  "     |      181 |   "  | H. Howorth's Views on Darwinism
+  "     |      221 |   "  |      "         "        "
+  "     |      222 |   "  | Recent Neologisms
+  "     |      282 |   "  | Canon Kingsley's "At Last"
+  V.    |      350 | 1872 | The Origin of Insects
+  "     |      363 |   "  | Ethnology and Spiritualism
+ VI.    |      237 |   "  | The Last Attack on Darwinism (Reviews)
+  "     | 284, 299 |   "  | Bastian's "Beginnings of Life"
+  "     |      328 |   "  | Ocean Circulation
+  "     |      407 |   "  | Speech on Diversity of Evolution (British
+        |          |      |    Association)
+  "     |      469 |   "  | Houzeau's "Faculties of Man and
+        |          |      |   Animals"
+ VII.   |       68 |   "  | Misleading Cyclopaedias
+  "     |      277 | 1873 | Modern Applications of the Doctrine of
+  "     |          |      |   Natural Selection (Reviews)
+  "     |      303 |   "  | Inherited Feeling
+  "     |      337 |   "  | J.T. Moggridge's "Harvesting Ants and
+        |          |      |   Trapdoor Spiders"
+  "     |      461 |   "  | Cave Deposits of Borneo
+VIII.   |        5 | 1873 | Natural History Collections in the East
+        |          |      |   India Museum
+  "     |  65, 302 |   "  | Perception and Instinct In the Lower
+  "     |          |      |   Animals
+  "     |      358 |   "  | Dr. Page's Textbook on Physical Geography
+  "     |      429 |   "  | Works on African Travel (Reviews)
+  "     |      462 |   "  | Lyell's "Antiquity of Man"
+IX.     |      102 |   "  | Dr. Meyer's Exploration of New Guinea
+  "     |      218 | 1874 | Belt's "Naturalist in Nicaragua"
+  "     |      258 |   "  | David Sharp's "Zoological Nomenclature"
+  "     | 301, 403 |   "  | Animal Locomotion
+X.      |      459 |   "  | Migration of Birds
+  "     |      502 |   "  | Automatism of Animals
+XII.    |       83 | 1875 | Lawson's "New Guinea"
+XIV.    |      403 | 1876 | Opening Address in Biology Section, British
+  "     |          |      |   Association
+  "     |      473 |   "  | Erratum in Address to Biology Section,
+  "     |          |      |   British Association
+  "     |       24 |   "  | Reply to Reviewers of "Geographical
+  "     |          |      |   Distribution of Animals"
+  "     |      174 |   "  | "Races of Men"
+  "     |      274 | 1877 | Glacial Drift in California
+  "     |      431 |   "  | The "Hog-wallows" of California
+XVI.    |      548 |   "  | Zoological Relations of Madagascar and
+  "     |          |      |   Africa
+XVII.   |        8 |   "  | Mr. Wallace and Reichenbach's Odyle
+  "     |       44 |   "  | The Radiometer and its Lessons
+  "     |       45 |   "  | Bees Killed by Tritoma
+  "     |      100 |   "  | The Comparative Richness of Faunas and
+  "     |          |      |   Floras tested Numerically
+  "     |      101 |   "  | Mr. Crookes and Eva Fay
+  "     |      182 | 1878 | Northern Affinities of Chilian Insects
+XVIII.  |      193 |   "  | A Twenty Years' Error in the Geography of
+  "     |          |      |   Australia
+XIX.    |        4 |   "  | Remarkable Local Colour-Variation in
+  "     |          |      |   Lizards
+  "     | 121, 244 |   "  | The Formation of Mountains
+  "     |      289 | 1879 |      "         "        "
+  "     |      477 |   "  | Organisation and Intelligence
+  "     | 501, 581 |   "  | Grant Allen's "Colour Sense"
+  "     |      582 |   "  | Did Flowers Exist during the
+        |          |      |   Carboniferous Epoch
+XX.     |      141 |   "  | Butler's "Evolution, Old and New"
+  "     |      501 |   "  | McCook's "Agricultural Ants of Texas"
+  "     |      625 |   "  | Reply to Reviewers of Wallace's
+  "     |          |      |   "Australasia"
+XXI.    |      562 | 1880 | Reply to Everett on Wallace's "Australasia"
+XXII.   |      141 |   "  |   Two Darwinian Essays
+XXIII.  | 124, 217,|   "  | Geological Climates
+        |      266 |      |
+  "     | 152, 175 |   "  | New Guinea
+  "     |      169 |   "  | Climates of Vancouver Island and
+  "     |          |   "  |   Bournemouth
+  "     |      195 |   "  | Correction of an Error in "Island Life"
+XXIV.   |      242 | 1881 | Tyler's "Anthropology"
+XXIV.   |      437 | 1881 | Weismann's "Studies in the Theory of
+        |          |      |   Descent"
+XXV.    |        3 |   "  | Carl Bock's "Head-Hunters of Borneo"
+  "     |      381 | 1882 | Grant Allen's "Vignettes from Nature"
+  "     |      407 |   "  | Houseman's "Story of Our Museum"
+XXVI.   |       52 |   "  | Weismann's "Studies in the Theory of
+        |          |      |   Descent"
+  "     |       86 |   "  | Mueller's "Difficult Cases of Mimicry"
+XXVII.  |      481 | 1883 |      "         "        "
+  "     |      482 |   "  | On the Value of the Neo-arctic as One of the
+        |          |      |   Primary Zoological Regions
+XXVIII. |      293 |   "  | W.F. White's "Ants and their Ways"
+XXXI.   |      552 | 1885 | Colours of Arctic Animals
+XXXII.  |      218 |   "  | H.O. Forbes's "A Naturalist's Wanderings
+        |          |      |   in the Eastern Archipelago"
+XXXIII. |      170 | 1886 | Victor Hehn's "Wanderings of Plants and
+        |          |      |   Animals"
+XXXIV.  |      333 |   "  | H.S. Gorham's "Central American Entomology"
+  "     |      467 |   "  | Physiological Selection and the Origin of
+        |          |      |   Species
+XXXV.   |      366 | 1887 | Mr. Romanes on Physiological Selection
+XXXVI.  |      530 |   "  | The British Museum and the American
+        |          |      |   Museums
+XXXIX.  |      611 | 1889 | Which are the Highest Butterflies? (Quotations
+        |          |      |   from Letter of W.H. Edwards)
+XL.     |      619 |   "  | Lamarck _versus_ Weismann
+XLI.    |       53 |   "  | Protective Coloration of Eggs
+XLII.   |      289 | 1890 | E.B. Poulton's "Colours of Animals"
+  "     |      295 |   "  | Birds and Flowers
+XLIII.  |  79, 150 |   "  | Romanes on Physiological Selection
+  "     |      337 | 1891 | C. Lloyd Morgan's "Animal Life and
+        |          |      |   Intelligence"
+  "     |      396 |   "  | Remarkable Ancient Sculptures from North-West
+        |          |      |   America
+XLIV.   |      529 |   "  | David Syme's "Modification of Organisms"
+XLVI.   |      518 |   "  | Variation and Natural Selection
+XLV.    |       31 |   "  | Topical Selection and Mimicry
+  "     |      553 | 1892 | W.H. Hudson's "The Naturalist in La
+        |          |      |   Plata"
+XLVI.   |       56 |   "  | Correction in "Island Life"
+XLVII.  |       55 |   "  | An Ancient Glacial Epoch in Australia
+  "     | 175, 227 |   "  | The Earth's Age
+  "     |      437 | 1893 | The Glacial Theory of Alpine Lakes
+  "     |      483 |   "  | W.H. Hudson's "Idle Days in Patagonia
+XLVIII. |       27 |   "  | H.O. Forbes's Discoveries in the Chatham
+        |          |      |   Islands
+  "     |       73 |   "  | Intelligence of Animals
+  "     |      198 |   "  | The Glacier Theory of Alpine Lakes
+  "     |      267 |   "  | The Non-inheritance of Acquired Characters
+  "     |      389 |   "  | Pre-natal Influences on Character
+  "     |      390 |   "  | Habits of South African Animals
+  "     |      589 |   "  | The Supposed Glaciation of Brazil
+XLIX.   |      3   | 1893 | The Recent Glaciation of Tasmania
+ "      |  52, 101 |  "   | Sir W. Howorth on "Geology in Nubibus"
+ "      |     53   |  "   | Recognition Marks
+ "      | 197, 220 | 1894 | The Origin of Lake Basins
+ "      |    333   |  "   | J.H. Stirling's "Darwinianism, Workmen and
+        |          |      |   Work"
+ "      |    549   |  "   | B. Kidd's "Social Evolution"
+ "      |    610   |  "   | What are Zoological Regions? (Read at Cambridge
+        |          |      |   Natural Science Club)
+L.      |    196   |  "   | Panmixia and Natural Selection
+ "      |    541   |  "   | Nature's Method in the Evolution of Life
+LI.     |    533   | 1895 | Tan Spots over Dogs' Eyes
+ "      |    607   |  "   | The Age of the Earth
+LII.    |      4   |  "   | Uniformitarianism in Geology
+ "      |    386   |  "   | H. Dyer's "Evolution of Industry"
+ "      |    415   |  "   | The Discovery of Natural Selection
+LIII.   |    220   | 1896 | The Cause of an Ice Age
+ "      |    317   |  "   | The Astronomical Theory of a Glacial Period
+ "      |    553   |  "   | E.D. Cope's "Primary Factors of Organic
+        |          |      |   Evolution"
+ "      |    553   |  "   | G. Archdall Reid's "Present Evolution of Man"
+LV.     |    289   | 1897 | E.B. Poulton's "Charles Darwin and the Theory
+        |          |      |   of Natural Selection"
+LIX.    |    246   | 1899 | The Utility of Specific Characters
+LXI.    |    273   | 1900 | Is New Zealand a Zoological Region?
+LXVII.  |    296   | 1903 | Genius and the Struggle for Existence
+LXXV.   |    320   | 1907 | Fertilisation of Flowers by Insects
+LXXVI.  |    293   |  "   | The "Double Drift" Theory of Star Motions
+=======+==========+======+=================================================
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+A
+
+"Acclimatisation," Wallace's article on, ii. 11
+
+Acquired characters, non-inheritance of (_see_ Non-inheritance)
+
+Africa, flora of, i. 309
+
+Agassiz, Louis, attacks Darwin's "Origin of Species," i. 142;
+  glacial theories of, 176;
+  on diversity of human races, ii. 28
+
+Alexandria, Wallace at, i. 45-7
+
+Allbutt, Sir Clifford, theory of generation, i. 214
+
+Allen, Charles (Wallace's assistant), i. 39, 40, 46, 48, 49, 51, 53, 54,
+    60, 79
+
+---- Grant, on origin of wheat, ii. 46;
+  Wallace and, 219
+
+Alpine plants, i. 210, 311
+
+Amazon and Rio Negro, Wallace's exploration of, i. 26-30
+
+Amboyna, Wallace at, i. 106
+
+America, Wallace's lecture tour in, ii. 14
+
+"Anatomy of Expression," Bell's, i. 182
+
+"Ancient Britain and the Invasions of Julius Caesar," Holmes's, ii. 86
+
+Angraecum sesquipedale, i. 189 (note)
+
+Animals and plants, distribution of, Darwin's views, i. 131
+
+"---- ---- under Domestication," i. 112
+
+---- geographical distribution of, i. 94, 136;
+  migration of, Lyell's theory, ii. 19
+
+"Antarctic Voyage," Scott's, ii. 82
+
+"Anthropology," Tyler's, Wallace's review of, ii. 65;
+  his interest in, 231 _et seq._
+
+Antiseptic treatment, medical opposition to, ii. 241
+
+Ants, instincts of, i. 279
+
+Apis testacea, i. 146
+
+Archebiosis, i. 274-6
+
+Argus pheasant, i. 230, 289, 292
+
+Argyll, Duke of, i. 189, 313, 315, ii. 23;
+  his theory of flight, 25-7
+
+Arnold, Matthew, on Darwin's theory, ii. 228
+
+Aru Islands, distribution of animals in, i. 132;
+  productions of, 161
+
+---- pig, i. 160, 161, 162
+
+Astronomy, Wallace's works on, ii. 167 _et seq._;
+  lectures at Davos on, 168
+
+"Australasia," Wallace's, i. 42
+
+Australia, fauna and flora of, ii. 10, 20, 32-3
+
+---- Wallace invited to lecture in, ii. 155
+
+Avebury, Lord, i. 122, 137, 164;
+  signs memorial to City Corporation in Wallace's favour, 303;
+  and the Civil List pension to Wallace, 305
+
+---- letter from, on Wallace's biography, and Spiritualism, ii. 212
+
+Azores, birds of, i. 138;
+  orchids of, 311
+
+
+B
+
+"Bad Times," Wallace's, ii. 109, 143
+
+Baer, von, ii. 96
+
+Bahamas, flora of, ii. 33
+
+Baker, J.G., on alpine plants of Madagascar, i. 311-12
+
+Balfour, Francis, i. 315
+
+Bali, fauna of, ii. 19-20
+
+Ball, Sir Robert, on solar nebula, ii. 174
+
+"Barnacles," Darwin's, ii. 2
+
+Barrett, Sir W.F., paper on "Phenomena associated with Abnormal Conditions
+    of the Mind," ii. 195;
+  on Wallace as lecturer, 201;
+  inquiry into dowsing, etc., 205;
+  invites Wallace's criticism of "Creative Thought," 212;
+  last visit to Wallace, 248-9
+
+---- letters from: on Presidency of Psychical Research Society,
+    ii. 210-11;
+  on a Supreme Directive Power, 213-14
+
+Bartlett, on colouring of male birds, i. 302
+
+Bates, F., i. 69
+
+---- H.W., i. 24, 25;
+  explores the Amazon, 26-30
+
+---- ---- letter from, on "Law regulating Introduction of New
+    Species," i. 64
+
+Bates's caterpillar, i. 178, 253
+
+Bateson, Prof., Sir W.T. Thiselton-Dyerson, ii. 91
+
+---- "Material for Study of Variation," ii. 60-1
+
+Bats, fruit-eating, i. 57
+
+_Beagle_, Darwin's voyage in the, i. 19, 31, 32, 33, 43
+
+"------, Voyage of the," i. 31, 32, 34, ii. 2
+
+Bee's cell, Prof. Haughton's paper on the, i. 148
+
+Bees' combs, i. 135;
+  a honeycomb from Timor, 143, 146
+
+Beetles, Darwin's zeal for collecting, i. 18;
+  Wallace's study of, 24;
+  South American, 30;
+  Wallace's collection of, 38,114
+
+"Beginnings of Life," Bastian's, i. 274
+
+Bell, Sir C., i. 182
+
+Belt, Mr., glacial theory of, i. 298
+
+Bendyshe, Mr., i. 165
+
+Bennett, A.W., i. 253
+
+Bentham, G., i. 219
+
+Bergson, Wallace on, ii. 98
+
+Bermuda, birds of, i. 138
+
+Best, Miss Dora, letter to, on Welsh offer of a degree to Wallace, ii. 222
+
+Biology and geographical distribution, Wallace's works on, ii. 1-17;
+  correspondence on, 18-102
+
+---- "Grand Old Men" of, ii. 12 (note)
+
+Birch, Mr. F., ii. 177, 223-4
+
+Bird of paradise, i. 41, 44, 238, 261
+
+Birds, flight of, i. 145-6, ii. 25 _et seq._;
+  colour problem of, i. 184, 185, 212, 226-9, 230, 252, 289 (note), 302;
+  polygamous, 194, 199;
+  migration of, ii. 19, 20;
+  instincts of, 54
+
+Birds' nests, i. 134, 191, 212, 213, 252
+
+"---- ---- and Plumage," Wallace's, i. 191
+
+"---- ---- Philosophy of," Wallace's, i. 212, ii. 6, 8
+
+Blackbird, crested, i. 163
+
+Blainville, D., i. 162
+
+Blandford, H.F., i. 290
+
+Blood relationship, Galton on, i. 277
+
+Blyth, E., i. 132
+
+Blytt, Axel, essay on plants of Scandinavia, i. 293
+
+Borneo, Wallace's collections from, i. 61;
+  cave exploration, 152
+
+---- Company, i. 38, 39, 40
+
+Boston (U.S.A.), Wallace's lectures at, ii. 15
+
+Botany, Darwin's study of, at Cambridge, i. 17;
+  Wallace's study of, 20, 21, ii. 106
+
+"----, Elements of," Lindley's, i. 21
+
+Brazil, Wallace's explorations in, i. 29
+
+Bree, Dr., i. 271 (note), 272-3
+
+British Museum, original of Wallace letter in, i. 73
+
+Broadstone, funeral of Wallace at, ii. 252
+
+Bronn, H.G., translates "Origin of Species" into German, i. 141
+
+Brooke, Capt., i 52
+
+---- H. Jamyn, ii. 175
+
+---- Sir James, i. 39, 52, 59-60, 152, 238
+
+Bruce-Joy, Mr., portrait-medallion of Wallace, ii. 122, 254
+
+Buckle, Rev. G., article by, on Lyell's "Principles," i. 232
+
+Buckley, Miss (Mrs. Fisher), i. 260, 264, 313, 316, 319, ii. 40, 89, 90;
+  reviews "Descent of Man," i. 264
+
+Budd, Dr. Richard, ii. 58
+
+Buffon and Evolution, i. 1
+
+Buru, Wallace's collection of birds from, ii. 3
+
+Bustards, i. 146
+
+Butler, Samuel, "Life and Habit," ii. 102
+
+Butterflies, Wallace's study of, i. 24;
+  of South America, 30;
+  of Malay Archipelago, 41-2;
+  protective adaptation of, 140;
+  variation and distribution of, 149;
+  mimetic, 167, 168, 176, 178, 189 (note), 200, 213, 217, 224, 254, 300;
+  sexual selection of, 179, 260 (note);
+  flight of, ii, 26
+
+
+C
+
+Cambridge, Darwin at, i. 16, 17
+
+---- Philosophical Society, attacks on "Origin of Species" at, i. 142
+
+Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry, ii. 146
+
+Carbon, deposits of, i. 298
+
+Carlyle, Thomas, ii. 228
+
+Carpenter, Dr., his controversies with Wallace, ii. 195, 198
+
+Carroll, Lewis, Wallace's quotations from, ii. 105
+
+Casuarius, query from Darwin on, i. 239
+
+Caterpillars, colouring of, i. 178, 179, 183, 236, 260, 270, 299
+
+Celebes, i. 138, 237, 289;
+  geological distribution in, 168
+
+"Cessation of selection," ii. 52
+
+Chambers, Robert, i. 114, 116, 244
+
+Child's "Root Principles," ii. 83
+
+Clairvoyance, ii. 200, 208, 211. (_See also_ Spiritualism)
+
+Claparede, critique of, on Wallace's "Natural Selection," i. 253, 254
+
+Clarke, Prof., attacks Darwin at Cambridge Philosophical Society, i. 142
+
+Clarkson, Thomas, ii. 225
+
+Cleistogamic flowers, i. 298
+
+Climates, geological, Wallace's theory of, i. 306
+
+Climatic conditions, plants and, i. 130
+
+"Climbing Plants, Movements and Habits of," Darwin's, i, 285, ii. 2
+
+Coal, export duties on, Wallace's view of, ii. 250
+
+Cockerell, Sydney C., ii. 161
+
+---- Theo. D.A., ii. 49;
+  and the Darwin Celebration at Cambridge, 226;
+  first personal relations with Wallace, 233-5
+
+"Coleoptera Atlantidum," Wollaston's, ii. 22-3
+
+"Colin Clout's Calendar," ii. 46
+
+Coloration, protective, i. 156, 177, 178-9, 181, 183, 184, 185-6,
+    201, 220, 221, 224 _et seq._, 260, 270, 298, ii. 4, 11,
+    85. (_See also_ Protection, Mimicry)
+
+Colour-adaptability, ii. 56
+
+Confucius, Wallace's appreciation of, ii. 152
+
+Conscience, evolution of, i. 263
+
+"Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection," Wallace's, i. 94,
+    250, 252, ii. 5, 6
+
+Cooke, Kate, medium, ii. 193, 194, 195
+
+Co-operation, Wallace on, ii. 151-2
+
+Cope, E.D., ii. 47
+
+Copley Medals awarded to Wallace, ii. 128, 222
+
+Coral islands, Lyell on, ii. 22
+
+"---- Reefs," Darwin's, ii. 2
+
+---- snakes, i. 187
+
+Crawford, Marion, one of Wallace's favourite authors, ii. 131
+
+"Creation by Law," Wallace's article on, i. 188, 192, ii. 6
+
+"Creative Thought," Sir Wm. Barrett's, ii. 212-13, 249
+
+"Creed of Science," Graham's, i. 318
+
+Croll, James, i. 242, 305, 313, ii. 5, 13
+
+Crookes, Sir W., and psychical research, ii. 87, 189, 191, 205;
+  and Westminster Abbey memorial to Wallace, 253
+
+Cross- and self-fertilisation, i. 169, 297, ii. 46
+
+"Cross Unions of Dimorphic Plants," Darwin's, i. 218
+
+"Crossing Plants," Darwin's, i. 296
+
+Crotch, G., i. 262
+
+
+D
+
+"Darwin and After Darwin," Romanes', ii. 50
+
+"---- and his Teachings," i. 170
+
+"---- and 'The Origin,'" Poulton's, ii. 88 (note)
+
+----, Charles, i. 1, 2;
+  birth of, 5;
+  autobiography, 5, 23 (note);
+  ancestors, 6;
+  at Shrewsbury Grammar School, 12;
+  natural history tastes, 12;
+  as angler, 12;
+  egg-collecting, 12;
+  humanity of, 13;
+  leaves Shrewsbury Grammar School, 15;
+  fondness for shooting, 16;
+  at Cambridge, 16;
+  medical studies, 16;
+  theological studies, 17, ii. 184;
+  tours in North Wales, i. 18;
+  beetle-hunting, 18, 114;
+  voyage in the _Beagle_, 18;
+  theory of Natural Selection, 102, 107;
+  reading, 103;
+  visits Maer and Shrewsbury, 103;
+  experiments, 103;
+  Huxley and, 104;
+  at work on Species and Varieties, 107;
+  at Down, 109;
+  receives presentation copy of Spencer's Essays, 124;
+  appreciation of Wallace's magnanimity, 134, 137, 139, 141, 153,
+    164, 242, 252, 287, 304;
+  falls from his horse, 243;
+  on Wallace's review of "Descent of Man," 260-2;
+  criticism of Wallace's "Geographical Distribution," 286, 289;
+  at Dorking, 288;
+  promotes memorial to City Corporation in favour of Wallace, 303;
+  acknowledgment of "Island Life," 307-8;
+  on migration of plants, 307 (note), 312;
+  memorial to Gladstone on behalf of Wallace, 313;
+  death of, 318
+
+Darwin, Charles, letters to Wallace:
+  On "Law regulating Introduction of New Species," etc., i. 106, ii. 129;
+  on distribution of animals, i. 133;
+  on his "Origin of Species," etc., 134, 136;
+  on Wallace's "Zoological Geography of the Malay Archipelago," 137;
+  inviting Wallace's opinion of the "Origin," 139;
+  on protective adaptation of butterflies, 140;
+  on Press reviews of "Origin," 141, 144;
+  on theory of flight, 146;
+  on Wallace as reviewer, 148;
+  on Wallace's "Variation" and his paper on Man, 153;
+  on sexual selection, 159;
+  on Wallace's papers on pigeons and parrots, 160;
+  on the Aru pig, 162;
+  on the crested blackbird, etc., 163;
+  on Wallace's "Pigeons of Malay Archipelago" and dimorphism, 166;
+  on the non-blending of varieties, 169;
+  on the term "survival of the fittest," 174;
+  on sexual differences in fishes, 177;
+  on colour of caterpillars, 178;
+  on coloration and expression in man, 179;
+  on sexual selection and expression, 182;
+  on scheme for his work on Man, 183;
+  on laws of inheritance, etc., 185;
+  on Wallace's "Mimicry," 187;
+  on Wallace's reply to Duke of Argyll, 189;
+  on sexual selection and collateral points, 194;
+  on pangenesis and sterility of hybrids, 197;
+  on production of natural hybrids, etc., 201;
+  on sexual selection, 204, 206, 207;
+  on northern alpine flora, 211;
+  on Wallace's article on "Birds' Nests," and on mimetic butterflies, 212;
+  on Sir Clifford Allbutt's sperm-cell theory, and on female protected
+    butterflies, 214;
+on Wallace's "Protective Resemblance," 216;
+  on dimorphic plants and colour protection, 220;
+  on the colour problem of birds, 225, 229, 231;
+  on fifth edition of "Origin of Species," 233;
+  on single variations, 234;
+  on Wallace's "Malay Archipelago," 235, 237, 240;
+  on Wallace's review of Lyell's "Principles," 242;
+  on baffling sexual characters, 245;
+  on Wallace's paper, "Geological Time," 250;
+  on Wallace's views on Man, 250, 251;
+  on Wallace's "Natural Selection," 252;
+  on Wallace's criticism of Bennett's paper, 253;
+  on his "Descent of Man" and St. G. Mivart, 257;
+  on Wallace's review of "Descent of Man," 260;
+  on Chauncey Wright's criticism of Mivart, 264;
+  on a _Quarterly_ review, 269, 291;
+  on Fritz Mueller's letter on mimicry, 270;
+  on Dr. Bree, 271, 272;
+  on Bastian's "Beginnings of Life," 274, 278;
+  on ants, 279;
+  criticising Wallace's review of "Expression of the Emotions," 280;
+  on Spencer and politics, 283;
+  on Utricularia, 284;
+  on Wallace's "Geographical Distribution of Animals," 286, 289, 292;
+  on Wallace's article on Colours of Animals, etc., 299;
+  on Wallace's "Origin of Species and Genera," 304;
+  on Wallace's "Island Life," 307;
+  on land migration of plants, 312;
+  on memorial for Wallace pension, 314, 315;
+  on mimicry, 316;
+  on political economy and "Creed of Science," 318;
+  on land question, 319
+----, Erasmus, i. 6; on the Wallace-Darwin episode, 127
+
+---- Sir Francis, and "Life and Letters of Charles Darwin," i. 118, 119,
+    120, 122
+
+---- Sir G., Expulsion theory of, ii. 180
+
+----, Mr. Horace, letter from his father, on discoverers, ii. 242 (note)
+
+---- Major Leonard, i. 145, 146
+
+---- Dr. Robert Waring, i. 6, 18
+
+"Darwinism," Wallace's, i, 212, 218, ii. 2, 14, 15, 75, 90, 109;
+  plan of, 15-17;
+  Spencer's objection to title, 47
+
+Davos, Wallace's lecture at, ii. 204
+
+Dawson, Sir J.W., attack on Natural Selection, i. 142
+
+De Rougemont, Wallace on, ii. 76
+
+De Vries on mutation, ii. 80, 96
+
+Decaisne's paper on flora of Timor, i. 236
+
+Deformities, article on, in Chambers's Encyclopedia, ii. 57
+
+Dendrobium devonianum, i. 23
+
+Denudation, theory of, i. 250, 309, ii. 71, 72, 73
+
+Deposition, theory of, i. 309, ii. 72, 73
+
+"Descent of Man," Darwin's, i. 152, 255, 259, 284, 289 (note), ii. 2, 34;
+  review in _Pall Mall Gazette_, i. 263;
+    in _Spectator_, 263
+
+"Development of Human Races under Law of Natural Selection," Wallace's, ii.
+    6, 183
+
+"Different Forms of Flowers and Plants of the Same Species," Darwin's, i.
+    298, ii. 2
+
+Dimorphism, i. 167, 202, 220
+
+Dipsomania, Wallace on, ii. 68
+
+Discontinuous variation, ii. 62, 63
+
+Disuse, physiological effects of, i. 69
+
+Divining rod, experiments with, ii. 205, 206-8, 211
+
+Dixey, Dr., ii. 79
+
+Domestic selection (_see_ Selection, domestic)
+
+Domestication, variation under, i. 192
+
+Dowsing for water, etc., ii. 205, 206-8, 211
+
+Dunraven, Lord, and psychical research, ii. 199
+
+"Duration of Life," Weismann's, ii. 44, 45
+
+Dyaks, i. 55, 59
+
+
+E
+
+Earl, W., on distribution of animals in Malay Archipelago, i. 138
+
+"Early History of Mankind," Tylor's, i. 164, 165
+
+Earth, formation of, ii. 179;
+  Wallace's views on, 168 _et seq._
+
+"Earthworms," Darwin's, i. 320, ii. 2
+
+Edinburgh, Darwin in, i. 16, 17
+
+Education, Wallace's views of, ii. 147
+
+Edwards, W.H., "Voyage up the Amazon," i. 25
+
+Eight hours' day, Wallace on, ii. 156
+
+"Encyclopedia of Plants," London's, i. 21, 23, 92
+
+Entomological Society, i. 35;
+  discussion on mimicry at, 176;
+  Wallace's Presidential Address to, 126
+
+Eocene Period, i. 308, 312
+
+Epping Forest, superintendency of, Wallace and, i. 302-4, 306
+
+Erotylidae, i. 65
+
+Erskine of Linlathen on evolution, ii. 228
+
+"Essays on Evolution," Poulton's, ii. 61 (note), 79 (note), 84, 85
+
+"---- upon Heredity," Weismann's, ii. 45, 51, 52
+
+Eugenics, ii. 160, 246;
+  term disliked by Wallace, 150, 246;
+  and segregation of unfit, letter from Wallace on, 160
+
+Evans, Miss, ii. 226
+
+Evil, origin of, ii. 149
+
+Evolution, theory of, Lamarck and, i. 1, 109;
+  Lyell and, 76, 142, 239;
+  as conceived in "Vestiges of Creation," 91, 92 (note) _et seq._;
+  Darwin and, 103 _et seq._, 122-4;
+  notable converts to, 137, 139, 141, 219, 221, 239;
+  Wallace's views on, 240, 256, 294, ii. 78, 94, 95;
+  Sir W.T. Thiselton-Dyer on, 97, 185.
+  (_See also_ Selection)
+
+"---- and Adaptation," Morgan's, ii. 79
+
+---- and Mendelism, Wallace on, ii. 93
+
+"Evolution of the Stellar System, Researches on," ii. 178
+
+"---- Theories of," Poulton's, ii. 61
+
+"Evolutionist at Large," ii. 46
+
+"Expanse of Heaven," Proctor's, ii. 80
+
+"Exposition of Fallacies in the Hypotheses of Darwin," Bree's, i. 271
+  (note), 272-3
+
+"Expression, Anatomy of," Bell's, i. 182
+
+---- in the Malays, i. 182, 191
+
+"---- of the Emotions," Darwin's, i. 279, ii. 2;
+  review of, i. 280-1
+
+"Expressiveness of Speech, etc., in the Origin of Language," Wallace's,
+  ii. 65
+
+
+F
+
+Facsimile of Wallace's inscription on envelope containing his first
+  eight letters from Darwin, i. 128
+
+Faraday on Spiritualism, ii. 188
+
+Farmer, W.J., ii. 101
+
+Farrer, Mr., i. 304
+
+Fauna, British, i. 307
+
+Felis of Timor, i. 138
+
+Fellenberg and R.D. Owen, ii, 225
+
+Ferns, Lawrence on, ii. 40
+
+"Fertilisation of Orchids," Darwin's, i. 189 (note), ii. 2
+
+---- self- and cross-, i. 169, 297, ii. 46
+
+Finger-prints, Gallon's papers on, ii. 48-9
+
+"First Principles," Spencer's, Wallace's admiration of, i. 125
+
+Fish, sexual differences in, i. 178
+
+Fisher, Mrs. (_see_ Buckley, Miss)
+
+---- O., "Physics of the Earth's Crust," Wallace on, ii. 74
+
+FitzRoy, Capt., i. 33
+
+Flight, theory of, i. 145-6, ii. 25 _et seq._
+
+Flora, endemic, ii. 43
+
+"Floral Structures," Henslow's, ii. 46
+
+Flourens' criticism of Darwin's theory, i. 160
+
+Flowers, tropical, i. 238;
+  cleistogamic, 298
+
+Flustra, Darwin's article on larvae of, i. 16
+
+Forbes, Dr. Henry, ii. 12 (note);
+  estimation of Wallace, 229-33, 239
+
+---- Prof., i. 96, 99, 100, 132, 139, 189, 248
+
+Forel and Darwin, i, 294, 296
+
+"Forms of Flowers," Darwin's, i. 298
+
+Fossils, i. 20
+
+"Foundations," Sir F. Darwin's, ii. 92
+
+Free trade and monopoly, Wallace's views on, ii. 152
+
+"Freeland," Wallace's opinion of, ii. 114
+
+"Fuel of the Sun," M. Williams's, i. 263-4
+
+
+G
+
+Galapagos Islands, i. 97, 103;
+  fauna of, i. 295, ii. 13
+
+Galaxias, i. 290
+
+Galton, Sir Francis, on heredity, ii. 45;
+  on organic stability, 60;
+  introduces term Eugenics, 246
+
+---- letter from, on finger-marks, ii. 48-9
+
+Gaertner, i. 195
+
+Geach, C., i. 79, 191, 245
+
+Geddes, Prof. Patrick, ii. 12 (note), 41, 43
+
+Geikie, Sir A., i. 122, ii. 71, 253
+
+General Enclosure Act, ii. 140
+
+"Genesis of Species," Mivart's, i. 257, 264, 265-7, 291, ii. 31
+
+Geodephaga, exotic, i. 69
+
+Geographical distribution and biology, Wallace's writings on, ii. 1-17;
+  correspondence on, 18-102
+
+"---- ---- of Animals," Wallace's, i. 42, 286, ii. 1-2, 8, 32, 233,
+286-7, 289-94
+
+"---- ---- of Mammals," Murray's, i. 181
+
+"---- ---- of Plants," Sir W.T. Thiselton-Dyer's, ii. 90
+
+Geographical distribution of plants and animals, i. 94, 95, ii. 13
+
+Geography, old-time teaching of, i. 11;
+  organic, 95;
+  zoological, ii. 9
+
+"Geological Climates and the Origin of Species," Wallace's, ii. 5
+
+---- distribution of plants and animals, i. 94, 95, 136
+
+"---- History of Man," Lyell's, i. 142
+
+"---- Observations on South America," Darwin's, ii. 2
+
+---- time, Wallace's paper on, i. 249
+
+Geology, Darwin's studies in, i. 16, 17
+
+George, Rt. Hon. D. Lloyd, Wallace's letter to, on the railway strike,
+    ii. 163;
+  Wallace's admiration of, 164-5, 249
+
+---- Henry, i. 17, 317;
+  meets Wallace, ii. 143
+
+"Germ Plasm," Weismann's, ii. 72
+
+"Germinal Selection," Weismann's, ii. 68, 70
+
+Glacial period, theory of, i. 149, 176, 177, 248, 251, 287, 298, 307,
+    308-10, ii. 6, 13
+
+Gladstone, W.E., recommends Wallace for a pension, i. 313
+
+---- letter from, on onomatopoeia, ii. 66-7
+
+Gould, Dr. Aug., on land shells, i. 133
+
+----, John, list of humming-birds, ii. 23;
+  Sclater's distrust of, 24
+
+Graham's "Creed of Science," i. 318
+
+Grant, Dr., article on Flustra, i. 16;
+  advocacy of Evolution by, 122
+
+Granville, Lord, ii. 67
+
+Gray, Asa, i. 76, 139;
+  defends Darwin, 142
+
+Great Exhibition of 1862, i. 79
+
+Greenell, Mary Ann (Mrs. T.V. Wallace), i. 9
+
+Growth, economy of, ii. 53
+
+Gurney, Edmund, and telepathy, ii. 200
+
+
+H
+
+Habinaria, i. 311
+
+"Habit and Intelligence," Murphy's, i. 246, 249
+
+Haeckel, Prof., and the Darwin-Wallace Jubilee, i. 120
+
+Hall, John, sends Wallace orchids from Buenos Ayres, ii. 129
+
+---- Spencer, lectures on mesmerism, ii. 182
+
+Hardinge, Mrs., medium, ii. 188, 189
+
+Hare, Prof. A., ii. 57
+
+Hart, Capt., i. 79
+
+Haughton, Prof. S., criticises Darwin's "Origin of Species," i. 142;
+  on "The Bee's Cell and Origin of Species," 148
+
+Haweis, Rev. H.R., ii. 204
+
+Hayward, Mr., i. 21, 92
+
+Heliconiidae, i. 65
+
+Helmes, L.V., reminiscences of Wallace's visit to Sarawak, i. 38-40
+
+Hemsley, Dr. W.B., ii. 43
+
+Henderson, Rev. J.B., ii. 209
+
+Henslow, Prof., Darwin's friendship with, i. 17;
+  defends Darwin, 142
+
+Herdman, Mr., inaugural address to Liverpool Biological Society, ii. 45
+
+Heredity, Weismann's essays on, ii. 44-5, 51;
+  Galton on, 45
+
+Herschel, Sir J., i. 17
+
+Hertford Grammar School, i. 11, 14
+
+Heterogenesis, i. 274 (note), 275, 278
+
+Heterostyled plants, illegitimate offspring of, i. 298
+
+Hodgson's Psychical Research Report, ii. 203
+
+Holland, Sir H., on pangenesis, i. 197
+
+Holmes, T. Rice, ii. 86
+
+Home, D.D., medium, ii. 189, 199
+
+Home Rule, Wallace's advocacy of, ii. 152
+
+Homer, onomatopoeic examples in, ii. 66, 67
+
+Honeycomb sent by Wallace to Darwin, i. 143
+
+Hooker, Sir Joseph, birth of, i. 5, 76;
+  on oak trees, 56;
+  and the Darwin-Wallace joint paper, 71, 111, 113, 119, 134, 136, 137,
+    139;
+  receives the Darwin-Wallace Medal, 117;
+  speech at Darwin-Wallace jubilee, 117;
+  Darwin's appreciation of, 135, 137;
+  introduction to "Flora of Australia," 139;
+  on pangenesis, 197;
+  visits Darwin at Freshwater, 219;
+  signs memorial to City Corporation in Wallace's favour, 303;
+  opinion on Wallace's "Island Life," 307
+
+----, Sir Joseph, letters from:
+  on "Island Life," ii. 32-3;
+  acknowledging Wallace's "Life," etc., 82-3
+
+Hopkins's review of the "Origin of Species," i. 144
+
+Hopkinson, Prof. A., and Spiritualism, ii. 200
+
+Howorth, Sir H.H., on subsidence and elevation of land, i. 277
+
+Hubrecht, Prof., ii. 80;
+  alleges differences between Darwin and Wallace, 87
+
+Hudson's "Scientific Demonstration of a Future Life," ii. 203
+
+Huggins, Sir W., and psychical research, ii. 198, 199
+
+Hughes, Hugh Price, Wallace's opinion of, ii. 204
+
+---- letter from, on Wallace's "Justice, not Charity," ii. 157
+
+Humboldt's "Personal Narrative," i. 17, 164, 238
+
+Humming-birds, ii. 23, 24
+
+Huxley, T.H., i. 1, 5, 76, 116, 137;
+  meets Wallace, 35;
+  appreciation of Wallace, 94;
+  first interview with Darwin, 104;
+  and Herbert Spencer, 123;
+  and the memorial to Gladstone as to a pension for Wallace, 313;
+  and psychical research, ii. 198;
+  opinion as to Wallace joining Royal Society, 220;
+  on Henslow, 251
+
+---- letters from, declining Wallace's invitation to investigate
+  "curious phenomena," ii. 187-8
+
+Hybrids, sterility of, i. 130, 195 _et seq._;
+  and Natural Selection, 195 _et seq._;
+  infertility of, 297
+
+Hyder, Mr. J., ii. 161, 252
+
+Hyndman, Mr. H.M., letter from, acknowledging Wallace's birthday
+congratulations, ii. 164
+
+
+I
+
+"Ice-Marks in North Wales," Wallace's, i. 177
+
+"Illustrations of British Insects," i. 23 (note)
+
+"Immigration of Norwegian Flora," Blytt's, i. 293
+
+Immortality, Wallace's views on, ii. 176
+
+Indian Mutiny, i. 68
+
+Indians, American, Bates's opinion of, ii. 29
+
+Individual adaptability and natural selection, ii. 55
+
+"Insectivorous Plants," Darwin's, i. 284, 285, ii. 2
+
+Insects, migration of, Lyell on, ii. 19;
+  theory of flight, 26
+
+Instinct, Archdall Reid's views of, ii. 67
+
+"---- in Man and Animals," Wallace's, ii. 6
+
+"Introduction to Study of Natural Philosophy," Herschel's, i. 17
+
+"Is Mars Habitable?" Wallace's, ii. 172
+
+"Island Life," Wallace's, i. 42, 305, 306-7, ii. 5, 12-14, 32, 33, 72, 75
+
+Islands, continental, i. 305, ii. 12
+
+---- oceanic, i. 138, 210-12, 305, ii. 12
+
+
+J
+
+Jameson's lectures on geology and zoology in Edinburgh, i. 16
+
+Janet's "Materialism of the Present Day," i. 170, 172, 173, 175
+
+Jardine, Sir W., criticism of "Origin of Species," i. 142
+
+Java, birds of, i. 87;
+  flora of, 86;
+  mountains of, 85-6;
+  volcanoes of, 85, 86
+
+Jencken, Mrs., ii. 198
+
+Jenkin, Fleeming, on limitations to variation, i. 190;
+  Darwin on, 233, 234;
+  Wallace on, 234
+
+Jensen and De Rougemont, ii. 76
+
+Jessopp, Rev. Augustus, letter on land nationalisation, ii. 157
+
+Joan of Arc, works on, ii. 204
+
+Jones, Sir Rupert, on Miocene or Old Pliocene Man in India, ii. 62
+
+---- Mr. W. Braunston, birthday ode by, ii. 248
+
+Jordan, Mr., ii. 129
+
+Josiah Mason College, Birmingham, Wallace and, i. 306
+
+"Journal of Researches," Darwin's, i. 18, 25, 37, 43
+
+Judd, John W., and Wallace medallion, ii. 253
+
+Jukes, J.B., a supporter of Darwin, i. 141
+
+
+K
+
+Kane, Mrs., ii. 198
+
+Keltie, Dr. J. Scott, on Wallace's exploration in Brazil, i. 29
+
+Kelvin, Lord (_see_ Thomson, Sir W.)
+
+Kempe, Sir A.B., signs petition for Wallace memorial, ii. 253
+
+Keyerling and the Darwinian theory, i. 141
+
+Kidd, Mr. Benjamin, and "equality of opportunity," ii. 158
+
+Kingsley, Canon, letter to Wallace on "Malay Archipelago," ii. 30-1
+
+Knight, Prof., ii. 176;
+  his reminiscences of Wallace, 228
+
+Knollys, Lord, ii. 223
+
+Kolreuter, i. 195
+
+Krefft, Dr. G., i. 316
+
+Kropotkin, Prince, "Memoirs of a Revolutionist," i. 89
+
+
+L
+
+Lamarck and Evolution, i. 1, 109, 242
+
+Lambs, instincts of, ii. 54
+
+Land laws, Wallace and, ii. 140
+
+---- molluscs, Darwin on, i. 131, 132, 287, 292
+
+---- nationalisation, Wallace and, ii. 141
+
+---- ---- Society, foundation of, ii. 143
+
+"---- ----," Wallace's, i. 317, ii. 109, 143
+
+---- shells, i. 132, 133, 262
+
+---- Tenure Reform Association, Wallace and, ii. 143
+
+Lankester, Sir E. Ray, receives Darwin-Wallace Medal and speaks at
+    Jubilee celebration, i. 121;
+  replies to a Darwin Centenary article in the _Times_, ii. 89;
+  a signatory to Wallace memorial petition, 253
+
+Larmor, Sir J., and Wallace national memorial, ii. 253
+
+"Law regulating Introduction of New Species," Wallace's, i. 93, 94, 105,
+    129, ii. 6, 21
+
+Le Gallienne, Mr., meets Wallace, ii. 204
+
+Lecky's "Rationalism," Darwin on, i. 164;
+  Wallace on, 165-6
+
+"Lectures on Man," Lawrence's, i. 91
+
+Legge, Col., conveys to Wallace the Order of Merit, ii. 224
+
+Lemuria, continent of, i. 289
+
+Lepidoptera, colour-adaptability in, ii. 56
+
+Lewes, G.H., and pangenesis, i. 220;
+  and origin of species, 221
+
+Leyden Museum, i. 87
+
+"Lhasa," Waddell's, ii. 82
+
+Life after death, Wallace's belief in, ii. 181
+
+"---- and Habit," Samuel Butler's, ii. 102
+
+"---- and Letters of Charles Darwin," i. 118, 119, 120, 122-3, 127,
+    260 (note), 263 (note), 273 (note), 274 (note), ii. 184
+
+----, origin of, Spencer on, i. 125-6
+
+---- ---- Wallace's views on, ii. 168
+
+"Limits of Natural Selection as applied to Man," Wallace's, ii. 6
+
+Lindley, Dr., "Elements of Botany," i. 21;
+  article on orchids by, 23
+
+Linnean Society, Darwin-Wallace communication to, i. 71, 89, 109, 118,
+    122;
+  Jubilee of event, 110 _et seq._, ii. 127
+
+Lip-expression, efficacy of, ii. 67
+
+Littledale, Dr., reminiscences of Wallace, ii. 132-3, 136
+
+Lock's "Variation, Heredity, and Evolution," ii. 84
+
+Lodge, Sir Oliver, reply to Haeckel, ii. 83;
+  Romanes lecture, 178-80;
+  address at Psychical Research Society, 205;
+  and the national memorial to Wallace, 253
+
+Lombok, fauna of, ii. 19, 20
+
+Loennberg, Prof., i. 122
+
+"Looking Backward," ii. 114
+
+Lophura viellottii, i. 230
+
+Loudon's "Encyclopedia of Plants," i. 21, 23, 92
+
+Lowell, Prof. Percival, "Mars and its Canals," ii. 172, 175-7
+
+Lubbock, Sir John (_see_ Avebury, Lord)
+
+Lunn, Sir H., meets Wallace, ii. 204
+
+Lyell, Sir C., birth of, i. 5;
+  and the Darwin-Wallace joint essay, 71, 109, 111, 113, 118, 119,
+    134, 136, 139, ii. 19;
+  as Evolutionist, i. 76, 142, 239;
+  on extinction of species, 98;
+  and Wallace's "Law regulating Introduction of New Species," 132;
+  defends Darwin, 142;
+  on pangenesis, 200;
+  and the "Fuel of the Sun," 263
+
+---- letters from:
+  on "Origin of Races of Man," ii. 18;
+  on geographical distribution, 19;
+  on Wallace's "Law regulating Introduction of Species," etc., 21;
+  on humming-birds, shells, etc., 23;
+  on Wallace's "Mimicry of Colours," 25;
+  on diversity of human races, 28-9;
+  on Wallace's "Malay Archipelago," 30;
+  on Wallace's "Geographical Distribution," 32
+
+Lyell, Sir Leonard, i. 120
+
+Lythrum, trimorphism of, i. 161, 169
+
+
+M
+
+McAndrew, Mr., on littoral shells of the Azores, ii. 24
+
+Macmahon, Dr. P.A., and the Wallace medallion, ii. 253
+
+Madagascar, i. 290 (note);
+  fauna of, 188, 189, 192, 293, 295;
+  flora of, 311-13
+
+Madeira, land shells in, i. 132;
+  birds in, 138
+
+"Maha Bharata," Wallace's appreciation of, ii. 116
+
+Malaria, Wallace on, ii. 241
+
+Malay Archipelago, Wallace's explorations in, i. 35-42;
+  distribution of animals in, 138
+
+"---- ----," Wallace's, i. 42, 121, 133, 140, 235, 237; ii. 30,
+    143, 159, 230, 231;
+  translations of, i. 245
+
+"Malayan Papilionidae," Wallace's, i. 153, ii. 4, 6, 231
+
+Malthus on "Population," i. 103, 104, 111, 116, 136, 175, 317
+
+Man, influence of sexual selection on, i. 154, 155, 180, 181, 182, 183;
+  geographical distribution of, 156;
+  zoological classification of, 157;
+  original colour of, ii. 29.
+
+----, origin of, Darwin's views of, i. 154-5, 243
+  (_see also_ "Descent of Man")
+
+---- ---- Wallace's views of, i. 91-2, 152-3, 155 _et seq._, 221,
+    240, 243, 250, 256, ii. 31
+
+"Man's Place in the Universe," ii. 102, 120, 167, 170 _et seq._, 178
+
+Mantegazza, colour theory of, i. 299
+
+Marchant, James, ii. 100;
+  and the Wallace memorial, ii. 253;
+  letter from Bishop Ryle to, 254
+
+"Mars," Wallace's, ii. 122, 172-3, 175-7
+
+"---- and its Canals," Lowell's, ii. 172, 175-7
+
+Marshall, Mr. J.W., ii. 53, 209, 226
+
+---- Dr. W., i. 279
+
+Martineau, James, Darwin on Spencer's reply to, i. 272
+
+"Material for Study of Variation," Bateson's, ii. 60-1
+
+"Materialism of the Present Day," Janet's, i. 170, 172, 173, 175
+
+Maternal impressions, ii. 57-8
+
+Matthew, P., anticipates theory of Natural Selection, i. 116, 142
+
+Maw, Mr., reviews "Origin of Species," i. 144
+
+Melastoma, i. 150, 151
+
+Meldola, Prof. Raphael, lecture on Evolution by, i. 123;
+  death of, ii. 35;
+  criticism of Romanes' theory, 36;
+  on importance of "divergence," 41-2;
+  President of Entomological Society, 63;
+  reminiscences of Wallace, 226;
+  at Wallace's funeral, 252;
+  and the Abbey memorial, 253
+
+Mendelism, ii. 84;
+  Dr. Archdall Reid's view of, 85;
+  and Evolution, Wallace on, 93
+
+Menura superba, i. 183 (note)
+
+Mesmerism, Wallace and, i. 24, ii. 182
+
+Meyer, Dr. Adolf Bernhard, i. 248, 249
+
+Mias, i. 53, 56, 57, ii. 30
+
+Mill, John Stuart, invites Wallace to join Land Tenure Reform
+    Association, ii. 143
+
+Mill's "Siege of the South Pole," ii. 82
+
+Miller, Mr. Ben R., letter to, ii. 98
+
+Mimetic butterflies, i. 167, 168, 176, 178, 179, 189 (note), 200,
+    213, 217, 224, 254, 300
+
+"Mimicry, and Other Protective Resemblances," Wallace's, ii. 6, 8, 25
+
+"---- and Protective Colouring," Wallace's, i. 179, 187
+
+---- Bates's theory of, i. 225
+
+---- Darwin on, i. 316
+
+----, Wallace on, i. 167 (note), 168-9, 176
+
+Miocene Period, i. 294, 308, 309, 312
+
+"Miracles and Modern Spiritualism," Wallace's, ii. 11, 178, 183
+
+Missionaries, Wallace's and Darwin's impressions of, compared, i. 36-8;
+  Wallace on, 47, 50, 62-3
+
+Mitten, Miss, ii. 252
+
+---- Mr. William, ii. 35, 253
+
+Mivart, St. G., controversy with Mr. G. Darwin, i. 291;
+  his "Genesis of Species," 257-8, 264, 265-7, ii. 31
+
+Moluccas, birds of, ii. 3
+
+Monistic theory, ii. 177
+
+Monkeys, influence of, on distribution of pigeons and parrots,
+    i. 166 (note), 167
+
+Monopoly and free trade, Wallace on, ii. 152
+
+"More Letters," i. 127, 195, 288 (note), 312 (note)
+
+Morgan, Prof. Lloyd, Wallace on, ii. 67, 68
+
+---- T.H., "Evolution and Adaptation," ii. 79
+
+Morley, Mr. John (Lord), correspondence with, ii. 159
+
+Morton, Dr., on American race problem, ii. 28
+
+Moths, Jenner Weir's observations on, i. 179
+
+Mott, Mr., on Haeckel, i. 298;
+  on progression of races, ii. 86
+
+Mould, formation of, by agency of earthworms, i. 319
+
+Mount Ophir (Malay), i. 51
+
+Mouth-gesture as factor in origin of language, ii. 65
+
+"Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants," Darwin's, i. 285, 311, ii. 2
+
+Mailer, Fritz, "Fuer Darwin," i. 164;
+  on mimetic butterflies, 189 (note), 270, 300
+
+---- Hermann, i. 189 (note)
+
+Murchison, Sir Roderick, and Wallace, i. 36;
+  on Africa, 159
+
+Murphy, Mr. M.J., ii. 164
+
+Murphy's "Habit and Intelligence," Wallace's review of, i. 246, 249
+
+Murray, Andrew, attacks Darwin's "Origin of Species," i. 142;
+  opposes Trimen's views on mimetic butterflies, 201
+
+Murray's "Geographical Distribution of Mammals," i. 181
+
+Mutation theory, ii. 79, 84
+
+"My Life," Wallace's, i. 6, 10 (note), 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 29-30,
+    92 (note), 107, 125, 126, 127, 178, 253, 307 (note), 312 (note),
+    ii. 4, 5, 11, 12, 14, 81, 82, 149, 178, 202
+
+Myers, F.W.H., and telepathy, ii. 200, 202;
+  on Wallace as lecturer, 202
+
+---- letter from, on Vaccination pamphlet, the "Malay Archipelago," etc.,
+    ii. 202-3
+
+
+N
+
+Naegeli's essay on Natural Selection, i. 241
+
+Nathusius on the Aru pig, i. 162
+
+Natural Selection (_see_ Selection, natural)
+
+"---- ---- Action of, in producing Old Age, Decay, and Death," Wallace's,
+    ii. 44
+
+"---- ---- Contributions to the Theory of," Wallace's, i. 94, 250, 252,
+    ii. 5, 6
+
+"---- ---- from a Mathematical Point of View," Bennett's, i. 253
+
+Nebular hypothesis, Spencer's, i. 151;
+  Wallace on, ii. 174
+
+Neo-Lamarckians, ii. 47, 60, 64
+
+New Zealand, aborigines of, i. 239;
+  colonisation of, 290;
+  fauna and flora of, 291, 295, 305, 307, ii. 20, 33, 34
+
+"Newton of Natural History," the, i. 76
+
+Newton, Prof. A., i. 105, ii. 8, 36
+
+"Nicaragua," Belt's, ii. 36
+
+Non-inheritance of acquired characters, ii. 44-5, 54, 70, 71, 72, 73;
+  Prof. Poulton's address on, 79
+
+Norman, Dr., and Wallace, ii. 137
+
+Norris, Dr. Richard, i. 244, ii. 136
+
+---- Miss, ii. 136
+
+"Norwegian Flora, Immigration of," Blytt's, i. 293
+
+
+O
+
+Oceanic islands, colonisation of, i. 132, 133, 138, 290;
+  flora of, 210-212, 305
+
+Onomatopoeia, ii. 66
+
+Orang-utans, i. 53, 56, 57, ii. 30
+
+"Orchids," Darwin's, i. 143, 297
+
+---- Wallace's admiration of, i. 23, ii. 114;
+  epiphytal, i. 23;
+  of the Azores, 311
+
+"Origin of Species," Darwin's, i. 67, 72, 76-8, 112, 121, 124, 125,
+    129, 134, 136, 139, 141, 146, 164, 174, 176, 224, 240, 241,
+    244, 246, 264-5, 271, ii. 1, 2, 77;
+  reviews of, i. 142, 144
+
+---- ---- (_see_ Selection)
+
+"---- ---- and Genera," Wallace's, i. 304
+
+"---- of the Fittest," Cope's, ii. 47
+
+"---- of the Races of Man," Wallace's, ii. 18
+
+Ornithoptera croesus, i. 41
+
+---- poseidon, i. 42
+
+Orr, Henry B., ii. 60
+
+Osborn, Prof. H.F., on Wallace, ii. 239
+
+Ostriches, Wallace on, i. 145;
+  Darwin on, 146-7
+
+Owen, Sir R., Darwin's opinion of, i. 139;
+  attacks Darwin's theory, 142, 144, 157, 199
+
+---- Robert, and Wallace, i. 15, ii. 139, 148, 182, 225
+
+---- Robert Dale, ii. 225
+
+
+P
+
+Pacific Islands, land shells in, i. 133
+
+Pain, Wallace on, ii. 244
+
+Pangenesis, i. 196 _et seq._, 219, 220, 276, ii. 102
+
+Panmixia, ii. 52, 53
+
+Papilio, polymorphic species of, i. 168
+
+---- sarpedon choredon, i. 316
+
+"Papilionidae of the Malay Region," Wallace's, i. 153, ii. 4, 6, 231
+
+Para, Wallace at, i. 26, 29;
+  products of, 27
+
+Parrots, Wallace's paper on, i. 160, ii. 4
+
+"Passerine Birds," Wallace's, ii. 231
+
+Pastrana, Julia, i. 181
+
+Patagonia, plains of, i. 32
+
+"Permanence of Oceanic Basins," Wallace's, ii. 74
+
+Permian period, i. 290
+
+Perry, John, and Wallace national memorial, ii. 253
+
+"Personal Narrative," Humboldt's, i. 17, 164, 238
+
+Pheasants, Argus, i. 230, 289, 292
+
+"Phenomena of Variation and Geographical Distribution," Wallace's, i. 153
+
+Phillips' attack on Darwin's "Origin of Species," i. 142
+
+Phrenology, Wallace's belief in, i. 24, ii. 237
+
+"Physical Geography of the Malay Archipelago," Wallace's, ii. 232
+
+"---- History of Man," Prichard's, i. 91, 116, ii. 73
+
+"Physics of the Earth's Crust," Fisher's, ii. 74
+
+Physiological selection (_see_ Selection, physiological)
+
+Pickard-Cambridge, Rev. O., reminiscences of Wallace, ii. 131
+
+Pictet, Prof. F.J., reviews the "Origin of Species," i. 141, 144
+
+Pigeons, domestic, i. 130
+
+"---- of the Malay Archipelago," Wallace's, i. 166, ii. 4
+
+"Plants, Crossing," Darwin's, Wallace on, i. 296-7
+
+---- geographical distribution of, i. 94;
+  effect of climatic conditions on, 130;
+  heterostyled, 298;
+  migration of, 307 (note), 310, 311-12, 313-14, ii. 32, 34-5;
+  Lyell on migration of, 19-20;
+  variety of form and habit in, 54
+
+"Plants of India and Indo-Oceanic Continent," Blandford's, i. 290
+
+Pleistocene Period, i. 308
+
+Pliocene Period, i. 292, 294, ii. 22
+
+Podmore, Frank, effect on, of Hodgson's Psychical Research report,
+    ii. 203;
+  report by, in _Proceedings_ of Psychical Research Society, 204;
+  proposed as President, 211
+
+Polymorphism, Wallace on, i. 168
+
+"Population, Essay on," Malthus's, i. 103, 104, 111, 116, 136, 175, 317
+
+"---- Theory of," Spencer's, i. 124
+
+Poulton, Prof., and Weismann's "Essays upon Heredity," ii. 44-6;
+  paper on colours of larva, pupa, etc., 54;
+  appointed Hope Professor of Zoology in Oxford University, 57;
+  exposure of an American Neo-Lamarckian by, 60;
+  Presidential Address to British Association, Wallace's criticism of, 71;
+  Presidential Address to Entomological Society, 79;
+  on Wallace, 227;
+  at funeral of Wallace, 252;
+  and the Westminster Abbey memorial, 253
+
+Poverty, Wallace's views on, ii. 145 _et seq._
+
+"Power of Movement in Plants," Darwin's, i. 311, ii. 2
+
+Prain, Sir D., and Wallace memorial in Westminster Abbey, ii. 253
+
+"Prehistoric Times," Lubbock's, i. 164, 165-6
+
+"Present Evolution of Man, The," Archdall Reid's, ii. 67, 73
+
+Price, Prof. B., formally offers D.C.L. degree to Wallace, ii. 217
+
+Prichard's "Physical History of Man," i. 91, 116, ii. 73
+
+Primula, Darwin's paper on, i. 218
+
+"Principles of Geology," Lyell's, i. 135, ii. 5
+
+"---- of Psychology," Spencer's, i. 123
+
+"---- of Sociology," Spencer's, i. 126
+
+Proctor, R.A., i. 263; "Expanse of Heaven," ii. 180
+
+"Progress and Poverty," Henry George's, i. 317, 318, ii, 143
+
+Protection, principle of, i. 140, 177, 184, 186, 189, 192, 199, 205,
+    212 _et seq._, 214 _et seq._, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224,
+    226 _et seq._, 235-6, 252, 256, 257-9, 270, 291, 299-300
+    (_see also_ Coloration, protective, _and_ Mimicry)
+
+"Protective Resemblance," Wallace's, i. 214
+
+"---- Value of Colour and Markings in Insects," ii. 38
+
+Protoplasm, origin of, Sir W. Thiselton-Dyer on, ii. 96-7
+
+"Psychic Philosophy," Desertis's, ii. 203
+
+Psychical research, Wallace and, ii. 181, 186 _et seq._, 196, 199
+
+---- ---- Society, foundation of, ii. 196
+
+Pteropus edulis, i. 54
+
+Purdon, Dr., ii. 195
+
+
+R
+
+Ramsay, Andrew, Darwin on, i. 141
+
+---- Sir Wm., and Wallace national memorial, ii. 253
+
+Rathbone, Reginald B., reminiscences of Wallace, ii. 124-7
+
+"Rationalism," Lecky's, i. 164-6
+
+"Regression to the mean," ii. 69
+
+Reichenbach, experiments of, with sensitives, ii. 196, 197
+
+"Reign of Law," Duke of Argyll's, ii. 23
+
+"Researches," Prichard's, i. 91, 116, ii. 73
+
+"---- on Evolution of Stellar Systems," ii. 179-80
+
+"Revolt of Democracy," Wallace's, ii. 104, 144, 145, 251
+
+Rhynchaea, i. 183, 184
+
+Rice, Dr. Hamilton, survey of Uaupes River, i. 29
+
+Ridgeway, Dr., Bishop of Salisbury, ii. 252
+
+Ridley, Mr. H.N., ii. 76
+
+Ripon, Lord, i. 277
+
+Rogers, H.D., Darwin on, i. 141
+
+Romanes, G.J.:
+  theory of physiological selection, i. 218, ii. 36;
+  Meldola's criticism of, 36, 49-50;
+  Wallace's criticism of, 63 _et seq._;
+  his accusation against Wallace, 235-7
+
+"Root Principles," Child's, ii. 83
+
+Rothschild, the Hon. Lionel (Lord), Wallace's admiration of his
+    butterflies, ii. 88, 129
+
+Royal Geographical Society, and exploration of Uaupes River, i. 29
+
+---- Institute, the, Wallace's lecture at, ii. 87, 127, 222
+
+Rudimentary organs, i. 100
+
+Russell, Mr. Alfred, letter to, ii. 158
+
+Russia, Czar of, manifesto of, ii. 158
+
+---- Wallace on, ii. 161
+
+Ruetimeyer, researches on mammals in Switzerland by, i. 251
+
+Ryle, Bishop, and the medallion of Wallace, 254;
+  sermon at its unveiling, 254-5
+
+
+S
+
+Sadong River, Wallace's exploration of, i. 93
+
+Salisbury, Bishop of, at funeral of Wallace, ii. 252
+
+---- Marquis of, view of Natural Selection, ii. 59, 60;
+  translation of his address, 65
+
+Santiago, Darwin at, i. 34
+
+Sarawak, Wallace in, i. 28, 38-40, 93, 106
+
+Scandinavia, distribution of plants in, i. 293
+
+Schaffhausen, Dr., almost anticipates Natural Selection, i. 142
+
+"Scientific Aspect of the Supernatural," Wallace's, ii. 186
+
+"---- Demonstration of a Future Life," Hudson's, ii. 203
+
+Sclater, P.H., on Wallace's "Malay Archipelago," i. 139-140;
+  and Lemuria, 290 (note);
+  division of earth into zoological regions, ii. 8;
+  distrust of Gould, 24
+
+Scott, Dr. Dukinfield H., speech at presentation of Darwin-Wallace Medals,
+    i. 110-112;
+  at Wallace's funeral, ii. 252;
+  and the Wallace memorial in Westminster Abbey, 254
+
+Scott's "Antarctic Voyage," ii. 82
+
+Sedgwick, Prof., and Darwin, i. 17, 18;
+  attacks Darwin at Cambridge Philosophical Society, 142
+
+See, T.J.J., ii. 179-80
+
+Seeman, Berthold, i. 199, 201, 210, 211
+
+Segregation of the unfit, Wallace on, ii. 160-1, 246
+
+Selection, domestic, i. 130, 134, 136, 160, 161, 167, 181, 183,
+    186, 189 (note), 192, 208, 215, 226, 228, 231, 257, 299
+
+---- natural, theory of, i. 155, 156, 170 _et seq._, 195
+    _et seq._, 218, 240, 267, 298, 301, ii. 16-17, 63, 75,
+    94, 96, 98, 101, 150;
+  discovery of, i. 2, 89-126;
+  anticipations of, 116, 142, 176;
+  Spencer's alternative term for, 125, 171;
+  Lord Salisbury's conception of, ii. 59, 60, 65;
+  Neo-Lamarckians and, 64
+
+---- physiological, Romanes' theory of, i. 218, ii. 36, 49-50, 63
+    _et seq._, 235-7
+
+---- sexual, i. 157, 159, 177, 179, 182, 185-6, 194, 199, 203, 204, 212
+    _et seq._, 216-17, 220, 224-5, 227 _et seq._, 256, 261,
+    298, 299
+
+Self-fertilisation, i. 169, 297, ii. 46
+
+"Shall we have Common Sense?" Sleeper's, ii. 98, 99
+
+Sharpe, Mr. J.W., reminiscences of Wallace, ii. 107-9
+
+Shells, Lyell on, ii. 24
+
+Shipley, Dr. A.E., and Wallace medallion in Westminster Abbey, ii. 253
+
+Shrewsbury Grammar School, Darwin and, i. 12, 15
+
+Sidgwick, Prof, and Mrs. H., telepathic experiments by, ii. 199, 200;
+  Wallace's remarks on, 200-1
+
+"Siege of the South Pole," Mill's, ii. 82
+
+Silk, George, i. 52, 87;
+  Wallace's friendship with, 10;
+  walking tour in Switzerland with Wallace, 35
+
+Sims, Mrs. (sister of A.R. Wallace), i. 30, 44, 56, 60, 62, 64, 85
+
+---- Thomas, i. 63, 73
+
+Singapore, Wallace at, i. 36
+
+Slade, prosecution of, ii. 197
+
+Sleeper, George W., ii. 98, 99, 100
+
+Smedley, Mr. E., ii. 83, 100, 163, 175, 215
+
+Smith, Dr. Edwin, ii. 210
+
+"Social Environment and Moral Progress," Wallace's, ii. 104, 144-5, 250
+
+"---- Statics," Spencer's, i. 123, 150, ii. 143
+
+Socialism, Wallace's first lessons in, and later views of, i. 15, 16,
+    ii. 139 _et seq._;
+  "individualistic," 114;
+  Wallace's definition of, 152
+
+Society for Psychical Research, foundation of, ii. 196
+
+"Sociology, Principles of," i. 126
+
+"---- Study of," Spencer's, i. 283
+
+Solar nebula, lecture by Sir R. Ball on, ii. 174
+
+---- system, central position of, ii. 171
+
+South America, fauna of, ii. 10
+
+Special creation, i. 189 (note), 190, 192, ii. 23, 185
+
+Species, mutability of, i. 78, 137;
+  law of introduction of, 96, 101-2;
+  extinction of, 98.
+  (_See also_ Selection, natural)
+
+Spencer, Herbert, birth of, i. 5;
+  and Evolution, 122, 123;
+  arguments with Huxley on Evolution, 123;
+  sends Darwin a copy of his Essays, 124;
+  suggests "survival of the fittest" as alternative to "natural
+    selection," 125, 171;
+  Wallace's relations with, 125;
+  Darwin's approval of "survival of the fittest," 174;
+  autobiography of, ii. 211
+
+---- letters from:
+  on "Origin of the Races of Man," ii. 18;
+  on theory of flight, 27-8;
+  on "Darwinism," 47;
+  on Lord Salisbury's view of Natural Selection, 59, 60, 65;
+  on Land Nationalisation Society, 154;
+  on "Progress and Poverty," etc., 154-5
+
+Spilosoma menthastri, i. 179
+
+Spiritualism, Wallace's belief in, ii. 122, 167, 178, 181 _et seq._,
+    239-40;
+  Huxley on, 187;
+  Lord Avebury on, 212
+
+Spiritualists, Association of, ii. 198, 199
+
+Spontaneous generation, i. 274
+
+Spruce, Mr., i. 150, 161, 166, 232
+
+Stanley, Dean, at Linlathen, ii. 228
+
+Stephens' "Illustrations of British Insects," i. 23 (note)
+
+Sterility, Natural Selection and, Meldola on, ii. 41-2
+
+Stevens, Samuel, i. 26, 48, 49, 54, 71, 72, 102, 105, 143
+
+Stewart, Prof. Balfour, and telepathy, ii. 200
+
+Strahan, Dr. A., and Wallace memorial, ii. 253
+
+Strang, Mr., chalk portrait of Wallace by, ii. 224
+
+Strasburger, Prof. Eduard, receives Darwin-Wallace Medal, i. 120;
+  tribute to Wallace, 120;
+  on Wallace's "Malay Archipelago," ii. 231
+
+Stuart-Menteith, C.G., ii. 160
+
+"Studies, Scientific and Social," Wallace's, ii. 143, 147
+
+"Study of Variation, with regard to Discontinuity in Origin of Species,"
+    Bateson's, ii. 60-1
+
+"Subsidence and Elevation of Land," Sir H.H. Howorth's, i. 277
+
+---- theory of, i. 132, 160, 212, 238, 286, 309
+
+Survival of the fittest, i. 125, 171, 174-5, ii. 59
+  (_see also_ Selection, natural)
+
+Sus papuensis, i. 161, 162
+
+---- scrofa, i. 162
+
+Swinton, Mr. A.C., ii. 155
+
+Synthetic philosophy, Spencer's, i. 1, 123, 124
+
+Switzerland, Wallace's visits to, i. 35, ii. 204
+
+
+T
+
+Telepathy, ii. 181, 186 _et seq._, 196, 199
+
+"Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from Original Type,"
+    Wallace's, i. 109;
+  loss of MS., 127, ii. 7
+
+Ternate, Wallace at, i. 36, 68, 107, 108;
+  volcanic eruption of 1849 in, 68;
+  Wallace's paper on Natural Selection sent to Darwin from, i. 106, ii. 39
+
+Tertiary Period, i. 159, 292, 294, 295
+
+Thayer's theory of animal colouring, ii. 36
+
+"Theories of Evolution," Poulton's, ii. 61
+
+"Theory of Development and Heredity," Orr's, ii. 60
+
+"---- of Natural Selection from a Mathematical Point of View," Bennett's,
+    i. 253
+
+"---- of Population," Spencer's, i. 124
+
+Thiselton-Dyer, Sir W.T.:
+  appreciation of Wallace by, i. 4;
+  at Darwin-Wallace Jubilee, 122;
+  paper on geographical distribution of plants by, ii. 90
+
+---- letters from:
+  on Darwin Commemoration volume, ii. 91;
+  on Sir F. Darwin's "Foundations" and the Darwin celebration, 92;
+  on Evolution and the fundamental powers and properties of life, 95-8;
+  asking Wallace to join Royal Society, 219, 220-1;
+  on Romanes' charge of plagiarism, 236-7
+
+Thompson, Prof. Silvanus P., signs petition for national memorial to
+    Wallace, ii. 253
+
+Thomson, Prof. J.A., ii. 12 (note)
+
+---- Sir W. (Lord Kelvin), on age of world, i. 242, 250, 268, ii. 75
+
+Thought transference (_see_ Telepathy)
+
+"Threading my Way," R.D. Owen's, ii. 225
+
+Timor, birds of, i. 80, ii. 4;
+  mammalia of, i. 133, ii. 4;
+  fossils of, i. 138, 148, 290;
+  Darwin receives honeycomb from, 143, 146;
+  flora of, 237
+
+Transmutation of species, i. 123, ii. 23
+
+"Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro," Wallace's, i, 30, 35
+
+Trees, tropical, i. 86
+
+Trimen, Mr., paper on mimetic butterflies by, i. 200, 201
+
+Trimorphism in plants, i. 161, 202, 220
+
+Tropical forests, Darwin's description of, i. 31-2;
+  denizens of, 31
+
+"---- Nature," Wallace's, ii. 11
+
+Turner, Dr., orchids of, ii. 114
+
+---- Mr. H.H., signs petition for national memorial of Wallace, ii. 253
+
+Tylor, E.B., "Early History of Mankind," i. 164;
+  Wallace on, 165;
+  "Anthropology," ii. 65
+
+Tyndall, John, birth of, i. 5;
+  and psychical research, ii. 198
+
+
+U
+
+Uaupes, Indians of, i. 31;
+  exploration of, i. 29
+
+Unfit, segregation of, ii. 160-1, 246
+
+United States, Wallace's lecturing tour in, ii. 14
+
+"Unparalleled Discoveries of Mr. T.J.J. See, Account of," ii. 178
+
+Utricularia, i. 284-5
+
+
+V
+
+Vaccination, Wallace and, ii. 149, 202, 237, 240-1;
+  Rev. H. Price Hughes on, 158;
+  Frederic Myers and, 206
+
+"Variation, Heredity, and Evolution," Lock's, ii. 84
+
+---- of birds, i. 162-3
+
+"Variations of Animals and Plants under Domestication," Darwin's,
+    i. 112, 189, 195, 197, 199, ii. 2
+
+Variety, Wallace's differentiation of, from species, i. 91-2, 96, 97,
+    101, 115, 167 (note), 169, 173, 205, 210, 234, ii. 21, 62, 63, 70
+
+Varley, C.F., i. 244
+
+Vegetarianism, Wallace on, ii. 158
+
+"Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation," i. 91, 92 (note)
+
+Victoria, Queen, approves of pension to Wallace, i. 315
+
+"Vignettes from Nature," Grant Allen's, ii. 46
+
+Vogt, Prof., i. 221
+
+Volcanic eruptions and migration, Lyell's theory of, ii. 19
+
+"Voyage of the _Beagle_," Darwin's, i. 31, 32, 34, ii. 2
+
+"---- up the Amazon," Edwards's, i. 25
+
+
+W
+
+Waddell's "Lhasa," ii. 82
+
+Waddington, Mr. Samuel, ii. 77
+
+Wages, question of, ii. 156
+
+Waimate (N.Z.), missionary settlement at, i. 37
+
+Wallace, Alfred Russel:
+  co-discoverer of Natural Selection, i. 1, 2, 105, 106, 107, 111, 112,
+    113, 136, 139, 153, 158, ii. 39-40;
+  early years, i. 5-44;
+  nervousness, 7, 14, 35, ii. 134;
+  his father, i. 8;
+  his mother, 8, 9, 30;
+  first experiments, 9, 19-20;
+  schooldays, 11;
+  geographical studies, 11;
+  love of reading, 13;
+  pupil teacher at Hertford Grammar School, 14;
+  interest in Socialism, 15, 27, ii. 151 _et seq._, 181;
+  land-surveying, i. 15, 17, 19, ii. 139, 182;
+  astronomical studies and writings, i. 20, ii. 167 _et seq._;
+  early interest in zoology and geology, i. 20;
+  first telescope, 20, ii. 168;
+  love of botany, i. 20, 21, ii. 106;
+  his herbarium, i. 22;
+  as watchmaker, 23;
+  interest in phrenology and mesmerism, 24, ii. 181, 182;
+  studies beetles and butterflies, i. 24, 114;
+  school teacher at Leicester, 24;
+  voyage to Amazon, 26 _et seq._;
+  explores Uaupes River, 29;
+  fire at sea and loss of collections, 29, 30;
+  first meeting with Darwin, 35, 105, ii. 62;
+  meets Huxley, i. 35;
+  visits Switzerland, 35, ii. 204;
+  visits Singapore, i. 36;
+  on missionaries, 37-8, 47, 48, 50, 62-3;
+  in Sarawak, 38-40;
+  beetle and butterfly collecting, i. 38, 41-2, 114, 237, ii. 4-5;
+  ill-health of, i. 40, 79;
+  enthusiasm as naturalist and collector, 40-2, 115;
+  journey in a "prau," 42;
+  early letters, etc., 45-88;
+  Darwin-Wallace joint paper read before Linnean Society, 71, 89, 109,
+    118, 122;
+  Darwin's appreciation of his magnanimity, 71, 106, 118, 134, 137, 139,
+    141, 153, 164, 242, 252, 287, 304;
+  attack of intermittent fever, 107, 108;
+  jubilee of Darwin-Wallace essay and his speech, 110 _et seq_;
+  relations with Spencer, 125;
+  Presidential Address to Entomological Society, 126;
+  reads proofs of Spencer's "principles of Sociology," 126;
+  correspondence with Darwin, 127-320;
+  inscription on envelope containing Darwin's first eight letters, 128;
+  sends Darwin a honeycomb, 143;
+  reads Spencer's works, 147, 150;
+  "expose" of Rev. S. Haughton's "Bee's Cell," 148;
+  his opinion of Agassiz, 149;
+  and the origin of man, 152, 153, 154, 155 _et seq._, 240;
+  and Darwin's paper on climbing plants, 162;
+  on a crested blackbird, 163;
+  on the _Reader_, 165;
+  on mimicry, 167 (note), 168, 176, 179;
+  approves of term "survival of the fittest," 171;
+  birth of a son, 188;
+  later views on Natural Selection, 217, 218;
+  dedicates "Malayan Travels" to Darwin, 232;
+  birth of a daughter, 234;
+  visits Wales, 247;
+  reviews "Descent of Man," 260;
+  on Chauncey Wright and Mivart, 265-7;
+  Bethnal Green Museum directorship, 277;
+  and second edition of "Descent of Man," 281 (note), 282, 283;
+  social and political views, 283, 317, 319, ii. 139-65, 245-7;
+  at Dorking, i. 294, 297, ii. 106;
+  and the superintendency of Epping Forest, i. 302, 303, 304, 306, ii. 106;
+  writes a work on Geography, i. 304, ii. 14;
+  recommended for a Civil List pension, i. 313-16;
+  works on Biology, etc., ii. 3 _et seq._;
+  articles for "Encyclopaedia Britannica," 11;
+  lectures at Boston, U.S.A., 15;
+  correspondence on biology, geographical distribution, etc., 18-102;
+  on theory of flight, i. 145, ii. 25-8;
+  and Mivart's "Genesis of Species," 34;
+  friendship with Meldola, 35;
+  theory of animal heat, 35;
+  and Romanes, 36 _et seq._, 49 _et seq._;
+  on ferns, 40;
+  on sterility and Natural Selection, 41 _et seq._;
+  admitted to Royal Society, 55, 56, 221, 222;
+  on "discontinuous variation," 62-3;
+  theory of mouth-gesture as a factor in origin of language, 65;
+  on non-heredity of acquired characters, 70;
+  his last public lecture, 87, 222-3;
+  two of his works translated into Japanese, 100;
+  home life, 103-138;
+  domesticity of, 104;
+  skill at chess, 107;
+  Examiner in Physiography at South Kensington, 109;
+  as housebuilder, 110, 111, 119-120;
+  honours from scientific societies, 113;
+  enthusiasm for orchids, 114;
+  his method of writing, 120-1, 243;
+  and psychical research, 122, 167, 181-215, 239-40;
+  daily routine, 123-4;
+  sense of humour, 125-6, 132, 133, 134, 226, 227, 228;
+  receives the Order of Merit, 127-9;
+  his Sarawak spider, 131;
+  failing health, 135 _et seq._;
+  death, 138, 252;
+  funeral, 252;
+  memorial in Westminster Abbey, 253-5;
+  lists of writings, 257
+---- ---- ---- letters to his mother: announcing arrival at Singapore,
+    i. 47;
+  describing work at Singapore, 48;
+  on Malacca and missionaries, 49;
+  on his collections and visit to Rajah Brooke, 51;
+  on the Rajah, 59;
+  on correspondence from Darwin and Hooker, and his Aru collection, 71;
+  on plans for collecting at Java, and impending return to England, 83
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to his wife, sending plants from Furka Pass, ii. 115
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to his son, Mr. W.G. Wallace: on building of house
+    at Parkstone, ii. 111-13;
+  on purchase of land at Broadstone and garden plans, 117-18;
+  enclosing ground plan of house and describing progress, 118-20;
+  on "Man's Place in the Universe," and Spiritualism, 121-2;
+  requesting revision of "Mars," 122;
+  on forthcoming lecture at the Royal Institution, and conferment of Order
+     of Merit, 127-9;
+  on discovery of a rare moth and beetles in root of an orchid, 129-30;
+  on the railway strike, 163-4
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to his daughter Violet: on "victims of
+    Landlordism," ii. 113;
+  on "Freeland" and "Looking Backward," 114;
+  on orchid growing, 114;
+  on use of a wagging tail, 115-16;
+  on "Maha Bharata," 116;
+  on eight hours' movement, 156
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Lord Avebury, on Bill for bird preservation,
+    i. 162
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to Sir W.F. Barrett:
+  on the nebular hypothesis, ii. 174;
+  on Mars, 176;
+  on experiments with sensitives and on prosecution of Slade, 197;
+  on Dr. Carpenter, 198;
+  regretting inability to attend Dublin meeting of British Association,
+    199;
+  on the advocacy of vaccination, 206;
+  on dowsing, 206-8;
+  on presidency of Psychical Research Society, 208;
+  on "Creative Thought" and on ministry of angels, 213;
+  explaining his criticisms of "Creative Thought," 214-15
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to F. Bates, on exotic insect-collecting, i. 69
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to H.W. Bates:
+  on Darwin's Journal, i. 25;
+  on "Law regulating Introduction of New Species" and Ternate,
+    65;
+  congratulating him on arriving home, 72;
+  on Darwin, 73
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to Mr. F. Birch:
+  on "Mars," ii. 177;
+  announcing conferment of Order of Merit, 223-4
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Mr. H. Jamyn Brooke, on monism, ii. 177
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to Miss Buckley (Mrs. Fisher):
+  on "Descent of Man," ii. 31-2;
+  on physiology of ferns, etc., 40-1;
+  on infinity of life-forms, 89-90;
+  on house-planning at Broadstone, 119-20;
+  on Turks, 153;
+  on his "Reciprocity" article, 153;
+  on the earth as only habitable planet, 175;
+  on Spiritualism, 188-95;
+  on psychical and other works, 203-4;
+  on his visit to Switzerland, 204;
+  on re-incarnation and theosophical writings, 205;
+  on psychical research and Spencer's "Autobiography," 211;
+  on conferment of Order of Merit, 222;
+  on his autobiography, and Owen, 224-5;
+  on reviews of "My Life," 225-6
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Mr. Sydney C. Cockerell, on Kropotkin's Life,
+    ii. 161
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Mr. Theo. D.A. Cockerell, on fertilisation,
+    ii. 49
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to Charles Darwin:
+  on the Timor honeycomb, i. 143;
+  on Darwin's "Orchids," 143;
+  on theory of flight, 145;
+  on Spencer's "Social Statics," 150;
+  on Borneo exploration and his contribution to theory of man's origin,
+    152;
+  on his paper on Man and Natural Selection, 155;
+  on the Aru Islands, 161;
+  on a case of variation becoming hereditary, 162;
+  on the _Reader_, 165;
+  on dimorphism, 168;
+  suggesting "survival of the fittest" in preference to "natural
+     selection," 170;
+  on mimicry and glacier action, 176;
+  on expression, 180;
+  on "Creation by Law," 188, 192;
+  on superintendency of a Museum, 193;
+  on sterility of hybrids, 196;
+  on natural selection as producing sterility of hybrids, and pangenesis,
+    199;
+  on Trimen's paper at the Linnean Society, 201;
+  on selective sterility, 203, 205, 210;
+  on Darwin's "Cross Unions of Dimorphic Plants," 218;
+  on protection and sexual selection, 221, 222, 227;
+  on the dedication of "Malayan Travels," etc., 232;
+  on single variations, 234;
+  on colouring of caterpillars, 235;
+  on his "unscientific" opinions on Man, 243, 250, 255;
+  on wing-scales of butterflies, 244;
+  on Dr. Meyer, 248;
+  on "Descent of Man," 255, 259, 284;
+  recommending two remarkable books, 263;
+  on Mivart and Chauncey Wright's critique, 265;
+  on Darwin's answer to Mivart, 271;
+  on Dr. Bree, and Bastian's "Beginnings of Life," 273;
+  on a Bethnal Green Museum appointment, 277;
+  on Darwin's "Expression of the Emotions," 279;
+  on invitation to undertake revision work for Darwin, 281, 282;
+  on "Climbing Plants," 285;
+  on Darwin's criticism of "Geographical Distribution," 288, 294;
+  on Darwin's "Crossing Plants," 296;
+  on Darwin's "Orchids," 297;
+  on Darwin's "Forms of Flowers," and glacial theory, 298;
+  on sufficiency of Natural Selection, 300;
+  on Epping Forest superintendency, 302, 303;
+  on "Island Life," 305, 306;
+  on Darwin's criticism of "Island Life," 308;
+  on Darwin's "Movements of Plants," 311;
+  on land migration of plants, 311;
+  on Civil List pension, 314, 315;
+  on "Progress and Poverty," 317;
+  on Darwin's "Earthworms," 320
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to Sir Francis Darwin:
+  on Darwin's "Life and Letters," ii. 39;
+  on descent with modification, 78;
+  on mutation, 80
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Mr. W.J. Farmer, on final cause of varying
+    colour of hairs, etc., ii. 101-2
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Dr. W.B. Hemsley, on insular floras, ii. 43-4
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Rev. J.B. Henderson, on Christianity, ii. 209
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Sir J. Hooker, on Natural Selection, etc.,
+    ii. 81-2
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to Huxley:
+  enclosing a copy of "The Scientific Aspect of the Supernatural," ii. 187;
+  on psychical research, 188
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Mr. J. Hyder, on land nationalisation, ii. 161
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Prof. Knight, on immortality, ii. 178
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Dr. Littledale, acknowledging birthday
+congratulations, ii. 136
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to Sir Oliver Lodge:
+  on proof of constant variability, and Lord Kelvin's calculations,
+    ii. 74-5;
+  on principle of continuity, etc., 178-9;
+  acknowledging Romanes' lecture and criticising lectures by Mr.
+    See, 179-80
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Sir C. Lyell, on colour of man, ii. 29
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to Mr. J.W. Marshall:
+  on Hudson's observations and theories, ii. 53-4;
+  conveying condolences, and views on a hereafter, 209;
+  on his autobiography, 226
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to Prof. Meldola:
+  on physiological selection, ii. 36-8;
+  on Natural Selection, 41, 42-3;
+  on Meldola's controversy with Romanes, 50-1;
+  on individual adaptability, 55-6;
+  on "discontinuous variation," 62-3;
+  on Weismann's "Germinal Selection," 68-70;
+  on Weismann's doctrine of non-inheritance of acquired characters, 70-1;
+  on Weismann's "Germ Plasm," 72;
+  on Fisher's "Physics of the Earth's Crust," 74;
+  on Meldola's offer to read Wallace's paper at Royal Institute, 87-8
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Mr. Ben. R. Miller, on Sleeper's "Shall we
+    have Common Sense?" ii. 98-9
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Mr. John (Lord) Morley, on Socialism, ii. 159
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Mr. M.J. Murphy, on Mr. Lloyd George, ii. 164-5
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Dr. Norris, on increasing weakness, ii. 136-7
+
+---- letter to Miss Norris, on health and diet, ii. 136
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to Prof. E.B. Poulton:
+  on "Protective Value of
+  Colour and Markings in Insects," ii. 39;
+  on Weismann's "Essays upon Heredity," 44, 45;
+  on Grant Allen's theory of origin of wheat, 46;
+  on Cope's "Origin of the Fittest," 47;
+  on Weismann's additional essays, 51-3;
+  on non-heredity of acquired characters, 54-5;
+  on maternal impression, 56-8;
+  on Bateson's "Material for the Study of Variation," 60-1;
+  on Poulton's "Theories of Evolution," 61-2;
+  criticising Romanes, 63-5;
+  on Poulton's Presidential Address to British Association, 71-2;
+  on denudation and deposition, 73;
+  on mutation, 79;
+  on Poulton's Presidential Address to Entomological Society, 79;
+  on Mendelism and mutation, 84;
+  on Poulton's Introduction to "Essays on Evolution," 85-6;
+  on invitation to lecture at Royal Institution, 87;
+  on Lord Rothschild's butterflies, and Royal Institution lecture, 88-9;
+  on an article in the _Times_, 89;
+  on Bergson, 98;
+  on Sleeper's alleged anticipation of Darwinism, 99-100;
+  on declining the Oxford D.C.L. degree, 217-18;
+  agreeing to accept the degree, 218
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to Dr. Archdall Reid:
+  on "Present Evolution of Man," ii. 67-8;
+  on instinctive knowledge, 68;
+  on "Ancient Britain and Invasions of Caesar," 86;
+  on Mendelism and Evolution, 92-3
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Mr. Clement Reid, on discovery of Miocene
+    or Pliocene Man in India, ii. 62
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Mr. H.N. Ridley, on De Rougemont, ii. 76
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Mr. Alfred Russell, on vegetarianism, ii. 158
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to Mr. G. Silk:
+  on Alexandrian donkey-drivers, i. 45;
+  on forthcoming visit to Sarawak, 52;
+  on marriage, 87
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to Mrs. Sims (his sister):
+  on his assistant, i. 56, 60;
+  on missionaries, 62;
+  on life in Macassar, 64;
+  on Java and its flora, 85
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to Thomas Sims:
+  on Singapore, i. 61;
+  on monocular and binocular vision, Darwin's "Descent of Species,"
+    and belief and disbelief, 73
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to Mr. E. Smedley:
+  on Child's "Root Principles," ii. 83-4, 100-1;
+  on prayer, 163;
+  on Mars, 175;
+  on horoscope, 215
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Dr. Edwin Smith, on Spiritualism, ii. 210
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Mr. C.G. Stuart-Menteith, on segregation of
+    the unfit, ii. 160-1
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Mr. A.C. Swinton, on suggested lecture tour
+    in Australia, ii. 155
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to Sir W. Thiselton-Dyer:
+  on botanical distribution and migration, ii. 34-5;
+  on Darwin Commemoration volume, 90-1;
+  on "World of Life," 93-5;
+  on election to Royal Society, 221-2;
+  on Romanes' charge against Wallace of plagiarism, 235-6
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to Samuel Waddington, on origin of all living
+    things, ii. 77-8
+
+---- ---- ---- letters to Mr. A. Wiltshire:
+  on the Liberal Government, ii. 162;
+  on necessity for increased wages, 165
+
+---- ---- ---- letter to an unknown correspondent, on fauna and flora
+    of Borneo district, and Dyaks, i. 53
+
+---- Annie (A.R. Wallace's wife), ii. 115, 252
+
+---- Herbert (A.R. Wallace's brother), i. 28, ii. 182, 229
+
+---- John (A.R. Wallace's brother), i. 11, 13, 15
+
+---- Mary Ann (A.R. Wallace's mother), i. 9
+
+---- Thomas Vere (A.R. Wallace's father), i. 8;
+  Librarian of Hertford, 13;
+  straitened circumstances of, 14, 15
+
+---- Violet (daughter of A.R. Wallace), reminiscences of her father,
+    ii. 103-38
+
+---- W.G. (son of A.R. Wallace), reminiscences of his father, ii. 103-38
+
+"Wallace's line," i. 43, ii. 19, 232, 233
+
+War, Wallace's abhorrence of, ii. 245
+
+Ward, Mr., on muscular fibres of whales, i. 145
+
+Warington, Mr., and "Origin of Species," i. 191
+
+Webb, Mr. W.L., ii. 179-80
+
+Wedgwood, Josiah, and Darwin, i. 18
+
+Weir, Jenner, on moths, i. 179;
+  on plumage of birds, 205;
+  Darwin's appreciation of, 220;
+  paper at the Entomological Society, 235
+
+Weismann, Prof. A., receives Darwin-Wallace Medal, i. 120;
+  on colouring of caterpillars, 299;
+  "Essays upon Heredity," ii. 44 _et seq_., 51-2
+  (_see also_ Non-inheritance of acquired characters)
+
+Wells, Dr., and Natural Selection, i. 116, 176
+
+Westminster Abbey, graves and memorials of men of science in, i. 1;
+  petition to Dean and Chapter as to medallion to Wallace in, ii. 253;
+  unveiling of the medallion, 254
+
+Westwood and theory of flight, i. 145;
+  Darwin on, 146-7
+
+Whale, muscular fibres of, i. 145
+
+Wilberforce, Bishop, reviews Darwin's "Origin of Species," 144
+
+Williams, Dr., ii. 192
+
+---- Matthieu, i. 264
+
+Wilson, Mr. D.A., reminiscences of Wallace, ii. 151-2
+
+Wiltshire, Mr. A., letters to, ii. 162,165
+
+Wimborne, Lord, sale of land to Wallace, ii. 119
+
+Wollaston, Dr., reviews "Origin of Species," i. 142;
+  tribute to Wallace, ii. 230
+
+Wollaston's "Coleoptera Atlantidum," ii. 22-3
+
+Woman, independence and future of, Wallace's views on, ii. 149-51, 245
+
+"Wonderful Century," Wallace's, ii. 144, 168, 169, 238
+
+"Wonders of the World," i. 13
+
+Wood, J.G., book on the horse, ii. 113
+
+Woodbury, Mr., researches of, i. 146
+
+"World of Life," Wallace's, ii. 8, 94, 167, 172, 176, 178, 182
+
+"Worms, Formation of Vegetable Mould by Action of," Darwin's, i. 320
+
+Wright, Chauncey, reviews Mivart's "Genesis of Species," i. 264, 265-7
+
+
+Z
+
+Zoellner, Prof., and supernormal phenomena, ii. 198, 199
+
+"Zoological Geography of the Malay Archipelago," Wallace's, i, 137, ii. 232
+
+Zoology, lectures on, at Edinburgh, i, 16; Darwin's study of, at
+    Cambridge, 17
+
+
+
+
+PRINTED BY
+
+CASSELL & COMPANY, LIMITED, LA BELLE SAUVAGE,
+
+LONDON, E.C.
+
+F 15.316
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] "It is no doubt the chief work of my life."--C. DARWIN.
+
+[2] "My Life," i. 396-7.
+
+[3] "My Life," ii. 94-5.
+
+[4] "My Life," pp. 97-8.
+
+[5] "My Life," pp. 98-9.
+
+[6] Dr. Henry Forbes in a note to the Editor writes: "In his 'Island
+Life' Wallace extended his philosophical observations to a wider field,
+and it is in philosophical biology that Wallace's name must stand
+pre-eminent for all time." "In our own science of biology," say Profs.
+Geddes and Thomson in a recent work, "we may recall the 'Grand Old Men,'
+surely second to none in history--Darwin, Wallace, and Hooker."
+
+[7] "My Life," ii. 99-101.
+
+[8] "My Life," ii. 22.
+
+[9] "The Origin of the Races of Man."
+
+[10] "The Malay Archipelago."
+
+[11] Private Secretary to Sir Charles Lyell.
+
+[12] "The Descent of Man."
+
+[13] Probably refers to "The Geographical Distribution of Animals."
+
+[14] The book referred to is Wallace's "Island Life," published in 1880.
+
+[15] For the work on "Darwinism."
+
+[16] Printed in full as a footnote to Weismann's "Essays upon Heredity,"
+etc.
+
+[17] _See_ footnote 3, pp. 172-3, of Weismann's "Essays upon Heredity,"
+etc.
+
+[18] "The Origin of Floral Structures through Insect and Other
+Agencies." Internat. Sci. Series. 1888.
+
+[19] "The Origin of the Fittest." London, 1887.
+
+[20] "Essays upon Heredity and Kindred Biological Problems," Vol. II.
+1892.
+
+[21] _Trans. Ent. Soc., London_, 1892, p. 293.
+
+[22] As Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford.
+
+[23] A member of a family which has produced several eminent medical
+men.
+
+[24] Vol. I., p. 445, a review of "A Theory of Development and
+Heredity," by Henry B. Orr. 1893.
+
+[25] "Material for the Study of Variation, treated with especial regard
+to Discontinuity in the Origin of Species." 1894.
+
+[26] Reprinted in "Essays on Evolution," p. 95. 1908.
+
+[27] "The Present Evolution of Man." 1896.
+
+[28] Presidential Address in Section D of British Association, 1896,
+reprinted in "Essays on Evolution," p. 1.
+
+[29] To the British Association at Edinburgh, 1892.
+
+[30] Vol. ixx. (1904), p. 313, a review of T.H. Morgan's "Evolution and
+Adaptation."
+
+[31] "The Bearing of the Study of Insects upon the Question, Are
+Acquired Characters Hereditary?" The Presidential Address to the
+Entomological Society of London, 1905, reprinted in "Essays on
+Evolution," p. 139.
+
+[32] Probably "Root Principles," by Child.
+
+[33] "Essays on Evolution." 1908.
+
+[34] Of the Introduction to "Essays on Evolution."
+
+[35] Vol. lxxvii., p. 54, a note "On the Interpretation of Mendelian
+Phenomena."
+
+[36] The Oxford Celebration of the Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of
+Charles Darwin, February 12, 1809. An account of the celebration is
+given in "Darwin and 'The Origin,'" by E.B. Poulton, p. 78. 1909.
+
+[37] The Darwin Celebration.
+
+[38] "The World of Life."
+
+[39] _Bedrock_, April, 1912, p. 48.
+
+[40] "Shall we have Common Sense? Some Reeeat Lectures." By George W.
+Sleeper. Boston, 1849.
+
+[41] _See_ footnote to preceding letter. The book formed the subject of
+Prof. Poulton's Presidential Addresses (May 24, 1913, and May 25, 1914)
+to the Linnean Society (_Proceedings_, 1912-13, p. 26, and 1913-14, p.
+23). The above letter is in part quoted in the former address.
+
+[42] This letter relates to evidences, favourable to Sleeper, which had
+not at the time been critically examined, but broke down when carefully
+scrutinised. _See_ Prof. Poulton's address to the Linnean Society, May
+25, 1914 (_Proc_., 1913-14, p. 23).
+
+[43] For many years he was Examiner in Physiography at South Kensington.
+
+[44] _See_ footnote on p. 109.
+
+[45] For letters from Wallace describing Col. Legge's visit with the
+Order, _see_ pp. 128 and 224.
+
+[46] The present Lord Rothschild.
+
+[47] On his ninetieth birthday.
+
+[48] See his book, "Land Nationalisation, its Necessity and its Aims"
+(1882).
+
+[49] Although this book was his last published work, it was written
+before "Social Environment and Moral Progress." He handed me the MS. a
+few months before his death.--The Editor.
+
+[50] A full account of this scheme is given in his "Studies, Scientific
+and Social," chap. xxvi.
+
+[51] "My Life," ii. 237-8
+
+[52] Advocating Eugenics and the segregation of the unfit.
+
+[53] Hon. Sec. of the Federated Trades and Labour Council, Bournemouth.
+
+[54] At an Old Age Pension meeting.
+
+[55] _See_ Vol. I., p. 20.
+
+[56] "The World of Life," p. 374.
+
+[57] "Life and Letters," i. 58.
+
+[58] Considerable reference is made to Mrs. Hardinge in "Miracles and
+Modern Spiritualism" pp. 117-21.
+
+[59] The "spirits" are supposed to produce the faces.
+
+[60] This is a strange accompaniment of most advanced spiritual
+phenomena.
+
+[61] Against vaccination.
+
+[62] Psychical Research Society Report.
+
+[63] "The Wonderful Century."
+
+[64] A medium.
+
+[65] The lecture at the Royal Institution, when he wore the Order.
+
+[66] In _Nature_, Nov. 20, 1913, p. 348.
+
+[67] "The Wonderful Century," p. 437.
+
+[68] "I have been speculating last night," wrote C. Darwin to his son
+Horace, "what makes a man a discoverer of undiscovered things; and a
+most perplexing problem it is. Many men who are very clever--much
+cleverer than the discoverers--never originate anything. As far as I can
+conjecture, the art consists in habitually searching for the causes and
+meaning of everything which occurs."--"Emma Darwin," p. 207.
+
+[69] It is interesting to compare this with Darwin's manner of writing.
+Darwin confessed: "There seems to be a sort of fatality in my mind
+leading me to put at first my statement or proposition in a wrong or
+awkward form. Formerly I used to think about my sentences before writing
+them down; but for several years I have found that it saves time to
+scribble in a vile hand whole pages as quickly as I possibly can,
+contracting half the words; and then correct deliberately. Sentences
+thus scribbled down are often better ones than I could have written
+deliberately."
+
+[70] See pp. 227, 234.
+
+[71] But see _ante_, p. 153.
+
+[72] Wallace's section of the Darwin-Wallace Essay entitled "On the
+Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of
+Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and
+Reminiscences Vol 2 (of 2), by James Marchant
+
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