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diff --git a/15172-h/15172-h.htm b/15172-h/15172-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7b8dc65 --- /dev/null +++ b/15172-h/15172-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,7079 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" + content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> + + <title>The Ceremonies of the Holy-Week at Rome.</title> + <style type="text/css"> + /*<![CDATA[*/ + + <!-- + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + p {text-align: justify;} + blockquote {text-align: justify;} + h1,h2,h3,h4 {text-align: center;} + pre {font-size: 0.7em;} + + hr {text-align: center; width: 50%;} + html>body hr {margin-right: 25%; margin-left: 25%; width: 50%;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + html>body hr.full {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;} + hr.short {text-align: center; width: 20%;} + html>body hr.short {margin-right: 40%; margin-left: 40%; width: 20%;} + + .note + {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + + span.pagenum + {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt; text-indent: 0;} + + .poem + {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem p {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem p.i2 {margin-left: 1em;} + .poem p.i4 {margin-left: 2em;} + .poem p.i6 {margin-left: 3em;} + .poem p.i8 {margin-left: 4em;} + .poem p.i10 {margin-left: 5em;} + + .footnote {font-size: 0.9em; margin-right: 10%; margin-left: 10%;} + + p.author {text-align: right; margin-right:10%;} + + .side { float:right; + font-size: 80%; + width: 20%; + padding-left:8px; + border-left: dashed thin; + margin-left: 8px; + text-align: left; + text-indent: 0; + font-weight: bold; + font-style: italic;} + + div.trans-note {border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; + margin: 2em 15%; padding: 1em; text-align: center;} + --> + /*]]>*/ + </style> +</head> + +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Ceremonies of the Holy-Week at Rome +by Charles Michael Baggs + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Ceremonies of the Holy-Week at Rome + +Author: Charles Michael Baggs + +Release Date: February 25, 2005 [EBook #15172] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CEREMONIES OF THE HOLY-WEEK *** + + + + +Produced by Olaf Voss, William Flis, and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team. + + + + + + +</pre> + + <div class="trans-note"> + Transcriber's Note: The Table of Contents was added by the + transcriber. + </div> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>THE CEREMONIES</h2> + + <h4>OF THE</h4> + + <h1>HOLY-WEEK</h1> + + <h3>AT ROME.</h3> + + <h4>BY</h4> + + <h3>THE RT. REV. MONSIGNOR BAGGS,</h3> + + <h4>BISHOP OF PELLA.</h4> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h4>THIRD EDITION.</h4> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>ROME:</h3> + + <h3>SOLD BY LUIGI PIALE,</h3> + + <h4>ENGLISH BOOKSELLER,</h4> + + <h4>1. PIAZZA DI SPAGNA, 106. VIA BABUINO.</h4> + + <h4>1854.</h4> + <hr /> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page2" + id="page2"></a>[pg 2]</span> + + <h2>CONTENTS</h2> + + <p>DIRECTIONS FOR SEEING THE CEREMONIES + <a href="#page3">3</a></p> + + <p>CHAP. I. ON THE CEREMONIES OF THE MASS + <a href="#page5">5</a></p> + + <p>CHAP. II. ON THE CEREMONIES OF PALM-SUNDAY + <a href="#page22">22</a></p> + + <p>CHAP. III. ON THE DIVINE OFFICE, AND THE OFFICE OF TENEBRAE + IN PARTICULAR <a href="#page37">37</a></p> + + <p>CHAP. IV. ON THE CEREMONIES OF HOLY THURSDAY + <a href="#page50">50</a></p> + + <p>CHAP. V. ON THE CEREMONIES OF GOOD-FRIDAY + <a href="#page69">69</a></p> + + <p>CHAP. VI. ON THE CEREMONIES OF HOLY-SATURDAY + <a href="#page92">92</a></p> + + <p>APPENDIX. PECULIAR CEREMONIES OF HOLY-WEEK AT JERUSALEM + <a href="#page121">121</a></p> + <hr /> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page3" + id="page3"></a>[pg 3]</span> + + <h2>DIRECTIONS</h2> + + <h3>FOR SEEING THE CEREMONIES</h3> + <hr class="short" /> + + <p>Provide yourself with a <b>Holy-Week-book</b>, or <i>Uffizio + della Settimana Santa</i>. Take care that your dress is + according to rule. For many of the ceremonies ladies require + tickets signed by <i>M. Maggiordomo</i>.</p> + + <p>On Palm-sunday morning the Pontifical ceremonies begin at S. + Peter's, at about 9 o'clock: no stranger can receive a palm + without a permission signed by <i>M. Maggiordomo</i>. In the + afternoon the Card. Penitentiary goes at about 4 or half past 4 + to S. John Lateran's, where the Station of the day is held.</p> + + <p>On the <i>afternoons</i> of <i>Wednesday</i> and + <i>Thursday</i>, (between 4 and half past 4) and of + <i>Friday</i> (half an hour sooner) the office of Tenebræ + begins at the Sixtine chapel. After it is over, you may go to + S. Peter's to bear the conclusion of a similar service: there + on Thursday evening the high-altar is washed by the Card, + priest and chapter; on Friday the Pope, Cardinals etc. go + thither to venerate the relics after Tenebræ in the Sixtine + chapel; and on the afternoons of both days the Card. + Penitentiary goes thither in slate. In the evening of these + three days the feet of pilgrims are washed, and they are served + at table by Cardinals etc. at the Trinità dei Pellegrini.</p> + + <p>On <i>Thursday morning</i> you can see the oils blessed at + S. Peter's: this ceremony begins <i>early</i>. There is little + difference between the mass (at about half past 9 or 10) in the + Sixtine chapel on this day, and on ordinary days, and there is + generally a great crowd: the procession after mass is + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page4" + id="page4"></a>[pg 4]</span> repeated on the following + morning; and the papal benediction on Easter Sunday: your + best plan therefore will be to go at an early hour to see + the blessing of the oils, and afterwards the washing of the + feet, at S. Peter's; and then go to see the dinner of the + <i>apostles</i> near the balcony from which the Pope gives + His benediction. The <i>Sepulchres</i>, particularly that in + the Cappella Paolina, may be visited.</p> + + <p>On <i>Friday morning</i> the service of the Sixtine chapel + begins at about half past 9 or 10. (Devotion of 3 hours' agony + from about half past 12 to half past 3 at the Gesù, SS. Lorenzo + e Damaso etc.; after the <i>Ave Maria</i> the <i>Via Crucis</i> + at Caravita, and devotion of the dolours of the B. Virgin at S. + Marcello, etc. An hour after the <i>Ave Maria</i> poetical + compositions are recited at the Serbatojo dell'Arcadia).</p> + + <p>On <i>Saturday morning</i> service begins at S. John + Lateran's at about half past 7. As soon you have seen the + baptism at the baptistery, you had better drive to the Vatican, + to attend at the beautiful mass of the Sixtine chapel.</p> + + <p>On <i>Saturday afternoon</i> you may go to the Armenian mass + at S. Biagio or S. Gregorio Illuminatore: it begins towards 4 o + clock. On Easter-Sunday the Pope sings solemn mass at S. + Peter's, at about 9 o'clock. He afterwards venerates the + relics, and gives His solemn benediction. In the afternoon, + besides Vespers there is a procession at S. Peter's called that + of the 3 Maries. (At S. John Lateran's the Cardinals assist at + Vespers, and afterwards venerate the relics preserved there) At + night the cupola is illuminated, and on the following night + there are fireworks or <i>girandola</i> at Castle S. Angelo. On + Monday, Tuesday, and Saturday there is <i>cappella papale</i> + at the Vatican, but it differs little from the ordinary + <i>cappelle</i>.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page5" + id="page5"></a>[pg 5]</span> + + <h2>CHAP. I.</h2> + + <h3>ON THE CEREMONIES OF THE MASS</h3> + + <h4><i>CONTENTS.</i></h4> + + <blockquote> + <p>Origin of the word <i>ceremony</i>—object of + ceremonies—institution of the mass—its earliest + ceremonies—discipline of secrecy—liturgy of the + Roman church—general review of the principal + ceremonies of the mass—mass of the catechumens, + <i>ambones</i>—mass of the faithful, blessed water, + secrecy, prayers for the dead—Latin the language of + the Roman liturgy, and why—usual ceremonies of + high-mass in the papal chapel—sentiments of S. John + Chrysostom.</p> + + <p>"<i>It was chiefly, if not only, in the mystical liturgy + of the eucharist, that the primitive church spoke without + reserve of all the sublimities of Christian faith.</i>" + Palmer, Origines Liturg. vol. I, p. 13.</p> + </blockquote> + + <p class="side">Origin of the word ceremony.</p> + + <p>From Rome our Saxon forefathers received Christianity; and + from the same source we have derived several words denoting + Christian rites. Thus the words <i>religion, sacrament, + sacrifice, communion</i>, and others are Latin, with the + exception of the termination. The word <i>ceremony</i> also is + Latin, and owes its origin to an interesting fact in ancient + Roman history. When the Capitol was besieged by the Gauls (A.U. + 365) most of the inhabitants of Rome provided for their own + safety by flight: but the Flamen Quirinalis or priest of + Romulus, and the Vestal <span class="pagenum"><a name="page6" + id="page6"></a>[pg 6]</span> virgins loaded themselves with + the sacred things, that they might secure those hallowed + treasures from profanation. "They were proceeding" (says + Livy lib. V, c. XXII) "along the way which passes over the + Sublician bridge, when they were met on the declivity by L. + Albinus a plebeian, who was fleeing with his wife and + children in a <i>plaustrum</i> or cart: he and his family + immediately alighted: then placing in the cart the virgins + and sacred things he accompanied them to Cære where they + were received with hospitality and respect". Hence (says + Valerius Maximus lib. I, c. 1.) "sacred things were called + ceremonies, because the inhabitants of <i>Cære</i> revered + them when the republic was broken, as readily as when it + flourished". Thus is the word ceremony associated at once + with the devotion of Albinus, with the Gaulish invasion of + the Capitol, and with Cære, one of the twelve cities of + Etruria, now called Cervetri or Cære + vetus<a id="footnotetag1" + name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a>. + The Pagan Romans derived their religious rites from Etruria, + and in particular from Cære on account of its proximity to + Rome: this may be another reason for the adoption of the + term <i>ceremony</i>, which was afterwards applied to the + rites of all religions<a id="footnotetag2" + name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a>.</p> + + <p class="side">Object of ceremonies.</p> + + <p>But what, it may be asked by many, is the use of ceremonies? + I shall answer in the words of the council of + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page7" + id="page7"></a>[pg 7]</span> Trent. "Since the nature of man + is such, that he cannot easily without exterior helps be + raised to the meditation of divine things, the church as a + pious mother has instituted certain rites, namely, that some + things in the mass should be pronounced in a low voice and + others aloud; she has also used ceremonies, as mystical + benedictions, lights, incense, vestments, and many other + things of that kind, from apostolical tradition and + discipline, in order that the majesty of so great a + sacrifice might be displayed, and the minds of the faithful + might be excited by these visible signs of religion and + piety to the contemplation of those sublime things which are + concealed in this sacrifice". Session XXII, c. + V.—These words lead us to treat briefly of the mass, + the principal act of divine worship during holy-week as at + all other seasons of the year. This we do now the more + readily, that we may not afterwards be obliged to interrupt + our account of the peculiar ceremonies of Holy week, which + presuppose an acquaintance with the mass.</p> + + <p class="side">Institution of the mass.</p> + + <p>Jesus Christ instituted the mass at his last supper, when he + took bread and blessed and broke and gave to his disciples and + said, Take ye and eat, this is my body; and taking the chalice + he gave thanks, and gave to them saying, Drink ye all of this: + For this is my blood of the new testament, which shall be shed + for many unto remission of sins: Matth. XXVI, 26. In this brief + account are mentioned all the <i>essential</i> parts of the + mass. Christ commanded the apostles and through them their + successors to perform the same holy rite "in commemoration" of + Him, and they obeyed His commands, as we learn from the acts of + the apostles, and the first epistle to the Corinthians.</p> + + <p class="side">Its early ceremonies.</p> + + <p>Gradually various prayers and ceremonies were added to the + sacred words pronounced by Christ, as the Apology of St. + Justin, the writings of St. Cyprian, the catechetical + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page8" + id="page8"></a>[pg 8]</span> discourses of St. Cyril of + Jerusalem and other early works prove. The Apostles + themselves had added the Lord's prayer<a id="footnotetag3" + name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a>. + The liturgy however during the first four centuries, as Le + Brun maintains<a id="footnotetag4" + name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a>, + or, according to Muratori followed by Palmer, the first + three centuries, was not written, but was preserved by oral + tradition, according to the received practice of the early + church, which, unwilling to give what is holy to dogs, or to + cast pearls before swine concealed from all persons, except + the faithful, the mysteries of faith. It would seem from St. + Justin's apology, that much was left to the particular + devotion of the bishop or priest who offered mass, and hence + we might expect not to find in the earliest liturgies great + uniformity, except in essentials and general outline. Yet Le + Brun has endeavoured to restore, from the early Christian + writers, the liturgy used in the first four centuries: and + it contains the most important prayers and ceremonies of the + mass in its more modern form.</p> + + <p class="side">Discipline of secrecy.</p> + + <p>We shall so often have to recur to the discipline of secrecy + alluded to above, that we consider it necessary to speak of it + briefly, before we proceed further. The Pythagoreans, the + Stoics, Plato, the Epicureans and other ancient philosophers + concealed their doctrines from the uninitiated: the mysteries + also of Osiris, Isis, Bacchus, Ceres, Cybele etc. were + carefully kept secret. There was no novelty therefore for the + ancients in the discipline of secrecy, the institution of which + in the Christian church is attributed by many fathers to Christ + himself, who directed that his disciples should not "give what + is holy to dogs, or cast pearls before swine". Matt. VII, 6. + This injunction <span class="pagenum"><a name="page9" + id="page9"></a>[pg 9]</span> was observed by the whole + church from the apostolic age till the fifth century in the + east, and the sixth century in the west: it extended to + dogmas as well as rites, and in particular to those of the + holy Trinity and the sacraments, especially the blessed + Eucharist<a id="footnotetag5" + name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a>. + For "those things" says St. Cyril of Alexandria "are + generally derided, which are not understood" adv. Julianum. + The pagans, at the instigation, it would appear, of the Jews + and early heretics, availed themselves of this secret + discipline to charge the Christians with the detestable + crimes of Oedipus and Thyestes, pretending that in their + secret assemblies they murdered an infant covered with + flour, and drank his blood. (Cecilius ap. Minut. Fel.) It + was solely with the view of refuting these calumnies, that + Justin Martyr explained, in his apology addressed to + Antoninus Pius, the catholic doctrine of the eucharist. S. + Blandina on the contrary endured the most cruel torments + rather than reveal it, though its profession would have + confuted the same odious calumnies; and S. Augustine + observes a similar reserve when answering the pagan Maximus + Madaurensis.</p> + + <p>"Who" says the protestant Casaubon "is so little versed in + the writings of the fathers, as to be ignorant of the formulary + used principally of the sacraments, the initiated understand + what is said: it occurs at least fifty times in Chrysostom, and + almost as frequently in Augustine". S. Fulgentius inserts in + his answer to the deacon Ferrandus the following words of S. + Augustine to the neophytes "This which you see on the altar of + God you saw last night: but what it was, what it meant, and of + what a great thing it contains the sacrament, you have not yet + heard. What therefore you see is bread and the chalice. + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page10" + id="page10"></a>[pg 10]</span> What your faith demands is, + that the bread is the body of Christ, and the chalice + contains the blood of Christ". S. Cyril of Jerusalem in his + catechetical discourses addressed to the newly baptised + inculcates in the strongest terms the doctrine of the real + presence, but charges them most strictly not to communicate + to the catechumens his instructions. In consequence of this + practice the early fathers often speak obscurely of the B. + Sacrament, and call it bread and wine and <i>fermentum</i> + after the consecration, though they clearly teach the + <i>faithful</i> the doctrine of the real + presence<a id="footnotetag6" + name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a>.</p> + + <p class="side">Liturgy of the Roman church.</p> + + <p>Pope Innocent I, writing to Decentius at the beginning of + the fifth century, attributes the liturgy of the Roman church + to St. Peter. It was first written in the fifth century; and + Pope Vigilius sending it in 538 to Profuturus derives it from + Apostolic tradition. The most ancient sacramentary or + liturgical work extant of the Roman church is that of Gelasius + who was Pope from 492 to 496<a id="footnotetag7" + name="footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a>. + He collected prayers composed by more ancient authors, and + also composed some himself: and this Gelasian compilation + was reformed by Gregory the Great and reduced to one + volume<a id="footnotetag8" + name="footnotetag8"></a><a href="#footnote8"><sup>8</sup></a>, + which may be considered as the prototype of our present + liturgy. The canon or most + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page11" + id="page11"></a>[pg 11]</span> solemn part of the mass has + been preserved inviolate ever since, as appears from the + Ordines Romani written shortly after the time of S. Gregory, + and also from the explanations of it written by Florus and + Amalarius. This canon as well as the order of prayer are the + same as those of Gelasius, as Palmer observes (Orig. liturg. + vol. 1, p. 119,) and are also nearly identical with those of + the sacramentary of S. Leo. The Ambrosian and African + liturgies also were evidently derived at a very remote + period from that of Rome. From such considerations as these + Mr. Palmer proves the very ancient or apostolical origin of + the "main order", the substance of the Roman liturgy. + Origines liturg. vol. I, sect. VI. The author of the canon + is unknown; yet we know the authors of some additions to the + canon. Thus S. Leo I added sanctum sacrificium immaculatam + hostiam, S. Gregory I, diesque nostros in tua pace + disponas.</p> + + <p class="side">Review of the ceremonies of the mass.</p> + + <p class="side">Mass of the catechumens, ambones, sermons.</p> + + <p>We shall not examine minutely all the prayers and ceremonies + of the mass, or stop to enquire at what time and by what pope + each of them was first introduced, lest we should weary the + patience of our readers<a id="footnotetag9" + name="footnotetag9"></a><a href="#footnote9"><sup>9</sup></a>; + but we shall content ourselves with a general review of the + mass, as it is now celebrated. We may divide it, as the + ancients <span class="pagenum"><a name="page12" + id="page12"></a>[pg 12]</span> did, into two parts, the mass + of the catechumens, and the mass of the faithful. The first + part includes the preparation and confession of sins at the + foot of the altar, the <i>introit</i> or anthem and part of + a psalm sung at the <i>entrance</i> into church, the + <i>Kyrie eleison</i> or petition for mercy, the <i>Gloria in + excelsis</i> or hymn of praise (both of great antiquity, as + Palmer following our catholic divines has shewn) the collect + or collects so called from their being said when the people + are collected together, the epistle and gospel, and also the + verses, said or sung between them both, called the + Gradual<a id="footnotetag10" + name="footnotetag10"></a><a href="#footnote10"><sup>10</sup></a>: + if sung by one voice, it is called the Tract; if by choir, + the Responsory. The collects and other prayers are said with + the arms extended in the same manner as many figures are + represented praying on old christian as well as pagan + monuments. After the gospel the sermon used to be preached, + as it generally is in our times<a id="footnotetag11" + name="footnotetag11"></a><a href="#footnote11"><sup>11</sup></a> + and after the sermon Pagans, Jews, heretics, schismatics, + energumens, public penitents and catechumens were dismissed + by the deacon; for the faithful alone were allowed to be + present at the celebration of the sacred mysteries, in + conformity to the discipline of secrecy. That part of mass, + which we have described was called the mass of the + catechumens, because these were allowed to be present at + it.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page13" + id="page13"></a>[pg 13]</span> + + <p class="side">Mass of the faithful, blessed water.</p> + + <p>From the <i>missio</i>, <i>missa</i>, or dismissal announced + by the deacon to the people before and after the mass of the + faithful, the term <i>missa</i> or mass is derived. It was in + use in the early ages; for it is found not only in the epistle + to the bishop of Vienne attributed to Pope Pius I, and in that + of Pope Cornelius to Lupicinus: but S. Ambrose also says "I + continued my duty, and began to celebrate mass" and in another + place he exhorts the people to "hear mass + daily<a id="footnotetag12" + name="footnotetag12"></a><a href="#footnote12"><sup>12</sup></a>".</p> + + <p>When the church had been cleared of all except the faithful, + the second part of our mass, or the mass of the faithful, began + with the Nicene symbol or creed. Then followed the offertory, + or part of a psalm sung anciently while the people made their + offerings to the church, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page14" + id="page14"></a>[pg 14]</span> particularly of bread and + wine<a id="footnotetag13" + name="footnotetag13"></a><a href="#footnote13"><sup>13</sup></a>. + The priest offers to God the bread, and wine mixed according + to apostolic tradition<a id="footnotetag14" + name="footnotetag14"></a><a href="#footnote14"><sup>14</sup></a> + with a little water, which our Saviour is believed to have + mixed with the wine at the last supper; he implores God's + blessing on these offerings, and washes his hands in token + of the purity of soul<a id="footnotetag15" + name="footnotetag15"></a><a href="#footnote15"><sup>15</sup></a> + with which the sacred mysteries should be approached, and at + high mass for the sake of outward cleanliness also, on + account of the incense which he has used. Having + commemorated the passion, resurrection, and ascension of + Christ, as he does also after the consecration, he calls on + those present to join him in prayer, he says another prayer + or prayers called the <i>secret</i>, because said in secret, + and then recites the <i>preface</i> to the canon, a prayer + in which he unites with the celestial spirits in praise and + thanksgiving as Christ himself gave thanks at the last + supper: it concludes with the Tersanctus or Trisagion "Holy, + Holy, Holy etc." which, as Palmer observes, has been + probably used in the Christian liturgy of the east and west + since the ages of the apostles. V. 2. p. 219.</p> + + <p class="side">Prayers for the dead.</p> + + <p>The canon of the mass next follows, which as well as many of + the preceding and following prayers is said in a low voice, + according to the ancient custom alluded to + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page15" + id="page15"></a>[pg 15]</span> by Innocent I, S. Augustine, + Origen, and other Fathers<a id="footnotetag16" + name="footnotetag16"></a><a href="#footnote16"><sup>16</sup></a>. + In it the priest prays for the church, the Pope, the bishop + of the place, the living and the dead<a id="footnotetag17" + name="footnotetag17"></a><a href="#footnote17"><sup>17</sup></a> + he reveres the <span class="pagenum"><a name="page16" + id="page16"></a>[pg 16]</span> memory of the B. Virgin, the + Martyrs and other Saints<a id="footnotetag18" + name="footnotetag18"></a><a href="#footnote18"><sup>18</sup></a>, + and having once more implored the blessing of God, and + spread his hands over the victim, according to the custom of + the Jews, he pronounces over the bread and wine the words of + consecration according to the command of Christ, and adores + and raises for the adoration of the people the body and + blood of our Divine Lord. It is in this consecration that + the sacrifice of the mass principally consists; as by it the + victim is placed on the altar, and offered to God, viz. + Christ himself, represented as dead by the separate + consecration of the bread and wine, as if His blood were + separated from His body. After some other prayers, in which + the priest offers to God the holy sacrifice, and prays for + mercy and salvation for all present, he elevates the host + and chalice together; this was the ancient elevation, as the + more solemn one, which follows immediately after the + consecration, was introduced generally in the 12th century, + in opposition to the heresy of Berengarius. Then concluding + the canon the priest recites the <i>Our Father</i>, and + breaks the host, as Christ broke the bread, and as His body + was "broken" for us<a id="footnotetag19" + name="footnotetag19"></a><a href="#footnote19"><sup>19</sup></a>; + he puts a particle of the + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page17" + id="page17"></a>[pg 17]</span> host into the + chalice<a id="footnotetag20" + name="footnotetag20"></a><a href="#footnote20"><sup>20</sup></a>; + he implores mercy and peace from the lamb of God, at solemn + masses gives the kiss of peace according to the + recommendation of scripture, and receives the two ablutions + of the chalice, one of wine, the other of wine and water, + lest any portion of the sacred blood should remain in it: he + recites the communion or anthem, which was originally sung + while the holy communion was distributed; he says the prayer + or prayers called postcommunion, dismisses and begs God's + blessing on the people, in fine he recites the beginning of + St. John's gospel or some other gospel appropriate to the + day. We shall on other occasions recur to various ceremonies + of the mass<a id="footnotetag21" + name="footnotetag21"></a><a href="#footnote21"><sup>21</sup></a>.</p> + + <p class="side">Latin the language of the liturgy.</p> + + <p>The language of our liturgy has descended to us as a + precious legacy from the time when Peter and Paul preached in + Rome. It would be incongruous that our ancient hierarchy robed + in ancient vestments should perform our ancient liturgy in a + moderne language. As in all parts of the globe there are + members of the Catholic church, she has wisely preserved in her + liturgy a language common to all countries, the language too of + majesty, civilisation and science, as De Maistre observes. Like + her divine founder <span class="pagenum"><a name="page18" + id="page18"></a>[pg 18]</span> she is the same yesterday and + to-day: like the rock, on which she is built, she is proof + against the winds and waves; she is unchanged and unaffected + by the wayward caprices of fashion. Translations of her + liturgy are published for the use of those who are + unacquainted with Latin so that they may either join in + reciting the prayers of the church, or say others which + their own devotion may suggest.</p> + + <p>Having described the ceremonies of low-mass, we shall + subjoin a brief account of those customary at high-mass when + celebrated in the papal chapel: we shall thus avoid unnecessary + repetitions in the course of this work. The beginning of the + mass is said by all persons within the sanctuary: and the Pope + recites it before the altar with the celebrant. As His Holiness + is the ecclesiastical superior of the latter, and is habited in + his sacred vestments, many benedictions are, according to a + general rubric, reserved to Him, which are otherwise given by + the person who sings mass. Thus He blesses not only the + incense, the water at the offertory, the subdeacon and deacon, + the preacher, when there is a sermon, and the people after the + sermon and at the end of mass, but also the Cardinals on + several occasions, and the celebrant himself before he offers + up mass. "For without contradiction (says St. Paul) that which + is less is blessed by the better". Hebr. VII, 7. He also, and + not the celebrant, kisses the book of the Gospel. The first + cardinal priest present hands to Him the incense, and also + incenses him, kneeling down if the Pope be seated at the time, + and standing if the Pope stands<a id="footnotetag22" + name="footnotetag22"></a><a href="#footnote22"><sup>22</sup></a>, + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page19" + id="page19"></a>[pg 19]</span> and therefore, he is seated + near the Pope during part of the Mass, that he may be ready + when his services are required.</p> + + <p>Incense is used, as is customary at high masses, before the + introit, at the Gospel, after the offertory and during the + elevation. Before the introit the crucifix, the + altar<a id="footnotetag23" + name="footnotetag23"></a><a href="#footnote23"><sup>23</sup></a>, + the celebrant and the Pope are successively incensed. Before + the deacon sings the gospel he incenses the book; and after + it the Pope is once more incensed by the first cardinal + priest. After the offertory, besides the bread and wine, the + crucifix, the altar, the celebrant and the Pope, the + Cardinals and the first in rank among the prelates and other + personages are incensed by the deacon. At the elevation the + blessed Sacrament alone is incensed.<a id="footnotetag24" + name="footnotetag24"></a><a href="#footnote24"><sup>24</sup></a></p><span class="pagenum"> + <a name="page20" + id="page20"></a>[pg 20]</span> + + <p>When the Pope reads from the missal, this book is held by + the first, and a taper by the second, patriarch or assisting + bishop<a id="footnotetag25" + name="footnotetag25"></a><a href="#footnote25"><sup>25</sup></a>. + The <i>Kyrie eleison</i>, the <i>Gloria in excelsis</i>, + <i>Credo</i>, <i>Sanctus</i> and <i>Agnus Dei</i> are said + by all persons within the sanctuary: the cardinals descend + from their seats to say them, and form a circle in the + middle of the chapel; having received the Pope's blessing + they return to their places. After the <i>Sanctus</i>, the + Pope goes before the middle of the altar followed by the + assistant bishops and others of His train's and all kneel + till the elevation is ended. After the <i>Agnus Dei</i>, the + first Card. priest goes up to the altar, kisses it, and + receives from the celebrant the kiss of peace: this he gives + to the Pope, from whom the two first Card. deacons receive + it. The Card. priest then returns to his place, and gives + the kiss of peace to the priest who assists the celebrant; + from him the first of the other cardinals and principal + prelates receive it and communicate it to their colleagues. + The assistant priest then gives it to the master of + ceremonies, who has accompanied him, from whom the other + colleges of prelates receive it and in fine (if time permit) + to the deacon, from whom it passes to others who assist at + the altar. When the pope gives His blessing, the cross is + held before Him by the last auditor of the rota, and His + vestment by the first protonary. Such are the ceremonies + generally observed at high mass in the papal chapel, except + at masses for the dead, when some of them, and in particular + those of incensing (except at the offertory and elevation) + and of the kiss of peace, are + omitted.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page21" + id="page21"></a>[pg 21]</span> + + <p class="side">Sentiments of S. John Chrysostom.</p> + + <p>We shall conclude with the words of a holy and eloquent + bishop of Costantinople of the 4th century, "When thou seest + the Lord immolated and placed there, and the priest engaged in + the sacrifice and praying, and all present empurpled with + precious blood, dost thou think that thou art among men, and + art standing on the earth? and not rather that thou art + instantaneously transferred to heaven, where casting out of thy + soul every fleshly thought thou lookest around on heavenly + things. O miracle! O the love of God for man! He, who sits + above with the Father, is at the same time held in the hands of + all, and gives himself to those who wish to receive and embrace + him. Wishest thou to see the excellence of this <i>holiness</i> + from another miracle? Depict before thy eyes Elias and an + innumerable multitude surrounding him, and the victim placed on + the stones; all the others in profound silence, and the prophet + alone praying; then suddenly fire rushing from heaven on the + sacrifice. These things are astonishing and replete with + wonder. Then transfer thyself thence to the things now + effected, and thou wilt find them not only wonderful, but + surpassing all astonishment. For here the priest bears not + fire, but the holy Ghost; he pours out long supplications, not + that fire descending from above may consume the offerings, but + that grace falling on the sacrifice may through it inflame the + souls of all and render them purer than silver purified by + fire. This most dread rite then who, that is not altogether + insane and out of his mind, shall be able to contemn? Art thou + ignorant that no human soul could have sustained this fire of + the victim, but all would have totally perished, unless the + assistance of divine grace had been abundant" S. John + Chrysostom, De Sacerdotio Lib. 3, c. IV.</p> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote1" + name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a> + + <p>It is situated near the road leading from Rome to + Civitavecchia at the distance of about 27 miles from the + former city. Its necropolis has lately enriched the new + Gregorian museum with some of its most precious treasures, + consisting in gold ornaments of the person, in silver and + painted vases etc. of very ancient and admirable execution. + See Nibby, Analisi storico-topografica etc. as also Grifi. + The Etruscan and Egyptian museums entitle His present + Holiness Gregory XVI to be ranked with many of His + predecessors among the greatest and most munificent patrons + and collectors of ancient monuments.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote2" + name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a> + + <p>If we compare with this term others of similar + termination, such as <i>sanctimonia</i> from + <i>sanctus</i>, we shall find in them a confirmation of the + etymology given above: <i>monia</i> serves to form the + substantive, but does not otherwise alter the meaning.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote3" + name="footnote3"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a> + + <p>S. Greg. M. lib. VII, epist. 64.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote4" + name="footnote4"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a> + + <p>See Le Brun, Explic. Missae T. 2. dis. 1. Also Renaudot. + They have however been refuted by Assemani, Maratori and + Zaccaria.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote5" + name="footnote5"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a> + + <p>The <i>Pater noster</i> is still said in secret, except + after the canon of the Mass, because at that part of the + Liturgy only the faithful were present. See Moroni's + learned work entitled, Dizionario di erudizione + ecclesiastica.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote6" + name="footnote6"></a><b>Footnote 6:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a> + + <p>See Schelstratius, de Disciplina Arcani, or Trevern's + answer to Faber's Difficulties of Romanism: also Bingham + lib. X, c. 5. Times are now so much altered that it is + difficult to conceive how the Reserve in communicating + Religious knowledge recommended in one of the Tracts for + the Times could be practicable, even if it were judged + expedient.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote7" + name="footnote7"></a><b>Footnote 7:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag7">(return)</a> + + <p>It was first published by B. Card. Tommasi from a very + ancient manuscript in the queen of Sweden's library. Cave, + Mabillon, Muratori, Assemani and other eminent critics + admit its authenticity. There is however another + sacramentary <i>perhaps</i> more ancient called the + Leonian, because it is attributed by the learned to Leo the + great, A.D. 450. It was first published by Bianchini in the + 4th volume of Anastasius the librarian from a Verona MS. + written 1100 years ago.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote8" + name="footnote8"></a><b>Footnote 8:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag8">(return)</a> + + <p>This new Gregorian sacramentary was carried to England + by St. Augustin and the other missionaries. Mr. Palmer and + after him Mr. Froude (Remains, vol. 2nd, p. 387) give a + similar account of the Roman liturgy. They, like archbishop + Wake, attribute the origin of the Roman, Oriental, Ethiopic + and Mozarabic liturgies to St. Peter, St. James, St. Mark + and St. John, and observe that all other liturgies are + copied from one or other of these. "In each of these four + original liturgies the eucharist is regarded as a mystery + and as a sacrifice" p. 395: they all agree in the principal + ceremonies of the mass, and all contain a prayer for the + rest and peace of all those who have departed this life in + God's faith and fear" p. 393. "Now it may be reasonably + presumed", says archbishop Wake "that those passages + wherein all these liturgies agree, in sense at least, if + not in words, were first prescribed in the writings of the + ancient fathers". See Tracts for the times, no. 63.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote9" + name="footnote9"></a><b>Footnote 9:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag9">(return)</a> + + <p>They who wish for further details may consult Le Brun, + Card. Bona, Martene, Gavant, Rock's Hierurgia etc.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote10" + name="footnote10"></a><b>Footnote 10:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag10">(return)</a> + + <p>Because anciently sung from the <i>steps</i> of the + <i>ambo</i> or pulpit, according to Rabanus Maurus an + author of the 9th century, and others. In the ancient + churches there were generally in the <i>chorus</i> or choir + two ambones, one from which at solemn masses the lector and + at a later period the subdeacon used to sing the gospel, + with his face usually turned towards that side of the + church, where the <i>men</i> were assembled; at Rome this + was generally the south side. At low masses the missal was + removed from the epistle side of the altar at the beginning + of the offertory, in order to leave room for the offerings, + according to an Ordinarium of Monte Casino of the year + 1100. It has for a long time been customary to remove it + before the gospel, which the priest recites turned towards + the same direction as the deacon at high mass. Mystical + meanings were afterwards assigned for this removal of the + book.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote11" + name="footnote11"></a><b>Footnote 11:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag11">(return)</a> + + <p>It is astonishing how Mr. Palmer could assert that "Leo + bishop of Rome in the fifth century appears to have been + the only bishop who preached in the Roman church for many + Footnote: and it is said that none of his successors until + the time of Pius the fifth, five hundred years afterwards, + imitated his example". Orig. Liturg. vol. II, p. 59. + Bingham I. IV, c. §.3. Mr. Palmer forgot all the homilies + of Gregory the great, as well as the chronology of the + Popes. The latter might find in the multiplicity and + importance of their other occupations abundant motives for + abstaining from preaching, a duty to which so many of their + clergy dedicate themselves. That the early Popes however + preached there can be no doubt, although most of their + homilies, if ever written, have not reached our time. Not + only the example of S. Peter who (whatever we may think of + the local tradition of Rocca S. Pietro above Palestrina) + used certainly to preach, as the Acts of the Apostles + prove; but the general custom of other cities would induce + the zealous Bishops of Rome to exhort and encourage their + flock, particularly in time of persecution; and that at a + later period they were not unaccustomed to preach is + evident from the Ordo Romanus of Card. Gaetano published by + Mabillon and from a Vatican MS. no. 4231, p. 197; both + these documents are quoted by Cancellieri, <i>Descriz. + delle Cappelle etc. p. 328</i>. See proofs that the Popes + preached drawn up in chronological order in Sala's notes to + Card. Bona, lib. 2. c. 7-</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote12" + name="footnote12"></a><b>Footnote 12:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag12">(return)</a> + + <p>S. Ambros. Ep. 13, serm. 34.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote13" + name="footnote13"></a><b>Footnote 13:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag13">(return)</a> + + <p>Of the ancient offerings the following vestiges remain: + candles are offered by the clergy at their ordination, + bread and wine by bishops at their consecration, chalices + and torches by the Roman senate on particular festivals, + and in fine bread, wine, water, and, till lately, doves and + other birds at the canonisation of the Saints. On the + ancient offerings see Cancellieri, de Secretaries, t. I, p. + 181.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote14" + name="footnote14"></a><b>Footnote 14:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag14">(return)</a> + + <p>"This custom prevailed universally in the Christian + church from the earliest period" Palmer Orig. Liturg. vol. + 2, p. 75.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote15" + name="footnote15"></a><b>Footnote 15:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag15">(return)</a> + + <p>As the ancient Roman houses had an <i>impluvium</i> in + the midst of the <i>atrium</i>, so in the <i>atria</i> + annexed to the Christian churches was one or more fountains + (Eus. Eccl. Hist. l. X, c. 4) and sometimes a well or + cistern. In these the faithful used to wash their hands + (Tertull. De orat. §, De lavat. man.) Thus in the atrium of + St. Paul's basilica there was a cantharus, restored by Pope + Leo I, of which the saint writes thus to Ennodius;</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Quisque suis meritis veneranda sacraria + Pauli</p> + + <p class="i4">Ingrederis, supplex ablue fonte + manus.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>The <i>cantharus</i> is mentioned by Virgil Eclog. VI, + 21.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Et gravis adtritâ pendebat cantharus ansa.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>A large vessel of this description may be seen in the + <i>cortili</i> of S. Cecilia and SS. Apostoli at Rome. It + used to be blessed on the vigil or festival of the + Epiphany, as it is now in the Greek and even the Roman + church. When churches were built without <i>atria</i>, a + vessel of blessed water was placed inside the church: in + some of the older churches there is even a well. See Nibby, + <i>Dissert. sulla forma, etc. delle antiche chiese</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote16" + name="footnote16"></a><b>Footnote 16:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag16">(return)</a> + + <p>See Le Brun tom. IV, diss. 15. Super usu recitandi + silentio missæ partem etc. This custom was connected with + the discipline of secrecy. The scripture itself does not + mention what words Christ used, when He "gave thanks", + before He pronounced the words of consecration; and the + early church imitated this reserve. Anciently curtains + concealed the altar, during the most solemn part of mass, + as now in some Oriental churches. St. John Chrysostom (Hom. + 3, in Ep. ad Ephes.) mentions this custom; and traces of it + still remain at St. Clement's church in Rome.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote17" + name="footnote17"></a><b>Footnote 17:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag17">(return)</a> + + <p>See ancient inscriptions from the catacombs, containing + prayers for the dead in Bock's Hierurgia (vol. 2, ch. 7), + also in Annali delle Scienze Religiose, Luglio 1839, as + also in the well-known works on the catacombs. Bingham + admits that the eucharistic sacrifice was offered for S. + Augustine, S. Monica, the emperors Constantine and + Valentinian at their funerals. (S. Ambrose prayed for + Valentinian Gratian and Theodosius.) "In the communion + service" says he "according to the custom of those times, a + solemn commemoration was made of the dead in general, and + prayers were offered to God for them". Bingham, Antiq. l. + 23, c. 2. "The custom of praying and offering up sacrifice + for the faithful departed most evidently appears to have + prevailed in the church even from the time of the + apostles", says the Protestant bishop Milles, Opera S. + Cyrilli. p. 297. "In primitive times" says Palmer "these + commemorations (in the mass) were accompanied by prayers + for the departed". Origin. Liturg. vol. 2, p. 94. With + these Protestant admissions before us and many others + collected in the Annali delle Scienze Relig. Luglio 1839, + we opine that the Rev. Mr. Breeks ought to have been + solicitous for his own soul rather than for that of Mrs. + Wolfrey, whose inscription was dictated by the spirit of + primitive Christianity. The following is the inscription on + Thorndike's tomb at Westminster "Tu lector, requiem ei et + beatam in Xto resurrectionem precare". On Bp. Barrow's tomb + at S. Asaph's "O vos transeuntes in domum Domini, domum + orationis, orate pro conservo vestro ut inveniat requiem in + die Domini". Both were written by their own direction: + other Protestant testimonies may be seen ap. Srett. o. + 462.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote18" + name="footnote18"></a><b>Footnote 18:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag18">(return)</a> + + <p>Pope Vigilius (A.D. 538.) in his epistle to Profuturus, + bishop of Braga in Spain, says, that the canon never + varied, but that on particular festivals "we make + commemoration of the holy solemnity, or of those saints + whose nativities we celebrate".</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote19" + name="footnote19"></a><b>Footnote 19:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag19">(return)</a> + + <p>"The bread which we break is it not the communion of the + body of Christ". 1 Cor. X, 16.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote20" + name="footnote20"></a><b>Footnote 20:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag20">(return)</a> + + <p>This custom we may consider with Palmer as a memorial of + an ancient mode of communicating under both kinds united, + which is still observed in the oriental churches: Vol. 2, + p. 146; or with Le Brim as a record of the practice of + sending the particle to the priests of titular churches, T. + 4. Micrologus and others consider this mixture as a + representation of Christ's resurrection. It is very + ancient, as Sala shews.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote21" + name="footnote21"></a><b>Footnote 21:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag21">(return)</a> + + <p>"St. Paul calls the Eucharist 1 Cor. X, 16 the cup of + <i>blessing</i> which <i>we bless</i>." This incidental + information vouchsafed to us in scripture, should lead us + to be very cautious how we put aside other usages of the + early church concerning this sacrament, which do not happen + to be clearly mentioned in scripture". Tracts for the + Times, Vol. 1, no. 34. The "Mass" in Cranmer's Form of + prayer and administration of the Sacraments, which was + declared by act of Parliament "agreable to the word of God + and the primitive church" differs but little from the Roman + mass above described. See Pugin's Letter on the proposed + Protestant Memorial. London 1839.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote22" + name="footnote22"></a><b>Footnote 22:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag22">(return)</a> + + <p>Macri in his Hierolexicon says, that the Cardinal + kneels, to incense the Pope when seated, from respect to + his <i>cattedra</i> or chair, which is the first see in the + Christian church. Others say from respect to his temporal + sovereignty, the archbishops of Milan are incensed with the + same formality. This custom is mentioned in the 13th + century by Card. Giaconio Gaetano. Ordo Romanus § 112. A + certain love of proportion may have had its share in the + origin of this ceremony, by which the same relative height + is preserved between the Pope and the Cardinal in all cases + in which the former is incensed. Thus also the assistant + Bishop, who holds the Missal for the Pope, kneels when He + is seated, and stands when He stands. We kneel to the Pope + to receive his blessing, as we do to bishops and even + priests; we also kneel from respect to his exalted dignity, + not only as sovereign, but also as head of the Catholic + church. It is well known that the British peers kneel even + to the empty throne of their sovereign. Kneeling is a very + ancient token of profound respect; it was paid to Joseph in + Egypt, Gen. XLI, 43; to Elias, 4 Kings I, 13 etc.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote23" + name="footnote23"></a><b>Footnote 23:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag23">(return)</a> + + <p>"O that an angel" says St. Ambrose, "would appear to us + also, when incensing the altar, and offering sacrifice". + Expl. in. Luc. l. 1, c. 25, n. 9.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote24" + name="footnote24"></a><b>Footnote 24:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag24">(return)</a> + + <p>Incense is, as we shall see in c. 2; an emblem of + prayer, and in this sense it is offered to the B. + Sacrament, to Christ represented by the crucifix, and + adored on the altar. The gospel is incensed to signify the + sweet odour which it communicates to our souls; and the + ministers of God, to signify, according to St. Thomas, that + God maketh manifest <i>the odour</i> of his knowledge by us + in every place: "For we are unto God <i>the good odour</i> + of Christ in them who are saved, and in them who perish". 2 + Cor. II, 14, 15. In fine the bread and wine offered to God + are incensed to signify the spices with which the body of + Christ was embalmed in the tomb; such at least is the + explanation given in the Liturgy of St. Chrysostom; and it + is from the oriental churches that the Latin church has + taken this last practice. Incense is a token of respect in + these and other cases.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote25" + name="footnote25"></a><b>Footnote 25:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag25">(return)</a> + + <p>A taper with a stand, called a <i>bugia</i>, is held at + divine service for persons in ecclesiastical dignity, as a + sign of distinction, and to throw additional light on the + book from which they read. The taper held for the Pope at + the <i>cappelle</i> has no stand, and is enkindled from a + light concealed within the desk, on which the assistant + Bishop places the missal. This is a memorial of an ancient + monastic custom mentioned by Martene Lib. 1, De rit. Eccl. + p. 277, 232.</p> + </blockquote><span class="pagenum"><a name="page22" + id="page22"></a>[pg 22]</span> + + <h2>CHAP. II.</h2> + + <h3>ON THE CEREMONIES OF PALM-SUNDAY</h3> + + <h4><i>CONTENTS.</i></h4> + + <blockquote> + <p>Part 1. <i>Introductory</i>. Mysteries and devotion of + holy-week—Palm-Sunday, entry of Christ into + Jerusalem—of Julius II into Rome—Sixtus V and + Captain Bresca—triumphant return of Pius VII to Rome, + contrasted with ancient Roman triumphs. Part 2. + <i>Descriptive</i>, Palm-sunday—lights used at mass + etc.—vestments—<i>ubbidienza</i>, blessing of + the palms, benedictions, holy water, + incense—distribution of the palms—order in + which the prelates and others receive them—solemn + procession with palms, <i>sedia + gestatoria</i>—ceremonies peculiar to this + procession—its antiquity—High mass, its + peculiar ceremonies on + palm-sunday—Passio—Cardinal great Penitentiary + at S. John Lateran's.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote> + <p>"<i>Hosanna to the son of David: blessed is he that + cometh in the name of the Lord, Hosanna in the + highest</i>". Matt. XXI, 9.</p> + </blockquote> + + <p class="side">P. I. Holy-week</p> + + <p>The sufferings and death of Jesus Christ are the mysteries + which the catholic church commemorates during holy week. "On + these days" says S. John Chrysostom (in Ps. CXCIV) "was the + tyranny of the devil overthrown, sin and its curse were taken + away, heaven was opened and made accessible". It was then + becoming that christians should consecrate these days of mercy, + of grace and <span class="pagenum"><a name="page23" + id="page23"></a>[pg 23]</span> salvation to exercises of + penance, devotion, and thanksgiving. The imposing liturgy of + the Roman church is at this season more than usually solemn; + and it is our task to describe, and endeavour to trace to + their origin, its varied ceremonies.</p> + + <p class="side">Palm-Sunday, Christ's entry into Jerusalem.</p> + + <p>Palm-sunday is so called from the commemoration of our + blessed Saviour's entry into Jerusalem, when, according to St. + John (XII, 13) "a great multitude took branches of palm-trees, + and went forth to meet him, and cried: "Hosanna, blessed is he + that cometh in the name of the Lord". Thus when Simon Maccabee + subdued Jerusalem, he entered it "with thanksgiving and + branches of palm-trees, and harps, and cymbals, and hymns and + canticles, because the great enemy was destroyed out of + Israel". 1 Macc. XIII. The entry of our divine Redeemer + therefore was one of triumph: but it was also the entry of a + king into his capital: for "many spread their garments in the + way" (Mark XI, 8), as when Jehu was elected king, (4 Kings IX, + 13), the Israelites spread their garments under his feet. Thus + also Plutarch relates of Cato of Utica, that the soldiers + regretting the expiration of his authority with many tears and + embraces spread their garments, where he passed on foot.</p> + + <p>Pope Julius II returning to Rome after the siege of + Mirandola distributed palms to the Roman court at S. Maria del + Popolo; and then rode in triumphal procession to the Vatican + passing under seven arches adorned with representations of his + extraordinary and heroic deeds<a id="footnotetag26" + name="footnotetag26"></a><a href="#footnote26"><sup>26</sup></a>.</p> + + <p class="side">Sixtus V and Captain Bresca.</p> + + <p>When Sixtus V. undertook to erect in the Piazza di San + Pietro the ponderous egyptian obelisk<a id="footnotetag27" + name="footnotetag27"></a><a href="#footnote27"><sup>27</sup></a>, + which formerly <span class="pagenum"><a name="page24" + id="page24"></a>[pg 24]</span> adorned Nero's circus at the + Vatican, he forbade on pain of death that any one should + speak lest the attention of the workmen should be taken off + from their arduous task. A naval officer of S. Remo, who + happened to be present, foreseeing that the ropes would take + fire, cried out "<i>acqua alle funi</i>". He was immediately + arrested by the Swiss guards, as we see him represented in + the small fresco in the Vatican library, and was conducted + before the Pontiff. Sixtus shewed that his severity was + based on justice; for instead of punishing the transgressor + of his orders, he offered him the choice of his own reward. + They who have observed the great abundance of palms which + grow in the neighbourhood of S. Remo, on the coast between + Nice and Genoa, will not be surprised to hear, that the + first wish of the gallant captain was to enjoy the privilege + of supplying the pontifical chapel with palms. The Pope + granted him this exclusive right and it is still enjoyed by + one of his family.</p> + + <p class="side">Return of Pius VII to Rome.</p> + + <p>When the meek and benevolent Pius VII was returning to Rome + from exile and captivity, Dr. Bresca, one of the captain's + descendants, contrived, though not without great risk, to + convey to Rome the choicest palms of S. Remo and Bordighera. At + the house of his friend Viale half a mile outside the Porta del + Popolo, he assembled twenty five <i>orfanelli</i> dressed in + their white cassocks, and forty-five <i>verginelle</i>. When + the carriage of the beloved Pontiff approached, this double + choir of children appeared, bearing palms in their hands and + singing joyous canticles of benediction but I must describe + this lovely scene in the melodious language of the south. + "Ciascuno di essi (says Cancellieri) recava in mano una di + queste palme di color d'oro altissime e cadenti come tante + vaghissime piume. Sei zitelle sostenevano de'galanti panieri di + freschissimi fiori pendenti dal loro collo, con nastri bianchi + e gialli, relativi allo stendardo Pontificio. Quindi tutti si + schierarono in buon <span class="pagenum"><a name="page25" + id="page25"></a>[pg 25]</span> ordine sulle due ale delta + strada, e mentre le ragazze versavano graziosamente a mani + piene da' loro canestrelli la verzura ed i fiori, quella + selva ondeggiante di palme, tributate al trionfo del S. + Padre dal candore e dall' innocenza, sorprese con la novità + di uno spettacolo, che non potè a meno d'intenerire, e di + muovere tutti gli astanti".</p> + + <p>If we now look back for a moment to the triumphs of the + pagan emperors, well may we bless God for the change which the + religion of Christ has wrought in this city. After they had let + loose war, and famine, and pestilence, to prey upon hapless + nations, they ascended the Capitol to offer incense with + polluted hands to their profane gods; and meantime the groans + of the dying and unpitied princes, whom they had reserved to + decorate their triumph, ascended from the scala Gemonia to call + down the vengeance of heaven upon their oppressors. But while + the pacific and holy vicar of Christ returns in triumph to his + capital, the lips of babes and sucklings sing his praises, as + they did those of his Divine Master, and he implores heaven to + shower down benedictions on his enemies as well as his beloved + children.</p> + + <p class="side">P. II Papal chapel on palm-sunday.</p> + + <p class="side">Lights used at mass, etc.</p> + + <p>At about 9 o'clock on palm-sunday morning the Cardinals, + Prelates and others assemble near the chapel of the Pieta at S. + Peter's, as at present the solemn service takes place in that + basilica, and not as formerly in the Sixtine chapel. The + crucifix over the altar is veiled, in token of the mourning of + the church over her divine spouse's + sufferings<a id="footnotetag28" + name="footnotetag28"></a><a href="#footnote28"><sup>28</sup></a>. + On the altar are six lighted candles, and other torches are + brought in after the <i>Sanctus</i> of the Mass, + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page26" + id="page26"></a>[pg 26]</span> and held till after the + elevation, in honour of the B. Sacrament, by four <i>acoliti + ceroferarii</i><a id="footnotetag29" + name="footnotetag29"></a><a href="#footnote29"><sup>29</sup></a>.</p> + + <p class="side">sacred vestments</p> + + <p>As the pope is to bless and distribute the palms, and a + solemn procession is to take place, the Cardinals put on their + sacred vestments, viz. all of them the amice, the cardinal + bishops the surplice and the cope, the priests the chasuble, + and the deacons a chasuble shorter in front than that of the + priests. The auditors of the Rota, <i>Cherici di Camera, + Votanti</i>, and <i>Abbreviatori</i> put on a <i>cotta</i> or + supplice. The bishops and mitred abbots wear the cope, and the + <i>Penitenzieri</i> or confessors of St. Peter's, the chasuble. + The copes of the cardinal bishops are ornamented with a + <i>formale</i>, adorned with three large bosses or projections + of pearls arranged in a perpendicular line, while the Pope's + are in a triangular order, evidently alluding, to the blessed + Trinity. As this is a day of mourning, the sacred vestments are + purple.</p> + + <p class="side"><i>ubbidienza.</i></p> + + <p>Thus attired and holding their mitres the Cardinals remain + standing while the Pope is vested by the assistant + Cardinal-deacons who put on His Holiness the amice, alb, + girdle, stole, red cope, <i>formale</i> or clasp, and mitre. + All then move in procession towards the high-altar in the order + observed in the procession of the palms, as described + below:<a id="footnotetag30" + name="footnotetag30"></a><a href="#footnote30"><sup>30</sup></a> + the Pope descends from His <i>sedia gestatoria</i> to adore + the Holy Sacrament with the Cardinals etc. The + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page27" + id="page27"></a>[pg 27]</span> procession then goes to the + high-altar; and having prayed for a short time before it, + the Pope goes to the throne,<a id="footnotetag31" + name="footnotetag31"></a><a href="#footnote31"><sup>31</sup></a> + and there receives the <i>ubbidienza</i> or homage of all + the cardinals present, who in turn kiss His right hand + covered with the cope. This ceremony which takes place at + all solemn offices, except on good friday, and at masses for + the dead, bears some resemblance to the old homage of feudal + times<a id="footnotetag32" + name="footnotetag32"></a><a href="#footnote32"><sup>32</sup></a>.</p> + + <p class="side">Blessing of the palms.</p> + + <p>Some palms are arranged on the altar. The Pope's chief + Sacristan, who is a bishop chosen from the Augustinian order + bears one, and kneels on the steps of the throne between the + deacon and subdeacon, who bear two larger palms. His Holiness + reads the usual prayers over the palms, sprinkles them with + holy water, and incenses them three + times.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page28" + id="page28"></a>[pg 28]</span> + + <p class="side">Distribution of the palms.</p> + + <p>When the palms have been blessed<a id="footnotetag33" + name="footnotetag33"></a><a href="#footnote33"><sup>33</sup></a>, + the Cardinal Dean receives from the governor of Rome and + presents to the Pope those three palms, which were borne by + <i>M. Sagrista</i>, the deacon and subdeacon. One of these + is held during the service by the prince assistant at the + throne, the other two are delivered to the care of <i>M. + Coppiere</i>, one of the <i>Camerieri segreti + partecipanti</i>: the shortest is carried + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page29" + id="page29"></a>[pg 29]</span> by the Pope in the + procession. An embroidered apron is now placed over the + Pope's knees, and the cardinals in turn receive a palm from + Him, kissing the palm, his right hand and knee. The bishops + present kiss the palm which they receive and his right knee: + and the mitred abbots and <i>Penitenzieri</i> kiss the palm + and his foot<a id="footnotetag34" + name="footnotetag34"></a><a href="#footnote34"><sup>34</sup></a>, + as do all who come after them in the following order, which + is observed also on good-friday at the kissing of the cross, + and it is also on candlemas-day and ash-wednesday.</p> + + <p>The Governor, the Prince assistant, the <i>Uditore della + Camera</i>, the Treasurer, the <i>Maggiordomo</i>, the + Apostolic protonotaries; the Generals of Religious Orders, the + <i>Conservatori</i> and Prior of the <i>Caporioni</i>, the + <i>Maestro del S. Ospizio</i>, the <i>Uditori di Rota</i>, the + <i>Maestro del S. Palazzo</i>, the <i>Votanti di Segnatura</i>, + the <i>Abbreviatori del Parco maggiore</i>, the priest, deacon, + and subdeacon who assist the cardinal who is to celebrate mass, + the Masters of ceremonies, the <i>Camerieri segreti</i> and + <i>d'onore</i>, the Consistorial advocates, the <i>Cappellani + segreti</i>, <i>d'onore</i> and <i>comuni</i>, the <i>Ajutanti + di camera</i>, the <i>bussolanti</i>, the <i>Procuratori + generali</i> of religious orders, the <i>Procuratori di + Collegio</i>, the singers, the clerks of the papal chapel, the + cardinal's <i>caudatarii</i>, the <i>ostiarii</i>, the + mace-bearers, some students of the German college, and in fine + such noblemen and gentlemen as are admitted on this occasion to + receive a palm from His Holiness, who is assisted as usual by + two Card. deacons.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page30" + id="page30"></a>[pg 30]</span> + + <p>During the distribution of the palms, the anthems <i>Pueri + Hebræorum</i> etc. are sung by the choir; and when it is + finished, the Pope washes His hands, and says the usual + concluding prayer: the prince stationed at the throne brings + the water, and the Cardinal Dean presents the towel to His + Holiness.</p> + + <p class="side"><i>Solemn procession.</i></p> + + <p>The Pope then puts incense into the thurible for the + procession, and the first Card. Deacon turning towards the + people says according to the old formula Let us proceed in + peace: the choir answers, in the name of Christ. Amen'. The + procession, in which the blessed palms are carried, moves round + S. Peter's, in the following order, which is observed also for + the most part on holy thursday and good friday. The + <i>Procuratori di Collegio</i>,<a id="footnotetag35" + name="footnotetag35"></a><a href="#footnote35"><sup>35</sup></a> + <i>Procuratori generali</i>, the <i>Bussolanti</i>, the + <i>Ajutanti di Camera</i>, <i>Cappellani comuni</i> and + <i>segreti</i>, the Consistorial advocates, the <i>Camerieri + d' onore</i>, and <i>segreti</i>, the singers, the + <i>Abbreviatori, Votanti di Segnatura, Cherici di Camera, + Uditori di Rota</i>, the Thurifer, (<i>Votante di + Segnatura</i>), the Subdeacon (<i>Uditore di Rota</i>) who + carries the cross ornamented with a small palm, between two + acolythes (<i>Votanti di Segnatura</i>) carrying candles, + the <i>Penitenzieri</i>, the mitred abbots, bishops and the + Cardinal deacons, priests and bishops all wearing their + mitres.<a id="footnotetag36" + name="footnotetag36"></a><a href="#footnote36"><sup>36</sup></a> + The Pope is preceded by many officers of his guards (who go + to the throne towards the end of the distribution of palms), + the <i>Maestro del S. Ospizio</i>, the <i>Conservatori</i>, + Senator and Governor of Rome. His Holiness is carried on his + <i>Sedia gestatoria</i><a id="footnotetag37" + name="footnotetag37"></a><a href="#footnote37"><sup>37</sup></a> + under a canopy supported + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page31" + id="page31"></a>[pg 31]</span> by 8 <i>Referendarii</i> + (prelates of the tribunal of <i>Segnatura</i>) between the + <i>flabelli</i> carried by two of His <i>Camerieri</i>. He + is followed by the dean of the Rota (whose duty it is to + bear His mitre) between two <i>camerieri segreti</i> (who as + well as two Auditors of the Rota bear His train when + occasion requires), by the <i>Uditore della Camera</i>, the + Treasurer, <i>Maggiordomo</i>, Protonotaries and Generals of + religious orders.</p> + + <p>During the procession the choir sings the anthem, <i>Cum + appropinquaret etc.</i> When the procession is in the portico, + two soprano singers reenter the basilica, and shut the door: + then turning towards the door, they sing the first verse of the + hymn <i>Gloria, laus et honor</i><a id="footnotetag38" + name="footnotetag38"></a><a href="#footnote38"><sup>38</sup></a> + and the other verses alternately with the choir, which + remains without. The <span class="pagenum"><a name="page32" + id="page32"></a>[pg 32]</span> subdeacon knocks at the gate + with the cross, and it is immediately opened; the procession + returns into the church, and the choir sings the concluding + anthems.</p> + + <p class="side"><i>its antiquity.</i></p> + + <p>The solemn commemoration, which we have described, of + Christ's triumphant entry into Jerusalem, could never have + taken place during times of persecution: nor did it originate + immediately after Constantine had ensured peace to the church. + Martene (De ant. Eccl. Rit. lib. IV, c. 20) could find no + mention of it before the 8th or 9th century, when Amalarius + says "In memory of this we are accustomed to carry + palm-branches, and cry Hosanna". Merati however, in his notes + to Gavant, considers that he has found traces of it in the + Gregorian and Gelasian sacramentaries, and in a Roman calendar + of the beginning of the fifth century<a id="footnotetag39" + name="footnotetag39"></a><a href="#footnote39"><sup>39</sup></a> + and his opinion is adopted by Benedict XIV. The ceremonies + of the church of Jerusalem on this day were a still closer + imitation of the entry of Christ into that city.</p> + + <p>When the procession is ended, the cardinals, bishops, and + mitred abbots take off their sacred vestments and the prelates + their surplices, and they all resume their respective + <i>cappe</i>; the <i>Penitenzieri</i> retire, and mass is + celebrated by a cardinal of the order of priests. Having + already given an account not only of low mass, but also of the + additional ceremonies of high mass, as celebrated in the papal + chapel, we shall here mention those only which are peculiar to + palm-sunday.</p> + + <p>At those words of the epistle (which is sung as usual by the + subdeacon), "in the name of Jesus let every knee bow", the + whole assembly kneels to adore their divine Redeemer, who + became obedient unto death for our salvation. The affecting + account of His sufferings and death + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page33" + id="page33"></a>[pg 33]</span> is then sung by three + priests<a id="footnotetag40" + name="footnotetag40"></a><a href="#footnote40"><sup>40</sup></a> + belonging to the pontifical choir, and habited as deacons in + alb and stole. The history itself is sung by a tenor voice, + the words, of our Saviour by a bass, and those of any other + single voice by a <i>contralto</i>, called the + <i>ancilla</i>, as he sings the words of the <i>maid</i> to + S. Peter: the choir sings the words of the + multitude<a id="footnotetag41" + name="footnotetag41"></a><a href="#footnote41"><sup>41</sup></a>. + The church, mourning over the sufferings of her divine + Spouse, does not allow the incense, lights, or the + benediction and salutation usual before the gospel; but the + palms are borne to signify the triumphs consequent on His + death as they are also from the elevation till after the + communion. All stand up as usual from respect to the holy + gospel ("as servants before their Lord" Amalarius) but kneel + for a short time at the words "Jesus crying with a loud + voice yielded up the ghost", to adore that God of love who + died for mankind. The latter part of the gospel is sung in + the usual chant by the deacon, but without the customary + lights<a id="footnotetag42" + name="footnotetag42"></a><a href="#footnote42"><sup>42</sup></a>. + At the offertory is sung the first part of the beautiful + hymn <i>Stabat Mater</i>: the music is Palestrina's, and is + justly and highly panegyrised by Baini; it has been + published by Dr. Burney. Both the <i>introit</i> and + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page34" + id="page34"></a>[pg 34]</span> communion are sung without, + and the offertory with, counterpoint: the <i>Kyrie + eleison</i>, Gradual and tract, in plain chant. The + Benedictus qui venit is usually very beautiful. At the end + of the mass, as there has been no sermon, the Card. + celebrant announces from the altar the Pope's usual grant to + all present of an indulgence<a id="footnotetag43" + name="footnotetag43"></a><a href="#footnote43"><sup>43</sup></a> + or remission of the <i>temporal</i> punishment due for past + sins, whose guilt has been already remitted.</p> + + <p class="side">indulgences</p> + + <p>When the mass is ended, the palms are carried home by those + who have received them, and are preserved with respect. Two + larger than the rest are kept until the ascension, in the + sacristy called the <i>Letto dei Paramenti</i> because + anciently the aged Pontiffs after their fatiguing walk to the + stational churches used to repose on a <i>letto</i> or bed + prepared for them in the sacristy, where they afterwards put on + the <i>paramenti</i> or vestments. The paschal candle also, an + emblem of Christ the true light, as we shall afterwards see is + removed on the day of the ascension: this circumstance may + explain the above-mentioned + custom.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page35" + id="page35"></a>[pg 35]</span> + + <p class="side">Cardinal penitentiary at S. John Lateran's.</p> + + <p>In the afternoon of palm-sunday, the Cardinal great + Penitentiary goes in state to S. John Lateran's. He is met, + before he enters their college, by the minor penitentiaries, + who at this basilic are Franciscans, <i>minori osservanti</i>. + Having sprinkled those present with holy water, he goes up to + their private oratory<a id="footnotetag44" + name="footnotetag44"></a><a href="#footnote44"><sup>44</sup></a> + in the Lateran palace, whither he is escorted by the + prelates and other ministers of the apostolic + <i>Penitenzieria</i>. After a short prayer, he proceeds to + the library, where he holds the <i>Segnatura</i> or tribunal + for signing documents relating to his office, and afterwards + enters the basilic of St. John Lateran's, where he is + received by four canons. Here seated at his tribunal of + penance, he touches with his rod the heads of the prelates, + ministers and others who approach to him; and for this act + of humiliation they receive an indulgence, or remission of + the canonical penance, of 100 days. He also hears the + confessions of any persons who may choose to present + themselves: but the solution of difficult cases and + absolution from crimes reserved to his jurisdiction may be + obtained without confessing to his Eminence on so public an + occasion<a id="footnotetag45" + name="footnotetag45"></a><a href="#footnote45"><sup>45</sup></a>.</p><span class="pagenum"> + <a name="page36" + id="page36"></a>[pg 36]</span> + + <p>The ceremonies, which we have described, are designed to + honour our divine Redeemer, whose actions and sufferings are + thereby commemorated, and at the same time to excite sentiments + of devotion in the hearts of His servants. Here ought the + catholic to exercise faith, hope, love, and contrition for his + sins: and <i>all</i>, of whatever country or creed they may be, + who are admitted with hospitality and liberality to witness the + solemn and imposing service, if they do not feel such noble + sentiments, ought at least to observe that external decorum, + which the season, the place, the hierarchy, and above all the + commemoration of the sufferings of the God of charity will + dictate to every well-educated and well-principled mind. It is + to be lamented, that not only the devotion of Catholics is + disturbed, but their feelings also are occasionally insulted in + their own house of worship by the unbecoming remarks of + individuals—but enough: "you have not so learned Christ: + if yet you have heard him, and have been taught in him, as the + truth is in Jesus". Ephes. IV, 20, 21. If on this day even the + inhabitants of Jerusalem received Him with triumph and jubilee, + let us His disciples and children offer to Him the best tribute + in our power of love praise and adoration.</p> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote26" + name="footnote26"></a><b>Footnote 26:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag26">(return)</a> + + <p>See Cancellieri, <i>Solenni possessi de'Papi, p</i>. + 539.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote27" + name="footnote27"></a><b>Footnote 27:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag27">(return)</a> + + <p>According to Champollion, it was originally erected in + Heliopolis by Ramesses 7th son of the great Ramesses or + Sesostris; Pliny says by Nuncoreus son of Sesostris. + Caligula transported it to Rome, and placed it in the + circus afterwards called Nero's, where it remained standing + till the time of Sixtus V.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote28" + name="footnote28"></a><b>Footnote 28:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag28">(return)</a> + + <p>It was customary in Lent, says St. Audoenus, to cover + with a linen veil the tomb of Eligius to conceal the + brightness of the gold and the splendour of the gems". Vita + S. Eligii l. 2. c. 40. Thus does the church at this season + put off her costly nuptial robes, and vest herself in weeds + of deepest mourning. The time for veiling the crucifix and + images has varied at different periods. The Saturday before + passion-sunday is now the first, and holy Saturday the last + day, of this observance.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote29" + name="footnote29"></a><b>Footnote 29:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag29">(return)</a> + + <p>S. Isidore (A.D. 600.) observes, that acolythes are + called in Latin <i>Ceroferarii</i> "from their carrying wax + tapers when the gospel is to be read or sacrifice is to be + offered". In the eleventh century Micrologus testifies + "that Mass, according to the <i>Ordo Romanus</i>, was never + celebrated without lights, even in the day time, as a type + of the light of Christ". To this custom we shall recur in + the following chapter.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote30" + name="footnote30"></a><b>Footnote 30:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag30">(return)</a> + + <p>Pietro de Marca maintains, that the crucifix borne + before the Pope was substituted in place of the + <i>labarum</i> or standard carried before the emperors. + That of Constantine had the form of a cross, and was + surmounted with XP the first letters of Christ's name, Eus. + In Vita Const. l. 4.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote31" + name="footnote31"></a><b>Footnote 31:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag31">(return)</a> + + <p>I shall not speak of some ancient ceremonies of holy + week which have fallen into disuse, such as the custom of + carrying the gospel or the B. Sacrament in triumphant + procession on Palm-Sunday, and others alluded to by + Cancellieri and described by Martene, De Antiq. Eccl. + Rit.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote32" + name="footnote32"></a><b>Footnote 32:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag32">(return)</a> + + <p>In times of schism caused by antipopes it was a practice + of the utmost importance. Thus we read in Baronius' Annals + A.D. 1160, that when the antipope Cardinal Octavianus, who + assumed the name of Victor, had been illegitimately + elected, the chapter of St. Peter's came immediately to the + feet of the said Pope Victor, and <i>obeyed</i> "obedivit" + and the clergy and people paid due reverence to him, and a + great multitude in like manner <i>obeyed</i>: "the rectors + also came to his feet, and paid <i>obedience</i> and + reverence". Then follows a long list of the clergy of + various Roman churches, all of whom it is said that they + <i>obeyed</i>. Thus,</p> + + <p>"The Lateran prior and his canons <i>obeyed</i>. The + clergy of the patriarchal church of S. Mary Major's + <i>obeyed</i> etc."</p> + + <p>This <i>obedience</i> was evidently an external sign of + their acknowledging Victor as Pope in place of Alexander, + the legitimate pontiff. Anciently the Pope received the + homage of the deacons in the sacristy; they afterwards went + out of the sacristy to put on their dalmatics. Cancellieri + de Secretariis T.I. In the sacristy the Pope gave the + <i>peace</i> to the Bishops, Cardinals, Prefect, Senator, + and other lay princes according to the canon Benedict, + Cencius Camerarius and Cajetan. The ordines Romani mention + the bowing of the Subdeacon at the knees of the Pontiff, + and the kissing of his hand by the priests, the archdeacon + and secundarius De secretariis T. I, p. 409.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote33" + name="footnote33"></a><b>Footnote 33:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag33">(return)</a> + + <p>Many forms of benediction of persons and things taken + from ancient Pontificals and manuscript rituals may be seen + in Martene, De antiquis Ecclesiae Ritibus. The church + generally uses holy-water and incense when blessing God's + creatures, which are "sanctified by the word of God and + prayer" 1 Tom. IV, 5. God had appointed water of expiation + to be used by the Jews, Numbers XIX. Lustral water used to + be sprinkled also by the Pagans; Terque senem flamma, ter + aqua, ter sulphure purget. Ov. Met. l. 7. Anastasius says + that Alexander I, who was Pope in 108 "appointed that water + for sprinkling should be blessed with salt in private + houses." It is mentioned also in the apostolic + constitutions. Boldetti in his <i>Cemeterii de' martiri</i> + notices the short columns supporting small vases, in + corners of the chapels in the catacombs; and Bottari has + published and illustrated in his <i>Roma sotterranea</i> an + interesting fresco discovered in the catacombs of S. + Agnese, and representing five figures carrying vessels + closely resembling those still used for holy water; four of + those figures carry branches supposed to be of the + palm-tree: the fifth holds an aspergillum with which holy + water is still sprinkled. A copy of this fresco may be seen + also in Rock's Hierurgia, p. 668. Incense is a symbol of + prayers. "Let my prayer, O Lord" we say with the Psalmist + "be directed as incense in thy sight". God had appointed it + to be used in the Jewish worship, and St. John says, that + an "angel came and stood before the altar, having a golden + censer, and there was given to him much incense, that he + should offer of the prayers of all the saints upon the + golden altar, which is before the throne of God: and the + smoke of the incense of the prayers of the saints ascended + up before God, from the hand of the angel". Apoc. VIII, 3, + 5. Of the apostolic antiquity of its use the Protestant + bishop Beveridge adduces proofs in his Vindication of the + apostolical canons. The ancient liturgies of the east and + west agree in prescribing the use of incense, and in + particular at the beginning of mass, at the offertory etc. + See Renaudot, Assemani, Le Brun etc. Constantine, according + to Anastasius in his life of S. Silvester, gave two golden + thuribles to the Lateran basilis, and a third adorned with + jewels to the Baptistery. See Card. Bona, Rerum + Liturgicarum lib. I, c. XXV, § 9.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote34" + name="footnote34"></a><b>Footnote 34:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag34">(return)</a> + + <p>Of the antiquity of the custom of kissing the Pope's + foot we have proofs in Anastasius the librarian in the + lives of Popes Constantine and Leo IV. When Valentine was + elected Pope in 827, his feet were kissed by the Roman + senate and people at S. John Lateran's. Numerous instances + also are on record of sovereigns who have kissed the feet + of the Popes, and Pouyard has written a dissertation to + shew, that this custom was anterior to that of marking the + papal shoes or sandals with a cross. This token of profound + respect was given also to the emperors of the east at + Byzantium.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote35" + name="footnote35"></a><b>Footnote 35:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag35">(return)</a> + + <p>These are distinguished lawyers habited in black + <i>cappe</i>. For an account of the various offices + above-mentioned and of their origin see The Papal Chapel, + Described etc. by C.M. Baggs. Rome. 1839.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote36" + name="footnote36"></a><b>Footnote 36:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag36">(return)</a> + + <p>That crosses, candles and incense were anciently used in + processions appears from S. Gregory of Tours, de Vit. + Patrum, c. 13.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote37" + name="footnote37"></a><b>Footnote 37:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag37">(return)</a> + + <p>The kings and chief magistrates of ancient Rome were + entitled to a <i>sella curulis</i>, or chair of state, + which used to be placed in their chariots. Gell. III; 18. + They were seated on it also at their tribunal on solemn + occasions. Virgil makes old king Latinus say:</p> + + <p>Et <i>sellam regni</i> trabeamque <i>insignia + nostri</i>. Æn. XI. 334. The Romans had borrowed it from + the Etruscans according to Dionysius of Halicarnassus. + (Clement of Alexandria observes, That many of the rites of + Etruria were imported from Asia; and Diodorus (lib. 5.) + represents these insignia as derived from Lydia. See + Phoebens. De Identitate Cathedræ S. Petri p. XX. seq.) It + was richly adorned, <i>conspicuum signis</i>, according to + Ovid, Pont. IV. 5, 18. In the Pope's carriage even now + there is a chair of state, and to Him alone is reserved the + honour of a <i>sedia gestatoria</i>. Pope Stephen II in 751 + was carried to the basilica of Constantine on the shoulders + of the Romans exulting at his election: and from this fact + some derive the custom of carrying the Pope in His chair on + solemn occasions.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote38" + name="footnote38"></a><b>Footnote 38:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag38">(return)</a> + + <p>This hymn is attributed to the abbot Theodulph + afterwards bishop of Orleans, who lived in the 9th century. + If it were true, that he sang it as the emperor Louis le + debonnaire was passing by the prison, in which he was + confined, and that he was in consequence liberated, we + should have a historical reason for the shutting and + opening of the door, and for the hymn's being sung partly + inside the church. This account has however been called in + question by Menard, Macri, Martene and others; and hence + Pouget, and after him Benedict XIV and others are contented + with a mystic reason for such ceremonies, viz, that heaven + was closed to man in consequence of sin, and was opened to + him by the cross of Christ.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote39" + name="footnote39"></a><b>Footnote 39:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag39">(return)</a> + + <p>In these it is called Dominica ad Palmas, Dominica in + Palmis, and in the Gregorian Sacramentary mention is made, + in the prayer which precedes communion, of the faithful + carrying palm-branches.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote40" + name="footnote40"></a><b>Footnote 40:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag40">(return)</a> + + <p>Anciently a cardinal deacon used to read it, and to sing + only the words "Eli, Eli, lamma sabachthani".</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote41" + name="footnote41"></a><b>Footnote 41:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag41">(return)</a> + + <p>The author of this exquisite chant is unknown: Baini + supposes that he was a member of the pontifical choir: it + has been sung in the papal chapel since the middle of the + 13th century. In 1585 it, together with the rest of the + service of holy week, was published by Tommaso da Vittoria + with the words of the people harmonised for 4 and 5 voices; + his method was adopted by the papal choir, which adorns it + with many traditional graces, and in particular gives + occasionally, says Baini, to the words of the multitude + "the irresistible force of a most robust harmony". The + abbate Alfieri has published a new edition of the + <i>Passios</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote42" + name="footnote42"></a><b>Footnote 42:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag42">(return)</a> + + <p>In Africa till the time of S. Augustine, the Passion + used to be read in holy week from the gospel of S. Matthew + alone; but by his direction, as he mentions in his 232nd + discourse, it was read every year from all the four + evangelists; and this custom is still observed.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote43" + name="footnote43"></a><b>Footnote 43:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag43">(return)</a> + + <p>That God, after He has pardoned sin and consequently + remitted its eternal punishment, often, if not generally, + demands temporal satisfaction from the sinner, is evident + from many instances in scripture, such as those of David (2 + Sam. XII) of Moses (Deuteron. XXXII compare Num. XIV) to + say nothing of Adam (Gen. III) and all his posterity, who + endure the temporal punishment of original sin, even when + its stain has been washed away by baptism. Now the church + by virtue of the ample authority with which Christ has + invested her (Matt. XVIII, John XX) and in particular her + chief pastor (Matt. XVI) has from the beginning exercised + the power of remitting the temporal punishment of actual + sins. Thus S. Paul pardoned the incestuous Corinthian (2. + Cor. II): in times of persecution the bishops at the + request of the martyrs remitted the penance imposed on + those who had fallen into idolatry (Tersul. lib. ad + martyres, Euseb. Hist. Eccl. lib. V, c. 4. S. Cyprian. + Epist. XIII etc.), to say nothing of canons of the 4th + century which prescribe that indulgences should be granted + to <i>fervent</i> penitents, of the crusades, and of the + indulgences granted to those who contributed money for the + building of S. Peter's, etc. Indulgences presuppose + repentance and confession, and the performance of those + good works which are prescribed as conditions necessary for + their acquisition, as communion, prayers, alms etc.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote44" + name="footnote44"></a><b>Footnote 44:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag44">(return)</a> + + <p>It was built by Calixtus II, and was for two centuries + and a half the Vestry of the Roman Pontiffs. It was + repaired and consecrated in 1747. See Cancellieri. De + Secretariis T. I, p. 342.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote45" + name="footnote45"></a><b>Footnote 45:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag45">(return)</a> + + <p>In the third century, in the time of Pope Cornelius + there were priests appointed to absolve those who had + fallen into idolatry; and they were called <i>Presbyteri + Pænitentium</i>. S. Marcellus also, according to + Anastasius, after the persecution raised by Diocletian, + appointed in Rome titular churches, in which penance as + well as baptism were administered by priests, the former + sacrament is conferred by the minor penitentiaries. Pope + Simplicius in fine, as we learn from the same author, + destined fixed weeks at S. Peter's, S. Paul's, and S. + Laurence's, to <i>receive penitents</i> and administer + baptism. From the usual custom of Rome in such matters, + Zaccaria argues that during the first five or six + centuries, according to the general custom proved by + Thomassin, the great penitentiary was the <i>bishop himself + of the city</i> in which they resided. It is however + certain, that in the 4th century from the numerous priests + of Constantinople one was selected called a penitentiary, + who took cognisance of crimes, to which public penance was + annexed by the canons. At Rome also there was a cardinal + penitentiary long before the fourth council of Lateran, + which in 1215 prescribed that bishops should appoint + penitentiaries, for Berthod priest of Constance relates in + his chronicle, that in the year 1084 he was promoted to the + dignity of cardinal-priest and penitentiary of the Roman + church.</p> + </blockquote><span class="pagenum"><a name="page37" + id="page37"></a>[pg 37]</span> + + <h2>CHAP III.</h2> + + <h3>ON THE DIVINE OFFICE, AND THE OFFICE OF TENEBRAE IN + PARTICULAR.</h3> + + <h4><i>CONTENTS.</i></h4> + + <blockquote> + <p>PART 1. <i>Introductory</i>. Breviary—Divine + office, its origin—performed by the early + Christians—ancient and modern editions of the + breviary. PART 2. <i>Descriptive</i>. Office of + Tenebræ—Matins and Lauds—extinction of the + lights—meaning of this ceremony—chant, + lamentations—conclusions of the + office—<i>Miserere</i>, its music—Card. + Penitentiary at S. Mary Major's. <i>Trinità dei + Pellegrini</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote> + <p>"<i>I will bless the Lord at all times</i>: <i>his + praise shall always be in my mouth</i>". Ps. XXXIII, 2.</p> + + <p>"<i>He humbled himself, becoming obedient unto death, + even the death of the cross</i>". Phil. II, 8.</p> + </blockquote> + + <p class="side">P. I. Breviary.</p> + + <p>We shall not hesitate to borrow the following account of the + church office contained in the Roman Breviary from a Protestant + divine (Tracts of the Times no. 75). "The word <i>Breviarum</i> + first occurs in the work of an author of the eleventh century + (Micrologus) and it is used to denote a compendium or + systematic arrangement of the devotional offices of the church. + Till that time they were contained in several independent + volumes, according to the nature of each. Such, for instance, + were the <i>Psalteria</i>, <i>Homilaria</i>, <i>Hymnaria</i>, + and the like, to be used in the service in due course. But at + his memorable era, and under the auspices of the Pontiff who + makes it memorable, Gregory VII, an Order was drawn up, for the + use of the Roman <span class="pagenum"><a name="page38" + id="page38"></a>[pg 38]</span> church, containing in one all + these different collections, introducing the separate + members of each in its proper place, and harmonising them + together by the use of rubrics.</p> + + <p class="side">Divine office, its origin.</p> + + <p>"Gregory VII did but restore and harmonise these offices; + which seem to have existed more or less the same in constituent + parts, though not in order and system, from Apostolic times. In + their present shape they are appointed for seven distinct + seasons in the twenty four hours, and consist of prayers, + praises and thanksgivings of various forms; and, as regards + both contents and hours, are the continuation of a system of + worship observed by the Apostles and their converts. As to + <i>contents</i>, the Breviary service consists of the Psalms; + of Hymns and Canticles; of Lessons and Texts from inspired and + Ecclesiastical authors; of Antiphons, Verses and Responses, and + Sentences; and of Collects. And analogous to this seems to have + been the usage of the Corinthian Christians, whom St. Paul + blames for refusing to agree in some common order of worship, + when they came together, <i>every one of them</i> having a + Psalm, or a doctrine, a tongue, a revelation, an interpretation + (1 Cor. XIV, 26). On the other hand, the catholic + <i>seasons</i> of devotion are certainly derived from apostolic + usage. The Jewish observance of the third, sixth and ninth + hours for prayer, was continued by the inspired founders of the + Christian church. What Daniel had practised, even when the + decree was signed forbidding it, "<i>kneeling on his knees + three times a day, and praying and giving thanks unto his + God</i>", S. Peter and the other Apostles were solicitous in + preserving. It was when "<i>they were all with one accord in + one place</i>", at "the <i>third</i> hour of the day", that the + Holy Ghost came down upon them at Pentecost. It was at the + <i>sixth</i> hour, that St. Peter "went up upon the house-top + to pray" and saw the vision revealing to him the admission of + the gentiles into <span class="pagenum"><a name="page39" + id="page39"></a>[pg 39]</span> church. And it was at the + <i>ninth</i> hour that "Peter and John went up together into + the temple", being "the hour of prayer". But though these + were the more remarkable seasons of devotion, there + certainly were others besides them in the first age of the + church. After our Saviour's departure, the Apostles, we are + informed, "all <i>continued</i> with one accord in prayer + and supplication, with the women, and Mary the mother of + Jesus, and with His brethren": and with this accords the + repealed exhortation to pray together without ceasing, which + occurs in St. Paul's epistles. It will be observed that he + insists in one passage on prayer to the abridgment of sleep + (Eph. VI, 18); and one recorded passage of his life + exemplifies his precept: "And at midnight Paul and Silas + prayed, and sang praises unto God, and the prisoners heard + them".</p> + + <p>In subsequent times the Hours of prayer were gradually + developed from the three, or (with midnight) the four seasons + above enumerated, to seven, viz. by the addition of Prime (the + first hour), Vespers (the evening), and Compline (bedtime); + according to the words of the Psalm, "Seven times a day do I + praise Thee, because of Thy righteous judgment. Other pious and + instructive reasons existed, or have since been perceived for + this number".<a id="footnotetag46" + name="footnotetag46"></a><a href="#footnote46"><sup>46</sup></a> + Thus far our Protestant author, with whose remarks we are + too well pleased to go out of our way to dispute with him + the truth of some other portions of his tract, which are + objectionable.</p> + + <p class="side">Performed by the early Christians.</p> + + <p>That the early Christians continued after the time of the + apostles to observe the hours of prayer above enumerated is + proved by Martene (De Ant. Eccl. Rit. T. 3) who + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page40" + id="page40"></a>[pg 40]</span> has collected many decisive + passages from the Greek and Latin Fathers. We shall content + ourselves with one taken from a work on prayer by S. + Cyprian, bishop of Carthage in the third century. Having + mentioned Daniel's practice of praying three times a day, he + observes, that it is manifest that there was something + mysterious or symbolical in the ancient practice. "For the + holy Ghost descended on the disciples at the third hour; at + the sixth hour Peter going to the house-top was instructed + by God to admit all to the grace of salvation; and the Lord, + who was crucified at the sixth hour, washed away our sins + with his blood at the ninth hour, and completed the victory + by his passion. For us however, besides the hours anciently + observed, the times and also the symbols of prayer have + increased. For we must pray in the morning, to celebrate the + resurrection of the Lord; also when the sun recedes and the + day ceases; for Christ is the true sun and the true day, and + when we pray that the light of Christ may again come upon + us, we pray that his coming may impart to us the grace of + eternal light: and let us who are always in Christ, that is, + in the light, not cease from prayer at night". See also Dr. + Cave's Primitive Christianity Part. 1, c. 9.</p> + + <p class="side">Editions of the breviary.</p> + + <p>"The old Roman breviary" says the author of Tract 75 above + quoted "had long before Gregory VII's time been received in + various parts of Europe; and in England since the time of + Gregory the great who after the pattern of Leo and Gelasius + before him had been a reformer of it". The people used + anciently to join with the clergy in offering this, constant + tribute of praise to God; but the duty of daily reciting it is + obligatory only upon the Catholic clergy, and religious orders. + S. Benedict shortened it considerably, (as Grancolas observes, + Com. Hist. in Brev. Rom.) New editions and emendations of it + were published successively by the authority of St. Gregory + VII, Nicholas III, and Clement VII, and finally the Roman + Breviary at present <span class="pagenum"><a name="page41" + id="page41"></a>[pg 41]</span> used was restored by order of + the Council of Trent, published by Pope Pius V, and revised + by Clement VIII, and Urban VIII. It follows closely, as + Merati observes, that first adopted by the regular-clerks in + the 16th century, and resembles the edition published by + Haymo, general of the Franciscans, and authorised by + Nicholas III (A.D. 1278). Hence it is called by the author + of Tract 75 the <i>Franciscan</i> Breviary. It is however + founded upon the old Roman Breviary, which the Franciscans + by the direction of their holy founder had adopted: for + according to Rodolfo, dean of Tongres Cap. XXII, when the + Popes dwelt at the Lateran, the <i>office of the Papal + chapel</i> was much shorter than that of the other churches + of Rome; it was composed by Innocent III, and was adopted by + the Franciscans instituted at his time. Nicolas III ordered + that all the Roman churches should use the Franciscan + Breviary as reformed by Haymo, in 1241. "Our own daily + service", says the above-mentioned minister of the church of + England is confessedly formed upon the Breviary".</p> + + <p class="side">P. II. Office of Tenebræ.</p> + + <p>Having premised thus much on the office in general, we may + now return to holy-week. Besides palm-sunday, three other days + in the week are particularly devoted to the commemoration of + the history of our redemption; holy-thursday, because on it our + Lord instituted the blessed Eucharist, and his passion began; + good-friday, on which He was crucified and died; and holy + saturday, on which His sacred body remained in the tomb. The + church commences her solemn service of each of these days with + that part of the divine office called matins and lauds, and at + this time Tenebrae from the <i>darkness</i> with which it + concludes. It used of old to be celebrated at night, as it + still is by some religious communities<a id="footnotetag47" + name="footnotetag47"></a><a href="#footnote47"><sup>47</sup></a>; + but it <span class="pagenum"><a name="page42" + id="page42"></a>[pg 42]</span> now takes place on the + afternoon preceding each of those three days. Nor is this + unusual: for "the ecclesiastical day is considered to begin + with the evening or Vesper service, according to the Jewish + reckoning, as alluded to in the text. "In the evening and + morning and at noon day will I pray, and that instantly". + (Tracts of the Times, No. 75).</p> + + <p class="side">Matins and Lauds.</p> + + <p>The office of Matin so called from Matuta or Aurora consists + at Tenebræ of three <i>nocturns</i>. Each of these is composed + of three appropriate psalms with their anthems, followed by + three lessons taken from scripture or the fathers. Immediately + after matins, Lauds or the praises of God are sung: they + consist of five psalms besides the <i>Benedictus</i> or + canticle of Zachary, to which succeeds the <i>Miserere</i> or + 50th psalm. Some of the short prayers usually said are omitted: + for the church during this season of mourning strips her + liturgy as well as her altars of their usual + ornaments<a id="footnotetag48" + name="footnotetag48"></a><a href="#footnote48"><sup>48</sup></a>.</p> + + <p class="side">Extinction of the lights.</p> + + <p>A triangular candlestick, upon which are placed fifteen + candles, corresponding to the number of psalms recited before + the <i>Miserere</i>, is peculiar to this solemn office, and is + placed at the epistle-side of the altar. After each psalm one + of the candles is extinguished by a Master of ceremonies, and + after the <i>Benedictus</i> the candle placed on the top + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page43" + id="page43"></a>[pg 43]</span> of the triangular candlestick + is not extinguished, but is concealed behind the altar and + brought out at the end of the service; while that canticle + is sung, the six candles on the altar also are extinguished, + as well as those above the <i>cancellata</i> or + rails<a id="footnotetag49" + name="footnotetag49"></a><a href="#footnote49"><sup>49</sup></a>.</p> + + <p class="side">Meaning of this ceremony.</p> + + <p>Lamps and candelabra were presented to the sanctuary by the + faithful during the first ages of persecution; and in more + tranquil times to the basilicas by Constantine and others who + erected or dedicated them. They were lighted, as S. Jerome + observes, in the day time "not to drive away darkness, but as a + sign of joy": and therefore the custom of gradually + extinguishing them at the office of Tenebrae we may justly + consider with Amalarius as a sign of mourning, or of the + sympathy of the church with her divine and suffering Spouse. + The precise number of lights is determined by that of the + psalms, which is the same as at ordinary matins of three + nocturns.</p> + + <p>The custom of concealing behind the altar during the last + part of the office the last and most elevated candle, and of + bringing it forward burning at the end of the service, is a + manifest allusion to the death and resurrection of Christ, + whose light, as Micrologus observes, is represented by our + burning tapers. "I am the light of the + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page44" + id="page44"></a>[pg 44]</span> world". John VIII. + 12<a id="footnotetag50" + name="footnotetag50"></a><a href="#footnote50"><sup>50</sup></a>. + In the same manner the other candles extinguished one after + another may represent the prophets successively put to death + before their divine Lord: and if we consider that the psalms + of the <i>old Testament</i> are recited at the time, this + explanation may appear more satisfactory than others, which + would refer them to the blessed Virgin, the apostles and + disciples of Christ<a id="footnotetag51" + name="footnotetag51"></a><a href="#footnote51"><sup>51</sup></a>. + In the triangular form of the candlestick is contained an + evident allusion to the B. Trinity. This candlestick is + mentioned in a MS. Ordo of the 7th century published by + Mabillon.</p> + + <p class="side">Chant, lamentations.</p> + + <p>The anthems and psalms, with the exception of the + <i>Miserere</i> which is the last psalm at Lauds, most of the + lessons and other parts of the office, are sung in plain chant. + From the middle of the 15th century the three lamentations or + first three lessons of each day used to be sung in <i>canto + figurato</i> in the papal chapel: but by order of Sixtus V, + only the first lamentation of each day is thus sung, and even + it is much shortened, as Clement XII directed: the two others + are sung in <i>canto piano</i> according to Guidetti's method. + The first lamentation both of the first and second day is by + the celebrated Pierluigi da Palestrina: that of the third day + by Allegri. Baini observes, that the first lamentation of the + second day is considered the finest: Palestrina composed it for + four voices, besides a bass, which entering at the pathetic + apostrophe 'Jerusalem, Jerusalem, be converted to the Lord' + "every year makes <span class="pagenum"><a name="page45" + id="page45"></a>[pg 45]</span> all the hearers and singers, + who have a soul, change colour". Bayni, Mem. Stor. T. 1. The + lamentations of Jeremiah have the form of an acrostic, that + is, the verses begin with the letters of the Hebrew alphabet + in regular order, the first with Aleph, the second with + Beth, and so in succession. It was difficult to observe a + similar order in the Latin Vulgate: but to preserve some + vestige of it, the name of the Hebrew letter, with which + each verse begins in the original, is sung before the same + verse in the translation.</p> + + <p class="side">Conclusion of the office.</p> + + <p>When the <i>Benedictus</i> or canticle of Zachary and its + anthem are finished, the choir sings the verse "Christ was made + for us obedient even unto death": on the second night they add + "even unto the death of the cross": and on the third, "for + which reason God hath exalted him, and hath given him a name, + which is above all names". The heart of the christian is melted + to devotion by these words, sung on so solemn an occasion: he + kneels before his crucified Redeemer, and recites that prayer + of love, that prayer of a child to his Father which He that man + of sorrows dictated to His beloved disciples; and then + remembering those sins, by which he offended that dear and + agonising parent, and touched with sorrow and repentance, yet + more and more excited by the music, I might almost call it + celestial, his heart calls loudly for that mercy to obtain + which Jesus died. He joins with God's minister in fervently + repeating the prayer imploring God's blessing on those for whom + Christ suffered and died: the noise which follows it recals to + his mind the confusion of nature at the death of her creator; + the lighted candle once more appearing reminds him that His + death was only temporary: and he departs in silence impressed + with pious sentiments, and inflamed with devout affections.</p> + + <p class="side">Miserere, its music.</p> + + <p>They who have assisted at the office of Tenebræ will not be + surprised at the saying of a philosopher, that for the + advantage of his soul he would wish, that when he + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page46" + id="page46"></a>[pg 46]</span> was about to render it up to + God, he might hear sung the <i>Miserere</i> of the Pope's + chapel. In no other place has this celebrated music + succeeded. Baini the director of the Pontifical choir, in a + note to his life of Palestrina, observes that Paride de + Grassi, Master of ceremonies to Leo X, mentions that on holy + wednesday (A.D. 1519), the singers chanted the + <i>Miserere</i> in a <i>new</i> and <i>unaccustomed</i> + manner, alternately singing the verses in symphony. This + seems to be the origin of the far-famed <i>Miserere</i>. + Various authors, whom Baini enumerates, afterwards composed + <i>Miserere</i><a id="footnotetag52" + name="footnotetag52"></a><a href="#footnote52"><sup>52</sup></a>; + but the celebrated composition of Gregorio Allegri a Roman, + who entered the Papal college of singers in 1629, was the + most successful, and was for some time sung on all the three + days of Tenebræ. Then one composed by Alessandro Scarlatti, + or that of Felice Anerio, used to be sung on holy thursday: + but these were eclipsed by the <i>Miserere</i>, composed in + 1214 by Tommase Bai a Bolognese, director of the choir of S. + Peter's. From that time only Allegri's and Bai's were sung + in the Pope's chapel; till Pius VII directed the celebrated + Baini to compose a new <i>Miserere</i>, which has received + well-merited applause. Since the year 1821 all three, viz. + Baini's, Bai's, and Allegri's <i>Misereres</i> are sung on + the three successive days, and generally in the order in + which we have mentioned them: the two latter are sometimes + blended together. The first verse is sung in harmony, the + second in plain chant, and so successively till the last + verse, which alone is sung in harmony by both the choirs, + into which the singers are divided; only one choir sings the + other verses<a id="footnotetag53" + name="footnotetag53"></a><a href="#footnote53"><sup>53</sup></a>.</p><span class="pagenum"> + <a name="page47" + id="page47"></a>[pg 47]</span> + + <p class="side">Cardinal penitentiary</p> + + <p class="side">Trinità dei Pellegrini</p> + + <p>On Wednesday-afternoon, the Cardinal great Penitentiary goes + in state to S. Mary Major's, where the minor Penitentiaries are + Dominicans. For an account of this custom see the preceding + chapter. On Wednesday, Thursday and Friday evenings, Christians + may be edified at the Trinità dei + Pellegrini<a id="footnotetag54" + name="footnotetag54"></a><a href="#footnote54"><sup>54</sup></a> + by the sight of Cardinals, princes, prelates and others, + washing in good earnest, and afterwards kissing the feet of + poor pilgrims, while they recite with them the Our Father, + Hail Mary, Glory be to the Father, and other beautiful + prayers, such as;</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>Gesù, Giuseppe, Maria,</i></p> + + <p><i>Vi dono il cuore e l' anima mia.</i></p> + + <p><i>Gesù, Giuseppe, Maria,</i></p> + + <p><i>Assisteleci nell' ultima agonia, etc.</i></p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>They afterwards wait on them at table, and accompany them to + their beds, reciting other devout prayers. In another part of + that establishment, princesses and other ladies practise the + same offices of charity towards the female pilgrims. Here might + we fancy that the primitive christians were before us, those + men of charity, simplicity, and lowliness: and when in the same + place, a few years ago, that devout Pontiff Leo XII on his + knees washed and kissed the feet of pilgrims, who had journeyed + from afar; who that saw him did not call to mind with tears the + lowliness and charity of his predecessor Peter, and of a + greater than Peter, who "washed the feet of his disciples, and + who wiped them with the towel wherewith he was girded".</p> + + <p>Marius mourned over the ruins of Carthage; but his was the + sorrow of disappointed, selfish ambition. Jeremiah lamented the + fall and desolation of Jerusalem: and his plaintive accents + were inspired by genuine patriotism and + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page48" + id="page48"></a>[pg 48]</span> religion. Observe his + venerable figure in the Sixtine chapel; there he sits + pensive and disconsolate, with his legs crossed, his wearied + head resting upon his hand, and his eyes rivetted on the + ground, as if nothing could engage his attention but the + woes of the daughter of Sion<a id="footnotetag55" + name="footnotetag55"></a><a href="#footnote55"><sup>55</sup></a>. + Then listen to the lamentations of this inspired and + afflicted prophet: they are full of deepest pathos, and + uttered in notes sweet as the warblings of philomel. Turn + now, O Christian soul, to a more sublime and mournful + spectacle. Jesus in the garden of Gethsemani and on mount + Calvary mourned not for a single city or nation: he sorrowed + over the ruins of a world, not as of old Noah may have done, + when secure from danger he looked down upon the waters which + overspread the earth; but "He was wounded for our + iniquities, and he was bruised for our sins: and the Lord + hath laid on him the iniquities of us all", He suffered and + died for us. The moral ruins of the world, our sins and + their awful consequences, caused all the pangs and sorrows + of Jesus. Come then let us cast ourselves at the foot of + that cross, and cry aloud for mercy with a contrite and + humble heart, which He will never despise. To <i>Thee</i> + alone, shall we say, have we sinned, and have done evil + before thee; yet have mercy on us, O God, according to thy + great mercy. And thou, O blessed Virgin and Mother, who + standest in silent anguish beneath the + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page49" + id="page49"></a>[pg 49]</span> cross of thy agonising + Son<a id="footnotetag56" + name="footnotetag56"></a><a href="#footnote56"><sup>56</sup></a>, + would that we could feel love and sorrow like unto + thine.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>Eja mater fons amoris</i></p> + + <p><i>Me sentire vim doloris</i></p> + + <p><i>Fac, ut tecum lugeam.</i></p> + + <p><i>Fac, ut ardeat cor meum</i></p> + + <p><i>In amando Christum Deum,</i></p> + + <p><i>Ut sibi complaceam. Amen.</i></p> + </div> + </div> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote46" + name="footnote46"></a><b>Footnote 46:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag46">(return)</a> + + <p>See also Palmer's Origines Liturgicæ, Vol. 1 Antiq. of + the English ritual c. 1, p. 1. Both writers do not hesitate + to admit that the breviary is the great source of the + Church of England's Morning and Evening prayer.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote47" + name="footnote47"></a><b>Footnote 47:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag47">(return)</a> + + <p>Our divine Lord sometimes passed the night in prayer; + and the early Christians, as Pliny informs his master + Trajan, used to assemble before the light to sing a hymn to + Christ. Lucian as well as Ammianus Marcellinus complained + of their spending the night in singing hymns. S. Jerome in + fine writes to Eustoch. (Ep. 22) that besides the daily + hours of prayers we should rise <i>twice and thrice at + night</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote48" + name="footnote48"></a><b>Footnote 48:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag48">(return)</a> + + <p>In the mass and office for the dead several prayers and + ceremonies otherwise prescribed are omitted: so on this + occasion, says Benedict XIV, "the church forgetting all + things else thinks only of bewailing the sins of mankind, + and condoling with Christ our Redeemer in His sufferings". + As for the antiquity of this service, Martene remarks (lib. + IV, c. 22) that the order of the <i>nocturnal</i> and + diurnal offices of holy-thursday is found, such as we now + observe it, in the ancient Antiphonarium of the Roman + church, and in that of S. Gregory published by B. Tommasi, + so that there has been scarcely any variation during the + last thirteen hundred years.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote49" + name="footnote49"></a><b>Footnote 49:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag49">(return)</a> + + <p>When the Pope officiates, the eight candles over the + <i>cancellata</i> are lighted: six are lighted for a + Cardinal, and four for a Bishop. Amalarius priest of Metz + in the ninth century (De ordine antiphonarii), mentions the + extinction of the lights in the office of these three days. + It would seem however, that it was not then customary at + Rome, for Theodore, archdeacon of the Roman church, in + answer to his enquiries had said to him "I am usually with + the Apostolic Lord at the Lateran, when the office of Coena + Domini (Holy Thursday) is celebrated, and it is not + customary to extinguish the lights. On Good Friday there is + no light of lamps or tapers in the church in Jerusalem + (Santa Croce) as long as the Apostolic Lord offers up + solemn prayers there, or when the cross is saluted". This + latter custom is still continued.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote50" + name="footnote50"></a><b>Footnote 50:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag50">(return)</a> + + <p>In confirmation of this explanation we may observe, that + the candle is placed behind the altar after the + <i>Benedictus</i> during the anthem alluding to Christ's + passion, and remains there while the verse 'Christ became + obedient unto death' the psalm <i>Miserere</i>, and the + prayer which mentions the crucifixion, are sung.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote51" + name="footnote51"></a><b>Footnote 51:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag51">(return)</a> + + <p>See such opinions ap. Benedict. XIV, De festis Lib. 1, + c. 5. The system of Du Vert, who would reject all mystical + and symbolical significations attributed to the + church-ceremonies, has been satisfactorily confuted by + Langlet, Le Brun, Tournely and other divines.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote52" + name="footnote52"></a><b>Footnote 52:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag52">(return)</a> + + <p>Tartini's and Pisari's lasted only one year each.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote53" + name="footnote53"></a><b>Footnote 53:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag53">(return)</a> + + <p>Persons, who go immediately after the service in the + Sixtine chapel to S. Peter's, are generally in time for + part if not the whole of the <i>Miserere</i> sung in that + Basilic. The compositions of Fioravanti the late, Basili + the present, master, and Zingarelli, are sung there.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote54" + name="footnote54"></a><b>Footnote 54:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag54">(return)</a> + + <p>See Reminiscences of Rome. Letter 4th. London, 1838 On + pilgrimages and pilgrims see Mores Catholici Book 4th, ch. + 5th. S. Philip Neri founded the Confraternity of Trinità + dei Pellegrini.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote55" + name="footnote55"></a><b>Footnote 55:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag55">(return)</a> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i6">... lia fatto alla guancia</p> + + <p>Della sua palma sospirando letto. Dante Pur. + VII.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>Sed frons læta parum et dejecto lumina vultu. Virg. Æu. + VI, 863. See the learned canon. De Jorio's Munica degli + antichi, art. Dolore, Mestizia. We may add that conquered + provinces are often represented in a similar attitude as + statues, on bas-reliefs, and on medals. See for instance, + Judæa Capta, a reverse of Vespasian, ap. Addison, Dialogues + on ancient medals.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote56" + name="footnote56"></a><b>Footnote 56:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag56">(return)</a> + + <p>"Now there stood by the cross of Jesus his mother". John + XIX, 25.</p> + </blockquote><span class="pagenum"><a name="page50" + id="page50"></a>[pg 50]</span> + + <h2>CHAP. IV.</h2> + + <h3>ON THE CEREMONIES OF HOLY THURSDAY</h3> + + <h4><i>CONTENTS.</i></h4> + + <blockquote> + <p>General character of the liturgy of holy + thursday—its ancient form—blessing of the oils + at S. Peter's, communion under one kind—origin and + explanation of the blessing and salutation of the + oils—High mass in the Sixtine chapel, + <i>troccole</i>—procession of the B. Sacrament to the + Pauline chapel—antiquity of + processions—reservation of the B. + Sacrament—Papal benediction from S. Peter's, + <i>flabelli</i>—bull in Coena Domini—washing of + the feet—dinner of the + <i>apostles</i>—antiquity and meaning of this custom + of washing feet—customs of other churches: Leonardo + da Vinci, Michelangelo, Dante—Cardinals' public + dinner etc.—Tenebræ: Card. + Penitentiary—recapitulation of the principal + ceremonies of the day—S. Peter's on holy + thursday-evening: washing of the high-altar—antiquity + and meaning of the stripping and washing of the + altars—conclusion.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote> + <p>"<i>Before the festival day of the pasch, Jesus knowing + that his hour was come, that he should pass out of this + world to the Father, having loved his own who were in the + world, he loved them to the end</i>". John XIII, 1.</p> + </blockquote> + + <p class="side">Liturgy of holy-thursday.</p> + + <p>During the last three days of holy-week the church + celebrates the funeral obsequies of her Divine Spouse: and + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page51" + id="page51"></a>[pg 51]</span> hence there are numerous + signs of mourning in her temples, in her liturgy, and in the + dress of her ministers. On thursday however, a passing gleam + of heavenly light irradiates the solemn gloom in which she + is enveloped: for on this day Jesus Christ, having loved his + own even unto the end, instituted the holy sacrament, the + staff of our pilgrimage, our solace in affliction, our + strength in temptation, the source of all virtue, and the + pledge of everlasting life. Accordingly the liturgy of + holy-thursday bears the impress both of sorrow and of + gladness: it is not unlike a fitful day of April in our + northern climes, when the sun now bursts from the clouds + which had concealed his brilliancy, and now once more the + sky is shrouded in murky gloom—an apt emblem this of + the over-changing state of man, who at one moment quaffs the + inebriating cup of earthly joys, and yet a little, and it is + dashed from his grasp; and sickness, sorrow and death are + his portion.</p> + + <p class="side">its ancient form.</p> + + <p>Anciently three masses used to be celebrated at + Rome<a id="footnotetag57" + name="footnotetag57"></a><a href="#footnote57"><sup>57</sup></a> + on this day, as is evident from the sacramentary of pope + Gelasius; and at all the three the Pope himself officiated. + At the first the public penitents were + absolved:<a id="footnotetag58" + name="footnotetag58"></a><a href="#footnote58"><sup>58</sup></a> + at the second the oils were blessed; the last (ad + vespertinum officium) was intended to commemorate the + institution of the blessed Sacrament. Public penance + gradually declined in the western church after the seventh + century; and the three masses are now reduced to one. That + of the Sixtine chapel, at which the Pope assists, differs + very little from ordinary Masses celebrated there, and the + concourse of persons is generally very great.</p> + + <p class="side">Blessing of the oils at S. Peter's</p> + + <p class="side">Communion under one kind.</p> + + <p>The oils are blessed in S. Peter's during mass, by the Card. + archpriest, or a Bishop in his stead. They are three, + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page52" + id="page52"></a>[pg 52]</span> viz. 1 the oil of + catechumens, used in blessing baptism, in consecrating + churches and altars, in ordaining priests, and in blessing + and crowning sovereigns: 2 the oil of the sick used in + administering extreme unction and in blessing bells: 3 + sacred chrism, composed of oil, and balm of Gilead or of the + west Indies<a id="footnotetag59" + name="footnotetag59"></a><a href="#footnote59"><sup>59</sup></a>: + it is used in conferring baptism and confirmation, in the + consecration of bishops, of patens and chalices, and in the + blessing of bells. The Roman Pontifical prescribes, that + besides the bishop and the usual ministers, there should be + present twelve priests, seven deacons, and seven subdeacons, + all habited in white vestments. After the elevation at those + words of the canon, <i>Per quem hæc omnia etc.</i> a little + before the <i>Pater noster</i>, the Bishop sits down before + a table facing the altar, and exorcises and blesses the oil + for the sick, which is brought in by a subdeacon. He then + proceeds with the mass, and gives communion to the ministers + and the rest of the under the form of bread + alone<a id="footnotetag60" + name="footnotetag60"></a><a href="#footnote60"><sup>60</sup></a>. + Having received <span class="pagenum"><a name="page53" + id="page53"></a>[pg 53]</span> the ablutions, he returns to + the table above mentioned, and awaits the coming of the + procession of the priests, deacons, subdeacons etc. In it, + the balsam is carried by a subdeacon, etc. the oil for the + chrism and that for the catechumens by two deacons: and + meantime the choir sings appropriate verses. The bishop + blesses the balsam, and mixes it with + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page54" + id="page54"></a>[pg 54]</span> some oil; he then breathes + three times in the form of a cross over the vessel of + chrism, as do the twelve priests also. Next follows the + blessing, and then the salutation, of the chrism: the latter + is made 3 times by the bishop and each of the twelve priests + in succession, saying, Hail holy chrism, after which they + kiss the vessel which contains it. The oil of catechumens is + blessed and saluted in like manner: and the procession + returns to the sacristy; in the mean time the bishop + concludes the mass; and thus this solemn rite + terminates.</p> + + <p class="side">Origin of the blessing of the oils.</p> + + <p>The oil of the sick is mentioned in the well-known passage + of St. James V, 14 "Is any man sick among you; let him bring in + the priests of the church, and let them pray over him, + anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord etc." At the + beginning of the fifth century also, Pope Innocent I observes + that it is the office of the bishop to make or prepare + (<i>conficere</i>) this "holy of chrism" or unction: and in the + Sacramentary of Pope Gregory the great the rite; by which this + oil was blessed and administered to the sick, is described. + Chrism and the oil of catechumens also are mentioned by many + ancient Fathers. (See Turnely T. 7 de Sacram. Bapt. et Confirm, + etc.)<a id="footnotetag61" + name="footnotetag61"></a><a href="#footnote61"><sup>61</sup></a> + St. Basil in the 4th century attributes the origin of the + custom of blessing the oils to tradition. "We bless the + water of baptism and the <i>oil of unction</i>, as well as + the person who receives baptism. By what scriptures? Is it + not from silent and secret tradition?" (De Spir. S. c. 27). + It is mentioned also in the second and third councils of + Carthage, by S. Cyprian, who says "The eucharist, and the + oil, with which the baptised are anointed, are sanctified at + the altar". Ep. + 70.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page55" + id="page55"></a>[pg 55]</span> + + <p>It would appear however from the 20th canon of the first + council of Toledo that anciently chrism could be blessed <i>at + any time</i>; and hence Benedict XIV is of opinion, that the + custom of blessing it only on holy Thursday began about the + seventh century; for it is mentioned in the Sacramentary of S. + Gregory, in the old Ordo Romanus, and in other works written + after that period. This day has been with reason chosen for + this ceremony, as St. Thomas observes, in order that the chrism + may be prepared for the solemn baptism administered on Easter + Eve; and because on it the Eucharistic sacrament, for which the + other sacraments are as it were preparatory, was instituted. S. + Isidore however assigns a different reason, viz. that two days + before the pasch Mary <i>anointed</i> the head and feet of the + Lord". De Divi Off. lib. 2, c. 28.</p> + + <p class="side">Meaning of the ceremonies already + described.</p> + + <p>Pouget (Institut. Cath. t. 2, c. 8) proves that the blessing + of the oils originates in apostolic tradition, as St. Basil + cited above observes. He proves also that since the fifth and + sixth centuries the bishop and priests used to breathe three + times over the chrism and oil of catechumens, and to salute + them with the words "Ave sanctum chrisma: ave sanctum oleum". + Our Saviour breathed on His apostles, when He said 'Receive ye + the holy Ghost': and hence his ministers breathe over the + chrism, by which the Holy Ghost is conferred in confirmation, + and over the oil of catechumens, which is used in other sacred + rites. Respect is paid to them, because they are employed in + God's service, and hence it is a relative respect directed to + Him. An ardent soul will never hesitate to address inanimate + objects; in fact some of the finest passages of ancient and + modern oratory are apostrophes of this + nature<a id="footnotetag62" + name="footnotetag62"></a><a href="#footnote62"><sup>62</sup></a>. + S. Andrew is said to have saluted the cross, on + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page56" + id="page56"></a>[pg 56]</span> which he suffered, S. Paula + the birth-place of our divine Lord; and theirs were words of + love of God, and not of idolatry.</p> + + <p class="side">High mass in the Sixtine chapel.</p> + + <p>In the Sixtine chapel the crucifix and tapestry over the + altar are covered with a white and not a purple veil; the + throne also is white, and the Pope is vested in a white cope. + On the rich facing of the altar is represented Christ dead, His + descent into limbo, and His resurrection. The cardinal dean + generally celebrates the high mass, after the <i>Gloria in + excelsis</i> of which no bells are allowed to be tolled in Rome + (except at the papal benediction) but in their stead are used + <i>troccole</i> or boards struck with iron: this practice is + observed until the <i>Gloria in excelsis</i> is sung in the + papal chapel on the following + saturday-morning<a id="footnotetag63" + name="footnotetag63"></a><a href="#footnote63"><sup>63</sup></a>.</p> + + <p>After the offertory of the mass Palestrina's motet + <i>Fratres ego enim</i> is sung; of which Baini says that he + "does not hesitate to affirm that it resembles as closely as + possible the music of heaven". Two hosts are consecrated, one + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page57" + id="page57"></a>[pg 57]</span> of which is received by the + celebrant, and the other destined for the following day is + put into a chalice, which the deacon covers with a paten and + <i>palla</i> or linen cloth, as the dead body of Christ was + wrapped in "fine linen"<a id="footnotetag64" + name="footnotetag64"></a><a href="#footnote64"><sup>64</sup></a>. + Mark XV, 46. At the beginning of the canon twelve lighted + torches are brought in by <i>bussolanti</i>; and after the + elevation two masters of ceremonies distribute among the + cardinals and others candles carried by clerks of the + chapel, in preparation for the procession. The usual kiss of + peace is not given, from detestation of the treacherous kiss + given this day by Judas to his divine master, as Alcuin + remarks<a id="footnotetag65" + name="footnotetag65"></a><a href="#footnote65"><sup>65</sup></a>.</p> + + <p class="side">Antiquity of processions</p> + + <p>Immediately after mass the cardinal celebrant with his + ministers leaves the chapel; the other cardinals, bishops and + mitred abbots, put on their respective sacred vestments, and + the <i>Uditori di Rota</i>, the <i>Cherici di Camera, + Votanti</i>, and <i>Abbreviatiori</i>, their surplices: the + other prelates wear their usual <i>cappe</i>. They all now + accompany the B. Sacrament to the Pauline + chapel<a id="footnotetag66" + name="footnotetag66"></a><a href="#footnote66"><sup>66</sup></a> + in solemn procession, which + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page58" + id="page58"></a>[pg 58]</span> is regulated like that of + palm-Sunday. The singers go to the <i>sala regia</i>, + illuminated with large cornucopia, and there begin to sing + the <i>Pange lingua</i> (a hymn in honour of the holy + Sacrament) as soon as the cross covered with a purple veil + appears: the last verses of it are sung in the Pauline + chapel, which is splendidly illuminated. The cardinals + bearing their mitres and torches precede two by two the Holy + Father, who bare-headed and on foot carries the blessed + Sacrament under a canopy supported by eight assistant + bishops or protonotaries<a id="footnotetag67" + name="footnotetag67"></a><a href="#footnote67"><sup>67</sup></a>. + When the Pope reaches <span class="pagenum"><a name="page59" + id="page59"></a>[pg 59]</span> the altar, the first cardinal + deacon receives from His hands the B. Sacrament, and + preceded by torches carries it to the upper part of the + <i>macchina</i>; M. Sagrista places it within the urn + commonly called the sepulchre, where it is incensed by the + Pope; in the mean time the conclusion of the hymn is sung. + M. Sagrista then shuts the sepulchre, and delivers the key + to thy Card. Penitentiary, who is to officiate on the + following day.</p> + + <p class="side">Reservation of the B. Sacrament.</p> + + <p>Two objects are obtained by this custom; 1st. the blessed + sacrament is solemnly preserved for the adoration of the + faithful on this anniversary of its institution, as well as for + the priest's communion on good friday<a id="footnotetag68" + name="footnotetag68"></a><a href="#footnote68"><sup>68</sup></a>; + 2nd. the burial of our divine Saviour is represented: this + is anticipated, in order that the principal altar may be + striped, in sign of mourning, and as He was stripped before + His crucifixion.</p> + + <p class="side">Papal benediction: <i>flabelli</i>.</p> + + <p class="side">Bulla in Coena Domina.</p> + + <p>The procession, of which we have already spoken, afterwards + proceeds from the Pauline chapel to the <i>loggia</i> in front + of S. Peter's: but the Pope, as he no longer carries the B. + Sacrament, wears his mitre, and is seated in his <i>sedia + gestatoria</i> under a canopy carried by eight + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page60" + id="page60"></a>[pg 60]</span> + Referendarii<a id="footnotetag69" + name="footnotetag69"></a><a href="#footnote69"><sup>69</sup></a>; + and the <i>flabelli</i><a id="footnotetag70" + name="footnotetag70"></a><a href="#footnote70"><sup>70</sup></a> + are carried at each side of Him. He now gives his solemn + benediction to the multitude assembled before St. Peter's. + This however is repeated with even greater splendour on + Easter-Sunday, as well as on the Ascension and Assumption; + and we shall therefore reserve a description of it to + another occasion, especially since generally speaking, + persons who are anxious to witness the <i>lavanda</i> or + washing of the feet will find it difficult to be present + also at the Benediction<a id="footnotetag71" + name="footnotetag71"></a><a href="#footnote71"><sup>71</sup></a>.</p><span class="pagenum"> + <a name="page61" + id="page61"></a>[pg 61]</span> + + <p class="side">Washing of the feet.</p> + + <p>After the benediction, the cardinals and others take off + their sacred vestments, and resume their <i>cappe</i>, which + they wear during the <i>lavanda</i> or washing of the feet. + This now takes place in S. Peters, in a side-chapel adorned + with two <i>arazzi</i>; one representing Leonardo Da Vinci's + last supper is placed behind the benches prepared for the + priests whose feet are to be washed by the Pope: and the other, + which represents Providence seated on the globe between Justice + and Charity, above two lions holding banners of the church, is + placed over the throne. The Pope is habited in a red cope, and + wears a mitre. Seated on His throne, and surrounded by + cardinals, prelates, and other dignitaries of His court, He + puts incense into the thurible, being assisted as usual by the + first Cardinal priest. He then gives the blessing, usual before + the gospel is sung, to the Cardinal-deacon habited in his + sacred vestments, who sings that beautiful passage of the + gospel of S. John, which explains the origin of this ceremony: + "Jesus knowing that his hour was come, that he should pass out + of this world to the Father, having loved his own who were in + the world, he loved them to the end. Knowing that the Father + had given him all things into his hands, he began to wash the + feet of his disciples, and wipe them with the towel wherewith + he was girded, and he said to them; If I being Lord and Master + have washed your feet, you also ought to wash one another's + feet; for I have given you an example, that as I have done to + you, so you do also". At the end of the gospel, the Pope kisses + the book, the Cardinal Deacon incenses Him as usual, and the + choir begins to sing beautiful anthems allusive to the + affecting ceremony, and recommending charity, the distinctive + virtue of Christians, more precious than even faith and hope. + The Pope's cope is then taken off, and a towel is fastened to + his girdle by the assisting Card. deacons; and then, in + imitation of his Divine Master, he washes and kisses the + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page62" + id="page62"></a>[pg 62]</span> right + foot<a id="footnotetag72" + name="footnotetag72"></a><a href="#footnote72"><sup>72</sup></a> + of 13 priests, called the <i>apostles</i>, dressed in + <i>cappe</i> of white cloth, and wearing high cap, which in + form resemble those on the bas-reliefs of Persepolis: each + of them receives from Him a towel, and a nosegay, besides a + gold and silver medal presented by the + Treasurer<a id="footnotetag73" + name="footnotetag73"></a><a href="#footnote73"><sup>73</sup></a>. + The Pope then returns to his throne, washes his + hands<a id="footnotetag74" + name="footnotetag74"></a><a href="#footnote74"><sup>74</sup></a> + is vested once more in the cope, and recites the Our Father + and the concluding prayers.</p> + + <p class="side">Dinner of the <i>apostles</i>.</p> + + <p>His Holiness afterwards waits on the 13 <i>apostles</i> at + table, in a hall in the Vatican palace, (at present in the hall + above the portico of S. Peter's), giving them water to wash + their hands, helping them to soup, one or more dishes, and + pouring out wine and water for them once or twice. The plates + are handed to Him by prelates of <i>mantelletta</i>, and during + the ceremony one of His chaplains reads a spiritual book. He + then gives them his blessing, washes His hands, and departs. + "Which is greater" says our Saviour, "he that sitteth at table + or he that serveth? Is not he that sitteth at table? but I am + in the midst of you as he that + serveth?"</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page63" + id="page63"></a>[pg 63]</span> + + <p class="side">Antiquity and meaning of the + <i>lavanda</i>.</p> + + <p>From the most remote antiquity, it was customary among the + Hebrews and other nations, that the feet of strangers and + guests should be washed before they reclined at table, as they + had often travelled on foot. Thus the angels entertained by + Abraham and Lot (Gen. XVIII, XIX), were supplied with water to + wash their feet: Abraham's servants in the house of Laban, and + the brothers of Joseph, when received by him, washed their + feet. (Gen. XLIII, 24)<a id="footnotetag75" + name="footnotetag75"></a><a href="#footnote75"><sup>75</sup></a>. + In these cases however the guest washed his own feet; and + hence the condescension of our Divine Lord was an act not of + hospitality or charity alone, but also of profound humility; + and accordingly he put on a towel or apron, like an ordinary + slave, as Ferrari observes (De Re Vestiaria par. 1). Most + interpreters are of opinion, that Christ washed the feet of + His disciples towards the close of the ordinary supper, and + shortly before He instituted the holy Sacrament; in order to + signify the purity with which it should be received. His + example was imitated by His disciples, and accordingly S. + Paul (1 Tim. V, 10) speaks of widows who "have washed the + saints' feet," as Magdalen had washed those of our Lord.</p> + + <p>In the Roman church, as in that of Bologna, it has been for + many ages customary for the Bishop to wash feet on this day. In + the <i>Ordo Romanus</i> of Cencius Camerarius it is mentioned, + that the Roman Pontiff after mass washed the feet of twelve + subdeacons, and after dinner of 13 poor persons, or according + to the Ordines Romani published by Mabillon, of 12 deacons. The + <i>Ceremoniale</i>, attributed to Marcellus archbishop of + Corcyra, prescribes that the Pope should wash the feet of + thirteen poor men. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page64" + id="page64"></a>[pg 64]</span> Various causes are assigned + by different authors to explain, why the number is thirteen, + and not twelve as was that of the apostles. (See Benedict + XIV, De Festis, lib. I, c. VI, §§ 57, 58). The most probable + account, we think, is that the thirteenth <i>apostle</i> was + added in memory of the angel, who is believed to have + appeared among the 12 poor guests of S. Gregory the great, + while he was exercising united charity and humility. A + painting of this event may be seen in one of the chapels + near his church on the Cælian mount, in which is preserved + the table, at which he daily fed twelve poor persons. (See + the passage of John the deacon cited above in the note). The + two customs of washing the feet first of 12, and then of 13, + have been reduced to one, and in it the number 13 is + preserved<a id="footnotetag76" + name="footnotetag76"></a><a href="#footnote76"><sup>76</sup></a>.</p><span class="pagenum"> + <a name="page65" + id="page65"></a>[pg 65]</span> + + <p class="side">Cardinals' public dinner.</p> + + <p>Till within the last few years the Cardinals used to dine in + public at the Vatican on holy Thursday and good Friday, that + they might be spared the trouble of returning to their + respective palaces before Tenebræ; and anciently the Pope used + to dine with them at the Lateran palace, in the hall called the + Triclinium Leonianum<a id="footnotetag77" + name="footnotetag77"></a><a href="#footnote77"><sup>77</sup></a>. + The Pontiff wore on such occasions his cope and mitre, and + the Cardinals were habited in sacred vestments with mitres. + After dinner a sermon was preached before the Cardinals. + <i>Mons. Maggiordomo</i> used to invite on these days + prelates, officers, and others engaged in the + <i>cappella</i> or palace, to a dinner at which he + presided.</p> + + <p class="side">Tenebræ etc.</p> + + <p class="side">Recapitulation.</p> + + <p>In the afternoon, at the office of Tenebræ, among other + signs of mourning, the cross is veiled in black, and the + candles are of yellow wax: the Pope's throne is stripped of its + usual ornaments, and is without a canopy: the cardinals' and + prelates' benches also are without carpets. The Cardinal + Penitentiary goes to S. Peter's, where the minor Penitentiaries + are Conventuals of S. Francis. We + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page66" + id="page66"></a>[pg 66]</span> have spoken on these subjects + in the preceding chapters. We may here recapitulate the + principal ceremonies of the day, as Morcelli has done in his + Calendar. The oils are blessed in S. Peter's; the Pope + assists at mass in the Sixtine chapel, carries the B. + Sacrament to the Pauline chapel, gives His solemn + benediction from S. Peter's, washes the feet of thirteen + priests and serves them at table. In the afternoon Tenebrae + in the Sixtine chapel; and the Cardinal great Penitentiary + goes to S Peter's.</p> + + <p class="side">S. Peter's on holy thursday-evening.</p> + + <p>In this basilic the B. Sacrament is preserved amid many + lights in the <i>Sepulchre</i> in a + side-chapel<a id="footnotetag78" + name="footnotetag78"></a><a href="#footnote78"><sup>78</sup></a>, + and several confraternities come in procession to venerate + the relics, of which we shall speak in the next chapter. It + is much to be regretted that the cross, which used on + holy-Thursday and good-Friday to glow with 628 + lights<a id="footnotetag79" + name="footnotetag79"></a><a href="#footnote79"><sup>79</sup></a>, + and to produce a splendid effect by the <i>chiaroscuro</i> + which resulted from it in this vast and magnificent fabric, + is no longer suspended before the Confession, in consequence + of irreverent conduct on preceding occasions.</p> + + <p class="side">Washing of the altar.</p> + + <p>There still remains another remarkable ceremony customary in + S. Peter's on holy-Thursday. After the office of Tenebræ, the + chapter of that basilica proceeds in procession from the chapel + of the choir to the high altar. The black stoles which six of + the canons wear, and the yellow and extinguished tapers of the + acolythes, are signs of mourning for the sufferings of Christ. + They all carry elegant <i>aspergilli</i><a id="footnotetag80" + name="footnotetag80"></a><a href="#footnote80"><sup>80</sup></a> + of box or other wood, and having + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page67" + id="page67"></a>[pg 67]</span> prayed for a short time in + silence, they chant the anthem "They divided my garments + etc." and the psalm "O God, my God, why hast thou abandoned + me?" A fine cloth, which covered the altar, is then removed + from it, and the Cardinal-priest of the church and the six + canons pour whine upon the altar, and wash it with their + <i>aspergilli</i> or brushes. After the other canons, + beneficed clergymen, etc. have in turn washed it in like + manner: the Cardinal and the six canons begin to dry it with + sponges and towels: all then kneel down, and the ceremony + concludes with the verse "Christ became obedient unto death + etc." the Our Father, and the prayer of the day "Look down, + we beseech thee etc."<a id="footnotetag81" + name="footnotetag81"></a><a href="#footnote81"><sup>81</sup></a> + The chapter then venerates the relics shewn as usual from + the gallery above S. Veronica's statue.</p> + + <p class="side">Antiquity and meaning of these ceremonies.</p> + + <p>The <i>stripping</i> of the altars, which is practised on + this day throughout the western church, is mentioned in the + most ancient <i>Ordo Romanus</i>: indeed anciently the altars + used to be stripped every day, as Du Vert (Ceremon. de l'Eglise + T. IV.) and Cancellieri (De Secretariis T. IV.) have shewn. The + custom of <i>washing</i> the altar is observed in the Latin + church in those of the Dominicans and Carmelites; and also + according to Benedict XIV "in many churches of France, Germany + and other remote countries" + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page68" + id="page68"></a>[pg 68]</span> among which Cancellieri + reckons Spain. It is mentioned by S. Isidore (lib. de + Eccles. Offic. c. 18) by Alcuin (de divinis offic.) and in + the Sarum, Parisian and many other missals quoted by + Martene. What however is its meaning? While Monsignor + Battelli, in his dissertation on the subject, maintains that + this custom was instituted for the sake of cleanliness, + rather than from a wish to denote any mystery, and that this + day was selected as the most convenient, because the altars + were already stripped; the abbot Rupert and Belet discover + mystical meanings in the sponges, towels, wine, water, and + even <i>aspergilli</i>. We prefer a middle course, and while + we are willing to admit with Durandus and others an allusion + in the wine and water to the blood and water which flowed + from our Saviour on the cross, we maintain with the learned + S. Isidore, S. Eligius, Benedict XIV and others, that we + wash the altar, the symbol of Christ, from motives of + respect to Him, who on this day washed the feet of His + disciples.</p> + + <p>Two great virtues are embodied in the ceremonies of this + day, and impart to them their life and loveliness: they are the + essential and characteristic virtues of Christians, by the + practice of which they imitate their divine Master and model, + and come at last to be united to Him in heaven. Christ was + moved by charity to institute the Holy Sacrament, and by + humility to wash His disciples feet. Let us then learn of him + because He was meek and humble of heart, and let us love one + another, because Christ hath first loved us, and commands us to + love one another.</p> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote57" + name="footnote57"></a><b>Footnote 57:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag57">(return)</a> + + <p>In Africa two were customary, one in the morning, and + the other after supper. S. August. ep. 54 ad Januarium.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote58" + name="footnote58"></a><b>Footnote 58:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag58">(return)</a> + + <p>For an account of this ancient ceremony the reader may + see Fleury, Moeurs des Chretiens; <i>Funz. della Settimana + Santa.</i> Martene, lib. IV, 22. etc.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote59" + name="footnote59"></a><b>Footnote 59:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag59">(return)</a> + + <p>"Balsam is produced in the vineyards of Engaddi, and in + preparing chrism it is mixed with oil and consecrated by + the pontifical benediction, that all the faithful may be + signed with this unction at confirmation". Ven. Bede, in + canlic. cap. I. The Greeks bless the chrism on the same day + as the Latins, having prepared it a few days previously. + See their Euchelogium, Ordo VIII entitled, On the + composition of the great ointment in the Costantinop. + church ap. Martene, loc. cit.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote60" + name="footnote60"></a><b>Footnote 60:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag60">(return)</a> + + <p>Only one priest says mass in each on this day and the + other priests communicate, as on it Christ alone said mass, + and distributed the Holy communion to the apostles. + Although for many centuries both kinds were ordinarily + received, yet the custom of communicating under the form of + bread alone is very ancient. Thus in time of persecution + the faithful used to carry to their houses the holy + communion under the form of bread alone, the hermits also + preserved it in the deserts, the sick received it as their + viaticum, the ministers of God kept it in the churches, for + their spiritual support, and the bishops used to send it to + their clergy in token of their union in charity. These were + all instances of communion under one kind, which are + enumerated and proved by many Catholic divines, as for + instance by Dr. Rock in his Hierurgia. They demonstrate the + constant belief of the church, that the whole sacrament is + received under one kind only; and Christ himself in the + scriptures attributes its admirable effects to the act of + <i>eating</i> only as well as to that of <i>eating and + drinking</i>. "He that eateth this bread shall live for + ever" etc. In fact since His resurrection "He dieth now no + more": His body and blood and soul and Divinity are united + together for evermore, and consequently the communicant + receives under the form of bread alone Christ himself whole + and entire. The Latin church prescribed the general + reception of communion under one kind, in order to obviate + accidents which frequently arose from the indiscriminate + use of the chalice, and in opposition to the error of the + Hussites: Thus Paul II took occasion from the presence of + Frederic III at Rome, to give a public and illustrious + proof of the condemnation of this new heresy by the church, + by giving communion under one kind only to the Emperor, and + also to the deacon and subdeacon, who generally communicate + under both kinds when the Pope sings mass. In the Greek and + other oriental churches communion is administered under one + kind to the sick and others who are prevented by distance + from communicating in the churches. The general communion + customary on holy-thursday is prescribed by the English + bishop Walter in the 10th century, in the capitulary of + Theodulph of Orleans, and by all ancient pontificals and + missals, according to Martene T. 3, p. 98. It is practised + also by the Greeks, as Leo Allatius testifies. De consensu + utriusque Ecclesiæ lib. 3. Palmer (Vol. 2. p. 76) says "It + is not essential to the validity of the Sacrament, that the + bread should be whole and entire before consecration, and + broken afterwards: but the Universal practice of the + Christian church, derived from the apostles and from Jesus + Christ himself ought not to be infringed in this matter". + Yet even Bp. Middleton whom he quotes in the same page, + says "When there were many communicants, <i>in primitive + times, there were several cakes or loaves</i>, in + proportion to the number: and it took some time after the + consecration was finished, to break and divide them for + distribution". Each person communicated from his own + offering: hence S. Augustine says "Erubescere debet homo + idoneus si de aliena oblatione communicaverit" Serm. 215 de + Temp, any longer justification of the general practice of + the Roman church would therefore be superfluous.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote61" + name="footnote61"></a><b>Footnote 61:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag61">(return)</a> + + <p>"From the frequent mention of <i>oil</i> in scripture as + the emblem of spiritual gifts it was actually used in the + primitive church in the ceremonies of admitting + catechumens, and in baptising". Tracts of the Times, Vol. + 1, no. 34.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote62" + name="footnote62"></a><b>Footnote 62:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag62">(return)</a> + + <p>Our ardent love of this classic soil tempts us to insert + the following noble instance from Cicero (pro Milone XXXI) + "Vos enim jam <i>Albani</i> tumuli atque luci vos, inquam, + imploro alque tester vosque Albanorum obrutæ aræ, sacrorum + populi Romani sociæ et æquales, quas ille præceps amentia + cæsis prostratisque sanctissimi lucis substructionum + insanis molibus oppresserat: vestræ tum aræ, vestræ + religiones viguerunt, vestra vis valuit, quam ille + (Clodius) omni scelere polluarat: tuque ex tuo edito monte, + Latiaris sancte Jupiter, cujus ille lacus, nemora, finesque + sæpe omni nefario stupro et scelere macularat, aliquaudo ad + eum puniendum oculos aperuisti: vobis illæ, vobis vestro in + conspecta seræ sed justæ tamen et debitæ pænæ solutæ + sunt".</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote63" + name="footnote63"></a><b>Footnote 63:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag63">(return)</a> + + <p>These <i>troccole</i> were formerly called by the hard + names of <i>crepitacula ligna congregantia, mallei + excitatorii</i>. The Greeks used them anciently, as Martene + proves from a libellus de miraculis Anastasii presented to + the second council of Nice, from S. John Chrysostom's life + by Metaphrastes etc. etc. In modern times also they + continue to use them. Benedict XIV observes that the + practice of the Latin church on these days is intended to + preserve the remembrance of the ancient custom. It is also + evidently intended, like the reversed arms of the soldiers, + as a sign of mourning for the death of Christ. This silence + of the bells is prescribed in the ancient rituals: mystical + interpreters assign as a reason, that they signify Christ's + preachers and apostles, who were silent during the + sufferings of their Master.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote64" + name="footnote64"></a><b>Footnote 64:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag64">(return)</a> + + <p>S. Greg. Turon. De mirac. S. Martini "oblatis super + altare sacris muneribus, mysterioque Corporis et Sanguinis + Christi palla ex more cooperto.", Vid. Bona. Lib. II, c. + 13. not. 12.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote65" + name="footnote65"></a><b>Footnote 65:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag65">(return)</a> + + <p>This mass is found in the Antiphonary and Sacramentary + of Pope Gregory the great; in all churches but the Roman, + as Marlene observes, vespers were joined with the mass on + this day, as they are on holy Saturday throughout the Latin + church. On holy-thursday the Pope used generally to preach + after the gospel, and in the mean time the Cardinals + stripped the altar: after the sermon the Pope blessed the + people as usual, and then began the <i>Credo</i>, according + to Benedict, Canon of S. Peter's. His Holiness drank on + this day directly from the chalice, and did not use the + golden reed or <i>fistola</i>, as on other occasions; this + we learn from the Apamean Pontifical.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote66" + name="footnote66"></a><b>Footnote 66:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag66">(return)</a> + + <p>This chapel was erected by Paul III according to the + design of Antonio Sangallo. Its two large frescoes are the + last efforts of the genius of Michelangelo, then aged 75 + years: they represent the crucifixion of S. Peter and the + conversion of S. Paul. The fall of Simon Magus, and the + baptism conferred by S. Peter, painted on the + righthand-wall are works of Federico Zuccheri; on the + opposite side S. Paul at Malta, and restoring the young + man, who had fallen from a window, are by Lorenzo Sabbatino + da Bologna, the ceiling was painted by Federico Zuccheri. + The B. Sacrament is publicly and solemnly exposed in this + chapel for the adoration of the faithful on the first + Sunday of Advent as well as on holy-thursday See Chaltard; + <i>Descriz. del Vaticano</i> Taja, <i>Palazzo + Vaticano</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote67" + name="footnote67"></a><b>Footnote 67:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag67">(return)</a> + + <p>S. John Chrysostom established processions at + Constantinople in opposition to those of the Arians; and + the empress Eudoxia supplied the people with silver crosses + and wax lights, to be carried on such occasions. Socrat. + Hist. Eccl. lib. VI, c. 8, Sozomen lib. VIII, c. 8. + Processions were incompatible with the persecutions of the + first three centuries. During them, and even long after + Constantine, in consequence of the discipline of secrecy, + there was neither public exposition or procession of the B. + Sacrament. The faithful however adored it privately, as for + instance, S. Gregory Nazianzen relates of his sister + Gorgonia, that when seized by a fever "she fell down with + faith before the altar, and invoked with a loud cry Him who + is honoured thereupon". (Discourse on her funeral). S. + Cyril of Jerusalem also exhorts the believer, that when he + receives the chalice of the blood of Christ he should bow + down profoundly and adore. (Catech. 5), The office and mass + of Corpus Christi were composed by S. Thomas Aquinas. As + holy-thursday is in great part devoted to the sufferings of + Christ, the festival of <i>Corpus Christi</i> with its + procession was instituted about the middle of the + thirteenth century by Urban IV at the petition of B. + Juliana of Mount <i>Cornelione</i>, and in consequence of + the miracle of Bolsena, well known as the subject of one of + Raffaello's frescoes in the Vatican. See Bened. XIV, De + Festis, and the authors cited by him. The miraculous + corporal stained with blood is still preserved at Orvieto, + the celebrated cathedral of which owes its foundation to + the miracle. "No one eats that flesh, says S. Augustine, + unless he has first adored" in ps. 98 "The flesh of + Christ," says S. Ambrose "which we adore even now in the + mysteries, and which the apostles adored in the Lord Jesus" + (de Spir. S. lib. 34, c. 12) All the fathers and liturgies + mention this adoration, which was therefore derived from + apostolic tradition. Sala ad Bonæ lib. 2, c. 13.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote68" + name="footnote68"></a><b>Footnote 68:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag68">(return)</a> + + <p>In the Greek church communion is on this day reserved + for the sick of the ensuing year under the form of bread + alone, according to Leo Allatius. (De utriusque Ecclesiæ + consensione). Pope Innocent I in the beginning of the 5th + century directs, that the eucharist be preserved on this + day for the priest and the sick. This reservation is + mentioned also in the Gregorian sacramentary, without any + mention of the sacred blood, since it might be spilt. It + has taken place in the Pauline chapel ever since its + erection by Paul III. A particle of the B. Sacrament was + formerly preserved after mass on festivals and carried back + in procession to the sacristy: it was carried to the altar + in procession on the next festival, and a portion or the + whole of it was put into the chalice before the host was + broken. See Cancellieri, De Secretariis T. I, p. 217, + seq.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote69" + name="footnote69"></a><b>Footnote 69:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag69">(return)</a> + + <p>These prelates used to refer cases and petitions to the + Popes, as they now do the former to their tribunal, which + according to Gonzalez derives its name of <i>Segnatura</i> + from the <i>signature</i> of the sovereign affixed to its + decree.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote70" + name="footnote70"></a><b>Footnote 70:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag70">(return)</a> + + <p>They are formed of peacocks' feathers, the eyes of which + according to Macri and others signify the vigilance and + circumspection of the Pontiffs. They are mentioned in the + apostolic constitutions, in which it is prescribed, that + two deacons should hold, them in order to drive away flies, + which might otherwise fall into the chalice. Accordingly, + at the ordination of the deacons in the Greek church, among + other instruments a Flabellum is given to them for their + ministry at the altar: this S. Anastasius is said to have + used while a deacon. Flabella are mentioned in the + liturgies of SS. Basil, Chrisostom, and other Greek and + Syriac liturgies, Flabella are in the Latin church a mark + of distinction, and are carried for the Grand Prior of the + knights of Malta the bishop of Troja in Aquila, and the + archbishop of Messina, as well as for His Holiness.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote71" + name="footnote71"></a><b>Footnote 71:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag71">(return)</a> + + <p>Since the time of Clement XIV, the custom of reading + from the <i>loggia</i> on this day the bull in <i>Coena + Domini</i> has been abolished. (On this bull see de Maistre + du Pape lib. 2, c. 14). According to the doctrine of S. + Paul, the B. Sacrament is the bond as it is the symbol of + union or <i>communion</i> between the faithful; "We being + many are one body, all who partake of one bread" 1 Cor. X, + 17, and hence this day of its institution was selected for + the public <i>excommunication</i> of those, who reject the + doctrines of the church, or maliciously oppose her + ordinances. After the bull had been read "many candles are + lighted, of which the Lord Pope himself holds some, and + each cardinal and prelate one lighted, and he extinguishes + and throws them on the ground, saying, we excommunicate all + the aforesaid; and then the bells are rung together without + observing any order". Ap. Gatticuin, Acta Cerem. 82. These + ceremonies are interpreted to mean the <i>extinction of the + grace</i> of the holy Ghost; and the dispersion of + unbelievers, as on the contrary the regular and orderly + ringing of bells calls the faithful together.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote72" + name="footnote72"></a><b>Footnote 72:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag72">(return)</a> + + <p>It is supported by the subdeacon habited in the tunic or + <i>tonacella</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote73" + name="footnote73"></a><b>Footnote 73:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag73">(return)</a> + + <p>John the deacon, in his life of Gregory the great, + mentions the <i>Sacellarius</i> or Treasurer (see Thomassin + lib. 2. c. 103, n. 11), whom that holy Pope commanded + according to custom to invite the twelve pilgrims to + dinner. Besides the gifts mentioned above, the white dress + is given to these <i>apostles</i>, who are chosen by some + Cardinals, Ambassadors, the Propaganda, the + <i>Maggiordomo</i>, and the captain of the Swiss + guards.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote74" + name="footnote74"></a><b>Footnote 74:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag74">(return)</a> + + <p>The water is brought to him by the Prince assisting at + the throne, and the towel is presented by the first + Cardinal Priest. When the Pope is prevented from performing + this ceremony, the Cardinal Dean supplies his place in + presence of the sacred college (Lunadoro). In that case the + gospel is sung, not by a cardinal, but by the prelate who + is deacon of the <i>cappella</i>. Formerly, according to + the MS. Pontifical of the Apamean church written in 1214, + Vespers were sung by the Pope's chaplains, while he washed + the feet of twelve subdeacons.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote75" + name="footnote75"></a><b>Footnote 75:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag75">(return)</a> + + <p>Chardin and other travellers testify, that this practice + is preserved in modern times. In Homer's Odyssey the custom + of taking a bath before a banquet is frequently mentioned, + III, 467; IV, 49, VI. 216; VIII, 449.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote76" + name="footnote76"></a><b>Footnote 76:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag76">(return)</a> + + <p>The emperors of Costantinople used (according to Codinus + De Officiis Aulæ Costantinop.) to wash the feet of twelve + poor persons: and Vespasiano Fiorentino in the fifteenth + century, in his life of Alfonso di Napoli quoted by + Cancellieri, says that "Il Giovedi Santo lavava i piedi a + tanti poveri, quant' egli aveva anni, et lavavagli, come si + deve ... et a tutti dava una veste bianca, et un pajo di + calze, et un Alfonsino, et un fiorino et un carlino, et non + so che altra moneta. Dipoi il Giovedi medesímo faceva + ordinare una cena,... et la Maestà del Re la pigliava, et + metteva loro innanzi, e con il vino, et quello avevano di + bisogno con grandissima umiltà". See also Martene, De Ant. + Eccl. Rit. Lib. IV, c. XII, § 8. Our readers will here call + to mind the good old custom still preserved of the maundy + of our British Sovereigns, so called from mandatum, the + first word of the first anthem sung during, the washing of + the feet. In the Greek church, according to Baillet, not + only are the feet of twelve poor persons washed, but the + name of an apostle is given to each of them; as it may be + supposed, nobody is anxious to have the name of Judas + Iscariot: so lots are drawn to determine the person who is + to represent that traitor. This may remind us of the threat + of Leonardo da Vinci to copy the head of Judas, in his + celebrated last supper, from the importunate Prior of S. + Maria delle Grazie of Milan. Poor Leonardo despaired of + finding a model for the head of our Saviour; and for more + than a year was seeking the rabble for a fit subject whom + he might represent as Judas: meantime the Prior was + continually worrying him to finish the fresco. "In ogni + caso poi" said he to Lodovico Sforza, "faro capitale del + ritratto del P. Priore, che lo merita per la sua + importunità e per la sua poca discrezione". The story of + Leonardo bears some resemblance to the manner in which + Michelangelo punished Biagio da Cesena Pontifical Master of + Ceremonies, who before Daniel of Volterra had acquired his + well-known nickname of <i>braghettone</i> complained to the + Pope, that the naked figures of the last judgment were + unworthy of a house of prayer. The artist introduced his + censor in his painting as Minos judge of the infernal + regions, with long ears like those of the other devils, and + a serpent's tail. Paul III when appealed to is said to have + answered, that if his Ceremoniere had been in Purgatory, he + might have helped him out, but out of hell there was no + redemption. This Papal witticism Platner could not find in + any writer earlier than Richardson (See Beschreibung der + Stadt Rom) but <i>se non è vero, è ben trovato</i>. Dante + was not more scrupulous than Michelangelo about thrusting + his opponents into his <i>inferno</i>.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i4">Pictoribus atque poetis</p> + + <p>Quidlibet audendi semper fuit æqua potestas.</p> + </div> + </div> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote77" + name="footnote77"></a><b>Footnote 77:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag77">(return)</a> + + <p>The mosaics with which it was adorned by Pope Leo III + are preserved in the great niche adjoining the <i>scala + santa</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote78" + name="footnote78"></a><b>Footnote 78:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag78">(return)</a> + + <p>The Portuguese, Spanish and some other churches are + generally distinguished on this day by the brilliancy of + the illumination of their <i>sepulchres</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote79" + name="footnote79"></a><b>Footnote 79:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag79">(return)</a> + + <p>In the eighth century Pope Hadrian I, according to + Anastasius, suspended under the principal or + <i>triumphal</i> arch, as it was called, a silver cross + with 1365 or 1380 small lamps, which where lighted at + Easter and other great festivals. This was perhaps the + origin of the cross which used to be suspended in S. + Peter's at this season.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote80" + name="footnote80"></a><b>Footnote 80:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag80">(return)</a> + + <p>We have already mentioned an ancient Christian fresco in + which an aspergillum is represented.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote81" + name="footnote81"></a><b>Footnote 81:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag81">(return)</a> + + <p>Formerly, as Card. Borgia has proved (De Cruce Vaticana) + this ceremony was performed in S. Peter's on good Friday. + In other churches there were two distinct observances; 1. + that of stripping the altars on holy Thursday, when + Christ's passion began; and 2. that of washing them with + wine and on good Friday, when blood and water flowed from + His side, as the Abbot Rupert observes. For the ancient + ceremonies of this day at Rome see besides the Apamean + Pontifical above-cited, the Pontificals of Egebert + archbishop of York and of Tirpin archbishop of Rheims ap. + Martene, loc. cit. In some places the fast of Lent was not + observed on this day, as appears from S. Augustine, Ep. 54 + and Januarium. Of old this was the day for shaving in + preparation for Easter-Sunday: it was therefore called + shere-Thursday.</p> + </blockquote><span class="pagenum"><a name="page69" + id="page69"></a>[pg 69]</span> + + <h2>CHAP. V.</h2> + + <h3>ON THE CEREMONIES OF GOOD-FRIDAY</h3> + + <h4><i>CONTENTS.</i></h4> + + <blockquote> + <p>Ancient ceremonies at Rome—Service in the Sixtine + chapel—Passio—Sermon and + indulgence—Prayers for all mankind—exposition + of the cross; ancient crucifixes and + crosses—<i>adoration</i> of the cross; its + antiquity—Palestrina's <i>improperii</i>, + Trisagion—chant of the hymn <i>Pange lingua gloriosi + lauream etc</i>,—Procession of the B. + Sacrament—<i>Mass</i> of the Presanctified, + Vespers—Tenebræ—Veneration of the principal + relics at S Peter's—Grounds of belief in the + genuineness of relics—1. Relic of the cross—2. + of the lance—3. <i>Volto + Santo</i>—Reflections—Recapitulation.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote> + <p>"<i>The principal object of the church in the office of + this day is, that Jesus Christ crucified may be placed + before our eyes, that touched with contrition at the sight, + our souls may be so disposed, as to obtain the fruit of + redemption</i>" Bened. XIV, De Festis D.N.J.C. lib. 1. c. + 7.</p> + </blockquote> + + <p class="side">Ancient ceremonies.</p> + + <p>On good Friday the Pope used formerly to go with the + Cardinals and the other members of the court to the Oratory of + S. Lorenzo called <i>Sancta Sanctorum</i> in the Lateran + palace, where they venerated and kissed the relics of SS. Peter + and Paul, as well as two crosses preserved there. One of these + was then carried by a Cardinal Priest, and + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page70" + id="page70"></a>[pg 70]</span> and the Host consecrated on + the preceding day was borne by another Cardinal of the same + order; the Pope, the Cardinals and all the others were + bare-footed, and walked in procession reciting psalms to S. + John Lateran's and thence to S. Croce, where the station was + held and the ceremonies of the day were + performed.<a id="footnotetag82" + name="footnotetag82"></a><a href="#footnote82"><sup>82</sup></a></p> + + <p class="side">Service in the Sixtine chapel.</p> + + <p class="side">Passio.</p> + + <p class="side">Sermon and indulgence.</p> + + <p>These take place at present in the Sixtine chapel; in which + the yellow colour of the candles and torches, the nakedness of + the Pope's throne and of the seats of the church denote the + desolation of the church at the sufferings and death of her + divine founder. The Cardinals do not wear their rings; their + dress is of purple, which is their mourning colour; in like + manner the Bishops do not wear rings and their stockings are + black: those of the Cardinals are purple; and the maces as well + as the soldiers' arms are reversed. The Card. great + Penitentiary with the sacred ministers are habited in black. + There is no thurifer and there are no lights; for the death of + the Son of God is going to be commemorated; and while He was + hanging upon the cross and when He died, there was darkness + over the whole earth. The Pope is habited in a red cope: he + does not wear his ring nor give his blessing: but if he be + present at this part of the service, His Holiness kneeling with + the Card. Penitentiary at his left hand offers up prayers for a + short time before the altar. This, which was stripped on the + preceding day, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page71" + id="page71"></a>[pg 71]</span> is now covered with a linen + cloth by two <i>Cerimonieri</i><a id="footnotetag83" + name="footnotetag83"></a><a href="#footnote83"><sup>83</sup></a>. + The Pope then goes to His seat; and the Card. Celebrant + accompanied by the ministers to the altar, and thence to his + <i>faldistorio</i> or seat. An appropriate passage from the + prophecy of Osee is sung by one of the choir, and the + precept from Exodus concerning the killing of the + paschal-lamb, a type of Christ, by the subdeacon. The Pope + and the Card. Celebrant also read both these lessons, after + each of which a tract is sung by the choir; and between them + a prayer by the Celebrant. After the prophecies, which are a + powerful confirmation of the truth of our holy religion, the + account of the sufferings and death of Jesus Christ, penned + by an eye-witness S. John, the disciple of love, is + recited<a id="footnotetag84" + name="footnotetag84"></a><a href="#footnote84"><sup>84</sup></a>. + It is read in a low voice by the Card. Celebrant and sung + with the same impressive chant as on Palm-Sunday by three + cantors wearing the alb, a black maniple and stole: they + used formerly to recite it bare-footed. At those words "And + bowing down his head he gave up the ghost" all kneel to + adore their Redeemer. It is related of a servant of God of + the name of Piccolomini, that he expired in church on good + Friday when those words were sung. The latter part is + chanted, but without the usual ceremonies, by the deacon, + after he has taken off his folded chasuble and put on the + large band or stole. A short sermon is then preached by a + conventual Friar, who afterwards according to custom + publishes the indulgence or remission of temporal punishment + of thirty years granted by the Pope to those who have + confessed and sincerely repented of their sins. See p. 37. + As <span class="pagenum"><a name="page72" + id="page72"></a>[pg 72]</span> Morinus has shewn (De + Penitentia cap. 4.) in most churches penitents were absolved + and reconciled after the gospel.</p> + + <p class="side">Prayers for all mankind.</p> + + <p>Christ, says S. Paul, died for all men, and when suffering + on the cross, He prayed even for his relentless persecutors: on + the anniversary then of his death it is fit that His church + should pray for all men, that all may be saved by the + application of His merits to their souls. The Card. Celebrant + commences the beautiful, charitable, and ancient prayers of + this day with the words, Let us pray, dearly beloved, for the + holy church of God etc. The deacon then kneeling says + (according to the ancient custom mentioned by S. Cesarius of + Arles in his 36th homily, and by S. Basil in his book on the + Holy Ghost c. XXVII) Let us bend our knees, and the subdeacon + answers, Stand up, as it was customary to pray standing. This + form is repeated before each prayer, except that which is + offered for the Jews<a id="footnotetag85" + name="footnotetag85"></a><a href="#footnote85"><sup>85</sup></a>: + for their soldiers, bowing the knee before our Lord, mocked + him saying in derision, Hail king of the Jews. Prayers + follow for the Pope, for all the clergy, and holy people of + God (formerly for the Emperor also) and catechumens who are + to receive baptism on the day following. Having prayed for + all members of the church, we then pray for heretics and + schismatics, that God may deign to "deliver them from all + errors, and bring them back to their holy mother the + catholic and apostolic church"; and these petitions are + followed by others for the conversion of Jews and + Pagans<a id="footnotetag86" + name="footnotetag86"></a><a href="#footnote86"><sup>86</sup></a>.</p><span class="pagenum"> + <a name="page73" + id="page73"></a>[pg 73]</span> + + <p class="side">Exposition of the cross: ancient crucifixes and + crosses.</p> + + <p class="side"><i>Adoration</i> of the cross: its + antiquity.</p> + + <p>When these prayers are ended<a id="footnotetag87" + name="footnotetag87"></a><a href="#footnote87"><sup>87</sup></a> + the officiating Cardinal takes off his chasuble, and going + to the epistle-side of the altar receives from the deacon + the crucifix<a id="footnotetag88" + name="footnotetag88"></a><a href="#footnote88"><sup>88</sup></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page74" + id="page74"></a>[pg 74]</span> covered with a black veil. + Then turning towards the people, and uncovering the upper + part of the crucifix, he sings, Behold the wood of the + cross, on which hung the salvation + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page75" + id="page75"></a>[pg 75]</span> of the world; in singing + which words he is joined by two tenor-voices from the choir. + The choir answers, Come, let us adore<a id="footnotetag89" + name="footnotetag89"></a><a href="#footnote89"><sup>89</sup></a>. + The Pope and all others kneel, + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page76" + id="page76"></a>[pg 76]</span> except the Cardinal + celebrant, who advances nearer to the middle of the altar, + and uncovers the right arm of the crucifix, and repeats the + same words in a higher tone, and + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page77" + id="page77"></a>[pg 77]</span> again in a still higher tone + before the middle of the altar, where he uncovers the whole + cross. The choir answers as before, and all except the + celebrant kneel each time the words are repeated. The + Cardinal then places the crucifix on a rich cushion lying on + the steps of the altar<a id="footnotetag90" + name="footnotetag90"></a><a href="#footnote90"><sup>90</sup></a>.</p> + + <p class="side">Trisagion.</p> + + <p>I observed above, that it was formerly customary for the + Pope and all others to walk bare-footed in the procession of + this day, as others royal personages have done; for instance, + S. Louis of France, S. Elisabeth of Hungary, and others. Thus + to be barefooted was a sign of mourning (1 Sam. XV, 30. Jer. + II, 25) among the Jews. Their priests were without shoes at + their functions, in token of reverence (Exod. III, 5. Jos. V, + 15). Some memorial of this practice is preserved in the present + custom of taking off the shoes of the principal persons who + revere and kiss the cross on this day. The Pope's shoes are + taken off by an <i>Ajutante di Camera</i>, His cope by + acolythes (<i>Votanti di Segnatura</i>), and afterwards His + Holiness then makes three profound genuflections before the + crucifix, gradually approaching nearer to it, and then kisses + it in token of his love for Him, who died upon it for our + salvation<a id="footnotetag91" + name="footnotetag91"></a><a href="#footnote91"><sup>91</sup></a>. + He <span class="pagenum"><a name="page78" + id="page78"></a>[pg 78]</span> also empties a purse, + containing an offering of 100 <i>scudi d'oro</i>, into a + silver basin near the crucifix. When the Pope is about to + make the first genuflection, the choir begins to sing the + <i>improperii</i>, the sentiments of which, and the chant + composed by Palestrina <a id="footnotetag92" + name="footnotetag92"></a><a href="#footnote92"><sup>92</sup></a>, + are admirably adapted to the pathetic ceremony. In them God + enumerates the unparalleled benefits which he lavished upon + the Jews, and the atrocious crimes by which they repaid Him. + At the end of each <i>improperium</i> or reproach, the + Trisagion is sung by one choir in Greek, and in Latin by + another "Holy God! Holy strong one! Holy immortal, have + mercy on us"<a id="footnotetag93" + name="footnotetag93"></a><a href="#footnote93"><sup>93</sup></a>. + The Pope then returns to his throne; he resumes + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page79" + id="page79"></a>[pg 79]</span> his previous vestments and + reads the <i>improperii</i> from the Missal held as usual by + an assist. bishop kneeling. The Cardinal celebrant and all + the other members of the sacred college, after their shoes + have been taken off, assisted by the <i>Ceremonieri</i> + revere and kiss the crucifix in the same manner as the Pope + has done; and each of them leaves an offering of a <i>scudo + d'oro</i> according to an ancient + custom.<a id="footnotetag94" + name="footnotetag94"></a><a href="#footnote94"><sup>94</sup></a> + When they return to their places, their shoes are put on by + their respective <i>camerieri</i>, who afterwards leave the + chapel. The patriarchs and bishops assistant and + non-assistant and the generals of religious orders without + shoes, and all the other prelates etc. wearing their shoes, + <i>adore</i> and kiss the cross in like manner, observing + the same order as in going to receive palms on the preceding + sunday; and they also make their offerings before the cross. + When the sacred college has finished the <i>adoration</i>, + the choir having ended the <i>improperii</i> sings the + anthem <i>Crucem tuam</i>, the psalm <i>Deus misereatur + nostri</i>, the hymn <i>Pange lingua gloriosi lauream + certaminis</i><a id="footnotetag95" + name="footnotetag95"></a><a href="#footnote95"><sup>95</sup></a> + etc. Towards <span class="pagenum"><a name="page80" + id="page80"></a>[pg 80]</span> the end of this beautiful + ceremony the candles are lighted, the deacon spreads out the + corporal<a id="footnotetag96" + name="footnotetag96"></a><a href="#footnote96"><sup>96</sup></a> + as usual, placing the purificator near it. He then + respectfully takes the cross, and places it on the altar + amid the candlesticks.</p> + + <p class="side">Chant of <i>Pange lingua</i> etc.</p> + + <p>A procession, arranged like that of the preceding day, now + goes to the Pauline chapel. Assisted as usual by the first + Card. priest, the Pope kneels and incenses the B. Sacrament + three times. <i>M. Sagrista</i> delivers the B. Sacrament to + the Cardinal celebrant, who presents it to the Pope; His + Holiness covers it with the end of the veil placed over his + shoulders<a id="footnotetag97" + name="footnotetag97"></a><a href="#footnote97"><sup>97</sup></a> + and the procession returns to the Sixtine chapel + <a id="footnotetag98" + name="footnotetag98"></a><a href="#footnote98"><sup>98</sup></a>. + In the mean time the choir sings the hymn "<i>Vexilla Regis + prodeunt</i>". When the Pope arrives at the altar, he + delivers the B. Sacrament to the Card. Celebrant, who places + it on the altar. His Holiness then incenses it and returns + to his throne.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page81" + id="page81"></a>[pg 81]</span> + + <p>During the procession the crucifix on the altar of the + Sixtine chapel is removed, and a larger cross containing a + considerable relic of the true cross is substituted for it. + This relic was sent to Pope Leo the Great in the 5th century by + Juvenal Bishop of Jerusalem. It was lost, but found again by + Pope Sergius I in 687: it was stolen at the sack of Rome in + 1527, and removed from its case of silver: however it was + recovered by Clement VII, who ordered the rich cross, in which + it is at present preserved, to be made: in 1730 it was again + stolen but recovered once more by Clement XII. At the close of + the last century, though the candlesticks, and the statues of + the Apostles belonging to the papal chapel were lost, this + cross was preserved. In 1840 His present Holiness Gregory XVI + ordered it to be again exposed to the public veneration in the + Sixtine chapel: He gave it to the charge of the chapter of S. + Peter's, who deliver it to <i>M. Sagrista</i> on Good-friday + morning: and it remains in the Sixtine chapel till the end of + Tenebrae on that day. Moroni <i>Cappelle Pontificie + etc.</i></p> + + <p>The <i>Mass</i> of the <i>Presanctified</i>, as it is + called, is next celebrated; Card. Tommasi, following S. + Cesarius of Arles, calls it the office, and not the mass of + good-Friday; for mass, strictly speaking, is not offered up on + this day, since no consecration takes place, and the B. + Sacrament is received by the celebrant under the form of bread + alone, as it could not be preserved with safety under the form + of wine<a id="footnotetag99" + name="footnotetag99"></a><a href="#footnote99"><sup>99</sup></a>.</p><span class="pagenum"> + <a name="page82" + id="page82"></a>[pg 82]</span> + + <p class="side">Mass of the Pre-Sanctified.</p> + + <p>The Card. Celebrant places the B. Sacrament on the + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page83" + id="page83"></a>[pg 83]</span> paten<a id="footnotetag100" + name="footnotetag100"></a><a href="#footnote100"><sup>100</sup></a> + and thence on the corporal. In the meantime the deacon puts + wine into the chalice, and the subdeacon water, which + however are neither blessed or + consecrated<a id="footnotetag101" + name="footnotetag101"></a><a href="#footnote101"><sup>101</sup></a> + on this day. The cardinal then places the chalice on the + altar, and the deacon covers it with the <i>palla</i> or + pall (a small square piece of linen, which serves to prevent + flies etc. from falling into it). The Cardinal incenses the + offerings and the altar, washes his hands, and recites the + <i>Orate Fratres</i> and Our Father. All then kneel to adore + the blessed Sacrament, which he raises over the paten. He + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page84" + id="page84"></a>[pg 84]</span> divides it as usual, but + without saying any prayer <a id="footnotetag102" + name="footnotetag102"></a><a href="#footnote102"><sup>102</sup></a>, + into three parts, putting one of them into the chalice. + Striking his breast, and acknowledging his own unworthiness, + he receives communion, taking the sacred host, and + afterwards the consecrated particle with the wine in the + chalice <a id="footnotetag103" + name="footnotetag103"></a><a href="#footnote103"><sup>103</sup></a>. + He then receives the ablution, washes his hands, and returns + to the sacristy with the sacred ministers.</p> + + <p class="side">Vespers.</p> + + <p>Anciently on fasting days nothing was allowed to be eaten + till sunset; and Vespers used therefore to be said before + dinner: now that the one meal allowed on such days may be eaten + as early as noon, the ancient practice of saying Vespers before + dinner is still preserved. Vespers are therefore sung + immediately after the mass of the Presanctified: they consist + of the Our Father and Hail Mary said in secret, of five psalms + with their anthems, and the <i>Magnificat</i> with its anthem. + At the verse 'Christ became obedient unto death', all kneel + down to adore Him, and the <i>Miserere</i> and the usual prayer + are recited, but without the solemnity of + Tenebrae<a id="footnotetag104" + name="footnotetag104"></a><a href="#footnote104"><sup>104</sup></a>.</p> + + <p class="side">Tenebræ.</p> + + <p class="side">Principal relics.</p> + + <p>In the afternoon at Tenebrae, the office, being that of Holy + Saturday anticipated as usual, refers to the repose of the body + of our blessed Lord in the tomb. When it is + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page85" + id="page85"></a>[pg 85]</span> finished, the Pope wearing + his stole, and the Cardinals having taken off their + <i>cappe</i>, go to S. Peter's in procession, accompanied by + the Papal <i>Anticamera segreta</i>, the guards and others, + to venerate the relics of the Cross, the Lance, and the + <i>Volto Santo</i>, which are shewn by the Canons from the + gallery above the statue of S. Veronica + <a id="footnotetag105" + name="footnotetag105"></a><a href="#footnote105"><sup>105</sup></a>. + The Pope meantime, and the Cardinals and others arranged on + each side of Him, remain kneeling. The Pontifical cross is + borne as usual before the Pope, when going to S. Peter's by + an <i>Uditore di Rota</i>, and when returning to His + apartments by His cross-bearer who is one of His + chaplains.</p> + + <p class="side">Grounds of belief in relics.</p> + + <p>Catholics are bound to believe with divine faith only those + doctrines, which the church defines to be doctrines taught by + God; and hence with regard to particular images or relics or + miracles, concerning which Christ has taught nothing, they + believe them to be genuine or reject them, according to the + evidence which accompanies them. We shall therefore briefly + examine what evidence there is in favour of the relics in + question.</p> + + <p class="side">1. Relic of the cross.</p> + + <p>1. The relic of the cross was placed here in 1629 by Urban + VIII; but it was formed of some pieces taken from the churches + of S. Anastasia and S. Croce in Gerusalemme. The Jews were + accustomed to bury the instruments of punishment in or near the + place where the persons executed were buried; but on this + subject I must content myself with referring to Baronius, + Calmet, Menochius, Gretser etc. who cite the Rabbins in proof + of this assertion. Now according to the ancient historians, + Eusebius, Sozomen and Socrates: the Emperor Adrian erected a + temple <span class="pagenum"><a name="page86" + id="page86"></a>[pg 86]</span> of Venus over the tomb of the + God of purity, after he had covered it with a great quantity + of rubbish. Helen the saintly mother of the emperor + Costantine, after many searches (according to Eusebius in + his life of that emperor) at length discovered the sacred + tomb, in which was found, according to Sozomen, the + inscription placed over the cross by Pilate, "Jesus of + Nazareth, King of the Jews"<a id="footnotetag106" + name="footnotetag106"></a><a href="#footnote106"><sup>106</sup></a>. + Near the tomb in another part of the cave were found three + crosses: but here a difficulty arose on which of these three + was our Saviour crucified? At the suggestion of Macarius Bp. + of Jerusalem, a woman at the point of death, as Ruffinus, + Socrates, Theodoret, Sozomen and Nicephorus relate; or a + dead man, according to Paulinus and Severus Sulpicius, was + brought to the spot, and restored to health or to life, when + placed on <i>one</i> of the three crosses. If we consider, + that it is related in the 2nd book of Kings c, XIII, that + when some persons "were burying a man, they cast the body + into the sepulchre of Eliseus. And when it had touched the + bones of Eliseus, the man came to life and stood up on his + feet," we may not be unwilling to admit the possibility or + probability, that such a miracle may have occurred at the + sepulchre of the God of Eliseus. Besides the authors whom I + have mentioned, this history is attested by S. Ambrose, S. + Chrysostom, and S. Cyril of Jerusalem. This great bishop and + Eusebius lived at the time when the event is said to have + happened: the other writers lived not long after, and + Ruffinus and Theodoret passed part of their lives in Syria. + The same historians mention, that S. Helen divided the Cross + into three parts, one she left in Jerusalem, another she + sent <span class="pagenum"><a name="page87" + id="page87"></a>[pg 87]</span> to Costantine, according to + the author of the life of Pope Sylvester published by Pope + Damasus towards the close of the 6th cent.; and the third + she reserved for herself, to Rome. She placed the last + mentioned piece in the Sessorian Basilica, called also the + Basilica of Helen, because erected by her, in the Horti + Variani: hence is derived its title of S. Croce in + Gerusalemme. On this subject additional information may be + found in the work of the late Padre De Corrieris, De + Sessorianis praecipius D.N.J.C. reliquiis, in Trombelli De + cultu SSrum and Ben. XIV. De festis. From Santa Croce a + piece of the cross was taken to S. Peter's, and is one of + the relics shewn on good friday. Even in the fourth century + S. Cyril of Jerusalem testifies, that particles of the true + cross had been sent to every Christian country.</p> + + <p class="side">2. of the lance.</p> + + <p>2. The lance also with which our divine Saviour's side was + pierced, was found by S. Helen, as the Bollandists shew: and it + was preserved in Jerusalem, as S. Gregory of Tours and our + venerable Bede observe: but towards the end of the 6th cent., + the iron part of it was transfered to Costantinople; of this + the point was placed in the imperial palace; the other part in + the church of S. Sophia, and afterwards in that of S. John. + William of Tyre and Anna Comnena mention it as existing there + in the 11th and 12th centuries. Towards the close of the 13th + century the point of the lance with other relics passed into + the possession of S. Louis of France: the other part of the + lance still remained at S. John's in Constantinople, as + Buondelmount, who saw it, bears witness. When Mahomet subdued + Costantinople, he preserved all the relics, as Theodore cited + by Benedict XIV relates in his history of the Turks, and his + son Bajazet sent an ambassador with the relics of the lance to + Pope Innocent VIII, in order to induce his Holiness not to + protect Zizimus, who disputed with him the succession to the + Turkish <span class="pagenum"><a name="page88" + id="page88"></a>[pg 88]</span> throne. The Pope received it + with great reverence, and placed it in the Vatican. As some + suspicion was entertained about the veracity of the Turkish + ambassador, Benedict XIV, as he mentions in his very learned + work on the Canonisation of the Saints, from which I have + extracted this account, sent for an exact cast of the point + preserved at Paris, which perfectly corresponded with the + piece preserved in the Vatican; and thus were confirmed the + assertion of the Turk<a id="footnotetag107" + name="footnotetag107"></a><a href="#footnote107"><sup>107</sup></a>.</p> + + <p class="side">3. <i>Volto Santo</i>.</p> + + <p>3. As for the <i>Volto Santo</i>, or image of our Saviour it + was placed in an Oratory of the Vatican Basilica by John VII as + long ago as 707, as may be seen in Marlinetti, Dei pregii della + Basilica Vat. Who S. Veronica or Berenice was, who is said to + have wiped our Saviour's face with the handkerchief is another + question, as Benedict XIV observes, to whom and to Marlinetti I + shall content myself with referring. It appears that this + ancient likeness of our Saviour was afterwards kept at S. + Spirito: six Roman noblemen had the care of it; and to each of + them was confided on of the six keys, with which it was locked + up. They enjoyed various privileges, and among others, says an + ancient MS. Chronicle quoted by Cancellieri, "havevano questi + sei ogni anno, da Santo Spirito, due vacche in die S. Spiritus + le quali se magnavano li con gran festa". In 1410 the <i>Volto + Santo</i> was carried back to S. Peter's, where it has ever + since remained<a id="footnotetag108" + name="footnotetag108"></a><a href="#footnote108"><sup>108</sup></a>.</p><span class="pagenum"> + <a name="page89" + id="page89"></a>[pg 89]</span> + + <p class="side">Reflections.</p> + + <p>The Council of Trent, in the 25th Session, teaches that + veneration and honour are due to relics of the Saints, and that + they and other sacred monuments are honoured by the faithful + not without utility. We all honour the memorials of the great, + of the wise and of the brave; who has not venerated the oak of + a Tasso or the house of a Shakespeare? While <i>We</i> revere + the relics of a Borromeo at Milan, of a Francois de Sales at + Annecy, of a Luigi Gonzaga, a Filippo Neri, a Camillo de Lellis + at Rome, others respect the chair and table of Wickliffe at + Lutterworth, or the room of Luther at Eisenach. If infidels + unite in paying homage to the house of the impious + <i>philosopher</i> of Ferney, let all Christians, however they + may be otherwise unhappily divided, join in shewing their + respect for the image of their Saviour, and for those + instruments which touched his sacred body, and were sanctified + by his precious blood. O let them gaze with reverential awe on + that lance which entering into his adorable side drew from it + blood and water, and on that cross to which he was nailed and + on which he died for our salvation. The early Christians, our + forefathers in the faith, manifested great respect for the + bodies and the blood of the martyrs, because they were faithful + <i>followers</i> of Christ. Thus, in the letter of the faithful + of Smyrna preserved by Eusebius, they mention that they + gathered up the bones of their bishop Polycarp, (a disciple of + S. John the Apostle) "more precious than pearls, and more tried + than gold, and buried them. In this place, God willing", say + they "we shall meet and celebrate with joy and gladness the + birthday of this martyr". SS. Praxedes and Pudentiana, and many + other devout females used to collect the blood of the martyrs + with sponges and cloths, as if they feared that one drop of it + should be lost. Read the poems of + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page90" + id="page90"></a>[pg 90]</span> Prudentius, observe the + phials of blood<a id="footnotetag109" + name="footnotetag109"></a><a href="#footnote109"><sup>109</sup></a> + placed before the martyrs' tombs in the catacombs, and you + will not doubt the truth of such + assertions<a id="footnotetag110" + name="footnotetag110"></a><a href="#footnote110"><sup>110</sup></a>. + The shadow of Peter, the handkerchiefs which had touched the + body of Paul, could cure diseases, as the Scripture + witnesseth; but here are the relics of a greater than Paul, + of a greater than Peter: O then let us kneel, and love, and + venerate them; for they were closely united to Him who is + the author and object of our faith, the only foundation of + our hope, the centre and the consummation of our love.</p> + + <p class="side">Recapitulation.</p> + + <p>It does not fall within my plan to speak of the devotion of + the three hours of agony, practised on this day in many + churches, as at the Gesù, S. Lorenzo in Damaso etc. or of that + which is practised after the <i>Ave Maria</i> at S. Marcello, + Caravita etc. or of the elegies recited by the Arcadian pastors + over their Redeemer. Let us rather briefly recapitulate with + Morcelli the principal ceremonies of the day: Station at S. + Croce; service in the Sixtine chapel, + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page91" + id="page91"></a>[pg 91]</span> the veneration of the Cross; + the B. Sacrament carried thither in procession from the + Pauline chapel, Mass of the Presanctified and Vespers. In + the afternoon Tenebræ, and veneration of the relics at S. + Peter's.</p> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote82" + name="footnote82"></a><b>Footnote 82:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag82">(return)</a> + + <p>See a MS. Apamean Pontifical ap. Marthene T. 3, p. 132, + Benedict Canon of S. Peter's in his <i>Ordo Romanus</i>, + Marangoni, <i>Istoria dell antichissimo Oratorio o Cappella + di S. Lorenzo nel Patriarchio Lateranense</i>. Roma 1747. + S. Louis of France used to walk barefooted on this day to + the churches, praying and giving abundant alms, as did also + William, king of the Romans. (Chronicon Erphordense ad ann. + 1252), S. Elisabeth of Hungary used to devote the day to + similar acts of piety, walking barefooted and in the dress + of a poor woman to the churches, and there making her + humble offerings at the altars, and distributing copious + alms. On her practices of piety during holy-week see her + life by Le Cte de Montalembert c. 9.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote83" + name="footnote83"></a><b>Footnote 83:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag83">(return)</a> + + <p>The Corporal, which was anciently much longer than at + present, was spread in this manner at all masses before the + offertory. See Cancellieri, De Secretariis T. I, Fleury, + Moeurs des Chretiens.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote84" + name="footnote84"></a><b>Footnote 84:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag84">(return)</a> + + <p>The lessons, the prayer, and the passion are found in + the ancient ordo Gelasianus for this day.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote85" + name="footnote85"></a><b>Footnote 85:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag85">(return)</a> + + <p>According to the Gelasian Sacramentary all were to + genuflect at the prayer for the Jews, as well as at the + other prayers; not so according to the Gregorian + Sacramentary.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote86" + name="footnote86"></a><b>Footnote 86:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag86">(return)</a> + + <p>"God our Saviour", says S. Paul (1 Tim. II, 4) "wishes + all men to be saved, and to come to the knowledge of the + truth". The Catholic church is animated by the same spirit + of charity, as the admirable prayers of this day might + alone prove. If she teaches exclusive salvation. Christ + taught the same "He that believeth and is baptised shall be + saved: he that believeth not shall be condemned" Mark XVI, + 26. We cannot therefore consistently accuse the church of + want of charity, when she proclaims the general conditions + of salvation, without at the same time charging Christ + himself, who first taught them, with the same fault. True + charity desires the salvation of all but she warns others + of their danger; and does not cruelly conceal it from them + till it is too late.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote87" + name="footnote87"></a><b>Footnote 87:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag87">(return)</a> + + <p>After these prayers the faithful used anciently to leave + the church, and the Priests to go to their own churches, to + perform the ceremonies till the evening-service: so that + what follows was then a totally distinct service. See + Sacram S. Gregorii, ant. Ord. Roman, etc. ap. Martene lib. + IV, c. 23.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote88" + name="footnote88"></a><b>Footnote 88:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag88">(return)</a> + + <p>It would appear, that, before Costantine abolished the + punishment of malefactors on the cross, the Christians, who + well knew with S. Paul that Christ crucified was to the + Jews a stumbling-block, and to the gentiles foolishness', + prudently abstained from representing our Saviour nailed to + the cross, and used rather to depict a lamb with a cross + near it, of which instances may he seen in Rork's Hierurgia + p. 520. The first mention of the <i>crucifix</i> in the + church is believed to occur in the poem titled <i>De + Passione Domini</i> referred to the fourth century. That + the use of the sign and the image of the <i>cross</i> was + much more ancient and very prevalent among Christians will + appear from the following facts. "At every step and + movement" says Tertullian (in the early part of the third + century) "whenever we come in or go out, when we dress and + wash ourselves, at table, when lights are brought in, + whether we are lying or sitting down; whatever we are + doing, we mark our foreheads with the sign of the cross". + Eusebius mentions that Constantine placed a magnificent + cross De Vit. Const. I. 3. In the fourth century in his + palace S. John Chrysostom in one of his eloquent homilies + observes "Every where the symbol of the cross is present to + us. We inscribe it very diligently on our houses, and + walls, and doors, and brows, and thoughts". S. Basil (De + Spirit. S. ad Amphilochium c. 27.) derives the sign of the + cross from Apostolic tradition. That this custom + universally prevailed among Christians might be proved from + S. Jerome, from the historian Socrates and others, and from + monuments of the early Christians still preserved in Egypt: + but why travel so far? we have only lo look around us in + the catacombs, or in the Vatican Museum and Library. The + cross is the chosen, the beloved sign of Christians; they + repeated it a thousand times on their lamps, on their + rings, on their cups and sacred vessels, that they might + have the sign of their redemption ever before their eyes, + they kissed it at the hour of their death, and had it + marked on their tomb, as a sign of their hope of salvation. + No sooner had peace shone upon the church, than crosses + were erected on high roads, and in many places of public + resort: and would to God that those sacred ancient + monuments, which once adorned our own country, bore public + testimony to the faith of its inhabitants, and recalled to + the minds of passers-by the sufferings of their Saviour, + had not been too rudely treated in the first heat of + religious and political frenzy! For some ancient + representations of the cross see the learned work of Dr. + Rock on the mass. I shall content myself with noticing an + interesting instance, which he has not mentioned. At + Pompeii the house of Pansa, as it is called, is one of the + most remarkable yet excavated on account of its extent and + regularity. Some parts of it were used as shops, and appear + to have been let out, (as is still the custom in some + palaces of Rome): for they have no communication with the + body of the building. Between two parts thus separated is + an entrance from a side street to the peristyle or open + court surrounded by columns; and on the pier between the + two doors is, or rather was a painting representing one of + the guardian-serpents or tutelary deities, who were + sometimes represented under that form, as we occasionally + see at Pompeii, and as we learn from Virgil (lib.) V. Hence + as we see in Titus' baths and are informed by Persius, a + place was considered sacred, in which serpents were + painted. Indeed these reptiles became such favourites, + that, according to Seneca, they used to creep upon the + tables amid the cups: and some ladies so far overcame + natural prejudices, as to place real serpents, if not boas, + round their necks, to cool them, instead of using + artificial boas to warm themselves. "Si gelidum nectit + collo Glacilla draconem" says Martial. Before the serpent + painted in Pansa's house is or was a projecting brick + intended to support a lamp: the painting in consequence of + its situation could be seen only by persons within the + house: but upon the opposite wall there is or was a cross + worked in bas relief upon a panel of white stucco, so + situated as to be visible to all persons passing. It had + the form of a Latin cross, which, we may observe, as well + as the Greek cross: is found upon ancient Christian + monuments; though of course we cannot bring forward other + instances so ancient as the monument in question. (See Rock + p. 516). "It is hard to conceive", says the learned Mazois, + "that the same man should bow at once before the cross of + Christ, and pay homage to Janus, Ferculus, Limetinus, + Cardia, the deities of the threshold, and the hinges of + doors. Perhaps at this time the cross was of a meaning + unknown except to those who had embraced the Christian + faith, which, placed here among the symbols of paganism, as + if in testimony of gratitude, informed the faithful, that + the truth had here found an asylum with a poor man, under + the safeguard of all the popular superstitions". So far + Mazois, whose opinion is embraced by the author of the + interesting work on Pompeii published by the society for + promoting useful knowledge: but is it not probable, I may + ask, or rather is it not certain that, at that early + period, while some members of the same family were pagans, + others were Christians? it is not then surprising if in the + same house we find both Christian and Pagan emblems: we may + suppose, that some such persons may have been inmates of + the same house as Mr. Bulwer's pagan gladiator Lydon and + his Christian father Medon. Pompeii was overwhelmed by + ashes in the year of Christ 79: and if Vesuvius still + occasionally lay waste the surrounding country, we are + indebted to it for the preservation not only of a thousand + classical monuments, but also of a representation of the + cross of Christ, which cannot be of a much later date than + the time of the destruction of Jerusalem.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote89" + name="footnote89"></a><b>Footnote 89:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag89">(return)</a> + + <p>St. Helen discovered the cross on which Christ suffered, + and erected a church in Jerusalem, in which it was + deposited. "The bishop of that city every year, at the + season of the paschal solemnity, exhibits it to be + <i>adored</i> by the people, after he himself has first + performed his act of profound veneration". S. Paulinus of + Nola, A.D. 430, ep. 11 ad Sever. "In the middle of Lent, + the life-giving wood of the venerable cross is usually + exposed for <i>adoration</i>". S. Sophronius patriarch of + Jerusalem in 639. (Orat. in Exalt. Crucis). From this + custom of the church of Jerusalem probably arose that of + the Roman church, in which a crucifix, containing a + particle of the true cross, was publicly venerated on good + Friday. In the Sacramentary of pope Gelasius (A.D. 402) we + read in an account of the ceremonies of this day "The + priest comes before the altar, adoring the Lord's cross and + kissing it—all adore the holy cross and communicate". + This ceremony is mentioned also in the Antiphonary of S. + Gregory the great and the ancient <i>Ordo Romanus</i>. + Flecte genu, lignumque crucis venerabile adora, says + Lactantius. See bishop Poynter's Christianity p. 151. Of + the Greeks Leo Allatius relates that "on good-friday, while + they accompany as it were Christ himself to the tomb, they + lead round through the cities and <i>adore</i> the + sculptured body of Christ". De consensu utriusque Eccl. + lib. 5. c. 15. The Syrians also practise this ceremony, as + we learn from documents published by Card. Borgia and + Nairon. This rite is called the <i>adoration</i> of the + cross. Let us not forget what is said in the Book of Common + Prayer in the solemnization of Matrimony "With this ring I + thee wed; with my body I thee <i>worship</i>". Such words + of doubtful signification must be interpreted from the + doctrine of the church which adopts them. Hanc veniam + petimusque damusque vicissim. Now the word <i>adorare</i> + used in our liturgy (derived from <i>ad</i> and <i>ora</i>, + because persons when <i>adoring</i> used to put their right + hand to their mouth; Plin. I. 28, c. 2. Apuleius in + Apolog.) signifies not only to pay divine worship, but also + to venerate and even to salute. Thus from the instances + collected in Forcellini's Lexicon we may select the + following: "Primo autem septimum Germanici consulatum + adoravi". Stat in præf i. 4 Silv. Imo cum gemitu populum + sic adorat: Apulei. lib 2. Metam. The doctrine of the + catholic church on this subject is as usual clear and + decided. The twenty-fifth session of the Council of Trent + decreed as follows: "The holy synod commands all bishops, + and others sustaining the duty and care of teaching, that + they should diligently instruct the faithful concerning the + legitimate use of images according to the custom of the + catholic and apostolic church received from the + commencement of christianity, and the consent of the holy + fathers, and decrees of the sacred councils, teaching them + ... that the images of Christ; of the Virgin mother of God, + and other saints, are to be had and retained especially in + churches, and that due honour and veneration are to be + given them: not that any divinity or virtue is believed to + exist in them for which they are to be worshipped, or that + any thing is to be asked from them, or that confidence is + to be placed in images, as was formerly done by the + Gentiles, who used to place their hope in idol; but because + the honour which is given to them is referred to the + prototypes which they represent; so that by the images + which we kiss, and before which we uncover our heads and + bow our bodies, we adore Christ, and venerate the Saints, + whose likeness they bear: this has been decreed against the + opposers of images by the decrees of councils, especially + of the second synod of Nice. And let the bishops diligently + teach, that by the histories of the mysteries of our + redemption expressed in pictures or other likenesses the + people are instructed and confirmed in commemorating and + assiduously venerating articles of faith, and that from all + sacred images a great fruit is derived, not only because + the people are admonished of the benefits and gifts + conferred on them by Christ, but also because God's + miracles through the saints, and salutary examples are laid + before the eyes of the faithful, that they may return + thanks for them to God, and may compose their life and + manners to an imitation of the saints, and may be excited + to adore and love God and cherish piety". The council then + gives directions for the extirpation of any abuses which + may creep in. These words, by which our faith and practice + are regulated, are too clear to need comment, and + sufficiently justify catholics from the foolish and + calumnious charge of idolatry. The true Catholic practice + is well expressed in a work attributed to Alcuin "We + prostrate our bodies before the cross, and our souls before + the Lord: we venerate the cross by which we have been + redeemed, and we supplicate Him who redeemed us".</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote90" + name="footnote90"></a><b>Footnote 90:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag90">(return)</a> + + <p>This rite is described in the Ordo Romanus XIV with the + same ceremonies. It is first mentioned in the Ordo XI of + the Canon Benedict.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote91" + name="footnote91"></a><b>Footnote 91:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag91">(return)</a> + + <p>We kiss and press to our hearts the pictures of those + whom we love, and shall we think it sinful to kiss the + image of Him, who for love of us humbled himself even to + the death of the cross? Oh! let each one of us rather + exclaim with S. Paul "God forbid that I should glory save + in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ, by whom the world is + crucified to me and I to the world" (Gal. VI): or in the + words attributed to S. Andrew when he was going to be + crucified "Hail precious cross, that hast been consecrated + by the body of my Lord, and adorned with his limbs as with + rich jewels. Oh good cross, that hast received beauty from + our Lord's limbs, I have ardently loved thee, long have I + desired and sought thee; now thou art found by me and made + ready for my longing soul". Act. S. Andreæ.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote92" + name="footnote92"></a><b>Footnote 92:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag92">(return)</a> + + <p>"The greatest glory" says Baini "was deservedly obtained + by <i>Pierluigi</i> on account of the <i>improperii</i>, + and the hymn <i>Crux fidelis</i> which he set to music for + 8 voices divided into two choirs, and which were sung for + the first time by the choir of the Lateran basilica on good + Friday in the year 1560: by them <i>fece sbalordire arte e + natura</i>. Pius IV demanded them for the use of the + apostolic chapel, and, after he had heard them, declared + that Palestrina had surpassed his expectations. These + <i>improperii</i> are still sung and will ever be sung in + the apostolic chapel" Baini, Mem. storic. di Giovanni + Pierluigi da Palestrina 1. p. 64.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote93" + name="footnote93"></a><b>Footnote 93:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag93">(return)</a> + + <p>This hymn is frequently sung in the Greek and Oriental + church. Renaudot T. I, p. 70. According in the Menologium + Græcum and S. John Damascen it was first used in the reign + of Theodosius, when public supplications were offered to + heaven during a terrible earthquake at Costantinople. This + Palmer admits, I, 64. It is still said in Greek, in which + it was originally composed, as well as in Latin, in the + Roman church. See Goar in notis ad Rituale Græc.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote94" + name="footnote94"></a><b>Footnote 94:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag94">(return)</a> + + <p>In the Ordo Romanus XII, Ap. 1, de Presbyterio, it is + prescribed that "according to ancient custom whatever is + offered upon the cross ought to belong to the <i>schola</i> + (or company)" of the cross: in the Ordo XIV, that it + belongs to the <i>Sagrista</i>. The sum collected is at + present the perquisite of M. Sagrista and the two principal + Masters of ceremonies. These offerings were customary also + in other churches, and in particular at Paris.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote95" + name="footnote95"></a><b>Footnote 95:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag95">(return)</a> + + <p>Baini observes, that the chant of this hymn is one of + the few instances of <i>rhythmical</i> chant preserved by + uninterrupted <i>tradition</i> in the papal chapel and + adorned with the ancient ornaments. (See his Saggio sopra + l'indentità dei ritmi musicale e poetico. Firenze, 1820). + "The chant of that hymn" says Eximano (quoted by Baini, + Mem. Stor.) is a true plain chant, that is, a chant of + unison, such as it is found in all choral books: but the + mode of singing it in the pontifical chapel makes it appear + different from what is sung in other churches—Above + all, the distribution of the notes, which are sung (not of + those which are written) adapted to express the length and + shortness of the syllables which compose the rhythm of the + hymn, ought to be studied. "Se si dà quell'inno ad un + maestro di cappella per metterlo in musica concertata ed in + <i>battuta sensibile</i>, verrà subito distrutto il + <i>ritmo</i>, e se la cantilena della cappella pontif. si + scrive in battuta, si vedranno cadere nel <i>battere</i> + alcune sillabe brevi, senza pregiudizio della loro + quantità". Dubbio di D. Antonio Eximeno sopra il saggio + fondamentale pratico di contrappunto del R.P.M. Martini. + Roma, 1773.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote96" + name="footnote96"></a><b>Footnote 96:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag96">(return)</a> + + <p>The corporal is a square piece of linen so called, + because the Corpus or body of Christ is placed on it. S. + Isidore of Pelusium in the beginning of the 5th century + says, that the white linen cloth, which is spread under the + divine gifts, is the clean linen cloth of Joseph of + Arimathea: "for we, sacrificing the bread of proposition on + the linen cloth, without doubt find like him the body of + Christ": it was anciently much larger than it is at + present. The purificator is a small towel, which serves to + wipe the chalice and the hands and mouth of the priest, + after he has received the B. Sacrament.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote97" + name="footnote97"></a><b>Footnote 97:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag97">(return)</a> + + <p>The veil is used from reverence to the B. Sacrament: on + an ancient mosaic on one of the arches of S. Prassede, a + person is represented enveloped in it, holding a sacred + vessel apparently intended to contain the B. Sacrament. + Ciampini, Vet. mon. T. 2.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote98" + name="footnote98"></a><b>Footnote 98:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag98">(return)</a> + + <p>According to the Gelasian Sacramentary, "the deacons go + to the <i>sacrarium</i> and walk in procession with the + body and blood of the Lord, which remained from the + preceding day": with it the most ancient Ordo Romanus ad + usum monasteriorum agrees.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote99" + name="footnote99"></a><b>Footnote 99:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag99">(return)</a> + + <p>In the fourth century Pope Innocent I in his epistle to + Decentius assigns as a reason, why the holy sacrifice is + not offered up on this day, the example of the apostles + who, concealing themselves for fear of the Jews, spent this + and the following day in fasting and mourning for the death + of their master, and were thus debarred from the holy + mysteries. During the whole of Lent the Greek church still + celebrates, towards evening, only the mass of the + presanctified, except on Saturdays and Sundays, and on the + feast of the Annunciation, when the ordinary mass is + offered up. This is one of the ancient instances of + communion under one kind; for, as Leo Allatius observes, + either it is received under the form of bread alone, or if + some drops of the sacred blood were sprinkled on the host, + all the species of wine have disappeared before communion. + (De utriusque Ecclesiæ consensione, p. 875). Neither in the + Latin or the Greek church is the mass of the pre-sanctified + a <i>Missa sicca</i> or dry mass: in which not only the + consecration, but also the communion, and all those prayers + which are said over the holy Eucharist, used to be omitted. + See Durandus in Rationali c. 1. This is the only day in the + year on which mass is not offered up in the Latin church, + and even on it the priest communicates: on holy Saturday + mass is said, but the priest alone communicates: on all + other days all the faithful may and many do communicate, + either during mass or before or after it according to + circumstances. Palmer having quoted a passage from Bona, in + which the Cardinal regrets that communion, as well as other + rites to which the mass is not essential, is often delayed + till after the mass is ended, subjoins the following + ejaculation. "Would that they who communicate with the + Roman church were not too timid or too lukewarm to return + to the practice of the primitive church in this and many + other respects". Orig. Liturg. vol. 2, p. 154. Now in the + primitive church the faithful, and even those in health, + used to communicate not only during mass, but also at other + times, as is evident from the office of the presanctified, + at which, according to the Gelasian sacramentary, all + present communicated, as well as from the numerous ancient + instances of communion under one kind mentioned in the + preceding chapter; for in these cases it was not received + during the mass, and many of them are cases of "<i>persons + in health</i>". In the same page Mr. Palmer observes that + "<i>during all the primitive ages</i> the whole body of the + faithful communicated at each celebration of the liturgy". + Now has the church of England preserved this "practice of + the primitive church"? So far is this from being the case, + that Palmer considers her <i>ordinary</i> office as a + "<i>Missa sicca</i>; or dry service" p. 164, in which there + is neither consecration or communion, and the earliest + notice of which occurs in the writings of Petrus Cantor + (A.D. 1200), according to Palmer's own admission, ibid. + Even on those few days in the year when she admits her + children to communion, her ministers generally consider + that they make an oblation only of bread and wine, and not + of the body and blood of Christ, whereas, whatever Palmer + or the Tracts for the Times may say to the contrary, we are + prepared to prove from the <i>very liturgies</i>, which the + former cites, that in the mass there is an oblation not + merely of bread and wine but also of the body and blood of + Christ; and accordingly even the author of Tract 81, vol. + 4, admits, p. 61, that "the real point of difference + between the primitive church and modern views is whether + there be in this oblation a <i>mystery</i> or no". It is + truly lamentable that men of learning should falsely accuse + the Roman church of departure from primitive discipline in + a matter of so little comparative importance as the precise + <i>time</i> when communion is to be received, while they + themselves must acknowledge, that they have <i>abolished + communion</i> itself as well as <i>consecration</i> on + <i>nearly</i> all the days of the year, and that they have + reduced the oblation of the mass from a '<i>mystery</i>' + and a '<i>venerable, tremendous</i> and unbloody sacrifice' + (Palmer vol. 2, p. 84) to an offering of bread and wine. + They have thus deprived their followers of the inestimable + fruits of communion enumerated by Christ in the + gospel—yet these forsooth are the men who charge + Catholics with a departure from primitive practice. How + many other <i>primitive practices</i> mentioned in this + work have been abolished by the church of England!</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote100" + name="footnote100"></a><b>Footnote 100:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag100">(return)</a> + + <p>This plate, which is of gold or silver-gilt, resembles + <i>in form</i> the patera used in the ancient sacrifices, + and generally represented together with the + <i>prefericulum</i> on sepulchral monuments dedicated to + the Manes.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote101" + name="footnote101"></a><b>Footnote 101:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag101">(return)</a> + + <p>The wine is sanctified, but is not consecrated, either + by the particle of the sacred host, or by the recital of + the <i>Pater noster</i>, as has been shewn by Mabillon, + (Museum Ital.) Bossuet, and other authors quoted by + Benedict XIV. The wine and water represent the blood and + water, which flowed on this day from Christ's body. See + Act. Coer. p. 54. Whenever priests <i>say Mass</i>, they + receive under both kinds, in compliance with the command of + Christ "Drink ye all of this" which words as well as those + others, "Do this in commemoration of me" were addressed to + the apostles and their successors.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote102" + name="footnote102"></a><b>Footnote 102:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag102">(return)</a> + + <p>According to the direction of the Gelasian sacramentary, + the <i>Pax Domini etc</i>. is not said on this day.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote103" + name="footnote103"></a><b>Footnote 103:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag103">(return)</a> + + <p>"As the communion," says Mabillon "is of the nature of a + sacred banquet, it consists of food and drink; hence the + other part of the banquet, viz. drink, was supplied by + wine, mixed with water, but sanctified by a particle of the + B. Sacrament" See for the service of this day a MS. + Pontifical of the church of Apamea in Syria ap. Martene t. + 3, p. 132. It is found with little variation also in the + Gelasian Sacramentary, in a very ancient <i>Ordo + Romanus</i>, and some MSS. cited by Martene. In the Roman + church, as Amalarius was informed by the Roman archdeacon + "at the station no one communicated". In many other + churches there was general communion; this is prescribed by + the church during this holy season.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote104" + name="footnote104"></a><b>Footnote 104:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag104">(return)</a> + + <p>In many churches the crucifix used to be solemnly placed + in the <i>sepulchre</i> after the Vespers. See the Sarum + and other missals, ap. Martene t. 3, p. 139.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote105" + name="footnote105"></a><b>Footnote 105:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag105">(return)</a> + + <p>So jealously are these relics kept, that even sovereigns + cannot go up where they are preserved, without being first + appointed Canons of the Basilica. The Emperor Frederic III, + and afterwards Ladislaus son of the king of Poland, and + Cosimo III grand-duke of Tuscany went up dressed as Canons + of St. Peter's.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote106" + name="footnote106"></a><b>Footnote 106:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag106">(return)</a> + + <p>The learned professor Sholz after his return from + Palestine defended in a dissertation the genuineness of + this tomb against Dr. Clark's objections: if it be within + the walls of the modern city of Jerusalem, it was certainly + outside the ancient walls.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote107" + name="footnote107"></a><b>Footnote 107:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag107">(return)</a> + + <p>The lance preserved at Nuremberg resembles in form that + of St. Peter's, but is made of common iron, united with a + part of one of the nails of the cross.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote108" + name="footnote108"></a><b>Footnote 108:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag108">(return)</a> + + <p>These relics are shewn to the people on holy-Wednesday + after the matins of Tenebræ; on Thursday and Friday several + times in the day: on holy Saturday morning after mass: on + Easter Sunday after the Pontifical mass: on Easter Monday, + and a few other festivals.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote109" + name="footnote109"></a><b>Footnote 109:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag109">(return)</a> + + <p>The opinion of Röstell (Beschreibung der Stadt Rom, B. + I, p. 400) that these phials contained the blessed + eucharist under the form of wine, if admitted, would form a + new proof of the real and permanent presence of Christ's + blood in the B. Sacrament; yet it is a novel, unsupported, + and untenable conjecture. Some of the ancient Christian + Fathers complain, it is true, of the abuse of burying the + eucharist with the deceased under the form of bread; but + the phials of blood have been found with so many bodies, + that we cannot reasonably suppose the custom to have been + an abuse: and who among the ancients mentions that the + eucharist was ever buried with them under the form of + <i>wine</i>? That the palm-branch or crown accompanied by + these phials of blood are authentic signs of martyrdom, see + Raoul-Rochette's Memoires sur les pierre sepulcrales, t. + XIII des Mem. de l'Academie, p. 210, 217. On one of the + phials mentioned by Röstell was found the inscription + Sanguis Saturnini.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote110" + name="footnote110"></a><b>Footnote 110:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag110">(return)</a> + + <p>In the Vatican Library is a small relic-case, marked + with the monogram, of great simplicity and consequent + antiquity. There is another of ivory, adorned with + bas-reliefs of the resuscitation of Lazarus, Christ's + apprehension etc. Plainer, Bescher. der Stadt Rom. B. 2. + See also Rock's Hierurgia Vol. 2, cap 6.</p> + </blockquote><span class="pagenum"><a name="page92" + id="page92"></a>[pg 92]</span> + + <h2>CHAP. VI.</h2> + + <h3>ON THE CEREMONIES OF HOLY-SATURDAY</h3> + + <h4><i>CONTENTS.</i></h4> + + <blockquote> + <p>Service of Easter-eve—Ceremonies of + holy-saturday-morning—Sixtine chapel. 1. Blessing of + the fire and incense-procession; Paschal candle—the + deacon sings the <i>Exultet</i>—triple + candle—2. Baptism administered on this day: communion + of children in former times—prophecies—3. The + litany: invocation of Saints—change from mourning to + rejoicing—High mass: sacred pictures + etc.—<i>Alleluja</i>—Vespers—end of the + mass: mass of Pope Marcellus—Ceremonies at S. John + Laterans. Blessing of the font: baptistery—baptism of + adults—litanies and confirmation—mass and + ordination—Armenian catholics—their liturgy; + and high mass on + Easter-eve—reflections—Conclusion.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote> + <p>"<i>But now Christ is risen from the dead, the + first-fruits of them that sleep</i>". 1 Cor. XV, 20.</p> + </blockquote> + + <p class="side">Service of Easter-eve.</p> + + <p>I remarked in the last chapter, that anciently mass was not + said either on good-friday, or holy-saturday, and I quoted Pope + Innocent I, who assigns as a reason the example of the + Apostles, who spent those days in mourning for their Master. It + was formerly customary to celebrate mass on the night of + Easter-eve or holy Saturday. Hence when Tertullian, the oldest + Latin Christian writer, endeavoured to dissuade his wife from + ever marrying a <span class="pagenum"><a name="page93" + id="page93"></a>[pg 93]</span> pagan, in case of his own + death, among other arguments he used the following; "Who + will tranquilly wait for you, when you are spending the + night at the paschal solemnities?" S. Jerome also (in cap. + 25 Matt.) says, that according to apostolic tradition, the + people did not leave the church on Easter-eve before + midnight. This custom continued for many ages; but Hugh of + S. Victor in the twelfth century says, that in his time, in + order to avoid weakness arising from long fasting, the hour + anciently observed was anticipated. The service, which is + now performed before noon on holy Saturday, was formerly + assigned to the night of Easter-eve: and this anticipation + accounts for the occasional mention of night, which it + contains, as well as for the early celebration of Christ's + resurrection.</p> + + <p class="side">Ceremonies of holy saturday.</p> + + <p>The ceremonies of holy saturday-morning may be arranged + under three heads: 1st. the blessing of the fire and of the + paschal candle: 2nd. the preparation for, and ceremonies of, + baptism: 3rd. the litany and mass. All three allude, as we + shall see, to the resurrection of Christ, which is the great + object of our devotion on this day. In Rome two sanctuaries are + the great centres of attraction in the morning, viz. S. John + Lateran's on account of the baptism of adults, and the Sixtine + chapel, where the service is always beautiful, and particularly + on this day. We shall first give an account of the ceremonies + observed in the latter, and shall then describe the additional + interesting rites of S. John Lateran's.</p> + + <p class="side">Sixtine chapel: 1. Blessing of fire and + incense.</p> + + <p>1. As the missal prescribes, the altar is covered at a + convenient hour, and the candles of the altar are not lighted + till the beginning of the mass. A light, from which the + charcoal for the incense is enkindled, is struck from a flint + in the sacristy; where also <i>M. Sagrista</i> privately + blesses water. The cardinals enter the Sixtine chapel vested in + their purple <i>cappe</i>: the maces are reversed, as on + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page94" + id="page94"></a>[pg 94]</span> friday. Meantime in the + sacristy the Card. Celebrant wearing a purple cope and + mitre, and assisted by the sacred ministers, blesses (as + usually with holy water and incense) the fire and the five + grains of incense, which are to be fixed in the paschal + candle<a id="footnotetag111" + name="footnotetag111"></a><a href="#footnote111"><sup>111</sup></a>.</p> + + <p class="side">Procession: Paschal candle.</p> + + <p>The Cardinal afterwards changes his cope for a chasuble, + which is purple as well as that of the subdeacon; but + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page95" + id="page95"></a>[pg 95]</span> the deacon, as he is going to + bless the Paschal candle<a id="footnotetag112" + name="footnotetag112"></a><a href="#footnote112"><sup>112</sup></a>, + wears a white dalmatic. They then enter the Sixtine chapel; + where, having put incense into the thurible, the + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page96" + id="page96"></a>[pg 96]</span> Cardinal remains: but the + deacon, the subdeacon who carries the cross, and the other + ministers go to the Pauline chapel, whence a procession + returns in the following order. After two mace bearers comes + an acolythe with the five grains of incense, and another + with the thurible; then the subdeacon carrying the cross; + and the deacon with a reed, at the top of which are 3 + candles united together. At his left hand is a Master of + ceremonies with a small candle lighted from the blessed + fire, and he is followed by two other acolythes. When the + deacon arrives near the door of the <i>cancellata</i>, one + of the three candles is lighted, and all genuflect, except + the subdeacon: the deacon then sings, <i>Lumen Christi</i>, + the light of Christ, and the choir answers, Thanks be to + God. The other two candles are lighted in turn, as the + Deacon approaches nearer to the altar; singing the same + words each time, but gradually in a higher tone. He then + gives the reed to an acolythe; and before he sings the + <i>exultet</i> or blessing of the Paschal candle, he + receives the benediction of the Card. Celebrant, who once + more puts incense into the + thurible.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page97" + id="page97"></a>[pg 97]</span> + + <p class="side">Deacon sings the <i>Exultet</i>:</p> + + <p class="side">triple candle</p> + + <p>The deacon<a id="footnotetag113" + name="footnotetag113"></a><a href="#footnote113"><sup>113</sup></a> + goes to the book, and has the subdeacon on his right hand, + and on his left the thurifer and two acolythes, one of whom + holds the reed, and the other the plate containing the five + grains of incense. All stand, as at the gospel: he incenses + the book, and then sings the + <i>Exultet</i><a id="footnotetag114" + name="footnotetag114"></a><a href="#footnote114"><sup>114</sup></a>. + After the words <i>curvat imperia</i>, he fixes + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page98" + id="page98"></a>[pg 98]</span> in the candle the five grains + of incense in the form of a cross<a id="footnotetag115" + name="footnotetag115"></a><a href="#footnote115"><sup>115</sup></a>. + At the words "<i>ignis accendit</i>" he lights the paschal + candle with one of the <i>three</i> + lights<a id="footnotetag116" + name="footnotetag116"></a><a href="#footnote116"><sup>116</sup></a>. + When the blessing, as it is called, is ended, the paschal + candle is left lighted near the pulpit and the seats of the + Card. deacons, and the triple candle is placed near the + altar on the gospel-side<a id="footnotetag117" + name="footnotetag117"></a><a href="#footnote117"><sup>117</sup></a>. + The deacon then takes off his white vestments, puts on + others of a purple colour, and joins the Card, celebrant, + who accompanied by the ministers takes his seat on + <i>Faldistorio</i> near the altar on the epistle-side, to + hear the prophecies recited.</p> + + <p class="side">2. Baptism administered.</p> + + <p class="side">communion of children.</p> + + <p>2. The administration of the Sacrament of Baptism forms an + important feature in the ceremonies of this day: indeed + anciently it was customary to confer it only on holy-saturday, + and the eve of Whit-sunday, except in case of + necessity<a id="footnotetag118" + name="footnotetag118"></a><a href="#footnote118"><sup>118</sup></a>. + On these two days those Catechumens who + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page99" + id="page99"></a>[pg 99]</span> were sufficiently instructed, + and also children, used to be baptised<a id="footnotetag119" + name="footnotetag119"></a><a href="#footnote119"><sup>119</sup></a> + by the bishop, and by the bishop of Rome as well as + others<a id="footnotetag120" + name="footnotetag120"></a><a href="#footnote120"><sup>120</sup></a>; + and after they had been baptised, they all received + Confirmation and the holy Eucharist<a id="footnotetag121" + name="footnotetag121"></a><a href="#footnote121"><sup>121</sup></a>.</p> + + <p class="side">Prophecies.</p> + + <p>The twelve lessons or prophecies read on this day were + intended for the instruction of the catechumens; and they are + well selected for that purpose, as they contain an account of + the creating, the flood, the obedience of Abraham, the + deliverance of God's people from their enemies at the red sea, + the precept concerning the paschal + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page100" + id="page100"></a>[pg 100]</span> lamb, the conversion of + Ninive, the refusal of the three children to adore + Nabuchodonosor's statue, etc. they are twelve in the ancient + Gelasian Ordo. They are sung in the Sixtine chapel by + members of the papal choir, and are read by the Card. + celebrant. After each prophecy the Cardinal standing up + sings a prayer: the deacon chants <i>Flectamus genua</i> and + the subdeacon <i>Levate</i> before each, except the last, + when the knee is not bent, in order to shew abhorence of the + idolatry exacted by Nabuchodonosor for his statue. After the + 4th, 8th, and 11th prophecies an appropriate Tract is sung + by the choir. Formerly some or all of these prophecies were + said in Greek as well as in Latin. (See Cancellieri, + <i>Funz. d. Set. S.</i> § 4, Martene T. 3. p. 148.). These + lesson are recited even where there is no baptismal font, as + at the Sixtine chapel. After them follow in S. John + Lateran's and other churches the blessing of the font, and + in some of them administration of baptism.</p> + + <p class="side">3. The litany: invocation of Saints.</p> + + <p class="side">Change from mourning to rejoicing.</p> + + <p>3. In the papal chapel, immediately after the prophecies, + the Celebrant takes off his chasuble, and prostrates himself + with the sacred ministers before the altar; all the others also + kneel, and two tenor voices from the choir chant in the middle + of the chapel the greater litanies, called those of the saints, + each petition of which is repeated in the same words by the + choir<a id="footnotetag122" + name="footnotetag122"></a><a href="#footnote122"><sup>122</sup></a>. + Before the <span class="pagenum"><a name="page101" + id="page101"></a>[pg 101]</span> verse "<i>Peccatores te + rogamus audi nos</i>" the assistant priest and ministers go + to the sacristy, and put on white vestments. Then returning + to the chapel they assist the Card. Celebrant to put on his + white vestments at his <i>faldistorio</i>. + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page102" + id="page102"></a>[pg 102]</span> The candles are now lighted + (at the <i>Agnus Dei</i> of the litany, as the Sacramentary + of S. Gregory and the Ordo Romanus prescribe); the purple + veil which covered the throne and the purple <i>paliotto</i> + or facing of the altar are + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page103" + id="page103"></a>[pg 103]</span> removed; and both appear + decked in white. The Cardinals assisted by theirs + <i>caudatarii</i> take off their purple <i>cappe</i>, and + put on others of scarlet brought in by their respective + <i>camerieri</i>. The reason of this sudden change from + mourning to rejoicing we have already seen: the celebration + of Christ's resurrection from the dead is celebrated by + anticipation.</p> + + <p class="side">High mass.</p> + + <p>At the end of the litanies, the Pope (if His Holiness were + not present at the preceding ceremonies) enters the chapel, + wearing a white cope and a mitre; at the foot of the altar he + repeals as usual the beginning of the mass with the Card. + Celebrant at His left hand: in the meantime the choir sings + solemnly the <i>Kyrie eleison</i> etc. (as there is no + <i>Introit</i> of the Mass, because the people were assembled + in the church previously): the Pope goes to His throne, and + receives the usual <i>ubbidienza</i>; and the other customary + ceremonies of high mass in the papal chapel take place (see p. + 19 and foll.) with such exceptions as we shall now mention. As + soon as the Celebrant commences the <i>Gloria in excelsis</i>, + the veil is removed from the tapestry over the altar; which + represents Christ rising from the dead<a id="footnotetag123" + name="footnotetag123"></a><a href="#footnote123"><sup>123</sup></a>, + the cannons of S. Angelo are discharged, the + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page104" + id="page104"></a>[pg 104]</span> arms are no longer reversed + and the bells of the city are tolled, to announce to its + faithful inhabitants the resurrection of their Divine + Lord.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page105" + id="page105"></a>[pg 105]</span> + + <p class="side">Alleluja.</p> + + <p>After the epistle, sung as usual by the subdeacon, another + subdeacon (<i>Uditore di Rota</i>) wearing a white + <i>tonacella</i> or tunic announces at the foot of the throne + the joyful tidings to His Holiness<a id="footnotetag124" + name="footnotetag124"></a><a href="#footnote124"><sup>124</sup></a> + by chanting aloud; "<i>Pater sancte, annuntio vobis gaudium + magnum, quod est, Alleluja</i>": having then kissed the + Pope's foot he returns into the sacristy. This word of + joy<a id="footnotetag125" + name="footnotetag125"></a><a href="#footnote125"><sup>125</sup></a> + <i>Alleluja</i>, (praise God) which had not been once + uttered during the long season of mourning which preceded + this solemnity, is now sung thrice by the Celebrant, + gradually raising his voice to a higher tone. The choir + reechoes it each time, singing it in <i>contrapunto</i>, and + then chants the verse <i>Confitemini</i>, and the tract, + which is ordinarily recited in penitential times. Throughout + the mass the joy of the church is incomplete; for though + Christ has risen from the dead, He has not yet appeared to + His disciples, and the light of faith is still overclouded, + as Alcuin remarks: hence lights are not carried at the + gospel; the Creed, offertory, motetto and <i>Agnus</i> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page106" + id="page106"></a>[pg 106]</span> <i>Dei</i> are omitted, and + the kiss of peace is not given<a id="footnotetag126" + name="footnotetag126"></a><a href="#footnote126"><sup>126</sup></a>. + Merati adds to the cause already assigned the wish to + abridge service; particularly on account of the + newly-baptised children, who communicated at this mass; and + the unusual shortness of the Vespers confirms this + opinion.</p> + + <p class="side">End of the mass.</p> + + <p>After the Celebrant has communicated, Vespers are sung by + the choir, in place of the <i>communion</i> and postcommunion. + They consist of the anthem <i>Alleluja</i> repeated three times + before and after the short psalm <i>Laudate Dominion omnes + gentes</i> etc.; of the anthem <i>Vesper autem sabbati</i>, + which the Celebrant commences and the choir continues; of the + <i>Magnificat</i><a id="footnotetag127" + name="footnotetag127"></a><a href="#footnote127"><sup>127</sup></a> + and in fine of the prayer which is chanted by the Card. + Celebrant. While the anthem before the <i>Magnificat</i> is + sung, the Pope puts incense into the thurible; the celebrant + incenses the crucifix and the altar, and is incensed by the + deacon, and the incensing continues as after the offertory + at high-mass (See p. 21) At the <i>Gloria Patri</i> the + deacon, having incensed the Card, priests, + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page107" + id="page107"></a>[pg 107]</span> bows his head in the middle + of the chapel, and then proceeds to incense the Card, + deacons. After the prayer; <i>Ite Missa est, Alleluja, + Alleluja</i>, is sung; and the choir answers, <i>Deo gratias + Alleluja, Alleluja</i>: the Pope gives the usual blessing, + the Celebrant publishes the indulgence of thirty years and + this beautiful service terminates. In the sacristy His + Holiness puts on a <i>mozzetta</i> of white (instead of red) + damask, and wears it during the whole of Easter week: His + shoes also are white. The Cardinals put on red + <i>mantellette</i> and <i>mozzette</i> over their purple + cassocks; these they afterwards change for others of + scarlet.</p> + + <p class="side">Mass of Pope Marcellus.</p> + + <p>The mass sung on this day is that of Pierluigi da + Palestrina, called the mass of Pope Marcellus; not because it + was composed during his pontificate; but because, according to + Baini, Pierluigi had intended to dedicate a work to that Pope, + to whom he was grateful and attached, but was disappointed by + His Holiness' premature death; and therefore he persuaded Card. + Vitellozzi to give it that name in honour of his former patron. + This is the celebrated mass, which rescued ecclesiastical music + from the dangers which surrounded it in the Pontificate of Pius + IV (as we have related in The Papal Chapel, Rome, 1839), and + not of Marcellus II, as Baini has proved. It is said, that when + it was first sung in the papal chapel, the Card. dean Francesco + Pisani was so enraptured with it, that he exclaimed with Dante, + Paradise, Canto X.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>Render è questo voce à voce in tempra</i></p> + + <p><i>Ed in dolcezza, ch' esser non può nota</i></p> + + <p><i>Se non colà dove il gioir s'insempra.</i></p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>to whom, with all the readiness of the bucolic shepherds, + whom this classic soil even now produces, Card. Sorbelloni, the + Pope's cousin, + replied:</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page108" + id="page108"></a>[pg 108]</span> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>Risponda dunque; O beata sorte!</i></p> + + <p><i>Risponda alla divina cantilena</i></p> + + <p><i>Da tutte parti la beata Corte,</i></p> + + <p><i>Si ch' ogni vista ne sia pià serena.</i></p> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="author">Baini Mem. Stor. T. 1.</p> + + <p class="side">Ceremonies at S. John Lateran's.</p> + + <p>The ceremonies of holy-week are performed at S. John + Lateran's<a id="footnotetag128" + name="footnotetag128"></a><a href="#footnote128"><sup>128</sup></a> + by the chapter of that protobasilica, and resemble for the + most part those which we have already described. On + holy-saturday however, in addition to the rites before + mentioned, the font of the baptistery is blessed by the + Card. Vicar, baptism is solemnly administered there to + adults, the newly-baptised are confirmed in the church, + ordination is conferred during mass upon candidates, for the + priesthood. We shall treat briefly of these various + ceremonies.</p> + + <p class="side">Blessing of the fonti: baptistery.</p> + + <p>After the twelve prophecies have been recited, the Card. + Vicar, (as the representative of the Bishop of Rome) wearing a + purple cope and a mitre, goes in procession from the tribune of + the basilica to the baptistery<a id="footnotetag129" + name="footnotetag129"></a><a href="#footnote129"><sup>129</sup></a>. + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page109" + id="page109"></a>[pg 109]</span> He is preceded by acolythes + bearing the paschal candle<a id="footnotetag130" + name="footnotetag130"></a><a href="#footnote130"><sup>130</sup></a>, + and the cross and usual lights, as well as by the candidates + for baptism and orders, and the chapter of the basilica. In + the mean time the beautiful tract, As the stag thirsts for + the fountains of water, etc. is sung<a id="footnotetag131" + name="footnotetag131"></a><a href="#footnote131"><sup>131</sup></a>. + His Em. then chants the prayers appointed for the + benediction of the font; he divides the water with his hand + in the form of a cross, exorcises it, touches it, signs it + three times with the sign of our redemption, and pours some + of it towards the four parts of the world, in allusion to + the command of Christ: "<i>Go teach all nations, baptising + them</i>" (Matt. XXVIII). He then dips the paschal candle + three times into the water, singing, and each time raising + his voice to a higher pitch than before: "May the power of + the Holy Ghost descend upon the fulness of this font"; as + when He descended, says Gavant, "in the form of a dove at + the baptism of Christ represented by this candle plunged + into the water". Then breathing three times on the water + nearly in the form of a cross "that he may unite the Trinity + with the cross" (as the same author observes) he continues + the chant, and raises the candle from the water, alluding in + the prayer to "the effect of baptism, which confers grace, + <i>raising</i> the soul from sin to glory". (Gavant). The + blessed water is then sprinkled upon the people, and some of + it is reserved to be sprinkled in houses, etc. In order to + sanctify the water still more, the Cardinal now pours into + it, in the form of a cross, oil of catechumens and chrism; + and mixes them with the water of the font, in the name of + the Father, Son, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="page110" + id="page110"></a>[pg 110]</span> Holy Ghost. This last + ceremony is intended to signify, according to mystical + interpreters, such as Amalarius, Honorius, Durandus, etc. + "the union of Christ by baptism with the members of the + church" (Gavant). The prayers of this benediction, most of + which are sung in the tone of the <i>preface</i> at ferial + mass, contain beautiful allusions to the mention of water in + the Old and New Testaments, as for instance: "O God, whose + Spirit at the very beginning of the world was borne upon the + waters, that the nature of water might even then conceive + the power of sanctification; O God, who washing with waters + the crimes of a guilty world, didst sign the figure of + regeneration in the very out-pouring of the deluge; may this + font receive of the Holy Ghost the grace of thy only + begotten Son"<a id="footnotetag132" + name="footnotetag132"></a><a href="#footnote132"><sup>132</sup></a>.</p> + + <p class="side">Baptism of adults.</p> + + <p>The Cæremoniale Episcoporum prescribes that infants, except + in danger of death, should not be baptised during the eight + preceding days, that they may be reserved for holy-Saturday. + The beginning of the baptismal service and the exorcisms are + performed privately in the sacristy by the parish-priest, while + the prophecies are read in church<a id="footnotetag133" + name="footnotetag133"></a><a href="#footnote133"><sup>133</sup></a>. + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page111" + id="page111"></a>[pg 111]</span> After the font has been + blessed, the catechumens wearing a long white dress, and + accompanied by their respective godfathers and godmothers, + approach the font, and in turn ascend. In answer to the + questions of the Cardinal (who is now vested in a white, and + not a purple, cope,) having renounced Satan and all his + works and pomps, they profess their belief in the articles + of Christian faith, and their desire of + baptism<a id="footnotetag134" + name="footnotetag134"></a><a href="#footnote134"><sup>134</sup></a>: + then assisted by their sponsors they are baptised by + infusion in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost; + they are anointed with chrism, receive a white garment, with + a charge to bear it unspotted + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page112" + id="page112"></a>[pg 112]</span> before the tribunal of + Christ, and in fine a lighted taper, that "when the Lord + shall come to the nuptials, they may meet him in the + heavenly court unto life everlasting".</p> + + <p class="side">Litanies and confirmation.</p> + + <p>The litanies are sung, while the procession returns to the + church, where the newly-baptised are confirmed in a + side-chapel, and exhorted to perseverance in virtue, by the + Cardinal<a id="footnotetag135" + name="footnotetag135"></a><a href="#footnote135"><sup>135</sup></a>; + the litanies are then continued, but cease while all + kneeling venerate the heads of SS. Peter and Paul shewn from + above the high altar; the procession afterwards returns to + the tribune, where the mass of the day is sung, and orders + are conferred by the Cardinal-Vicar.</p> + + <p class="side">Mass and ordination.</p> + + <p>The orders of priests and deacons are often mentioned in the + N. Testament: and the church, as S. Thomas observes, instituted + the inferior orders. Subdeacons are mentioned by Pope Cornelius + and S. Cyprian in the 3rd century, as well as acolythes, + exorcists, and lectors. S. Augustine and S. Gregory Nazianzen + speak of <i>ostiarii</i>; and the clerical tonsure is mentioned + by S. Isidore at the beginning of the 5th century, as a rite + established before his time. Orders are conferred by the laying + on of hands and prayer, as the scripture teaches, and also by + the delivery of the instruments belonging to each order: + appropriate exhortations addressed to the candidates for the + different orders are interspersed with the prayers prescribed + in the pontifical. (On their antiquity the reader may consult + Morinus <span class="pagenum"><a name="page113" + id="page113"></a>[pg 113]</span> de Ordinationibus, Martene + de Antiquis Eccl. Ritibus, T. 2. etc.) The tonsure is given + after the <i>Kyrie eleison</i> of the mass, the 4 minor + orders after the <i>Gloria in excelsis</i>; subdeacons are + ordained before the epistle, which one of them repeats; + deacons after the epistle and finally priests after the + first part of the tract. These last, after the imposition of + hands, receive their peculiar vestments, viz. the stole + hanging down in front, and the chasuble: their hands are + anointed with oil of catechumens, and they receive a chalice + containing wine and water, a paten with a host, and power to + say mass. (Luke XXII, 19). After offerings of candle have + been made to the ordaining Bishop, the new priests join him + in saying mass<a id="footnotetag136" + name="footnotetag136"></a><a href="#footnote136"><sup>136</sup></a>: + and after the newly-ordained and baptised have communicated, + the priests profess their faith by reciting the apostles' + creed; they receive power to forgive and retain sins (John + XX, 22, 23), they promise reverence and obedience to their + ecclesiastical superior, and receive the bishops blessing, + who then directs that masses and prayers be said by those + whom he has ordained, and recommends himself to their + prayers. In other respects the mass is similar to that of + the Papal chapel<a id="footnotetag137" + name="footnotetag137"></a><a href="#footnote137"><sup>137</sup></a>. + Morcelli in his calendar in summing + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page114" + id="page114"></a>[pg 114]</span> up the ceremonies of this + day, having mentioned the station at S. John Lateran's, the + baptism of Jews and Turks, and mass in the papal chapel, + says that at the <i>Gloria, tonitrus tormentorum ab Arce + fiunt, Æra templorum ac Turium sonant.</i></p> + + <p class="side">Armenian Catholics:</p> + + <p>Having spoken of the ceremonies of the Vatican and S. John + Lateran's, we might consider our task as + completed<a id="footnotetag138" + name="footnotetag138"></a><a href="#footnote138"><sup>138</sup></a>. + Yet one more <i>funzione</i> attracts our countrymen on this + day; and we are therefore unwilling to bid them farewell, + before it is ended. Come then to S. Biagio or to S. Gregorio + Illuminatore, to assist at the Armenian mass; and on the + road we may talk of the venerable and amiable Fathers who + perform that solemn service, and of the nature of their + liturgy.</p> + + <p>SS. Bartholomew and Thaddaeus were the first apostles of + Armenia: but it was not till the beginning of the 4th century, + that the whole country became Christian in consequence of the + divine blessing, which attended the zealous exertions of S. + Gregory surnamed the Illuminator. In the 6th century great + numbers of the Armenians were infected with the heresy of + Eutyches, who denied that there were two natures in Christ: and + to this error they afterwards added some others. In the + pontificate of John XXII, about the year 328, a zealous + Dominican bishop, called Bartholomew of Bologna, went as a + missionary among them; and many of the Eutychians or + Monophysites returned to the bosom of the Catholic church. In + the <span class="pagenum"><a name="page115" + id="page115"></a>[pg 115]</span> 16th century the Catholics + were so furiously persecuted by Zachary, a schismatical + patriarch, that they fled and took refuge in other + countries. They have at present two establishments at Rome, + one of the Antonian monks at the church of S. Gregory + Illuminator, behind the colonnade of S. Peter's; and a + national <i>ospizio</i> at S. Biagio in strada Giulia.</p> + + <p class="side">their liturgy.</p> + + <p>"The Armenians," says Palmer "have only one liturgy, which + is written in the ancient Armenian language, and has been used + by them from time immemorial. The whole groundwork and order of + the Armenian liturgy coincides with the Cæsarean, as used in + the time of Basil. This liturgy has, like most others, received + many additions in the course of ages. There are several prayers + extracted from the liturgy of Chrysostom, and actually ascribed + to him" Vol. 1, Liturgy of Armenia. "The liturgy of Basil can + be traced with tolerable certainty to the 4th century. Striking + as are some of the features, in which it differs from that of + Antioch, it is nevertheless evidently a superstructure raised + on that basis: the composition of both is the same, i.e. the + parts, which they have in common, follow in the same order. The + same may be said of the Constantinopolitan liturgy, commonly + attributed to S. Chrysostom, of that of the Armenian church, + and of the florid and verbose composition in use among the + Nestorians of Mesopotamia. So that the liturgy of Antioch, + commonly attributed to S. James, appears to be the basis of all + the oriental liturgies". Tracts for the Times, N. 63. The + author then proceeds to state the grounds of the belief that + the liturgies of Antioch, Alexandria, Rome and Gaul were of + Apostolic origin; concluding thus "It may perhaps be said + without exaggeration, that next to the holy scriptures they + possess the greatest claims on our veneration and study". Padre + Avedichian observes in <span class="pagenum"><a name="page116" + id="page116"></a>[pg 116]</span> his preface to the Armenian + liturgy, that it was probably compiled by John + <i>Mandagunense</i>, an Armenian patriarch of the fifth + century.</p> + + <p class="side">Armenian high-mass.</p> + + <p>We shall now give a brief account of their high mass, which + we do the more readily, because Mr. Palmer represents it in a + very mutilated form. The celebrant, whether priest or bishop, + is vested in the sacristy: the vestments bear some resemblance + to those of the Greeks. The beginning of the mass is the only + part probably taken from the Roman liturgy, but it contains an + invocation of the B. Virgin and of the saint of the day. When + the celebrant goes up to the altar, the veil is drawn: he + uncovers the chalice, blesses the host, which is like ours of + unleavened bread; pours wine and water into the chalice, and + recites the beautiful prayer of S. John Chrysostom: "O Lord our + God, who hast sent our Lord Jesus Christ the celestial bread, + the nourishment of the whole world; do thou bless this + proposition etc." The veil is then drawn back, and the + offerings, the altar, and the people are incensed. The + Celebrant recites the prayer of the festival, followed by other + prayers composed by S. John Chrysostom: the Trisagion is sung, + and the gospel is carried in procession, and is kissed by one + of the congregation. Then follow the epistle, gospel, and + creed. After two prayers, and two benedictions imparted to the + people; the offerings are carried in procession to the altar, + the celebrant offers them up to God, and prays that Jesus + Christ will make him worthy to consecrate, and receive his + "holy and immaculate body and precious blood; for thou, O + Christ our God, art he who offers and is offered". After he has + washed his hands, he says "O Lord God of armies, let this + victim become "the true body and blood of thy only begotten + Son". He then blesses the people, says prayers which correspond + to our preface and <i>Sanctus</i>, and pronounces the words of + consecration. After he has said + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page117" + id="page117"></a>[pg 117]</span> other prayers, and made the + sign of the cross several times over the host and chalice, + he invokes the holy Ghost, begging also that the body and + blood of Christ may produce "the salvation of our souls and + the remission of our sins". He then prays, through the + merits of the holy sacrifice, for the whole world, the + church and state, all conditions of men and for all the + faithful departed: he invokes the intercession of the B. + Virgin and all the Saints: he prays for the Pope and all + present; and after other similar supplications, he says the + <i>Pater noster</i>. The elevation takes place at this part + of the mass, and also the blessing of the people with the + consecrated host and chalice, accompanied by appropriate + prayers. After the curtains have been drawn, the priest + breaks the host, and puts a particle of it into the chalice: + he then receives communion, blesses the people with the + chalice and particle, and distributes communion; before its + distribution the curtains are drawn back. When the ablutions + and prayers after the celebrant's communion are ended, + turning towards the people, he recites a prayer of S. John + Chrisostom, which is followed by the last gospel. Then + invoking the holy cross he blesses the people, who unite in + praising God. He finally blesses them again, and distributes + blessed bread (not consecrated) among them. At S. Gregorio + Illuminatore Vespers are added and said <i>in circolo</i>: + the clergy carry tapers; and the gospel is held up by the + Celebrant to implore blessings on the people.</p> + + <p class="side">Reflections.</p> + + <p>These ceremonies may appear singular to us, who are of a + different clime and different customs; their music in + particular is little in accordance with our taste, or notions + of melody and harmony. Yet the remark of Montfaucon (Diario + Italico) "æra Dodonæa dixisses", alluding to the brass kettles + of the oracle (Potter Arch. Graec. B. 2, § 8) is an + exaggeration. Their <i>flabelli</i> are of metal, of a round + form, surrounded with little bells, which are sounded + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page118" + id="page118"></a>[pg 118]</span> at the seraphic hymn, to + express, if we might believe Cancellieri, "by the trembling + of the hands, that of the blessed spirits, who assist at the + throne of the Divine Majesty with fear and trembling". (Tre + Pontific. Not. VI). Their mass is anticipated, but not at so + early an hour as that of the Latin. (Even in the Latin + church, permissions to say mass in the afternoon of this day + have been granted by some Popes; they may be seen in + Cancellieri. <i>Funz. d. Sett. S. p</i>. 183, 184). Amid the + numerous differences between their rite and our own, the + attentive spectator will not fail to remark the similarity + of the substance and order of their liturgy, and of that of + the Roman church; although, with the solitary exception of + the beginning of the mass, both have existed independently + of one another during the last 1400 years. This is a + powerful argument in favour of the great antiquity, nay of + the apostolic origin of their most important ceremonies, + which may be traced through different channels to the + <i>primitive</i> liturgies of Rome and Antioch. It is also + one of those striking illustrations, which Rome presents, of + the unity and catholicity of the church; and at the same + time of the adaptation of her immutable doctrines and sacred + practices to the feelings and customs of widely-separated + nations who, having little in common but human nature, yet + all acknowledge "one Lord, one faith, and one baptism". + (Ephes. IV. 5); and all belong to "one fold and one + shepherd". John X, 16.</p> + + <p class="side">Conclusion.</p> + + <p>Having now considered in detail the various ceremonies of + Holy Week at Rome, a philosophic mind will take a general + review of them: and this question will very naturally suggest + itself: What judgment ought I to form concerning them? am I to + consider them as mummery, or superstition, or idolatry, as many + most confidently pronounce, who are unacquainted with their + nature, their origin, and their meaning; and at the same time + are little <span class="pagenum"><a name="page119" + id="page119"></a>[pg 119]</span> accustomed from early + infancy to any language or gesticulations save those of the + tongue? or am I not rather to regard them as a solemn, and + sacred, and pathetic, and most ancient expression of + Christian faith and Christian feeling; which, united as it + is with the noblest productions of divine inspiration and of + Christian art may haply not only instruct and elevate the + mind, but also enkindle in the soul flames of that pure and + practical devotion, which this holy season demands from + every follower of Christ? Let the reader decide for himself; + but for our part, we envy not the mind or heart of him, who + can prefer the former of these views. We shall ever bless + God, that we have learnt in another school not to condemn + the customs and manners of other countries and other people, + merely because they differ from our own; and that we are + disposed to attribute to signs the meaning attached to them + by those who adopt them, and not that of our own fancies. + Men of warmer climates than our own convey to others their + sentiments and feelings by action as easily as by the + tongue. Italians, as well as Greeks and Orientals, have + inherited from their fathers a language of gesture more + powerful and expressive than that of words. The Hebrew + prophets, Isaiah, Ezechiel, and others, nay Christ himself, + spoke by action as well by the tongue. God appointed in the + old law innumerable ceremonies: Christ in the new law of + spirit and truth instituted sacred rites, or sanctified + those which previously existed: the early church imitated + His blessed example: and they have been faithfully preserved + as a precious inheritance till the present time. The very + objection, that some of them were borrowed from Jews or + Pagans, is a proof of their primitive antiquity: Christ or + the church removed from them all profaneness or + superstition, and then adopted and sanctified them. (See + Wiseman's Letters to Poynder). If all parties unite in + approbation of the illumination of the + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page120" + id="page120"></a>[pg 120]</span> cupola of S. Peter's, and + of the fireworks of S. Angelo, considered as outward + demonstrations of the exultation of the church at the + resurrection of her Divine Spouse; we shall ever admire also + the expressions of christian feeling exhibited in the + interior of her temples, whether they consist in ceremonies + or words; and on this day emulating the transports of joy of + the fervent and eloquent pilgrim to Jerusalem and Mount + Sinai, when shall unite our voices with those of the angelic + spirits in singing, <i>Alleluja</i>; "because Jesus Christ, + our Lord, who was delivered up for our sins, rose again for + our justification". Rome. IV, 24, 25.<a id="footnotetag139" + name="footnotetag139"></a><a href="#footnote139"><sup>139</sup></a></p> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote111" + name="footnote111"></a><b>Footnote 111:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag111">(return)</a> + + <p>Anciently in some churches, as Thomassin has shewn (de + dierum Festorum celebratione lib. 2. c. 14), fire used to + be struck from a flint to light the church-lamps etc. every + day and particularly on Saturday, and the new fire was + blessed; on holy Saturday however this ceremony was + performed with great solemnity; and in the 11th century it + was restricted to that day alone. At Rome in holy week this + practice was not originally confined to holy Saturday, but + was observed on the three days before caster: for the first + <i>Ordo Romanus</i> directs, that on holy <i>thursday</i> + fire should be struck from a flint outside the church, and + blessed. Amalarius also (4e Ordine Antiph.) testifies that + on good <i>friday</i> "new fire was enkindled and reserved + till the nocturnal office". Leo IV however (A.D. 847) + appears to have first ordered that on Easter Eve "the old + fire should be put out, and new fire blessed and + distributed among the people" (Homil. de cura Pastorali). + For Pope Zachary, about the year 731. in answer to the + enquiries of Boniface, bishop of Mayence, states that "on + holy thursday, when the sacred chrism is consecrated, three + lamps of a large size filled with oil collected from the + different lamps of the church, and placed in a secret part + of the said church, should burn there constantly, so that + the oil may suffice till the third day, that is saturday. + Then let the fire of the lamps which is used for the sacred + font be renewed. But concerning the fire taken <i>ex + cristallis</i>, as you have asserted, we have no + tradition". Pouget (Inst. Cathol. l. 1) observes that the + new fire is blessed with great solemnity on this day, + "because the fire struck from a flint appears to be a type + of Christ arising from the dead". Formerly not only the + lights of the church, but all the fires of the city were + enkindled from the blessed fire (as we learn from a MS. + Sancti Victoris (ap. Martene, De ant. Eccl. Ritibus lib. + IV, c. XXIV). "After the <i>Ite Missa est</i>" says the + Ordinarium of Luke archbishop of Cosenza "the bishop gives + his blessing, and immediately the deacon commands the + people, saying "Receive the new fire from the holy candle, + and having put out the old, light it in your houses in the + name of Christ; then rejoicing they depart with the light". + This custom is mentioned also in Leo IVth's homily above + quoted.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote112" + name="footnote112"></a><b>Footnote 112:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag112">(return)</a> + + <p>As for the Paschal candle, Anastasius says that Zosimus, + who was elected pope in 417, gave leave that candles should + be blessed in the churches. Bened. XIV, Merati and Gretser + understand by these words, that that Pontiff only extended + to the parish churches a custom already practised in the + greater churches: however this may be, the blessing of this + candle is at least as old as the time of Pope Zosimus. It + is inserted in the ancient sacramentary of Pope Gelasius + (A.D. 495). S. Augustine (lib. 15 de Civ. Dei) mentions + some verses written by himself in praise of the paschal + candle. S. Jerome also speaks of it in his epistles; and + Ennodius bishop of Pavia in 519 wrote two formulas, + according to which it might be blessed. Cancellieri, at the + end of his <i>Funzioni della Settimana Santa</i>, describes + two blessings of the paschal candle contained in + manuscripts of the 12th century. Du Vert as usual rejects + every mystical meaning of the candle: but why then should + it be lighted on this night, and not on christmas and other + nights? The 4th Council of Toledo, held in 633, states that + the paschal candle is blessed, in order that we may receive + the mystery of Christ's resurrection; and hence the abbot + Rupert says, that the candle when lighted represents + Christ's resurrection from the dead. That such is its + meaning appears from the five holes made in it in the form + of a cross, to represent the five wounds of Christ: in them + the five grains of incense are fixed by the Deacon, in + order to represent, according to Rupert, the spices applied + to Christ's body by Joseph of Arimathea. In confirmation of + this explanation, we may observe that this candle is not + removed from the church till the gospel has been sung on + Ascension-day when Christ departed from among men: and it + is lighted at solemn mass before the <i>gospel</i> and at + vespers before the <i>Magnificat</i> on the Sundays and + holidays which occur between holy saturday and the + ascension. To the same symbolical meaning of this candle we + must attribute the ancient custom of affixing to it (as a + symbol of Christ) a tablet on which the current year of our + Lord and its indiction were marked: sometimes these, if not + other chronological dates, were inscribed on the candle + itself by the deacon, before he sang the <i>Exultet</i>, as + Ven. Bede testifies, The same idea was preserved in the + practice of forming the <i>Agnus Dei</i> with the wax of + the paschal candle. "On this day" (holy saturday) says + Durandus "the acolythes of the Roman church make + <i>lambs</i> of newly blessed wax, or of the <i>wax of the + paschal candle</i> of the preceding year mixed with chrism: + on Saturday in Albis they are distributed by the Lord Pope + to the people in the churches". Amalarius likewise mentions + this custom. It appears also from the two benedictions of + Ennodius mentioned above, that the faithful used particles + of the pascal candle as a preservative against storms: the + good effects hoped for in this and similar cases are + attributed to the prayers of the church, which God in His + goodness has promised to hear. The paschal candle is + painted according to an ancient custom.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"Ast alii <i>pictis</i> accendant lumina + <i>ceris</i>".</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="author">S. Paulinus Nat. VI. S Felicis</p> + + <p>Pierin del Vaga, whom Vasari considered as the most + distinguished of Raffaello's assistants, was originally + nothing more than a candlepainter. His creation of Eve at + S. Marcello at Rome, and his frescoes in the Doria place at + Genoa, are well-known; at the Vatican he assisted Giovanni + d'Udine in his arabesques, Polidoro in his antique + chiaroscuri, and executed some of the most beautiful + historical paintings of the loggie di Raffaello. Hence may + we judge of the versatility of his talents.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote113" + name="footnote113"></a><b>Footnote 113:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag113">(return)</a> + + <p>Why does a deacon perform this ceremony? since other + benedictions are reserved to bishops and priests. Rupert + assigns as a reason, that Christ's body was wrapped in + spices by his disciples, and not by the apostles whose + successors are bishops and priests: besides, the hymn sung + by the deacon is the præconium Paschale, or announcement of + the Resurrection, which was first made by inferiors to + their superiors, by the women to the apostles. We may add + that both the fire and the 5 grains of incense are + previously blessed by the priest, and in the præconium + itself there is not any form of blessing, strictly + speaking. In the church of Ravenna however the bishop used + to bless this candle (S. Gregory ep. 28, lib. 9). In the + Roman church, according to cardinal Gaetani, the last of + the Cardinal priests usually blessed the fire, and the last + Card. deacon lighted the <i>lumen Christi</i>, or triple + candle, and the Paschal candle. The deacon used to bless + the latter either at the steps of the presbytery, or from + the ambo; and hence we find a marble column, intended to + support it, fixed to the ambo in S. Clement's S. + Laurence's, and S. Pancras' churches at Rome. See another + marble column destined for the same use ap. Ciampini, Vet. + mon. cap. 2.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote114" + name="footnote114"></a><b>Footnote 114:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag114">(return)</a> + + <p>Martene (De antiquis Eccl. rit. lib. 4, c. 24) maintains + that this hymn was composed by S. Augustine, and this + opinion is adopted also by Baillet and Benedict XIV, and + confirmed by a MS. pontifical of the church of Pavia of the + 9th century, and other documents cited by Martene, ibid: it + was corrected by S. Jerome, if we may believe an ancient + Pontifical of Poitiers (quoted ibid.) The <i>chant</i> of + this beautiful hymn is very ancient. "I have seen," says + Baini "in many manuscripts both anterior and posterior to + the 11th century the melodies of the preface, of the + <i>Pater noster</i>, of the <i>Exultet</i>, and of the + <i>Gloria</i> precisely such as the modern" (T. 2, p. 92). + In a splendid roll of the Minerva (signed D. 1. 2) of the + 9th century, are contained the <i>Exultet</i>, the solemn + benediction of the baptismal font, and the administration + of all the ecclesiastical orders. Nor is this the only roll + containing the chant precisely similar to the modern. + D'Agincourt left another to the Vatican library. See also + MS. no. 333 of the Barberini library, of the year 1503.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote115" + name="footnote115"></a><b>Footnote 115:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag115">(return)</a> + + <p>Prudentius speaks of the "guttas olentes" or odoriferous + drops of the candle, and S. Paulinus of Nola of "odora + lumina": hence P. Arevalo conjectures that the grains of + incense were fixed in the paschal candle even at the time + of Prudentius in the 4th century.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote116" + name="footnote116"></a><b>Footnote 116:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag116">(return)</a> + + <p>In churches, at the words <i>Apis mater eduxit</i>, the + lamps also are lighted. With regard to the triple candle, + we may observe that on an ancient marble column preserved + in the Piazza before the cathedral of Capua is a bas-relief + representing the lighting of the paschal candle by means of + a reed surmounted by 3 small candles, as the Canonico + Natali testifies in a letter printed at Naples in 1776. The + triple candle is mentioned in the Ordo Romanus of Card. + Gaetano, in that of Amelius, and in a MS. Pontifical of the + church of Apamea, ap. Martene. As Thomassin observes, "we + light a candle divided into three in honour of the Trinity, + considering that enlightened by Christ we know that + recondite mystery". Gavant also gives the same explanation. + In the Greek service the bishop gives his blessing, as + often as he sings mass, with a triple candle. In the Latin + church it is used only on holy Saturday.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote117" + name="footnote117"></a><b>Footnote 117:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag117">(return)</a> + + <p>See Appendix.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote118" + name="footnote118"></a><b>Footnote 118:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag118">(return)</a> + + <p>This custom is proved from the letter of Siricius Pope + in the 4th century to Himmerius, from letters of S. Leo and + Pope Gelasius, as well as other ancient documents (ap. + Bened. XIV, Institut. prima ed lat.); and vestiges of it + are preserved in the liturgy of the weeks of Easter and + Pentecost. Ordinations were generally conferred before + Christmas, as is evident from the lives of the early Popes. + Baptism was administered before the great festivals of + Easter and Pentecost, that the newly-baptised might be + prepared to celebrate them worthily, and receive the graces + therein commemorated. Perhaps another reason for selecting + the eve of Easter may be found in the parallel drawn by S. + Paul between baptism and Christ's death and resurrection + (Rom. VI, 5 and foll.): "we who are baptised in Christ + Jesus are baptised in his death. For we are buried together + with him by baptism unto death: that as Christ is risen + from the dead by the glory of the Father, so we also may + walk in newness of life" etc.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote119" + name="footnote119"></a><b>Footnote 119:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag119">(return)</a> + + <p>See on such subjects Del Signore's Institut. Hist. + Eccles. with notes by Prof. Tizzani Cap. V. § 19 seq.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote120" + name="footnote120"></a><b>Footnote 120:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag120">(return)</a> + + <p>See Comm. ad Ord. Rom. Mabillonii tom. 2, Mus. Ital. p. + 95.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote121" + name="footnote121"></a><b>Footnote 121:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag121">(return)</a> + + <p>According to the Ordo Romanus, children after baptism on + this day were to take no food or milk before Communion "and + on all days of Easter-week let them go to Mass, and let + their parents offer for them, and let all communicate". As + Cabassutius proves in his notitia Ecclesiastica sæculi + primi, they used to receive the B. Sacrament under the form + of wine alone. The bishop dipped his finger into the sacred + blood, and then put it into the mouth of the child a + practice observed in modern times in some parts of the + East, according to the learned Maronite Abraham + Ecchellensis; afterwards a little milk and honey was put + into their mouths, as an emblem (according to John the + deacon) of the promised land, to which they were called. + This custom of giving communion to children was not of + necessity for salvation, as Cardinal Noris proves in + Vindiciis Augustinianis § 4, and the Council of Trent + observes. In some places an abuse crept in of putting the + milk and honey into the consecrated chalice, but it was + prohibited by an African Council.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote122" + name="footnote122"></a><b>Footnote 122:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag122">(return)</a> + + <p>In the 4th century, S. Basil writing to the clergy of + Neocesarea observes, that the litanies, which they then + used, were introduced after the time of S. Gregory + Thaumaturgus (Epist. 63). In Gaul about the year 452, S. + Mamertus bishop of Vienne appointed solemn litanies to be + recited on the three <i>rogation</i> days. "At Rome," say + Palmer, "no doubt litanies were in use at an early period, + since we find that in the time of Gregory the great (A.D. + 590), the appellation of litany had been so long given to + processional supplications, that it was then familiarly + applied to those persons who formed the procession". Vol. + 1, p. 271. That holy Pontiff gave the following directions; + "Let the litany of the clergy set out from the church of S. + John the Baptist, the litany of the men from the church of + the holy martyr Marcellus, the litany of the monks from the + church of SS John and Paul: the litany of the handmaids of + God from the church of the blessed martyrs Cosmas and + Damian, the litany of the married women from the church of + the blessed protomartyr Stephen; the litany of the widows + from the church of the blessed martyr Vitalis, the litany + of the poor and children from the church of the blessed + martyr Cecilia". Vita S. Gregorii a Joanne Diacono, lib. 1, + c. 42. That the litanies were recited on holy-saturday + appears from several ancient <i>rites</i> quoted by Marlene + (De Ant. Eccl. Ritibus, lib. 4, c. XXV, and lib. 1, c. I, + art. 18). Palmer, wishing to defend the liturgy of the + church of England, maintains the antiquity of litanies, but + pretends that the invocations of saints were not originally + contained in them, but were added to them in the west about + the eighth century (vol. I, p. 289). From a passage in + Walafridus Strabo he is led to admit that at <i>his</i> + time (the ninth century) "these invocations must have been + <i>for some time</i> in use, and accordingly manuscript + litanies containing invocations have been discovered by + learned men, which appear from internal evidence to be as + old as the eighth century". He attempts however by + <i>negative</i> arguments to shew, that these invocations + are not more ancient than that period; although at the same + time he confesses that "we have no <i>distinct account</i> + of the <i>nature</i> of the service which was used on + occasions of peculiar supplication during the earliest + ages". p. 272. To his arguments we may oppose the + <i>positive</i> testimony of Walafridus Strabo, who says + "The litany of the holy names is believed to have come into + use after Jerome, following Eusebius of Cesarea, had + composed the martyrology". A long time, about three + centuries, elapsed before the <i>canon</i> of the + scriptures was determined; and it is not therefore + surprising if the <i>canon</i> of saints, (if such it may + be called), who died at considerable intervals, required + some time for its formation. Invocations of the saints in + ancient litanies may be seen ap. Martene (lib. 4f c. 27 and + lib. 1, c. 1, art. 18). One would conceive from Palmer's + account of the Ambrosian litany that it did not contain + invocations of the saints, p. 276; yet in the Ambrosian + processional, to which he alludes, we read as follows + "Afterwards they go to the altar, were the litanies are + recited on bended knees, in reciting which the <i>names of + the saints</i> without <i>Intercede pro nobis</i> are sung + aloud by the provost and clergy of the first collegiate + church; and by the other clergy with <i>Intercede pro + nobis</i> and this rite of singing the <i>litanies</i> and + antiphons is observed in every other stational church". ap. + Martene lib. 4, c. 28. In the Ordo Romanus also De + Benedictione Ecclesiæ these invocations are found. The + question however concerning their antiquity <i>in the + litanies</i> is of minor importance. Even Palmer admits, + that "Catholic fathers in the 4th century invoked the + saints" p. 292, though he gravely assures his readers, that + "they were too well instructed in the Christian faith to + believe positively that the saints heard our prayers". He + mentions the learned work of Serrarius called "Litaneutici + seu de Litaniis etc." as an instance of the writings, in + which "innumerable passages have been cited from ancient + writers to prove, that the invocation of saints is more + ancient than the eighth century. But most of those passages + do not refer to the invocation of saints, but to prayers + made to God for the intercession of saints". Palmer, vol. + I, p. 278. We consider that there is little difference in + principle between these two things: we shall however, to + satisfy him, quote only one passage from an ancient + Oriental liturgy. "Mother of our Lord Jesus Christ, pray + for me to the only begotten Son, who was born of thee, that + he may forgive me my offences and sins, and may receive + from my feeble and sinful hands this sacrifice, which in my + weakness I offer on this altar, through thy intercession + for me, O holy Mother". (From the ancient liturgy used by + the Nestorians called the liturgy of the holy apostles. + Renaudot, t. II. See bishop Poynter's Christianity, Note E: + and ancient inscriptions in Rock's Hierurgia, p. 347 and + foll.) Though we have the <i>innumerable ancient</i> + passages above-mentioned in favour of the Catholic + doctrine, yet shall we call Mr. Palmer's attention to the + following passage of his own work. Speaking of secrecy, he + says: "this primitive discipline is sufficient to account + for the fact, that very few allusions to the liturgy or + eucharistic service are found in the writings of the + Fathers". I, p. 14. His fears of <i>heresy and + blasphemy</i> arising from the invocation of Saints may be + calmed by the simple perusal of the doctrine of the church + taught by the Council of Trent, sess. 25. "The holy synod + commands all bishops and other teachers—<i>diligently + to instruct the faithful, teaching them</i> that the Saints + reigning with Christ offer to God their prayers for men; + that it is <i>good and useful</i> to invoke them with + supplication, and to have recourse to their prayers, help, + and assistance, in order to obtain benefits <i>from God + through his Son Jesus Christ our Lord, who alone is our + Redeemer and Saviour</i>". Accordingly we say in the litany + "Lord, have mercy on us: holy Mary <i>pray for us</i>" + etc.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote123" + name="footnote123"></a><b>Footnote 123:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag123">(return)</a> + + <p>We shall say nothing of sculptured figures taken from + the catacombs, such as the statues of the good shepherd and + S. Hippolitus now in the Vatican, or the numerous bas + reliefs on Christian sarcophagi (on which see + Raoul-Rochette, Tableau des Catacombes, c. IV. Beschreibung + der Stadt Rom. B. 2, in the description of the Christian + Museum in the Vatican Library). On another class of + Christian representations the reader may consult + Buonarruoti's <i>Osservazioni sopra alcuni frammenti di + vetro, ornati di figure</i>. We shall rather call the + attention of the Christian antiquarian to the numerous + frescoes painted in the chapels of the catacombs, and + illustrated by Bosio, Bottari, d'Agincourt etc., the latter + of whom attributes some of them to the second century on + account of the similarity of their style to that of + frescoes in the tomb of the Nasones, which is situated on + the Flaminian way at a short distance from Rome; his + opinion is confirmed by the fact that some of them have + been broken through, with the view of preparing a place of + burial for the bodies of martyrs slain in <i>subsequent + persecutions</i>. A list of their subjects which are + <i>generally</i> taken from the old and new Testaments may + be seen in Raoul-Rochette (c. 3, p. 157 foll. ed. de + Brusselles). Of these we may briefly notice in particular + some of the representations of Christ, of the B. Virgin, of + the apostles and martyrs. In them Christ sometimes appears + as an infant on the lap of His holy mother, Who ever pure + and modest is always veiled; and this lovely group is found + not only on these paintings, but also on bas-reliefs and + glass-vessels generally anterior to the 4th century, and + consequently to the general council of Ephesus held in 431; + although it is pretended that such figures were first + designed after that period. (Instances are enumerated by + Raoul-Rochette c. VI). Constantina, daughter of + Constantine, whose tomb is still preserved at Rome, begged + of Eusebius bishop of Cesarea a likeness of our Divine + Saviour (Concil. Labbe. t. VII, 493 seq): we must have + recourse to the catacombs for His most ancient portraits. + See one resembling the ordinary type of His sacred head and + taken from the cemetery of Calixtus, at the end of + Raoul-Rochette's work. This type, repeated again and again + on Christian monuments during the last sixteen hundred + years or more, may suggest the hope that some traces of our + Divine Saviour's features are still preserved among us, + notwithstanding the diversity of His portraits, of which S. + Augustine complained, De Triniti l. 8, c, 4 5. + Raoul-Rochette's opinion, that this likeness and the + portraits of the apostles were of Gnostic origin, is + altogether unsupported, as the Belgian editors of his work + justly observe. Christ is frequently represented also as + seated amid His apostles, of whom SS. Peter and Paul were + favourite subjects of the old artists: see Raoul-Rochette + c. VI, where he mentions, after the older antiquaries, the + ancient representations of S. Ciriaca, S Priscilla, SS. + Stephen, Cyprian, Laurence, Agnes, and other martyrs. + During Diocletian's persecution, the provincial council of + Eliberis in Spain decreed, that there should be no + paintings on the walls of churches: its 36th canon was + evidently intended to save sacred pictures from the + profanations perpetrated by the pagans. The faithful + however, fertile in expedients to gratify their devotion, + now began to use those portable representations of pious + subjects called diptychs, because they generally consisted + of two tablets which could at pleasure be <i>folded</i> + together. They were formed of ivory or wood, and resembled + the presents of that name formerly sent by the consuls on + the day of their entrance into office: on these were + usually inscribed the names and the portraits of the new + magistrates. (Symmachus lib. 2, ep. 80, all 71). The sacred + diptychs, of which many are preserved in the Vatican + Library, were easily saved from the fury of the + Iconoclasts. Their folding form without their portability + is preserved in many of the ancient altar-pieces of Italian + and other churches and from them the modern altar-pieces + are derived: they did not however supersede the use of + frescoes, or mosaics, as is evident from innumerable + ancient and modern ecclesiastical monuments of this city. + In the preceding chapter we laid before our readers the + doctrine of the catholic church concerning respect paid to + images, p. 80.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote124" + name="footnote124"></a><b>Footnote 124:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag124">(return)</a> + + <p>"He is risen; he is not here. But <i>go, tell</i> his + disciples and <i>Peter</i>, that he goeth before you into + Galilee". Mark XV, 6 7.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote125" + name="footnote125"></a><b>Footnote 125:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag125">(return)</a> + + <p>This Hebrew word, which frequently occurs in psalms of + praise, CIV, 34, CV, 45, CVI, 1, etc. has been preserved, + as well as <i>Amen</i>, and <i>Sabaoth</i>, in its original + form in most liturgies. According to S. Gregory (Ep. 64, + ind. 2). who appeals to S. Jerome's authority, it was + introduced into the Roman liturgy in the time of Pope + Damasus. S. Gregory forbade it to be sung at funerals, (as + it had been at that of Fabiola: S. Jerome in Epitaphio + Fabiolæ;) or during Lent.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote126" + name="footnote126"></a><b>Footnote 126:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag126">(return)</a> + + <p>Gavant and others, following Walafridus Strabo and the + abbot Berno, think that the Offertory and <i>Agnus Dei</i> + are not said, in order to signify the silence of the holy + women returning from the sepulchre (Mark XVI, 8). Others + attribute some of these omissions to the circumstance, that + there is no communion; on this day, and therefore neither + offertory or postcommunion; anciently however communion was + given on this occasion, as is evident from the Gelasian + sacramentary (See Bened. XIV, De Festis c. VIII). The kiss + of peace, as Grancolas observes, is not given, because + formerly at the dawn of easter-sunday, soon after the mass + of easter-eve, the faithful used to assemble in the church + "and kissing one another with mutual charity to say, + <i>Surrexit Dominus</i> "; (the Lord is risen) Ordo Rom. ab + Hittorpio ed. p. 55. Merati says, that the <i>Agnus Dei</i> + is omitted because it is of recent origin, having been + first introduced into the liturgy by Pope Sergius A.D. 688 + (lib. Pont.), whereas the Mass of the day is of greater + antiquity.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote127" + name="footnote127"></a><b>Footnote 127:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag127">(return)</a> + + <p>Cancellieri says that the music of this + <i>Magnificat</i> was composed by Luca Marenzio. Among the + compositions prior to Palestrina, and still sung in the + papal chapel, Baini reckons the Magnificats of Carpentrasso + and Morales, as well as the <i>Te Deum</i> and <i>Lumen ad + revelutionem gentium</i> of Costanzo Festa.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote128" + name="footnote128"></a><b>Footnote 128:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag128">(return)</a> + + <p>This basilic, which is the cathedral of the bishop of + Rome, was first erected by Constantine, whose statue taken + from his baths adorns the portico. It was in great part + destroyed by fire in 1308; but it was restored by the + munificence of the Popes and the piety of the faithful, + emulated in these days, in which we deplore the burning of + S. Paul's. In the gothic tabernacle over the high altar are + preserved the heads of SS. Peter and Paul. The mosaics of + the tribune were made by order of Nicholas IV (A.D. + 1278-1292).</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote129" + name="footnote129"></a><b>Footnote 129:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag129">(return)</a> + + <p>This baptistery, as well as the basilica, is attributed + to the time of Constantine; it was reduced to its present + state by Urban VIII; On an ancient and interesting + Christian sarcophagus taken from the Vatican cemetery is + represented a basilica with its apsis, and near it a + circular building evidently meant for the baptistery: this + is covered with a cupola surmounted by the monogram of + Christ; and over the gate are curtains drawn up on each + side, See Raoul-Rochette-Tableau des Catacombs, p. 332. The + font is an ancient urn of basalt the paintings above it, + between the second order of columns, representing, the life + of S. John Baptist, are by Carlo Maratta.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote130" + name="footnote130"></a><b>Footnote 130:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag130">(return)</a> + + <p>In a missal of Pavia it is called a figure of the column + which preceded the Israelites going out of Egypt.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote131" + name="footnote131"></a><b>Footnote 131:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag131">(return)</a> + + <p>The stag was a favourite subject of the early Christian + artists, who often represented it in their paintings, and + afterwards on their mosaics. The text above quoted explains + its signification.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote132" + name="footnote132"></a><b>Footnote 132:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag132">(return)</a> + + <p>"In most of the old rituals we find that the font was + hallowed with various ceremonies besides prayer. It was + customary to make the sign of the cross, as we learn from + the testimony of Chrysostom, Augustine, and + Pseudo-Dionysius". Palmer vol. 2, p. 195. Martene observes + that the rite of pouring chrism into the water is mentioned + in all the ancient Gallican, Ambrosian, and Mozarabic + liturgies. The blessing of baptismal water is reckoned by + S. Basil, in the 4th century, among apostolical traditions. + (De Spiritu. S. c. 27).</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote133" + name="footnote133"></a><b>Footnote 133:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag133">(return)</a> + + <p>"Some form of admission to the class of catechumens was + used in all churches at an early period, and it seems most + commonly to have consisted of imposition of hands with + prayers for the person. To this in many places were added + various rites, such as, signing the forehead of the + candidate with the cross, the consecration and giving of + salt, which was entitled the sacrament of catechumens, + repeated exorcisms, or prayers and adjurations to cast out + the power of Satan, anointing with oil, and other mystical + and figurative rites. In the course of many ages, when the + Christian church had overspread the face of the world, and + infidelity had become in most places extinct, the form of + admission to the class of catechumens was from a veneration + for old customs in many places conjoined to the office of + baptism, and administered at the same time with it to the + candidates for that sacrament whether they were infants or + not". Palmer, vol. 2, c. 5, sect. 1.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote134" + name="footnote134"></a><b>Footnote 134:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag134">(return)</a> + + <p>"It has been customary in the Christian church from the + most remote period, for the candidates for baptism to + renounce the devil and all his works, before they were + admitted to that sacrament. This renunciation was always + followed by a profession of faith in Christ, as it is now + in the English liturgy. The last interrogation and answer + "Vis baptizari, Volo" have long been used in the west. + (Martene de Antiq. Eccl. rit. tom. I, p. 180, 192). + According to the ancient custom of the Roman church, + represented in the Sacramentary of Gregory, the profession + of faith occurs between the hallowing of the water and the + administration of the sacrament. This custom has long been + used in the Roman church; since the Sacramentary of + Gelasius (A.D. 494) appointed the confession of faith to be + made immediately before baptism, <i>though the + renunciations were made some hours before</i>. In primitive + times the sign of the cross was not only made on the + forehead of the elect at the time of baptism, but was used + very often in other ways: this act is probably not more + recent than the apostolical age; and this sign was made in + some part of almost every Christian office. The + administration of baptism was succeeded by various rites in + the primitive church; among other the newly-baptised were + clothed in white garments. Formerly also confirmation + followed immediately after baptism". I have extracted the + preceding passages from different sections of Palmer's 5th + chapter, vol. 2: coming from a clergyman of the church of + England, they are important admissions, and they dispense + with the necessity of my proving the antiquity of these + various baptismal riles. The reader may see proofs of them + collected in Palmer (loc. cit.) Martene T. 1: cap. 2, + etc.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote135" + name="footnote135"></a><b>Footnote 135:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag135">(return)</a> + + <p>Palmer says, that in confirmation, to the rites of + prayer and imposition, of hands was added "that of + anointing with an unguent or chrism, made of oil and + balsam, and hallowed by the prayers of the bishop.—We + learn from the writings of Tertullian and Origen, that it + was already customary both in the east and the west at the + end of the 2nd or beginning of the 3rd century. This chrism + was intended to signify the grace of the Holy Spirit then + conferred". Palmer, Or. Lit. vol. 2, p. 199. If this + unction had not been of apostolic origin, it would not have + been customary in all churches at so early a period.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote136" + name="footnote136"></a><b>Footnote 136:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag136">(return)</a> + + <p>At S. John Lateran's, when the <i>Agnus Dei</i> is said, + the ancient custom is preserved, which was originally + established by Pope Sergius, of saying <i>Miserere + nobis</i> three times, and not <i>Dona nobis pacem</i>, + which words were introduced into the liturgy, (according to + Innocent III, De Myst Missæ) about the 10th century, in + time of schism.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote137" + name="footnote137"></a><b>Footnote 137:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag137">(return)</a> + + <p>Orders are generally conferred on the saturday of each + ember-week, besides the saturday before passion and easter + sundays. A minute detail of the numerous ceremonies of + ordination can not be expected in a work on the ceremonies + of holy-week. The reader may find them all enumerated in + the Pontifical, and on their antiquity he may consult + Morinus, De Ordinationibus; Martene, De Ant. Eccl. Rit. t. + 2. etc. On the service of holy saturday see the MS. + Pontifical of the Apamean church and various Ordines ap. + Martene, lib. IV, c. 24. Formerly after the mass there was + general communion; and at Rome no Vespers were said + (Alcuin), and 7 altars were consecrated.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote138" + name="footnote138"></a><b>Footnote 138:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag138">(return)</a> + + <p>In the afternoon the parish-priests bless with prayers + and holy water the houses and paschal food of their + parishioners. In the Ordo Romanus, besides the blessing of + milk and honey, there is a formula of benediction of a lamb + and other food. Durandus also (lib. 6 Ration.) mentions the + blessing of the lamb, a custom which is preserved at Rome + till the present time. The shops of the <i>pizzicaroli</i> + are illuminated and gaily decorated, probably because + <i>they</i> have peculiar reasons to rejoice at the + conclusion of the <i>austerities</i> of lent.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote139" + name="footnote139"></a><b>Footnote 139:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag139">(return)</a> + + <p>For the ceremonies of Easter-sunday see The Pontifical + Mass sung at S. Peter's on Easter-sunday etc. By C.M. + Baggs. D.D. Rome 1840.</p> + </blockquote><span class="pagenum"><a name="page121" + id="page121"></a>[pg 121]</span> + + <h2>APPENDIX</h2> + + <h3>PECULIAR CEREMONIES OF HOLY-WEEK AT JERUSALEM</h3> + + <p>Having spoken of the blessing of the paschal candle at Rome, + we may for a few moments turn our thoughts towards a city still + more ancient, and trodden by holier and more exalted beings + than even the apostles and martyrs of the eternal city. The + justly-celebrated traveller John Thevenot in his Voyage du + Levant describes the ceremonies of holyweek performed at + Jerusalem; the distribution of palms, the washing of the feet + on Maunday-Thursday at the door of the holy Sepulchre; and the + procession to the holy places or stations performed by the + Catholic Christians. Concerning this the eloquent Pere Abbé de + Geramb, in his interesting Pelerinage at Jerusalem in 1832, + informs us that "by means of a figure in relief of the natural + size, whose head, arms, and feet are flexible, the religious + represent the crucifixion, the descent from the cross, and the + burial of Jesus Christ, in such manner as to render all the + principal circumstances apparent to the senses and + striking".</p> + + <p>Both these distinguished writers of different periods agree + in testifying, that all the devotions of the Catholics were and + are still conducted with so much order that they are admired + both by Christians and Turks, whereas those of the schismatical + Christians took place with much confusion, and with such a + noise, that the Janissaries, who had to preserve order, were + obliged to strike the persons engaged in them as well as the + spectators. This statement is confirmed by the account, which + they and other travellers give, of the <i>holy fire</i> of the + Greeks and other schismatics. Benedict XIV observes that no + mention is made of the supposed miracle of the holy fire by + early Christian writers who lived at Jerusalem; as Eusebius, S. + Jerome, S. Epiphanius, or S. Cyril bishop of + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page122" + id="page122"></a>[pg 122]</span> Jerusalem. It is however + spoken of by Bernard a Frank monk of the ninth century, and + in a Pontifical of the church of Poictiers of about the + tenth century: by Hugo Flaviniacensis in Chronico + Virdunensi, in the discourse of Urban II in the council of + Claremont, and in other documents of the middle ages + mentioned by Martene (lib. IV, c. XXIV). Lupi (tom. 4, Conc. + gen. etc.) thinks it probable, that the custom of burning + lights and the paschal candle on this day was instituted, in + order to return thanks to God for a miracle (which + <i>may</i> of old have happened at Jerusalem) and to + announce it to all nations.</p> + + <p>I shall now extract a brief account of the scene of + confusion enacted in modern times at Jerusalem on such + occasions from Thevenot, in whose work is a print representing + it. "After our Catholic office was ended" says he, "we prepared + to enjoy the sight of the holy fire of the Greeks, Armenians + and Copts, whose priests make their people believe, that on + holy Saturday fire descends from heaven into the holy + Sepulchre, and on that account make each of their pilgrims, who + are very numerous, pay some money. This solemnity appears + rather a comedy or a farce than a church-ceremony, and is very + unbecoming in a place so sacred as the holy Sepulchre. After we + had finished our service, which was about eight in the morning, + they, extinguished all their lamps and those of the holy + Sepulchre, and then they commenced their folly, running round + the holy Sepulchre, like mad people, crying, howling, <i>et + faisans un bruit de diables</i>; it was charming to see them + running one after another, kicking and striking one another + with cords; many of them together held men in their arms, and + going round the holy Sepulchre, let them fall, and then raised + horrible shouts of laughter, while they who had fallen ran + after the others to avenge themselves: it seemed that both old + and young were downright mad. From time to time they raised + their eyes, and stretched their hands, full of taper, to + heaven, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page123" + id="page123"></a>[pg 123]</span> crying all together + <i>eleison</i>, as if they were wearied at the delay of the + holy fire. This scene continued till towards three in the + evening, when two Greek archbishops and two bishops habited + as patriarchs, for the patriarch was not then at Jerusalem, + left their choir with all their clergy, and began the + procession round the holy Sepulchre: they were joined by the + Armenians, four of whom wore mitres: then came a Coptic + bishop, with all his clergy and people. After they had + walked three times round the holy Sepulchre, a Greek priest + came out of the chapel of the Angel, which is close to that + of the holy Sepulchre, and gave notice to him who + represented the Patriarch, that the holy fire had descended + from heaven: the latter then entered into the holy + Sepulchre, followed by the representatives of the Armenian + patriarch and of the Coptic bishop. After they had remained + there a short time, we saw the Greek archbishop in an + amusing posture, bending down his head, and bearing in each + hand a quantity of lighted tapers. No sooner had he + appeared, than all rushed one upon another to light their + tapers from those of the archbishop; as that is considered + the best fire, which is first lighted. The Janissaries + however, who were stationed near the door of the chapel of + the Angel, did not stand with their arms folded, but made + the calpacs and turbans of the Greeks fly from one end of + the church to the other, striking around on all sides with + their sticks, to make way for the poor archbishop, who also + as we may suppose did all in his power to save himself. He + then mounted in haste a stone-altar opposite the entrance of + the holy Sepulchre, where he was immediately surrounded by + the people: those also who had lighted their tapers + endeavouring to save themselves were overwhelmed by the + others: the confusion was horrible, and blows were not + unfrequent. After the Greek archbishop has come out, the + Armenian appears, and saves himself from the crowd in the + church of the Armenians, and the Copt in that of the Copts. + Every <span class="pagenum"><a name="page124" + id="page124"></a>[pg 124]</span> one was in such a hurry to + get some of the holy fire, that in a moment more than 2000 + bundles of candles flamed in the church: and the people, + crying out like persons possessed began greater follies than + before. A man carrying a drum on his back began to run with + all his might round the holy Sepulchre, and another running + in the same manner struck it with two sticks; and when he + was tired, another immediately took his place. "<i>Il semble + qu' on soit dans un enfer, et que ce soient tout autant de + diables déchainès</i>."—But enough of this unedifying + scene, of which the Abbé Geramb gives a similar account. If + we contrast with it the majestic and edifying ceremonies of + the Roman church, we shall feel grateful to God for having + preserved us from such disorders. I shall merely add from + Thevenot, that the Christians are called to office at the + holy Sepulchre by boards struck with iron, as we are for two + days in holy-week: but drums and other instruments are also + played there, which make, he (adds), "une musique + enragée".</p> + + <p>The distinguished missionary and pilgrim D. Casto Gonzalez + recounts other disorders of the Greeks during Holy Week, and + profanations of the most holy sanctuaries of Palestine. In the + year 1833 he exposed, but not without great risk, the fraud of + the "holy fire". On the holy-Saturday of the Greeks the + officiating Bishop accompanied by an Armenian and a Coptic + Bishop and their respective clergy had already walked thrice + round the holy Sepulchre, when the missionary ignited a match + with phosphorus, and holding it up exclaimed "Look, the + heavenly fire has fallen into my hands": he then extinguished + it and lighted it again several times to the great astonishment + of the assembled multitude. He was protected by the Turks from + the dangers which surrounded him. So manifest was the fraud of + the pretended "holy fire" that even the schismatical Armenian + patriarch issued a circular + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page125" + id="page125"></a>[pg 125]</span> letter forbidding his + spiritual subjects to be present at the disgraceful + exhibition.</p> + + <p>The Pere Abbé de Geramb gives a glowing account of the + Catholic service and mass on holy saturday; and we most warmly + recommend to our readers the perusal of the 34th <i>Lettre</i> + of his <i>Pelerinage</i>, in which he describes all the + ceremonies of holy week at Jerusalem, where they are invested + with the peculiar charm arising from spots so sacred, where + Christ suffered, and died, and rose again. Though in other + respects the Roman ceremonies are of a more exalted nature, yet + here must we be contented to transport ourselves in imagination + to those beloved sanctuaries, and to see the + <i>representation</i> of the holy Sepulchre at S. Maria + Egiziaca. We shall conclude with the words of the distinguished + writer: "Jamais douleur n'affecta plus vivement mon àme, que + celle qui s'en empara au moment où je m'arrachai pour jamais de + l'église du saint Sepulcre. Taut que je vivrai elle sera aussi + présente à mon esprit que profondément gravée dans mon coeur; + toujours souvenir me fera tressaillir, parce que toujours, et + plus qu' aucun autre souvenir, il me rappellera Jésus, crucifié + pour mon salut, pour la salut du genre humain, à l'amour duquel + nous devons repondre par le plus vif, le plus tendre, le plus + absolu de tous les amours; ce Jésus auquel je dois l'ineffable + bonheur de comprendre, de sentir cette grande verité, que je + voudrais faire comprendre et sentir a l'univers entier, que lui + seul est tout, que tout ce qui n'est pas lui, n'est rien, n'est + que neant". Pelerinage à Jerusalem, Lett. 36.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Ceremonies of the Holy-Week at Rome +by Charles Michael Baggs + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CEREMONIES OF THE HOLY-WEEK *** + +***** This file should be named 15172-h.htm or 15172-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/1/7/15172/ + +Produced by Olaf Voss, William Flis, and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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