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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Ceremonies of the Holy-Week at Rome
+by Charles Michael Baggs
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Ceremonies of the Holy-Week at Rome
+
+Author: Charles Michael Baggs
+
+Release Date: February 25, 2005 [EBook #15172]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CEREMONIES OF THE HOLY-WEEK ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Olaf Voss, William Flis, and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE: The Table of Contents
+was added by the transcriber.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE CEREMONIES
+
+OF THE
+
+HOLY-WEEK
+
+AT ROME.
+
+BY
+
+THE RT. REV. MONSIGNOR BAGGS,
+
+BISHOP OF PELLA.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THIRD EDITION.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ROME:
+
+SOLD BY LUIGI PIALE,
+
+ENGLISH BOOKSELLER,
+
+1. PIAZZA DI SPAGNA, 106. VIA BABUINO.
+
+1854.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+DIRECTIONS FOR SEEING THE CEREMONIES 3
+
+CHAP. I. ON THE CEREMONIES OF THE MASS 5
+
+CHAP. II. ON THE CEREMONIES OF PALM-SUNDAY 22
+
+CHAP. III. ON THE DIVINE OFFICE, AND THE OFFICE OF TENEBRAE IN
+PARTICULAR 37
+
+CHAP. IV. ON THE CEREMONIES OF HOLY THURSDAY 50
+
+CHAP. V. ON THE CEREMONIES OF GOOD-FRIDAY 69
+
+CHAP. VI. ON THE CEREMONIES OF HOLY-SATURDAY 92
+
+APPENDIX. PECULIAR CEREMONIES OF HOLY-WEEK AT JERUSALEM 121
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+DIRECTIONS
+
+FOR SEEING THE CEREMONIES
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Provide yourself with a HOLY-WEEK-BOOK, or _Uffizio della Settimana
+Santa_. Take care that your dress is according to rule. For many of
+the ceremonies ladies require tickets signed by _M. Maggiordomo_.
+
+On Palm-sunday morning the Pontifical ceremonies begin at S.
+Peter's, at about 9 o'clock: no stranger can receive a palm without
+a permission signed by _M. Maggiordomo_. In the afternoon the Card.
+Penitentiary goes at about 4 or half past 4 to S. John Lateran's,
+where the Station of the day is held.
+
+On the _afternoons_ of _Wednesday_ and _Thursday_, (between 4 and half
+past 4) and of _Friday_ (half an hour sooner) the office of Tenebræ
+begins at the Sixtine chapel. After it is over, you may go to S.
+Peter's to bear the conclusion of a similar service: there on Thursday
+evening the high-altar is washed by the Card, priest and chapter;
+on Friday the Pope, Cardinals etc. go thither to venerate the relics
+after Tenebræ in the Sixtine chapel; and on the afternoons of both
+days the Card. Penitentiary goes thither in slate. In the evening of
+these three days the feet of pilgrims are washed, and they are served
+at table by Cardinals etc. at the Trinità dei Pellegrini.
+
+On _Thursday morning_ you can see the oils blessed at S. Peter's: this
+ceremony begins _early_. There is little difference between the mass
+(at about half past 9 or 10) in the Sixtine chapel on this day, and
+on ordinary days, and there is generally a great crowd: the procession
+after mass is repeated on the following morning; and the papal
+benediction on Easter Sunday: your best plan therefore will be to go
+at an early hour to see the blessing of the oils, and afterwards the
+washing of the feet, at S. Peter's; and then go to see the dinner
+of the _apostles_ near the balcony from which the Pope gives His
+benediction. The _Sepulchres_, particularly that in the Cappella
+Paolina, may be visited.
+
+On _Friday morning_ the service of the Sixtine chapel begins at about
+half past 9 or 10. (Devotion of 3 hours' agony from about half past
+12 to half past 3 at the Gesù, SS. Lorenzo e Damaso etc.; after the
+_Ave Maria_ the _Via Crucis_ at Caravita, and devotion of the dolours
+of the B. Virgin at S. Marcello, etc. An hour after the _Ave Maria_
+poetical compositions are recited at the Serbatojo dell'Arcadia).
+
+On _Saturday morning_ service begins at S. John Lateran's at about
+half past 7. As soon you have seen the baptism at the baptistery, you
+had better drive to the Vatican, to attend at the beautiful mass of
+the Sixtine chapel.
+
+On _Saturday afternoon_ you may go to the Armenian mass at S.
+Biagio or S. Gregorio Illuminatore: it begins towards 4 o clock. On
+Easter-Sunday the Pope sings solemn mass at S. Peter's, at about 9
+o'clock. He afterwards venerates the relics, and gives His solemn
+benediction. In the afternoon, besides Vespers there is a procession
+at S. Peter's called that of the 3 Maries. (At S. John Lateran's
+the Cardinals assist at Vespers, and afterwards venerate the relics
+preserved there) At night the cupola is illuminated, and on the
+following night there are fireworks or _girandola_ at Castle S.
+Angelo. On Monday, Tuesday, and Saturday there is _cappella papale_ at
+the Vatican, but it differs little from the ordinary _cappelle_.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. I.
+
+ON THE CEREMONIES OF THE MASS
+
+
+_CONTENTS._
+
+    Origin of the word _ceremony_--object of
+    ceremonies--institution of the mass--its earliest
+    ceremonies--discipline of secrecy--liturgy of the Roman
+    church--general review of the principal ceremonies of
+    the mass--mass of the catechumens, _ambones_--mass of the
+    faithful, blessed water, secrecy, prayers for the dead--Latin
+    the language of the Roman liturgy, and why--usual ceremonies
+    of high-mass in the papal chapel--sentiments of S. John
+    Chrysostom.
+
+    "_It was chiefly, if not only, in the mystical liturgy of the
+    eucharist, that the primitive church spoke without reserve
+    of all the sublimities of Christian faith._" Palmer, Origines
+    Liturg. vol. I, p. 13.
+
+[Sidenote: Origin of the word ceremony.]
+
+From Rome our Saxon forefathers received Christianity; and from the
+same source we have derived several words denoting Christian rites.
+Thus the words _religion, sacrament, sacrifice, communion_, and others
+are Latin, with the exception of the termination. The word _ceremony_
+also is Latin, and owes its origin to an interesting fact in ancient
+Roman history. When the Capitol was besieged by the Gauls (A.U. 365)
+most of the inhabitants of Rome provided for their own safety by
+flight: but the Flamen Quirinalis or priest of Romulus, and the
+Vestal virgins loaded themselves with the sacred things, that they
+might secure those hallowed treasures from profanation. "They were
+proceeding" (says Livy lib. V, c. XXII) "along the way which passes
+over the Sublician bridge, when they were met on the declivity by L.
+Albinus a plebeian, who was fleeing with his wife and children in
+a _plaustrum_ or cart: he and his family immediately alighted: then
+placing in the cart the virgins and sacred things he accompanied them
+to Cære where they were received with hospitality and respect". Hence
+(says Valerius Maximus lib. I, c. 1.) "sacred things were called
+ceremonies, because the inhabitants of _Cære_ revered them when the
+republic was broken, as readily as when it flourished". Thus is the
+word ceremony associated at once with the devotion of Albinus, with
+the Gaulish invasion of the Capitol, and with Cære, one of the twelve
+cities of Etruria, now called Cervetri or Cære vetus[1]. The Pagan
+Romans derived their religious rites from Etruria, and in particular
+from Cære on account of its proximity to Rome: this may be another
+reason for the adoption of the term _ceremony_, which was afterwards
+applied to the rites of all religions[2].
+
+[Sidenote: Object of ceremonies.]
+
+But what, it may be asked by many, is the use of ceremonies? I shall
+answer in the words of the council of Trent. "Since the nature of man
+is such, that he cannot easily without exterior helps be raised to
+the meditation of divine things, the church as a pious mother has
+instituted certain rites, namely, that some things in the mass should
+be pronounced in a low voice and others aloud; she has also used
+ceremonies, as mystical benedictions, lights, incense, vestments,
+and many other things of that kind, from apostolical tradition and
+discipline, in order that the majesty of so great a sacrifice might
+be displayed, and the minds of the faithful might be excited by these
+visible signs of religion and piety to the contemplation of those
+sublime things which are concealed in this sacrifice". Session XXII,
+c. V.--These words lead us to treat briefly of the mass, the principal
+act of divine worship during holy-week as at all other seasons of the
+year. This we do now the more readily, that we may not afterwards be
+obliged to interrupt our account of the peculiar ceremonies of Holy
+week, which presuppose an acquaintance with the mass.
+
+[Sidenote: Institution of the mass.]
+
+Jesus Christ instituted the mass at his last supper, when he took
+bread and blessed and broke and gave to his disciples and said, Take
+ye and eat, this is my body; and taking the chalice he gave thanks,
+and gave to them saying, Drink ye all of this: For this is my blood
+of the new testament, which shall be shed for many unto remission of
+sins: Matth. XXVI, 26. In this brief account are mentioned all the
+_essential_ parts of the mass. Christ commanded the apostles and
+through them their successors to perform the same holy rite "in
+commemoration" of Him, and they obeyed His commands, as we learn from
+the acts of the apostles, and the first epistle to the Corinthians.
+
+[Sidenote: Its early ceremonies.]
+
+Gradually various prayers and ceremonies were added to the sacred
+words pronounced by Christ, as the Apology of St. Justin, the writings
+of St. Cyprian, the catechetical discourses of St. Cyril of Jerusalem
+and other early works prove. The Apostles themselves had added the
+Lord's prayer[3]. The liturgy however during the first four centuries,
+as Le Brun maintains[4], or, according to Muratori followed by Palmer,
+the first three centuries, was not written, but was preserved by oral
+tradition, according to the received practice of the early church,
+which, unwilling to give what is holy to dogs, or to cast pearls
+before swine concealed from all persons, except the faithful, the
+mysteries of faith. It would seem from St. Justin's apology, that
+much was left to the particular devotion of the bishop or priest who
+offered mass, and hence we might expect not to find in the earliest
+liturgies great uniformity, except in essentials and general outline.
+Yet Le Brun has endeavoured to restore, from the early Christian
+writers, the liturgy used in the first four centuries: and it contains
+the most important prayers and ceremonies of the mass in its more
+modern form.
+
+[Sidenote: Discipline of secrecy.]
+
+We shall so often have to recur to the discipline of secrecy alluded
+to above, that we consider it necessary to speak of it briefly,
+before we proceed further. The Pythagoreans, the Stoics, Plato, the
+Epicureans and other ancient philosophers concealed their doctrines
+from the uninitiated: the mysteries also of Osiris, Isis, Bacchus,
+Ceres, Cybele etc. were carefully kept secret. There was no novelty
+therefore for the ancients in the discipline of secrecy, the
+institution of which in the Christian church is attributed by many
+fathers to Christ himself, who directed that his disciples should not
+"give what is holy to dogs, or cast pearls before swine". Matt. VII,
+6. This injunction was observed by the whole church from the apostolic
+age till the fifth century in the east, and the sixth century in the
+west: it extended to dogmas as well as rites, and in particular to
+those of the holy Trinity and the sacraments, especially the blessed
+Eucharist[5]. For "those things" says St. Cyril of Alexandria "are
+generally derided, which are not understood" adv. Julianum. The
+pagans, at the instigation, it would appear, of the Jews and early
+heretics, availed themselves of this secret discipline to charge
+the Christians with the detestable crimes of Oedipus and Thyestes,
+pretending that in their secret assemblies they murdered an infant
+covered with flour, and drank his blood. (Cecilius ap. Minut. Fel.)
+It was solely with the view of refuting these calumnies, that Justin
+Martyr explained, in his apology addressed to Antoninus Pius, the
+catholic doctrine of the eucharist. S. Blandina on the contrary
+endured the most cruel torments rather than reveal it, though its
+profession would have confuted the same odious calumnies; and S.
+Augustine observes a similar reserve when answering the pagan Maximus
+Madaurensis.
+
+"Who" says the protestant Casaubon "is so little versed in the
+writings of the fathers, as to be ignorant of the formulary used
+principally of the sacraments, the initiated understand what is said:
+it occurs at least fifty times in Chrysostom, and almost as frequently
+in Augustine". S. Fulgentius inserts in his answer to the deacon
+Ferrandus the following words of S. Augustine to the neophytes "This
+which you see on the altar of God you saw last night: but what it was,
+what it meant, and of what a great thing it contains the sacrament,
+you have not yet heard. What therefore you see is bread and the
+chalice. What your faith demands is, that the bread is the body of
+Christ, and the chalice contains the blood of Christ". S. Cyril
+of Jerusalem in his catechetical discourses addressed to the newly
+baptised inculcates in the strongest terms the doctrine of the real
+presence, but charges them most strictly not to communicate to the
+catechumens his instructions. In consequence of this practice the
+early fathers often speak obscurely of the B. Sacrament, and call it
+bread and wine and _fermentum_ after the consecration, though they
+clearly teach the _faithful_ the doctrine of the real presence[6].
+
+[Sidenote: Liturgy of the Roman church.]
+
+Pope Innocent I, writing to Decentius at the beginning of the fifth
+century, attributes the liturgy of the Roman church to St. Peter. It
+was first written in the fifth century; and Pope Vigilius sending it
+in 538 to Profuturus derives it from Apostolic tradition. The most
+ancient sacramentary or liturgical work extant of the Roman church is
+that of Gelasius who was Pope from 492 to 496[7]. He collected prayers
+composed by more ancient authors, and also composed some himself:
+and this Gelasian compilation was reformed by Gregory the Great and
+reduced to one volume[8], which may be considered as the prototype
+of our present liturgy. The canon or most solemn part of the mass
+has been preserved inviolate ever since, as appears from the Ordines
+Romani written shortly after the time of S. Gregory, and also from the
+explanations of it written by Florus and Amalarius. This canon as well
+as the order of prayer are the same as those of Gelasius, as Palmer
+observes (Orig. liturg. vol. 1, p. 119,) and are also nearly identical
+with those of the sacramentary of S. Leo. The Ambrosian and African
+liturgies also were evidently derived at a very remote period from
+that of Rome. From such considerations as these Mr. Palmer proves the
+very ancient or apostolical origin of the "main order", the substance
+of the Roman liturgy. Origines liturg. vol. I, sect. VI. The author of
+the canon is unknown; yet we know the authors of some additions to the
+canon. Thus S. Leo I added sanctum sacrificium immaculatam hostiam, S.
+Gregory I, diesque nostros in tua pace disponas.
+
+[Sidenote: Review of the ceremonies of the mass.]
+
+[Sidenote: Mass of the catechumens, ambones, sermons.]
+
+We shall not examine minutely all the prayers and ceremonies of the
+mass, or stop to enquire at what time and by what pope each of
+them was first introduced, lest we should weary the patience of our
+readers[9]; but we shall content ourselves with a general review of
+the mass, as it is now celebrated. We may divide it, as the ancients
+did, into two parts, the mass of the catechumens, and the mass of the
+faithful. The first part includes the preparation and confession of
+sins at the foot of the altar, the _introit_ or anthem and part of
+a psalm sung at the _entrance_ into church, the _Kyrie eleison_ or
+petition for mercy, the _Gloria in excelsis_ or hymn of praise (both
+of great antiquity, as Palmer following our catholic divines has
+shewn) the collect or collects so called from their being said when
+the people are collected together, the epistle and gospel, and also
+the verses, said or sung between them both, called the Gradual[10]:
+if sung by one voice, it is called the Tract; if by choir, the
+Responsory. The collects and other prayers are said with the arms
+extended in the same manner as many figures are represented praying on
+old christian as well as pagan monuments. After the gospel the sermon
+used to be preached, as it generally is in our times[11] and after
+the sermon Pagans, Jews, heretics, schismatics, energumens, public
+penitents and catechumens were dismissed by the deacon; for the
+faithful alone were allowed to be present at the celebration of the
+sacred mysteries, in conformity to the discipline of secrecy. That
+part of mass, which we have described was called the mass of the
+catechumens, because these were allowed to be present at it.
+
+[Sidenote: Mass of the faithful, blessed water.]
+
+From the _missio_, _missa_, or dismissal announced by the deacon to
+the people before and after the mass of the faithful, the term _missa_
+or mass is derived. It was in use in the early ages; for it is found
+not only in the epistle to the bishop of Vienne attributed to Pope
+Pius I, and in that of Pope Cornelius to Lupicinus: but S. Ambrose
+also says "I continued my duty, and began to celebrate mass" and in
+another place he exhorts the people to "hear mass daily[12]".
+
+When the church had been cleared of all except the faithful, the
+second part of our mass, or the mass of the faithful, began with the
+Nicene symbol or creed. Then followed the offertory, or part of a
+psalm sung anciently while the people made their offerings to the
+church, particularly of bread and wine[13]. The priest offers to God
+the bread, and wine mixed according to apostolic tradition[14] with
+a little water, which our Saviour is believed to have mixed with
+the wine at the last supper; he implores God's blessing on these
+offerings, and washes his hands in token of the purity of soul[15]
+with which the sacred mysteries should be approached, and at high mass
+for the sake of outward cleanliness also, on account of the incense
+which he has used. Having commemorated the passion, resurrection,
+and ascension of Christ, as he does also after the consecration, he
+calls on those present to join him in prayer, he says another prayer
+or prayers called the _secret_, because said in secret, and then
+recites the _preface_ to the canon, a prayer in which he unites with
+the celestial spirits in praise and thanksgiving as Christ himself
+gave thanks at the last supper: it concludes with the Tersanctus or
+Trisagion "Holy, Holy, Holy etc." which, as Palmer observes, has been
+probably used in the Christian liturgy of the east and west since the
+ages of the apostles. V. 2. p. 219.
+
+[Sidenote: Prayers for the dead.]
+
+The canon of the mass next follows, which as well as many of the
+preceding and following prayers is said in a low voice, according to
+the ancient custom alluded to by Innocent I, S. Augustine, Origen, and
+other Fathers[16]. In it the priest prays for the church, the Pope,
+the bishop of the place, the living and the dead[17] he reveres the
+memory of the B. Virgin, the Martyrs and other Saints[18], and having
+once more implored the blessing of God, and spread his hands over the
+victim, according to the custom of the Jews, he pronounces over the
+bread and wine the words of consecration according to the command of
+Christ, and adores and raises for the adoration of the people the
+body and blood of our Divine Lord. It is in this consecration that
+the sacrifice of the mass principally consists; as by it the victim
+is placed on the altar, and offered to God, viz. Christ himself,
+represented as dead by the separate consecration of the bread and
+wine, as if His blood were separated from His body. After some other
+prayers, in which the priest offers to God the holy sacrifice, and
+prays for mercy and salvation for all present, he elevates the host
+and chalice together; this was the ancient elevation, as the more
+solemn one, which follows immediately after the consecration, was
+introduced generally in the 12th century, in opposition to the heresy
+of Berengarius. Then concluding the canon the priest recites the _Our
+Father_, and breaks the host, as Christ broke the bread, and as His
+body was "broken" for us[19]; he puts a particle of the host into
+the chalice[20]; he implores mercy and peace from the lamb of God, at
+solemn masses gives the kiss of peace according to the recommendation
+of scripture, and receives the two ablutions of the chalice, one of
+wine, the other of wine and water, lest any portion of the sacred
+blood should remain in it: he recites the communion or anthem, which
+was originally sung while the holy communion was distributed; he says
+the prayer or prayers called postcommunion, dismisses and begs God's
+blessing on the people, in fine he recites the beginning of St. John's
+gospel or some other gospel appropriate to the day. We shall on other
+occasions recur to various ceremonies of the mass[21].
+
+[Sidenote: Latin the language of the liturgy.]
+
+The language of our liturgy has descended to us as a precious legacy
+from the time when Peter and Paul preached in Rome. It would be
+incongruous that our ancient hierarchy robed in ancient vestments
+should perform our ancient liturgy in a moderne language. As in all
+parts of the globe there are members of the Catholic church, she has
+wisely preserved in her liturgy a language common to all countries,
+the language too of majesty, civilisation and science, as De Maistre
+observes. Like her divine founder she is the same yesterday and
+to-day: like the rock, on which she is built, she is proof against
+the winds and waves; she is unchanged and unaffected by the wayward
+caprices of fashion. Translations of her liturgy are published for the
+use of those who are unacquainted with Latin so that they may either
+join in reciting the prayers of the church, or say others which their
+own devotion may suggest.
+
+Having described the ceremonies of low-mass, we shall subjoin a brief
+account of those customary at high-mass when celebrated in the papal
+chapel: we shall thus avoid unnecessary repetitions in the course of
+this work. The beginning of the mass is said by all persons within
+the sanctuary: and the Pope recites it before the altar with the
+celebrant. As His Holiness is the ecclesiastical superior of the
+latter, and is habited in his sacred vestments, many benedictions are,
+according to a general rubric, reserved to Him, which are otherwise
+given by the person who sings mass. Thus He blesses not only the
+incense, the water at the offertory, the subdeacon and deacon, the
+preacher, when there is a sermon, and the people after the sermon
+and at the end of mass, but also the Cardinals on several occasions,
+and the celebrant himself before he offers up mass. "For without
+contradiction (says St. Paul) that which is less is blessed by the
+better". Hebr. VII, 7. He also, and not the celebrant, kisses the
+book of the Gospel. The first cardinal priest present hands to Him the
+incense, and also incenses him, kneeling down if the Pope be seated
+at the time, and standing if the Pope stands[22], and therefore, he
+is seated near the Pope during part of the Mass, that he may be ready
+when his services are required.
+
+Incense is used, as is customary at high masses, before the introit,
+at the Gospel, after the offertory and during the elevation. Before
+the introit the crucifix, the altar[23], the celebrant and the Pope
+are successively incensed. Before the deacon sings the gospel he
+incenses the book; and after it the Pope is once more incensed by
+the first cardinal priest. After the offertory, besides the bread
+and wine, the crucifix, the altar, the celebrant and the Pope,
+the Cardinals and the first in rank among the prelates and other
+personages are incensed by the deacon. At the elevation the blessed
+Sacrament alone is incensed.[24]
+
+When the Pope reads from the missal, this book is held by the first,
+and a taper by the second, patriarch or assisting bishop[25]. The
+_Kyrie eleison_, the _Gloria in excelsis_, _Credo_, _Sanctus_
+and _Agnus Dei_ are said by all persons within the sanctuary: the
+cardinals descend from their seats to say them, and form a circle in
+the middle of the chapel; having received the Pope's blessing they
+return to their places. After the _Sanctus_, the Pope goes before
+the middle of the altar followed by the assistant bishops and others
+of His train's and all kneel till the elevation is ended. After the
+_Agnus Dei_, the first Card. priest goes up to the altar, kisses it,
+and receives from the celebrant the kiss of peace: this he gives to
+the Pope, from whom the two first Card. deacons receive it. The Card.
+priest then returns to his place, and gives the kiss of peace to the
+priest who assists the celebrant; from him the first of the other
+cardinals and principal prelates receive it and communicate it to
+their colleagues. The assistant priest then gives it to the master of
+ceremonies, who has accompanied him, from whom the other colleges of
+prelates receive it and in fine (if time permit) to the deacon, from
+whom it passes to others who assist at the altar. When the pope gives
+His blessing, the cross is held before Him by the last auditor of the
+rota, and His vestment by the first protonary. Such are the ceremonies
+generally observed at high mass in the papal chapel, except at masses
+for the dead, when some of them, and in particular those of incensing
+(except at the offertory and elevation) and of the kiss of peace, are
+omitted.
+
+[Sidenote: Sentiments of S. John Chrysostom.]
+
+We shall conclude with the words of a holy and eloquent bishop of
+Costantinople of the 4th century, "When thou seest the Lord immolated
+and placed there, and the priest engaged in the sacrifice and praying,
+and all present empurpled with precious blood, dost thou think that
+thou art among men, and art standing on the earth? and not rather
+that thou art instantaneously transferred to heaven, where casting
+out of thy soul every fleshly thought thou lookest around on heavenly
+things. O miracle! O the love of God for man! He, who sits above with
+the Father, is at the same time held in the hands of all, and gives
+himself to those who wish to receive and embrace him. Wishest thou
+to see the excellence of this _holiness_ from another miracle? Depict
+before thy eyes Elias and an innumerable multitude surrounding him,
+and the victim placed on the stones; all the others in profound
+silence, and the prophet alone praying; then suddenly fire rushing
+from heaven on the sacrifice. These things are astonishing and replete
+with wonder. Then transfer thyself thence to the things now effected,
+and thou wilt find them not only wonderful, but surpassing all
+astonishment. For here the priest bears not fire, but the holy Ghost;
+he pours out long supplications, not that fire descending from above
+may consume the offerings, but that grace falling on the sacrifice
+may through it inflame the souls of all and render them purer than
+silver purified by fire. This most dread rite then who, that is not
+altogether insane and out of his mind, shall be able to contemn? Art
+thou ignorant that no human soul could have sustained this fire of the
+victim, but all would have totally perished, unless the assistance of
+divine grace had been abundant" S. John Chrysostom, De Sacerdotio Lib.
+3, c. IV.
+
+[Footnote 1: It is situated near the road leading from Rome to
+Civitavecchia at the distance of about 27 miles from the former city.
+Its necropolis has lately enriched the new Gregorian museum with some
+of its most precious treasures, consisting in gold ornaments of the
+person, in silver and painted vases etc. of very ancient and admirable
+execution. See Nibby, Analisi storico-topografica etc. as also Grifi.
+The Etruscan and Egyptian museums entitle His present Holiness Gregory
+XVI to be ranked with many of His predecessors among the greatest and
+most munificent patrons and collectors of ancient monuments.]
+
+[Footnote 2: If we compare with this term others of similar
+termination, such as _sanctimonia_ from _sanctus_, we shall find in
+them a confirmation of the etymology given above: _monia_ serves to
+form the substantive, but does not otherwise alter the meaning.]
+
+[Footnote 3: S. Greg. M. lib. VII, epist. 64.]
+
+[Footnote 4: See Le Brun, Explic. Missae T. 2. dis. 1. Also Renaudot.
+They have however been refuted by Assemani, Maratori and Zaccaria.]
+
+[Footnote 5: The _Pater noster_ is still said in secret, except after
+the canon of the Mass, because at that part of the Liturgy only the
+faithful were present. See Moroni's learned work entitled, Dizionario
+di erudizione ecclesiastica.]
+
+[Footnote 6: See Schelstratius, de Disciplina Arcani, or Trevern's
+answer to Faber's Difficulties of Romanism: also Bingham lib. X, c. 5.
+Times are now so much altered that it is difficult to conceive how the
+Reserve in communicating Religious knowledge recommended in one of
+the Tracts for the Times could be practicable, even if it were judged
+expedient.]
+
+[Footnote 7: It was first published by B. Card. Tommasi from a very
+ancient manuscript in the queen of Sweden's library. Cave, Mabillon,
+Muratori, Assemani and other eminent critics admit its authenticity.
+There is however another sacramentary _perhaps_ more ancient called
+the Leonian, because it is attributed by the learned to Leo the great,
+A.D. 450. It was first published by Bianchini in the 4th volume of
+Anastasius the librarian from a Verona MS. written 1100 years ago.]
+
+[Footnote 8: This new Gregorian sacramentary was carried to England
+by St. Augustin and the other missionaries. Mr. Palmer and after him
+Mr. Froude (Remains, vol. 2nd, p. 387) give a similar account of the
+Roman liturgy. They, like archbishop Wake, attribute the origin of the
+Roman, Oriental, Ethiopic and Mozarabic liturgies to St. Peter, St.
+James, St. Mark and St. John, and observe that all other liturgies
+are copied from one or other of these. "In each of these four original
+liturgies the eucharist is regarded as a mystery and as a sacrifice"
+p. 395: they all agree in the principal ceremonies of the mass, and
+all contain a prayer for the rest and peace of all those who have
+departed this life in God's faith and fear" p. 393. "Now it may
+be reasonably presumed", says archbishop Wake "that those passages
+wherein all these liturgies agree, in sense at least, if not in words,
+were first prescribed in the writings of the ancient fathers". See
+Tracts for the times, no. 63.]
+
+[Footnote 9: They who wish for further details may consult Le Brun,
+Card. Bona, Martene, Gavant, Rock's Hierurgia etc.]
+
+[Footnote 10: Because anciently sung from the _steps_ of the _ambo_ or
+pulpit, according to Rabanus Maurus an author of the 9th century, and
+others. In the ancient churches there were generally in the _chorus_
+or choir two ambones, one from which at solemn masses the lector and
+at a later period the subdeacon used to sing the gospel, with his face
+usually turned towards that side of the church, where the _men_ were
+assembled; at Rome this was generally the south side. At low masses
+the missal was removed from the epistle side of the altar at the
+beginning of the offertory, in order to leave room for the offerings,
+according to an Ordinarium of Monte Casino of the year 1100. It has
+for a long time been customary to remove it before the gospel, which
+the priest recites turned towards the same direction as the deacon at
+high mass. Mystical meanings were afterwards assigned for this removal
+of the book.]
+
+[Footnote 11: It is astonishing how Mr. Palmer could assert that "Leo
+bishop of Rome in the fifth century appears to have been the only
+bishop who preached in the Roman church for many Footnote: and it is
+said that none of his successors until the time of Pius the fifth,
+five hundred years afterwards, imitated his example". Orig. Liturg.
+vol. II, p. 59. Bingham I. IV, c. §.3. Mr. Palmer forgot all the
+homilies of Gregory the great, as well as the chronology of the Popes.
+The latter might find in the multiplicity and importance of their
+other occupations abundant motives for abstaining from preaching, a
+duty to which so many of their clergy dedicate themselves. That the
+early Popes however preached there can be no doubt, although most
+of their homilies, if ever written, have not reached our time. Not
+only the example of S. Peter who (whatever we may think of the local
+tradition of Rocca S. Pietro above Palestrina) used certainly to
+preach, as the Acts of the Apostles prove; but the general custom of
+other cities would induce the zealous Bishops of Rome to exhort and
+encourage their flock, particularly in time of persecution; and that
+at a later period they were not unaccustomed to preach is evident
+from the Ordo Romanus of Card. Gaetano published by Mabillon and from
+a Vatican MS. no. 4231, p. 197; both these documents are quoted by
+Cancellieri, _Descriz. delle Cappelle etc. p. 328_. See proofs that
+the Popes preached drawn up in chronological order in Sala's notes to
+Card. Bona, lib. 2. c. 7-]
+
+[Footnote 12: S. Ambros. Ep. 13, serm. 34.]
+
+[Footnote 13: Of the ancient offerings the following vestiges remain:
+candles are offered by the clergy at their ordination, bread and wine
+by bishops at their consecration, chalices and torches by the Roman
+senate on particular festivals, and in fine bread, wine, water, and,
+till lately, doves and other birds at the canonisation of the Saints.
+On the ancient offerings see Cancellieri, de Secretaries, t. I, p.
+181.]
+
+[Footnote 14: "This custom prevailed universally in the Christian
+church from the earliest period" Palmer Orig. Liturg. vol. 2, p. 75.]
+
+[Footnote 15: As the ancient Roman houses had an _impluvium_ in the
+midst of the _atrium_, so in the _atria_ annexed to the Christian
+churches was one or more fountains (Eus. Eccl. Hist. l. X, c. 4) and
+sometimes a well or cistern. In these the faithful used to wash their
+hands (Tertull. De orat. §, De lavat. man.) Thus in the atrium of
+St. Paul's basilica there was a cantharus, restored by Pope Leo I, of
+which the saint writes thus to Ennodius;
+
+  Quisque suis meritis veneranda sacraria Pauli
+      Ingrederis, supplex ablue fonte manus.
+
+The _cantharus_ is mentioned by Virgil Eclog. VI, 21.
+
+  Et gravis adtritâ pendebat cantharus ansa.
+
+A large vessel of this description may be seen in the _cortili_ of S.
+Cecilia and SS. Apostoli at Rome. It used to be blessed on the vigil
+or festival of the Epiphany, as it is now in the Greek and even the
+Roman church. When churches were built without _atria_, a vessel
+of blessed water was placed inside the church: in some of the older
+churches there is even a well. See Nibby, _Dissert. sulla forma, etc.
+delle antiche chiese_.]
+
+[Footnote 16: See Le Brun tom. IV, diss. 15. Super usu recitandi
+silentio missæ partem etc. This custom was connected with the
+discipline of secrecy. The scripture itself does not mention what
+words Christ used, when He "gave thanks", before He pronounced the
+words of consecration; and the early church imitated this reserve.
+Anciently curtains concealed the altar, during the most solemn part of
+mass, as now in some Oriental churches. St. John Chrysostom (Hom. 3,
+in Ep. ad Ephes.) mentions this custom; and traces of it still remain
+at St. Clement's church in Rome.]
+
+[Footnote 17: See ancient inscriptions from the catacombs, containing
+prayers for the dead in Bock's Hierurgia (vol. 2, ch. 7), also in
+Annali delle Scienze Religiose, Luglio 1839, as also in the well-known
+works on the catacombs. Bingham admits that the eucharistic sacrifice
+was offered for S. Augustine, S. Monica, the emperors Constantine
+and Valentinian at their funerals. (S. Ambrose prayed for Valentinian
+Gratian and Theodosius.) "In the communion service" says he "according
+to the custom of those times, a solemn commemoration was made of the
+dead in general, and prayers were offered to God for them". Bingham,
+Antiq. l. 23, c. 2. "The custom of praying and offering up sacrifice
+for the faithful departed most evidently appears to have prevailed in
+the church even from the time of the apostles", says the Protestant
+bishop Milles, Opera S. Cyrilli. p. 297. "In primitive times" says
+Palmer "these commemorations (in the mass) were accompanied by
+prayers for the departed". Origin. Liturg. vol. 2, p. 94. With these
+Protestant admissions before us and many others collected in the
+Annali delle Scienze Relig. Luglio 1839, we opine that the Rev. Mr.
+Breeks ought to have been solicitous for his own soul rather than for
+that of Mrs. Wolfrey, whose inscription was dictated by the spirit
+of primitive Christianity. The following is the inscription on
+Thorndike's tomb at Westminster "Tu lector, requiem ei et beatam in
+Xto resurrectionem precare". On Bp. Barrow's tomb at S. Asaph's "O
+vos transeuntes in domum Domini, domum orationis, orate pro conservo
+vestro ut inveniat requiem in die Domini". Both were written by their
+own direction: other Protestant testimonies may be seen ap. Srett. o.
+462.]
+
+[Footnote 18: Pope Vigilius (A.D. 538.) in his epistle to Profuturus,
+bishop of Braga in Spain, says, that the canon never varied, but that
+on particular festivals "we make commemoration of the holy solemnity,
+or of those saints whose nativities we celebrate".]
+
+[Footnote 19: "The bread which we break is it not the communion of the
+body of Christ". 1 Cor. X, 16.]
+
+[Footnote 20: This custom we may consider with Palmer as a memorial
+of an ancient mode of communicating under both kinds united, which
+is still observed in the oriental churches: Vol. 2, p. 146; or with
+Le Brim as a record of the practice of sending the particle to the
+priests of titular churches, T. 4. Micrologus and others consider
+this mixture as a representation of Christ's resurrection. It is very
+ancient, as Sala shews.]
+
+[Footnote 21: "St. Paul calls the Eucharist 1 Cor. X, 16 the cup of
+_blessing_ which _we bless_." This incidental information vouchsafed
+to us in scripture, should lead us to be very cautious how we put
+aside other usages of the early church concerning this sacrament,
+which do not happen to be clearly mentioned in scripture". Tracts for
+the Times, Vol. 1, no. 34. The "Mass" in Cranmer's Form of prayer
+and administration of the Sacraments, which was declared by act of
+Parliament "agreable to the word of God and the primitive church"
+differs but little from the Roman mass above described. See Pugin's
+Letter on the proposed Protestant Memorial. London 1839.]
+
+[Footnote 22: Macri in his Hierolexicon says, that the Cardinal
+kneels, to incense the Pope when seated, from respect to his
+_cattedra_ or chair, which is the first see in the Christian church.
+Others say from respect to his temporal sovereignty, the archbishops
+of Milan are incensed with the same formality. This custom is
+mentioned in the 13th century by Card. Giaconio Gaetano. Ordo
+Romanus § 112. A certain love of proportion may have had its share
+in the origin of this ceremony, by which the same relative height is
+preserved between the Pope and the Cardinal in all cases in which
+the former is incensed. Thus also the assistant Bishop, who holds
+the Missal for the Pope, kneels when He is seated, and stands when
+He stands. We kneel to the Pope to receive his blessing, as we do to
+bishops and even priests; we also kneel from respect to his exalted
+dignity, not only as sovereign, but also as head of the Catholic
+church. It is well known that the British peers kneel even to the
+empty throne of their sovereign. Kneeling is a very ancient token of
+profound respect; it was paid to Joseph in Egypt, Gen. XLI, 43; to
+Elias, 4 Kings I, 13 etc.]
+
+[Footnote 23: "O that an angel" says St. Ambrose, "would appear to
+us also, when incensing the altar, and offering sacrifice". Expl. in.
+Luc. l. 1, c. 25, n. 9.]
+
+[Footnote 24: Incense is, as we shall see in c. 2; an emblem of
+prayer, and in this sense it is offered to the B. Sacrament, to Christ
+represented by the crucifix, and adored on the altar. The gospel
+is incensed to signify the sweet odour which it communicates to our
+souls; and the ministers of God, to signify, according to St. Thomas,
+that God maketh manifest _the odour_ of his knowledge by us in every
+place: "For we are unto God _the good odour_ of Christ in them who are
+saved, and in them who perish". 2 Cor. II, 14, 15. In fine the bread
+and wine offered to God are incensed to signify the spices with which
+the body of Christ was embalmed in the tomb; such at least is the
+explanation given in the Liturgy of St. Chrysostom; and it is from the
+oriental churches that the Latin church has taken this last practice.
+Incense is a token of respect in these and other cases.]
+
+[Footnote 25: A taper with a stand, called a _bugia_, is held at
+divine service for persons in ecclesiastical dignity, as a sign of
+distinction, and to throw additional light on the book from which they
+read. The taper held for the Pope at the _cappelle_ has no stand,
+and is enkindled from a light concealed within the desk, on which the
+assistant Bishop places the missal. This is a memorial of an ancient
+monastic custom mentioned by Martene Lib. 1, De rit. Eccl. p. 277,
+232.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. II.
+
+ON THE CEREMONIES OF PALM-SUNDAY
+
+
+_CONTENTS._
+
+    Part 1. _Introductory_. Mysteries and devotion of
+    holy-week--Palm-Sunday, entry of Christ into Jerusalem--of
+    Julius II into Rome--Sixtus V and Captain Bresca--triumphant
+    return of Pius VII to Rome, contrasted with ancient Roman
+    triumphs. Part 2. _Descriptive_, Palm-sunday--lights used at
+    mass etc.--vestments--_ubbidienza_, blessing of the palms,
+    benedictions, holy water, incense--distribution of the
+    palms--order in which the prelates and others
+    receive them--solemn procession with palms, _sedia
+    gestatoria_--ceremonies peculiar to this procession--its
+    antiquity--High mass, its peculiar ceremonies on
+    palm-sunday--Passio--Cardinal great Penitentiary at S. John
+    Lateran's.
+
+    "_Hosanna to the son of David: blessed is he that cometh in
+    the name of the Lord, Hosanna in the highest_". Matt. XXI, 9.
+
+[Sidenote: P. I. Holy-week]
+
+The sufferings and death of Jesus Christ are the mysteries which the
+catholic church commemorates during holy week. "On these days" says
+S. John Chrysostom (in Ps. CXCIV) "was the tyranny of the devil
+overthrown, sin and its curse were taken away, heaven was opened
+and made accessible". It was then becoming that christians should
+consecrate these days of mercy, of grace and salvation to exercises
+of penance, devotion, and thanksgiving. The imposing liturgy of the
+Roman church is at this season more than usually solemn; and it is our
+task to describe, and endeavour to trace to their origin, its varied
+ceremonies.
+
+[Sidenote: Palm-Sunday, Christ's entry into Jerusalem.]
+
+Palm-sunday is so called from the commemoration of our blessed
+Saviour's entry into Jerusalem, when, according to St. John (XII, 13)
+"a great multitude took branches of palm-trees, and went forth to meet
+him, and cried: "Hosanna, blessed is he that cometh in the name of the
+Lord". Thus when Simon Maccabee subdued Jerusalem, he entered it "with
+thanksgiving and branches of palm-trees, and harps, and cymbals, and
+hymns and canticles, because the great enemy was destroyed out of
+Israel". 1 Macc. XIII. The entry of our divine Redeemer therefore was
+one of triumph: but it was also the entry of a king into his capital:
+for "many spread their garments in the way" (Mark XI, 8), as when
+Jehu was elected king, (4 Kings IX, 13), the Israelites spread their
+garments under his feet. Thus also Plutarch relates of Cato of Utica,
+that the soldiers regretting the expiration of his authority with many
+tears and embraces spread their garments, where he passed on foot.
+
+Pope Julius II returning to Rome after the siege of Mirandola
+distributed palms to the Roman court at S. Maria del Popolo; and
+then rode in triumphal procession to the Vatican passing under seven
+arches adorned with representations of his extraordinary and heroic
+deeds[26].
+
+[Sidenote: Sixtus V and Captain Bresca.]
+
+When Sixtus V. undertook to erect in the Piazza di San Pietro the
+ponderous egyptian obelisk[27], which formerly adorned Nero's circus
+at the Vatican, he forbade on pain of death that any one should speak
+lest the attention of the workmen should be taken off from their
+arduous task. A naval officer of S. Remo, who happened to be present,
+foreseeing that the ropes would take fire, cried out "_acqua alle
+funi_". He was immediately arrested by the Swiss guards, as we see
+him represented in the small fresco in the Vatican library, and was
+conducted before the Pontiff. Sixtus shewed that his severity was
+based on justice; for instead of punishing the transgressor of his
+orders, he offered him the choice of his own reward. They who have
+observed the great abundance of palms which grow in the neighbourhood
+of S. Remo, on the coast between Nice and Genoa, will not be surprised
+to hear, that the first wish of the gallant captain was to enjoy the
+privilege of supplying the pontifical chapel with palms. The Pope
+granted him this exclusive right and it is still enjoyed by one of
+his family.
+
+[Sidenote: Return of Pius VII to Rome.]
+
+When the meek and benevolent Pius VII was returning to Rome from
+exile and captivity, Dr. Bresca, one of the captain's descendants,
+contrived, though not without great risk, to convey to Rome the
+choicest palms of S. Remo and Bordighera. At the house of his friend
+Viale half a mile outside the Porta del Popolo, he assembled twenty
+five _orfanelli_ dressed in their white cassocks, and forty-five
+_verginelle_. When the carriage of the beloved Pontiff approached,
+this double choir of children appeared, bearing palms in their hands
+and singing joyous canticles of benediction but I must describe this
+lovely scene in the melodious language of the south. "Ciascuno di
+essi (says Cancellieri) recava in mano una di queste palme di color
+d'oro altissime e cadenti come tante vaghissime piume. Sei zitelle
+sostenevano de'galanti panieri di freschissimi fiori pendenti dal
+loro collo, con nastri bianchi e gialli, relativi allo stendardo
+Pontificio. Quindi tutti si schierarono in buon ordine sulle due ale
+delta strada, e mentre le ragazze versavano graziosamente a mani piene
+da' loro canestrelli la verzura ed i fiori, quella selva ondeggiante
+di palme, tributate al trionfo del S. Padre dal candore e dall'
+innocenza, sorprese con la novità di uno spettacolo, che non potè a
+meno d'intenerire, e di muovere tutti gli astanti".
+
+If we now look back for a moment to the triumphs of the pagan
+emperors, well may we bless God for the change which the religion of
+Christ has wrought in this city. After they had let loose war, and
+famine, and pestilence, to prey upon hapless nations, they ascended
+the Capitol to offer incense with polluted hands to their profane
+gods; and meantime the groans of the dying and unpitied princes, whom
+they had reserved to decorate their triumph, ascended from the scala
+Gemonia to call down the vengeance of heaven upon their oppressors.
+But while the pacific and holy vicar of Christ returns in triumph to
+his capital, the lips of babes and sucklings sing his praises, as they
+did those of his Divine Master, and he implores heaven to shower down
+benedictions on his enemies as well as his beloved children.
+
+[Sidenote: P. II Papal chapel on palm-sunday.]
+
+[Sidenote: Lights used at mass, etc.]
+
+At about 9 o'clock on palm-sunday morning the Cardinals, Prelates
+and others assemble near the chapel of the Pieta at S. Peter's, as at
+present the solemn service takes place in that basilica, and not as
+formerly in the Sixtine chapel. The crucifix over the altar is veiled,
+in token of the mourning of the church over her divine spouse's
+sufferings[28]. On the altar are six lighted candles, and other
+torches are brought in after the _Sanctus_ of the Mass, and held till
+after the elevation, in honour of the B. Sacrament, by four _acoliti
+ceroferarii_[29].
+
+[Sidenote: sacred vestments]
+
+As the pope is to bless and distribute the palms, and a solemn
+procession is to take place, the Cardinals put on their sacred
+vestments, viz. all of them the amice, the cardinal bishops the
+surplice and the cope, the priests the chasuble, and the deacons a
+chasuble shorter in front than that of the priests. The auditors of
+the Rota, _Cherici di Camera, Votanti_, and _Abbreviatori_ put on a
+_cotta_ or supplice. The bishops and mitred abbots wear the cope,
+and the _Penitenzieri_ or confessors of St. Peter's, the chasuble.
+The copes of the cardinal bishops are ornamented with a _formale_,
+adorned with three large bosses or projections of pearls arranged in
+a perpendicular line, while the Pope's are in a triangular order,
+evidently alluding, to the blessed Trinity. As this is a day of
+mourning, the sacred vestments are purple.
+
+[Sidenote: _ubbidienza._]
+
+Thus attired and holding their mitres the Cardinals remain standing
+while the Pope is vested by the assistant Cardinal-deacons who put
+on His Holiness the amice, alb, girdle, stole, red cope, _formale_ or
+clasp, and mitre. All then move in procession towards the high-altar
+in the order observed in the procession of the palms, as described
+below:[30] the Pope descends from His _sedia gestatoria_ to adore the
+Holy Sacrament with the Cardinals etc. The procession then goes to
+the high-altar; and having prayed for a short time before it, the Pope
+goes to the throne,[31] and there receives the _ubbidienza_ or homage
+of all the cardinals present, who in turn kiss His right hand covered
+with the cope. This ceremony which takes place at all solemn offices,
+except on good friday, and at masses for the dead, bears some
+resemblance to the old homage of feudal times[32].
+
+[Sidenote: Blessing of the palms.]
+
+Some palms are arranged on the altar. The Pope's chief Sacristan, who
+is a bishop chosen from the Augustinian order bears one, and kneels
+on the steps of the throne between the deacon and subdeacon, who bear
+two larger palms. His Holiness reads the usual prayers over the palms,
+sprinkles them with holy water, and incenses them three times.
+
+[Sidenote: Distribution of the palms.]
+
+When the palms have been blessed[33], the Cardinal Dean receives from
+the governor of Rome and presents to the Pope those three palms, which
+were borne by _M. Sagrista_, the deacon and subdeacon. One of these
+is held during the service by the prince assistant at the throne,
+the other two are delivered to the care of _M. Coppiere_, one of the
+_Camerieri segreti partecipanti_: the shortest is carried by the Pope
+in the procession. An embroidered apron is now placed over the Pope's
+knees, and the cardinals in turn receive a palm from Him, kissing
+the palm, his right hand and knee. The bishops present kiss the
+palm which they receive and his right knee: and the mitred abbots
+and _Penitenzieri_ kiss the palm and his foot[34], as do all who
+come after them in the following order, which is observed also
+on good-friday at the kissing of the cross, and it is also on
+candlemas-day and ash-wednesday.
+
+The Governor, the Prince assistant, the _Uditore della Camera_,
+the Treasurer, the _Maggiordomo_, the Apostolic protonotaries; the
+Generals of Religious Orders, the _Conservatori_ and Prior of the
+_Caporioni_, the _Maestro del S. Ospizio_, the _Uditori di Rota_,
+the _Maestro del S. Palazzo_, the _Votanti di Segnatura_, the
+_Abbreviatori del Parco maggiore_, the priest, deacon, and subdeacon
+who assist the cardinal who is to celebrate mass, the Masters of
+ceremonies, the _Camerieri segreti_ and _d'onore_, the Consistorial
+advocates, the _Cappellani segreti_, _d'onore_ and _comuni_, the
+_Ajutanti di camera_, the _bussolanti_, the _Procuratori generali_
+of religious orders, the _Procuratori di Collegio_, the singers,
+the clerks of the papal chapel, the cardinal's _caudatarii_, the
+_ostiarii_, the mace-bearers, some students of the German college, and
+in fine such noblemen and gentlemen as are admitted on this occasion
+to receive a palm from His Holiness, who is assisted as usual by two
+Card. deacons.
+
+During the distribution of the palms, the anthems _Pueri Hebræorum_
+etc. are sung by the choir; and when it is finished, the Pope washes
+His hands, and says the usual concluding prayer: the prince stationed
+at the throne brings the water, and the Cardinal Dean presents the
+towel to His Holiness.
+
+[Sidenote: _Solemn procession._]
+
+The Pope then puts incense into the thurible for the procession, and
+the first Card. Deacon turning towards the people says according to
+the old formula Let us proceed in peace: the choir answers, in the
+name of Christ. Amen'. The procession, in which the blessed palms
+are carried, moves round S. Peter's, in the following order, which
+is observed also for the most part on holy thursday and good friday.
+The _Procuratori di Collegio_,[35] _Procuratori generali_, the
+_Bussolanti_, the _Ajutanti di Camera_, _Cappellani comuni_ and
+_segreti_, the Consistorial advocates, the _Camerieri d' onore_,
+and _segreti_, the singers, the _Abbreviatori, Votanti di Segnatura,
+Cherici di Camera, Uditori di Rota_, the Thurifer, (_Votante di
+Segnatura_), the Subdeacon (_Uditore di Rota_) who carries the cross
+ornamented with a small palm, between two acolythes (_Votanti di
+Segnatura_) carrying candles, the _Penitenzieri_, the mitred abbots,
+bishops and the Cardinal deacons, priests and bishops all wearing
+their mitres.[36] The Pope is preceded by many officers of his guards
+(who go to the throne towards the end of the distribution of palms),
+the _Maestro del S. Ospizio_, the _Conservatori_, Senator and Governor
+of Rome. His Holiness is carried on his _Sedia gestatoria_[37] under
+a canopy supported by 8 _Referendarii_ (prelates of the tribunal of
+_Segnatura_) between the _flabelli_ carried by two of His _Camerieri_.
+He is followed by the dean of the Rota (whose duty it is to bear His
+mitre) between two _camerieri segreti_ (who as well as two Auditors of
+the Rota bear His train when occasion requires), by the _Uditore della
+Camera_, the Treasurer, _Maggiordomo_, Protonotaries and Generals of
+religious orders.
+
+During the procession the choir sings the anthem, _Cum appropinquaret
+etc._ When the procession is in the portico, two soprano singers
+reenter the basilica, and shut the door: then turning towards
+the door, they sing the first verse of the hymn _Gloria, laus et
+honor_[38] and the other verses alternately with the choir, which
+remains without. The subdeacon knocks at the gate with the cross, and
+it is immediately opened; the procession returns into the church, and
+the choir sings the concluding anthems.
+
+[Sidenote: _its antiquity._]
+
+The solemn commemoration, which we have described, of Christ's
+triumphant entry into Jerusalem, could never have taken place
+during times of persecution: nor did it originate immediately after
+Constantine had ensured peace to the church. Martene (De ant. Eccl.
+Rit. lib. IV, c. 20) could find no mention of it before the 8th or 9th
+century, when Amalarius says "In memory of this we are accustomed to
+carry palm-branches, and cry Hosanna". Merati however, in his notes to
+Gavant, considers that he has found traces of it in the Gregorian and
+Gelasian sacramentaries, and in a Roman calendar of the beginning of
+the fifth century[39] and his opinion is adopted by Benedict XIV. The
+ceremonies of the church of Jerusalem on this day were a still closer
+imitation of the entry of Christ into that city.
+
+When the procession is ended, the cardinals, bishops, and mitred
+abbots take off their sacred vestments and the prelates their
+surplices, and they all resume their respective _cappe_; the
+_Penitenzieri_ retire, and mass is celebrated by a cardinal of the
+order of priests. Having already given an account not only of
+low mass, but also of the additional ceremonies of high mass, as
+celebrated in the papal chapel, we shall here mention those only which
+are peculiar to palm-sunday.
+
+At those words of the epistle (which is sung as usual by the
+subdeacon), "in the name of Jesus let every knee bow", the whole
+assembly kneels to adore their divine Redeemer, who became obedient
+unto death for our salvation. The affecting account of His sufferings
+and death is then sung by three priests[40] belonging to the
+pontifical choir, and habited as deacons in alb and stole. The history
+itself is sung by a tenor voice, the words, of our Saviour by a bass,
+and those of any other single voice by a _contralto_, called the
+_ancilla_, as he sings the words of the _maid_ to S. Peter: the choir
+sings the words of the multitude[41]. The church, mourning over the
+sufferings of her divine Spouse, does not allow the incense, lights,
+or the benediction and salutation usual before the gospel; but the
+palms are borne to signify the triumphs consequent on His death as
+they are also from the elevation till after the communion. All stand
+up as usual from respect to the holy gospel ("as servants before their
+Lord" Amalarius) but kneel for a short time at the words "Jesus crying
+with a loud voice yielded up the ghost", to adore that God of love who
+died for mankind. The latter part of the gospel is sung in the usual
+chant by the deacon, but without the customary lights[42]. At the
+offertory is sung the first part of the beautiful hymn _Stabat Mater_:
+the music is Palestrina's, and is justly and highly panegyrised by
+Baini; it has been published by Dr. Burney. Both the _introit_ and
+communion are sung without, and the offertory with, counterpoint: the
+_Kyrie eleison_, Gradual and tract, in plain chant. The Benedictus
+qui venit is usually very beautiful. At the end of the mass, as there
+has been no sermon, the Card. celebrant announces from the altar the
+Pope's usual grant to all present of an indulgence[43] or remission
+of the _temporal_ punishment due for past sins, whose guilt has been
+already remitted.
+
+[Sidenote: indulgences]
+
+When the mass is ended, the palms are carried home by those who have
+received them, and are preserved with respect. Two larger than the
+rest are kept until the ascension, in the sacristy called the _Letto
+dei Paramenti_ because anciently the aged Pontiffs after their
+fatiguing walk to the stational churches used to repose on a _letto_
+or bed prepared for them in the sacristy, where they afterwards put
+on the _paramenti_ or vestments. The paschal candle also, an emblem
+of Christ the true light, as we shall afterwards see is removed on
+the day of the ascension: this circumstance may explain the
+above-mentioned custom.
+
+[Sidenote: Cardinal penitentiary at S. John Lateran's.]
+
+In the afternoon of palm-sunday, the Cardinal great Penitentiary
+goes in state to S. John Lateran's. He is met, before he enters
+their college, by the minor penitentiaries, who at this basilic are
+Franciscans, _minori osservanti_. Having sprinkled those present with
+holy water, he goes up to their private oratory[44] in the Lateran
+palace, whither he is escorted by the prelates and other ministers of
+the apostolic _Penitenzieria_. After a short prayer, he proceeds to
+the library, where he holds the _Segnatura_ or tribunal for signing
+documents relating to his office, and afterwards enters the basilic of
+St. John Lateran's, where he is received by four canons. Here seated
+at his tribunal of penance, he touches with his rod the heads of the
+prelates, ministers and others who approach to him; and for this
+act of humiliation they receive an indulgence, or remission of the
+canonical penance, of 100 days. He also hears the confessions of
+any persons who may choose to present themselves: but the solution
+of difficult cases and absolution from crimes reserved to his
+jurisdiction may be obtained without confessing to his Eminence on
+so public an occasion[45].
+
+The ceremonies, which we have described, are designed to honour
+our divine Redeemer, whose actions and sufferings are thereby
+commemorated, and at the same time to excite sentiments of devotion
+in the hearts of His servants. Here ought the catholic to exercise
+faith, hope, love, and contrition for his sins: and _all_, of whatever
+country or creed they may be, who are admitted with hospitality and
+liberality to witness the solemn and imposing service, if they do not
+feel such noble sentiments, ought at least to observe that external
+decorum, which the season, the place, the hierarchy, and above all the
+commemoration of the sufferings of the God of charity will dictate to
+every well-educated and well-principled mind. It is to be lamented,
+that not only the devotion of Catholics is disturbed, but their
+feelings also are occasionally insulted in their own house of worship
+by the unbecoming remarks of individuals--but enough: "you have not
+so learned Christ: if yet you have heard him, and have been taught in
+him, as the truth is in Jesus". Ephes. IV, 20, 21. If on this day even
+the inhabitants of Jerusalem received Him with triumph and jubilee,
+let us His disciples and children offer to Him the best tribute in our
+power of love praise and adoration.
+
+[Footnote 26: See Cancellieri, _Solenni possessi de'Papi, p_. 539.]
+
+[Footnote 27: According to Champollion, it was originally erected in
+Heliopolis by Ramesses 7th son of the great Ramesses or Sesostris;
+Pliny says by Nuncoreus son of Sesostris. Caligula transported it to
+Rome, and placed it in the circus afterwards called Nero's, where it
+remained standing till the time of Sixtus V.]
+
+[Footnote 28: It was customary in Lent, says St. Audoenus, to cover
+with a linen veil the tomb of Eligius to conceal the brightness of the
+gold and the splendour of the gems". Vita S. Eligii l. 2. c. 40. Thus
+does the church at this season put off her costly nuptial robes, and
+vest herself in weeds of deepest mourning. The time for veiling the
+crucifix and images has varied at different periods. The Saturday
+before passion-sunday is now the first, and holy Saturday the last
+day, of this observance.]
+
+[Footnote 29: S. Isidore (A.D. 600.) observes, that acolythes are
+called in Latin _Ceroferarii_ "from their carrying wax tapers when the
+gospel is to be read or sacrifice is to be offered". In the eleventh
+century Micrologus testifies "that Mass, according to the _Ordo
+Romanus_, was never celebrated without lights, even in the day time,
+as a type of the light of Christ". To this custom we shall recur in
+the following chapter.]
+
+[Footnote 30: Pietro de Marca maintains, that the crucifix borne
+before the Pope was substituted in place of the _labarum_ or standard
+carried before the emperors. That of Constantine had the form of a
+cross, and was surmounted with XP the first letters of Christ's name,
+Eus. In Vita Const. l. 4.]
+
+[Footnote 31: I shall not speak of some ancient ceremonies of holy
+week which have fallen into disuse, such as the custom of carrying the
+gospel or the B. Sacrament in triumphant procession on Palm-Sunday,
+and others alluded to by Cancellieri and described by Martene, De
+Antiq. Eccl. Rit.]
+
+[Footnote 32: In times of schism caused by antipopes it was a practice
+of the utmost importance. Thus we read in Baronius' Annals A.D. 1160,
+that when the antipope Cardinal Octavianus, who assumed the name of
+Victor, had been illegitimately elected, the chapter of St. Peter's
+came immediately to the feet of the said Pope Victor, and _obeyed_
+"obedivit" and the clergy and people paid due reverence to him, and a
+great multitude in like manner _obeyed_: "the rectors also came to his
+feet, and paid _obedience_ and reverence". Then follows a long list of
+the clergy of various Roman churches, all of whom it is said that they
+_obeyed_. Thus,
+
+"The Lateran prior and his canons _obeyed_. The clergy of the
+patriarchal church of S. Mary Major's _obeyed_ etc."
+
+This _obedience_ was evidently an external sign of their acknowledging
+Victor as Pope in place of Alexander, the legitimate pontiff.
+Anciently the Pope received the homage of the deacons in the sacristy;
+they afterwards went out of the sacristy to put on their dalmatics.
+Cancellieri de Secretariis T.I. In the sacristy the Pope gave the
+_peace_ to the Bishops, Cardinals, Prefect, Senator, and other lay
+princes according to the canon Benedict, Cencius Camerarius and
+Cajetan. The ordines Romani mention the bowing of the Subdeacon at the
+knees of the Pontiff, and the kissing of his hand by the priests, the
+archdeacon and secundarius De secretariis T. I, p. 409.]
+
+[Footnote 33: Many forms of benediction of persons and things taken
+from ancient Pontificals and manuscript rituals may be seen in
+Martene, De antiquis Ecclesiae Ritibus. The church generally uses
+holy-water and incense when blessing God's creatures, which are
+"sanctified by the word of God and prayer" 1 Tom. IV, 5. God had
+appointed water of expiation to be used by the Jews, Numbers XIX.
+Lustral water used to be sprinkled also by the Pagans; Terque senem
+flamma, ter aqua, ter sulphure purget. Ov. Met. l. 7. Anastasius
+says that Alexander I, who was Pope in 108 "appointed that water
+for sprinkling should be blessed with salt in private houses." It
+is mentioned also in the apostolic constitutions. Boldetti in his
+_Cemeterii de' martiri_ notices the short columns supporting small
+vases, in corners of the chapels in the catacombs; and Bottari has
+published and illustrated in his _Roma sotterranea_ an interesting
+fresco discovered in the catacombs of S. Agnese, and representing five
+figures carrying vessels closely resembling those still used for holy
+water; four of those figures carry branches supposed to be of the
+palm-tree: the fifth holds an aspergillum with which holy water is
+still sprinkled. A copy of this fresco may be seen also in Rock's
+Hierurgia, p. 668. Incense is a symbol of prayers. "Let my prayer, O
+Lord" we say with the Psalmist "be directed as incense in thy sight".
+God had appointed it to be used in the Jewish worship, and St. John
+says, that an "angel came and stood before the altar, having a golden
+censer, and there was given to him much incense, that he should offer
+of the prayers of all the saints upon the golden altar, which is
+before the throne of God: and the smoke of the incense of the prayers
+of the saints ascended up before God, from the hand of the angel".
+Apoc. VIII, 3, 5. Of the apostolic antiquity of its use the Protestant
+bishop Beveridge adduces proofs in his Vindication of the apostolical
+canons. The ancient liturgies of the east and west agree in
+prescribing the use of incense, and in particular at the beginning
+of mass, at the offertory etc. See Renaudot, Assemani, Le Brun etc.
+Constantine, according to Anastasius in his life of S. Silvester, gave
+two golden thuribles to the Lateran basilis, and a third adorned with
+jewels to the Baptistery. See Card. Bona, Rerum Liturgicarum lib. I,
+c. XXV, § 9.]
+
+[Footnote 34: Of the antiquity of the custom of kissing the Pope's
+foot we have proofs in Anastasius the librarian in the lives of Popes
+Constantine and Leo IV. When Valentine was elected Pope in 827, his
+feet were kissed by the Roman senate and people at S. John Lateran's.
+Numerous instances also are on record of sovereigns who have kissed
+the feet of the Popes, and Pouyard has written a dissertation to shew,
+that this custom was anterior to that of marking the papal shoes or
+sandals with a cross. This token of profound respect was given also to
+the emperors of the east at Byzantium.]
+
+[Footnote 35: These are distinguished lawyers habited in black
+_cappe_. For an account of the various offices above-mentioned and of
+their origin see The Papal Chapel, Described etc. by C.M. Baggs. Rome.
+1839.]
+
+[Footnote 36: That crosses, candles and incense were anciently used in
+processions appears from S. Gregory of Tours, de Vit. Patrum, c. 13.]
+
+[Footnote 37: The kings and chief magistrates of ancient Rome were
+entitled to a _sella curulis_, or chair of state, which used to be
+placed in their chariots. Gell. III; 18. They were seated on it also
+at their tribunal on solemn occasions. Virgil makes old king Latinus
+say:
+
+Et _sellam regni_ trabeamque _insignia nostri_. Æn. XI. 334. The
+Romans had borrowed it from the Etruscans according to Dionysius of
+Halicarnassus. (Clement of Alexandria observes, That many of the rites
+of Etruria were imported from Asia; and Diodorus (lib. 5.) represents
+these insignia as derived from Lydia. See Phoebens. De Identitate
+Cathedræ S. Petri p. XX. seq.) It was richly adorned, _conspicuum
+signis_, according to Ovid, Pont. IV. 5, 18. In the Pope's carriage
+even now there is a chair of state, and to Him alone is reserved the
+honour of a _sedia gestatoria_. Pope Stephen II in 751 was carried to
+the basilica of Constantine on the shoulders of the Romans exulting
+at his election: and from this fact some derive the custom of carrying
+the Pope in His chair on solemn occasions.]
+
+[Footnote 38: This hymn is attributed to the abbot Theodulph
+afterwards bishop of Orleans, who lived in the 9th century. If it
+were true, that he sang it as the emperor Louis le debonnaire was
+passing by the prison, in which he was confined, and that he was in
+consequence liberated, we should have a historical reason for the
+shutting and opening of the door, and for the hymn's being sung partly
+inside the church. This account has however been called in question
+by Menard, Macri, Martene and others; and hence Pouget, and after him
+Benedict XIV and others are contented with a mystic reason for such
+ceremonies, viz, that heaven was closed to man in consequence of sin,
+and was opened to him by the cross of Christ.]
+
+[Footnote 39: In these it is called Dominica ad Palmas, Dominica
+in Palmis, and in the Gregorian Sacramentary mention is made, in
+the prayer which precedes communion, of the faithful carrying
+palm-branches.]
+
+[Footnote 40: Anciently a cardinal deacon used to read it, and to sing
+only the words "Eli, Eli, lamma sabachthani".]
+
+[Footnote 41: The author of this exquisite chant is unknown: Baini
+supposes that he was a member of the pontifical choir: it has been
+sung in the papal chapel since the middle of the 13th century. In 1585
+it, together with the rest of the service of holy week, was published
+by Tommaso da Vittoria with the words of the people harmonised for 4
+and 5 voices; his method was adopted by the papal choir, which adorns
+it with many traditional graces, and in particular gives occasionally,
+says Baini, to the words of the multitude "the irresistible force of
+a most robust harmony". The abbate Alfieri has published a new edition
+of the _Passios_.]
+
+[Footnote 42: In Africa till the time of S. Augustine, the Passion
+used to be read in holy week from the gospel of S. Matthew alone; but
+by his direction, as he mentions in his 232nd discourse, it was read
+every year from all the four evangelists; and this custom is still
+observed.]
+
+[Footnote 43: That God, after He has pardoned sin and consequently
+remitted its eternal punishment, often, if not generally, demands
+temporal satisfaction from the sinner, is evident from many instances
+in scripture, such as those of David (2 Sam. XII) of Moses (Deuteron.
+XXXII compare Num. XIV) to say nothing of Adam (Gen. III) and all his
+posterity, who endure the temporal punishment of original sin, even
+when its stain has been washed away by baptism. Now the church by
+virtue of the ample authority with which Christ has invested her
+(Matt. XVIII, John XX) and in particular her chief pastor (Matt. XVI)
+has from the beginning exercised the power of remitting the temporal
+punishment of actual sins. Thus S. Paul pardoned the incestuous
+Corinthian (2. Cor. II): in times of persecution the bishops at the
+request of the martyrs remitted the penance imposed on those who had
+fallen into idolatry (Tersul. lib. ad martyres, Euseb. Hist. Eccl.
+lib. V, c. 4. S. Cyprian. Epist. XIII etc.), to say nothing of canons
+of the 4th century which prescribe that indulgences should be granted
+to _fervent_ penitents, of the crusades, and of the indulgences
+granted to those who contributed money for the building of S. Peter's,
+etc. Indulgences presuppose repentance and confession, and the
+performance of those good works which are prescribed as conditions
+necessary for their acquisition, as communion, prayers, alms etc.]
+
+[Footnote 44: It was built by Calixtus II, and was for two centuries
+and a half the Vestry of the Roman Pontiffs. It was repaired and
+consecrated in 1747. See Cancellieri. De Secretariis T. I, p. 342.]
+
+[Footnote 45: In the third century, in the time of Pope Cornelius
+there were priests appointed to absolve those who had fallen into
+idolatry; and they were called _Presbyteri Pænitentium_. S. Marcellus
+also, according to Anastasius, after the persecution raised by
+Diocletian, appointed in Rome titular churches, in which penance as
+well as baptism were administered by priests, the former sacrament is
+conferred by the minor penitentiaries. Pope Simplicius in fine, as
+we learn from the same author, destined fixed weeks at S. Peter's,
+S. Paul's, and S. Laurence's, to _receive penitents_ and administer
+baptism. From the usual custom of Rome in such matters, Zaccaria
+argues that during the first five or six centuries, according to the
+general custom proved by Thomassin, the great penitentiary was the
+_bishop himself of the city_ in which they resided. It is however
+certain, that in the 4th century from the numerous priests of
+Constantinople one was selected called a penitentiary, who took
+cognisance of crimes, to which public penance was annexed by the
+canons. At Rome also there was a cardinal penitentiary long before
+the fourth council of Lateran, which in 1215 prescribed that bishops
+should appoint penitentiaries, for Berthod priest of Constance relates
+in his chronicle, that in the year 1084 he was promoted to the dignity
+of cardinal-priest and penitentiary of the Roman church.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAP III.
+
+ON THE DIVINE OFFICE, AND THE OFFICE OF TENEBRAE IN PARTICULAR.
+
+
+_CONTENTS._
+
+    PART 1. _Introductory_. Breviary--Divine office, its
+    origin--performed by the early Christians--ancient and modern
+    editions of the breviary. PART 2. _Descriptive_. Office of
+    Tenebræ--Matins and Lauds--extinction of the lights--meaning
+    of this ceremony--chant, lamentations--conclusions of the
+    office--_Miserere_, its music--Card. Penitentiary at S. Mary
+    Major's. _Trinità dei Pellegrini_.
+
+    "_I will bless the Lord at all times_: _his praise shall
+    always be in my mouth_". Ps. XXXIII, 2.
+
+    "_He humbled himself, becoming obedient unto death, even the
+    death of the cross_". Phil. II, 8.
+
+[Sidenote: P. I. Breviary.]
+
+We shall not hesitate to borrow the following account of the church
+office contained in the Roman Breviary from a Protestant divine
+(Tracts of the Times no. 75). "The word _Breviarum_ first occurs
+in the work of an author of the eleventh century (Micrologus) and
+it is used to denote a compendium or systematic arrangement of the
+devotional offices of the church. Till that time they were contained
+in several independent volumes, according to the nature of each. Such,
+for instance, were the _Psalteria_, _Homilaria_, _Hymnaria_, and the
+like, to be used in the service in due course. But at his memorable
+era, and under the auspices of the Pontiff who makes it memorable,
+Gregory VII, an Order was drawn up, for the use of the Roman church,
+containing in one all these different collections, introducing the
+separate members of each in its proper place, and harmonising them
+together by the use of rubrics.
+
+[Sidenote: Divine office, its origin.]
+
+"Gregory VII did but restore and harmonise these offices; which seem
+to have existed more or less the same in constituent parts, though not
+in order and system, from Apostolic times. In their present shape they
+are appointed for seven distinct seasons in the twenty four hours,
+and consist of prayers, praises and thanksgivings of various forms;
+and, as regards both contents and hours, are the continuation of a
+system of worship observed by the Apostles and their converts. As to
+_contents_, the Breviary service consists of the Psalms; of Hymns
+and Canticles; of Lessons and Texts from inspired and Ecclesiastical
+authors; of Antiphons, Verses and Responses, and Sentences; and of
+Collects. And analogous to this seems to have been the usage of the
+Corinthian Christians, whom St. Paul blames for refusing to agree in
+some common order of worship, when they came together, _every one
+of them_ having a Psalm, or a doctrine, a tongue, a revelation, an
+interpretation (1 Cor. XIV, 26). On the other hand, the catholic
+_seasons_ of devotion are certainly derived from apostolic usage. The
+Jewish observance of the third, sixth and ninth hours for prayer,
+was continued by the inspired founders of the Christian church. What
+Daniel had practised, even when the decree was signed forbidding it,
+"_kneeling on his knees three times a day, and praying and giving
+thanks unto his God_", S. Peter and the other Apostles were solicitous
+in preserving. It was when "_they were all with one accord in one
+place_", at "the _third_ hour of the day", that the Holy Ghost
+came down upon them at Pentecost. It was at the _sixth_ hour, that
+St. Peter "went up upon the house-top to pray" and saw the vision
+revealing to him the admission of the gentiles into church. And it
+was at the _ninth_ hour that "Peter and John went up together into the
+temple", being "the hour of prayer". But though these were the more
+remarkable seasons of devotion, there certainly were others besides
+them in the first age of the church. After our Saviour's departure,
+the Apostles, we are informed, "all _continued_ with one accord in
+prayer and supplication, with the women, and Mary the mother of Jesus,
+and with His brethren": and with this accords the repealed exhortation
+to pray together without ceasing, which occurs in St. Paul's epistles.
+It will be observed that he insists in one passage on prayer to the
+abridgment of sleep (Eph. VI, 18); and one recorded passage of his
+life exemplifies his precept: "And at midnight Paul and Silas prayed,
+and sang praises unto God, and the prisoners heard them".
+
+In subsequent times the Hours of prayer were gradually developed from
+the three, or (with midnight) the four seasons above enumerated, to
+seven, viz. by the addition of Prime (the first hour), Vespers (the
+evening), and Compline (bedtime); according to the words of the
+Psalm, "Seven times a day do I praise Thee, because of Thy righteous
+judgment. Other pious and instructive reasons existed, or have since
+been perceived for this number".[46] Thus far our Protestant author,
+with whose remarks we are too well pleased to go out of our way to
+dispute with him the truth of some other portions of his tract, which
+are objectionable.
+
+[Sidenote: Performed by the early Christians.]
+
+That the early Christians continued after the time of the apostles to
+observe the hours of prayer above enumerated is proved by Martene (De
+Ant. Eccl. Rit. T. 3) who has collected many decisive passages from
+the Greek and Latin Fathers. We shall content ourselves with one taken
+from a work on prayer by S. Cyprian, bishop of Carthage in the third
+century. Having mentioned Daniel's practice of praying three times
+a day, he observes, that it is manifest that there was something
+mysterious or symbolical in the ancient practice. "For the holy Ghost
+descended on the disciples at the third hour; at the sixth hour Peter
+going to the house-top was instructed by God to admit all to the
+grace of salvation; and the Lord, who was crucified at the sixth
+hour, washed away our sins with his blood at the ninth hour, and
+completed the victory by his passion. For us however, besides the
+hours anciently observed, the times and also the symbols of prayer
+have increased. For we must pray in the morning, to celebrate the
+resurrection of the Lord; also when the sun recedes and the day
+ceases; for Christ is the true sun and the true day, and when we pray
+that the light of Christ may again come upon us, we pray that his
+coming may impart to us the grace of eternal light: and let us who
+are always in Christ, that is, in the light, not cease from prayer at
+night". See also Dr. Cave's Primitive Christianity Part. 1, c. 9.
+
+[Sidenote: Editions of the breviary.]
+
+"The old Roman breviary" says the author of Tract 75 above quoted
+"had long before Gregory VII's time been received in various parts of
+Europe; and in England since the time of Gregory the great who after
+the pattern of Leo and Gelasius before him had been a reformer of it".
+The people used anciently to join with the clergy in offering this,
+constant tribute of praise to God; but the duty of daily reciting it
+is obligatory only upon the Catholic clergy, and religious orders.
+S. Benedict shortened it considerably, (as Grancolas observes, Com.
+Hist. in Brev. Rom.) New editions and emendations of it were published
+successively by the authority of St. Gregory VII, Nicholas III,
+and Clement VII, and finally the Roman Breviary at present used was
+restored by order of the Council of Trent, published by Pope Pius V,
+and revised by Clement VIII, and Urban VIII. It follows closely, as
+Merati observes, that first adopted by the regular-clerks in the 16th
+century, and resembles the edition published by Haymo, general of the
+Franciscans, and authorised by Nicholas III (A.D. 1278). Hence it
+is called by the author of Tract 75 the _Franciscan_ Breviary. It is
+however founded upon the old Roman Breviary, which the Franciscans
+by the direction of their holy founder had adopted: for according
+to Rodolfo, dean of Tongres Cap. XXII, when the Popes dwelt at the
+Lateran, the _office of the Papal chapel_ was much shorter than that
+of the other churches of Rome; it was composed by Innocent III, and
+was adopted by the Franciscans instituted at his time. Nicolas III
+ordered that all the Roman churches should use the Franciscan Breviary
+as reformed by Haymo, in 1241. "Our own daily service", says the
+above-mentioned minister of the church of England is confessedly
+formed upon the Breviary".
+
+[Sidenote: P. II. Office of Tenebræ.]
+
+Having premised thus much on the office in general, we may now return
+to holy-week. Besides palm-sunday, three other days in the week
+are particularly devoted to the commemoration of the history of our
+redemption; holy-thursday, because on it our Lord instituted the
+blessed Eucharist, and his passion began; good-friday, on which He
+was crucified and died; and holy saturday, on which His sacred body
+remained in the tomb. The church commences her solemn service of each
+of these days with that part of the divine office called matins and
+lauds, and at this time Tenebrae from the _darkness_ with which it
+concludes. It used of old to be celebrated at night, as it still is
+by some religious communities[47]; but it now takes place on the
+afternoon preceding each of those three days. Nor is this unusual:
+for "the ecclesiastical day is considered to begin with the evening
+or Vesper service, according to the Jewish reckoning, as alluded to in
+the text. "In the evening and morning and at noon day will I pray, and
+that instantly". (Tracts of the Times, No. 75).
+
+[Sidenote: Matins and Lauds.]
+
+The office of Matin so called from Matuta or Aurora consists at
+Tenebræ of three _nocturns_. Each of these is composed of three
+appropriate psalms with their anthems, followed by three lessons taken
+from scripture or the fathers. Immediately after matins, Lauds or
+the praises of God are sung: they consist of five psalms besides the
+_Benedictus_ or canticle of Zachary, to which succeeds the _Miserere_
+or 50th psalm. Some of the short prayers usually said are omitted: for
+the church during this season of mourning strips her liturgy as well
+as her altars of their usual ornaments[48].
+
+[Sidenote: Extinction of the lights.]
+
+A triangular candlestick, upon which are placed fifteen candles,
+corresponding to the number of psalms recited before the _Miserere_,
+is peculiar to this solemn office, and is placed at the epistle-side
+of the altar. After each psalm one of the candles is extinguished by
+a Master of ceremonies, and after the _Benedictus_ the candle placed
+on the top of the triangular candlestick is not extinguished, but is
+concealed behind the altar and brought out at the end of the service;
+while that canticle is sung, the six candles on the altar also are
+extinguished, as well as those above the _cancellata_ or rails[49].
+
+[Sidenote: Meaning of this ceremony.]
+
+Lamps and candelabra were presented to the sanctuary by the faithful
+during the first ages of persecution; and in more tranquil times to
+the basilicas by Constantine and others who erected or dedicated them.
+They were lighted, as S. Jerome observes, in the day time "not to
+drive away darkness, but as a sign of joy": and therefore the custom
+of gradually extinguishing them at the office of Tenebrae we may
+justly consider with Amalarius as a sign of mourning, or of the
+sympathy of the church with her divine and suffering Spouse. The
+precise number of lights is determined by that of the psalms, which
+is the same as at ordinary matins of three nocturns.
+
+The custom of concealing behind the altar during the last part of the
+office the last and most elevated candle, and of bringing it forward
+burning at the end of the service, is a manifest allusion to the death
+and resurrection of Christ, whose light, as Micrologus observes, is
+represented by our burning tapers. "I am the light of the world". John
+VIII. 12[50]. In the same manner the other candles extinguished one
+after another may represent the prophets successively put to death
+before their divine Lord: and if we consider that the psalms of the
+_old Testament_ are recited at the time, this explanation may appear
+more satisfactory than others, which would refer them to the blessed
+Virgin, the apostles and disciples of Christ[51]. In the triangular
+form of the candlestick is contained an evident allusion to the
+B. Trinity. This candlestick is mentioned in a MS. Ordo of the 7th
+century published by Mabillon.
+
+[Sidenote: Chant, lamentations.]
+
+The anthems and psalms, with the exception of the _Miserere_ which is
+the last psalm at Lauds, most of the lessons and other parts of the
+office, are sung in plain chant. From the middle of the 15th century
+the three lamentations or first three lessons of each day used to be
+sung in _canto figurato_ in the papal chapel: but by order of Sixtus
+V, only the first lamentation of each day is thus sung, and even it
+is much shortened, as Clement XII directed: the two others are sung
+in _canto piano_ according to Guidetti's method. The first lamentation
+both of the first and second day is by the celebrated Pierluigi da
+Palestrina: that of the third day by Allegri. Baini observes, that
+the first lamentation of the second day is considered the finest:
+Palestrina composed it for four voices, besides a bass, which entering
+at the pathetic apostrophe 'Jerusalem, Jerusalem, be converted to the
+Lord' "every year makes all the hearers and singers, who have a soul,
+change colour". Bayni, Mem. Stor. T. 1. The lamentations of Jeremiah
+have the form of an acrostic, that is, the verses begin with the
+letters of the Hebrew alphabet in regular order, the first with
+Aleph, the second with Beth, and so in succession. It was difficult
+to observe a similar order in the Latin Vulgate: but to preserve
+some vestige of it, the name of the Hebrew letter, with which each
+verse begins in the original, is sung before the same verse in the
+translation.
+
+[Sidenote: Conclusion of the office.]
+
+When the _Benedictus_ or canticle of Zachary and its anthem are
+finished, the choir sings the verse "Christ was made for us obedient
+even unto death": on the second night they add "even unto the death of
+the cross": and on the third, "for which reason God hath exalted him,
+and hath given him a name, which is above all names". The heart of the
+christian is melted to devotion by these words, sung on so solemn an
+occasion: he kneels before his crucified Redeemer, and recites that
+prayer of love, that prayer of a child to his Father which He that
+man of sorrows dictated to His beloved disciples; and then remembering
+those sins, by which he offended that dear and agonising parent, and
+touched with sorrow and repentance, yet more and more excited by the
+music, I might almost call it celestial, his heart calls loudly for
+that mercy to obtain which Jesus died. He joins with God's minister
+in fervently repeating the prayer imploring God's blessing on those
+for whom Christ suffered and died: the noise which follows it recals
+to his mind the confusion of nature at the death of her creator; the
+lighted candle once more appearing reminds him that His death was only
+temporary: and he departs in silence impressed with pious sentiments,
+and inflamed with devout affections.
+
+[Sidenote: Miserere, its music.]
+
+They who have assisted at the office of Tenebræ will not be surprised
+at the saying of a philosopher, that for the advantage of his soul he
+would wish, that when he was about to render it up to God, he might
+hear sung the _Miserere_ of the Pope's chapel. In no other place has
+this celebrated music succeeded. Baini the director of the Pontifical
+choir, in a note to his life of Palestrina, observes that Paride de
+Grassi, Master of ceremonies to Leo X, mentions that on holy wednesday
+(A.D. 1519), the singers chanted the _Miserere_ in a _new_ and
+_unaccustomed_ manner, alternately singing the verses in symphony.
+This seems to be the origin of the far-famed _Miserere_. Various
+authors, whom Baini enumerates, afterwards composed _Miserere_[52];
+but the celebrated composition of Gregorio Allegri a Roman, who
+entered the Papal college of singers in 1629, was the most successful,
+and was for some time sung on all the three days of Tenebræ. Then one
+composed by Alessandro Scarlatti, or that of Felice Anerio, used to
+be sung on holy thursday: but these were eclipsed by the _Miserere_,
+composed in 1214 by Tommase Bai a Bolognese, director of the choir of
+S. Peter's. From that time only Allegri's and Bai's were sung in the
+Pope's chapel; till Pius VII directed the celebrated Baini to compose
+a new _Miserere_, which has received well-merited applause. Since the
+year 1821 all three, viz. Baini's, Bai's, and Allegri's _Misereres_
+are sung on the three successive days, and generally in the order in
+which we have mentioned them: the two latter are sometimes blended
+together. The first verse is sung in harmony, the second in plain
+chant, and so successively till the last verse, which alone is sung in
+harmony by both the choirs, into which the singers are divided; only
+one choir sings the other verses[53].
+
+[Sidenote: Cardinal penitentiary]
+
+[Sidenote: Trinità dei Pellegrini]
+
+On Wednesday-afternoon, the Cardinal great Penitentiary goes in state
+to S. Mary Major's, where the minor Penitentiaries are Dominicans.
+For an account of this custom see the preceding chapter. On Wednesday,
+Thursday and Friday evenings, Christians may be edified at the Trinità
+dei Pellegrini[54] by the sight of Cardinals, princes, prelates and
+others, washing in good earnest, and afterwards kissing the feet of
+poor pilgrims, while they recite with them the Our Father, Hail Mary,
+Glory be to the Father, and other beautiful prayers, such as;
+
+  _Gesù, Giuseppe, Maria,_
+  _Vi dono il cuore e l' anima mia._
+  _Gesù, Giuseppe, Maria,_
+  _Assisteleci nell' ultima agonia, etc._
+
+They afterwards wait on them at table, and accompany them to
+their beds, reciting other devout prayers. In another part of that
+establishment, princesses and other ladies practise the same offices
+of charity towards the female pilgrims. Here might we fancy that the
+primitive christians were before us, those men of charity, simplicity,
+and lowliness: and when in the same place, a few years ago, that
+devout Pontiff Leo XII on his knees washed and kissed the feet of
+pilgrims, who had journeyed from afar; who that saw him did not call
+to mind with tears the lowliness and charity of his predecessor Peter,
+and of a greater than Peter, who "washed the feet of his disciples,
+and who wiped them with the towel wherewith he was girded".
+
+Marius mourned over the ruins of Carthage; but his was the sorrow
+of disappointed, selfish ambition. Jeremiah lamented the fall and
+desolation of Jerusalem: and his plaintive accents were inspired by
+genuine patriotism and religion. Observe his venerable figure in the
+Sixtine chapel; there he sits pensive and disconsolate, with his legs
+crossed, his wearied head resting upon his hand, and his eyes rivetted
+on the ground, as if nothing could engage his attention but the woes
+of the daughter of Sion[55]. Then listen to the lamentations of this
+inspired and afflicted prophet: they are full of deepest pathos,
+and uttered in notes sweet as the warblings of philomel. Turn now, O
+Christian soul, to a more sublime and mournful spectacle. Jesus in
+the garden of Gethsemani and on mount Calvary mourned not for a single
+city or nation: he sorrowed over the ruins of a world, not as of
+old Noah may have done, when secure from danger he looked down upon
+the waters which overspread the earth; but "He was wounded for our
+iniquities, and he was bruised for our sins: and the Lord hath laid on
+him the iniquities of us all", He suffered and died for us. The moral
+ruins of the world, our sins and their awful consequences, caused all
+the pangs and sorrows of Jesus. Come then let us cast ourselves at the
+foot of that cross, and cry aloud for mercy with a contrite and humble
+heart, which He will never despise. To _Thee_ alone, shall we say,
+have we sinned, and have done evil before thee; yet have mercy on
+us, O God, according to thy great mercy. And thou, O blessed Virgin
+and Mother, who standest in silent anguish beneath the cross of thy
+agonising Son[56], would that we could feel love and sorrow like unto
+thine.
+
+  _Eja mater fons amoris_
+  _Me sentire vim doloris_
+  _Fac, ut tecum lugeam._
+  _Fac, ut ardeat cor meum_
+  _In amando Christum Deum,_
+  _Ut sibi complaceam. Amen._
+
+[Footnote 46: See also Palmer's Origines Liturgicæ, Vol. 1 Antiq. of
+the English ritual c. 1, p. 1. Both writers do not hesitate to admit
+that the breviary is the great source of the Church of England's
+Morning and Evening prayer.]
+
+[Footnote 47: Our divine Lord sometimes passed the night in prayer;
+and the early Christians, as Pliny informs his master Trajan, used to
+assemble before the light to sing a hymn to Christ. Lucian as well as
+Ammianus Marcellinus complained of their spending the night in singing
+hymns. S. Jerome in fine writes to Eustoch. (Ep. 22) that besides the
+daily hours of prayers we should rise _twice and thrice at night_.]
+
+[Footnote 48: In the mass and office for the dead several prayers and
+ceremonies otherwise prescribed are omitted: so on this occasion, says
+Benedict XIV, "the church forgetting all things else thinks only of
+bewailing the sins of mankind, and condoling with Christ our Redeemer
+in His sufferings". As for the antiquity of this service, Martene
+remarks (lib. IV, c. 22) that the order of the _nocturnal_ and diurnal
+offices of holy-thursday is found, such as we now observe it, in the
+ancient Antiphonarium of the Roman church, and in that of S. Gregory
+published by B. Tommasi, so that there has been scarcely any variation
+during the last thirteen hundred years.]
+
+[Footnote 49: When the Pope officiates, the eight candles over the
+_cancellata_ are lighted: six are lighted for a Cardinal, and four
+for a Bishop. Amalarius priest of Metz in the ninth century (De ordine
+antiphonarii), mentions the extinction of the lights in the office
+of these three days. It would seem however, that it was not then
+customary at Rome, for Theodore, archdeacon of the Roman church,
+in answer to his enquiries had said to him "I am usually with the
+Apostolic Lord at the Lateran, when the office of Coena Domini (Holy
+Thursday) is celebrated, and it is not customary to extinguish the
+lights. On Good Friday there is no light of lamps or tapers in the
+church in Jerusalem (Santa Croce) as long as the Apostolic Lord offers
+up solemn prayers there, or when the cross is saluted". This latter
+custom is still continued.]
+
+[Footnote 50: In confirmation of this explanation we may observe, that
+the candle is placed behind the altar after the _Benedictus_ during
+the anthem alluding to Christ's passion, and remains there while the
+verse 'Christ became obedient unto death' the psalm _Miserere_, and
+the prayer which mentions the crucifixion, are sung.]
+
+[Footnote 51: See such opinions ap. Benedict. XIV, De festis Lib.
+1, c. 5. The system of Du Vert, who would reject all mystical and
+symbolical significations attributed to the church-ceremonies, has
+been satisfactorily confuted by Langlet, Le Brun, Tournely and other
+divines.]
+
+[Footnote 52: Tartini's and Pisari's lasted only one year each.]
+
+[Footnote 53: Persons, who go immediately after the service in the
+Sixtine chapel to S. Peter's, are generally in time for part if not
+the whole of the _Miserere_ sung in that Basilic. The compositions of
+Fioravanti the late, Basili the present, master, and Zingarelli, are
+sung there.]
+
+[Footnote 54: See Reminiscences of Rome. Letter 4th. London, 1838 On
+pilgrimages and pilgrims see Mores Catholici Book 4th, ch. 5th. S.
+Philip Neri founded the Confraternity of Trinità dei Pellegrini.]
+
+  [Footnote 55:      ... lia fatto alla guancia
+  Della sua palma sospirando letto. Dante Pur. VII.
+
+Sed frons læta parum et dejecto lumina vultu. Virg. Æu. VI, 863.
+See the learned canon. De Jorio's Munica degli antichi, art. Dolore,
+Mestizia. We may add that conquered provinces are often represented in
+a similar attitude as statues, on bas-reliefs, and on medals. See for
+instance, Judæa Capta, a reverse of Vespasian, ap. Addison, Dialogues
+on ancient medals.]
+
+[Footnote 56: "Now there stood by the cross of Jesus his mother". John
+XIX, 25.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. IV.
+
+ON THE CEREMONIES OF HOLY THURSDAY
+
+
+_CONTENTS._
+
+    General character of the liturgy of holy thursday--its ancient
+    form--blessing of the oils at S. Peter's, communion under
+    one kind--origin and explanation of the blessing and
+    salutation of the oils--High mass in the Sixtine chapel,
+    _troccole_--procession of the B. Sacrament to the Pauline
+    chapel--antiquity of processions--reservation of the B.
+    Sacrament--Papal benediction from S. Peter's, _flabelli_--bull
+    in Coena Domini--washing of the feet--dinner of the
+    _apostles_--antiquity and meaning of this custom of
+    washing feet--customs of other churches: Leonardo da Vinci,
+    Michelangelo, Dante--Cardinals' public dinner etc.--Tenebræ:
+    Card. Penitentiary--recapitulation of the principal ceremonies
+    of the day--S. Peter's on holy thursday-evening: washing of
+    the high-altar--antiquity and meaning of the stripping and
+    washing of the altars--conclusion.
+
+    "_Before the festival day of the pasch, Jesus knowing that
+    his hour was come, that he should pass out of this world to
+    the Father, having loved his own who were in the world, he
+    loved them to the end_". John XIII, 1.
+
+[Sidenote: Liturgy of holy-thursday]
+
+During the last three days of holy-week the church celebrates the
+funeral obsequies of her Divine Spouse: and hence there are numerous
+signs of mourning in her temples, in her liturgy, and in the dress of
+her ministers. On thursday however, a passing gleam of heavenly light
+irradiates the solemn gloom in which she is enveloped: for on this day
+Jesus Christ, having loved his own even unto the end, instituted the
+holy sacrament, the staff of our pilgrimage, our solace in affliction,
+our strength in temptation, the source of all virtue, and the pledge
+of everlasting life. Accordingly the liturgy of holy-thursday bears
+the impress both of sorrow and of gladness: it is not unlike a fitful
+day of April in our northern climes, when the sun now bursts from the
+clouds which had concealed his brilliancy, and now once more the sky
+is shrouded in murky gloom--an apt emblem this of the over-changing
+state of man, who at one moment quaffs the inebriating cup of earthly
+joys, and yet a little, and it is dashed from his grasp; and sickness,
+sorrow and death are his portion.
+
+[Sidenote: its ancient form.]
+
+Anciently three masses used to be celebrated at Rome[57] on this day,
+as is evident from the sacramentary of pope Gelasius; and at all the
+three the Pope himself officiated. At the first the public penitents
+were absolved:[58] at the second the oils were blessed; the last (ad
+vespertinum officium) was intended to commemorate the institution
+of the blessed Sacrament. Public penance gradually declined in the
+western church after the seventh century; and the three masses are now
+reduced to one. That of the Sixtine chapel, at which the Pope assists,
+differs very little from ordinary Masses celebrated there, and the
+concourse of persons is generally very great.
+
+[Sidenote: Blessing of the oils at S. Peter's]
+
+[Sidenote: Communion under one kind.]
+
+The oils are blessed in S. Peter's during mass, by the Card.
+archpriest, or a Bishop in his stead. They are three, viz. 1 the oil
+of catechumens, used in blessing baptism, in consecrating churches and
+altars, in ordaining priests, and in blessing and crowning sovereigns:
+2 the oil of the sick used in administering extreme unction and in
+blessing bells: 3 sacred chrism, composed of oil, and balm of Gilead
+or of the west Indies[59]: it is used in conferring baptism and
+confirmation, in the consecration of bishops, of patens and chalices,
+and in the blessing of bells. The Roman Pontifical prescribes, that
+besides the bishop and the usual ministers, there should be present
+twelve priests, seven deacons, and seven subdeacons, all habited in
+white vestments. After the elevation at those words of the canon, _Per
+quem hæc omnia etc._ a little before the _Pater noster_, the Bishop
+sits down before a table facing the altar, and exorcises and blesses
+the oil for the sick, which is brought in by a subdeacon. He then
+proceeds with the mass, and gives communion to the ministers and the
+rest of the under the form of bread alone[60]. Having received the
+ablutions, he returns to the table above mentioned, and awaits the
+coming of the procession of the priests, deacons, subdeacons etc. In
+it, the balsam is carried by a subdeacon, etc. the oil for the chrism
+and that for the catechumens by two deacons: and meantime the choir
+sings appropriate verses. The bishop blesses the balsam, and mixes
+it with some oil; he then breathes three times in the form of a cross
+over the vessel of chrism, as do the twelve priests also. Next follows
+the blessing, and then the salutation, of the chrism: the latter
+is made 3 times by the bishop and each of the twelve priests in
+succession, saying, Hail holy chrism, after which they kiss the vessel
+which contains it. The oil of catechumens is blessed and saluted
+in like manner: and the procession returns to the sacristy; in the
+mean time the bishop concludes the mass; and thus this solemn rite
+terminates.
+
+[Sidenote: Origin of the blessing of the oils.]
+
+The oil of the sick is mentioned in the well-known passage of St.
+James V, 14 "Is any man sick among you; let him bring in the priests
+of the church, and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in
+the name of the Lord etc." At the beginning of the fifth century also,
+Pope Innocent I observes that it is the office of the bishop to make
+or prepare (_conficere_) this "holy of chrism" or unction: and in the
+Sacramentary of Pope Gregory the great the rite; by which this oil was
+blessed and administered to the sick, is described. Chrism and the
+oil of catechumens also are mentioned by many ancient Fathers. (See
+Turnely T. 7 de Sacram. Bapt. et Confirm, etc.)[61] St. Basil in the
+4th century attributes the origin of the custom of blessing the oils
+to tradition. "We bless the water of baptism and the _oil of unction_,
+as well as the person who receives baptism. By what scriptures? Is
+it not from silent and secret tradition?" (De Spir. S. c. 27). It is
+mentioned also in the second and third councils of Carthage, by S.
+Cyprian, who says "The eucharist, and the oil, with which the baptised
+are anointed, are sanctified at the altar". Ep. 70.
+
+It would appear however from the 20th canon of the first council of
+Toledo that anciently chrism could be blessed _at any time_; and hence
+Benedict XIV is of opinion, that the custom of blessing it only on
+holy Thursday began about the seventh century; for it is mentioned in
+the Sacramentary of S. Gregory, in the old Ordo Romanus, and in other
+works written after that period. This day has been with reason chosen
+for this ceremony, as St. Thomas observes, in order that the chrism
+may be prepared for the solemn baptism administered on Easter Eve;
+and because on it the Eucharistic sacrament, for which the other
+sacraments are as it were preparatory, was instituted. S. Isidore
+however assigns a different reason, viz. that two days before the
+pasch Mary _anointed_ the head and feet of the Lord". De Divi Off.
+lib. 2, c. 28.
+
+[Sidenote: Meaning of the ceremonies already described.]
+
+Pouget (Institut. Cath. t. 2, c. 8) proves that the blessing of the
+oils originates in apostolic tradition, as St. Basil cited above
+observes. He proves also that since the fifth and sixth centuries the
+bishop and priests used to breathe three times over the chrism and
+oil of catechumens, and to salute them with the words "Ave sanctum
+chrisma: ave sanctum oleum". Our Saviour breathed on His apostles,
+when He said 'Receive ye the holy Ghost': and hence his ministers
+breathe over the chrism, by which the Holy Ghost is conferred in
+confirmation, and over the oil of catechumens, which is used in other
+sacred rites. Respect is paid to them, because they are employed in
+God's service, and hence it is a relative respect directed to Him.
+An ardent soul will never hesitate to address inanimate objects; in
+fact some of the finest passages of ancient and modern oratory are
+apostrophes of this nature[62]. S. Andrew is said to have saluted the
+cross, on which he suffered, S. Paula the birth-place of our divine
+Lord; and theirs were words of love of God, and not of idolatry.
+
+[Sidenote: High mass in the Sixtine chapel.]
+
+In the Sixtine chapel the crucifix and tapestry over the altar are
+covered with a white and not a purple veil; the throne also is white,
+and the Pope is vested in a white cope. On the rich facing of the
+altar is represented Christ dead, His descent into limbo, and His
+resurrection. The cardinal dean generally celebrates the high mass,
+after the _Gloria in excelsis_ of which no bells are allowed to be
+tolled in Rome (except at the papal benediction) but in their stead
+are used _troccole_ or boards struck with iron: this practice is
+observed until the _Gloria in excelsis_ is sung in the papal chapel
+on the following saturday-morning[63].
+
+After the offertory of the mass Palestrina's motet _Fratres ego enim_
+is sung; of which Baini says that he "does not hesitate to affirm that
+it resembles as closely as possible the music of heaven". Two hosts
+are consecrated, one of which is received by the celebrant, and the
+other destined for the following day is put into a chalice, which the
+deacon covers with a paten and _palla_ or linen cloth, as the dead
+body of Christ was wrapped in "fine linen"[64]. Mark XV, 46. At
+the beginning of the canon twelve lighted torches are brought in
+by _bussolanti_; and after the elevation two masters of ceremonies
+distribute among the cardinals and others candles carried by clerks of
+the chapel, in preparation for the procession. The usual kiss of peace
+is not given, from detestation of the treacherous kiss given this day
+by Judas to his divine master, as Alcuin remarks[65].
+
+[Sidenote: Antiquity of processions]
+
+Immediately after mass the cardinal celebrant with his ministers
+leaves the chapel; the other cardinals, bishops and mitred abbots, put
+on their respective sacred vestments, and the _Uditori di Rota_, the
+_Cherici di Camera, Votanti_, and _Abbreviatiori_, their surplices:
+the other prelates wear their usual _cappe_. They all now accompany
+the B. Sacrament to the Pauline chapel[66] in solemn procession, which
+is regulated like that of palm-Sunday. The singers go to the _sala
+regia_, illuminated with large cornucopia, and there begin to sing
+the _Pange lingua_ (a hymn in honour of the holy Sacrament) as soon
+as the cross covered with a purple veil appears: the last verses of
+it are sung in the Pauline chapel, which is splendidly illuminated.
+The cardinals bearing their mitres and torches precede two by two
+the Holy Father, who bare-headed and on foot carries the blessed
+Sacrament under a canopy supported by eight assistant bishops or
+protonotaries[67]. When the Pope reaches the altar, the first cardinal
+deacon receives from His hands the B. Sacrament, and preceded by
+torches carries it to the upper part of the _macchina_; M. Sagrista
+places it within the urn commonly called the sepulchre, where it is
+incensed by the Pope; in the mean time the conclusion of the hymn is
+sung. M. Sagrista then shuts the sepulchre, and delivers the key to
+thy Card. Penitentiary, who is to officiate on the following day.
+
+[Sidenote: Reservation of the B. Sacrament.]
+
+Two objects are obtained by this custom; 1st. the blessed sacrament
+is solemnly preserved for the adoration of the faithful on this
+anniversary of its institution, as well as for the priest's communion
+on good friday[68]; 2nd. the burial of our divine Saviour is
+represented: this is anticipated, in order that the principal altar
+may be striped, in sign of mourning, and as He was stripped before His
+crucifixion.
+
+[Sidenote: Papal benediction: _flabelli_.]
+
+[Sidenote: Bulla in Coena Domina.]
+
+The procession, of which we have already spoken, afterwards proceeds
+from the Pauline chapel to the _loggia_ in front of S. Peter's: but
+the Pope, as he no longer carries the B. Sacrament, wears his mitre,
+and is seated in his _sedia gestatoria_ under a canopy carried by
+eight Referendarii[69]; and the _flabelli_[70] are carried at each
+side of Him. He now gives his solemn benediction to the multitude
+assembled before St. Peter's. This however is repeated with even
+greater splendour on Easter-Sunday, as well as on the Ascension and
+Assumption; and we shall therefore reserve a description of it to
+another occasion, especially since generally speaking, persons who are
+anxious to witness the _lavanda_ or washing of the feet will find it
+difficult to be present also at the Benediction[71].
+
+[Sidenote: Washing of the feet.]
+
+After the benediction, the cardinals and others take off their sacred
+vestments, and resume their _cappe_, which they wear during the
+_lavanda_ or washing of the feet. This now takes place in S. Peters,
+in a side-chapel adorned with two _arazzi_; one representing Leonardo
+Da Vinci's last supper is placed behind the benches prepared for the
+priests whose feet are to be washed by the Pope: and the other, which
+represents Providence seated on the globe between Justice and Charity,
+above two lions holding banners of the church, is placed over the
+throne. The Pope is habited in a red cope, and wears a mitre. Seated
+on His throne, and surrounded by cardinals, prelates, and other
+dignitaries of His court, He puts incense into the thurible, being
+assisted as usual by the first Cardinal priest. He then gives the
+blessing, usual before the gospel is sung, to the Cardinal-deacon
+habited in his sacred vestments, who sings that beautiful passage of
+the gospel of S. John, which explains the origin of this ceremony:
+"Jesus knowing that his hour was come, that he should pass out of
+this world to the Father, having loved his own who were in the world,
+he loved them to the end. Knowing that the Father had given him all
+things into his hands, he began to wash the feet of his disciples, and
+wipe them with the towel wherewith he was girded, and he said to them;
+If I being Lord and Master have washed your feet, you also ought to
+wash one another's feet; for I have given you an example, that as I
+have done to you, so you do also". At the end of the gospel, the Pope
+kisses the book, the Cardinal Deacon incenses Him as usual, and the
+choir begins to sing beautiful anthems allusive to the affecting
+ceremony, and recommending charity, the distinctive virtue of
+Christians, more precious than even faith and hope. The Pope's cope is
+then taken off, and a towel is fastened to his girdle by the assisting
+Card. deacons; and then, in imitation of his Divine Master, he washes
+and kisses the right foot[72] of 13 priests, called the _apostles_,
+dressed in _cappe_ of white cloth, and wearing high cap, which in form
+resemble those on the bas-reliefs of Persepolis: each of them receives
+from Him a towel, and a nosegay, besides a gold and silver medal
+presented by the Treasurer[73]. The Pope then returns to his throne,
+washes his hands[74] is vested once more in the cope, and recites the
+Our Father and the concluding prayers.
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner of the _apostles_.]
+
+His Holiness afterwards waits on the 13 _apostles_ at table, in a hall
+in the Vatican palace, (at present in the hall above the portico of S.
+Peter's), giving them water to wash their hands, helping them to soup,
+one or more dishes, and pouring out wine and water for them once or
+twice. The plates are handed to Him by prelates of _mantelletta_, and
+during the ceremony one of His chaplains reads a spiritual book. He
+then gives them his blessing, washes His hands, and departs. "Which
+is greater" says our Saviour, "he that sitteth at table or he that
+serveth? Is not he that sitteth at table? but I am in the midst of you
+as he that serveth?"
+
+[Sidenote: Antiquity and meaning of the _lavanda_.]
+
+From the most remote antiquity, it was customary among the Hebrews and
+other nations, that the feet of strangers and guests should be washed
+before they reclined at table, as they had often travelled on foot.
+Thus the angels entertained by Abraham and Lot (Gen. XVIII, XIX),
+were supplied with water to wash their feet: Abraham's servants in
+the house of Laban, and the brothers of Joseph, when received by him,
+washed their feet. (Gen. XLIII, 24)[75]. In these cases however the
+guest washed his own feet; and hence the condescension of our Divine
+Lord was an act not of hospitality or charity alone, but also of
+profound humility; and accordingly he put on a towel or apron, like
+an ordinary slave, as Ferrari observes (De Re Vestiaria par. 1).
+Most interpreters are of opinion, that Christ washed the feet of His
+disciples towards the close of the ordinary supper, and shortly before
+He instituted the holy Sacrament; in order to signify the purity
+with which it should be received. His example was imitated by His
+disciples, and accordingly S. Paul (1 Tim. V, 10) speaks of widows who
+"have washed the saints' feet," as Magdalen had washed those of our
+Lord.
+
+In the Roman church, as in that of Bologna, it has been for many
+ages customary for the Bishop to wash feet on this day. In the _Ordo
+Romanus_ of Cencius Camerarius it is mentioned, that the Roman Pontiff
+after mass washed the feet of twelve subdeacons, and after dinner
+of 13 poor persons, or according to the Ordines Romani published by
+Mabillon, of 12 deacons. The _Ceremoniale_, attributed to Marcellus
+archbishop of Corcyra, prescribes that the Pope should wash the feet
+of thirteen poor men. Various causes are assigned by different authors
+to explain, why the number is thirteen, and not twelve as was that of
+the apostles. (See Benedict XIV, De Festis, lib. I, c. VI, §§ 57, 58).
+The most probable account, we think, is that the thirteenth _apostle_
+was added in memory of the angel, who is believed to have appeared
+among the 12 poor guests of S. Gregory the great, while he was
+exercising united charity and humility. A painting of this event may
+be seen in one of the chapels near his church on the Cælian mount,
+in which is preserved the table, at which he daily fed twelve poor
+persons. (See the passage of John the deacon cited above in the note).
+The two customs of washing the feet first of 12, and then of 13, have
+been reduced to one, and in it the number 13 is preserved[76].
+
+[Sidenote: Cardinals' public dinner.]
+
+Till within the last few years the Cardinals used to dine in public
+at the Vatican on holy Thursday and good Friday, that they might be
+spared the trouble of returning to their respective palaces before
+Tenebræ; and anciently the Pope used to dine with them at the Lateran
+palace, in the hall called the Triclinium Leonianum[77]. The Pontiff
+wore on such occasions his cope and mitre, and the Cardinals were
+habited in sacred vestments with mitres. After dinner a sermon was
+preached before the Cardinals. _Mons. Maggiordomo_ used to invite on
+these days prelates, officers, and others engaged in the _cappella_ or
+palace, to a dinner at which he presided.
+
+[Sidenote: Tenebræ etc.]
+
+[Sidenote: Recapitulation.]
+
+In the afternoon, at the office of Tenebræ, among other signs of
+mourning, the cross is veiled in black, and the candles are of yellow
+wax: the Pope's throne is stripped of its usual ornaments, and is
+without a canopy: the cardinals' and prelates' benches also are
+without carpets. The Cardinal Penitentiary goes to S. Peter's, where
+the minor Penitentiaries are Conventuals of S. Francis. We have spoken
+on these subjects in the preceding chapters. We may here recapitulate
+the principal ceremonies of the day, as Morcelli has done in his
+Calendar. The oils are blessed in S. Peter's; the Pope assists at mass
+in the Sixtine chapel, carries the B. Sacrament to the Pauline chapel,
+gives His solemn benediction from S. Peter's, washes the feet of
+thirteen priests and serves them at table. In the afternoon Tenebrae
+in the Sixtine chapel; and the Cardinal great Penitentiary goes to S
+Peter's.
+
+[Sidenote: S. Peter's on holy thursday-evening.]
+
+In this basilic the B. Sacrament is preserved amid many lights in the
+_Sepulchre_ in a side-chapel[78], and several confraternities come
+in procession to venerate the relics, of which we shall speak in the
+next chapter. It is much to be regretted that the cross, which used
+on holy-Thursday and good-Friday to glow with 628 lights[79], and to
+produce a splendid effect by the _chiaroscuro_ which resulted from it
+in this vast and magnificent fabric, is no longer suspended before
+the Confession, in consequence of irreverent conduct on preceding
+occasions.
+
+[Sidenote: Washing of the altar.]
+
+There still remains another remarkable ceremony customary in S.
+Peter's on holy-Thursday. After the office of Tenebræ, the chapter of
+that basilica proceeds in procession from the chapel of the choir to
+the high altar. The black stoles which six of the canons wear, and the
+yellow and extinguished tapers of the acolythes, are signs of mourning
+for the sufferings of Christ. They all carry elegant _aspergilli_[80]
+of box or other wood, and having prayed for a short time in silence,
+they chant the anthem "They divided my garments etc." and the psalm "O
+God, my God, why hast thou abandoned me?" A fine cloth, which covered
+the altar, is then removed from it, and the Cardinal-priest of the
+church and the six canons pour whine upon the altar, and wash it
+with their _aspergilli_ or brushes. After the other canons, beneficed
+clergymen, etc. have in turn washed it in like manner: the Cardinal
+and the six canons begin to dry it with sponges and towels: all then
+kneel down, and the ceremony concludes with the verse "Christ became
+obedient unto death etc." the Our Father, and the prayer of the day
+"Look down, we beseech thee etc."[81] The chapter then venerates the
+relics shewn as usual from the gallery above S. Veronica's statue.
+
+[Sidenote: Antiquity and meaning of these ceremonies.]
+
+The _stripping_ of the altars, which is practised on this day
+throughout the western church, is mentioned in the most ancient _Ordo
+Romanus_: indeed anciently the altars used to be stripped every
+day, as Du Vert (Ceremon. de l'Eglise T. IV.) and Cancellieri (De
+Secretariis T. IV.) have shewn. The custom of _washing_ the altar
+is observed in the Latin church in those of the Dominicans and
+Carmelites; and also according to Benedict XIV "in many churches of
+France, Germany and other remote countries" among which Cancellieri
+reckons Spain. It is mentioned by S. Isidore (lib. de Eccles. Offic.
+c. 18) by Alcuin (de divinis offic.) and in the Sarum, Parisian and
+many other missals quoted by Martene. What however is its meaning?
+While Monsignor Battelli, in his dissertation on the subject,
+maintains that this custom was instituted for the sake of cleanliness,
+rather than from a wish to denote any mystery, and that this day
+was selected as the most convenient, because the altars were already
+stripped; the abbot Rupert and Belet discover mystical meanings in
+the sponges, towels, wine, water, and even _aspergilli_. We prefer
+a middle course, and while we are willing to admit with Durandus and
+others an allusion in the wine and water to the blood and water which
+flowed from our Saviour on the cross, we maintain with the learned S.
+Isidore, S. Eligius, Benedict XIV and others, that we wash the altar,
+the symbol of Christ, from motives of respect to Him, who on this day
+washed the feet of His disciples.
+
+Two great virtues are embodied in the ceremonies of this day, and
+impart to them their life and loveliness: they are the essential and
+characteristic virtues of Christians, by the practice of which they
+imitate their divine Master and model, and come at last to be united
+to Him in heaven. Christ was moved by charity to institute the Holy
+Sacrament, and by humility to wash His disciples feet. Let us then
+learn of him because He was meek and humble of heart, and let us love
+one another, because Christ hath first loved us, and commands us to
+love one another.
+
+[Footnote 57: In Africa two were customary, one in the morning, and
+the other after supper. S. August. ep. 54 ad Januarium.]
+
+[Footnote 58: For an account of this ancient ceremony the reader
+may see Fleury, Moeurs des Chretiens; _Funz. della Settimana Santa._
+Martene, lib. IV, 22. etc.]
+
+[Footnote 59: "Balsam is produced in the vineyards of Engaddi, and
+in preparing chrism it is mixed with oil and consecrated by the
+pontifical benediction, that all the faithful may be signed with this
+unction at confirmation". Ven. Bede, in canlic. cap. I. The Greeks
+bless the chrism on the same day as the Latins, having prepared it a
+few days previously. See their Euchelogium, Ordo VIII entitled, On
+the composition of the great ointment in the Costantinop. church ap.
+Martene, loc. cit.]
+
+[Footnote 60: Only one priest says mass in each on this day and
+the other priests communicate, as on it Christ alone said mass, and
+distributed the Holy communion to the apostles. Although for many
+centuries both kinds were ordinarily received, yet the custom of
+communicating under the form of bread alone is very ancient. Thus
+in time of persecution the faithful used to carry to their houses
+the holy communion under the form of bread alone, the hermits also
+preserved it in the deserts, the sick received it as their viaticum,
+the ministers of God kept it in the churches, for their spiritual
+support, and the bishops used to send it to their clergy in token of
+their union in charity. These were all instances of communion under
+one kind, which are enumerated and proved by many Catholic divines,
+as for instance by Dr. Rock in his Hierurgia. They demonstrate the
+constant belief of the church, that the whole sacrament is received
+under one kind only; and Christ himself in the scriptures attributes
+its admirable effects to the act of _eating_ only as well as to that
+of _eating and drinking_. "He that eateth this bread shall live for
+ever" etc. In fact since His resurrection "He dieth now no more": His
+body and blood and soul and Divinity are united together for evermore,
+and consequently the communicant receives under the form of bread
+alone Christ himself whole and entire. The Latin church prescribed
+the general reception of communion under one kind, in order to obviate
+accidents which frequently arose from the indiscriminate use of the
+chalice, and in opposition to the error of the Hussites: Thus Paul
+II took occasion from the presence of Frederic III at Rome, to give a
+public and illustrious proof of the condemnation of this new heresy
+by the church, by giving communion under one kind only to the Emperor,
+and also to the deacon and subdeacon, who generally communicate under
+both kinds when the Pope sings mass. In the Greek and other oriental
+churches communion is administered under one kind to the sick and
+others who are prevented by distance from communicating in the
+churches. The general communion customary on holy-thursday is
+prescribed by the English bishop Walter in the 10th century, in the
+capitulary of Theodulph of Orleans, and by all ancient pontificals and
+missals, according to Martene T. 3, p. 98. It is practised also by the
+Greeks, as Leo Allatius testifies. De consensu utriusque Ecclesiæ lib.
+3. Palmer (Vol. 2. p. 76) says "It is not essential to the validity
+of the Sacrament, that the bread should be whole and entire before
+consecration, and broken afterwards: but the Universal practice of
+the Christian church, derived from the apostles and from Jesus Christ
+himself ought not to be infringed in this matter". Yet even Bp.
+Middleton whom he quotes in the same page, says "When there were
+many communicants, _in primitive times, there were several cakes or
+loaves_, in proportion to the number: and it took some time after the
+consecration was finished, to break and divide them for distribution".
+Each person communicated from his own offering: hence S. Augustine
+says "Erubescere debet homo idoneus si de aliena oblatione
+communicaverit" Serm. 215 de Temp, any longer justification of the
+general practice of the Roman church would therefore be superfluous.]
+
+[Footnote 61: "From the frequent mention of _oil_ in scripture as the
+emblem of spiritual gifts it was actually used in the primitive church
+in the ceremonies of admitting catechumens, and in baptising". Tracts
+of the Times, Vol. 1, no. 34.]
+
+[Footnote 62: Our ardent love of this classic soil tempts us to insert
+the following noble instance from Cicero (pro Milone XXXI) "Vos enim
+jam _Albani_ tumuli atque luci vos, inquam, imploro alque tester
+vosque Albanorum obrutæ aræ, sacrorum populi Romani sociæ et æquales,
+quas ille præceps amentia cæsis prostratisque sanctissimi lucis
+substructionum insanis molibus oppresserat: vestræ tum aræ, vestræ
+religiones viguerunt, vestra vis valuit, quam ille (Clodius) omni
+scelere polluarat: tuque ex tuo edito monte, Latiaris sancte Jupiter,
+cujus ille lacus, nemora, finesque sæpe omni nefario stupro et scelere
+macularat, aliquaudo ad eum puniendum oculos aperuisti: vobis illæ,
+vobis vestro in conspecta seræ sed justæ tamen et debitæ pænæ solutæ
+sunt".]
+
+[Footnote 63: These _troccole_ were formerly called by the hard names
+of _crepitacula ligna congregantia, mallei excitatorii_. The Greeks
+used them anciently, as Martene proves from a libellus de miraculis
+Anastasii presented to the second council of Nice, from S. John
+Chrysostom's life by Metaphrastes etc. etc. In modern times also they
+continue to use them. Benedict XIV observes that the practice of the
+Latin church on these days is intended to preserve the remembrance of
+the ancient custom. It is also evidently intended, like the reversed
+arms of the soldiers, as a sign of mourning for the death of Christ.
+This silence of the bells is prescribed in the ancient rituals:
+mystical interpreters assign as a reason, that they signify Christ's
+preachers and apostles, who were silent during the sufferings of their
+Master.]
+
+[Footnote 64: S. Greg. Turon. De mirac. S. Martini "oblatis super
+altare sacris muneribus, mysterioque Corporis et Sanguinis Christi
+palla ex more cooperto.", Vid. Bona. Lib. II, c. 13. not. 12.]
+
+[Footnote 65: This mass is found in the Antiphonary and Sacramentary
+of Pope Gregory the great; in all churches but the Roman, as Marlene
+observes, vespers were joined with the mass on this day, as they are
+on holy Saturday throughout the Latin church. On holy-thursday the
+Pope used generally to preach after the gospel, and in the mean time
+the Cardinals stripped the altar: after the sermon the Pope blessed
+the people as usual, and then began the _Credo_, according to
+Benedict, Canon of S. Peter's. His Holiness drank on this day directly
+from the chalice, and did not use the golden reed or _fistola_, as on
+other occasions; this we learn from the Apamean Pontifical.]
+
+[Footnote 66: This chapel was erected by Paul III according to the
+design of Antonio Sangallo. Its two large frescoes are the last
+efforts of the genius of Michelangelo, then aged 75 years: they
+represent the crucifixion of S. Peter and the conversion of S. Paul.
+The fall of Simon Magus, and the baptism conferred by S. Peter,
+painted on the righthand-wall are works of Federico Zuccheri; on the
+opposite side S. Paul at Malta, and restoring the young man, who had
+fallen from a window, are by Lorenzo Sabbatino da Bologna, the ceiling
+was painted by Federico Zuccheri. The B. Sacrament is publicly and
+solemnly exposed in this chapel for the adoration of the faithful on
+the first Sunday of Advent as well as on holy-thursday See Chaltard;
+_Descriz. del Vaticano_ Taja, _Palazzo Vaticano_.]
+
+[Footnote 67: S. John Chrysostom established processions at
+Constantinople in opposition to those of the Arians; and the empress
+Eudoxia supplied the people with silver crosses and wax lights, to be
+carried on such occasions. Socrat. Hist. Eccl. lib. VI, c. 8, Sozomen
+lib. VIII, c. 8. Processions were incompatible with the persecutions
+of the first three centuries. During them, and even long after
+Constantine, in consequence of the discipline of secrecy, there was
+neither public exposition or procession of the B. Sacrament. The
+faithful however adored it privately, as for instance, S. Gregory
+Nazianzen relates of his sister Gorgonia, that when seized by a fever
+"she fell down with faith before the altar, and invoked with a loud
+cry Him who is honoured thereupon". (Discourse on her funeral). S.
+Cyril of Jerusalem also exhorts the believer, that when he receives
+the chalice of the blood of Christ he should bow down profoundly
+and adore. (Catech. 5), The office and mass of Corpus Christi
+were composed by S. Thomas Aquinas. As holy-thursday is in great
+part devoted to the sufferings of Christ, the festival of _Corpus
+Christi_ with its procession was instituted about the middle of the
+thirteenth century by Urban IV at the petition of B. Juliana of Mount
+_Cornelione_, and in consequence of the miracle of Bolsena, well known
+as the subject of one of Raffaello's frescoes in the Vatican. See
+Bened. XIV, De Festis, and the authors cited by him. The miraculous
+corporal stained with blood is still preserved at Orvieto, the
+celebrated cathedral of which owes its foundation to the miracle. "No
+one eats that flesh, says S. Augustine, unless he has first adored" in
+ps. 98 "The flesh of Christ," says S. Ambrose "which we adore even now
+in the mysteries, and which the apostles adored in the Lord Jesus" (de
+Spir. S. lib. 34, c. 12) All the fathers and liturgies mention this
+adoration, which was therefore derived from apostolic tradition. Sala
+ad Bonæ lib. 2, c. 13.]
+
+[Footnote 68: In the Greek church communion is on this day reserved
+for the sick of the ensuing year under the form of bread alone,
+according to Leo Allatius. (De utriusque Ecclesiæ consensione). Pope
+Innocent I in the beginning of the 5th century directs, that the
+eucharist be preserved on this day for the priest and the sick. This
+reservation is mentioned also in the Gregorian sacramentary, without
+any mention of the sacred blood, since it might be spilt. It has taken
+place in the Pauline chapel ever since its erection by Paul III. A
+particle of the B. Sacrament was formerly preserved after mass on
+festivals and carried back in procession to the sacristy: it was
+carried to the altar in procession on the next festival, and a portion
+or the whole of it was put into the chalice before the host was
+broken. See Cancellieri, De Secretariis T. I, p. 217, seq.]
+
+[Footnote 69: These prelates used to refer cases and petitions to the
+Popes, as they now do the former to their tribunal, which according to
+Gonzalez derives its name of _Segnatura_ from the _signature_ of the
+sovereign affixed to its decree.]
+
+[Footnote 70: They are formed of peacocks' feathers, the eyes of which
+according to Macri and others signify the vigilance and circumspection
+of the Pontiffs. They are mentioned in the apostolic constitutions, in
+which it is prescribed, that two deacons should hold, them in order
+to drive away flies, which might otherwise fall into the chalice.
+Accordingly, at the ordination of the deacons in the Greek church,
+among other instruments a Flabellum is given to them for their
+ministry at the altar: this S. Anastasius is said to have used while
+a deacon. Flabella are mentioned in the liturgies of SS. Basil,
+Chrisostom, and other Greek and Syriac liturgies, Flabella are in
+the Latin church a mark of distinction, and are carried for the Grand
+Prior of the knights of Malta the bishop of Troja in Aquila, and the
+archbishop of Messina, as well as for His Holiness.]
+
+[Footnote 71: Since the time of Clement XIV, the custom of reading
+from the _loggia_ on this day the bull in _Coena Domini_ has been
+abolished. (On this bull see de Maistre du Pape lib. 2, c. 14).
+According to the doctrine of S. Paul, the B. Sacrament is the bond
+as it is the symbol of union or _communion_ between the faithful; "We
+being many are one body, all who partake of one bread" 1 Cor. X, 17,
+and hence this day of its institution was selected for the public
+_excommunication_ of those, who reject the doctrines of the church, or
+maliciously oppose her ordinances. After the bull had been read "many
+candles are lighted, of which the Lord Pope himself holds some, and
+each cardinal and prelate one lighted, and he extinguishes and throws
+them on the ground, saying, we excommunicate all the aforesaid; and
+then the bells are rung together without observing any order". Ap.
+Gatticuin, Acta Cerem. 82. These ceremonies are interpreted to mean
+the _extinction of the grace_ of the holy Ghost; and the dispersion
+of unbelievers, as on the contrary the regular and orderly ringing of
+bells calls the faithful together.]
+
+[Footnote 72: It is supported by the subdeacon habited in the tunic or
+_tonacella_.]
+
+[Footnote 73: John the deacon, in his life of Gregory the great,
+mentions the _Sacellarius_ or Treasurer (see Thomassin lib. 2. c. 103,
+n. 11), whom that holy Pope commanded according to custom to invite
+the twelve pilgrims to dinner. Besides the gifts mentioned above,
+the white dress is given to these _apostles_, who are chosen by some
+Cardinals, Ambassadors, the Propaganda, the _Maggiordomo_, and the
+captain of the Swiss guards.]
+
+[Footnote 74: The water is brought to him by the Prince assisting at
+the throne, and the towel is presented by the first Cardinal Priest.
+When the Pope is prevented from performing this ceremony, the Cardinal
+Dean supplies his place in presence of the sacred college (Lunadoro).
+In that case the gospel is sung, not by a cardinal, but by the prelate
+who is deacon of the _cappella_. Formerly, according to the MS.
+Pontifical of the Apamean church written in 1214, Vespers were sung by
+the Pope's chaplains, while he washed the feet of twelve subdeacons.]
+
+[Footnote 75: Chardin and other travellers testify, that this practice
+is preserved in modern times. In Homer's Odyssey the custom of taking
+a bath before a banquet is frequently mentioned, III, 467; IV, 49, VI.
+216; VIII, 449.]
+
+[Footnote 76: The emperors of Costantinople used (according to
+Codinus De Officiis Aulæ Costantinop.) to wash the feet of twelve poor
+persons: and Vespasiano Fiorentino in the fifteenth century, in his
+life of Alfonso di Napoli quoted by Cancellieri, says that "Il Giovedi
+Santo lavava i piedi a tanti poveri, quant' egli aveva anni, et
+lavavagli, come si deve ... et a tutti dava una veste bianca, et un
+pajo di calze, et un Alfonsino, et un fiorino et un carlino, et non
+so che altra moneta. Dipoi il Giovedi medesímo faceva ordinare una
+cena,... et la Maestà del Re la pigliava, et metteva loro innanzi, e
+con il vino, et quello avevano di bisogno con grandissima umiltà".
+See also Martene, De Ant. Eccl. Rit. Lib. IV, c. XII, § 8. Our readers
+will here call to mind the good old custom still preserved of the
+maundy of our British Sovereigns, so called from mandatum, the first
+word of the first anthem sung during, the washing of the feet. In the
+Greek church, according to Baillet, not only are the feet of twelve
+poor persons washed, but the name of an apostle is given to each of
+them; as it may be supposed, nobody is anxious to have the name of
+Judas Iscariot: so lots are drawn to determine the person who is to
+represent that traitor. This may remind us of the threat of Leonardo
+da Vinci to copy the head of Judas, in his celebrated last supper,
+from the importunate Prior of S. Maria delle Grazie of Milan. Poor
+Leonardo despaired of finding a model for the head of our Saviour; and
+for more than a year was seeking the rabble for a fit subject whom he
+might represent as Judas: meantime the Prior was continually worrying
+him to finish the fresco. "In ogni caso poi" said he to Lodovico
+Sforza, "faro capitale del ritratto del P. Priore, che lo merita
+per la sua importunità e per la sua poca discrezione". The story of
+Leonardo bears some resemblance to the manner in which Michelangelo
+punished Biagio da Cesena Pontifical Master of Ceremonies, who
+before Daniel of Volterra had acquired his well-known nickname of
+_braghettone_ complained to the Pope, that the naked figures of
+the last judgment were unworthy of a house of prayer. The artist
+introduced his censor in his painting as Minos judge of the infernal
+regions, with long ears like those of the other devils, and a
+serpent's tail. Paul III when appealed to is said to have answered,
+that if his Ceremoniere had been in Purgatory, he might have helped
+him out, but out of hell there was no redemption. This Papal witticism
+Platner could not find in any writer earlier than Richardson (See
+Beschreibung der Stadt Rom) but _se non è vero, è ben trovato_.
+Dante was not more scrupulous than Michelangelo about thrusting his
+opponents into his _inferno_.
+
+      Pictoribus atque poetis
+  Quidlibet audendi semper fuit æqua potestas.
+]
+
+[Footnote 77: The mosaics with which it was adorned by Pope Leo III
+are preserved in the great niche adjoining the _scala santa_.]
+
+[Footnote 78: The Portuguese, Spanish and some other churches
+are generally distinguished on this day by the brilliancy of the
+illumination of their _sepulchres_.]
+
+[Footnote 79: In the eighth century Pope Hadrian I, according to
+Anastasius, suspended under the principal or _triumphal_ arch, as it
+was called, a silver cross with 1365 or 1380 small lamps, which where
+lighted at Easter and other great festivals. This was perhaps the
+origin of the cross which used to be suspended in S. Peter's at this
+season.]
+
+[Footnote 80: We have already mentioned an ancient Christian fresco in
+which an aspergillum is represented.]
+
+[Footnote 81: Formerly, as Card. Borgia has proved (De Cruce Vaticana)
+this ceremony was performed in S. Peter's on good Friday. In other
+churches there were two distinct observances; 1. that of stripping
+the altars on holy Thursday, when Christ's passion began; and 2. that
+of washing them with wine and on good Friday, when blood and water
+flowed from His side, as the Abbot Rupert observes. For the ancient
+ceremonies of this day at Rome see besides the Apamean Pontifical
+above-cited, the Pontificals of Egebert archbishop of York and of
+Tirpin archbishop of Rheims ap. Martene, loc. cit. In some places
+the fast of Lent was not observed on this day, as appears from
+S. Augustine, Ep. 54 and Januarium. Of old this was the day for
+shaving in preparation for Easter-Sunday: it was therefore called
+shere-Thursday.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. V.
+
+ON THE CEREMONIES OF GOOD-FRIDAY
+
+
+_CONTENTS._
+
+    Ancient ceremonies at Rome--Service in the Sixtine
+    chapel--Passio--Sermon and indulgence--Prayers for all
+    mankind--exposition of the cross; ancient crucifixes and
+    crosses--_adoration_ of the cross; its antiquity--Palestrina's
+    _improperii_, Trisagion--chant of the hymn _Pange lingua
+    gloriosi lauream etc_,--Procession of the B. Sacrament--_Mass_
+    of the Presanctified, Vespers--Tenebræ--Veneration of the
+    principal relics at S Peter's--Grounds of belief in the
+    genuineness of relics--1. Relic of the cross--2. of the
+    lance--3. _Volto Santo_--Reflections--Recapitulation.
+
+    "_The principal object of the church in the office of this
+    day is, that Jesus Christ crucified may be placed before
+    our eyes, that touched with contrition at the sight, our
+    souls may be so disposed, as to obtain the fruit of
+    redemption_" Bened. XIV, De Festis D.N.J.C. lib. 1. c. 7.
+
+[Sidenote: Ancient ceremonies.]
+
+On good Friday the Pope used formerly to go with the Cardinals and the
+other members of the court to the Oratory of S. Lorenzo called _Sancta
+Sanctorum_ in the Lateran palace, where they venerated and kissed the
+relics of SS. Peter and Paul, as well as two crosses preserved there.
+One of these was then carried by a Cardinal Priest, and and the Host
+consecrated on the preceding day was borne by another Cardinal of
+the same order; the Pope, the Cardinals and all the others were
+bare-footed, and walked in procession reciting psalms to S. John
+Lateran's and thence to S. Croce, where the station was held and the
+ceremonies of the day were performed.[82]
+
+[Sidenote: Service in the Sixtine chapel.]
+
+[Sidenote: Passio.]
+
+[Sidenote: Sermon and indulgence.]
+
+These take place at present in the Sixtine chapel; in which the yellow
+colour of the candles and torches, the nakedness of the Pope's throne
+and of the seats of the church denote the desolation of the church at
+the sufferings and death of her divine founder. The Cardinals do not
+wear their rings; their dress is of purple, which is their mourning
+colour; in like manner the Bishops do not wear rings and their
+stockings are black: those of the Cardinals are purple; and the
+maces as well as the soldiers' arms are reversed. The Card. great
+Penitentiary with the sacred ministers are habited in black. There is
+no thurifer and there are no lights; for the death of the Son of God
+is going to be commemorated; and while He was hanging upon the cross
+and when He died, there was darkness over the whole earth. The Pope
+is habited in a red cope: he does not wear his ring nor give his
+blessing: but if he be present at this part of the service, His
+Holiness kneeling with the Card. Penitentiary at his left hand offers
+up prayers for a short time before the altar. This, which was stripped
+on the preceding day, is now covered with a linen cloth by two
+_Cerimonieri_[83]. The Pope then goes to His seat; and the Card.
+Celebrant accompanied by the ministers to the altar, and thence to
+his _faldistorio_ or seat. An appropriate passage from the prophecy
+of Osee is sung by one of the choir, and the precept from Exodus
+concerning the killing of the paschal-lamb, a type of Christ, by
+the subdeacon. The Pope and the Card. Celebrant also read both these
+lessons, after each of which a tract is sung by the choir; and between
+them a prayer by the Celebrant. After the prophecies, which are a
+powerful confirmation of the truth of our holy religion, the account
+of the sufferings and death of Jesus Christ, penned by an eye-witness
+S. John, the disciple of love, is recited[84]. It is read in a low
+voice by the Card. Celebrant and sung with the same impressive chant
+as on Palm-Sunday by three cantors wearing the alb, a black maniple
+and stole: they used formerly to recite it bare-footed. At those words
+"And bowing down his head he gave up the ghost" all kneel to adore
+their Redeemer. It is related of a servant of God of the name of
+Piccolomini, that he expired in church on good Friday when those
+words were sung. The latter part is chanted, but without the usual
+ceremonies, by the deacon, after he has taken off his folded chasuble
+and put on the large band or stole. A short sermon is then preached by
+a conventual Friar, who afterwards according to custom publishes the
+indulgence or remission of temporal punishment of thirty years granted
+by the Pope to those who have confessed and sincerely repented of
+their sins. See p. 37. As Morinus has shewn (De Penitentia cap. 4.) in
+most churches penitents were absolved and reconciled after the gospel.
+
+[Sidenote: Prayers for all mankind.]
+
+Christ, says S. Paul, died for all men, and when suffering on
+the cross, He prayed even for his relentless persecutors: on the
+anniversary then of his death it is fit that His church should pray
+for all men, that all may be saved by the application of His merits to
+their souls. The Card. Celebrant commences the beautiful, charitable,
+and ancient prayers of this day with the words, Let us pray, dearly
+beloved, for the holy church of God etc. The deacon then kneeling says
+(according to the ancient custom mentioned by S. Cesarius of Arles
+in his 36th homily, and by S. Basil in his book on the Holy Ghost c.
+XXVII) Let us bend our knees, and the subdeacon answers, Stand up, as
+it was customary to pray standing. This form is repeated before each
+prayer, except that which is offered for the Jews[85]: for their
+soldiers, bowing the knee before our Lord, mocked him saying in
+derision, Hail king of the Jews. Prayers follow for the Pope, for all
+the clergy, and holy people of God (formerly for the Emperor also) and
+catechumens who are to receive baptism on the day following. Having
+prayed for all members of the church, we then pray for heretics and
+schismatics, that God may deign to "deliver them from all errors,
+and bring them back to their holy mother the catholic and apostolic
+church"; and these petitions are followed by others for the conversion
+of Jews and Pagans[86].
+
+[Sidenote: Exposition of the cross: ancient crucifixes and crosses.]
+
+[Sidenote: _Adoration_ of the cross: its antiquity.]
+
+When these prayers are ended[87] the officiating Cardinal takes off
+his chasuble, and going to the epistle-side of the altar receives from
+the deacon the crucifix[88] covered with a black veil. Then turning
+towards the people, and uncovering the upper part of the crucifix, he
+sings, Behold the wood of the cross, on which hung the salvation of
+the world; in singing which words he is joined by two tenor-voices
+from the choir. The choir answers, Come, let us adore[89]. The Pope
+and all others kneel, except the Cardinal celebrant, who advances
+nearer to the middle of the altar, and uncovers the right arm of the
+crucifix, and repeats the same words in a higher tone, and again in
+a still higher tone before the middle of the altar, where he uncovers
+the whole cross. The choir answers as before, and all except the
+celebrant kneel each time the words are repeated. The Cardinal then
+places the crucifix on a rich cushion lying on the steps of the
+altar[90].
+
+[Sidenote: Trisagion.]
+
+I observed above, that it was formerly customary for the Pope and all
+others to walk bare-footed in the procession of this day, as others
+royal personages have done; for instance, S. Louis of France, S.
+Elisabeth of Hungary, and others. Thus to be barefooted was a sign of
+mourning (1 Sam. XV, 30. Jer. II, 25) among the Jews. Their priests
+were without shoes at their functions, in token of reverence (Exod.
+III, 5. Jos. V, 15). Some memorial of this practice is preserved in
+the present custom of taking off the shoes of the principal persons
+who revere and kiss the cross on this day. The Pope's shoes are taken
+off by an _Ajutante di Camera_, His cope by acolythes (_Votanti di
+Segnatura_), and afterwards His Holiness then makes three profound
+genuflections before the crucifix, gradually approaching nearer to it,
+and then kisses it in token of his love for Him, who died upon it for
+our salvation[91]. He also empties a purse, containing an offering
+of 100 _scudi d'oro_, into a silver basin near the crucifix. When the
+Pope is about to make the first genuflection, the choir begins to sing
+the _improperii_, the sentiments of which, and the chant composed by
+Palestrina [92], are admirably adapted to the pathetic ceremony. In
+them God enumerates the unparalleled benefits which he lavished upon
+the Jews, and the atrocious crimes by which they repaid Him. At the
+end of each _improperium_ or reproach, the Trisagion is sung by one
+choir in Greek, and in Latin by another "Holy God! Holy strong one!
+Holy immortal, have mercy on us"[93]. The Pope then returns to his
+throne; he resumes his previous vestments and reads the _improperii_
+from the Missal held as usual by an assist. bishop kneeling. The
+Cardinal celebrant and all the other members of the sacred college,
+after their shoes have been taken off, assisted by the _Ceremonieri_
+revere and kiss the crucifix in the same manner as the Pope has done;
+and each of them leaves an offering of a _scudo d'oro_ according to
+an ancient custom.[94] When they return to their places, their shoes
+are put on by their respective _camerieri_, who afterwards leave the
+chapel. The patriarchs and bishops assistant and non-assistant and the
+generals of religious orders without shoes, and all the other prelates
+etc. wearing their shoes, _adore_ and kiss the cross in like manner,
+observing the same order as in going to receive palms on the preceding
+sunday; and they also make their offerings before the cross. When
+the sacred college has finished the _adoration_, the choir having
+ended the _improperii_ sings the anthem _Crucem tuam_, the psalm
+_Deus misereatur nostri_, the hymn _Pange lingua gloriosi lauream
+certaminis_[95] etc. Towards the end of this beautiful ceremony the
+candles are lighted, the deacon spreads out the corporal[96] as usual,
+placing the purificator near it. He then respectfully takes the cross,
+and places it on the altar amid the candlesticks.
+
+[Sidenote: Chant of _Pange lingua_ etc.]
+
+A procession, arranged like that of the preceding day, now goes to
+the Pauline chapel. Assisted as usual by the first Card. priest, the
+Pope kneels and incenses the B. Sacrament three times. _M. Sagrista_
+delivers the B. Sacrament to the Cardinal celebrant, who presents it
+to the Pope; His Holiness covers it with the end of the veil placed
+over his shoulders[97] and the procession returns to the Sixtine
+chapel [98]. In the mean time the choir sings the hymn "_Vexilla Regis
+prodeunt_". When the Pope arrives at the altar, he delivers the B.
+Sacrament to the Card. Celebrant, who places it on the altar. His
+Holiness then incenses it and returns to his throne.
+
+During the procession the crucifix on the altar of the Sixtine chapel
+is removed, and a larger cross containing a considerable relic of the
+true cross is substituted for it. This relic was sent to Pope Leo the
+Great in the 5th century by Juvenal Bishop of Jerusalem. It was lost,
+but found again by Pope Sergius I in 687: it was stolen at the sack
+of Rome in 1527, and removed from its case of silver: however it was
+recovered by Clement VII, who ordered the rich cross, in which it
+is at present preserved, to be made: in 1730 it was again stolen but
+recovered once more by Clement XII. At the close of the last century,
+though the candlesticks, and the statues of the Apostles belonging
+to the papal chapel were lost, this cross was preserved. In 1840 His
+present Holiness Gregory XVI ordered it to be again exposed to the
+public veneration in the Sixtine chapel: He gave it to the charge
+of the chapter of S. Peter's, who deliver it to _M. Sagrista_ on
+Good-friday morning: and it remains in the Sixtine chapel till the
+end of Tenebrae on that day. Moroni _Cappelle Pontificie etc._
+
+The _Mass_ of the _Presanctified_, as it is called, is next
+celebrated; Card. Tommasi, following S. Cesarius of Arles, calls
+it the office, and not the mass of good-Friday; for mass, strictly
+speaking, is not offered up on this day, since no consecration takes
+place, and the B. Sacrament is received by the celebrant under the
+form of bread alone, as it could not be preserved with safety under
+the form of wine[99].
+
+[Sidenote: Mass of the Pre-Sanctified.]
+
+The Card. Celebrant places the B. Sacrament on the paten[100] and
+thence on the corporal. In the meantime the deacon puts wine into the
+chalice, and the subdeacon water, which however are neither blessed or
+consecrated[101] on this day. The cardinal then places the chalice on
+the altar, and the deacon covers it with the _palla_ or pall (a small
+square piece of linen, which serves to prevent flies etc. from falling
+into it). The Cardinal incenses the offerings and the altar, washes
+his hands, and recites the _Orate Fratres_ and Our Father. All then
+kneel to adore the blessed Sacrament, which he raises over the paten.
+He divides it as usual, but without saying any prayer [102], into
+three parts, putting one of them into the chalice. Striking his
+breast, and acknowledging his own unworthiness, he receives communion,
+taking the sacred host, and afterwards the consecrated particle with
+the wine in the chalice [103]. He then receives the ablution, washes
+his hands, and returns to the sacristy with the sacred ministers.
+
+[Sidenote: Vespers.]
+
+Anciently on fasting days nothing was allowed to be eaten till sunset;
+and Vespers used therefore to be said before dinner: now that the one
+meal allowed on such days may be eaten as early as noon, the ancient
+practice of saying Vespers before dinner is still preserved. Vespers
+are therefore sung immediately after the mass of the Presanctified:
+they consist of the Our Father and Hail Mary said in secret, of five
+psalms with their anthems, and the _Magnificat_ with its anthem. At
+the verse 'Christ became obedient unto death', all kneel down to adore
+Him, and the _Miserere_ and the usual prayer are recited, but without
+the solemnity of Tenebrae[104].
+
+[Sidenote: Tenebræ.]
+
+[Sidenote: Principal relics.]
+
+In the afternoon at Tenebrae, the office, being that of Holy Saturday
+anticipated as usual, refers to the repose of the body of our blessed
+Lord in the tomb. When it is finished, the Pope wearing his stole,
+and the Cardinals having taken off their _cappe_, go to S. Peter's in
+procession, accompanied by the Papal _Anticamera segreta_, the guards
+and others, to venerate the relics of the Cross, the Lance, and the
+_Volto Santo_, which are shewn by the Canons from the gallery above
+the statue of S. Veronica [105]. The Pope meantime, and the Cardinals
+and others arranged on each side of Him, remain kneeling. The
+Pontifical cross is borne as usual before the Pope, when going to S.
+Peter's by an _Uditore di Rota_, and when returning to His apartments
+by His cross-bearer who is one of His chaplains.
+
+[Sidenote: Grounds of belief in relics.]
+
+Catholics are bound to believe with divine faith only those doctrines,
+which the church defines to be doctrines taught by God; and hence with
+regard to particular images or relics or miracles, concerning which
+Christ has taught nothing, they believe them to be genuine or reject
+them, according to the evidence which accompanies them. We shall
+therefore briefly examine what evidence there is in favour of the
+relics in question.
+
+[Sidenote: 1. Relic of the cross.]
+
+1. The relic of the cross was placed here in 1629 by Urban VIII; but
+it was formed of some pieces taken from the churches of S. Anastasia
+and S. Croce in Gerusalemme. The Jews were accustomed to bury the
+instruments of punishment in or near the place where the persons
+executed were buried; but on this subject I must content myself with
+referring to Baronius, Calmet, Menochius, Gretser etc. who cite the
+Rabbins in proof of this assertion. Now according to the ancient
+historians, Eusebius, Sozomen and Socrates: the Emperor Adrian erected
+a temple of Venus over the tomb of the God of purity, after he had
+covered it with a great quantity of rubbish. Helen the saintly mother
+of the emperor Costantine, after many searches (according to Eusebius
+in his life of that emperor) at length discovered the sacred tomb, in
+which was found, according to Sozomen, the inscription placed over the
+cross by Pilate, "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews"[106]. Near the
+tomb in another part of the cave were found three crosses: but here a
+difficulty arose on which of these three was our Saviour crucified?
+At the suggestion of Macarius Bp. of Jerusalem, a woman at the point
+of death, as Ruffinus, Socrates, Theodoret, Sozomen and Nicephorus
+relate; or a dead man, according to Paulinus and Severus Sulpicius,
+was brought to the spot, and restored to health or to life, when
+placed on _one_ of the three crosses. If we consider, that it is
+related in the 2nd book of Kings c, XIII, that when some persons "were
+burying a man, they cast the body into the sepulchre of Eliseus.
+And when it had touched the bones of Eliseus, the man came to life
+and stood up on his feet," we may not be unwilling to admit the
+possibility or probability, that such a miracle may have occurred at
+the sepulchre of the God of Eliseus. Besides the authors whom I have
+mentioned, this history is attested by S. Ambrose, S. Chrysostom, and
+S. Cyril of Jerusalem. This great bishop and Eusebius lived at the
+time when the event is said to have happened: the other writers lived
+not long after, and Ruffinus and Theodoret passed part of their lives
+in Syria. The same historians mention, that S. Helen divided the
+Cross into three parts, one she left in Jerusalem, another she sent
+to Costantine, according to the author of the life of Pope Sylvester
+published by Pope Damasus towards the close of the 6th cent.; and the
+third she reserved for herself, to Rome. She placed the last mentioned
+piece in the Sessorian Basilica, called also the Basilica of Helen,
+because erected by her, in the Horti Variani: hence is derived
+its title of S. Croce in Gerusalemme. On this subject additional
+information may be found in the work of the late Padre De Corrieris,
+De Sessorianis praecipius D.N.J.C. reliquiis, in Trombelli De cultu
+SSrum and Ben. XIV. De festis. From Santa Croce a piece of the cross
+was taken to S. Peter's, and is one of the relics shewn on good
+friday. Even in the fourth century S. Cyril of Jerusalem testifies,
+that particles of the true cross had been sent to every Christian
+country.
+
+[Sidenote: 2. of the lance.]
+
+2. The lance also with which our divine Saviour's side was pierced,
+was found by S. Helen, as the Bollandists shew: and it was preserved
+in Jerusalem, as S. Gregory of Tours and our venerable Bede observe:
+but towards the end of the 6th cent., the iron part of it was
+transfered to Costantinople; of this the point was placed in the
+imperial palace; the other part in the church of S. Sophia, and
+afterwards in that of S. John. William of Tyre and Anna Comnena
+mention it as existing there in the 11th and 12th centuries. Towards
+the close of the 13th century the point of the lance with other
+relics passed into the possession of S. Louis of France: the other
+part of the lance still remained at S. John's in Constantinople,
+as Buondelmount, who saw it, bears witness. When Mahomet subdued
+Costantinople, he preserved all the relics, as Theodore cited by
+Benedict XIV relates in his history of the Turks, and his son Bajazet
+sent an ambassador with the relics of the lance to Pope Innocent VIII,
+in order to induce his Holiness not to protect Zizimus, who disputed
+with him the succession to the Turkish throne. The Pope received it
+with great reverence, and placed it in the Vatican. As some suspicion
+was entertained about the veracity of the Turkish ambassador, Benedict
+XIV, as he mentions in his very learned work on the Canonisation
+of the Saints, from which I have extracted this account, sent for
+an exact cast of the point preserved at Paris, which perfectly
+corresponded with the piece preserved in the Vatican; and thus were
+confirmed the assertion of the Turk[107].
+
+[Sidenote: 3. _Volto Santo_.]
+
+3. As for the _Volto Santo_, or image of our Saviour it was placed in
+an Oratory of the Vatican Basilica by John VII as long ago as 707,
+as may be seen in Marlinetti, Dei pregii della Basilica Vat. Who S.
+Veronica or Berenice was, who is said to have wiped our Saviour's face
+with the handkerchief is another question, as Benedict XIV observes,
+to whom and to Marlinetti I shall content myself with referring. It
+appears that this ancient likeness of our Saviour was afterwards kept
+at S. Spirito: six Roman noblemen had the care of it; and to each of
+them was confided on of the six keys, with which it was locked up.
+They enjoyed various privileges, and among others, says an ancient MS.
+Chronicle quoted by Cancellieri, "havevano questi sei ogni anno, da
+Santo Spirito, due vacche in die S. Spiritus le quali se magnavano
+li con gran festa". In 1410 the _Volto Santo_ was carried back to S.
+Peter's, where it has ever since remained[108].
+
+[Sidenote: Reflections.]
+
+The Council of Trent, in the 25th Session, teaches that veneration and
+honour are due to relics of the Saints, and that they and other sacred
+monuments are honoured by the faithful not without utility. We all
+honour the memorials of the great, of the wise and of the brave; who
+has not venerated the oak of a Tasso or the house of a Shakespeare?
+While _We_ revere the relics of a Borromeo at Milan, of a Francois
+de Sales at Annecy, of a Luigi Gonzaga, a Filippo Neri, a Camillo de
+Lellis at Rome, others respect the chair and table of Wickliffe at
+Lutterworth, or the room of Luther at Eisenach. If infidels unite in
+paying homage to the house of the impious _philosopher_ of Ferney, let
+all Christians, however they may be otherwise unhappily divided, join
+in shewing their respect for the image of their Saviour, and for those
+instruments which touched his sacred body, and were sanctified by his
+precious blood. O let them gaze with reverential awe on that lance
+which entering into his adorable side drew from it blood and water,
+and on that cross to which he was nailed and on which he died for
+our salvation. The early Christians, our forefathers in the faith,
+manifested great respect for the bodies and the blood of the martyrs,
+because they were faithful _followers_ of Christ. Thus, in the letter
+of the faithful of Smyrna preserved by Eusebius, they mention that
+they gathered up the bones of their bishop Polycarp, (a disciple of
+S. John the Apostle) "more precious than pearls, and more tried than
+gold, and buried them. In this place, God willing", say they "we shall
+meet and celebrate with joy and gladness the birthday of this martyr".
+SS. Praxedes and Pudentiana, and many other devout females used
+to collect the blood of the martyrs with sponges and cloths, as
+if they feared that one drop of it should be lost. Read the poems
+of Prudentius, observe the phials of blood[109] placed before the
+martyrs' tombs in the catacombs, and you will not doubt the truth of
+such assertions[110]. The shadow of Peter, the handkerchiefs which
+had touched the body of Paul, could cure diseases, as the Scripture
+witnesseth; but here are the relics of a greater than Paul, of a
+greater than Peter: O then let us kneel, and love, and venerate them;
+for they were closely united to Him who is the author and object
+of our faith, the only foundation of our hope, the centre and the
+consummation of our love.
+
+[Sidenote: Recapitulation.]
+
+It does not fall within my plan to speak of the devotion of the three
+hours of agony, practised on this day in many churches, as at the
+Gesù, S. Lorenzo in Damaso etc. or of that which is practised after
+the _Ave Maria_ at S. Marcello, Caravita etc. or of the elegies
+recited by the Arcadian pastors over their Redeemer. Let us rather
+briefly recapitulate with Morcelli the principal ceremonies of
+the day: Station at S. Croce; service in the Sixtine chapel,
+the veneration of the Cross; the B. Sacrament carried thither in
+procession from the Pauline chapel, Mass of the Presanctified and
+Vespers. In the afternoon Tenebræ, and veneration of the relics at S.
+Peter's.
+
+[Footnote 82: See a MS. Apamean Pontifical ap. Marthene T. 3, p.
+132, Benedict Canon of S. Peter's in his _Ordo Romanus_, Marangoni,
+_Istoria dell antichissimo Oratorio o Cappella di S. Lorenzo nel
+Patriarchio Lateranense_. Roma 1747. S. Louis of France used to walk
+barefooted on this day to the churches, praying and giving abundant
+alms, as did also William, king of the Romans. (Chronicon Erphordense
+ad ann. 1252), S. Elisabeth of Hungary used to devote the day to
+similar acts of piety, walking barefooted and in the dress of a poor
+woman to the churches, and there making her humble offerings at the
+altars, and distributing copious alms. On her practices of piety
+during holy-week see her life by Le Cte de Montalembert c. 9.]
+
+[Footnote 83: The Corporal, which was anciently much longer than at
+present, was spread in this manner at all masses before the offertory.
+See Cancellieri, De Secretariis T. I, Fleury, Moeurs des Chretiens.]
+
+[Footnote 84: The lessons, the prayer, and the passion are found in
+the ancient ordo Gelasianus for this day.]
+
+[Footnote 85: According to the Gelasian Sacramentary all were to
+genuflect at the prayer for the Jews, as well as at the other prayers;
+not so according to the Gregorian Sacramentary.]
+
+[Footnote 86: "God our Saviour", says S. Paul (1 Tim. II, 4) "wishes
+all men to be saved, and to come to the knowledge of the truth". The
+Catholic church is animated by the same spirit of charity, as the
+admirable prayers of this day might alone prove. If she teaches
+exclusive salvation. Christ taught the same "He that believeth and
+is baptised shall be saved: he that believeth not shall be condemned"
+Mark XVI, 26. We cannot therefore consistently accuse the church
+of want of charity, when she proclaims the general conditions of
+salvation, without at the same time charging Christ himself, who first
+taught them, with the same fault. True charity desires the salvation
+of all but she warns others of their danger; and does not cruelly
+conceal it from them till it is too late.]
+
+[Footnote 87: After these prayers the faithful used anciently to leave
+the church, and the Priests to go to their own churches, to perform
+the ceremonies till the evening-service: so that what follows was then
+a totally distinct service. See Sacram S. Gregorii, ant. Ord. Roman,
+etc. ap. Martene lib. IV, c. 23.]
+
+[Footnote 88: It would appear, that, before Costantine abolished the
+punishment of malefactors on the cross, the Christians, who well knew
+with S. Paul that Christ crucified was to the Jews a stumbling-block,
+and to the gentiles foolishness', prudently abstained from
+representing our Saviour nailed to the cross, and used rather to
+depict a lamb with a cross near it, of which instances may he seen in
+Rork's Hierurgia p. 520. The first mention of the _crucifix_ in the
+church is believed to occur in the poem titled _De Passione Domini_
+referred to the fourth century. That the use of the sign and the
+image of the _cross_ was much more ancient and very prevalent among
+Christians will appear from the following facts. "At every step and
+movement" says Tertullian (in the early part of the third century)
+"whenever we come in or go out, when we dress and wash ourselves, at
+table, when lights are brought in, whether we are lying or sitting
+down; whatever we are doing, we mark our foreheads with the sign of
+the cross". Eusebius mentions that Constantine placed a magnificent
+cross De Vit. Const. I. 3. In the fourth century in his palace S. John
+Chrysostom in one of his eloquent homilies observes "Every where the
+symbol of the cross is present to us. We inscribe it very diligently
+on our houses, and walls, and doors, and brows, and thoughts". S.
+Basil (De Spirit. S. ad Amphilochium c. 27.) derives the sign of the
+cross from Apostolic tradition. That this custom universally prevailed
+among Christians might be proved from S. Jerome, from the historian
+Socrates and others, and from monuments of the early Christians still
+preserved in Egypt: but why travel so far? we have only lo look around
+us in the catacombs, or in the Vatican Museum and Library. The cross
+is the chosen, the beloved sign of Christians; they repeated it a
+thousand times on their lamps, on their rings, on their cups and
+sacred vessels, that they might have the sign of their redemption ever
+before their eyes, they kissed it at the hour of their death, and
+had it marked on their tomb, as a sign of their hope of salvation. No
+sooner had peace shone upon the church, than crosses were erected on
+high roads, and in many places of public resort: and would to God that
+those sacred ancient monuments, which once adorned our own country,
+bore public testimony to the faith of its inhabitants, and recalled
+to the minds of passers-by the sufferings of their Saviour, had not
+been too rudely treated in the first heat of religious and political
+frenzy! For some ancient representations of the cross see the learned
+work of Dr. Rock on the mass. I shall content myself with noticing an
+interesting instance, which he has not mentioned. At Pompeii the house
+of Pansa, as it is called, is one of the most remarkable yet excavated
+on account of its extent and regularity. Some parts of it were used
+as shops, and appear to have been let out, (as is still the custom in
+some palaces of Rome): for they have no communication with the body
+of the building. Between two parts thus separated is an entrance from
+a side street to the peristyle or open court surrounded by columns;
+and on the pier between the two doors is, or rather was a painting
+representing one of the guardian-serpents or tutelary deities, who
+were sometimes represented under that form, as we occasionally see
+at Pompeii, and as we learn from Virgil (lib.) V. Hence as we see
+in Titus' baths and are informed by Persius, a place was considered
+sacred, in which serpents were painted. Indeed these reptiles became
+such favourites, that, according to Seneca, they used to creep upon
+the tables amid the cups: and some ladies so far overcame natural
+prejudices, as to place real serpents, if not boas, round their necks,
+to cool them, instead of using artificial boas to warm themselves.
+"Si gelidum nectit collo Glacilla draconem" says Martial. Before the
+serpent painted in Pansa's house is or was a projecting brick intended
+to support a lamp: the painting in consequence of its situation could
+be seen only by persons within the house: but upon the opposite wall
+there is or was a cross worked in bas relief upon a panel of white
+stucco, so situated as to be visible to all persons passing. It had
+the form of a Latin cross, which, we may observe, as well as the Greek
+cross: is found upon ancient Christian monuments; though of course
+we cannot bring forward other instances so ancient as the monument
+in question. (See Rock p. 516). "It is hard to conceive", says the
+learned Mazois, "that the same man should bow at once before the cross
+of Christ, and pay homage to Janus, Ferculus, Limetinus, Cardia, the
+deities of the threshold, and the hinges of doors. Perhaps at this
+time the cross was of a meaning unknown except to those who had
+embraced the Christian faith, which, placed here among the symbols
+of paganism, as if in testimony of gratitude, informed the faithful,
+that the truth had here found an asylum with a poor man, under the
+safeguard of all the popular superstitions". So far Mazois, whose
+opinion is embraced by the author of the interesting work on Pompeii
+published by the society for promoting useful knowledge: but is it not
+probable, I may ask, or rather is it not certain that, at that early
+period, while some members of the same family were pagans, others were
+Christians? it is not then surprising if in the same house we find
+both Christian and Pagan emblems: we may suppose, that some such
+persons may have been inmates of the same house as Mr. Bulwer's
+pagan gladiator Lydon and his Christian father Medon. Pompeii was
+overwhelmed by ashes in the year of Christ 79: and if Vesuvius still
+occasionally lay waste the surrounding country, we are indebted to it
+for the preservation not only of a thousand classical monuments, but
+also of a representation of the cross of Christ, which cannot be of a
+much later date than the time of the destruction of Jerusalem.]
+
+[Footnote 89: St. Helen discovered the cross on which Christ suffered,
+and erected a church in Jerusalem, in which it was deposited.
+"The bishop of that city every year, at the season of the paschal
+solemnity, exhibits it to be _adored_ by the people, after he himself
+has first performed his act of profound veneration". S. Paulinus
+of Nola, A.D. 430, ep. 11 ad Sever. "In the middle of Lent, the
+life-giving wood of the venerable cross is usually exposed for
+_adoration_". S. Sophronius patriarch of Jerusalem in 639. (Orat. in
+Exalt. Crucis). From this custom of the church of Jerusalem probably
+arose that of the Roman church, in which a crucifix, containing a
+particle of the true cross, was publicly venerated on good Friday. In
+the Sacramentary of pope Gelasius (A.D. 402) we read in an account
+of the ceremonies of this day "The priest comes before the altar,
+adoring the Lord's cross and kissing it--all adore the holy cross and
+communicate". This ceremony is mentioned also in the Antiphonary of
+S. Gregory the great and the ancient _Ordo Romanus_. Flecte genu,
+lignumque crucis venerabile adora, says Lactantius. See bishop
+Poynter's Christianity p. 151. Of the Greeks Leo Allatius relates that
+"on good-friday, while they accompany as it were Christ himself to the
+tomb, they lead round through the cities and _adore_ the sculptured
+body of Christ". De consensu utriusque Eccl. lib. 5. c. 15. The
+Syrians also practise this ceremony, as we learn from documents
+published by Card. Borgia and Nairon. This rite is called the
+_adoration_ of the cross. Let us not forget what is said in the Book
+of Common Prayer in the solemnization of Matrimony "With this ring
+I thee wed; with my body I thee _worship_". Such words of doubtful
+signification must be interpreted from the doctrine of the church
+which adopts them. Hanc veniam petimusque damusque vicissim. Now
+the word _adorare_ used in our liturgy (derived from _ad_ and _ora_,
+because persons when _adoring_ used to put their right hand to their
+mouth; Plin. I. 28, c. 2. Apuleius in Apolog.) signifies not only to
+pay divine worship, but also to venerate and even to salute. Thus
+from the instances collected in Forcellini's Lexicon we may select the
+following: "Primo autem septimum Germanici consulatum adoravi". Stat
+in præf i. 4 Silv. Imo cum gemitu populum sic adorat: Apulei. lib 2.
+Metam. The doctrine of the catholic church on this subject is as usual
+clear and decided. The twenty-fifth session of the Council of Trent
+decreed as follows: "The holy synod commands all bishops, and others
+sustaining the duty and care of teaching, that they should diligently
+instruct the faithful concerning the legitimate use of images
+according to the custom of the catholic and apostolic church received
+from the commencement of christianity, and the consent of the holy
+fathers, and decrees of the sacred councils, teaching them ... that
+the images of Christ; of the Virgin mother of God, and other saints,
+are to be had and retained especially in churches, and that due honour
+and veneration are to be given them: not that any divinity or virtue
+is believed to exist in them for which they are to be worshipped, or
+that any thing is to be asked from them, or that confidence is to be
+placed in images, as was formerly done by the Gentiles, who used to
+place their hope in idol; but because the honour which is given to
+them is referred to the prototypes which they represent; so that
+by the images which we kiss, and before which we uncover our heads
+and bow our bodies, we adore Christ, and venerate the Saints, whose
+likeness they bear: this has been decreed against the opposers of
+images by the decrees of councils, especially of the second synod of
+Nice. And let the bishops diligently teach, that by the histories
+of the mysteries of our redemption expressed in pictures or other
+likenesses the people are instructed and confirmed in commemorating
+and assiduously venerating articles of faith, and that from all sacred
+images a great fruit is derived, not only because the people are
+admonished of the benefits and gifts conferred on them by Christ, but
+also because God's miracles through the saints, and salutary examples
+are laid before the eyes of the faithful, that they may return
+thanks for them to God, and may compose their life and manners to an
+imitation of the saints, and may be excited to adore and love God and
+cherish piety". The council then gives directions for the extirpation
+of any abuses which may creep in. These words, by which our faith
+and practice are regulated, are too clear to need comment, and
+sufficiently justify catholics from the foolish and calumnious charge
+of idolatry. The true Catholic practice is well expressed in a work
+attributed to Alcuin "We prostrate our bodies before the cross, and
+our souls before the Lord: we venerate the cross by which we have been
+redeemed, and we supplicate Him who redeemed us".]
+
+[Footnote 90: This rite is described in the Ordo Romanus XIV with the
+same ceremonies. It is first mentioned in the Ordo XI of the Canon
+Benedict.]
+
+[Footnote 91: We kiss and press to our hearts the pictures of those
+whom we love, and shall we think it sinful to kiss the image of Him,
+who for love of us humbled himself even to the death of the cross?
+Oh! let each one of us rather exclaim with S. Paul "God forbid that I
+should glory save in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ, by whom the
+world is crucified to me and I to the world" (Gal. VI): or in the
+words attributed to S. Andrew when he was going to be crucified "Hail
+precious cross, that hast been consecrated by the body of my Lord, and
+adorned with his limbs as with rich jewels. Oh good cross, that hast
+received beauty from our Lord's limbs, I have ardently loved thee,
+long have I desired and sought thee; now thou art found by me and made
+ready for my longing soul". Act. S. Andreæ.]
+
+[Footnote 92: "The greatest glory" says Baini "was deservedly obtained
+by _Pierluigi_ on account of the _improperii_, and the hymn _Crux
+fidelis_ which he set to music for 8 voices divided into two choirs,
+and which were sung for the first time by the choir of the Lateran
+basilica on good Friday in the year 1560: by them _fece sbalordire
+arte e natura_. Pius IV demanded them for the use of the apostolic
+chapel, and, after he had heard them, declared that Palestrina had
+surpassed his expectations. These _improperii_ are still sung and will
+ever be sung in the apostolic chapel" Baini, Mem. storic. di Giovanni
+Pierluigi da Palestrina 1. p. 64.]
+
+[Footnote 93: This hymn is frequently sung in the Greek and Oriental
+church. Renaudot T. I, p. 70. According in the Menologium Græcum
+and S. John Damascen it was first used in the reign of Theodosius,
+when public supplications were offered to heaven during a terrible
+earthquake at Costantinople. This Palmer admits, I, 64. It is still
+said in Greek, in which it was originally composed, as well as in
+Latin, in the Roman church. See Goar in notis ad Rituale Græc.]
+
+[Footnote 94: In the Ordo Romanus XII, Ap. 1, de Presbyterio, it is
+prescribed that "according to ancient custom whatever is offered upon
+the cross ought to belong to the _schola_ (or company)" of the cross:
+in the Ordo XIV, that it belongs to the _Sagrista_. The sum collected
+is at present the perquisite of M. Sagrista and the two principal
+Masters of ceremonies. These offerings were customary also in other
+churches, and in particular at Paris.]
+
+[Footnote 95: Baini observes, that the chant of this hymn is one of
+the few instances of _rhythmical_ chant preserved by uninterrupted
+_tradition_ in the papal chapel and adorned with the ancient
+ornaments. (See his Saggio sopra l'indentità dei ritmi musicale e
+poetico. Firenze, 1820). "The chant of that hymn" says Eximano (quoted
+by Baini, Mem. Stor.) is a true plain chant, that is, a chant of
+unison, such as it is found in all choral books: but the mode of
+singing it in the pontifical chapel makes it appear different from
+what is sung in other churches--Above all, the distribution of the
+notes, which are sung (not of those which are written) adapted to
+express the length and shortness of the syllables which compose the
+rhythm of the hymn, ought to be studied. "Se si dà quell'inno ad un
+maestro di cappella per metterlo in musica concertata ed in _battuta
+sensibile_, verrà subito distrutto il _ritmo_, e se la cantilena
+della cappella pontif. si scrive in battuta, si vedranno cadere
+nel _battere_ alcune sillabe brevi, senza pregiudizio della loro
+quantità". Dubbio di D. Antonio Eximeno sopra il saggio fondamentale
+pratico di contrappunto del R.P.M. Martini. Roma, 1773.]
+
+[Footnote 96: The corporal is a square piece of linen so called,
+because the Corpus or body of Christ is placed on it. S. Isidore of
+Pelusium in the beginning of the 5th century says, that the white
+linen cloth, which is spread under the divine gifts, is the clean
+linen cloth of Joseph of Arimathea: "for we, sacrificing the bread of
+proposition on the linen cloth, without doubt find like him the body
+of Christ": it was anciently much larger than it is at present. The
+purificator is a small towel, which serves to wipe the chalice and
+the hands and mouth of the priest, after he has received the B.
+Sacrament.]
+
+[Footnote 97: The veil is used from reverence to the B. Sacrament:
+on an ancient mosaic on one of the arches of S. Prassede, a person
+is represented enveloped in it, holding a sacred vessel apparently
+intended to contain the B. Sacrament. Ciampini, Vet. mon. T. 2.]
+
+[Footnote 98: According to the Gelasian Sacramentary, "the deacons go
+to the _sacrarium_ and walk in procession with the body and blood of
+the Lord, which remained from the preceding day": with it the most
+ancient Ordo Romanus ad usum monasteriorum agrees.]
+
+[Footnote 99: In the fourth century Pope Innocent I in his epistle to
+Decentius assigns as a reason, why the holy sacrifice is not offered
+up on this day, the example of the apostles who, concealing themselves
+for fear of the Jews, spent this and the following day in fasting and
+mourning for the death of their master, and were thus debarred from
+the holy mysteries. During the whole of Lent the Greek church still
+celebrates, towards evening, only the mass of the presanctified,
+except on Saturdays and Sundays, and on the feast of the Annunciation,
+when the ordinary mass is offered up. This is one of the ancient
+instances of communion under one kind; for, as Leo Allatius observes,
+either it is received under the form of bread alone, or if some drops
+of the sacred blood were sprinkled on the host, all the species
+of wine have disappeared before communion. (De utriusque Ecclesiæ
+consensione, p. 875). Neither in the Latin or the Greek church is the
+mass of the pre-sanctified a _Missa sicca_ or dry mass: in which not
+only the consecration, but also the communion, and all those prayers
+which are said over the holy Eucharist, used to be omitted. See
+Durandus in Rationali c. 1. This is the only day in the year on which
+mass is not offered up in the Latin church, and even on it the priest
+communicates: on holy Saturday mass is said, but the priest alone
+communicates: on all other days all the faithful may and many do
+communicate, either during mass or before or after it according to
+circumstances. Palmer having quoted a passage from Bona, in which the
+Cardinal regrets that communion, as well as other rites to which the
+mass is not essential, is often delayed till after the mass is ended,
+subjoins the following ejaculation. "Would that they who communicate
+with the Roman church were not too timid or too lukewarm to return to
+the practice of the primitive church in this and many other respects".
+Orig. Liturg. vol. 2, p. 154. Now in the primitive church the
+faithful, and even those in health, used to communicate not only
+during mass, but also at other times, as is evident from the office of
+the presanctified, at which, according to the Gelasian sacramentary,
+all present communicated, as well as from the numerous ancient
+instances of communion under one kind mentioned in the preceding
+chapter; for in these cases it was not received during the mass, and
+many of them are cases of "_persons in health_". In the same page Mr.
+Palmer observes that "_during all the primitive ages_ the whole body
+of the faithful communicated at each celebration of the liturgy". Now
+has the church of England preserved this "practice of the primitive
+church"? So far is this from being the case, that Palmer considers
+her _ordinary_ office as a "_Missa sicca_; or dry service" p. 164,
+in which there is neither consecration or communion, and the earliest
+notice of which occurs in the writings of Petrus Cantor (A.D. 1200),
+according to Palmer's own admission, ibid. Even on those few days
+in the year when she admits her children to communion, her ministers
+generally consider that they make an oblation only of bread and wine,
+and not of the body and blood of Christ, whereas, whatever Palmer or
+the Tracts for the Times may say to the contrary, we are prepared to
+prove from the _very liturgies_, which the former cites, that in the
+mass there is an oblation not merely of bread and wine but also of the
+body and blood of Christ; and accordingly even the author of Tract 81,
+vol. 4, admits, p. 61, that "the real point of difference between the
+primitive church and modern views is whether there be in this oblation
+a _mystery_ or no". It is truly lamentable that men of learning should
+falsely accuse the Roman church of departure from primitive discipline
+in a matter of so little comparative importance as the precise
+_time_ when communion is to be received, while they themselves must
+acknowledge, that they have _abolished communion_ itself as well as
+_consecration_ on _nearly_ all the days of the year, and that they
+have reduced the oblation of the mass from a '_mystery_' and a
+'_venerable, tremendous_ and unbloody sacrifice' (Palmer vol. 2, p.
+84) to an offering of bread and wine. They have thus deprived their
+followers of the inestimable fruits of communion enumerated by Christ
+in the gospel--yet these forsooth are the men who charge Catholics
+with a departure from primitive practice. How many other _primitive
+practices_ mentioned in this work have been abolished by the church
+of England!]
+
+[Footnote 100: This plate, which is of gold or silver-gilt, resembles
+_in form_ the patera used in the ancient sacrifices, and generally
+represented together with the _prefericulum_ on sepulchral monuments
+dedicated to the Manes.]
+
+[Footnote 101: The wine is sanctified, but is not consecrated, either
+by the particle of the sacred host, or by the recital of the _Pater
+noster_, as has been shewn by Mabillon, (Museum Ital.) Bossuet, and
+other authors quoted by Benedict XIV. The wine and water represent
+the blood and water, which flowed on this day from Christ's body. See
+Act. Coer. p. 54. Whenever priests _say Mass_, they receive under both
+kinds, in compliance with the command of Christ "Drink ye all of this"
+which words as well as those others, "Do this in commemoration of me"
+were addressed to the apostles and their successors.]
+
+[Footnote 102: According to the direction of the Gelasian
+sacramentary, the _Pax Domini etc_. is not said on this day.]
+
+[Footnote 103: "As the communion," says Mabillon "is of the nature of
+a sacred banquet, it consists of food and drink; hence the other part
+of the banquet, viz. drink, was supplied by wine, mixed with water,
+but sanctified by a particle of the B. Sacrament" See for the service
+of this day a MS. Pontifical of the church of Apamea in Syria ap.
+Martene t. 3, p. 132. It is found with little variation also in the
+Gelasian Sacramentary, in a very ancient _Ordo Romanus_, and some MSS.
+cited by Martene. In the Roman church, as Amalarius was informed by
+the Roman archdeacon "at the station no one communicated". In many
+other churches there was general communion; this is prescribed by the
+church during this holy season.]
+
+[Footnote 104: In many churches the crucifix used to be solemnly
+placed in the _sepulchre_ after the Vespers. See the Sarum and other
+missals, ap. Martene t. 3, p. 139.]
+
+[Footnote 105: So jealously are these relics kept, that even
+sovereigns cannot go up where they are preserved, without being
+first appointed Canons of the Basilica. The Emperor Frederic III,
+and afterwards Ladislaus son of the king of Poland, and Cosimo III
+grand-duke of Tuscany went up dressed as Canons of St. Peter's.]
+
+[Footnote 106: The learned professor Sholz after his return from
+Palestine defended in a dissertation the genuineness of this tomb
+against Dr. Clark's objections: if it be within the walls of the
+modern city of Jerusalem, it was certainly outside the ancient walls.]
+
+[Footnote 107: The lance preserved at Nuremberg resembles in form that
+of St. Peter's, but is made of common iron, united with a part of one
+of the nails of the cross.]
+
+[Footnote 108: These relics are shewn to the people on holy-Wednesday
+after the matins of Tenebræ; on Thursday and Friday several times in
+the day: on holy Saturday morning after mass: on Easter Sunday after
+the Pontifical mass: on Easter Monday, and a few other festivals.]
+
+[Footnote 109: The opinion of Röstell (Beschreibung der Stadt Rom, B.
+I, p. 400) that these phials contained the blessed eucharist under
+the form of wine, if admitted, would form a new proof of the real and
+permanent presence of Christ's blood in the B. Sacrament; yet it is
+a novel, unsupported, and untenable conjecture. Some of the ancient
+Christian Fathers complain, it is true, of the abuse of burying the
+eucharist with the deceased under the form of bread; but the phials of
+blood have been found with so many bodies, that we cannot reasonably
+suppose the custom to have been an abuse: and who among the ancients
+mentions that the eucharist was ever buried with them under the form
+of _wine_? That the palm-branch or crown accompanied by these phials
+of blood are authentic signs of martyrdom, see Raoul-Rochette's
+Memoires sur les pierre sepulcrales, t. XIII des Mem. de l'Academie,
+p. 210, 217. On one of the phials mentioned by Röstell was found the
+inscription Sanguis Saturnini.]
+
+[Footnote 110: In the Vatican Library is a small relic-case, marked
+with the monogram, of great simplicity and consequent antiquity. There
+is another of ivory, adorned with bas-reliefs of the resuscitation of
+Lazarus, Christ's apprehension etc. Plainer, Bescher. der Stadt Rom.
+B. 2. See also Rock's Hierurgia Vol. 2, cap 6.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. VI.
+
+ON THE CEREMONIES OF HOLY-SATURDAY
+
+
+_CONTENTS._
+
+    Service of Easter-eve--Ceremonies of
+    holy-saturday-morning--Sixtine chapel. 1. Blessing of the fire
+    and incense-procession; Paschal candle--the deacon sings the
+    _Exultet_--triple candle--2. Baptism administered on this
+    day: communion of children in former times--prophecies--3.
+    The litany: invocation of Saints--change from mourning
+    to rejoicing--High mass: sacred pictures
+    etc.--_Alleluja_--Vespers--end of the mass: mass of Pope
+    Marcellus--Ceremonies at S. John Laterans. Blessing of
+    the font: baptistery--baptism of adults--litanies and
+    confirmation--mass and ordination--Armenian catholics--their
+    liturgy; and high mass on Easter-eve--reflections--Conclusion.
+
+    "_But now Christ is risen from the dead, the first-fruits of
+    them that sleep_". 1 Cor. XV, 20.
+
+[Sidenote: Service of Easter-eve.]
+
+I remarked in the last chapter, that anciently mass was not said
+either on good-friday, or holy-saturday, and I quoted Pope Innocent I,
+who assigns as a reason the example of the Apostles, who spent those
+days in mourning for their Master. It was formerly customary to
+celebrate mass on the night of Easter-eve or holy Saturday. Hence when
+Tertullian, the oldest Latin Christian writer, endeavoured to dissuade
+his wife from ever marrying a pagan, in case of his own death, among
+other arguments he used the following; "Who will tranquilly wait for
+you, when you are spending the night at the paschal solemnities?"
+S. Jerome also (in cap. 25 Matt.) says, that according to apostolic
+tradition, the people did not leave the church on Easter-eve before
+midnight. This custom continued for many ages; but Hugh of S. Victor
+in the twelfth century says, that in his time, in order to avoid
+weakness arising from long fasting, the hour anciently observed was
+anticipated. The service, which is now performed before noon on holy
+Saturday, was formerly assigned to the night of Easter-eve: and this
+anticipation accounts for the occasional mention of night, which
+it contains, as well as for the early celebration of Christ's
+resurrection.
+
+[Sidenote: Ceremonies of holy saturday.]
+
+The ceremonies of holy saturday-morning may be arranged under three
+heads: 1st. the blessing of the fire and of the paschal candle: 2nd.
+the preparation for, and ceremonies of, baptism: 3rd. the litany
+and mass. All three allude, as we shall see, to the resurrection of
+Christ, which is the great object of our devotion on this day. In Rome
+two sanctuaries are the great centres of attraction in the morning,
+viz. S. John Lateran's on account of the baptism of adults, and
+the Sixtine chapel, where the service is always beautiful, and
+particularly on this day. We shall first give an account of the
+ceremonies observed in the latter, and shall then describe the
+additional interesting rites of S. John Lateran's.
+
+[Sidenote: Sixtine chapel: 1. Blessing of fire and incense.]
+
+1. As the missal prescribes, the altar is covered at a convenient
+hour, and the candles of the altar are not lighted till the beginning
+of the mass. A light, from which the charcoal for the incense is
+enkindled, is struck from a flint in the sacristy; where also _M.
+Sagrista_ privately blesses water. The cardinals enter the Sixtine
+chapel vested in their purple _cappe_: the maces are reversed, as on
+friday. Meantime in the sacristy the Card. Celebrant wearing a purple
+cope and mitre, and assisted by the sacred ministers, blesses (as
+usually with holy water and incense) the fire and the five grains of
+incense, which are to be fixed in the paschal candle[111].
+
+[Sidenote: Procession: Paschal candle.]
+
+The Cardinal afterwards changes his cope for a chasuble, which is
+purple as well as that of the subdeacon; but the deacon, as he is
+going to bless the Paschal candle[112], wears a white dalmatic. They
+then enter the Sixtine chapel; where, having put incense into the
+thurible, the Cardinal remains: but the deacon, the subdeacon who
+carries the cross, and the other ministers go to the Pauline chapel,
+whence a procession returns in the following order. After two mace
+bearers comes an acolythe with the five grains of incense, and another
+with the thurible; then the subdeacon carrying the cross; and the
+deacon with a reed, at the top of which are 3 candles united together.
+At his left hand is a Master of ceremonies with a small candle lighted
+from the blessed fire, and he is followed by two other acolythes.
+When the deacon arrives near the door of the _cancellata_, one of the
+three candles is lighted, and all genuflect, except the subdeacon: the
+deacon then sings, _Lumen Christi_, the light of Christ, and the choir
+answers, Thanks be to God. The other two candles are lighted in turn,
+as the Deacon approaches nearer to the altar; singing the same words
+each time, but gradually in a higher tone. He then gives the reed
+to an acolythe; and before he sings the _exultet_ or blessing of the
+Paschal candle, he receives the benediction of the Card. Celebrant,
+who once more puts incense into the thurible.
+
+[Sidenote: Deacon sings the _Exultet_:]
+
+[Sidenote: triple candle]
+
+The deacon[113] goes to the book, and has the subdeacon on his right
+hand, and on his left the thurifer and two acolythes, one of whom
+holds the reed, and the other the plate containing the five grains of
+incense. All stand, as at the gospel: he incenses the book, and then
+sings the _Exultet_[114]. After the words _curvat imperia_, he fixes
+in the candle the five grains of incense in the form of a cross[115].
+At the words "_ignis accendit_" he lights the paschal candle with one
+of the _three_ lights[116]. When the blessing, as it is called, is
+ended, the paschal candle is left lighted near the pulpit and the
+seats of the Card. deacons, and the triple candle is placed near the
+altar on the gospel-side[117]. The deacon then takes off his white
+vestments, puts on others of a purple colour, and joins the Card,
+celebrant, who accompanied by the ministers takes his seat on
+_Faldistorio_ near the altar on the epistle-side, to hear the
+prophecies recited.
+
+[Sidenote: 2. Baptism administered.]
+
+[Sidenote: communion of children.]
+
+2. The administration of the Sacrament of Baptism forms an important
+feature in the ceremonies of this day: indeed anciently it was
+customary to confer it only on holy-saturday, and the eve of
+Whit-sunday, except in case of necessity[118]. On these two days those
+Catechumens who were sufficiently instructed, and also children, used
+to be baptised[119] by the bishop, and by the bishop of Rome as well
+as others[120]; and after they had been baptised, they all received
+Confirmation and the holy Eucharist[121].
+
+[Sidenote: Prophecies.]
+
+The twelve lessons or prophecies read on this day were intended for
+the instruction of the catechumens; and they are well selected for
+that purpose, as they contain an account of the creating, the flood,
+the obedience of Abraham, the deliverance of God's people from their
+enemies at the red sea, the precept concerning the paschal lamb,
+the conversion of Ninive, the refusal of the three children to adore
+Nabuchodonosor's statue, etc. they are twelve in the ancient Gelasian
+Ordo. They are sung in the Sixtine chapel by members of the papal
+choir, and are read by the Card. celebrant. After each prophecy the
+Cardinal standing up sings a prayer: the deacon chants _Flectamus
+genua_ and the subdeacon _Levate_ before each, except the last, when
+the knee is not bent, in order to shew abhorence of the idolatry
+exacted by Nabuchodonosor for his statue. After the 4th, 8th, and 11th
+prophecies an appropriate Tract is sung by the choir. Formerly some or
+all of these prophecies were said in Greek as well as in Latin. (See
+Cancellieri, _Funz. d. Set. S._ § 4, Martene T. 3. p. 148.). These
+lesson are recited even where there is no baptismal font, as at the
+Sixtine chapel. After them follow in S. John Lateran's and other
+churches the blessing of the font, and in some of them administration
+of baptism.
+
+[Sidenote: 3. The litany: invocation of Saints.]
+
+[Sidenote: Change from mourning to rejoicing.]
+
+3. In the papal chapel, immediately after the prophecies, the
+Celebrant takes off his chasuble, and prostrates himself with the
+sacred ministers before the altar; all the others also kneel, and
+two tenor voices from the choir chant in the middle of the chapel the
+greater litanies, called those of the saints, each petition of which
+is repeated in the same words by the choir[122]. Before the verse
+"_Peccatores te rogamus audi nos_" the assistant priest and ministers
+go to the sacristy, and put on white vestments. Then returning to the
+chapel they assist the Card. Celebrant to put on his white vestments
+at his _faldistorio_. The candles are now lighted (at the _Agnus Dei_
+of the litany, as the Sacramentary of S. Gregory and the Ordo Romanus
+prescribe); the purple veil which covered the throne and the purple
+_paliotto_ or facing of the altar are removed; and both appear decked
+in white. The Cardinals assisted by theirs _caudatarii_ take off
+their purple _cappe_, and put on others of scarlet brought in by their
+respective _camerieri_. The reason of this sudden change from mourning
+to rejoicing we have already seen: the celebration of Christ's
+resurrection from the dead is celebrated by anticipation.
+
+[Sidenote: High mass.]
+
+At the end of the litanies, the Pope (if His Holiness were not present
+at the preceding ceremonies) enters the chapel, wearing a white
+cope and a mitre; at the foot of the altar he repeals as usual the
+beginning of the mass with the Card. Celebrant at His left hand: in
+the meantime the choir sings solemnly the _Kyrie eleison_ etc. (as
+there is no _Introit_ of the Mass, because the people were assembled
+in the church previously): the Pope goes to His throne, and receives
+the usual _ubbidienza_; and the other customary ceremonies of high
+mass in the papal chapel take place (see p. 19 and foll.) with such
+exceptions as we shall now mention. As soon as the Celebrant commences
+the _Gloria in excelsis_, the veil is removed from the tapestry over
+the altar; which represents Christ rising from the dead[123], the
+cannons of S. Angelo are discharged, the arms are no longer reversed
+and the bells of the city are tolled, to announce to its faithful
+inhabitants the resurrection of their Divine Lord.
+
+[Sidenote: Alleluja.]
+
+After the epistle, sung as usual by the subdeacon, another subdeacon
+(_Uditore di Rota_) wearing a white _tonacella_ or tunic announces
+at the foot of the throne the joyful tidings to His Holiness[124] by
+chanting aloud; "_Pater sancte, annuntio vobis gaudium magnum, quod
+est, Alleluja_": having then kissed the Pope's foot he returns into
+the sacristy. This word of joy[125] _Alleluja_, (praise God) which
+had not been once uttered during the long season of mourning which
+preceded this solemnity, is now sung thrice by the Celebrant,
+gradually raising his voice to a higher tone. The choir reechoes it
+each time, singing it in _contrapunto_, and then chants the verse
+_Confitemini_, and the tract, which is ordinarily recited in
+penitential times. Throughout the mass the joy of the church is
+incomplete; for though Christ has risen from the dead, He has not
+yet appeared to His disciples, and the light of faith is still
+overclouded, as Alcuin remarks: hence lights are not carried at the
+gospel; the Creed, offertory, motetto and _Agnus_ _Dei_ are omitted,
+and the kiss of peace is not given[126]. Merati adds to the cause
+already assigned the wish to abridge service; particularly on account
+of the newly-baptised children, who communicated at this mass; and the
+unusual shortness of the Vespers confirms this opinion.
+
+[Sidenote: End of the mass.]
+
+After the Celebrant has communicated, Vespers are sung by the choir,
+in place of the _communion_ and postcommunion. They consist of the
+anthem _Alleluja_ repeated three times before and after the short
+psalm _Laudate Dominion omnes gentes_ etc.; of the anthem _Vesper
+autem sabbati_, which the Celebrant commences and the choir continues;
+of the _Magnificat_[127] and in fine of the prayer which is chanted
+by the Card. Celebrant. While the anthem before the _Magnificat_ is
+sung, the Pope puts incense into the thurible; the celebrant incenses
+the crucifix and the altar, and is incensed by the deacon, and the
+incensing continues as after the offertory at high-mass (See p. 21) At
+the _Gloria Patri_ the deacon, having incensed the Card, priests, bows
+his head in the middle of the chapel, and then proceeds to incense the
+Card, deacons. After the prayer; _Ite Missa est, Alleluja, Alleluja_,
+is sung; and the choir answers, _Deo gratias Alleluja, Alleluja_: the
+Pope gives the usual blessing, the Celebrant publishes the indulgence
+of thirty years and this beautiful service terminates. In the sacristy
+His Holiness puts on a _mozzetta_ of white (instead of red) damask,
+and wears it during the whole of Easter week: His shoes also are
+white. The Cardinals put on red _mantellette_ and _mozzette_ over
+their purple cassocks; these they afterwards change for others of
+scarlet.
+
+[Sidenote: Mass of Pope Marcellus.]
+
+The mass sung on this day is that of Pierluigi da Palestrina, called
+the mass of Pope Marcellus; not because it was composed during his
+pontificate; but because, according to Baini, Pierluigi had intended
+to dedicate a work to that Pope, to whom he was grateful and attached,
+but was disappointed by His Holiness' premature death; and therefore
+he persuaded Card. Vitellozzi to give it that name in honour of
+his former patron. This is the celebrated mass, which rescued
+ecclesiastical music from the dangers which surrounded it in the
+Pontificate of Pius IV (as we have related in The Papal Chapel, Rome,
+1839), and not of Marcellus II, as Baini has proved. It is said, that
+when it was first sung in the papal chapel, the Card. dean Francesco
+Pisani was so enraptured with it, that he exclaimed with Dante,
+Paradise, Canto X.
+
+  _Render è questo voce à voce in tempra_
+  _Ed in dolcezza, ch' esser non può nota_
+  _Se non colà dove il gioir s'insempra._
+
+to whom, with all the readiness of the bucolic shepherds, whom this
+classic soil even now produces, Card. Sorbelloni, the Pope's cousin,
+replied:
+
+  _Risponda dunque; O beata sorte!_
+  _Risponda alla divina cantilena_
+  _Da tutte parti la beata Corte,_
+  _Si ch' ogni vista ne sia pià serena._
+
+Baini Mem. Stor. T. 1.
+
+[Sidenote: Ceremonies at S. John Lateran's.]
+
+The ceremonies of holy-week are performed at S. John Lateran's[128]
+by the chapter of that protobasilica, and resemble for the most part
+those which we have already described. On holy-saturday however, in
+addition to the rites before mentioned, the font of the baptistery is
+blessed by the Card. Vicar, baptism is solemnly administered there to
+adults, the newly-baptised are confirmed in the church, ordination is
+conferred during mass upon candidates, for the priesthood. We shall
+treat briefly of these various ceremonies.
+
+[Sidenote: Blessing of the fonti: baptistery.]
+
+After the twelve prophecies have been recited, the Card. Vicar, (as
+the representative of the Bishop of Rome) wearing a purple cope and
+a mitre, goes in procession from the tribune of the basilica to the
+baptistery[129]. He is preceded by acolythes bearing the paschal
+candle[130], and the cross and usual lights, as well as by the
+candidates for baptism and orders, and the chapter of the basilica.
+In the mean time the beautiful tract, As the stag thirsts for the
+fountains of water, etc. is sung[131]. His Em. then chants the prayers
+appointed for the benediction of the font; he divides the water with
+his hand in the form of a cross, exorcises it, touches it, signs it
+three times with the sign of our redemption, and pours some of it
+towards the four parts of the world, in allusion to the command of
+Christ: "_Go teach all nations, baptising them_" (Matt. XXVIII). He
+then dips the paschal candle three times into the water, singing, and
+each time raising his voice to a higher pitch than before: "May the
+power of the Holy Ghost descend upon the fulness of this font"; as
+when He descended, says Gavant, "in the form of a dove at the baptism
+of Christ represented by this candle plunged into the water". Then
+breathing three times on the water nearly in the form of a cross "that
+he may unite the Trinity with the cross" (as the same author observes)
+he continues the chant, and raises the candle from the water,
+alluding in the prayer to "the effect of baptism, which confers grace,
+_raising_ the soul from sin to glory". (Gavant). The blessed water
+is then sprinkled upon the people, and some of it is reserved to be
+sprinkled in houses, etc. In order to sanctify the water still
+more, the Cardinal now pours into it, in the form of a cross, oil of
+catechumens and chrism; and mixes them with the water of the font,
+in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. This last ceremony
+is intended to signify, according to mystical interpreters, such as
+Amalarius, Honorius, Durandus, etc. "the union of Christ by baptism
+with the members of the church" (Gavant). The prayers of this
+benediction, most of which are sung in the tone of the _preface_ at
+ferial mass, contain beautiful allusions to the mention of water in
+the Old and New Testaments, as for instance: "O God, whose Spirit at
+the very beginning of the world was borne upon the waters, that the
+nature of water might even then conceive the power of sanctification;
+O God, who washing with waters the crimes of a guilty world, didst
+sign the figure of regeneration in the very out-pouring of the deluge;
+may this font receive of the Holy Ghost the grace of thy only begotten
+Son"[132].
+
+[Sidenote: Baptism of adults.]
+
+The Cæremoniale Episcoporum prescribes that infants, except in danger
+of death, should not be baptised during the eight preceding days, that
+they may be reserved for holy-Saturday. The beginning of the baptismal
+service and the exorcisms are performed privately in the sacristy
+by the parish-priest, while the prophecies are read in church[133].
+After the font has been blessed, the catechumens wearing a long white
+dress, and accompanied by their respective godfathers and godmothers,
+approach the font, and in turn ascend. In answer to the questions of
+the Cardinal (who is now vested in a white, and not a purple, cope,)
+having renounced Satan and all his works and pomps, they profess
+their belief in the articles of Christian faith, and their desire of
+baptism[134]: then assisted by their sponsors they are baptised by
+infusion in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost; they are
+anointed with chrism, receive a white garment, with a charge to bear
+it unspotted before the tribunal of Christ, and in fine a lighted
+taper, that "when the Lord shall come to the nuptials, they may meet
+him in the heavenly court unto life everlasting".
+
+[Sidenote: Litanies and confirmation.]
+
+The litanies are sung, while the procession returns to the church,
+where the newly-baptised are confirmed in a side-chapel, and exhorted
+to perseverance in virtue, by the Cardinal[135]; the litanies are
+then continued, but cease while all kneeling venerate the heads of
+SS. Peter and Paul shewn from above the high altar; the procession
+afterwards returns to the tribune, where the mass of the day is sung,
+and orders are conferred by the Cardinal-Vicar.
+
+[Sidenote: Mass and ordination.]
+
+The orders of priests and deacons are often mentioned in the N.
+Testament: and the church, as S. Thomas observes, instituted the
+inferior orders. Subdeacons are mentioned by Pope Cornelius and S.
+Cyprian in the 3rd century, as well as acolythes, exorcists, and
+lectors. S. Augustine and S. Gregory Nazianzen speak of _ostiarii_;
+and the clerical tonsure is mentioned by S. Isidore at the beginning
+of the 5th century, as a rite established before his time. Orders
+are conferred by the laying on of hands and prayer, as the scripture
+teaches, and also by the delivery of the instruments belonging to each
+order: appropriate exhortations addressed to the candidates for the
+different orders are interspersed with the prayers prescribed in the
+pontifical. (On their antiquity the reader may consult Morinus de
+Ordinationibus, Martene de Antiquis Eccl. Ritibus, T. 2. etc.) The
+tonsure is given after the _Kyrie eleison_ of the mass, the 4 minor
+orders after the _Gloria in excelsis_; subdeacons are ordained before
+the epistle, which one of them repeats; deacons after the epistle
+and finally priests after the first part of the tract. These last,
+after the imposition of hands, receive their peculiar vestments,
+viz. the stole hanging down in front, and the chasuble: their hands
+are anointed with oil of catechumens, and they receive a chalice
+containing wine and water, a paten with a host, and power to say
+mass. (Luke XXII, 19). After offerings of candle have been made to the
+ordaining Bishop, the new priests join him in saying mass[136]: and
+after the newly-ordained and baptised have communicated, the priests
+profess their faith by reciting the apostles' creed; they receive
+power to forgive and retain sins (John XX, 22, 23), they promise
+reverence and obedience to their ecclesiastical superior, and receive
+the bishops blessing, who then directs that masses and prayers be
+said by those whom he has ordained, and recommends himself to their
+prayers. In other respects the mass is similar to that of the Papal
+chapel[137]. Morcelli in his calendar in summing up the ceremonies
+of this day, having mentioned the station at S. John Lateran's, the
+baptism of Jews and Turks, and mass in the papal chapel, says that
+at the _Gloria, tonitrus tormentorum ab Arce fiunt, Æra templorum ac
+Turium sonant._
+
+[Sidenote: Armenian Catholics:]
+
+Having spoken of the ceremonies of the Vatican and S. John Lateran's,
+we might consider our task as completed[138]. Yet one more _funzione_
+attracts our countrymen on this day; and we are therefore unwilling to
+bid them farewell, before it is ended. Come then to S. Biagio or to S.
+Gregorio Illuminatore, to assist at the Armenian mass; and on the
+road we may talk of the venerable and amiable Fathers who perform that
+solemn service, and of the nature of their liturgy.
+
+SS. Bartholomew and Thaddaeus were the first apostles of Armenia:
+but it was not till the beginning of the 4th century, that the whole
+country became Christian in consequence of the divine blessing, which
+attended the zealous exertions of S. Gregory surnamed the Illuminator.
+In the 6th century great numbers of the Armenians were infected with
+the heresy of Eutyches, who denied that there were two natures in
+Christ: and to this error they afterwards added some others. In the
+pontificate of John XXII, about the year 328, a zealous Dominican
+bishop, called Bartholomew of Bologna, went as a missionary among
+them; and many of the Eutychians or Monophysites returned to the bosom
+of the Catholic church. In the 16th century the Catholics were so
+furiously persecuted by Zachary, a schismatical patriarch, that they
+fled and took refuge in other countries. They have at present two
+establishments at Rome, one of the Antonian monks at the church of
+S. Gregory Illuminator, behind the colonnade of S. Peter's; and a
+national _ospizio_ at S. Biagio in strada Giulia.
+
+[Sidenote: their liturgy.]
+
+"The Armenians," says Palmer "have only one liturgy, which is written
+in the ancient Armenian language, and has been used by them from time
+immemorial. The whole groundwork and order of the Armenian liturgy
+coincides with the Cæsarean, as used in the time of Basil. This
+liturgy has, like most others, received many additions in the course
+of ages. There are several prayers extracted from the liturgy of
+Chrysostom, and actually ascribed to him" Vol. 1, Liturgy of Armenia.
+"The liturgy of Basil can be traced with tolerable certainty to the
+4th century. Striking as are some of the features, in which it differs
+from that of Antioch, it is nevertheless evidently a superstructure
+raised on that basis: the composition of both is the same, i.e. the
+parts, which they have in common, follow in the same order. The same
+may be said of the Constantinopolitan liturgy, commonly attributed to
+S. Chrysostom, of that of the Armenian church, and of the florid and
+verbose composition in use among the Nestorians of Mesopotamia. So
+that the liturgy of Antioch, commonly attributed to S. James, appears
+to be the basis of all the oriental liturgies". Tracts for the Times,
+N. 63. The author then proceeds to state the grounds of the belief
+that the liturgies of Antioch, Alexandria, Rome and Gaul were of
+Apostolic origin; concluding thus "It may perhaps be said without
+exaggeration, that next to the holy scriptures they possess the
+greatest claims on our veneration and study". Padre Avedichian
+observes in his preface to the Armenian liturgy, that it was probably
+compiled by John _Mandagunense_, an Armenian patriarch of the fifth
+century.
+
+[Sidenote: Armenian high-mass.]
+
+We shall now give a brief account of their high mass, which we do the
+more readily, because Mr. Palmer represents it in a very mutilated
+form. The celebrant, whether priest or bishop, is vested in the
+sacristy: the vestments bear some resemblance to those of the Greeks.
+The beginning of the mass is the only part probably taken from the
+Roman liturgy, but it contains an invocation of the B. Virgin and of
+the saint of the day. When the celebrant goes up to the altar, the
+veil is drawn: he uncovers the chalice, blesses the host, which is
+like ours of unleavened bread; pours wine and water into the chalice,
+and recites the beautiful prayer of S. John Chrysostom: "O Lord our
+God, who hast sent our Lord Jesus Christ the celestial bread, the
+nourishment of the whole world; do thou bless this proposition etc."
+The veil is then drawn back, and the offerings, the altar, and the
+people are incensed. The Celebrant recites the prayer of the festival,
+followed by other prayers composed by S. John Chrysostom: the
+Trisagion is sung, and the gospel is carried in procession, and is
+kissed by one of the congregation. Then follow the epistle, gospel,
+and creed. After two prayers, and two benedictions imparted to the
+people; the offerings are carried in procession to the altar, the
+celebrant offers them up to God, and prays that Jesus Christ will make
+him worthy to consecrate, and receive his "holy and immaculate body
+and precious blood; for thou, O Christ our God, art he who offers
+and is offered". After he has washed his hands, he says "O Lord God
+of armies, let this victim become "the true body and blood of thy
+only begotten Son". He then blesses the people, says prayers which
+correspond to our preface and _Sanctus_, and pronounces the words of
+consecration. After he has said other prayers, and made the sign of
+the cross several times over the host and chalice, he invokes the holy
+Ghost, begging also that the body and blood of Christ may produce "the
+salvation of our souls and the remission of our sins". He then prays,
+through the merits of the holy sacrifice, for the whole world, the
+church and state, all conditions of men and for all the faithful
+departed: he invokes the intercession of the B. Virgin and all the
+Saints: he prays for the Pope and all present; and after other similar
+supplications, he says the _Pater noster_. The elevation takes place
+at this part of the mass, and also the blessing of the people with
+the consecrated host and chalice, accompanied by appropriate prayers.
+After the curtains have been drawn, the priest breaks the host, and
+puts a particle of it into the chalice: he then receives communion,
+blesses the people with the chalice and particle, and distributes
+communion; before its distribution the curtains are drawn back. When
+the ablutions and prayers after the celebrant's communion are ended,
+turning towards the people, he recites a prayer of S. John Chrisostom,
+which is followed by the last gospel. Then invoking the holy cross he
+blesses the people, who unite in praising God. He finally blesses them
+again, and distributes blessed bread (not consecrated) among them. At
+S. Gregorio Illuminatore Vespers are added and said _in circolo_: the
+clergy carry tapers; and the gospel is held up by the Celebrant to
+implore blessings on the people.
+
+[Sidenote: Reflections.]
+
+These ceremonies may appear singular to us, who are of a different
+clime and different customs; their music in particular is little in
+accordance with our taste, or notions of melody and harmony. Yet the
+remark of Montfaucon (Diario Italico) "æra Dodonæa dixisses", alluding
+to the brass kettles of the oracle (Potter Arch. Graec. B. 2, § 8)
+is an exaggeration. Their _flabelli_ are of metal, of a round form,
+surrounded with little bells, which are sounded at the seraphic hymn,
+to express, if we might believe Cancellieri, "by the trembling of the
+hands, that of the blessed spirits, who assist at the throne of the
+Divine Majesty with fear and trembling". (Tre Pontific. Not. VI).
+Their mass is anticipated, but not at so early an hour as that of
+the Latin. (Even in the Latin church, permissions to say mass in
+the afternoon of this day have been granted by some Popes; they may
+be seen in Cancellieri. _Funz. d. Sett. S. p_. 183, 184). Amid the
+numerous differences between their rite and our own, the attentive
+spectator will not fail to remark the similarity of the substance and
+order of their liturgy, and of that of the Roman church; although,
+with the solitary exception of the beginning of the mass, both have
+existed independently of one another during the last 1400 years. This
+is a powerful argument in favour of the great antiquity, nay of the
+apostolic origin of their most important ceremonies, which may be
+traced through different channels to the _primitive_ liturgies of Rome
+and Antioch. It is also one of those striking illustrations, which
+Rome presents, of the unity and catholicity of the church; and at
+the same time of the adaptation of her immutable doctrines and sacred
+practices to the feelings and customs of widely-separated nations who,
+having little in common but human nature, yet all acknowledge "one
+Lord, one faith, and one baptism". (Ephes. IV. 5); and all belong to
+"one fold and one shepherd". John X, 16.
+
+[Sidenote: Conclusion.]
+
+Having now considered in detail the various ceremonies of Holy Week
+at Rome, a philosophic mind will take a general review of them: and
+this question will very naturally suggest itself: What judgment
+ought I to form concerning them? am I to consider them as mummery, or
+superstition, or idolatry, as many most confidently pronounce, who
+are unacquainted with their nature, their origin, and their meaning;
+and at the same time are little accustomed from early infancy to
+any language or gesticulations save those of the tongue? or am I not
+rather to regard them as a solemn, and sacred, and pathetic, and most
+ancient expression of Christian faith and Christian feeling; which,
+united as it is with the noblest productions of divine inspiration and
+of Christian art may haply not only instruct and elevate the mind, but
+also enkindle in the soul flames of that pure and practical devotion,
+which this holy season demands from every follower of Christ? Let the
+reader decide for himself; but for our part, we envy not the mind
+or heart of him, who can prefer the former of these views. We shall
+ever bless God, that we have learnt in another school not to condemn
+the customs and manners of other countries and other people, merely
+because they differ from our own; and that we are disposed to
+attribute to signs the meaning attached to them by those who adopt
+them, and not that of our own fancies. Men of warmer climates than our
+own convey to others their sentiments and feelings by action as easily
+as by the tongue. Italians, as well as Greeks and Orientals, have
+inherited from their fathers a language of gesture more powerful and
+expressive than that of words. The Hebrew prophets, Isaiah, Ezechiel,
+and others, nay Christ himself, spoke by action as well by the tongue.
+God appointed in the old law innumerable ceremonies: Christ in the new
+law of spirit and truth instituted sacred rites, or sanctified those
+which previously existed: the early church imitated His blessed
+example: and they have been faithfully preserved as a precious
+inheritance till the present time. The very objection, that some of
+them were borrowed from Jews or Pagans, is a proof of their primitive
+antiquity: Christ or the church removed from them all profaneness or
+superstition, and then adopted and sanctified them. (See Wiseman's
+Letters to Poynder). If all parties unite in approbation of the
+illumination of the cupola of S. Peter's, and of the fireworks of S.
+Angelo, considered as outward demonstrations of the exultation of the
+church at the resurrection of her Divine Spouse; we shall ever admire
+also the expressions of christian feeling exhibited in the interior
+of her temples, whether they consist in ceremonies or words; and on
+this day emulating the transports of joy of the fervent and eloquent
+pilgrim to Jerusalem and Mount Sinai, when shall unite our voices with
+those of the angelic spirits in singing, _Alleluja_; "because Jesus
+Christ, our Lord, who was delivered up for our sins, rose again for
+our justification". Rome. IV, 24, 25.[139]
+
+[Footnote 111: Anciently in some churches, as Thomassin has shewn (de
+dierum Festorum celebratione lib. 2. c. 14), fire used to be struck
+from a flint to light the church-lamps etc. every day and particularly
+on Saturday, and the new fire was blessed; on holy Saturday however
+this ceremony was performed with great solemnity; and in the 11th
+century it was restricted to that day alone. At Rome in holy week
+this practice was not originally confined to holy Saturday, but was
+observed on the three days before caster: for the first _Ordo Romanus_
+directs, that on holy _thursday_ fire should be struck from a flint
+outside the church, and blessed. Amalarius also (4e Ordine Antiph.)
+testifies that on good _friday_ "new fire was enkindled and reserved
+till the nocturnal office". Leo IV however (A.D. 847) appears to have
+first ordered that on Easter Eve "the old fire should be put out, and
+new fire blessed and distributed among the people" (Homil. de cura
+Pastorali). For Pope Zachary, about the year 731. in answer to
+the enquiries of Boniface, bishop of Mayence, states that "on holy
+thursday, when the sacred chrism is consecrated, three lamps of a
+large size filled with oil collected from the different lamps of the
+church, and placed in a secret part of the said church, should burn
+there constantly, so that the oil may suffice till the third day,
+that is saturday. Then let the fire of the lamps which is used for the
+sacred font be renewed. But concerning the fire taken _ex cristallis_,
+as you have asserted, we have no tradition". Pouget (Inst. Cathol. l.
+1) observes that the new fire is blessed with great solemnity on this
+day, "because the fire struck from a flint appears to be a type of
+Christ arising from the dead". Formerly not only the lights of the
+church, but all the fires of the city were enkindled from the blessed
+fire (as we learn from a MS. Sancti Victoris (ap. Martene, De ant.
+Eccl. Ritibus lib. IV, c. XXIV). "After the _Ite Missa est_" says
+the Ordinarium of Luke archbishop of Cosenza "the bishop gives his
+blessing, and immediately the deacon commands the people, saying
+"Receive the new fire from the holy candle, and having put out the
+old, light it in your houses in the name of Christ; then rejoicing
+they depart with the light". This custom is mentioned also in Leo
+IVth's homily above quoted.]
+
+[Footnote 112: As for the Paschal candle, Anastasius says that
+Zosimus, who was elected pope in 417, gave leave that candles should
+be blessed in the churches. Bened. XIV, Merati and Gretser understand
+by these words, that that Pontiff only extended to the parish churches
+a custom already practised in the greater churches: however this may
+be, the blessing of this candle is at least as old as the time of Pope
+Zosimus. It is inserted in the ancient sacramentary of Pope Gelasius
+(A.D. 495). S. Augustine (lib. 15 de Civ. Dei) mentions some verses
+written by himself in praise of the paschal candle. S. Jerome also
+speaks of it in his epistles; and Ennodius bishop of Pavia in
+519 wrote two formulas, according to which it might be blessed.
+Cancellieri, at the end of his _Funzioni della Settimana Santa_,
+describes two blessings of the paschal candle contained in manuscripts
+of the 12th century. Du Vert as usual rejects every mystical meaning
+of the candle: but why then should it be lighted on this night, and
+not on christmas and other nights? The 4th Council of Toledo, held in
+633, states that the paschal candle is blessed, in order that we may
+receive the mystery of Christ's resurrection; and hence the abbot
+Rupert says, that the candle when lighted represents Christ's
+resurrection from the dead. That such is its meaning appears from the
+five holes made in it in the form of a cross, to represent the five
+wounds of Christ: in them the five grains of incense are fixed by the
+Deacon, in order to represent, according to Rupert, the spices applied
+to Christ's body by Joseph of Arimathea. In confirmation of this
+explanation, we may observe that this candle is not removed from the
+church till the gospel has been sung on Ascension-day when Christ
+departed from among men: and it is lighted at solemn mass before the
+_gospel_ and at vespers before the _Magnificat_ on the Sundays and
+holidays which occur between holy saturday and the ascension. To the
+same symbolical meaning of this candle we must attribute the ancient
+custom of affixing to it (as a symbol of Christ) a tablet on which
+the current year of our Lord and its indiction were marked: sometimes
+these, if not other chronological dates, were inscribed on the candle
+itself by the deacon, before he sang the _Exultet_, as Ven. Bede
+testifies, The same idea was preserved in the practice of forming the
+_Agnus Dei_ with the wax of the paschal candle. "On this day" (holy
+saturday) says Durandus "the acolythes of the Roman church make
+_lambs_ of newly blessed wax, or of the _wax of the paschal candle_
+of the preceding year mixed with chrism: on Saturday in Albis they
+are distributed by the Lord Pope to the people in the churches".
+Amalarius likewise mentions this custom. It appears also from the
+two benedictions of Ennodius mentioned above, that the faithful used
+particles of the pascal candle as a preservative against storms: the
+good effects hoped for in this and similar cases are attributed to the
+prayers of the church, which God in His goodness has promised to hear.
+The paschal candle is painted according to an ancient custom.
+
+  "Ast alii _pictis_ accendant lumina _ceris_".
+
+S. Paulinus Nat. VI. S Felicis
+
+Pierin del Vaga, whom Vasari considered as the most distinguished
+of Raffaello's assistants, was originally nothing more than a
+candlepainter. His creation of Eve at S. Marcello at Rome, and
+his frescoes in the Doria place at Genoa, are well-known; at the
+Vatican he assisted Giovanni d'Udine in his arabesques, Polidoro in
+his antique chiaroscuri, and executed some of the most beautiful
+historical paintings of the loggie di Raffaello. Hence may we judge of
+the versatility of his talents.]
+
+[Footnote 113: Why does a deacon perform this ceremony? since other
+benedictions are reserved to bishops and priests. Rupert assigns as a
+reason, that Christ's body was wrapped in spices by his disciples, and
+not by the apostles whose successors are bishops and priests: besides,
+the hymn sung by the deacon is the præconium Paschale, or announcement
+of the Resurrection, which was first made by inferiors to their
+superiors, by the women to the apostles. We may add that both the fire
+and the 5 grains of incense are previously blessed by the priest, and
+in the præconium itself there is not any form of blessing, strictly
+speaking. In the church of Ravenna however the bishop used to
+bless this candle (S. Gregory ep. 28, lib. 9). In the Roman church,
+according to cardinal Gaetani, the last of the Cardinal priests
+usually blessed the fire, and the last Card. deacon lighted the _lumen
+Christi_, or triple candle, and the Paschal candle. The deacon used
+to bless the latter either at the steps of the presbytery, or from the
+ambo; and hence we find a marble column, intended to support it, fixed
+to the ambo in S. Clement's S. Laurence's, and S. Pancras' churches
+at Rome. See another marble column destined for the same use ap.
+Ciampini, Vet. mon. cap. 2.]
+
+[Footnote 114: Martene (De antiquis Eccl. rit. lib. 4, c. 24)
+maintains that this hymn was composed by S. Augustine, and this
+opinion is adopted also by Baillet and Benedict XIV, and confirmed by
+a MS. pontifical of the church of Pavia of the 9th century, and other
+documents cited by Martene, ibid: it was corrected by S. Jerome, if
+we may believe an ancient Pontifical of Poitiers (quoted ibid.) The
+_chant_ of this beautiful hymn is very ancient. "I have seen," says
+Baini "in many manuscripts both anterior and posterior to the 11th
+century the melodies of the preface, of the _Pater noster_, of the
+_Exultet_, and of the _Gloria_ precisely such as the modern" (T. 2,
+p. 92). In a splendid roll of the Minerva (signed D. 1. 2) of the 9th
+century, are contained the _Exultet_, the solemn benediction of the
+baptismal font, and the administration of all the ecclesiastical
+orders. Nor is this the only roll containing the chant precisely
+similar to the modern. D'Agincourt left another to the Vatican
+library. See also MS. no. 333 of the Barberini library, of the year
+1503.]
+
+[Footnote 115: Prudentius speaks of the "guttas olentes" or
+odoriferous drops of the candle, and S. Paulinus of Nola of "odora
+lumina": hence P. Arevalo conjectures that the grains of incense were
+fixed in the paschal candle even at the time of Prudentius in the 4th
+century.]
+
+[Footnote 116: In churches, at the words _Apis mater eduxit_, the
+lamps also are lighted. With regard to the triple candle, we may
+observe that on an ancient marble column preserved in the Piazza
+before the cathedral of Capua is a bas-relief representing the
+lighting of the paschal candle by means of a reed surmounted by 3
+small candles, as the Canonico Natali testifies in a letter printed at
+Naples in 1776. The triple candle is mentioned in the Ordo Romanus
+of Card. Gaetano, in that of Amelius, and in a MS. Pontifical of the
+church of Apamea, ap. Martene. As Thomassin observes, "we light a
+candle divided into three in honour of the Trinity, considering that
+enlightened by Christ we know that recondite mystery". Gavant also
+gives the same explanation. In the Greek service the bishop gives
+his blessing, as often as he sings mass, with a triple candle. In the
+Latin church it is used only on holy Saturday.]
+
+[Footnote 117: See Appendix.]
+
+[Footnote 118: This custom is proved from the letter of Siricius
+Pope in the 4th century to Himmerius, from letters of S. Leo and
+Pope Gelasius, as well as other ancient documents (ap. Bened. XIV,
+Institut. prima ed lat.); and vestiges of it are preserved in the
+liturgy of the weeks of Easter and Pentecost. Ordinations were
+generally conferred before Christmas, as is evident from the lives of
+the early Popes. Baptism was administered before the great festivals
+of Easter and Pentecost, that the newly-baptised might be prepared to
+celebrate them worthily, and receive the graces therein commemorated.
+Perhaps another reason for selecting the eve of Easter may be found in
+the parallel drawn by S. Paul between baptism and Christ's death and
+resurrection (Rom. VI, 5 and foll.): "we who are baptised in Christ
+Jesus are baptised in his death. For we are buried together with him
+by baptism unto death: that as Christ is risen from the dead by the
+glory of the Father, so we also may walk in newness of life" etc.]
+
+[Footnote 119: See on such subjects Del Signore's Institut. Hist.
+Eccles. with notes by Prof. Tizzani Cap. V. § 19 seq.]
+
+[Footnote 120: See Comm. ad Ord. Rom. Mabillonii tom. 2, Mus. Ital. p.
+95.]
+
+[Footnote 121: According to the Ordo Romanus, children after baptism
+on this day were to take no food or milk before Communion "and on all
+days of Easter-week let them go to Mass, and let their parents offer
+for them, and let all communicate". As Cabassutius proves in his
+notitia Ecclesiastica sæculi primi, they used to receive the B.
+Sacrament under the form of wine alone. The bishop dipped his finger
+into the sacred blood, and then put it into the mouth of the child a
+practice observed in modern times in some parts of the East, according
+to the learned Maronite Abraham Ecchellensis; afterwards a little milk
+and honey was put into their mouths, as an emblem (according to John
+the deacon) of the promised land, to which they were called. This
+custom of giving communion to children was not of necessity for
+salvation, as Cardinal Noris proves in Vindiciis Augustinianis § 4,
+and the Council of Trent observes. In some places an abuse crept in
+of putting the milk and honey into the consecrated chalice, but it was
+prohibited by an African Council.]
+
+[Footnote 122: In the 4th century, S. Basil writing to the clergy of
+Neocesarea observes, that the litanies, which they then used, were
+introduced after the time of S. Gregory Thaumaturgus (Epist. 63). In
+Gaul about the year 452, S. Mamertus bishop of Vienne appointed solemn
+litanies to be recited on the three _rogation_ days. "At Rome," say
+Palmer, "no doubt litanies were in use at an early period, since we
+find that in the time of Gregory the great (A.D. 590), the appellation
+of litany had been so long given to processional supplications,
+that it was then familiarly applied to those persons who formed the
+procession". Vol. 1, p. 271. That holy Pontiff gave the following
+directions; "Let the litany of the clergy set out from the church of
+S. John the Baptist, the litany of the men from the church of the holy
+martyr Marcellus, the litany of the monks from the church of SS John
+and Paul: the litany of the handmaids of God from the church of the
+blessed martyrs Cosmas and Damian, the litany of the married women
+from the church of the blessed protomartyr Stephen; the litany of the
+widows from the church of the blessed martyr Vitalis, the litany of
+the poor and children from the church of the blessed martyr Cecilia".
+Vita S. Gregorii a Joanne Diacono, lib. 1, c. 42. That the litanies
+were recited on holy-saturday appears from several ancient _rites_
+quoted by Marlene (De Ant. Eccl. Ritibus, lib. 4, c. XXV, and lib. 1,
+c. I, art. 18). Palmer, wishing to defend the liturgy of the church
+of England, maintains the antiquity of litanies, but pretends that the
+invocations of saints were not originally contained in them, but were
+added to them in the west about the eighth century (vol. I, p. 289).
+From a passage in Walafridus Strabo he is led to admit that at _his_
+time (the ninth century) "these invocations must have been _for
+some time_ in use, and accordingly manuscript litanies containing
+invocations have been discovered by learned men, which appear from
+internal evidence to be as old as the eighth century". He attempts
+however by _negative_ arguments to shew, that these invocations
+are not more ancient than that period; although at the same time he
+confesses that "we have no _distinct account_ of the _nature_ of the
+service which was used on occasions of peculiar supplication during
+the earliest ages". p. 272. To his arguments we may oppose the
+_positive_ testimony of Walafridus Strabo, who says "The litany of the
+holy names is believed to have come into use after Jerome, following
+Eusebius of Cesarea, had composed the martyrology". A long time,
+about three centuries, elapsed before the _canon_ of the scriptures
+was determined; and it is not therefore surprising if the _canon_
+of saints, (if such it may be called), who died at considerable
+intervals, required some time for its formation. Invocations of the
+saints in ancient litanies may be seen ap. Martene (lib. 4f c. 27
+and lib. 1, c. 1, art. 18). One would conceive from Palmer's account
+of the Ambrosian litany that it did not contain invocations of
+the saints, p. 276; yet in the Ambrosian processional, to which he
+alludes, we read as follows "Afterwards they go to the altar, were the
+litanies are recited on bended knees, in reciting which the _names
+of the saints_ without _Intercede pro nobis_ are sung aloud by the
+provost and clergy of the first collegiate church; and by the other
+clergy with _Intercede pro nobis_ and this rite of singing the
+_litanies_ and antiphons is observed in every other stational church".
+ap. Martene lib. 4, c. 28. In the Ordo Romanus also De Benedictione
+Ecclesiæ these invocations are found. The question however concerning
+their antiquity _in the litanies_ is of minor importance. Even Palmer
+admits, that "Catholic fathers in the 4th century invoked the saints"
+p. 292, though he gravely assures his readers, that "they were too
+well instructed in the Christian faith to believe positively that the
+saints heard our prayers". He mentions the learned work of Serrarius
+called "Litaneutici seu de Litaniis etc." as an instance of the
+writings, in which "innumerable passages have been cited from ancient
+writers to prove, that the invocation of saints is more ancient than
+the eighth century. But most of those passages do not refer to the
+invocation of saints, but to prayers made to God for the intercession
+of saints". Palmer, vol. I, p. 278. We consider that there is little
+difference in principle between these two things: we shall however, to
+satisfy him, quote only one passage from an ancient Oriental liturgy.
+"Mother of our Lord Jesus Christ, pray for me to the only begotten
+Son, who was born of thee, that he may forgive me my offences and
+sins, and may receive from my feeble and sinful hands this sacrifice,
+which in my weakness I offer on this altar, through thy intercession
+for me, O holy Mother". (From the ancient liturgy used by the
+Nestorians called the liturgy of the holy apostles. Renaudot, t. II.
+See bishop Poynter's Christianity, Note E: and ancient inscriptions
+in Rock's Hierurgia, p. 347 and foll.) Though we have the _innumerable
+ancient_ passages above-mentioned in favour of the Catholic doctrine,
+yet shall we call Mr. Palmer's attention to the following passage of
+his own work. Speaking of secrecy, he says: "this primitive discipline
+is sufficient to account for the fact, that very few allusions to
+the liturgy or eucharistic service are found in the writings of the
+Fathers". I, p. 14. His fears of _heresy and blasphemy_ arising from
+the invocation of Saints may be calmed by the simple perusal of the
+doctrine of the church taught by the Council of Trent, sess. 25. "The
+holy synod commands all bishops and other teachers--_diligently to
+instruct the faithful, teaching them_ that the Saints reigning with
+Christ offer to God their prayers for men; that it is _good and
+useful_ to invoke them with supplication, and to have recourse to
+their prayers, help, and assistance, in order to obtain benefits _from
+God through his Son Jesus Christ our Lord, who alone is our Redeemer
+and Saviour_". Accordingly we say in the litany "Lord, have mercy on
+us: holy Mary _pray for us_" etc.]
+
+[Footnote 123: We shall say nothing of sculptured figures taken
+from the catacombs, such as the statues of the good shepherd and
+S. Hippolitus now in the Vatican, or the numerous bas reliefs on
+Christian sarcophagi (on which see Raoul-Rochette, Tableau des
+Catacombes, c. IV. Beschreibung der Stadt Rom. B. 2, in the
+description of the Christian Museum in the Vatican Library). On
+another class of Christian representations the reader may consult
+Buonarruoti's _Osservazioni sopra alcuni frammenti di vetro, ornati
+di figure_. We shall rather call the attention of the Christian
+antiquarian to the numerous frescoes painted in the chapels of the
+catacombs, and illustrated by Bosio, Bottari, d'Agincourt etc.,
+the latter of whom attributes some of them to the second century on
+account of the similarity of their style to that of frescoes in the
+tomb of the Nasones, which is situated on the Flaminian way at a short
+distance from Rome; his opinion is confirmed by the fact that some of
+them have been broken through, with the view of preparing a place of
+burial for the bodies of martyrs slain in _subsequent persecutions_.
+A list of their subjects which are _generally_ taken from the old and
+new Testaments may be seen in Raoul-Rochette (c. 3, p. 157 foll. ed.
+de Brusselles). Of these we may briefly notice in particular some of
+the representations of Christ, of the B. Virgin, of the apostles and
+martyrs. In them Christ sometimes appears as an infant on the lap
+of His holy mother, Who ever pure and modest is always veiled; and
+this lovely group is found not only on these paintings, but also on
+bas-reliefs and glass-vessels generally anterior to the 4th century,
+and consequently to the general council of Ephesus held in 431;
+although it is pretended that such figures were first designed after
+that period. (Instances are enumerated by Raoul-Rochette c. VI).
+Constantina, daughter of Constantine, whose tomb is still preserved
+at Rome, begged of Eusebius bishop of Cesarea a likeness of our Divine
+Saviour (Concil. Labbe. t. VII, 493 seq): we must have recourse to
+the catacombs for His most ancient portraits. See one resembling
+the ordinary type of His sacred head and taken from the cemetery of
+Calixtus, at the end of Raoul-Rochette's work. This type, repeated
+again and again on Christian monuments during the last sixteen hundred
+years or more, may suggest the hope that some traces of our Divine
+Saviour's features are still preserved among us, notwithstanding
+the diversity of His portraits, of which S. Augustine complained, De
+Triniti l. 8, c, 4 5. Raoul-Rochette's opinion, that this likeness and
+the portraits of the apostles were of Gnostic origin, is altogether
+unsupported, as the Belgian editors of his work justly observe. Christ
+is frequently represented also as seated amid His apostles, of whom
+SS. Peter and Paul were favourite subjects of the old artists: see
+Raoul-Rochette c. VI, where he mentions, after the older antiquaries,
+the ancient representations of S. Ciriaca, S Priscilla, SS. Stephen,
+Cyprian, Laurence, Agnes, and other martyrs. During Diocletian's
+persecution, the provincial council of Eliberis in Spain decreed, that
+there should be no paintings on the walls of churches: its 36th canon
+was evidently intended to save sacred pictures from the profanations
+perpetrated by the pagans. The faithful however, fertile in
+expedients to gratify their devotion, now began to use those portable
+representations of pious subjects called diptychs, because they
+generally consisted of two tablets which could at pleasure be _folded_
+together. They were formed of ivory or wood, and resembled the
+presents of that name formerly sent by the consuls on the day of their
+entrance into office: on these were usually inscribed the names and
+the portraits of the new magistrates. (Symmachus lib. 2, ep. 80, all
+71). The sacred diptychs, of which many are preserved in the Vatican
+Library, were easily saved from the fury of the Iconoclasts. Their
+folding form without their portability is preserved in many of the
+ancient altar-pieces of Italian and other churches and from them the
+modern altar-pieces are derived: they did not however supersede the
+use of frescoes, or mosaics, as is evident from innumerable ancient
+and modern ecclesiastical monuments of this city. In the preceding
+chapter we laid before our readers the doctrine of the catholic church
+concerning respect paid to images, p. 80.]
+
+[Footnote 124: "He is risen; he is not here. But _go, tell_ his
+disciples and _Peter_, that he goeth before you into Galilee". Mark
+XV, 6 7.]
+
+[Footnote 125: This Hebrew word, which frequently occurs in psalms
+of praise, CIV, 34, CV, 45, CVI, 1, etc. has been preserved, as well
+as _Amen_, and _Sabaoth_, in its original form in most liturgies.
+According to S. Gregory (Ep. 64, ind. 2). who appeals to S. Jerome's
+authority, it was introduced into the Roman liturgy in the time of
+Pope Damasus. S. Gregory forbade it to be sung at funerals, (as it had
+been at that of Fabiola: S. Jerome in Epitaphio Fabiolæ;) or during
+Lent.]
+
+[Footnote 126: Gavant and others, following Walafridus Strabo and the
+abbot Berno, think that the Offertory and _Agnus Dei_ are not said,
+in order to signify the silence of the holy women returning from the
+sepulchre (Mark XVI, 8). Others attribute some of these omissions
+to the circumstance, that there is no communion; on this day, and
+therefore neither offertory or postcommunion; anciently however
+communion was given on this occasion, as is evident from the Gelasian
+sacramentary (See Bened. XIV, De Festis c. VIII). The kiss of peace,
+as Grancolas observes, is not given, because formerly at the dawn of
+easter-sunday, soon after the mass of easter-eve, the faithful used to
+assemble in the church "and kissing one another with mutual charity to
+say, _Surrexit Dominus_ "; (the Lord is risen) Ordo Rom. ab Hittorpio
+ed. p. 55. Merati says, that the _Agnus Dei_ is omitted because it
+is of recent origin, having been first introduced into the liturgy by
+Pope Sergius A.D. 688 (lib. Pont.), whereas the Mass of the day is of
+greater antiquity.]
+
+[Footnote 127: Cancellieri says that the music of this _Magnificat_
+was composed by Luca Marenzio. Among the compositions prior to
+Palestrina, and still sung in the papal chapel, Baini reckons the
+Magnificats of Carpentrasso and Morales, as well as the _Te Deum_
+and _Lumen ad revelutionem gentium_ of Costanzo Festa.]
+
+[Footnote 128: This basilic, which is the cathedral of the bishop of
+Rome, was first erected by Constantine, whose statue taken from his
+baths adorns the portico. It was in great part destroyed by fire in
+1308; but it was restored by the munificence of the Popes and the
+piety of the faithful, emulated in these days, in which we deplore the
+burning of S. Paul's. In the gothic tabernacle over the high altar are
+preserved the heads of SS. Peter and Paul. The mosaics of the tribune
+were made by order of Nicholas IV (A.D. 1278-1292).]
+
+[Footnote 129: This baptistery, as well as the basilica, is attributed
+to the time of Constantine; it was reduced to its present state by
+Urban VIII; On an ancient and interesting Christian sarcophagus taken
+from the Vatican cemetery is represented a basilica with its apsis,
+and near it a circular building evidently meant for the baptistery:
+this is covered with a cupola surmounted by the monogram of
+Christ; and over the gate are curtains drawn up on each side, See
+Raoul-Rochette-Tableau des Catacombs, p. 332. The font is an ancient
+urn of basalt the paintings above it, between the second order of
+columns, representing, the life of S. John Baptist, are by Carlo
+Maratta.]
+
+[Footnote 130: In a missal of Pavia it is called a figure of the
+column which preceded the Israelites going out of Egypt.]
+
+[Footnote 131: The stag was a favourite subject of the early Christian
+artists, who often represented it in their paintings, and afterwards
+on their mosaics. The text above quoted explains its signification.]
+
+[Footnote 132: "In most of the old rituals we find that the font was
+hallowed with various ceremonies besides prayer. It was customary
+to make the sign of the cross, as we learn from the testimony of
+Chrysostom, Augustine, and Pseudo-Dionysius". Palmer vol. 2, p. 195.
+Martene observes that the rite of pouring chrism into the water
+is mentioned in all the ancient Gallican, Ambrosian, and Mozarabic
+liturgies. The blessing of baptismal water is reckoned by S. Basil,
+in the 4th century, among apostolical traditions. (De Spiritu. S. c.
+27).]
+
+[Footnote 133: "Some form of admission to the class of catechumens was
+used in all churches at an early period, and it seems most commonly
+to have consisted of imposition of hands with prayers for the person.
+To this in many places were added various rites, such as, signing the
+forehead of the candidate with the cross, the consecration and giving
+of salt, which was entitled the sacrament of catechumens, repeated
+exorcisms, or prayers and adjurations to cast out the power of Satan,
+anointing with oil, and other mystical and figurative rites. In the
+course of many ages, when the Christian church had overspread the face
+of the world, and infidelity had become in most places extinct, the
+form of admission to the class of catechumens was from a veneration
+for old customs in many places conjoined to the office of baptism,
+and administered at the same time with it to the candidates for that
+sacrament whether they were infants or not". Palmer, vol. 2, c. 5,
+sect. 1.]
+
+[Footnote 134: "It has been customary in the Christian church from
+the most remote period, for the candidates for baptism to renounce the
+devil and all his works, before they were admitted to that sacrament.
+This renunciation was always followed by a profession of faith in
+Christ, as it is now in the English liturgy. The last interrogation
+and answer "Vis baptizari, Volo" have long been used in the west.
+(Martene de Antiq. Eccl. rit. tom. I, p. 180, 192). According to the
+ancient custom of the Roman church, represented in the Sacramentary of
+Gregory, the profession of faith occurs between the hallowing of the
+water and the administration of the sacrament. This custom has long
+been used in the Roman church; since the Sacramentary of Gelasius
+(A.D. 494) appointed the confession of faith to be made immediately
+before baptism, _though the renunciations were made some hours
+before_. In primitive times the sign of the cross was not only made
+on the forehead of the elect at the time of baptism, but was used very
+often in other ways: this act is probably not more recent than the
+apostolical age; and this sign was made in some part of almost every
+Christian office. The administration of baptism was succeeded by
+various rites in the primitive church; among other the newly-baptised
+were clothed in white garments. Formerly also confirmation followed
+immediately after baptism". I have extracted the preceding passages
+from different sections of Palmer's 5th chapter, vol. 2: coming from a
+clergyman of the church of England, they are important admissions, and
+they dispense with the necessity of my proving the antiquity of these
+various baptismal riles. The reader may see proofs of them collected
+in Palmer (loc. cit.) Martene T. 1: cap. 2, etc.]
+
+[Footnote 135: Palmer says, that in confirmation, to the rites of
+prayer and imposition, of hands was added "that of anointing with an
+unguent or chrism, made of oil and balsam, and hallowed by the prayers
+of the bishop.--We learn from the writings of Tertullian and Origen,
+that it was already customary both in the east and the west at the end
+of the 2nd or beginning of the 3rd century. This chrism was intended
+to signify the grace of the Holy Spirit then conferred". Palmer,
+Or. Lit. vol. 2, p. 199. If this unction had not been of apostolic
+origin, it would not have been customary in all churches at so early
+a period.]
+
+[Footnote 136: At S. John Lateran's, when the _Agnus Dei_ is said, the
+ancient custom is preserved, which was originally established by Pope
+Sergius, of saying _Miserere nobis_ three times, and not _Dona nobis
+pacem_, which words were introduced into the liturgy, (according
+to Innocent III, De Myst Missæ) about the 10th century, in time of
+schism.]
+
+[Footnote 137: Orders are generally conferred on the saturday of each
+ember-week, besides the saturday before passion and easter sundays.
+A minute detail of the numerous ceremonies of ordination can not be
+expected in a work on the ceremonies of holy-week. The reader may find
+them all enumerated in the Pontifical, and on their antiquity he may
+consult Morinus, De Ordinationibus; Martene, De Ant. Eccl. Rit. t.
+2. etc. On the service of holy saturday see the MS. Pontifical of
+the Apamean church and various Ordines ap. Martene, lib. IV, c. 24.
+Formerly after the mass there was general communion; and at Rome no
+Vespers were said (Alcuin), and 7 altars were consecrated.]
+
+[Footnote 138: In the afternoon the parish-priests bless with prayers
+and holy water the houses and paschal food of their parishioners.
+In the Ordo Romanus, besides the blessing of milk and honey, there
+is a formula of benediction of a lamb and other food. Durandus
+also (lib. 6 Ration.) mentions the blessing of the lamb, a custom
+which is preserved at Rome till the present time. The shops of the
+_pizzicaroli_ are illuminated and gaily decorated, probably because
+_they_ have peculiar reasons to rejoice at the conclusion of the
+_austerities_ of lent.]
+
+[Footnote 139: For the ceremonies of Easter-sunday see The Pontifical
+Mass sung at S. Peter's on Easter-sunday etc. By C.M. Baggs. D.D. Rome
+1840.]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX
+
+PECULIAR CEREMONIES OF HOLY-WEEK AT JERUSALEM
+
+
+Having spoken of the blessing of the paschal candle at Rome, we may
+for a few moments turn our thoughts towards a city still more ancient,
+and trodden by holier and more exalted beings than even the apostles
+and martyrs of the eternal city. The justly-celebrated traveller John
+Thevenot in his Voyage du Levant describes the ceremonies of holyweek
+performed at Jerusalem; the distribution of palms, the washing of the
+feet on Maunday-Thursday at the door of the holy Sepulchre; and the
+procession to the holy places or stations performed by the Catholic
+Christians. Concerning this the eloquent Pere Abbé de Geramb, in his
+interesting Pelerinage at Jerusalem in 1832, informs us that "by means
+of a figure in relief of the natural size, whose head, arms, and feet
+are flexible, the religious represent the crucifixion, the descent
+from the cross, and the burial of Jesus Christ, in such manner as
+to render all the principal circumstances apparent to the senses and
+striking".
+
+Both these distinguished writers of different periods agree in
+testifying, that all the devotions of the Catholics were and are still
+conducted with so much order that they are admired both by Christians
+and Turks, whereas those of the schismatical Christians took place
+with much confusion, and with such a noise, that the Janissaries, who
+had to preserve order, were obliged to strike the persons engaged in
+them as well as the spectators. This statement is confirmed by the
+account, which they and other travellers give, of the _holy fire_
+of the Greeks and other schismatics. Benedict XIV observes that no
+mention is made of the supposed miracle of the holy fire by early
+Christian writers who lived at Jerusalem; as Eusebius, S. Jerome, S.
+Epiphanius, or S. Cyril bishop of Jerusalem. It is however spoken of
+by Bernard a Frank monk of the ninth century, and in a Pontifical
+of the church of Poictiers of about the tenth century: by Hugo
+Flaviniacensis in Chronico Virdunensi, in the discourse of Urban II
+in the council of Claremont, and in other documents of the middle
+ages mentioned by Martene (lib. IV, c. XXIV). Lupi (tom. 4, Conc. gen.
+etc.) thinks it probable, that the custom of burning lights and the
+paschal candle on this day was instituted, in order to return thanks
+to God for a miracle (which _may_ of old have happened at Jerusalem)
+and to announce it to all nations.
+
+I shall now extract a brief account of the scene of confusion enacted
+in modern times at Jerusalem on such occasions from Thevenot, in whose
+work is a print representing it. "After our Catholic office was ended"
+says he, "we prepared to enjoy the sight of the holy fire of the
+Greeks, Armenians and Copts, whose priests make their people believe,
+that on holy Saturday fire descends from heaven into the holy
+Sepulchre, and on that account make each of their pilgrims, who are
+very numerous, pay some money. This solemnity appears rather a comedy
+or a farce than a church-ceremony, and is very unbecoming in a place
+so sacred as the holy Sepulchre. After we had finished our service,
+which was about eight in the morning, they, extinguished all their
+lamps and those of the holy Sepulchre, and then they commenced their
+folly, running round the holy Sepulchre, like mad people, crying,
+howling, _et faisans un bruit de diables_; it was charming to see
+them running one after another, kicking and striking one another with
+cords; many of them together held men in their arms, and going round
+the holy Sepulchre, let them fall, and then raised horrible shouts
+of laughter, while they who had fallen ran after the others to avenge
+themselves: it seemed that both old and young were downright mad. From
+time to time they raised their eyes, and stretched their hands, full
+of taper, to heaven, crying all together _eleison_, as if they were
+wearied at the delay of the holy fire. This scene continued till
+towards three in the evening, when two Greek archbishops and two
+bishops habited as patriarchs, for the patriarch was not then at
+Jerusalem, left their choir with all their clergy, and began
+the procession round the holy Sepulchre: they were joined by the
+Armenians, four of whom wore mitres: then came a Coptic bishop, with
+all his clergy and people. After they had walked three times round the
+holy Sepulchre, a Greek priest came out of the chapel of the Angel,
+which is close to that of the holy Sepulchre, and gave notice to him
+who represented the Patriarch, that the holy fire had descended from
+heaven: the latter then entered into the holy Sepulchre, followed
+by the representatives of the Armenian patriarch and of the Coptic
+bishop. After they had remained there a short time, we saw the Greek
+archbishop in an amusing posture, bending down his head, and bearing
+in each hand a quantity of lighted tapers. No sooner had he appeared,
+than all rushed one upon another to light their tapers from those of
+the archbishop; as that is considered the best fire, which is first
+lighted. The Janissaries however, who were stationed near the door
+of the chapel of the Angel, did not stand with their arms folded, but
+made the calpacs and turbans of the Greeks fly from one end of the
+church to the other, striking around on all sides with their sticks,
+to make way for the poor archbishop, who also as we may suppose
+did all in his power to save himself. He then mounted in haste a
+stone-altar opposite the entrance of the holy Sepulchre, where he was
+immediately surrounded by the people: those also who had lighted their
+tapers endeavouring to save themselves were overwhelmed by the others:
+the confusion was horrible, and blows were not unfrequent. After the
+Greek archbishop has come out, the Armenian appears, and saves himself
+from the crowd in the church of the Armenians, and the Copt in that
+of the Copts. Every one was in such a hurry to get some of the holy
+fire, that in a moment more than 2000 bundles of candles flamed in
+the church: and the people, crying out like persons possessed began
+greater follies than before. A man carrying a drum on his back began
+to run with all his might round the holy Sepulchre, and another
+running in the same manner struck it with two sticks; and when he
+was tired, another immediately took his place. "_Il semble qu'
+on soit dans un enfer, et que ce soient tout autant de diables
+déchainès_."--But enough of this unedifying scene, of which the Abbé
+Geramb gives a similar account. If we contrast with it the majestic
+and edifying ceremonies of the Roman church, we shall feel grateful
+to God for having preserved us from such disorders. I shall merely add
+from Thevenot, that the Christians are called to office at the holy
+Sepulchre by boards struck with iron, as we are for two days in
+holy-week: but drums and other instruments are also played there,
+which make, he (adds), "une musique enragée".
+
+The distinguished missionary and pilgrim D. Casto Gonzalez recounts
+other disorders of the Greeks during Holy Week, and profanations of
+the most holy sanctuaries of Palestine. In the year 1833 he exposed,
+but not without great risk, the fraud of the "holy fire". On the
+holy-Saturday of the Greeks the officiating Bishop accompanied by an
+Armenian and a Coptic Bishop and their respective clergy had already
+walked thrice round the holy Sepulchre, when the missionary ignited a
+match with phosphorus, and holding it up exclaimed "Look, the heavenly
+fire has fallen into my hands": he then extinguished it and lighted
+it again several times to the great astonishment of the assembled
+multitude. He was protected by the Turks from the dangers which
+surrounded him. So manifest was the fraud of the pretended "holy fire"
+that even the schismatical Armenian patriarch issued a circular letter
+forbidding his spiritual subjects to be present at the disgraceful
+exhibition.
+
+The Pere Abbé de Geramb gives a glowing account of the Catholic
+service and mass on holy saturday; and we most warmly recommend to our
+readers the perusal of the 34th _Lettre_ of his _Pelerinage_, in which
+he describes all the ceremonies of holy week at Jerusalem, where they
+are invested with the peculiar charm arising from spots so sacred,
+where Christ suffered, and died, and rose again. Though in other
+respects the Roman ceremonies are of a more exalted nature, yet here
+must we be contented to transport ourselves in imagination to those
+beloved sanctuaries, and to see the _representation_ of the holy
+Sepulchre at S. Maria Egiziaca. We shall conclude with the words of
+the distinguished writer: "Jamais douleur n'affecta plus vivement mon
+àme, que celle qui s'en empara au moment où je m'arrachai pour jamais
+de l'église du saint Sepulcre. Taut que je vivrai elle sera aussi
+présente à mon esprit que profondément gravée dans mon coeur; toujours
+souvenir me fera tressaillir, parce que toujours, et plus qu' aucun
+autre souvenir, il me rappellera Jésus, crucifié pour mon salut, pour
+la salut du genre humain, à l'amour duquel nous devons repondre par le
+plus vif, le plus tendre, le plus absolu de tous les amours; ce Jésus
+auquel je dois l'ineffable bonheur de comprendre, de sentir cette
+grande verité, que je voudrais faire comprendre et sentir a l'univers
+entier, que lui seul est tout, que tout ce qui n'est pas lui, n'est
+rien, n'est que neant". Pelerinage à Jerusalem, Lett. 36.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Ceremonies of the Holy-Week at Rome
+by Charles Michael Baggs
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+    <title>The Ceremonies of the Holy-Week at Rome.</title>
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Ceremonies of the Holy-Week at Rome
+by Charles Michael Baggs
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Ceremonies of the Holy-Week at Rome
+
+Author: Charles Michael Baggs
+
+Release Date: February 25, 2005 [EBook #15172]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CEREMONIES OF THE HOLY-WEEK ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Olaf Voss, William Flis, and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+    <div class="trans-note">
+        Transcriber's Note: The Table of Contents was added by the
+        transcriber.
+    </div>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h2>THE CEREMONIES</h2>
+
+    <h4>OF THE</h4>
+
+    <h1>HOLY-WEEK</h1>
+
+    <h3>AT ROME.</h3>
+
+    <h4>BY</h4>
+
+    <h3>THE RT. REV. MONSIGNOR BAGGS,</h3>
+
+    <h4>BISHOP OF PELLA.</h4>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h4>THIRD EDITION.</h4>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>ROME:</h3>
+
+    <h3>SOLD BY LUIGI PIALE,</h3>
+
+    <h4>ENGLISH BOOKSELLER,</h4>
+
+    <h4>1. PIAZZA DI SPAGNA, 106. VIA BABUINO.</h4>
+
+    <h4>1854.</h4>
+    <hr />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page2"
+       id="page2"></a>[pg 2]</span>
+
+    <h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+    <p>DIRECTIONS FOR SEEING THE CEREMONIES
+    <a href="#page3">3</a></p>
+
+    <p>CHAP. I. ON THE CEREMONIES OF THE MASS
+    <a href="#page5">5</a></p>
+
+    <p>CHAP. II. ON THE CEREMONIES OF PALM-SUNDAY
+    <a href="#page22">22</a></p>
+
+    <p>CHAP. III. ON THE DIVINE OFFICE, AND THE OFFICE OF TENEBRAE
+    IN PARTICULAR <a href="#page37">37</a></p>
+
+    <p>CHAP. IV. ON THE CEREMONIES OF HOLY THURSDAY
+    <a href="#page50">50</a></p>
+
+    <p>CHAP. V. ON THE CEREMONIES OF GOOD-FRIDAY
+    <a href="#page69">69</a></p>
+
+    <p>CHAP. VI. ON THE CEREMONIES OF HOLY-SATURDAY
+    <a href="#page92">92</a></p>
+
+    <p>APPENDIX. PECULIAR CEREMONIES OF HOLY-WEEK AT JERUSALEM
+    <a href="#page121">121</a></p>
+    <hr />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page3"
+       id="page3"></a>[pg 3]</span>
+
+    <h2>DIRECTIONS</h2>
+
+    <h3>FOR SEEING THE CEREMONIES</h3>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <p>Provide yourself with a <b>Holy-Week-book</b>, or <i>Uffizio
+    della Settimana Santa</i>. Take care that your dress is
+    according to rule. For many of the ceremonies ladies require
+    tickets signed by <i>M. Maggiordomo</i>.</p>
+
+    <p>On Palm-sunday morning the Pontifical ceremonies begin at S.
+    Peter's, at about 9 o'clock: no stranger can receive a palm
+    without a permission signed by <i>M. Maggiordomo</i>. In the
+    afternoon the Card. Penitentiary goes at about 4 or half past 4
+    to S. John Lateran's, where the Station of the day is held.</p>
+
+    <p>On the <i>afternoons</i> of <i>Wednesday</i> and
+    <i>Thursday</i>, (between 4 and half past 4) and of
+    <i>Friday</i> (half an hour sooner) the office of Tenebræ
+    begins at the Sixtine chapel. After it is over, you may go to
+    S. Peter's to bear the conclusion of a similar service: there
+    on Thursday evening the high-altar is washed by the Card,
+    priest and chapter; on Friday the Pope, Cardinals etc. go
+    thither to venerate the relics after Tenebræ in the Sixtine
+    chapel; and on the afternoons of both days the Card.
+    Penitentiary goes thither in slate. In the evening of these
+    three days the feet of pilgrims are washed, and they are served
+    at table by Cardinals etc. at the Trinità dei Pellegrini.</p>
+
+    <p>On <i>Thursday morning</i> you can see the oils blessed at
+    S. Peter's: this ceremony begins <i>early</i>. There is little
+    difference between the mass (at about half past 9 or 10) in the
+    Sixtine chapel on this day, and on ordinary days, and there is
+    generally a great crowd: the procession after mass is
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page4"
+       id="page4"></a>[pg 4]</span> repeated on the following
+       morning; and the papal benediction on Easter Sunday: your
+       best plan therefore will be to go at an early hour to see
+       the blessing of the oils, and afterwards the washing of the
+       feet, at S. Peter's; and then go to see the dinner of the
+       <i>apostles</i> near the balcony from which the Pope gives
+       His benediction. The <i>Sepulchres</i>, particularly that in
+       the Cappella Paolina, may be visited.</p>
+
+    <p>On <i>Friday morning</i> the service of the Sixtine chapel
+    begins at about half past 9 or 10. (Devotion of 3 hours' agony
+    from about half past 12 to half past 3 at the Gesù, SS. Lorenzo
+    e Damaso etc.; after the <i>Ave Maria</i> the <i>Via Crucis</i>
+    at Caravita, and devotion of the dolours of the B. Virgin at S.
+    Marcello, etc. An hour after the <i>Ave Maria</i> poetical
+    compositions are recited at the Serbatojo dell'Arcadia).</p>
+
+    <p>On <i>Saturday morning</i> service begins at S. John
+    Lateran's at about half past 7. As soon you have seen the
+    baptism at the baptistery, you had better drive to the Vatican,
+    to attend at the beautiful mass of the Sixtine chapel.</p>
+
+    <p>On <i>Saturday afternoon</i> you may go to the Armenian mass
+    at S. Biagio or S. Gregorio Illuminatore: it begins towards 4 o
+    clock. On Easter-Sunday the Pope sings solemn mass at S.
+    Peter's, at about 9 o'clock. He afterwards venerates the
+    relics, and gives His solemn benediction. In the afternoon,
+    besides Vespers there is a procession at S. Peter's called that
+    of the 3 Maries. (At S. John Lateran's the Cardinals assist at
+    Vespers, and afterwards venerate the relics preserved there) At
+    night the cupola is illuminated, and on the following night
+    there are fireworks or <i>girandola</i> at Castle S. Angelo. On
+    Monday, Tuesday, and Saturday there is <i>cappella papale</i>
+    at the Vatican, but it differs little from the ordinary
+    <i>cappelle</i>.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page5"
+       id="page5"></a>[pg 5]</span>
+
+    <h2>CHAP. I.</h2>
+
+    <h3>ON THE CEREMONIES OF THE MASS</h3>
+
+    <h4><i>CONTENTS.</i></h4>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>Origin of the word <i>ceremony</i>&mdash;object of
+        ceremonies&mdash;institution of the mass&mdash;its earliest
+        ceremonies&mdash;discipline of secrecy&mdash;liturgy of the
+        Roman church&mdash;general review of the principal
+        ceremonies of the mass&mdash;mass of the catechumens,
+        <i>ambones</i>&mdash;mass of the faithful, blessed water,
+        secrecy, prayers for the dead&mdash;Latin the language of
+        the Roman liturgy, and why&mdash;usual ceremonies of
+        high-mass in the papal chapel&mdash;sentiments of S. John
+        Chrysostom.</p>
+
+        <p>"<i>It was chiefly, if not only, in the mystical liturgy
+        of the eucharist, that the primitive church spoke without
+        reserve of all the sublimities of Christian faith.</i>"
+        Palmer, Origines Liturg. vol. I, p. 13.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <p class="side">Origin of the word ceremony.</p>
+
+    <p>From Rome our Saxon forefathers received Christianity; and
+    from the same source we have derived several words denoting
+    Christian rites. Thus the words <i>religion, sacrament,
+    sacrifice, communion</i>, and others are Latin, with the
+    exception of the termination. The word <i>ceremony</i> also is
+    Latin, and owes its origin to an interesting fact in ancient
+    Roman history. When the Capitol was besieged by the Gauls (A.U.
+    365) most of the inhabitants of Rome provided for their own
+    safety by flight: but the Flamen Quirinalis or priest of
+    Romulus, and the Vestal <span class="pagenum"><a name="page6"
+       id="page6"></a>[pg 6]</span> virgins loaded themselves with
+       the sacred things, that they might secure those hallowed
+       treasures from profanation. "They were proceeding" (says
+       Livy lib. V, c. XXII) "along the way which passes over the
+       Sublician bridge, when they were met on the declivity by L.
+       Albinus a plebeian, who was fleeing with his wife and
+       children in a <i>plaustrum</i> or cart: he and his family
+       immediately alighted: then placing in the cart the virgins
+       and sacred things he accompanied them to Cære where they
+       were received with hospitality and respect". Hence (says
+       Valerius Maximus lib. I, c. 1.) "sacred things were called
+       ceremonies, because the inhabitants of <i>Cære</i> revered
+       them when the republic was broken, as readily as when it
+       flourished". Thus is the word ceremony associated at once
+       with the devotion of Albinus, with the Gaulish invasion of
+       the Capitol, and with Cære, one of the twelve cities of
+       Etruria, now called Cervetri or Cære
+       vetus<a id="footnotetag1"
+       name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a>.
+       The Pagan Romans derived their religious rites from Etruria,
+       and in particular from Cære on account of its proximity to
+       Rome: this may be another reason for the adoption of the
+       term <i>ceremony</i>, which was afterwards applied to the
+       rites of all religions<a id="footnotetag2"
+       name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a>.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Object of ceremonies.</p>
+
+    <p>But what, it may be asked by many, is the use of ceremonies?
+    I shall answer in the words of the council of
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page7"
+       id="page7"></a>[pg 7]</span> Trent. "Since the nature of man
+       is such, that he cannot easily without exterior helps be
+       raised to the meditation of divine things, the church as a
+       pious mother has instituted certain rites, namely, that some
+       things in the mass should be pronounced in a low voice and
+       others aloud; she has also used ceremonies, as mystical
+       benedictions, lights, incense, vestments, and many other
+       things of that kind, from apostolical tradition and
+       discipline, in order that the majesty of so great a
+       sacrifice might be displayed, and the minds of the faithful
+       might be excited by these visible signs of religion and
+       piety to the contemplation of those sublime things which are
+       concealed in this sacrifice". Session XXII, c.
+       V.&mdash;These words lead us to treat briefly of the mass,
+       the principal act of divine worship during holy-week as at
+       all other seasons of the year. This we do now the more
+       readily, that we may not afterwards be obliged to interrupt
+       our account of the peculiar ceremonies of Holy week, which
+       presuppose an acquaintance with the mass.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Institution of the mass.</p>
+
+    <p>Jesus Christ instituted the mass at his last supper, when he
+    took bread and blessed and broke and gave to his disciples and
+    said, Take ye and eat, this is my body; and taking the chalice
+    he gave thanks, and gave to them saying, Drink ye all of this:
+    For this is my blood of the new testament, which shall be shed
+    for many unto remission of sins: Matth. XXVI, 26. In this brief
+    account are mentioned all the <i>essential</i> parts of the
+    mass. Christ commanded the apostles and through them their
+    successors to perform the same holy rite "in commemoration" of
+    Him, and they obeyed His commands, as we learn from the acts of
+    the apostles, and the first epistle to the Corinthians.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Its early ceremonies.</p>
+
+    <p>Gradually various prayers and ceremonies were added to the
+    sacred words pronounced by Christ, as the Apology of St.
+    Justin, the writings of St. Cyprian, the catechetical
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page8"
+       id="page8"></a>[pg 8]</span> discourses of St. Cyril of
+       Jerusalem and other early works prove. The Apostles
+       themselves had added the Lord's prayer<a id="footnotetag3"
+       name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a>.
+       The liturgy however during the first four centuries, as Le
+       Brun maintains<a id="footnotetag4"
+       name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a>,
+       or, according to Muratori followed by Palmer, the first
+       three centuries, was not written, but was preserved by oral
+       tradition, according to the received practice of the early
+       church, which, unwilling to give what is holy to dogs, or to
+       cast pearls before swine concealed from all persons, except
+       the faithful, the mysteries of faith. It would seem from St.
+       Justin's apology, that much was left to the particular
+       devotion of the bishop or priest who offered mass, and hence
+       we might expect not to find in the earliest liturgies great
+       uniformity, except in essentials and general outline. Yet Le
+       Brun has endeavoured to restore, from the early Christian
+       writers, the liturgy used in the first four centuries: and
+       it contains the most important prayers and ceremonies of the
+       mass in its more modern form.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Discipline of secrecy.</p>
+
+    <p>We shall so often have to recur to the discipline of secrecy
+    alluded to above, that we consider it necessary to speak of it
+    briefly, before we proceed further. The Pythagoreans, the
+    Stoics, Plato, the Epicureans and other ancient philosophers
+    concealed their doctrines from the uninitiated: the mysteries
+    also of Osiris, Isis, Bacchus, Ceres, Cybele etc. were
+    carefully kept secret. There was no novelty therefore for the
+    ancients in the discipline of secrecy, the institution of which
+    in the Christian church is attributed by many fathers to Christ
+    himself, who directed that his disciples should not "give what
+    is holy to dogs, or cast pearls before swine". Matt. VII, 6.
+    This injunction <span class="pagenum"><a name="page9"
+       id="page9"></a>[pg 9]</span> was observed by the whole
+       church from the apostolic age till the fifth century in the
+       east, and the sixth century in the west: it extended to
+       dogmas as well as rites, and in particular to those of the
+       holy Trinity and the sacraments, especially the blessed
+       Eucharist<a id="footnotetag5"
+       name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a>.
+       For "those things" says St. Cyril of Alexandria "are
+       generally derided, which are not understood" adv. Julianum.
+       The pagans, at the instigation, it would appear, of the Jews
+       and early heretics, availed themselves of this secret
+       discipline to charge the Christians with the detestable
+       crimes of Oedipus and Thyestes, pretending that in their
+       secret assemblies they murdered an infant covered with
+       flour, and drank his blood. (Cecilius ap. Minut. Fel.) It
+       was solely with the view of refuting these calumnies, that
+       Justin Martyr explained, in his apology addressed to
+       Antoninus Pius, the catholic doctrine of the eucharist. S.
+       Blandina on the contrary endured the most cruel torments
+       rather than reveal it, though its profession would have
+       confuted the same odious calumnies; and S. Augustine
+       observes a similar reserve when answering the pagan Maximus
+       Madaurensis.</p>
+
+    <p>"Who" says the protestant Casaubon "is so little versed in
+    the writings of the fathers, as to be ignorant of the formulary
+    used principally of the sacraments, the initiated understand
+    what is said: it occurs at least fifty times in Chrysostom, and
+    almost as frequently in Augustine". S. Fulgentius inserts in
+    his answer to the deacon Ferrandus the following words of S.
+    Augustine to the neophytes "This which you see on the altar of
+    God you saw last night: but what it was, what it meant, and of
+    what a great thing it contains the sacrament, you have not yet
+    heard. What therefore you see is bread and the chalice.
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page10"
+       id="page10"></a>[pg 10]</span> What your faith demands is,
+       that the bread is the body of Christ, and the chalice
+       contains the blood of Christ". S. Cyril of Jerusalem in his
+       catechetical discourses addressed to the newly baptised
+       inculcates in the strongest terms the doctrine of the real
+       presence, but charges them most strictly not to communicate
+       to the catechumens his instructions. In consequence of this
+       practice the early fathers often speak obscurely of the B.
+       Sacrament, and call it bread and wine and <i>fermentum</i>
+       after the consecration, though they clearly teach the
+       <i>faithful</i> the doctrine of the real
+       presence<a id="footnotetag6"
+       name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a>.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Liturgy of the Roman church.</p>
+
+    <p>Pope Innocent I, writing to Decentius at the beginning of
+    the fifth century, attributes the liturgy of the Roman church
+    to St. Peter. It was first written in the fifth century; and
+    Pope Vigilius sending it in 538 to Profuturus derives it from
+    Apostolic tradition. The most ancient sacramentary or
+    liturgical work extant of the Roman church is that of Gelasius
+    who was Pope from 492 to 496<a id="footnotetag7"
+       name="footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a>.
+       He collected prayers composed by more ancient authors, and
+       also composed some himself: and this Gelasian compilation
+       was reformed by Gregory the Great and reduced to one
+       volume<a id="footnotetag8"
+       name="footnotetag8"></a><a href="#footnote8"><sup>8</sup></a>,
+       which may be considered as the prototype of our present
+       liturgy. The canon or most
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page11"
+       id="page11"></a>[pg 11]</span> solemn part of the mass has
+       been preserved inviolate ever since, as appears from the
+       Ordines Romani written shortly after the time of S. Gregory,
+       and also from the explanations of it written by Florus and
+       Amalarius. This canon as well as the order of prayer are the
+       same as those of Gelasius, as Palmer observes (Orig. liturg.
+       vol. 1, p. 119,) and are also nearly identical with those of
+       the sacramentary of S. Leo. The Ambrosian and African
+       liturgies also were evidently derived at a very remote
+       period from that of Rome. From such considerations as these
+       Mr. Palmer proves the very ancient or apostolical origin of
+       the "main order", the substance of the Roman liturgy.
+       Origines liturg. vol. I, sect. VI. The author of the canon
+       is unknown; yet we know the authors of some additions to the
+       canon. Thus S. Leo I added sanctum sacrificium immaculatam
+       hostiam, S. Gregory I, diesque nostros in tua pace
+       disponas.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Review of the ceremonies of the mass.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Mass of the catechumens, ambones, sermons.</p>
+
+    <p>We shall not examine minutely all the prayers and ceremonies
+    of the mass, or stop to enquire at what time and by what pope
+    each of them was first introduced, lest we should weary the
+    patience of our readers<a id="footnotetag9"
+       name="footnotetag9"></a><a href="#footnote9"><sup>9</sup></a>;
+       but we shall content ourselves with a general review of the
+       mass, as it is now celebrated. We may divide it, as the
+       ancients <span class="pagenum"><a name="page12"
+       id="page12"></a>[pg 12]</span> did, into two parts, the mass
+       of the catechumens, and the mass of the faithful. The first
+       part includes the preparation and confession of sins at the
+       foot of the altar, the <i>introit</i> or anthem and part of
+       a psalm sung at the <i>entrance</i> into church, the
+       <i>Kyrie eleison</i> or petition for mercy, the <i>Gloria in
+       excelsis</i> or hymn of praise (both of great antiquity, as
+       Palmer following our catholic divines has shewn) the collect
+       or collects so called from their being said when the people
+       are collected together, the epistle and gospel, and also the
+       verses, said or sung between them both, called the
+       Gradual<a id="footnotetag10"
+       name="footnotetag10"></a><a href="#footnote10"><sup>10</sup></a>:
+       if sung by one voice, it is called the Tract; if by choir,
+       the Responsory. The collects and other prayers are said with
+       the arms extended in the same manner as many figures are
+       represented praying on old christian as well as pagan
+       monuments. After the gospel the sermon used to be preached,
+       as it generally is in our times<a id="footnotetag11"
+       name="footnotetag11"></a><a href="#footnote11"><sup>11</sup></a>
+       and after the sermon Pagans, Jews, heretics, schismatics,
+       energumens, public penitents and catechumens were dismissed
+       by the deacon; for the faithful alone were allowed to be
+       present at the celebration of the sacred mysteries, in
+       conformity to the discipline of secrecy. That part of mass,
+       which we have described was called the mass of the
+       catechumens, because these were allowed to be present at
+       it.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page13"
+       id="page13"></a>[pg 13]</span>
+
+    <p class="side">Mass of the faithful, blessed water.</p>
+
+    <p>From the <i>missio</i>, <i>missa</i>, or dismissal announced
+    by the deacon to the people before and after the mass of the
+    faithful, the term <i>missa</i> or mass is derived. It was in
+    use in the early ages; for it is found not only in the epistle
+    to the bishop of Vienne attributed to Pope Pius I, and in that
+    of Pope Cornelius to Lupicinus: but S. Ambrose also says "I
+    continued my duty, and began to celebrate mass" and in another
+    place he exhorts the people to "hear mass
+    daily<a id="footnotetag12"
+       name="footnotetag12"></a><a href="#footnote12"><sup>12</sup></a>".</p>
+
+    <p>When the church had been cleared of all except the faithful,
+    the second part of our mass, or the mass of the faithful, began
+    with the Nicene symbol or creed. Then followed the offertory,
+    or part of a psalm sung anciently while the people made their
+    offerings to the church, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page14"
+       id="page14"></a>[pg 14]</span> particularly of bread and
+       wine<a id="footnotetag13"
+       name="footnotetag13"></a><a href="#footnote13"><sup>13</sup></a>.
+       The priest offers to God the bread, and wine mixed according
+       to apostolic tradition<a id="footnotetag14"
+       name="footnotetag14"></a><a href="#footnote14"><sup>14</sup></a>
+       with a little water, which our Saviour is believed to have
+       mixed with the wine at the last supper; he implores God's
+       blessing on these offerings, and washes his hands in token
+       of the purity of soul<a id="footnotetag15"
+       name="footnotetag15"></a><a href="#footnote15"><sup>15</sup></a>
+       with which the sacred mysteries should be approached, and at
+       high mass for the sake of outward cleanliness also, on
+       account of the incense which he has used. Having
+       commemorated the passion, resurrection, and ascension of
+       Christ, as he does also after the consecration, he calls on
+       those present to join him in prayer, he says another prayer
+       or prayers called the <i>secret</i>, because said in secret,
+       and then recites the <i>preface</i> to the canon, a prayer
+       in which he unites with the celestial spirits in praise and
+       thanksgiving as Christ himself gave thanks at the last
+       supper: it concludes with the Tersanctus or Trisagion "Holy,
+       Holy, Holy etc." which, as Palmer observes, has been
+       probably used in the Christian liturgy of the east and west
+       since the ages of the apostles. V. 2. p. 219.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Prayers for the dead.</p>
+
+    <p>The canon of the mass next follows, which as well as many of
+    the preceding and following prayers is said in a low voice,
+    according to the ancient custom alluded to
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page15"
+       id="page15"></a>[pg 15]</span> by Innocent I, S. Augustine,
+       Origen, and other Fathers<a id="footnotetag16"
+       name="footnotetag16"></a><a href="#footnote16"><sup>16</sup></a>.
+       In it the priest prays for the church, the Pope, the bishop
+       of the place, the living and the dead<a id="footnotetag17"
+       name="footnotetag17"></a><a href="#footnote17"><sup>17</sup></a>
+       he reveres the <span class="pagenum"><a name="page16"
+       id="page16"></a>[pg 16]</span> memory of the B. Virgin, the
+       Martyrs and other Saints<a id="footnotetag18"
+       name="footnotetag18"></a><a href="#footnote18"><sup>18</sup></a>,
+       and having once more implored the blessing of God, and
+       spread his hands over the victim, according to the custom of
+       the Jews, he pronounces over the bread and wine the words of
+       consecration according to the command of Christ, and adores
+       and raises for the adoration of the people the body and
+       blood of our Divine Lord. It is in this consecration that
+       the sacrifice of the mass principally consists; as by it the
+       victim is placed on the altar, and offered to God, viz.
+       Christ himself, represented as dead by the separate
+       consecration of the bread and wine, as if His blood were
+       separated from His body. After some other prayers, in which
+       the priest offers to God the holy sacrifice, and prays for
+       mercy and salvation for all present, he elevates the host
+       and chalice together; this was the ancient elevation, as the
+       more solemn one, which follows immediately after the
+       consecration, was introduced generally in the 12th century,
+       in opposition to the heresy of Berengarius. Then concluding
+       the canon the priest recites the <i>Our Father</i>, and
+       breaks the host, as Christ broke the bread, and as His body
+       was "broken" for us<a id="footnotetag19"
+       name="footnotetag19"></a><a href="#footnote19"><sup>19</sup></a>;
+       he puts a particle of the
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page17"
+       id="page17"></a>[pg 17]</span> host into the
+       chalice<a id="footnotetag20"
+       name="footnotetag20"></a><a href="#footnote20"><sup>20</sup></a>;
+       he implores mercy and peace from the lamb of God, at solemn
+       masses gives the kiss of peace according to the
+       recommendation of scripture, and receives the two ablutions
+       of the chalice, one of wine, the other of wine and water,
+       lest any portion of the sacred blood should remain in it: he
+       recites the communion or anthem, which was originally sung
+       while the holy communion was distributed; he says the prayer
+       or prayers called postcommunion, dismisses and begs God's
+       blessing on the people, in fine he recites the beginning of
+       St. John's gospel or some other gospel appropriate to the
+       day. We shall on other occasions recur to various ceremonies
+       of the mass<a id="footnotetag21"
+       name="footnotetag21"></a><a href="#footnote21"><sup>21</sup></a>.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Latin the language of the liturgy.</p>
+
+    <p>The language of our liturgy has descended to us as a
+    precious legacy from the time when Peter and Paul preached in
+    Rome. It would be incongruous that our ancient hierarchy robed
+    in ancient vestments should perform our ancient liturgy in a
+    moderne language. As in all parts of the globe there are
+    members of the Catholic church, she has wisely preserved in her
+    liturgy a language common to all countries, the language too of
+    majesty, civilisation and science, as De Maistre observes. Like
+    her divine founder <span class="pagenum"><a name="page18"
+       id="page18"></a>[pg 18]</span> she is the same yesterday and
+       to-day: like the rock, on which she is built, she is proof
+       against the winds and waves; she is unchanged and unaffected
+       by the wayward caprices of fashion. Translations of her
+       liturgy are published for the use of those who are
+       unacquainted with Latin so that they may either join in
+       reciting the prayers of the church, or say others which
+       their own devotion may suggest.</p>
+
+    <p>Having described the ceremonies of low-mass, we shall
+    subjoin a brief account of those customary at high-mass when
+    celebrated in the papal chapel: we shall thus avoid unnecessary
+    repetitions in the course of this work. The beginning of the
+    mass is said by all persons within the sanctuary: and the Pope
+    recites it before the altar with the celebrant. As His Holiness
+    is the ecclesiastical superior of the latter, and is habited in
+    his sacred vestments, many benedictions are, according to a
+    general rubric, reserved to Him, which are otherwise given by
+    the person who sings mass. Thus He blesses not only the
+    incense, the water at the offertory, the subdeacon and deacon,
+    the preacher, when there is a sermon, and the people after the
+    sermon and at the end of mass, but also the Cardinals on
+    several occasions, and the celebrant himself before he offers
+    up mass. "For without contradiction (says St. Paul) that which
+    is less is blessed by the better". Hebr. VII, 7. He also, and
+    not the celebrant, kisses the book of the Gospel. The first
+    cardinal priest present hands to Him the incense, and also
+    incenses him, kneeling down if the Pope be seated at the time,
+    and standing if the Pope stands<a id="footnotetag22"
+       name="footnotetag22"></a><a href="#footnote22"><sup>22</sup></a>,
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page19"
+       id="page19"></a>[pg 19]</span> and therefore, he is seated
+       near the Pope during part of the Mass, that he may be ready
+       when his services are required.</p>
+
+    <p>Incense is used, as is customary at high masses, before the
+    introit, at the Gospel, after the offertory and during the
+    elevation. Before the introit the crucifix, the
+    altar<a id="footnotetag23"
+       name="footnotetag23"></a><a href="#footnote23"><sup>23</sup></a>,
+       the celebrant and the Pope are successively incensed. Before
+       the deacon sings the gospel he incenses the book; and after
+       it the Pope is once more incensed by the first cardinal
+       priest. After the offertory, besides the bread and wine, the
+       crucifix, the altar, the celebrant and the Pope, the
+       Cardinals and the first in rank among the prelates and other
+       personages are incensed by the deacon. At the elevation the
+       blessed Sacrament alone is incensed.<a id="footnotetag24"
+       name="footnotetag24"></a><a href="#footnote24"><sup>24</sup></a></p><span class="pagenum">
+    <a name="page20"
+       id="page20"></a>[pg 20]</span>
+
+    <p>When the Pope reads from the missal, this book is held by
+    the first, and a taper by the second, patriarch or assisting
+    bishop<a id="footnotetag25"
+       name="footnotetag25"></a><a href="#footnote25"><sup>25</sup></a>.
+       The <i>Kyrie eleison</i>, the <i>Gloria in excelsis</i>,
+       <i>Credo</i>, <i>Sanctus</i> and <i>Agnus Dei</i> are said
+       by all persons within the sanctuary: the cardinals descend
+       from their seats to say them, and form a circle in the
+       middle of the chapel; having received the Pope's blessing
+       they return to their places. After the <i>Sanctus</i>, the
+       Pope goes before the middle of the altar followed by the
+       assistant bishops and others of His train's and all kneel
+       till the elevation is ended. After the <i>Agnus Dei</i>, the
+       first Card. priest goes up to the altar, kisses it, and
+       receives from the celebrant the kiss of peace: this he gives
+       to the Pope, from whom the two first Card. deacons receive
+       it. The Card. priest then returns to his place, and gives
+       the kiss of peace to the priest who assists the celebrant;
+       from him the first of the other cardinals and principal
+       prelates receive it and communicate it to their colleagues.
+       The assistant priest then gives it to the master of
+       ceremonies, who has accompanied him, from whom the other
+       colleges of prelates receive it and in fine (if time permit)
+       to the deacon, from whom it passes to others who assist at
+       the altar. When the pope gives His blessing, the cross is
+       held before Him by the last auditor of the rota, and His
+       vestment by the first protonary. Such are the ceremonies
+       generally observed at high mass in the papal chapel, except
+       at masses for the dead, when some of them, and in particular
+       those of incensing (except at the offertory and elevation)
+       and of the kiss of peace, are
+       omitted.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page21"
+       id="page21"></a>[pg 21]</span>
+
+    <p class="side">Sentiments of S. John Chrysostom.</p>
+
+    <p>We shall conclude with the words of a holy and eloquent
+    bishop of Costantinople of the 4th century, "When thou seest
+    the Lord immolated and placed there, and the priest engaged in
+    the sacrifice and praying, and all present empurpled with
+    precious blood, dost thou think that thou art among men, and
+    art standing on the earth? and not rather that thou art
+    instantaneously transferred to heaven, where casting out of thy
+    soul every fleshly thought thou lookest around on heavenly
+    things. O miracle! O the love of God for man! He, who sits
+    above with the Father, is at the same time held in the hands of
+    all, and gives himself to those who wish to receive and embrace
+    him. Wishest thou to see the excellence of this <i>holiness</i>
+    from another miracle? Depict before thy eyes Elias and an
+    innumerable multitude surrounding him, and the victim placed on
+    the stones; all the others in profound silence, and the prophet
+    alone praying; then suddenly fire rushing from heaven on the
+    sacrifice. These things are astonishing and replete with
+    wonder. Then transfer thyself thence to the things now
+    effected, and thou wilt find them not only wonderful, but
+    surpassing all astonishment. For here the priest bears not
+    fire, but the holy Ghost; he pours out long supplications, not
+    that fire descending from above may consume the offerings, but
+    that grace falling on the sacrifice may through it inflame the
+    souls of all and render them purer than silver purified by
+    fire. This most dread rite then who, that is not altogether
+    insane and out of his mind, shall be able to contemn? Art thou
+    ignorant that no human soul could have sustained this fire of
+    the victim, but all would have totally perished, unless the
+    assistance of divine grace had been abundant" S. John
+    Chrysostom, De Sacerdotio Lib. 3, c. IV.</p>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote1"
+                    name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>It is situated near the road leading from Rome to
+        Civitavecchia at the distance of about 27 miles from the
+        former city. Its necropolis has lately enriched the new
+        Gregorian museum with some of its most precious treasures,
+        consisting in gold ornaments of the person, in silver and
+        painted vases etc. of very ancient and admirable execution.
+        See Nibby, Analisi storico-topografica etc. as also Grifi.
+        The Etruscan and Egyptian museums entitle His present
+        Holiness Gregory XVI to be ranked with many of His
+        predecessors among the greatest and most munificent patrons
+        and collectors of ancient monuments.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote2"
+                    name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>If we compare with this term others of similar
+        termination, such as <i>sanctimonia</i> from
+        <i>sanctus</i>, we shall find in them a confirmation of the
+        etymology given above: <i>monia</i> serves to form the
+        substantive, but does not otherwise alter the meaning.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote3"
+                    name="footnote3"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>S. Greg. M. lib. VII, epist. 64.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote4"
+                    name="footnote4"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>See Le Brun, Explic. Missae T. 2. dis. 1. Also Renaudot.
+        They have however been refuted by Assemani, Maratori and
+        Zaccaria.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote5"
+                    name="footnote5"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>The <i>Pater noster</i> is still said in secret, except
+        after the canon of the Mass, because at that part of the
+        Liturgy only the faithful were present. See Moroni's
+        learned work entitled, Dizionario di erudizione
+        ecclesiastica.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote6"
+                    name="footnote6"></a><b>Footnote 6:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>See Schelstratius, de Disciplina Arcani, or Trevern's
+        answer to Faber's Difficulties of Romanism: also Bingham
+        lib. X, c. 5. Times are now so much altered that it is
+        difficult to conceive how the Reserve in communicating
+        Religious knowledge recommended in one of the Tracts for
+        the Times could be practicable, even if it were judged
+        expedient.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote7"
+                    name="footnote7"></a><b>Footnote 7:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag7">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>It was first published by B. Card. Tommasi from a very
+        ancient manuscript in the queen of Sweden's library. Cave,
+        Mabillon, Muratori, Assemani and other eminent critics
+        admit its authenticity. There is however another
+        sacramentary <i>perhaps</i> more ancient called the
+        Leonian, because it is attributed by the learned to Leo the
+        great, A.D. 450. It was first published by Bianchini in the
+        4th volume of Anastasius the librarian from a Verona MS.
+        written 1100 years ago.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote8"
+                    name="footnote8"></a><b>Footnote 8:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag8">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>This new Gregorian sacramentary was carried to England
+        by St. Augustin and the other missionaries. Mr. Palmer and
+        after him Mr. Froude (Remains, vol. 2nd, p. 387) give a
+        similar account of the Roman liturgy. They, like archbishop
+        Wake, attribute the origin of the Roman, Oriental, Ethiopic
+        and Mozarabic liturgies to St. Peter, St. James, St. Mark
+        and St. John, and observe that all other liturgies are
+        copied from one or other of these. "In each of these four
+        original liturgies the eucharist is regarded as a mystery
+        and as a sacrifice" p. 395: they all agree in the principal
+        ceremonies of the mass, and all contain a prayer for the
+        rest and peace of all those who have departed this life in
+        God's faith and fear" p. 393. "Now it may be reasonably
+        presumed", says archbishop Wake "that those passages
+        wherein all these liturgies agree, in sense at least, if
+        not in words, were first prescribed in the writings of the
+        ancient fathers". See Tracts for the times, no. 63.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote9"
+                    name="footnote9"></a><b>Footnote 9:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag9">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>They who wish for further details may consult Le Brun,
+        Card. Bona, Martene, Gavant, Rock's Hierurgia etc.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote10"
+                    name="footnote10"></a><b>Footnote 10:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag10">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Because anciently sung from the <i>steps</i> of the
+        <i>ambo</i> or pulpit, according to Rabanus Maurus an
+        author of the 9th century, and others. In the ancient
+        churches there were generally in the <i>chorus</i> or choir
+        two ambones, one from which at solemn masses the lector and
+        at a later period the subdeacon used to sing the gospel,
+        with his face usually turned towards that side of the
+        church, where the <i>men</i> were assembled; at Rome this
+        was generally the south side. At low masses the missal was
+        removed from the epistle side of the altar at the beginning
+        of the offertory, in order to leave room for the offerings,
+        according to an Ordinarium of Monte Casino of the year
+        1100. It has for a long time been customary to remove it
+        before the gospel, which the priest recites turned towards
+        the same direction as the deacon at high mass. Mystical
+        meanings were afterwards assigned for this removal of the
+        book.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote11"
+                    name="footnote11"></a><b>Footnote 11:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag11">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>It is astonishing how Mr. Palmer could assert that "Leo
+        bishop of Rome in the fifth century appears to have been
+        the only bishop who preached in the Roman church for many
+        Footnote: and it is said that none of his successors until
+        the time of Pius the fifth, five hundred years afterwards,
+        imitated his example". Orig. Liturg. vol. II, p. 59.
+        Bingham I. IV, c. §.3. Mr. Palmer forgot all the homilies
+        of Gregory the great, as well as the chronology of the
+        Popes. The latter might find in the multiplicity and
+        importance of their other occupations abundant motives for
+        abstaining from preaching, a duty to which so many of their
+        clergy dedicate themselves. That the early Popes however
+        preached there can be no doubt, although most of their
+        homilies, if ever written, have not reached our time. Not
+        only the example of S. Peter who (whatever we may think of
+        the local tradition of Rocca S. Pietro above Palestrina)
+        used certainly to preach, as the Acts of the Apostles
+        prove; but the general custom of other cities would induce
+        the zealous Bishops of Rome to exhort and encourage their
+        flock, particularly in time of persecution; and that at a
+        later period they were not unaccustomed to preach is
+        evident from the Ordo Romanus of Card. Gaetano published by
+        Mabillon and from a Vatican MS. no. 4231, p. 197; both
+        these documents are quoted by Cancellieri, <i>Descriz.
+        delle Cappelle etc. p. 328</i>. See proofs that the Popes
+        preached drawn up in chronological order in Sala's notes to
+        Card. Bona, lib. 2. c. 7-</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote12"
+                    name="footnote12"></a><b>Footnote 12:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag12">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>S. Ambros. Ep. 13, serm. 34.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote13"
+                    name="footnote13"></a><b>Footnote 13:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag13">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Of the ancient offerings the following vestiges remain:
+        candles are offered by the clergy at their ordination,
+        bread and wine by bishops at their consecration, chalices
+        and torches by the Roman senate on particular festivals,
+        and in fine bread, wine, water, and, till lately, doves and
+        other birds at the canonisation of the Saints. On the
+        ancient offerings see Cancellieri, de Secretaries, t. I, p.
+        181.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote14"
+                    name="footnote14"></a><b>Footnote 14:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag14">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>"This custom prevailed universally in the Christian
+        church from the earliest period" Palmer Orig. Liturg. vol.
+        2, p. 75.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote15"
+                    name="footnote15"></a><b>Footnote 15:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag15">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>As the ancient Roman houses had an <i>impluvium</i> in
+        the midst of the <i>atrium</i>, so in the <i>atria</i>
+        annexed to the Christian churches was one or more fountains
+        (Eus. Eccl. Hist. l. X, c. 4) and sometimes a well or
+        cistern. In these the faithful used to wash their hands
+        (Tertull. De orat. §, De lavat. man.) Thus in the atrium of
+        St. Paul's basilica there was a cantharus, restored by Pope
+        Leo I, of which the saint writes thus to Ennodius;</p>
+
+        <div class="poem">
+            <div class="stanza">
+                <p>Quisque suis meritis veneranda sacraria
+                Pauli</p>
+
+                <p class="i4">Ingrederis, supplex ablue fonte
+                manus.</p>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p>The <i>cantharus</i> is mentioned by Virgil Eclog. VI,
+        21.</p>
+
+        <div class="poem">
+            <div class="stanza">
+                <p>Et gravis adtritâ pendebat cantharus ansa.</p>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p>A large vessel of this description may be seen in the
+        <i>cortili</i> of S. Cecilia and SS. Apostoli at Rome. It
+        used to be blessed on the vigil or festival of the
+        Epiphany, as it is now in the Greek and even the Roman
+        church. When churches were built without <i>atria</i>, a
+        vessel of blessed water was placed inside the church: in
+        some of the older churches there is even a well. See Nibby,
+        <i>Dissert. sulla forma, etc. delle antiche chiese</i>.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote16"
+                    name="footnote16"></a><b>Footnote 16:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag16">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>See Le Brun tom. IV, diss. 15. Super usu recitandi
+        silentio missæ partem etc. This custom was connected with
+        the discipline of secrecy. The scripture itself does not
+        mention what words Christ used, when He "gave thanks",
+        before He pronounced the words of consecration; and the
+        early church imitated this reserve. Anciently curtains
+        concealed the altar, during the most solemn part of mass,
+        as now in some Oriental churches. St. John Chrysostom (Hom.
+        3, in Ep. ad Ephes.) mentions this custom; and traces of it
+        still remain at St. Clement's church in Rome.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote17"
+                    name="footnote17"></a><b>Footnote 17:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag17">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>See ancient inscriptions from the catacombs, containing
+        prayers for the dead in Bock's Hierurgia (vol. 2, ch. 7),
+        also in Annali delle Scienze Religiose, Luglio 1839, as
+        also in the well-known works on the catacombs. Bingham
+        admits that the eucharistic sacrifice was offered for S.
+        Augustine, S. Monica, the emperors Constantine and
+        Valentinian at their funerals. (S. Ambrose prayed for
+        Valentinian Gratian and Theodosius.) "In the communion
+        service" says he "according to the custom of those times, a
+        solemn commemoration was made of the dead in general, and
+        prayers were offered to God for them". Bingham, Antiq. l.
+        23, c. 2. "The custom of praying and offering up sacrifice
+        for the faithful departed most evidently appears to have
+        prevailed in the church even from the time of the
+        apostles", says the Protestant bishop Milles, Opera S.
+        Cyrilli. p. 297. "In primitive times" says Palmer "these
+        commemorations (in the mass) were accompanied by prayers
+        for the departed". Origin. Liturg. vol. 2, p. 94. With
+        these Protestant admissions before us and many others
+        collected in the Annali delle Scienze Relig. Luglio 1839,
+        we opine that the Rev. Mr. Breeks ought to have been
+        solicitous for his own soul rather than for that of Mrs.
+        Wolfrey, whose inscription was dictated by the spirit of
+        primitive Christianity. The following is the inscription on
+        Thorndike's tomb at Westminster "Tu lector, requiem ei et
+        beatam in Xto resurrectionem precare". On Bp. Barrow's tomb
+        at S. Asaph's "O vos transeuntes in domum Domini, domum
+        orationis, orate pro conservo vestro ut inveniat requiem in
+        die Domini". Both were written by their own direction:
+        other Protestant testimonies may be seen ap. Srett. o.
+        462.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote18"
+                    name="footnote18"></a><b>Footnote 18:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag18">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Pope Vigilius (A.D. 538.) in his epistle to Profuturus,
+        bishop of Braga in Spain, says, that the canon never
+        varied, but that on particular festivals "we make
+        commemoration of the holy solemnity, or of those saints
+        whose nativities we celebrate".</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote19"
+                    name="footnote19"></a><b>Footnote 19:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag19">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>"The bread which we break is it not the communion of the
+        body of Christ". 1 Cor. X, 16.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote20"
+                    name="footnote20"></a><b>Footnote 20:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag20">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>This custom we may consider with Palmer as a memorial of
+        an ancient mode of communicating under both kinds united,
+        which is still observed in the oriental churches: Vol. 2,
+        p. 146; or with Le Brim as a record of the practice of
+        sending the particle to the priests of titular churches, T.
+        4. Micrologus and others consider this mixture as a
+        representation of Christ's resurrection. It is very
+        ancient, as Sala shews.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote21"
+                    name="footnote21"></a><b>Footnote 21:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag21">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>"St. Paul calls the Eucharist 1 Cor. X, 16 the cup of
+        <i>blessing</i> which <i>we bless</i>." This incidental
+        information vouchsafed to us in scripture, should lead us
+        to be very cautious how we put aside other usages of the
+        early church concerning this sacrament, which do not happen
+        to be clearly mentioned in scripture". Tracts for the
+        Times, Vol. 1, no. 34. The "Mass" in Cranmer's Form of
+        prayer and administration of the Sacraments, which was
+        declared by act of Parliament "agreable to the word of God
+        and the primitive church" differs but little from the Roman
+        mass above described. See Pugin's Letter on the proposed
+        Protestant Memorial. London 1839.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote22"
+                    name="footnote22"></a><b>Footnote 22:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag22">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Macri in his Hierolexicon says, that the Cardinal
+        kneels, to incense the Pope when seated, from respect to
+        his <i>cattedra</i> or chair, which is the first see in the
+        Christian church. Others say from respect to his temporal
+        sovereignty, the archbishops of Milan are incensed with the
+        same formality. This custom is mentioned in the 13th
+        century by Card. Giaconio Gaetano. Ordo Romanus § 112. A
+        certain love of proportion may have had its share in the
+        origin of this ceremony, by which the same relative height
+        is preserved between the Pope and the Cardinal in all cases
+        in which the former is incensed. Thus also the assistant
+        Bishop, who holds the Missal for the Pope, kneels when He
+        is seated, and stands when He stands. We kneel to the Pope
+        to receive his blessing, as we do to bishops and even
+        priests; we also kneel from respect to his exalted dignity,
+        not only as sovereign, but also as head of the Catholic
+        church. It is well known that the British peers kneel even
+        to the empty throne of their sovereign. Kneeling is a very
+        ancient token of profound respect; it was paid to Joseph in
+        Egypt, Gen. XLI, 43; to Elias, 4 Kings I, 13 etc.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote23"
+                    name="footnote23"></a><b>Footnote 23:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag23">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>"O that an angel" says St. Ambrose, "would appear to us
+        also, when incensing the altar, and offering sacrifice".
+        Expl. in. Luc. l. 1, c. 25, n. 9.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote24"
+                    name="footnote24"></a><b>Footnote 24:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag24">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Incense is, as we shall see in c. 2; an emblem of
+        prayer, and in this sense it is offered to the B.
+        Sacrament, to Christ represented by the crucifix, and
+        adored on the altar. The gospel is incensed to signify the
+        sweet odour which it communicates to our souls; and the
+        ministers of God, to signify, according to St. Thomas, that
+        God maketh manifest <i>the odour</i> of his knowledge by us
+        in every place: "For we are unto God <i>the good odour</i>
+        of Christ in them who are saved, and in them who perish". 2
+        Cor. II, 14, 15. In fine the bread and wine offered to God
+        are incensed to signify the spices with which the body of
+        Christ was embalmed in the tomb; such at least is the
+        explanation given in the Liturgy of St. Chrysostom; and it
+        is from the oriental churches that the Latin church has
+        taken this last practice. Incense is a token of respect in
+        these and other cases.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote25"
+                    name="footnote25"></a><b>Footnote 25:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag25">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>A taper with a stand, called a <i>bugia</i>, is held at
+        divine service for persons in ecclesiastical dignity, as a
+        sign of distinction, and to throw additional light on the
+        book from which they read. The taper held for the Pope at
+        the <i>cappelle</i> has no stand, and is enkindled from a
+        light concealed within the desk, on which the assistant
+        Bishop places the missal. This is a memorial of an ancient
+        monastic custom mentioned by Martene Lib. 1, De rit. Eccl.
+        p. 277, 232.</p>
+    </blockquote><span class="pagenum"><a name="page22"
+       id="page22"></a>[pg 22]</span>
+
+    <h2>CHAP. II.</h2>
+
+    <h3>ON THE CEREMONIES OF PALM-SUNDAY</h3>
+
+    <h4><i>CONTENTS.</i></h4>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>Part 1. <i>Introductory</i>. Mysteries and devotion of
+        holy-week&mdash;Palm-Sunday, entry of Christ into
+        Jerusalem&mdash;of Julius II into Rome&mdash;Sixtus V and
+        Captain Bresca&mdash;triumphant return of Pius VII to Rome,
+        contrasted with ancient Roman triumphs. Part 2.
+        <i>Descriptive</i>, Palm-sunday&mdash;lights used at mass
+        etc.&mdash;vestments&mdash;<i>ubbidienza</i>, blessing of
+        the palms, benedictions, holy water,
+        incense&mdash;distribution of the palms&mdash;order in
+        which the prelates and others receive them&mdash;solemn
+        procession with palms, <i>sedia
+        gestatoria</i>&mdash;ceremonies peculiar to this
+        procession&mdash;its antiquity&mdash;High mass, its
+        peculiar ceremonies on
+        palm-sunday&mdash;Passio&mdash;Cardinal great Penitentiary
+        at S. John Lateran's.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>"<i>Hosanna to the son of David: blessed is he that
+        cometh in the name of the Lord, Hosanna in the
+        highest</i>". Matt. XXI, 9.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <p class="side">P. I. Holy-week</p>
+
+    <p>The sufferings and death of Jesus Christ are the mysteries
+    which the catholic church commemorates during holy week. "On
+    these days" says S. John Chrysostom (in Ps. CXCIV) "was the
+    tyranny of the devil overthrown, sin and its curse were taken
+    away, heaven was opened and made accessible". It was then
+    becoming that christians should consecrate these days of mercy,
+    of grace and <span class="pagenum"><a name="page23"
+       id="page23"></a>[pg 23]</span> salvation to exercises of
+       penance, devotion, and thanksgiving. The imposing liturgy of
+       the Roman church is at this season more than usually solemn;
+       and it is our task to describe, and endeavour to trace to
+       their origin, its varied ceremonies.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Palm-Sunday, Christ's entry into Jerusalem.</p>
+
+    <p>Palm-sunday is so called from the commemoration of our
+    blessed Saviour's entry into Jerusalem, when, according to St.
+    John (XII, 13) "a great multitude took branches of palm-trees,
+    and went forth to meet him, and cried: "Hosanna, blessed is he
+    that cometh in the name of the Lord". Thus when Simon Maccabee
+    subdued Jerusalem, he entered it "with thanksgiving and
+    branches of palm-trees, and harps, and cymbals, and hymns and
+    canticles, because the great enemy was destroyed out of
+    Israel". 1 Macc. XIII. The entry of our divine Redeemer
+    therefore was one of triumph: but it was also the entry of a
+    king into his capital: for "many spread their garments in the
+    way" (Mark XI, 8), as when Jehu was elected king, (4 Kings IX,
+    13), the Israelites spread their garments under his feet. Thus
+    also Plutarch relates of Cato of Utica, that the soldiers
+    regretting the expiration of his authority with many tears and
+    embraces spread their garments, where he passed on foot.</p>
+
+    <p>Pope Julius II returning to Rome after the siege of
+    Mirandola distributed palms to the Roman court at S. Maria del
+    Popolo; and then rode in triumphal procession to the Vatican
+    passing under seven arches adorned with representations of his
+    extraordinary and heroic deeds<a id="footnotetag26"
+       name="footnotetag26"></a><a href="#footnote26"><sup>26</sup></a>.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Sixtus V and Captain Bresca.</p>
+
+    <p>When Sixtus V. undertook to erect in the Piazza di San
+    Pietro the ponderous egyptian obelisk<a id="footnotetag27"
+       name="footnotetag27"></a><a href="#footnote27"><sup>27</sup></a>,
+       which formerly <span class="pagenum"><a name="page24"
+       id="page24"></a>[pg 24]</span> adorned Nero's circus at the
+       Vatican, he forbade on pain of death that any one should
+       speak lest the attention of the workmen should be taken off
+       from their arduous task. A naval officer of S. Remo, who
+       happened to be present, foreseeing that the ropes would take
+       fire, cried out "<i>acqua alle funi</i>". He was immediately
+       arrested by the Swiss guards, as we see him represented in
+       the small fresco in the Vatican library, and was conducted
+       before the Pontiff. Sixtus shewed that his severity was
+       based on justice; for instead of punishing the transgressor
+       of his orders, he offered him the choice of his own reward.
+       They who have observed the great abundance of palms which
+       grow in the neighbourhood of S. Remo, on the coast between
+       Nice and Genoa, will not be surprised to hear, that the
+       first wish of the gallant captain was to enjoy the privilege
+       of supplying the pontifical chapel with palms. The Pope
+       granted him this exclusive right and it is still enjoyed by
+       one of his family.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Return of Pius VII to Rome.</p>
+
+    <p>When the meek and benevolent Pius VII was returning to Rome
+    from exile and captivity, Dr. Bresca, one of the captain's
+    descendants, contrived, though not without great risk, to
+    convey to Rome the choicest palms of S. Remo and Bordighera. At
+    the house of his friend Viale half a mile outside the Porta del
+    Popolo, he assembled twenty five <i>orfanelli</i> dressed in
+    their white cassocks, and forty-five <i>verginelle</i>. When
+    the carriage of the beloved Pontiff approached, this double
+    choir of children appeared, bearing palms in their hands and
+    singing joyous canticles of benediction but I must describe
+    this lovely scene in the melodious language of the south.
+    "Ciascuno di essi (says Cancellieri) recava in mano una di
+    queste palme di color d'oro altissime e cadenti come tante
+    vaghissime piume. Sei zitelle sostenevano de'galanti panieri di
+    freschissimi fiori pendenti dal loro collo, con nastri bianchi
+    e gialli, relativi allo stendardo Pontificio. Quindi tutti si
+    schierarono in buon <span class="pagenum"><a name="page25"
+       id="page25"></a>[pg 25]</span> ordine sulle due ale delta
+       strada, e mentre le ragazze versavano graziosamente a mani
+       piene da' loro canestrelli la verzura ed i fiori, quella
+       selva ondeggiante di palme, tributate al trionfo del S.
+       Padre dal candore e dall' innocenza, sorprese con la novità
+       di uno spettacolo, che non potè a meno d'intenerire, e di
+       muovere tutti gli astanti".</p>
+
+    <p>If we now look back for a moment to the triumphs of the
+    pagan emperors, well may we bless God for the change which the
+    religion of Christ has wrought in this city. After they had let
+    loose war, and famine, and pestilence, to prey upon hapless
+    nations, they ascended the Capitol to offer incense with
+    polluted hands to their profane gods; and meantime the groans
+    of the dying and unpitied princes, whom they had reserved to
+    decorate their triumph, ascended from the scala Gemonia to call
+    down the vengeance of heaven upon their oppressors. But while
+    the pacific and holy vicar of Christ returns in triumph to his
+    capital, the lips of babes and sucklings sing his praises, as
+    they did those of his Divine Master, and he implores heaven to
+    shower down benedictions on his enemies as well as his beloved
+    children.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">P. II Papal chapel on palm-sunday.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Lights used at mass, etc.</p>
+
+    <p>At about 9 o'clock on palm-sunday morning the Cardinals,
+    Prelates and others assemble near the chapel of the Pieta at S.
+    Peter's, as at present the solemn service takes place in that
+    basilica, and not as formerly in the Sixtine chapel. The
+    crucifix over the altar is veiled, in token of the mourning of
+    the church over her divine spouse's
+    sufferings<a id="footnotetag28"
+       name="footnotetag28"></a><a href="#footnote28"><sup>28</sup></a>.
+       On the altar are six lighted candles, and other torches are
+       brought in after the <i>Sanctus</i> of the Mass,
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page26"
+       id="page26"></a>[pg 26]</span> and held till after the
+       elevation, in honour of the B. Sacrament, by four <i>acoliti
+       ceroferarii</i><a id="footnotetag29"
+       name="footnotetag29"></a><a href="#footnote29"><sup>29</sup></a>.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">sacred vestments</p>
+
+    <p>As the pope is to bless and distribute the palms, and a
+    solemn procession is to take place, the Cardinals put on their
+    sacred vestments, viz. all of them the amice, the cardinal
+    bishops the surplice and the cope, the priests the chasuble,
+    and the deacons a chasuble shorter in front than that of the
+    priests. The auditors of the Rota, <i>Cherici di Camera,
+    Votanti</i>, and <i>Abbreviatori</i> put on a <i>cotta</i> or
+    supplice. The bishops and mitred abbots wear the cope, and the
+    <i>Penitenzieri</i> or confessors of St. Peter's, the chasuble.
+    The copes of the cardinal bishops are ornamented with a
+    <i>formale</i>, adorned with three large bosses or projections
+    of pearls arranged in a perpendicular line, while the Pope's
+    are in a triangular order, evidently alluding, to the blessed
+    Trinity. As this is a day of mourning, the sacred vestments are
+    purple.</p>
+
+    <p class="side"><i>ubbidienza.</i></p>
+
+    <p>Thus attired and holding their mitres the Cardinals remain
+    standing while the Pope is vested by the assistant
+    Cardinal-deacons who put on His Holiness the amice, alb,
+    girdle, stole, red cope, <i>formale</i> or clasp, and mitre.
+    All then move in procession towards the high-altar in the order
+    observed in the procession of the palms, as described
+    below:<a id="footnotetag30"
+       name="footnotetag30"></a><a href="#footnote30"><sup>30</sup></a>
+       the Pope descends from His <i>sedia gestatoria</i> to adore
+       the Holy Sacrament with the Cardinals etc. The
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page27"
+       id="page27"></a>[pg 27]</span> procession then goes to the
+       high-altar; and having prayed for a short time before it,
+       the Pope goes to the throne,<a id="footnotetag31"
+       name="footnotetag31"></a><a href="#footnote31"><sup>31</sup></a>
+       and there receives the <i>ubbidienza</i> or homage of all
+       the cardinals present, who in turn kiss His right hand
+       covered with the cope. This ceremony which takes place at
+       all solemn offices, except on good friday, and at masses for
+       the dead, bears some resemblance to the old homage of feudal
+       times<a id="footnotetag32"
+       name="footnotetag32"></a><a href="#footnote32"><sup>32</sup></a>.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Blessing of the palms.</p>
+
+    <p>Some palms are arranged on the altar. The Pope's chief
+    Sacristan, who is a bishop chosen from the Augustinian order
+    bears one, and kneels on the steps of the throne between the
+    deacon and subdeacon, who bear two larger palms. His Holiness
+    reads the usual prayers over the palms, sprinkles them with
+    holy water, and incenses them three
+    times.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page28"
+       id="page28"></a>[pg 28]</span>
+
+    <p class="side">Distribution of the palms.</p>
+
+    <p>When the palms have been blessed<a id="footnotetag33"
+       name="footnotetag33"></a><a href="#footnote33"><sup>33</sup></a>,
+       the Cardinal Dean receives from the governor of Rome and
+       presents to the Pope those three palms, which were borne by
+       <i>M. Sagrista</i>, the deacon and subdeacon. One of these
+       is held during the service by the prince assistant at the
+       throne, the other two are delivered to the care of <i>M.
+       Coppiere</i>, one of the <i>Camerieri segreti
+       partecipanti</i>: the shortest is carried
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page29"
+       id="page29"></a>[pg 29]</span> by the Pope in the
+       procession. An embroidered apron is now placed over the
+       Pope's knees, and the cardinals in turn receive a palm from
+       Him, kissing the palm, his right hand and knee. The bishops
+       present kiss the palm which they receive and his right knee:
+       and the mitred abbots and <i>Penitenzieri</i> kiss the palm
+       and his foot<a id="footnotetag34"
+       name="footnotetag34"></a><a href="#footnote34"><sup>34</sup></a>,
+       as do all who come after them in the following order, which
+       is observed also on good-friday at the kissing of the cross,
+       and it is also on candlemas-day and ash-wednesday.</p>
+
+    <p>The Governor, the Prince assistant, the <i>Uditore della
+    Camera</i>, the Treasurer, the <i>Maggiordomo</i>, the
+    Apostolic protonotaries; the Generals of Religious Orders, the
+    <i>Conservatori</i> and Prior of the <i>Caporioni</i>, the
+    <i>Maestro del S. Ospizio</i>, the <i>Uditori di Rota</i>, the
+    <i>Maestro del S. Palazzo</i>, the <i>Votanti di Segnatura</i>,
+    the <i>Abbreviatori del Parco maggiore</i>, the priest, deacon,
+    and subdeacon who assist the cardinal who is to celebrate mass,
+    the Masters of ceremonies, the <i>Camerieri segreti</i> and
+    <i>d'onore</i>, the Consistorial advocates, the <i>Cappellani
+    segreti</i>, <i>d'onore</i> and <i>comuni</i>, the <i>Ajutanti
+    di camera</i>, the <i>bussolanti</i>, the <i>Procuratori
+    generali</i> of religious orders, the <i>Procuratori di
+    Collegio</i>, the singers, the clerks of the papal chapel, the
+    cardinal's <i>caudatarii</i>, the <i>ostiarii</i>, the
+    mace-bearers, some students of the German college, and in fine
+    such noblemen and gentlemen as are admitted on this occasion to
+    receive a palm from His Holiness, who is assisted as usual by
+    two Card. deacons.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page30"
+       id="page30"></a>[pg 30]</span>
+
+    <p>During the distribution of the palms, the anthems <i>Pueri
+    Hebræorum</i> etc. are sung by the choir; and when it is
+    finished, the Pope washes His hands, and says the usual
+    concluding prayer: the prince stationed at the throne brings
+    the water, and the Cardinal Dean presents the towel to His
+    Holiness.</p>
+
+    <p class="side"><i>Solemn procession.</i></p>
+
+    <p>The Pope then puts incense into the thurible for the
+    procession, and the first Card. Deacon turning towards the
+    people says according to the old formula Let us proceed in
+    peace: the choir answers, in the name of Christ. Amen'. The
+    procession, in which the blessed palms are carried, moves round
+    S. Peter's, in the following order, which is observed also for
+    the most part on holy thursday and good friday. The
+    <i>Procuratori di Collegio</i>,<a id="footnotetag35"
+       name="footnotetag35"></a><a href="#footnote35"><sup>35</sup></a>
+       <i>Procuratori generali</i>, the <i>Bussolanti</i>, the
+       <i>Ajutanti di Camera</i>, <i>Cappellani comuni</i> and
+       <i>segreti</i>, the Consistorial advocates, the <i>Camerieri
+       d' onore</i>, and <i>segreti</i>, the singers, the
+       <i>Abbreviatori, Votanti di Segnatura, Cherici di Camera,
+       Uditori di Rota</i>, the Thurifer, (<i>Votante di
+       Segnatura</i>), the Subdeacon (<i>Uditore di Rota</i>) who
+       carries the cross ornamented with a small palm, between two
+       acolythes (<i>Votanti di Segnatura</i>) carrying candles,
+       the <i>Penitenzieri</i>, the mitred abbots, bishops and the
+       Cardinal deacons, priests and bishops all wearing their
+       mitres.<a id="footnotetag36"
+       name="footnotetag36"></a><a href="#footnote36"><sup>36</sup></a>
+       The Pope is preceded by many officers of his guards (who go
+       to the throne towards the end of the distribution of palms),
+       the <i>Maestro del S. Ospizio</i>, the <i>Conservatori</i>,
+       Senator and Governor of Rome. His Holiness is carried on his
+       <i>Sedia gestatoria</i><a id="footnotetag37"
+       name="footnotetag37"></a><a href="#footnote37"><sup>37</sup></a>
+       under a canopy supported
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page31"
+       id="page31"></a>[pg 31]</span> by 8 <i>Referendarii</i>
+       (prelates of the tribunal of <i>Segnatura</i>) between the
+       <i>flabelli</i> carried by two of His <i>Camerieri</i>. He
+       is followed by the dean of the Rota (whose duty it is to
+       bear His mitre) between two <i>camerieri segreti</i> (who as
+       well as two Auditors of the Rota bear His train when
+       occasion requires), by the <i>Uditore della Camera</i>, the
+       Treasurer, <i>Maggiordomo</i>, Protonotaries and Generals of
+       religious orders.</p>
+
+    <p>During the procession the choir sings the anthem, <i>Cum
+    appropinquaret etc.</i> When the procession is in the portico,
+    two soprano singers reenter the basilica, and shut the door:
+    then turning towards the door, they sing the first verse of the
+    hymn <i>Gloria, laus et honor</i><a id="footnotetag38"
+       name="footnotetag38"></a><a href="#footnote38"><sup>38</sup></a>
+       and the other verses alternately with the choir, which
+       remains without. The <span class="pagenum"><a name="page32"
+       id="page32"></a>[pg 32]</span> subdeacon knocks at the gate
+       with the cross, and it is immediately opened; the procession
+       returns into the church, and the choir sings the concluding
+       anthems.</p>
+
+    <p class="side"><i>its antiquity.</i></p>
+
+    <p>The solemn commemoration, which we have described, of
+    Christ's triumphant entry into Jerusalem, could never have
+    taken place during times of persecution: nor did it originate
+    immediately after Constantine had ensured peace to the church.
+    Martene (De ant. Eccl. Rit. lib. IV, c. 20) could find no
+    mention of it before the 8th or 9th century, when Amalarius
+    says "In memory of this we are accustomed to carry
+    palm-branches, and cry Hosanna". Merati however, in his notes
+    to Gavant, considers that he has found traces of it in the
+    Gregorian and Gelasian sacramentaries, and in a Roman calendar
+    of the beginning of the fifth century<a id="footnotetag39"
+       name="footnotetag39"></a><a href="#footnote39"><sup>39</sup></a>
+       and his opinion is adopted by Benedict XIV. The ceremonies
+       of the church of Jerusalem on this day were a still closer
+       imitation of the entry of Christ into that city.</p>
+
+    <p>When the procession is ended, the cardinals, bishops, and
+    mitred abbots take off their sacred vestments and the prelates
+    their surplices, and they all resume their respective
+    <i>cappe</i>; the <i>Penitenzieri</i> retire, and mass is
+    celebrated by a cardinal of the order of priests. Having
+    already given an account not only of low mass, but also of the
+    additional ceremonies of high mass, as celebrated in the papal
+    chapel, we shall here mention those only which are peculiar to
+    palm-sunday.</p>
+
+    <p>At those words of the epistle (which is sung as usual by the
+    subdeacon), "in the name of Jesus let every knee bow", the
+    whole assembly kneels to adore their divine Redeemer, who
+    became obedient unto death for our salvation. The affecting
+    account of His sufferings and death
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page33"
+       id="page33"></a>[pg 33]</span> is then sung by three
+       priests<a id="footnotetag40"
+       name="footnotetag40"></a><a href="#footnote40"><sup>40</sup></a>
+       belonging to the pontifical choir, and habited as deacons in
+       alb and stole. The history itself is sung by a tenor voice,
+       the words, of our Saviour by a bass, and those of any other
+       single voice by a <i>contralto</i>, called the
+       <i>ancilla</i>, as he sings the words of the <i>maid</i> to
+       S. Peter: the choir sings the words of the
+       multitude<a id="footnotetag41"
+       name="footnotetag41"></a><a href="#footnote41"><sup>41</sup></a>.
+       The church, mourning over the sufferings of her divine
+       Spouse, does not allow the incense, lights, or the
+       benediction and salutation usual before the gospel; but the
+       palms are borne to signify the triumphs consequent on His
+       death as they are also from the elevation till after the
+       communion. All stand up as usual from respect to the holy
+       gospel ("as servants before their Lord" Amalarius) but kneel
+       for a short time at the words "Jesus crying with a loud
+       voice yielded up the ghost", to adore that God of love who
+       died for mankind. The latter part of the gospel is sung in
+       the usual chant by the deacon, but without the customary
+       lights<a id="footnotetag42"
+       name="footnotetag42"></a><a href="#footnote42"><sup>42</sup></a>.
+       At the offertory is sung the first part of the beautiful
+       hymn <i>Stabat Mater</i>: the music is Palestrina's, and is
+       justly and highly panegyrised by Baini; it has been
+       published by Dr. Burney. Both the <i>introit</i> and
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page34"
+       id="page34"></a>[pg 34]</span> communion are sung without,
+       and the offertory with, counterpoint: the <i>Kyrie
+       eleison</i>, Gradual and tract, in plain chant. The
+       Benedictus qui venit is usually very beautiful. At the end
+       of the mass, as there has been no sermon, the Card.
+       celebrant announces from the altar the Pope's usual grant to
+       all present of an indulgence<a id="footnotetag43"
+       name="footnotetag43"></a><a href="#footnote43"><sup>43</sup></a>
+       or remission of the <i>temporal</i> punishment due for past
+       sins, whose guilt has been already remitted.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">indulgences</p>
+
+    <p>When the mass is ended, the palms are carried home by those
+    who have received them, and are preserved with respect. Two
+    larger than the rest are kept until the ascension, in the
+    sacristy called the <i>Letto dei Paramenti</i> because
+    anciently the aged Pontiffs after their fatiguing walk to the
+    stational churches used to repose on a <i>letto</i> or bed
+    prepared for them in the sacristy, where they afterwards put on
+    the <i>paramenti</i> or vestments. The paschal candle also, an
+    emblem of Christ the true light, as we shall afterwards see is
+    removed on the day of the ascension: this circumstance may
+    explain the above-mentioned
+    custom.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page35"
+       id="page35"></a>[pg 35]</span>
+
+    <p class="side">Cardinal penitentiary at S. John Lateran's.</p>
+
+    <p>In the afternoon of palm-sunday, the Cardinal great
+    Penitentiary goes in state to S. John Lateran's. He is met,
+    before he enters their college, by the minor penitentiaries,
+    who at this basilic are Franciscans, <i>minori osservanti</i>.
+    Having sprinkled those present with holy water, he goes up to
+    their private oratory<a id="footnotetag44"
+       name="footnotetag44"></a><a href="#footnote44"><sup>44</sup></a>
+       in the Lateran palace, whither he is escorted by the
+       prelates and other ministers of the apostolic
+       <i>Penitenzieria</i>. After a short prayer, he proceeds to
+       the library, where he holds the <i>Segnatura</i> or tribunal
+       for signing documents relating to his office, and afterwards
+       enters the basilic of St. John Lateran's, where he is
+       received by four canons. Here seated at his tribunal of
+       penance, he touches with his rod the heads of the prelates,
+       ministers and others who approach to him; and for this act
+       of humiliation they receive an indulgence, or remission of
+       the canonical penance, of 100 days. He also hears the
+       confessions of any persons who may choose to present
+       themselves: but the solution of difficult cases and
+       absolution from crimes reserved to his jurisdiction may be
+       obtained without confessing to his Eminence on so public an
+       occasion<a id="footnotetag45"
+       name="footnotetag45"></a><a href="#footnote45"><sup>45</sup></a>.</p><span class="pagenum">
+    <a name="page36"
+       id="page36"></a>[pg 36]</span>
+
+    <p>The ceremonies, which we have described, are designed to
+    honour our divine Redeemer, whose actions and sufferings are
+    thereby commemorated, and at the same time to excite sentiments
+    of devotion in the hearts of His servants. Here ought the
+    catholic to exercise faith, hope, love, and contrition for his
+    sins: and <i>all</i>, of whatever country or creed they may be,
+    who are admitted with hospitality and liberality to witness the
+    solemn and imposing service, if they do not feel such noble
+    sentiments, ought at least to observe that external decorum,
+    which the season, the place, the hierarchy, and above all the
+    commemoration of the sufferings of the God of charity will
+    dictate to every well-educated and well-principled mind. It is
+    to be lamented, that not only the devotion of Catholics is
+    disturbed, but their feelings also are occasionally insulted in
+    their own house of worship by the unbecoming remarks of
+    individuals&mdash;but enough: "you have not so learned Christ:
+    if yet you have heard him, and have been taught in him, as the
+    truth is in Jesus". Ephes. IV, 20, 21. If on this day even the
+    inhabitants of Jerusalem received Him with triumph and jubilee,
+    let us His disciples and children offer to Him the best tribute
+    in our power of love praise and adoration.</p>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote26"
+                    name="footnote26"></a><b>Footnote 26:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag26">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>See Cancellieri, <i>Solenni possessi de'Papi, p</i>.
+        539.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote27"
+                    name="footnote27"></a><b>Footnote 27:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag27">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>According to Champollion, it was originally erected in
+        Heliopolis by Ramesses 7th son of the great Ramesses or
+        Sesostris; Pliny says by Nuncoreus son of Sesostris.
+        Caligula transported it to Rome, and placed it in the
+        circus afterwards called Nero's, where it remained standing
+        till the time of Sixtus V.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote28"
+                    name="footnote28"></a><b>Footnote 28:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag28">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>It was customary in Lent, says St. Audoenus, to cover
+        with a linen veil the tomb of Eligius to conceal the
+        brightness of the gold and the splendour of the gems". Vita
+        S. Eligii l. 2. c. 40. Thus does the church at this season
+        put off her costly nuptial robes, and vest herself in weeds
+        of deepest mourning. The time for veiling the crucifix and
+        images has varied at different periods. The Saturday before
+        passion-sunday is now the first, and holy Saturday the last
+        day, of this observance.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote29"
+                    name="footnote29"></a><b>Footnote 29:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag29">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>S. Isidore (A.D. 600.) observes, that acolythes are
+        called in Latin <i>Ceroferarii</i> "from their carrying wax
+        tapers when the gospel is to be read or sacrifice is to be
+        offered". In the eleventh century Micrologus testifies
+        "that Mass, according to the <i>Ordo Romanus</i>, was never
+        celebrated without lights, even in the day time, as a type
+        of the light of Christ". To this custom we shall recur in
+        the following chapter.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote30"
+                    name="footnote30"></a><b>Footnote 30:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag30">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Pietro de Marca maintains, that the crucifix borne
+        before the Pope was substituted in place of the
+        <i>labarum</i> or standard carried before the emperors.
+        That of Constantine had the form of a cross, and was
+        surmounted with XP the first letters of Christ's name, Eus.
+        In Vita Const. l. 4.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote31"
+                    name="footnote31"></a><b>Footnote 31:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag31">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>I shall not speak of some ancient ceremonies of holy
+        week which have fallen into disuse, such as the custom of
+        carrying the gospel or the B. Sacrament in triumphant
+        procession on Palm-Sunday, and others alluded to by
+        Cancellieri and described by Martene, De Antiq. Eccl.
+        Rit.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote32"
+                    name="footnote32"></a><b>Footnote 32:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag32">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>In times of schism caused by antipopes it was a practice
+        of the utmost importance. Thus we read in Baronius' Annals
+        A.D. 1160, that when the antipope Cardinal Octavianus, who
+        assumed the name of Victor, had been illegitimately
+        elected, the chapter of St. Peter's came immediately to the
+        feet of the said Pope Victor, and <i>obeyed</i> "obedivit"
+        and the clergy and people paid due reverence to him, and a
+        great multitude in like manner <i>obeyed</i>: "the rectors
+        also came to his feet, and paid <i>obedience</i> and
+        reverence". Then follows a long list of the clergy of
+        various Roman churches, all of whom it is said that they
+        <i>obeyed</i>. Thus,</p>
+
+        <p>"The Lateran prior and his canons <i>obeyed</i>. The
+        clergy of the patriarchal church of S. Mary Major's
+        <i>obeyed</i> etc."</p>
+
+        <p>This <i>obedience</i> was evidently an external sign of
+        their acknowledging Victor as Pope in place of Alexander,
+        the legitimate pontiff. Anciently the Pope received the
+        homage of the deacons in the sacristy; they afterwards went
+        out of the sacristy to put on their dalmatics. Cancellieri
+        de Secretariis T.I. In the sacristy the Pope gave the
+        <i>peace</i> to the Bishops, Cardinals, Prefect, Senator,
+        and other lay princes according to the canon Benedict,
+        Cencius Camerarius and Cajetan. The ordines Romani mention
+        the bowing of the Subdeacon at the knees of the Pontiff,
+        and the kissing of his hand by the priests, the archdeacon
+        and secundarius De secretariis T. I, p. 409.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote33"
+                    name="footnote33"></a><b>Footnote 33:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag33">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Many forms of benediction of persons and things taken
+        from ancient Pontificals and manuscript rituals may be seen
+        in Martene, De antiquis Ecclesiae Ritibus. The church
+        generally uses holy-water and incense when blessing God's
+        creatures, which are "sanctified by the word of God and
+        prayer" 1 Tom. IV, 5. God had appointed water of expiation
+        to be used by the Jews, Numbers XIX. Lustral water used to
+        be sprinkled also by the Pagans; Terque senem flamma, ter
+        aqua, ter sulphure purget. Ov. Met. l. 7. Anastasius says
+        that Alexander I, who was Pope in 108 "appointed that water
+        for sprinkling should be blessed with salt in private
+        houses." It is mentioned also in the apostolic
+        constitutions. Boldetti in his <i>Cemeterii de' martiri</i>
+        notices the short columns supporting small vases, in
+        corners of the chapels in the catacombs; and Bottari has
+        published and illustrated in his <i>Roma sotterranea</i> an
+        interesting fresco discovered in the catacombs of S.
+        Agnese, and representing five figures carrying vessels
+        closely resembling those still used for holy water; four of
+        those figures carry branches supposed to be of the
+        palm-tree: the fifth holds an aspergillum with which holy
+        water is still sprinkled. A copy of this fresco may be seen
+        also in Rock's Hierurgia, p. 668. Incense is a symbol of
+        prayers. "Let my prayer, O Lord" we say with the Psalmist
+        "be directed as incense in thy sight". God had appointed it
+        to be used in the Jewish worship, and St. John says, that
+        an "angel came and stood before the altar, having a golden
+        censer, and there was given to him much incense, that he
+        should offer of the prayers of all the saints upon the
+        golden altar, which is before the throne of God: and the
+        smoke of the incense of the prayers of the saints ascended
+        up before God, from the hand of the angel". Apoc. VIII, 3,
+        5. Of the apostolic antiquity of its use the Protestant
+        bishop Beveridge adduces proofs in his Vindication of the
+        apostolical canons. The ancient liturgies of the east and
+        west agree in prescribing the use of incense, and in
+        particular at the beginning of mass, at the offertory etc.
+        See Renaudot, Assemani, Le Brun etc. Constantine, according
+        to Anastasius in his life of S. Silvester, gave two golden
+        thuribles to the Lateran basilis, and a third adorned with
+        jewels to the Baptistery. See Card. Bona, Rerum
+        Liturgicarum lib. I, c. XXV, § 9.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote34"
+                    name="footnote34"></a><b>Footnote 34:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag34">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Of the antiquity of the custom of kissing the Pope's
+        foot we have proofs in Anastasius the librarian in the
+        lives of Popes Constantine and Leo IV. When Valentine was
+        elected Pope in 827, his feet were kissed by the Roman
+        senate and people at S. John Lateran's. Numerous instances
+        also are on record of sovereigns who have kissed the feet
+        of the Popes, and Pouyard has written a dissertation to
+        shew, that this custom was anterior to that of marking the
+        papal shoes or sandals with a cross. This token of profound
+        respect was given also to the emperors of the east at
+        Byzantium.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote35"
+                    name="footnote35"></a><b>Footnote 35:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag35">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>These are distinguished lawyers habited in black
+        <i>cappe</i>. For an account of the various offices
+        above-mentioned and of their origin see The Papal Chapel,
+        Described etc. by C.M. Baggs. Rome. 1839.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote36"
+                    name="footnote36"></a><b>Footnote 36:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag36">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>That crosses, candles and incense were anciently used in
+        processions appears from S. Gregory of Tours, de Vit.
+        Patrum, c. 13.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote37"
+                    name="footnote37"></a><b>Footnote 37:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag37">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>The kings and chief magistrates of ancient Rome were
+        entitled to a <i>sella curulis</i>, or chair of state,
+        which used to be placed in their chariots. Gell. III; 18.
+        They were seated on it also at their tribunal on solemn
+        occasions. Virgil makes old king Latinus say:</p>
+
+        <p>Et <i>sellam regni</i> trabeamque <i>insignia
+        nostri</i>. Æn. XI. 334. The Romans had borrowed it from
+        the Etruscans according to Dionysius of Halicarnassus.
+        (Clement of Alexandria observes, That many of the rites of
+        Etruria were imported from Asia; and Diodorus (lib. 5.)
+        represents these insignia as derived from Lydia. See
+        Phoebens. De Identitate Cathedræ S. Petri p. XX. seq.) It
+        was richly adorned, <i>conspicuum signis</i>, according to
+        Ovid, Pont. IV. 5, 18. In the Pope's carriage even now
+        there is a chair of state, and to Him alone is reserved the
+        honour of a <i>sedia gestatoria</i>. Pope Stephen II in 751
+        was carried to the basilica of Constantine on the shoulders
+        of the Romans exulting at his election: and from this fact
+        some derive the custom of carrying the Pope in His chair on
+        solemn occasions.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote38"
+                    name="footnote38"></a><b>Footnote 38:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag38">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>This hymn is attributed to the abbot Theodulph
+        afterwards bishop of Orleans, who lived in the 9th century.
+        If it were true, that he sang it as the emperor Louis le
+        debonnaire was passing by the prison, in which he was
+        confined, and that he was in consequence liberated, we
+        should have a historical reason for the shutting and
+        opening of the door, and for the hymn's being sung partly
+        inside the church. This account has however been called in
+        question by Menard, Macri, Martene and others; and hence
+        Pouget, and after him Benedict XIV and others are contented
+        with a mystic reason for such ceremonies, viz, that heaven
+        was closed to man in consequence of sin, and was opened to
+        him by the cross of Christ.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote39"
+                    name="footnote39"></a><b>Footnote 39:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag39">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>In these it is called Dominica ad Palmas, Dominica in
+        Palmis, and in the Gregorian Sacramentary mention is made,
+        in the prayer which precedes communion, of the faithful
+        carrying palm-branches.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote40"
+                    name="footnote40"></a><b>Footnote 40:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag40">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Anciently a cardinal deacon used to read it, and to sing
+        only the words "Eli, Eli, lamma sabachthani".</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote41"
+                    name="footnote41"></a><b>Footnote 41:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag41">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>The author of this exquisite chant is unknown: Baini
+        supposes that he was a member of the pontifical choir: it
+        has been sung in the papal chapel since the middle of the
+        13th century. In 1585 it, together with the rest of the
+        service of holy week, was published by Tommaso da Vittoria
+        with the words of the people harmonised for 4 and 5 voices;
+        his method was adopted by the papal choir, which adorns it
+        with many traditional graces, and in particular gives
+        occasionally, says Baini, to the words of the multitude
+        "the irresistible force of a most robust harmony". The
+        abbate Alfieri has published a new edition of the
+        <i>Passios</i>.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote42"
+                    name="footnote42"></a><b>Footnote 42:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag42">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>In Africa till the time of S. Augustine, the Passion
+        used to be read in holy week from the gospel of S. Matthew
+        alone; but by his direction, as he mentions in his 232nd
+        discourse, it was read every year from all the four
+        evangelists; and this custom is still observed.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote43"
+                    name="footnote43"></a><b>Footnote 43:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag43">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>That God, after He has pardoned sin and consequently
+        remitted its eternal punishment, often, if not generally,
+        demands temporal satisfaction from the sinner, is evident
+        from many instances in scripture, such as those of David (2
+        Sam. XII) of Moses (Deuteron. XXXII compare Num. XIV) to
+        say nothing of Adam (Gen. III) and all his posterity, who
+        endure the temporal punishment of original sin, even when
+        its stain has been washed away by baptism. Now the church
+        by virtue of the ample authority with which Christ has
+        invested her (Matt. XVIII, John XX) and in particular her
+        chief pastor (Matt. XVI) has from the beginning exercised
+        the power of remitting the temporal punishment of actual
+        sins. Thus S. Paul pardoned the incestuous Corinthian (2.
+        Cor. II): in times of persecution the bishops at the
+        request of the martyrs remitted the penance imposed on
+        those who had fallen into idolatry (Tersul. lib. ad
+        martyres, Euseb. Hist. Eccl. lib. V, c. 4. S. Cyprian.
+        Epist. XIII etc.), to say nothing of canons of the 4th
+        century which prescribe that indulgences should be granted
+        to <i>fervent</i> penitents, of the crusades, and of the
+        indulgences granted to those who contributed money for the
+        building of S. Peter's, etc. Indulgences presuppose
+        repentance and confession, and the performance of those
+        good works which are prescribed as conditions necessary for
+        their acquisition, as communion, prayers, alms etc.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote44"
+                    name="footnote44"></a><b>Footnote 44:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag44">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>It was built by Calixtus II, and was for two centuries
+        and a half the Vestry of the Roman Pontiffs. It was
+        repaired and consecrated in 1747. See Cancellieri. De
+        Secretariis T. I, p. 342.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote45"
+                    name="footnote45"></a><b>Footnote 45:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag45">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>In the third century, in the time of Pope Cornelius
+        there were priests appointed to absolve those who had
+        fallen into idolatry; and they were called <i>Presbyteri
+        Pænitentium</i>. S. Marcellus also, according to
+        Anastasius, after the persecution raised by Diocletian,
+        appointed in Rome titular churches, in which penance as
+        well as baptism were administered by priests, the former
+        sacrament is conferred by the minor penitentiaries. Pope
+        Simplicius in fine, as we learn from the same author,
+        destined fixed weeks at S. Peter's, S. Paul's, and S.
+        Laurence's, to <i>receive penitents</i> and administer
+        baptism. From the usual custom of Rome in such matters,
+        Zaccaria argues that during the first five or six
+        centuries, according to the general custom proved by
+        Thomassin, the great penitentiary was the <i>bishop himself
+        of the city</i> in which they resided. It is however
+        certain, that in the 4th century from the numerous priests
+        of Constantinople one was selected called a penitentiary,
+        who took cognisance of crimes, to which public penance was
+        annexed by the canons. At Rome also there was a cardinal
+        penitentiary long before the fourth council of Lateran,
+        which in 1215 prescribed that bishops should appoint
+        penitentiaries, for Berthod priest of Constance relates in
+        his chronicle, that in the year 1084 he was promoted to the
+        dignity of cardinal-priest and penitentiary of the Roman
+        church.</p>
+    </blockquote><span class="pagenum"><a name="page37"
+       id="page37"></a>[pg 37]</span>
+
+    <h2>CHAP III.</h2>
+
+    <h3>ON THE DIVINE OFFICE, AND THE OFFICE OF TENEBRAE IN
+    PARTICULAR.</h3>
+
+    <h4><i>CONTENTS.</i></h4>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>PART 1. <i>Introductory</i>. Breviary&mdash;Divine
+        office, its origin&mdash;performed by the early
+        Christians&mdash;ancient and modern editions of the
+        breviary. PART 2. <i>Descriptive</i>. Office of
+        Tenebræ&mdash;Matins and Lauds&mdash;extinction of the
+        lights&mdash;meaning of this ceremony&mdash;chant,
+        lamentations&mdash;conclusions of the
+        office&mdash;<i>Miserere</i>, its music&mdash;Card.
+        Penitentiary at S. Mary Major's. <i>Trinità dei
+        Pellegrini</i>.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>"<i>I will bless the Lord at all times</i>: <i>his
+        praise shall always be in my mouth</i>". Ps. XXXIII, 2.</p>
+
+        <p>"<i>He humbled himself, becoming obedient unto death,
+        even the death of the cross</i>". Phil. II, 8.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <p class="side">P. I. Breviary.</p>
+
+    <p>We shall not hesitate to borrow the following account of the
+    church office contained in the Roman Breviary from a Protestant
+    divine (Tracts of the Times no. 75). "The word <i>Breviarum</i>
+    first occurs in the work of an author of the eleventh century
+    (Micrologus) and it is used to denote a compendium or
+    systematic arrangement of the devotional offices of the church.
+    Till that time they were contained in several independent
+    volumes, according to the nature of each. Such, for instance,
+    were the <i>Psalteria</i>, <i>Homilaria</i>, <i>Hymnaria</i>,
+    and the like, to be used in the service in due course. But at
+    his memorable era, and under the auspices of the Pontiff who
+    makes it memorable, Gregory VII, an Order was drawn up, for the
+    use of the Roman <span class="pagenum"><a name="page38"
+       id="page38"></a>[pg 38]</span> church, containing in one all
+       these different collections, introducing the separate
+       members of each in its proper place, and harmonising them
+       together by the use of rubrics.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Divine office, its origin.</p>
+
+    <p>"Gregory VII did but restore and harmonise these offices;
+    which seem to have existed more or less the same in constituent
+    parts, though not in order and system, from Apostolic times. In
+    their present shape they are appointed for seven distinct
+    seasons in the twenty four hours, and consist of prayers,
+    praises and thanksgivings of various forms; and, as regards
+    both contents and hours, are the continuation of a system of
+    worship observed by the Apostles and their converts. As to
+    <i>contents</i>, the Breviary service consists of the Psalms;
+    of Hymns and Canticles; of Lessons and Texts from inspired and
+    Ecclesiastical authors; of Antiphons, Verses and Responses, and
+    Sentences; and of Collects. And analogous to this seems to have
+    been the usage of the Corinthian Christians, whom St. Paul
+    blames for refusing to agree in some common order of worship,
+    when they came together, <i>every one of them</i> having a
+    Psalm, or a doctrine, a tongue, a revelation, an interpretation
+    (1 Cor. XIV, 26). On the other hand, the catholic
+    <i>seasons</i> of devotion are certainly derived from apostolic
+    usage. The Jewish observance of the third, sixth and ninth
+    hours for prayer, was continued by the inspired founders of the
+    Christian church. What Daniel had practised, even when the
+    decree was signed forbidding it, "<i>kneeling on his knees
+    three times a day, and praying and giving thanks unto his
+    God</i>", S. Peter and the other Apostles were solicitous in
+    preserving. It was when "<i>they were all with one accord in
+    one place</i>", at "the <i>third</i> hour of the day", that the
+    Holy Ghost came down upon them at Pentecost. It was at the
+    <i>sixth</i> hour, that St. Peter "went up upon the house-top
+    to pray" and saw the vision revealing to him the admission of
+    the gentiles into <span class="pagenum"><a name="page39"
+       id="page39"></a>[pg 39]</span> church. And it was at the
+       <i>ninth</i> hour that "Peter and John went up together into
+       the temple", being "the hour of prayer". But though these
+       were the more remarkable seasons of devotion, there
+       certainly were others besides them in the first age of the
+       church. After our Saviour's departure, the Apostles, we are
+       informed, "all <i>continued</i> with one accord in prayer
+       and supplication, with the women, and Mary the mother of
+       Jesus, and with His brethren": and with this accords the
+       repealed exhortation to pray together without ceasing, which
+       occurs in St. Paul's epistles. It will be observed that he
+       insists in one passage on prayer to the abridgment of sleep
+       (Eph. VI, 18); and one recorded passage of his life
+       exemplifies his precept: "And at midnight Paul and Silas
+       prayed, and sang praises unto God, and the prisoners heard
+       them".</p>
+
+    <p>In subsequent times the Hours of prayer were gradually
+    developed from the three, or (with midnight) the four seasons
+    above enumerated, to seven, viz. by the addition of Prime (the
+    first hour), Vespers (the evening), and Compline (bedtime);
+    according to the words of the Psalm, "Seven times a day do I
+    praise Thee, because of Thy righteous judgment. Other pious and
+    instructive reasons existed, or have since been perceived for
+    this number".<a id="footnotetag46"
+       name="footnotetag46"></a><a href="#footnote46"><sup>46</sup></a>
+       Thus far our Protestant author, with whose remarks we are
+       too well pleased to go out of our way to dispute with him
+       the truth of some other portions of his tract, which are
+       objectionable.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Performed by the early Christians.</p>
+
+    <p>That the early Christians continued after the time of the
+    apostles to observe the hours of prayer above enumerated is
+    proved by Martene (De Ant. Eccl. Rit. T. 3) who
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page40"
+       id="page40"></a>[pg 40]</span> has collected many decisive
+       passages from the Greek and Latin Fathers. We shall content
+       ourselves with one taken from a work on prayer by S.
+       Cyprian, bishop of Carthage in the third century. Having
+       mentioned Daniel's practice of praying three times a day, he
+       observes, that it is manifest that there was something
+       mysterious or symbolical in the ancient practice. "For the
+       holy Ghost descended on the disciples at the third hour; at
+       the sixth hour Peter going to the house-top was instructed
+       by God to admit all to the grace of salvation; and the Lord,
+       who was crucified at the sixth hour, washed away our sins
+       with his blood at the ninth hour, and completed the victory
+       by his passion. For us however, besides the hours anciently
+       observed, the times and also the symbols of prayer have
+       increased. For we must pray in the morning, to celebrate the
+       resurrection of the Lord; also when the sun recedes and the
+       day ceases; for Christ is the true sun and the true day, and
+       when we pray that the light of Christ may again come upon
+       us, we pray that his coming may impart to us the grace of
+       eternal light: and let us who are always in Christ, that is,
+       in the light, not cease from prayer at night". See also Dr.
+       Cave's Primitive Christianity Part. 1, c. 9.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Editions of the breviary.</p>
+
+    <p>"The old Roman breviary" says the author of Tract 75 above
+    quoted "had long before Gregory VII's time been received in
+    various parts of Europe; and in England since the time of
+    Gregory the great who after the pattern of Leo and Gelasius
+    before him had been a reformer of it". The people used
+    anciently to join with the clergy in offering this, constant
+    tribute of praise to God; but the duty of daily reciting it is
+    obligatory only upon the Catholic clergy, and religious orders.
+    S. Benedict shortened it considerably, (as Grancolas observes,
+    Com. Hist. in Brev. Rom.) New editions and emendations of it
+    were published successively by the authority of St. Gregory
+    VII, Nicholas III, and Clement VII, and finally the Roman
+    Breviary at present <span class="pagenum"><a name="page41"
+       id="page41"></a>[pg 41]</span> used was restored by order of
+       the Council of Trent, published by Pope Pius V, and revised
+       by Clement VIII, and Urban VIII. It follows closely, as
+       Merati observes, that first adopted by the regular-clerks in
+       the 16th century, and resembles the edition published by
+       Haymo, general of the Franciscans, and authorised by
+       Nicholas III (A.D. 1278). Hence it is called by the author
+       of Tract 75 the <i>Franciscan</i> Breviary. It is however
+       founded upon the old Roman Breviary, which the Franciscans
+       by the direction of their holy founder had adopted: for
+       according to Rodolfo, dean of Tongres Cap. XXII, when the
+       Popes dwelt at the Lateran, the <i>office of the Papal
+       chapel</i> was much shorter than that of the other churches
+       of Rome; it was composed by Innocent III, and was adopted by
+       the Franciscans instituted at his time. Nicolas III ordered
+       that all the Roman churches should use the Franciscan
+       Breviary as reformed by Haymo, in 1241. "Our own daily
+       service", says the above-mentioned minister of the church of
+       England is confessedly formed upon the Breviary".</p>
+
+    <p class="side">P. II. Office of Tenebræ.</p>
+
+    <p>Having premised thus much on the office in general, we may
+    now return to holy-week. Besides palm-sunday, three other days
+    in the week are particularly devoted to the commemoration of
+    the history of our redemption; holy-thursday, because on it our
+    Lord instituted the blessed Eucharist, and his passion began;
+    good-friday, on which He was crucified and died; and holy
+    saturday, on which His sacred body remained in the tomb. The
+    church commences her solemn service of each of these days with
+    that part of the divine office called matins and lauds, and at
+    this time Tenebrae from the <i>darkness</i> with which it
+    concludes. It used of old to be celebrated at night, as it
+    still is by some religious communities<a id="footnotetag47"
+       name="footnotetag47"></a><a href="#footnote47"><sup>47</sup></a>;
+       but it <span class="pagenum"><a name="page42"
+       id="page42"></a>[pg 42]</span> now takes place on the
+       afternoon preceding each of those three days. Nor is this
+       unusual: for "the ecclesiastical day is considered to begin
+       with the evening or Vesper service, according to the Jewish
+       reckoning, as alluded to in the text. "In the evening and
+       morning and at noon day will I pray, and that instantly".
+       (Tracts of the Times, No. 75).</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Matins and Lauds.</p>
+
+    <p>The office of Matin so called from Matuta or Aurora consists
+    at Tenebræ of three <i>nocturns</i>. Each of these is composed
+    of three appropriate psalms with their anthems, followed by
+    three lessons taken from scripture or the fathers. Immediately
+    after matins, Lauds or the praises of God are sung: they
+    consist of five psalms besides the <i>Benedictus</i> or
+    canticle of Zachary, to which succeeds the <i>Miserere</i> or
+    50th psalm. Some of the short prayers usually said are omitted:
+    for the church during this season of mourning strips her
+    liturgy as well as her altars of their usual
+    ornaments<a id="footnotetag48"
+       name="footnotetag48"></a><a href="#footnote48"><sup>48</sup></a>.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Extinction of the lights.</p>
+
+    <p>A triangular candlestick, upon which are placed fifteen
+    candles, corresponding to the number of psalms recited before
+    the <i>Miserere</i>, is peculiar to this solemn office, and is
+    placed at the epistle-side of the altar. After each psalm one
+    of the candles is extinguished by a Master of ceremonies, and
+    after the <i>Benedictus</i> the candle placed on the top
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page43"
+       id="page43"></a>[pg 43]</span> of the triangular candlestick
+       is not extinguished, but is concealed behind the altar and
+       brought out at the end of the service; while that canticle
+       is sung, the six candles on the altar also are extinguished,
+       as well as those above the <i>cancellata</i> or
+       rails<a id="footnotetag49"
+       name="footnotetag49"></a><a href="#footnote49"><sup>49</sup></a>.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Meaning of this ceremony.</p>
+
+    <p>Lamps and candelabra were presented to the sanctuary by the
+    faithful during the first ages of persecution; and in more
+    tranquil times to the basilicas by Constantine and others who
+    erected or dedicated them. They were lighted, as S. Jerome
+    observes, in the day time "not to drive away darkness, but as a
+    sign of joy": and therefore the custom of gradually
+    extinguishing them at the office of Tenebrae we may justly
+    consider with Amalarius as a sign of mourning, or of the
+    sympathy of the church with her divine and suffering Spouse.
+    The precise number of lights is determined by that of the
+    psalms, which is the same as at ordinary matins of three
+    nocturns.</p>
+
+    <p>The custom of concealing behind the altar during the last
+    part of the office the last and most elevated candle, and of
+    bringing it forward burning at the end of the service, is a
+    manifest allusion to the death and resurrection of Christ,
+    whose light, as Micrologus observes, is represented by our
+    burning tapers. "I am the light of the
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page44"
+       id="page44"></a>[pg 44]</span> world". John VIII.
+       12<a id="footnotetag50"
+       name="footnotetag50"></a><a href="#footnote50"><sup>50</sup></a>.
+       In the same manner the other candles extinguished one after
+       another may represent the prophets successively put to death
+       before their divine Lord: and if we consider that the psalms
+       of the <i>old Testament</i> are recited at the time, this
+       explanation may appear more satisfactory than others, which
+       would refer them to the blessed Virgin, the apostles and
+       disciples of Christ<a id="footnotetag51"
+       name="footnotetag51"></a><a href="#footnote51"><sup>51</sup></a>.
+       In the triangular form of the candlestick is contained an
+       evident allusion to the B. Trinity. This candlestick is
+       mentioned in a MS. Ordo of the 7th century published by
+       Mabillon.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Chant, lamentations.</p>
+
+    <p>The anthems and psalms, with the exception of the
+    <i>Miserere</i> which is the last psalm at Lauds, most of the
+    lessons and other parts of the office, are sung in plain chant.
+    From the middle of the 15th century the three lamentations or
+    first three lessons of each day used to be sung in <i>canto
+    figurato</i> in the papal chapel: but by order of Sixtus V,
+    only the first lamentation of each day is thus sung, and even
+    it is much shortened, as Clement XII directed: the two others
+    are sung in <i>canto piano</i> according to Guidetti's method.
+    The first lamentation both of the first and second day is by
+    the celebrated Pierluigi da Palestrina: that of the third day
+    by Allegri. Baini observes, that the first lamentation of the
+    second day is considered the finest: Palestrina composed it for
+    four voices, besides a bass, which entering at the pathetic
+    apostrophe 'Jerusalem, Jerusalem, be converted to the Lord'
+    "every year makes <span class="pagenum"><a name="page45"
+       id="page45"></a>[pg 45]</span> all the hearers and singers,
+       who have a soul, change colour". Bayni, Mem. Stor. T. 1. The
+       lamentations of Jeremiah have the form of an acrostic, that
+       is, the verses begin with the letters of the Hebrew alphabet
+       in regular order, the first with Aleph, the second with
+       Beth, and so in succession. It was difficult to observe a
+       similar order in the Latin Vulgate: but to preserve some
+       vestige of it, the name of the Hebrew letter, with which
+       each verse begins in the original, is sung before the same
+       verse in the translation.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Conclusion of the office.</p>
+
+    <p>When the <i>Benedictus</i> or canticle of Zachary and its
+    anthem are finished, the choir sings the verse "Christ was made
+    for us obedient even unto death": on the second night they add
+    "even unto the death of the cross": and on the third, "for
+    which reason God hath exalted him, and hath given him a name,
+    which is above all names". The heart of the christian is melted
+    to devotion by these words, sung on so solemn an occasion: he
+    kneels before his crucified Redeemer, and recites that prayer
+    of love, that prayer of a child to his Father which He that man
+    of sorrows dictated to His beloved disciples; and then
+    remembering those sins, by which he offended that dear and
+    agonising parent, and touched with sorrow and repentance, yet
+    more and more excited by the music, I might almost call it
+    celestial, his heart calls loudly for that mercy to obtain
+    which Jesus died. He joins with God's minister in fervently
+    repeating the prayer imploring God's blessing on those for whom
+    Christ suffered and died: the noise which follows it recals to
+    his mind the confusion of nature at the death of her creator;
+    the lighted candle once more appearing reminds him that His
+    death was only temporary: and he departs in silence impressed
+    with pious sentiments, and inflamed with devout affections.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Miserere, its music.</p>
+
+    <p>They who have assisted at the office of Tenebræ will not be
+    surprised at the saying of a philosopher, that for the
+    advantage of his soul he would wish, that when he
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page46"
+       id="page46"></a>[pg 46]</span> was about to render it up to
+       God, he might hear sung the <i>Miserere</i> of the Pope's
+       chapel. In no other place has this celebrated music
+       succeeded. Baini the director of the Pontifical choir, in a
+       note to his life of Palestrina, observes that Paride de
+       Grassi, Master of ceremonies to Leo X, mentions that on holy
+       wednesday (A.D. 1519), the singers chanted the
+       <i>Miserere</i> in a <i>new</i> and <i>unaccustomed</i>
+       manner, alternately singing the verses in symphony. This
+       seems to be the origin of the far-famed <i>Miserere</i>.
+       Various authors, whom Baini enumerates, afterwards composed
+       <i>Miserere</i><a id="footnotetag52"
+       name="footnotetag52"></a><a href="#footnote52"><sup>52</sup></a>;
+       but the celebrated composition of Gregorio Allegri a Roman,
+       who entered the Papal college of singers in 1629, was the
+       most successful, and was for some time sung on all the three
+       days of Tenebræ. Then one composed by Alessandro Scarlatti,
+       or that of Felice Anerio, used to be sung on holy thursday:
+       but these were eclipsed by the <i>Miserere</i>, composed in
+       1214 by Tommase Bai a Bolognese, director of the choir of S.
+       Peter's. From that time only Allegri's and Bai's were sung
+       in the Pope's chapel; till Pius VII directed the celebrated
+       Baini to compose a new <i>Miserere</i>, which has received
+       well-merited applause. Since the year 1821 all three, viz.
+       Baini's, Bai's, and Allegri's <i>Misereres</i> are sung on
+       the three successive days, and generally in the order in
+       which we have mentioned them: the two latter are sometimes
+       blended together. The first verse is sung in harmony, the
+       second in plain chant, and so successively till the last
+       verse, which alone is sung in harmony by both the choirs,
+       into which the singers are divided; only one choir sings the
+       other verses<a id="footnotetag53"
+       name="footnotetag53"></a><a href="#footnote53"><sup>53</sup></a>.</p><span class="pagenum">
+    <a name="page47"
+       id="page47"></a>[pg 47]</span>
+
+    <p class="side">Cardinal penitentiary</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Trinità dei Pellegrini</p>
+
+    <p>On Wednesday-afternoon, the Cardinal great Penitentiary goes
+    in state to S. Mary Major's, where the minor Penitentiaries are
+    Dominicans. For an account of this custom see the preceding
+    chapter. On Wednesday, Thursday and Friday evenings, Christians
+    may be edified at the Trinità dei
+    Pellegrini<a id="footnotetag54"
+       name="footnotetag54"></a><a href="#footnote54"><sup>54</sup></a>
+       by the sight of Cardinals, princes, prelates and others,
+       washing in good earnest, and afterwards kissing the feet of
+       poor pilgrims, while they recite with them the Our Father,
+       Hail Mary, Glory be to the Father, and other beautiful
+       prayers, such as;</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p><i>Gesù, Giuseppe, Maria,</i></p>
+
+            <p><i>Vi dono il cuore e l' anima mia.</i></p>
+
+            <p><i>Gesù, Giuseppe, Maria,</i></p>
+
+            <p><i>Assisteleci nell' ultima agonia, etc.</i></p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>They afterwards wait on them at table, and accompany them to
+    their beds, reciting other devout prayers. In another part of
+    that establishment, princesses and other ladies practise the
+    same offices of charity towards the female pilgrims. Here might
+    we fancy that the primitive christians were before us, those
+    men of charity, simplicity, and lowliness: and when in the same
+    place, a few years ago, that devout Pontiff Leo XII on his
+    knees washed and kissed the feet of pilgrims, who had journeyed
+    from afar; who that saw him did not call to mind with tears the
+    lowliness and charity of his predecessor Peter, and of a
+    greater than Peter, who "washed the feet of his disciples, and
+    who wiped them with the towel wherewith he was girded".</p>
+
+    <p>Marius mourned over the ruins of Carthage; but his was the
+    sorrow of disappointed, selfish ambition. Jeremiah lamented the
+    fall and desolation of Jerusalem: and his plaintive accents
+    were inspired by genuine patriotism and
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page48"
+       id="page48"></a>[pg 48]</span> religion. Observe his
+       venerable figure in the Sixtine chapel; there he sits
+       pensive and disconsolate, with his legs crossed, his wearied
+       head resting upon his hand, and his eyes rivetted on the
+       ground, as if nothing could engage his attention but the
+       woes of the daughter of Sion<a id="footnotetag55"
+       name="footnotetag55"></a><a href="#footnote55"><sup>55</sup></a>.
+       Then listen to the lamentations of this inspired and
+       afflicted prophet: they are full of deepest pathos, and
+       uttered in notes sweet as the warblings of philomel. Turn
+       now, O Christian soul, to a more sublime and mournful
+       spectacle. Jesus in the garden of Gethsemani and on mount
+       Calvary mourned not for a single city or nation: he sorrowed
+       over the ruins of a world, not as of old Noah may have done,
+       when secure from danger he looked down upon the waters which
+       overspread the earth; but "He was wounded for our
+       iniquities, and he was bruised for our sins: and the Lord
+       hath laid on him the iniquities of us all", He suffered and
+       died for us. The moral ruins of the world, our sins and
+       their awful consequences, caused all the pangs and sorrows
+       of Jesus. Come then let us cast ourselves at the foot of
+       that cross, and cry aloud for mercy with a contrite and
+       humble heart, which He will never despise. To <i>Thee</i>
+       alone, shall we say, have we sinned, and have done evil
+       before thee; yet have mercy on us, O God, according to thy
+       great mercy. And thou, O blessed Virgin and Mother, who
+       standest in silent anguish beneath the
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page49"
+       id="page49"></a>[pg 49]</span> cross of thy agonising
+       Son<a id="footnotetag56"
+       name="footnotetag56"></a><a href="#footnote56"><sup>56</sup></a>,
+       would that we could feel love and sorrow like unto
+       thine.</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p><i>Eja mater fons amoris</i></p>
+
+            <p><i>Me sentire vim doloris</i></p>
+
+            <p><i>Fac, ut tecum lugeam.</i></p>
+
+            <p><i>Fac, ut ardeat cor meum</i></p>
+
+            <p><i>In amando Christum Deum,</i></p>
+
+            <p><i>Ut sibi complaceam. Amen.</i></p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote46"
+                    name="footnote46"></a><b>Footnote 46:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag46">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>See also Palmer's Origines Liturgicæ, Vol. 1 Antiq. of
+        the English ritual c. 1, p. 1. Both writers do not hesitate
+        to admit that the breviary is the great source of the
+        Church of England's Morning and Evening prayer.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote47"
+                    name="footnote47"></a><b>Footnote 47:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag47">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Our divine Lord sometimes passed the night in prayer;
+        and the early Christians, as Pliny informs his master
+        Trajan, used to assemble before the light to sing a hymn to
+        Christ. Lucian as well as Ammianus Marcellinus complained
+        of their spending the night in singing hymns. S. Jerome in
+        fine writes to Eustoch. (Ep. 22) that besides the daily
+        hours of prayers we should rise <i>twice and thrice at
+        night</i>.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote48"
+                    name="footnote48"></a><b>Footnote 48:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag48">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>In the mass and office for the dead several prayers and
+        ceremonies otherwise prescribed are omitted: so on this
+        occasion, says Benedict XIV, "the church forgetting all
+        things else thinks only of bewailing the sins of mankind,
+        and condoling with Christ our Redeemer in His sufferings".
+        As for the antiquity of this service, Martene remarks (lib.
+        IV, c. 22) that the order of the <i>nocturnal</i> and
+        diurnal offices of holy-thursday is found, such as we now
+        observe it, in the ancient Antiphonarium of the Roman
+        church, and in that of S. Gregory published by B. Tommasi,
+        so that there has been scarcely any variation during the
+        last thirteen hundred years.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote49"
+                    name="footnote49"></a><b>Footnote 49:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag49">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>When the Pope officiates, the eight candles over the
+        <i>cancellata</i> are lighted: six are lighted for a
+        Cardinal, and four for a Bishop. Amalarius priest of Metz
+        in the ninth century (De ordine antiphonarii), mentions the
+        extinction of the lights in the office of these three days.
+        It would seem however, that it was not then customary at
+        Rome, for Theodore, archdeacon of the Roman church, in
+        answer to his enquiries had said to him "I am usually with
+        the Apostolic Lord at the Lateran, when the office of Coena
+        Domini (Holy Thursday) is celebrated, and it is not
+        customary to extinguish the lights. On Good Friday there is
+        no light of lamps or tapers in the church in Jerusalem
+        (Santa Croce) as long as the Apostolic Lord offers up
+        solemn prayers there, or when the cross is saluted". This
+        latter custom is still continued.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote50"
+                    name="footnote50"></a><b>Footnote 50:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag50">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>In confirmation of this explanation we may observe, that
+        the candle is placed behind the altar after the
+        <i>Benedictus</i> during the anthem alluding to Christ's
+        passion, and remains there while the verse 'Christ became
+        obedient unto death' the psalm <i>Miserere</i>, and the
+        prayer which mentions the crucifixion, are sung.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote51"
+                    name="footnote51"></a><b>Footnote 51:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag51">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>See such opinions ap. Benedict. XIV, De festis Lib. 1,
+        c. 5. The system of Du Vert, who would reject all mystical
+        and symbolical significations attributed to the
+        church-ceremonies, has been satisfactorily confuted by
+        Langlet, Le Brun, Tournely and other divines.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote52"
+                    name="footnote52"></a><b>Footnote 52:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag52">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Tartini's and Pisari's lasted only one year each.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote53"
+                    name="footnote53"></a><b>Footnote 53:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag53">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Persons, who go immediately after the service in the
+        Sixtine chapel to S. Peter's, are generally in time for
+        part if not the whole of the <i>Miserere</i> sung in that
+        Basilic. The compositions of Fioravanti the late, Basili
+        the present, master, and Zingarelli, are sung there.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote54"
+                    name="footnote54"></a><b>Footnote 54:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag54">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>See Reminiscences of Rome. Letter 4th. London, 1838 On
+        pilgrimages and pilgrims see Mores Catholici Book 4th, ch.
+        5th. S. Philip Neri founded the Confraternity of Trinità
+        dei Pellegrini.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote55"
+                    name="footnote55"></a><b>Footnote 55:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag55">(return)</a>
+
+        <div class="poem">
+            <div class="stanza">
+                <p class="i6">... lia fatto alla guancia</p>
+
+                <p>Della sua palma sospirando letto. Dante Pur.
+                VII.</p>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p>Sed frons læta parum et dejecto lumina vultu. Virg. Æu.
+        VI, 863. See the learned canon. De Jorio's Munica degli
+        antichi, art. Dolore, Mestizia. We may add that conquered
+        provinces are often represented in a similar attitude as
+        statues, on bas-reliefs, and on medals. See for instance,
+        Judæa Capta, a reverse of Vespasian, ap. Addison, Dialogues
+        on ancient medals.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote56"
+                    name="footnote56"></a><b>Footnote 56:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag56">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>"Now there stood by the cross of Jesus his mother". John
+        XIX, 25.</p>
+    </blockquote><span class="pagenum"><a name="page50"
+       id="page50"></a>[pg 50]</span>
+
+    <h2>CHAP. IV.</h2>
+
+    <h3>ON THE CEREMONIES OF HOLY THURSDAY</h3>
+
+    <h4><i>CONTENTS.</i></h4>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>General character of the liturgy of holy
+        thursday&mdash;its ancient form&mdash;blessing of the oils
+        at S. Peter's, communion under one kind&mdash;origin and
+        explanation of the blessing and salutation of the
+        oils&mdash;High mass in the Sixtine chapel,
+        <i>troccole</i>&mdash;procession of the B. Sacrament to the
+        Pauline chapel&mdash;antiquity of
+        processions&mdash;reservation of the B.
+        Sacrament&mdash;Papal benediction from S. Peter's,
+        <i>flabelli</i>&mdash;bull in Coena Domini&mdash;washing of
+        the feet&mdash;dinner of the
+        <i>apostles</i>&mdash;antiquity and meaning of this custom
+        of washing feet&mdash;customs of other churches: Leonardo
+        da Vinci, Michelangelo, Dante&mdash;Cardinals' public
+        dinner etc.&mdash;Tenebræ: Card.
+        Penitentiary&mdash;recapitulation of the principal
+        ceremonies of the day&mdash;S. Peter's on holy
+        thursday-evening: washing of the high-altar&mdash;antiquity
+        and meaning of the stripping and washing of the
+        altars&mdash;conclusion.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>"<i>Before the festival day of the pasch, Jesus knowing
+        that his hour was come, that he should pass out of this
+        world to the Father, having loved his own who were in the
+        world, he loved them to the end</i>". John XIII, 1.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <p class="side">Liturgy of holy-thursday.</p>
+
+    <p>During the last three days of holy-week the church
+    celebrates the funeral obsequies of her Divine Spouse: and
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page51"
+       id="page51"></a>[pg 51]</span> hence there are numerous
+       signs of mourning in her temples, in her liturgy, and in the
+       dress of her ministers. On thursday however, a passing gleam
+       of heavenly light irradiates the solemn gloom in which she
+       is enveloped: for on this day Jesus Christ, having loved his
+       own even unto the end, instituted the holy sacrament, the
+       staff of our pilgrimage, our solace in affliction, our
+       strength in temptation, the source of all virtue, and the
+       pledge of everlasting life. Accordingly the liturgy of
+       holy-thursday bears the impress both of sorrow and of
+       gladness: it is not unlike a fitful day of April in our
+       northern climes, when the sun now bursts from the clouds
+       which had concealed his brilliancy, and now once more the
+       sky is shrouded in murky gloom&mdash;an apt emblem this of
+       the over-changing state of man, who at one moment quaffs the
+       inebriating cup of earthly joys, and yet a little, and it is
+       dashed from his grasp; and sickness, sorrow and death are
+       his portion.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">its ancient form.</p>
+
+    <p>Anciently three masses used to be celebrated at
+    Rome<a id="footnotetag57"
+       name="footnotetag57"></a><a href="#footnote57"><sup>57</sup></a>
+       on this day, as is evident from the sacramentary of pope
+       Gelasius; and at all the three the Pope himself officiated.
+       At the first the public penitents were
+       absolved:<a id="footnotetag58"
+       name="footnotetag58"></a><a href="#footnote58"><sup>58</sup></a>
+       at the second the oils were blessed; the last (ad
+       vespertinum officium) was intended to commemorate the
+       institution of the blessed Sacrament. Public penance
+       gradually declined in the western church after the seventh
+       century; and the three masses are now reduced to one. That
+       of the Sixtine chapel, at which the Pope assists, differs
+       very little from ordinary Masses celebrated there, and the
+       concourse of persons is generally very great.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Blessing of the oils at S. Peter's</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Communion under one kind.</p>
+
+    <p>The oils are blessed in S. Peter's during mass, by the Card.
+    archpriest, or a Bishop in his stead. They are three,
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page52"
+       id="page52"></a>[pg 52]</span> viz. 1 the oil of
+       catechumens, used in blessing baptism, in consecrating
+       churches and altars, in ordaining priests, and in blessing
+       and crowning sovereigns: 2 the oil of the sick used in
+       administering extreme unction and in blessing bells: 3
+       sacred chrism, composed of oil, and balm of Gilead or of the
+       west Indies<a id="footnotetag59"
+       name="footnotetag59"></a><a href="#footnote59"><sup>59</sup></a>:
+       it is used in conferring baptism and confirmation, in the
+       consecration of bishops, of patens and chalices, and in the
+       blessing of bells. The Roman Pontifical prescribes, that
+       besides the bishop and the usual ministers, there should be
+       present twelve priests, seven deacons, and seven subdeacons,
+       all habited in white vestments. After the elevation at those
+       words of the canon, <i>Per quem hæc omnia etc.</i> a little
+       before the <i>Pater noster</i>, the Bishop sits down before
+       a table facing the altar, and exorcises and blesses the oil
+       for the sick, which is brought in by a subdeacon. He then
+       proceeds with the mass, and gives communion to the ministers
+       and the rest of the under the form of bread
+       alone<a id="footnotetag60"
+       name="footnotetag60"></a><a href="#footnote60"><sup>60</sup></a>.
+       Having received <span class="pagenum"><a name="page53"
+       id="page53"></a>[pg 53]</span> the ablutions, he returns to
+       the table above mentioned, and awaits the coming of the
+       procession of the priests, deacons, subdeacons etc. In it,
+       the balsam is carried by a subdeacon, etc. the oil for the
+       chrism and that for the catechumens by two deacons: and
+       meantime the choir sings appropriate verses. The bishop
+       blesses the balsam, and mixes it with
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page54"
+       id="page54"></a>[pg 54]</span> some oil; he then breathes
+       three times in the form of a cross over the vessel of
+       chrism, as do the twelve priests also. Next follows the
+       blessing, and then the salutation, of the chrism: the latter
+       is made 3 times by the bishop and each of the twelve priests
+       in succession, saying, Hail holy chrism, after which they
+       kiss the vessel which contains it. The oil of catechumens is
+       blessed and saluted in like manner: and the procession
+       returns to the sacristy; in the mean time the bishop
+       concludes the mass; and thus this solemn rite
+       terminates.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Origin of the blessing of the oils.</p>
+
+    <p>The oil of the sick is mentioned in the well-known passage
+    of St. James V, 14 "Is any man sick among you; let him bring in
+    the priests of the church, and let them pray over him,
+    anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord etc." At the
+    beginning of the fifth century also, Pope Innocent I observes
+    that it is the office of the bishop to make or prepare
+    (<i>conficere</i>) this "holy of chrism" or unction: and in the
+    Sacramentary of Pope Gregory the great the rite; by which this
+    oil was blessed and administered to the sick, is described.
+    Chrism and the oil of catechumens also are mentioned by many
+    ancient Fathers. (See Turnely T. 7 de Sacram. Bapt. et Confirm,
+    etc.)<a id="footnotetag61"
+       name="footnotetag61"></a><a href="#footnote61"><sup>61</sup></a>
+       St. Basil in the 4th century attributes the origin of the
+       custom of blessing the oils to tradition. "We bless the
+       water of baptism and the <i>oil of unction</i>, as well as
+       the person who receives baptism. By what scriptures? Is it
+       not from silent and secret tradition?" (De Spir. S. c. 27).
+       It is mentioned also in the second and third councils of
+       Carthage, by S. Cyprian, who says "The eucharist, and the
+       oil, with which the baptised are anointed, are sanctified at
+       the altar". Ep.
+       70.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page55"
+       id="page55"></a>[pg 55]</span>
+
+    <p>It would appear however from the 20th canon of the first
+    council of Toledo that anciently chrism could be blessed <i>at
+    any time</i>; and hence Benedict XIV is of opinion, that the
+    custom of blessing it only on holy Thursday began about the
+    seventh century; for it is mentioned in the Sacramentary of S.
+    Gregory, in the old Ordo Romanus, and in other works written
+    after that period. This day has been with reason chosen for
+    this ceremony, as St. Thomas observes, in order that the chrism
+    may be prepared for the solemn baptism administered on Easter
+    Eve; and because on it the Eucharistic sacrament, for which the
+    other sacraments are as it were preparatory, was instituted. S.
+    Isidore however assigns a different reason, viz. that two days
+    before the pasch Mary <i>anointed</i> the head and feet of the
+    Lord". De Divi Off. lib. 2, c. 28.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Meaning of the ceremonies already
+    described.</p>
+
+    <p>Pouget (Institut. Cath. t. 2, c. 8) proves that the blessing
+    of the oils originates in apostolic tradition, as St. Basil
+    cited above observes. He proves also that since the fifth and
+    sixth centuries the bishop and priests used to breathe three
+    times over the chrism and oil of catechumens, and to salute
+    them with the words "Ave sanctum chrisma: ave sanctum oleum".
+    Our Saviour breathed on His apostles, when He said 'Receive ye
+    the holy Ghost': and hence his ministers breathe over the
+    chrism, by which the Holy Ghost is conferred in confirmation,
+    and over the oil of catechumens, which is used in other sacred
+    rites. Respect is paid to them, because they are employed in
+    God's service, and hence it is a relative respect directed to
+    Him. An ardent soul will never hesitate to address inanimate
+    objects; in fact some of the finest passages of ancient and
+    modern oratory are apostrophes of this
+    nature<a id="footnotetag62"
+       name="footnotetag62"></a><a href="#footnote62"><sup>62</sup></a>.
+       S. Andrew is said to have saluted the cross, on
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page56"
+       id="page56"></a>[pg 56]</span> which he suffered, S. Paula
+       the birth-place of our divine Lord; and theirs were words of
+       love of God, and not of idolatry.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">High mass in the Sixtine chapel.</p>
+
+    <p>In the Sixtine chapel the crucifix and tapestry over the
+    altar are covered with a white and not a purple veil; the
+    throne also is white, and the Pope is vested in a white cope.
+    On the rich facing of the altar is represented Christ dead, His
+    descent into limbo, and His resurrection. The cardinal dean
+    generally celebrates the high mass, after the <i>Gloria in
+    excelsis</i> of which no bells are allowed to be tolled in Rome
+    (except at the papal benediction) but in their stead are used
+    <i>troccole</i> or boards struck with iron: this practice is
+    observed until the <i>Gloria in excelsis</i> is sung in the
+    papal chapel on the following
+    saturday-morning<a id="footnotetag63"
+       name="footnotetag63"></a><a href="#footnote63"><sup>63</sup></a>.</p>
+
+    <p>After the offertory of the mass Palestrina's motet
+    <i>Fratres ego enim</i> is sung; of which Baini says that he
+    "does not hesitate to affirm that it resembles as closely as
+    possible the music of heaven". Two hosts are consecrated, one
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page57"
+       id="page57"></a>[pg 57]</span> of which is received by the
+       celebrant, and the other destined for the following day is
+       put into a chalice, which the deacon covers with a paten and
+       <i>palla</i> or linen cloth, as the dead body of Christ was
+       wrapped in "fine linen"<a id="footnotetag64"
+       name="footnotetag64"></a><a href="#footnote64"><sup>64</sup></a>.
+       Mark XV, 46. At the beginning of the canon twelve lighted
+       torches are brought in by <i>bussolanti</i>; and after the
+       elevation two masters of ceremonies distribute among the
+       cardinals and others candles carried by clerks of the
+       chapel, in preparation for the procession. The usual kiss of
+       peace is not given, from detestation of the treacherous kiss
+       given this day by Judas to his divine master, as Alcuin
+       remarks<a id="footnotetag65"
+       name="footnotetag65"></a><a href="#footnote65"><sup>65</sup></a>.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Antiquity of processions</p>
+
+    <p>Immediately after mass the cardinal celebrant with his
+    ministers leaves the chapel; the other cardinals, bishops and
+    mitred abbots, put on their respective sacred vestments, and
+    the <i>Uditori di Rota</i>, the <i>Cherici di Camera,
+    Votanti</i>, and <i>Abbreviatiori</i>, their surplices: the
+    other prelates wear their usual <i>cappe</i>. They all now
+    accompany the B. Sacrament to the Pauline
+    chapel<a id="footnotetag66"
+       name="footnotetag66"></a><a href="#footnote66"><sup>66</sup></a>
+       in solemn procession, which
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page58"
+       id="page58"></a>[pg 58]</span> is regulated like that of
+       palm-Sunday. The singers go to the <i>sala regia</i>,
+       illuminated with large cornucopia, and there begin to sing
+       the <i>Pange lingua</i> (a hymn in honour of the holy
+       Sacrament) as soon as the cross covered with a purple veil
+       appears: the last verses of it are sung in the Pauline
+       chapel, which is splendidly illuminated. The cardinals
+       bearing their mitres and torches precede two by two the Holy
+       Father, who bare-headed and on foot carries the blessed
+       Sacrament under a canopy supported by eight assistant
+       bishops or protonotaries<a id="footnotetag67"
+       name="footnotetag67"></a><a href="#footnote67"><sup>67</sup></a>.
+       When the Pope reaches <span class="pagenum"><a name="page59"
+       id="page59"></a>[pg 59]</span> the altar, the first cardinal
+       deacon receives from His hands the B. Sacrament, and
+       preceded by torches carries it to the upper part of the
+       <i>macchina</i>; M. Sagrista places it within the urn
+       commonly called the sepulchre, where it is incensed by the
+       Pope; in the mean time the conclusion of the hymn is sung.
+       M. Sagrista then shuts the sepulchre, and delivers the key
+       to thy Card. Penitentiary, who is to officiate on the
+       following day.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Reservation of the B. Sacrament.</p>
+
+    <p>Two objects are obtained by this custom; 1st. the blessed
+    sacrament is solemnly preserved for the adoration of the
+    faithful on this anniversary of its institution, as well as for
+    the priest's communion on good friday<a id="footnotetag68"
+       name="footnotetag68"></a><a href="#footnote68"><sup>68</sup></a>;
+       2nd. the burial of our divine Saviour is represented: this
+       is anticipated, in order that the principal altar may be
+       striped, in sign of mourning, and as He was stripped before
+       His crucifixion.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Papal benediction: <i>flabelli</i>.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Bulla in Coena Domina.</p>
+
+    <p>The procession, of which we have already spoken, afterwards
+    proceeds from the Pauline chapel to the <i>loggia</i> in front
+    of S. Peter's: but the Pope, as he no longer carries the B.
+    Sacrament, wears his mitre, and is seated in his <i>sedia
+    gestatoria</i> under a canopy carried by eight
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page60"
+       id="page60"></a>[pg 60]</span>
+       Referendarii<a id="footnotetag69"
+       name="footnotetag69"></a><a href="#footnote69"><sup>69</sup></a>;
+       and the <i>flabelli</i><a id="footnotetag70"
+       name="footnotetag70"></a><a href="#footnote70"><sup>70</sup></a>
+       are carried at each side of Him. He now gives his solemn
+       benediction to the multitude assembled before St. Peter's.
+       This however is repeated with even greater splendour on
+       Easter-Sunday, as well as on the Ascension and Assumption;
+       and we shall therefore reserve a description of it to
+       another occasion, especially since generally speaking,
+       persons who are anxious to witness the <i>lavanda</i> or
+       washing of the feet will find it difficult to be present
+       also at the Benediction<a id="footnotetag71"
+       name="footnotetag71"></a><a href="#footnote71"><sup>71</sup></a>.</p><span class="pagenum">
+    <a name="page61"
+       id="page61"></a>[pg 61]</span>
+
+    <p class="side">Washing of the feet.</p>
+
+    <p>After the benediction, the cardinals and others take off
+    their sacred vestments, and resume their <i>cappe</i>, which
+    they wear during the <i>lavanda</i> or washing of the feet.
+    This now takes place in S. Peters, in a side-chapel adorned
+    with two <i>arazzi</i>; one representing Leonardo Da Vinci's
+    last supper is placed behind the benches prepared for the
+    priests whose feet are to be washed by the Pope: and the other,
+    which represents Providence seated on the globe between Justice
+    and Charity, above two lions holding banners of the church, is
+    placed over the throne. The Pope is habited in a red cope, and
+    wears a mitre. Seated on His throne, and surrounded by
+    cardinals, prelates, and other dignitaries of His court, He
+    puts incense into the thurible, being assisted as usual by the
+    first Cardinal priest. He then gives the blessing, usual before
+    the gospel is sung, to the Cardinal-deacon habited in his
+    sacred vestments, who sings that beautiful passage of the
+    gospel of S. John, which explains the origin of this ceremony:
+    "Jesus knowing that his hour was come, that he should pass out
+    of this world to the Father, having loved his own who were in
+    the world, he loved them to the end. Knowing that the Father
+    had given him all things into his hands, he began to wash the
+    feet of his disciples, and wipe them with the towel wherewith
+    he was girded, and he said to them; If I being Lord and Master
+    have washed your feet, you also ought to wash one another's
+    feet; for I have given you an example, that as I have done to
+    you, so you do also". At the end of the gospel, the Pope kisses
+    the book, the Cardinal Deacon incenses Him as usual, and the
+    choir begins to sing beautiful anthems allusive to the
+    affecting ceremony, and recommending charity, the distinctive
+    virtue of Christians, more precious than even faith and hope.
+    The Pope's cope is then taken off, and a towel is fastened to
+    his girdle by the assisting Card. deacons; and then, in
+    imitation of his Divine Master, he washes and kisses the
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page62"
+       id="page62"></a>[pg 62]</span> right
+       foot<a id="footnotetag72"
+       name="footnotetag72"></a><a href="#footnote72"><sup>72</sup></a>
+       of 13 priests, called the <i>apostles</i>, dressed in
+       <i>cappe</i> of white cloth, and wearing high cap, which in
+       form resemble those on the bas-reliefs of Persepolis: each
+       of them receives from Him a towel, and a nosegay, besides a
+       gold and silver medal presented by the
+       Treasurer<a id="footnotetag73"
+       name="footnotetag73"></a><a href="#footnote73"><sup>73</sup></a>.
+       The Pope then returns to his throne, washes his
+       hands<a id="footnotetag74"
+       name="footnotetag74"></a><a href="#footnote74"><sup>74</sup></a>
+       is vested once more in the cope, and recites the Our Father
+       and the concluding prayers.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Dinner of the <i>apostles</i>.</p>
+
+    <p>His Holiness afterwards waits on the 13 <i>apostles</i> at
+    table, in a hall in the Vatican palace, (at present in the hall
+    above the portico of S. Peter's), giving them water to wash
+    their hands, helping them to soup, one or more dishes, and
+    pouring out wine and water for them once or twice. The plates
+    are handed to Him by prelates of <i>mantelletta</i>, and during
+    the ceremony one of His chaplains reads a spiritual book. He
+    then gives them his blessing, washes His hands, and departs.
+    "Which is greater" says our Saviour, "he that sitteth at table
+    or he that serveth? Is not he that sitteth at table? but I am
+    in the midst of you as he that
+    serveth?"</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page63"
+       id="page63"></a>[pg 63]</span>
+
+    <p class="side">Antiquity and meaning of the
+    <i>lavanda</i>.</p>
+
+    <p>From the most remote antiquity, it was customary among the
+    Hebrews and other nations, that the feet of strangers and
+    guests should be washed before they reclined at table, as they
+    had often travelled on foot. Thus the angels entertained by
+    Abraham and Lot (Gen. XVIII, XIX), were supplied with water to
+    wash their feet: Abraham's servants in the house of Laban, and
+    the brothers of Joseph, when received by him, washed their
+    feet. (Gen. XLIII, 24)<a id="footnotetag75"
+       name="footnotetag75"></a><a href="#footnote75"><sup>75</sup></a>.
+       In these cases however the guest washed his own feet; and
+       hence the condescension of our Divine Lord was an act not of
+       hospitality or charity alone, but also of profound humility;
+       and accordingly he put on a towel or apron, like an ordinary
+       slave, as Ferrari observes (De Re Vestiaria par. 1). Most
+       interpreters are of opinion, that Christ washed the feet of
+       His disciples towards the close of the ordinary supper, and
+       shortly before He instituted the holy Sacrament; in order to
+       signify the purity with which it should be received. His
+       example was imitated by His disciples, and accordingly S.
+       Paul (1 Tim. V, 10) speaks of widows who "have washed the
+       saints' feet," as Magdalen had washed those of our Lord.</p>
+
+    <p>In the Roman church, as in that of Bologna, it has been for
+    many ages customary for the Bishop to wash feet on this day. In
+    the <i>Ordo Romanus</i> of Cencius Camerarius it is mentioned,
+    that the Roman Pontiff after mass washed the feet of twelve
+    subdeacons, and after dinner of 13 poor persons, or according
+    to the Ordines Romani published by Mabillon, of 12 deacons. The
+    <i>Ceremoniale</i>, attributed to Marcellus archbishop of
+    Corcyra, prescribes that the Pope should wash the feet of
+    thirteen poor men. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page64"
+       id="page64"></a>[pg 64]</span> Various causes are assigned
+       by different authors to explain, why the number is thirteen,
+       and not twelve as was that of the apostles. (See Benedict
+       XIV, De Festis, lib. I, c. VI, §§ 57, 58). The most probable
+       account, we think, is that the thirteenth <i>apostle</i> was
+       added in memory of the angel, who is believed to have
+       appeared among the 12 poor guests of S. Gregory the great,
+       while he was exercising united charity and humility. A
+       painting of this event may be seen in one of the chapels
+       near his church on the Cælian mount, in which is preserved
+       the table, at which he daily fed twelve poor persons. (See
+       the passage of John the deacon cited above in the note). The
+       two customs of washing the feet first of 12, and then of 13,
+       have been reduced to one, and in it the number 13 is
+       preserved<a id="footnotetag76"
+       name="footnotetag76"></a><a href="#footnote76"><sup>76</sup></a>.</p><span class="pagenum">
+    <a name="page65"
+       id="page65"></a>[pg 65]</span>
+
+    <p class="side">Cardinals' public dinner.</p>
+
+    <p>Till within the last few years the Cardinals used to dine in
+    public at the Vatican on holy Thursday and good Friday, that
+    they might be spared the trouble of returning to their
+    respective palaces before Tenebræ; and anciently the Pope used
+    to dine with them at the Lateran palace, in the hall called the
+    Triclinium Leonianum<a id="footnotetag77"
+       name="footnotetag77"></a><a href="#footnote77"><sup>77</sup></a>.
+       The Pontiff wore on such occasions his cope and mitre, and
+       the Cardinals were habited in sacred vestments with mitres.
+       After dinner a sermon was preached before the Cardinals.
+       <i>Mons. Maggiordomo</i> used to invite on these days
+       prelates, officers, and others engaged in the
+       <i>cappella</i> or palace, to a dinner at which he
+       presided.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Tenebræ etc.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Recapitulation.</p>
+
+    <p>In the afternoon, at the office of Tenebræ, among other
+    signs of mourning, the cross is veiled in black, and the
+    candles are of yellow wax: the Pope's throne is stripped of its
+    usual ornaments, and is without a canopy: the cardinals' and
+    prelates' benches also are without carpets. The Cardinal
+    Penitentiary goes to S. Peter's, where the minor Penitentiaries
+    are Conventuals of S. Francis. We
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page66"
+       id="page66"></a>[pg 66]</span> have spoken on these subjects
+       in the preceding chapters. We may here recapitulate the
+       principal ceremonies of the day, as Morcelli has done in his
+       Calendar. The oils are blessed in S. Peter's; the Pope
+       assists at mass in the Sixtine chapel, carries the B.
+       Sacrament to the Pauline chapel, gives His solemn
+       benediction from S. Peter's, washes the feet of thirteen
+       priests and serves them at table. In the afternoon Tenebrae
+       in the Sixtine chapel; and the Cardinal great Penitentiary
+       goes to S Peter's.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">S. Peter's on holy thursday-evening.</p>
+
+    <p>In this basilic the B. Sacrament is preserved amid many
+    lights in the <i>Sepulchre</i> in a
+    side-chapel<a id="footnotetag78"
+       name="footnotetag78"></a><a href="#footnote78"><sup>78</sup></a>,
+       and several confraternities come in procession to venerate
+       the relics, of which we shall speak in the next chapter. It
+       is much to be regretted that the cross, which used on
+       holy-Thursday and good-Friday to glow with 628
+       lights<a id="footnotetag79"
+       name="footnotetag79"></a><a href="#footnote79"><sup>79</sup></a>,
+       and to produce a splendid effect by the <i>chiaroscuro</i>
+       which resulted from it in this vast and magnificent fabric,
+       is no longer suspended before the Confession, in consequence
+       of irreverent conduct on preceding occasions.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Washing of the altar.</p>
+
+    <p>There still remains another remarkable ceremony customary in
+    S. Peter's on holy-Thursday. After the office of Tenebræ, the
+    chapter of that basilica proceeds in procession from the chapel
+    of the choir to the high altar. The black stoles which six of
+    the canons wear, and the yellow and extinguished tapers of the
+    acolythes, are signs of mourning for the sufferings of Christ.
+    They all carry elegant <i>aspergilli</i><a id="footnotetag80"
+       name="footnotetag80"></a><a href="#footnote80"><sup>80</sup></a>
+       of box or other wood, and having
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page67"
+       id="page67"></a>[pg 67]</span> prayed for a short time in
+       silence, they chant the anthem "They divided my garments
+       etc." and the psalm "O God, my God, why hast thou abandoned
+       me?" A fine cloth, which covered the altar, is then removed
+       from it, and the Cardinal-priest of the church and the six
+       canons pour whine upon the altar, and wash it with their
+       <i>aspergilli</i> or brushes. After the other canons,
+       beneficed clergymen, etc. have in turn washed it in like
+       manner: the Cardinal and the six canons begin to dry it with
+       sponges and towels: all then kneel down, and the ceremony
+       concludes with the verse "Christ became obedient unto death
+       etc." the Our Father, and the prayer of the day "Look down,
+       we beseech thee etc."<a id="footnotetag81"
+       name="footnotetag81"></a><a href="#footnote81"><sup>81</sup></a>
+       The chapter then venerates the relics shewn as usual from
+       the gallery above S. Veronica's statue.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Antiquity and meaning of these ceremonies.</p>
+
+    <p>The <i>stripping</i> of the altars, which is practised on
+    this day throughout the western church, is mentioned in the
+    most ancient <i>Ordo Romanus</i>: indeed anciently the altars
+    used to be stripped every day, as Du Vert (Ceremon. de l'Eglise
+    T. IV.) and Cancellieri (De Secretariis T. IV.) have shewn. The
+    custom of <i>washing</i> the altar is observed in the Latin
+    church in those of the Dominicans and Carmelites; and also
+    according to Benedict XIV "in many churches of France, Germany
+    and other remote countries"
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page68"
+       id="page68"></a>[pg 68]</span> among which Cancellieri
+       reckons Spain. It is mentioned by S. Isidore (lib. de
+       Eccles. Offic. c. 18) by Alcuin (de divinis offic.) and in
+       the Sarum, Parisian and many other missals quoted by
+       Martene. What however is its meaning? While Monsignor
+       Battelli, in his dissertation on the subject, maintains that
+       this custom was instituted for the sake of cleanliness,
+       rather than from a wish to denote any mystery, and that this
+       day was selected as the most convenient, because the altars
+       were already stripped; the abbot Rupert and Belet discover
+       mystical meanings in the sponges, towels, wine, water, and
+       even <i>aspergilli</i>. We prefer a middle course, and while
+       we are willing to admit with Durandus and others an allusion
+       in the wine and water to the blood and water which flowed
+       from our Saviour on the cross, we maintain with the learned
+       S. Isidore, S. Eligius, Benedict XIV and others, that we
+       wash the altar, the symbol of Christ, from motives of
+       respect to Him, who on this day washed the feet of His
+       disciples.</p>
+
+    <p>Two great virtues are embodied in the ceremonies of this
+    day, and impart to them their life and loveliness: they are the
+    essential and characteristic virtues of Christians, by the
+    practice of which they imitate their divine Master and model,
+    and come at last to be united to Him in heaven. Christ was
+    moved by charity to institute the Holy Sacrament, and by
+    humility to wash His disciples feet. Let us then learn of him
+    because He was meek and humble of heart, and let us love one
+    another, because Christ hath first loved us, and commands us to
+    love one another.</p>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote57"
+                    name="footnote57"></a><b>Footnote 57:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag57">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>In Africa two were customary, one in the morning, and
+        the other after supper. S. August. ep. 54 ad Januarium.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote58"
+                    name="footnote58"></a><b>Footnote 58:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag58">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>For an account of this ancient ceremony the reader may
+        see Fleury, Moeurs des Chretiens; <i>Funz. della Settimana
+        Santa.</i> Martene, lib. IV, 22. etc.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote59"
+                    name="footnote59"></a><b>Footnote 59:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag59">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>"Balsam is produced in the vineyards of Engaddi, and in
+        preparing chrism it is mixed with oil and consecrated by
+        the pontifical benediction, that all the faithful may be
+        signed with this unction at confirmation". Ven. Bede, in
+        canlic. cap. I. The Greeks bless the chrism on the same day
+        as the Latins, having prepared it a few days previously.
+        See their Euchelogium, Ordo VIII entitled, On the
+        composition of the great ointment in the Costantinop.
+        church ap. Martene, loc. cit.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote60"
+                    name="footnote60"></a><b>Footnote 60:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag60">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Only one priest says mass in each on this day and the
+        other priests communicate, as on it Christ alone said mass,
+        and distributed the Holy communion to the apostles.
+        Although for many centuries both kinds were ordinarily
+        received, yet the custom of communicating under the form of
+        bread alone is very ancient. Thus in time of persecution
+        the faithful used to carry to their houses the holy
+        communion under the form of bread alone, the hermits also
+        preserved it in the deserts, the sick received it as their
+        viaticum, the ministers of God kept it in the churches, for
+        their spiritual support, and the bishops used to send it to
+        their clergy in token of their union in charity. These were
+        all instances of communion under one kind, which are
+        enumerated and proved by many Catholic divines, as for
+        instance by Dr. Rock in his Hierurgia. They demonstrate the
+        constant belief of the church, that the whole sacrament is
+        received under one kind only; and Christ himself in the
+        scriptures attributes its admirable effects to the act of
+        <i>eating</i> only as well as to that of <i>eating and
+        drinking</i>. "He that eateth this bread shall live for
+        ever" etc. In fact since His resurrection "He dieth now no
+        more": His body and blood and soul and Divinity are united
+        together for evermore, and consequently the communicant
+        receives under the form of bread alone Christ himself whole
+        and entire. The Latin church prescribed the general
+        reception of communion under one kind, in order to obviate
+        accidents which frequently arose from the indiscriminate
+        use of the chalice, and in opposition to the error of the
+        Hussites: Thus Paul II took occasion from the presence of
+        Frederic III at Rome, to give a public and illustrious
+        proof of the condemnation of this new heresy by the church,
+        by giving communion under one kind only to the Emperor, and
+        also to the deacon and subdeacon, who generally communicate
+        under both kinds when the Pope sings mass. In the Greek and
+        other oriental churches communion is administered under one
+        kind to the sick and others who are prevented by distance
+        from communicating in the churches. The general communion
+        customary on holy-thursday is prescribed by the English
+        bishop Walter in the 10th century, in the capitulary of
+        Theodulph of Orleans, and by all ancient pontificals and
+        missals, according to Martene T. 3, p. 98. It is practised
+        also by the Greeks, as Leo Allatius testifies. De consensu
+        utriusque Ecclesiæ lib. 3. Palmer (Vol. 2. p. 76) says "It
+        is not essential to the validity of the Sacrament, that the
+        bread should be whole and entire before consecration, and
+        broken afterwards: but the Universal practice of the
+        Christian church, derived from the apostles and from Jesus
+        Christ himself ought not to be infringed in this matter".
+        Yet even Bp. Middleton whom he quotes in the same page,
+        says "When there were many communicants, <i>in primitive
+        times, there were several cakes or loaves</i>, in
+        proportion to the number: and it took some time after the
+        consecration was finished, to break and divide them for
+        distribution". Each person communicated from his own
+        offering: hence S. Augustine says "Erubescere debet homo
+        idoneus si de aliena oblatione communicaverit" Serm. 215 de
+        Temp, any longer justification of the general practice of
+        the Roman church would therefore be superfluous.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote61"
+                    name="footnote61"></a><b>Footnote 61:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag61">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>"From the frequent mention of <i>oil</i> in scripture as
+        the emblem of spiritual gifts it was actually used in the
+        primitive church in the ceremonies of admitting
+        catechumens, and in baptising". Tracts of the Times, Vol.
+        1, no. 34.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote62"
+                    name="footnote62"></a><b>Footnote 62:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag62">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Our ardent love of this classic soil tempts us to insert
+        the following noble instance from Cicero (pro Milone XXXI)
+        "Vos enim jam <i>Albani</i> tumuli atque luci vos, inquam,
+        imploro alque tester vosque Albanorum obrutæ aræ, sacrorum
+        populi Romani sociæ et æquales, quas ille præceps amentia
+        cæsis prostratisque sanctissimi lucis substructionum
+        insanis molibus oppresserat: vestræ tum aræ, vestræ
+        religiones viguerunt, vestra vis valuit, quam ille
+        (Clodius) omni scelere polluarat: tuque ex tuo edito monte,
+        Latiaris sancte Jupiter, cujus ille lacus, nemora, finesque
+        sæpe omni nefario stupro et scelere macularat, aliquaudo ad
+        eum puniendum oculos aperuisti: vobis illæ, vobis vestro in
+        conspecta seræ sed justæ tamen et debitæ pænæ solutæ
+        sunt".</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote63"
+                    name="footnote63"></a><b>Footnote 63:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag63">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>These <i>troccole</i> were formerly called by the hard
+        names of <i>crepitacula ligna congregantia, mallei
+        excitatorii</i>. The Greeks used them anciently, as Martene
+        proves from a libellus de miraculis Anastasii presented to
+        the second council of Nice, from S. John Chrysostom's life
+        by Metaphrastes etc. etc. In modern times also they
+        continue to use them. Benedict XIV observes that the
+        practice of the Latin church on these days is intended to
+        preserve the remembrance of the ancient custom. It is also
+        evidently intended, like the reversed arms of the soldiers,
+        as a sign of mourning for the death of Christ. This silence
+        of the bells is prescribed in the ancient rituals: mystical
+        interpreters assign as a reason, that they signify Christ's
+        preachers and apostles, who were silent during the
+        sufferings of their Master.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote64"
+                    name="footnote64"></a><b>Footnote 64:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag64">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>S. Greg. Turon. De mirac. S. Martini "oblatis super
+        altare sacris muneribus, mysterioque Corporis et Sanguinis
+        Christi palla ex more cooperto.", Vid. Bona. Lib. II, c.
+        13. not. 12.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote65"
+                    name="footnote65"></a><b>Footnote 65:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag65">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>This mass is found in the Antiphonary and Sacramentary
+        of Pope Gregory the great; in all churches but the Roman,
+        as Marlene observes, vespers were joined with the mass on
+        this day, as they are on holy Saturday throughout the Latin
+        church. On holy-thursday the Pope used generally to preach
+        after the gospel, and in the mean time the Cardinals
+        stripped the altar: after the sermon the Pope blessed the
+        people as usual, and then began the <i>Credo</i>, according
+        to Benedict, Canon of S. Peter's. His Holiness drank on
+        this day directly from the chalice, and did not use the
+        golden reed or <i>fistola</i>, as on other occasions; this
+        we learn from the Apamean Pontifical.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote66"
+                    name="footnote66"></a><b>Footnote 66:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag66">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>This chapel was erected by Paul III according to the
+        design of Antonio Sangallo. Its two large frescoes are the
+        last efforts of the genius of Michelangelo, then aged 75
+        years: they represent the crucifixion of S. Peter and the
+        conversion of S. Paul. The fall of Simon Magus, and the
+        baptism conferred by S. Peter, painted on the
+        righthand-wall are works of Federico Zuccheri; on the
+        opposite side S. Paul at Malta, and restoring the young
+        man, who had fallen from a window, are by Lorenzo Sabbatino
+        da Bologna, the ceiling was painted by Federico Zuccheri.
+        The B. Sacrament is publicly and solemnly exposed in this
+        chapel for the adoration of the faithful on the first
+        Sunday of Advent as well as on holy-thursday See Chaltard;
+        <i>Descriz. del Vaticano</i> Taja, <i>Palazzo
+        Vaticano</i>.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote67"
+                    name="footnote67"></a><b>Footnote 67:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag67">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>S. John Chrysostom established processions at
+        Constantinople in opposition to those of the Arians; and
+        the empress Eudoxia supplied the people with silver crosses
+        and wax lights, to be carried on such occasions. Socrat.
+        Hist. Eccl. lib. VI, c. 8, Sozomen lib. VIII, c. 8.
+        Processions were incompatible with the persecutions of the
+        first three centuries. During them, and even long after
+        Constantine, in consequence of the discipline of secrecy,
+        there was neither public exposition or procession of the B.
+        Sacrament. The faithful however adored it privately, as for
+        instance, S. Gregory Nazianzen relates of his sister
+        Gorgonia, that when seized by a fever "she fell down with
+        faith before the altar, and invoked with a loud cry Him who
+        is honoured thereupon". (Discourse on her funeral). S.
+        Cyril of Jerusalem also exhorts the believer, that when he
+        receives the chalice of the blood of Christ he should bow
+        down profoundly and adore. (Catech. 5), The office and mass
+        of Corpus Christi were composed by S. Thomas Aquinas. As
+        holy-thursday is in great part devoted to the sufferings of
+        Christ, the festival of <i>Corpus Christi</i> with its
+        procession was instituted about the middle of the
+        thirteenth century by Urban IV at the petition of B.
+        Juliana of Mount <i>Cornelione</i>, and in consequence of
+        the miracle of Bolsena, well known as the subject of one of
+        Raffaello's frescoes in the Vatican. See Bened. XIV, De
+        Festis, and the authors cited by him. The miraculous
+        corporal stained with blood is still preserved at Orvieto,
+        the celebrated cathedral of which owes its foundation to
+        the miracle. "No one eats that flesh, says S. Augustine,
+        unless he has first adored" in ps. 98 "The flesh of
+        Christ," says S. Ambrose "which we adore even now in the
+        mysteries, and which the apostles adored in the Lord Jesus"
+        (de Spir. S. lib. 34, c. 12) All the fathers and liturgies
+        mention this adoration, which was therefore derived from
+        apostolic tradition. Sala ad Bonæ lib. 2, c. 13.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote68"
+                    name="footnote68"></a><b>Footnote 68:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag68">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>In the Greek church communion is on this day reserved
+        for the sick of the ensuing year under the form of bread
+        alone, according to Leo Allatius. (De utriusque Ecclesiæ
+        consensione). Pope Innocent I in the beginning of the 5th
+        century directs, that the eucharist be preserved on this
+        day for the priest and the sick. This reservation is
+        mentioned also in the Gregorian sacramentary, without any
+        mention of the sacred blood, since it might be spilt. It
+        has taken place in the Pauline chapel ever since its
+        erection by Paul III. A particle of the B. Sacrament was
+        formerly preserved after mass on festivals and carried back
+        in procession to the sacristy: it was carried to the altar
+        in procession on the next festival, and a portion or the
+        whole of it was put into the chalice before the host was
+        broken. See Cancellieri, De Secretariis T. I, p. 217,
+        seq.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote69"
+                    name="footnote69"></a><b>Footnote 69:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag69">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>These prelates used to refer cases and petitions to the
+        Popes, as they now do the former to their tribunal, which
+        according to Gonzalez derives its name of <i>Segnatura</i>
+        from the <i>signature</i> of the sovereign affixed to its
+        decree.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote70"
+                    name="footnote70"></a><b>Footnote 70:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag70">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>They are formed of peacocks' feathers, the eyes of which
+        according to Macri and others signify the vigilance and
+        circumspection of the Pontiffs. They are mentioned in the
+        apostolic constitutions, in which it is prescribed, that
+        two deacons should hold, them in order to drive away flies,
+        which might otherwise fall into the chalice. Accordingly,
+        at the ordination of the deacons in the Greek church, among
+        other instruments a Flabellum is given to them for their
+        ministry at the altar: this S. Anastasius is said to have
+        used while a deacon. Flabella are mentioned in the
+        liturgies of SS. Basil, Chrisostom, and other Greek and
+        Syriac liturgies, Flabella are in the Latin church a mark
+        of distinction, and are carried for the Grand Prior of the
+        knights of Malta the bishop of Troja in Aquila, and the
+        archbishop of Messina, as well as for His Holiness.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote71"
+                    name="footnote71"></a><b>Footnote 71:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag71">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Since the time of Clement XIV, the custom of reading
+        from the <i>loggia</i> on this day the bull in <i>Coena
+        Domini</i> has been abolished. (On this bull see de Maistre
+        du Pape lib. 2, c. 14). According to the doctrine of S.
+        Paul, the B. Sacrament is the bond as it is the symbol of
+        union or <i>communion</i> between the faithful; "We being
+        many are one body, all who partake of one bread" 1 Cor. X,
+        17, and hence this day of its institution was selected for
+        the public <i>excommunication</i> of those, who reject the
+        doctrines of the church, or maliciously oppose her
+        ordinances. After the bull had been read "many candles are
+        lighted, of which the Lord Pope himself holds some, and
+        each cardinal and prelate one lighted, and he extinguishes
+        and throws them on the ground, saying, we excommunicate all
+        the aforesaid; and then the bells are rung together without
+        observing any order". Ap. Gatticuin, Acta Cerem. 82. These
+        ceremonies are interpreted to mean the <i>extinction of the
+        grace</i> of the holy Ghost; and the dispersion of
+        unbelievers, as on the contrary the regular and orderly
+        ringing of bells calls the faithful together.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote72"
+                    name="footnote72"></a><b>Footnote 72:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag72">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>It is supported by the subdeacon habited in the tunic or
+        <i>tonacella</i>.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote73"
+                    name="footnote73"></a><b>Footnote 73:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag73">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>John the deacon, in his life of Gregory the great,
+        mentions the <i>Sacellarius</i> or Treasurer (see Thomassin
+        lib. 2. c. 103, n. 11), whom that holy Pope commanded
+        according to custom to invite the twelve pilgrims to
+        dinner. Besides the gifts mentioned above, the white dress
+        is given to these <i>apostles</i>, who are chosen by some
+        Cardinals, Ambassadors, the Propaganda, the
+        <i>Maggiordomo</i>, and the captain of the Swiss
+        guards.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote74"
+                    name="footnote74"></a><b>Footnote 74:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag74">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>The water is brought to him by the Prince assisting at
+        the throne, and the towel is presented by the first
+        Cardinal Priest. When the Pope is prevented from performing
+        this ceremony, the Cardinal Dean supplies his place in
+        presence of the sacred college (Lunadoro). In that case the
+        gospel is sung, not by a cardinal, but by the prelate who
+        is deacon of the <i>cappella</i>. Formerly, according to
+        the MS. Pontifical of the Apamean church written in 1214,
+        Vespers were sung by the Pope's chaplains, while he washed
+        the feet of twelve subdeacons.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote75"
+                    name="footnote75"></a><b>Footnote 75:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag75">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Chardin and other travellers testify, that this practice
+        is preserved in modern times. In Homer's Odyssey the custom
+        of taking a bath before a banquet is frequently mentioned,
+        III, 467; IV, 49, VI. 216; VIII, 449.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote76"
+                    name="footnote76"></a><b>Footnote 76:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag76">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>The emperors of Costantinople used (according to Codinus
+        De Officiis Aulæ Costantinop.) to wash the feet of twelve
+        poor persons: and Vespasiano Fiorentino in the fifteenth
+        century, in his life of Alfonso di Napoli quoted by
+        Cancellieri, says that "Il Giovedi Santo lavava i piedi a
+        tanti poveri, quant' egli aveva anni, et lavavagli, come si
+        deve ... et a tutti dava una veste bianca, et un pajo di
+        calze, et un Alfonsino, et un fiorino et un carlino, et non
+        so che altra moneta. Dipoi il Giovedi medesímo faceva
+        ordinare una cena,... et la Maestà del Re la pigliava, et
+        metteva loro innanzi, e con il vino, et quello avevano di
+        bisogno con grandissima umiltà". See also Martene, De Ant.
+        Eccl. Rit. Lib. IV, c. XII, § 8. Our readers will here call
+        to mind the good old custom still preserved of the maundy
+        of our British Sovereigns, so called from mandatum, the
+        first word of the first anthem sung during, the washing of
+        the feet. In the Greek church, according to Baillet, not
+        only are the feet of twelve poor persons washed, but the
+        name of an apostle is given to each of them; as it may be
+        supposed, nobody is anxious to have the name of Judas
+        Iscariot: so lots are drawn to determine the person who is
+        to represent that traitor. This may remind us of the threat
+        of Leonardo da Vinci to copy the head of Judas, in his
+        celebrated last supper, from the importunate Prior of S.
+        Maria delle Grazie of Milan. Poor Leonardo despaired of
+        finding a model for the head of our Saviour; and for more
+        than a year was seeking the rabble for a fit subject whom
+        he might represent as Judas: meantime the Prior was
+        continually worrying him to finish the fresco. "In ogni
+        caso poi" said he to Lodovico Sforza, "faro capitale del
+        ritratto del P. Priore, che lo merita per la sua
+        importunità e per la sua poca discrezione". The story of
+        Leonardo bears some resemblance to the manner in which
+        Michelangelo punished Biagio da Cesena Pontifical Master of
+        Ceremonies, who before Daniel of Volterra had acquired his
+        well-known nickname of <i>braghettone</i> complained to the
+        Pope, that the naked figures of the last judgment were
+        unworthy of a house of prayer. The artist introduced his
+        censor in his painting as Minos judge of the infernal
+        regions, with long ears like those of the other devils, and
+        a serpent's tail. Paul III when appealed to is said to have
+        answered, that if his Ceremoniere had been in Purgatory, he
+        might have helped him out, but out of hell there was no
+        redemption. This Papal witticism Platner could not find in
+        any writer earlier than Richardson (See Beschreibung der
+        Stadt Rom) but <i>se non è vero, è ben trovato</i>. Dante
+        was not more scrupulous than Michelangelo about thrusting
+        his opponents into his <i>inferno</i>.</p>
+
+        <div class="poem">
+            <div class="stanza">
+                <p class="i4">Pictoribus atque poetis</p>
+
+                <p>Quidlibet audendi semper fuit æqua potestas.</p>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote77"
+                    name="footnote77"></a><b>Footnote 77:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag77">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>The mosaics with which it was adorned by Pope Leo III
+        are preserved in the great niche adjoining the <i>scala
+        santa</i>.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote78"
+                    name="footnote78"></a><b>Footnote 78:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag78">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>The Portuguese, Spanish and some other churches are
+        generally distinguished on this day by the brilliancy of
+        the illumination of their <i>sepulchres</i>.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote79"
+                    name="footnote79"></a><b>Footnote 79:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag79">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>In the eighth century Pope Hadrian I, according to
+        Anastasius, suspended under the principal or
+        <i>triumphal</i> arch, as it was called, a silver cross
+        with 1365 or 1380 small lamps, which where lighted at
+        Easter and other great festivals. This was perhaps the
+        origin of the cross which used to be suspended in S.
+        Peter's at this season.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote80"
+                    name="footnote80"></a><b>Footnote 80:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag80">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>We have already mentioned an ancient Christian fresco in
+        which an aspergillum is represented.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote81"
+                    name="footnote81"></a><b>Footnote 81:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag81">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Formerly, as Card. Borgia has proved (De Cruce Vaticana)
+        this ceremony was performed in S. Peter's on good Friday.
+        In other churches there were two distinct observances; 1.
+        that of stripping the altars on holy Thursday, when
+        Christ's passion began; and 2. that of washing them with
+        wine and on good Friday, when blood and water flowed from
+        His side, as the Abbot Rupert observes. For the ancient
+        ceremonies of this day at Rome see besides the Apamean
+        Pontifical above-cited, the Pontificals of Egebert
+        archbishop of York and of Tirpin archbishop of Rheims ap.
+        Martene, loc. cit. In some places the fast of Lent was not
+        observed on this day, as appears from S. Augustine, Ep. 54
+        and Januarium. Of old this was the day for shaving in
+        preparation for Easter-Sunday: it was therefore called
+        shere-Thursday.</p>
+    </blockquote><span class="pagenum"><a name="page69"
+       id="page69"></a>[pg 69]</span>
+
+    <h2>CHAP. V.</h2>
+
+    <h3>ON THE CEREMONIES OF GOOD-FRIDAY</h3>
+
+    <h4><i>CONTENTS.</i></h4>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>Ancient ceremonies at Rome&mdash;Service in the Sixtine
+        chapel&mdash;Passio&mdash;Sermon and
+        indulgence&mdash;Prayers for all mankind&mdash;exposition
+        of the cross; ancient crucifixes and
+        crosses&mdash;<i>adoration</i> of the cross; its
+        antiquity&mdash;Palestrina's <i>improperii</i>,
+        Trisagion&mdash;chant of the hymn <i>Pange lingua gloriosi
+        lauream etc</i>,&mdash;Procession of the B.
+        Sacrament&mdash;<i>Mass</i> of the Presanctified,
+        Vespers&mdash;Tenebræ&mdash;Veneration of the principal
+        relics at S Peter's&mdash;Grounds of belief in the
+        genuineness of relics&mdash;1. Relic of the cross&mdash;2.
+        of the lance&mdash;3. <i>Volto
+        Santo</i>&mdash;Reflections&mdash;Recapitulation.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>"<i>The principal object of the church in the office of
+        this day is, that Jesus Christ crucified may be placed
+        before our eyes, that touched with contrition at the sight,
+        our souls may be so disposed, as to obtain the fruit of
+        redemption</i>" Bened. XIV, De Festis D.N.J.C. lib. 1. c.
+        7.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <p class="side">Ancient ceremonies.</p>
+
+    <p>On good Friday the Pope used formerly to go with the
+    Cardinals and the other members of the court to the Oratory of
+    S. Lorenzo called <i>Sancta Sanctorum</i> in the Lateran
+    palace, where they venerated and kissed the relics of SS. Peter
+    and Paul, as well as two crosses preserved there. One of these
+    was then carried by a Cardinal Priest, and
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page70"
+       id="page70"></a>[pg 70]</span> and the Host consecrated on
+       the preceding day was borne by another Cardinal of the same
+       order; the Pope, the Cardinals and all the others were
+       bare-footed, and walked in procession reciting psalms to S.
+       John Lateran's and thence to S. Croce, where the station was
+       held and the ceremonies of the day were
+       performed.<a id="footnotetag82"
+       name="footnotetag82"></a><a href="#footnote82"><sup>82</sup></a></p>
+
+    <p class="side">Service in the Sixtine chapel.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Passio.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Sermon and indulgence.</p>
+
+    <p>These take place at present in the Sixtine chapel; in which
+    the yellow colour of the candles and torches, the nakedness of
+    the Pope's throne and of the seats of the church denote the
+    desolation of the church at the sufferings and death of her
+    divine founder. The Cardinals do not wear their rings; their
+    dress is of purple, which is their mourning colour; in like
+    manner the Bishops do not wear rings and their stockings are
+    black: those of the Cardinals are purple; and the maces as well
+    as the soldiers' arms are reversed. The Card. great
+    Penitentiary with the sacred ministers are habited in black.
+    There is no thurifer and there are no lights; for the death of
+    the Son of God is going to be commemorated; and while He was
+    hanging upon the cross and when He died, there was darkness
+    over the whole earth. The Pope is habited in a red cope: he
+    does not wear his ring nor give his blessing: but if he be
+    present at this part of the service, His Holiness kneeling with
+    the Card. Penitentiary at his left hand offers up prayers for a
+    short time before the altar. This, which was stripped on the
+    preceding day, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page71"
+       id="page71"></a>[pg 71]</span> is now covered with a linen
+       cloth by two <i>Cerimonieri</i><a id="footnotetag83"
+       name="footnotetag83"></a><a href="#footnote83"><sup>83</sup></a>.
+       The Pope then goes to His seat; and the Card. Celebrant
+       accompanied by the ministers to the altar, and thence to his
+       <i>faldistorio</i> or seat. An appropriate passage from the
+       prophecy of Osee is sung by one of the choir, and the
+       precept from Exodus concerning the killing of the
+       paschal-lamb, a type of Christ, by the subdeacon. The Pope
+       and the Card. Celebrant also read both these lessons, after
+       each of which a tract is sung by the choir; and between them
+       a prayer by the Celebrant. After the prophecies, which are a
+       powerful confirmation of the truth of our holy religion, the
+       account of the sufferings and death of Jesus Christ, penned
+       by an eye-witness S. John, the disciple of love, is
+       recited<a id="footnotetag84"
+       name="footnotetag84"></a><a href="#footnote84"><sup>84</sup></a>.
+       It is read in a low voice by the Card. Celebrant and sung
+       with the same impressive chant as on Palm-Sunday by three
+       cantors wearing the alb, a black maniple and stole: they
+       used formerly to recite it bare-footed. At those words "And
+       bowing down his head he gave up the ghost" all kneel to
+       adore their Redeemer. It is related of a servant of God of
+       the name of Piccolomini, that he expired in church on good
+       Friday when those words were sung. The latter part is
+       chanted, but without the usual ceremonies, by the deacon,
+       after he has taken off his folded chasuble and put on the
+       large band or stole. A short sermon is then preached by a
+       conventual Friar, who afterwards according to custom
+       publishes the indulgence or remission of temporal punishment
+       of thirty years granted by the Pope to those who have
+       confessed and sincerely repented of their sins. See p. 37.
+       As <span class="pagenum"><a name="page72"
+       id="page72"></a>[pg 72]</span> Morinus has shewn (De
+       Penitentia cap. 4.) in most churches penitents were absolved
+       and reconciled after the gospel.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Prayers for all mankind.</p>
+
+    <p>Christ, says S. Paul, died for all men, and when suffering
+    on the cross, He prayed even for his relentless persecutors: on
+    the anniversary then of his death it is fit that His church
+    should pray for all men, that all may be saved by the
+    application of His merits to their souls. The Card. Celebrant
+    commences the beautiful, charitable, and ancient prayers of
+    this day with the words, Let us pray, dearly beloved, for the
+    holy church of God etc. The deacon then kneeling says
+    (according to the ancient custom mentioned by S. Cesarius of
+    Arles in his 36th homily, and by S. Basil in his book on the
+    Holy Ghost c. XXVII) Let us bend our knees, and the subdeacon
+    answers, Stand up, as it was customary to pray standing. This
+    form is repeated before each prayer, except that which is
+    offered for the Jews<a id="footnotetag85"
+       name="footnotetag85"></a><a href="#footnote85"><sup>85</sup></a>:
+       for their soldiers, bowing the knee before our Lord, mocked
+       him saying in derision, Hail king of the Jews. Prayers
+       follow for the Pope, for all the clergy, and holy people of
+       God (formerly for the Emperor also) and catechumens who are
+       to receive baptism on the day following. Having prayed for
+       all members of the church, we then pray for heretics and
+       schismatics, that God may deign to "deliver them from all
+       errors, and bring them back to their holy mother the
+       catholic and apostolic church"; and these petitions are
+       followed by others for the conversion of Jews and
+       Pagans<a id="footnotetag86"
+       name="footnotetag86"></a><a href="#footnote86"><sup>86</sup></a>.</p><span class="pagenum">
+    <a name="page73"
+       id="page73"></a>[pg 73]</span>
+
+    <p class="side">Exposition of the cross: ancient crucifixes and
+    crosses.</p>
+
+    <p class="side"><i>Adoration</i> of the cross: its
+    antiquity.</p>
+
+    <p>When these prayers are ended<a id="footnotetag87"
+       name="footnotetag87"></a><a href="#footnote87"><sup>87</sup></a>
+       the officiating Cardinal takes off his chasuble, and going
+       to the epistle-side of the altar receives from the deacon
+       the crucifix<a id="footnotetag88"
+       name="footnotetag88"></a><a href="#footnote88"><sup>88</sup></a>
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page74"
+       id="page74"></a>[pg 74]</span> covered with a black veil.
+       Then turning towards the people, and uncovering the upper
+       part of the crucifix, he sings, Behold the wood of the
+       cross, on which hung the salvation
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page75"
+       id="page75"></a>[pg 75]</span> of the world; in singing
+       which words he is joined by two tenor-voices from the choir.
+       The choir answers, Come, let us adore<a id="footnotetag89"
+       name="footnotetag89"></a><a href="#footnote89"><sup>89</sup></a>.
+       The Pope and all others kneel,
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page76"
+       id="page76"></a>[pg 76]</span> except the Cardinal
+       celebrant, who advances nearer to the middle of the altar,
+       and uncovers the right arm of the crucifix, and repeats the
+       same words in a higher tone, and
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page77"
+       id="page77"></a>[pg 77]</span> again in a still higher tone
+       before the middle of the altar, where he uncovers the whole
+       cross. The choir answers as before, and all except the
+       celebrant kneel each time the words are repeated. The
+       Cardinal then places the crucifix on a rich cushion lying on
+       the steps of the altar<a id="footnotetag90"
+       name="footnotetag90"></a><a href="#footnote90"><sup>90</sup></a>.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Trisagion.</p>
+
+    <p>I observed above, that it was formerly customary for the
+    Pope and all others to walk bare-footed in the procession of
+    this day, as others royal personages have done; for instance,
+    S. Louis of France, S. Elisabeth of Hungary, and others. Thus
+    to be barefooted was a sign of mourning (1 Sam. XV, 30. Jer.
+    II, 25) among the Jews. Their priests were without shoes at
+    their functions, in token of reverence (Exod. III, 5. Jos. V,
+    15). Some memorial of this practice is preserved in the present
+    custom of taking off the shoes of the principal persons who
+    revere and kiss the cross on this day. The Pope's shoes are
+    taken off by an <i>Ajutante di Camera</i>, His cope by
+    acolythes (<i>Votanti di Segnatura</i>), and afterwards His
+    Holiness then makes three profound genuflections before the
+    crucifix, gradually approaching nearer to it, and then kisses
+    it in token of his love for Him, who died upon it for our
+    salvation<a id="footnotetag91"
+       name="footnotetag91"></a><a href="#footnote91"><sup>91</sup></a>.
+       He <span class="pagenum"><a name="page78"
+       id="page78"></a>[pg 78]</span> also empties a purse,
+       containing an offering of 100 <i>scudi d'oro</i>, into a
+       silver basin near the crucifix. When the Pope is about to
+       make the first genuflection, the choir begins to sing the
+       <i>improperii</i>, the sentiments of which, and the chant
+       composed by Palestrina <a id="footnotetag92"
+       name="footnotetag92"></a><a href="#footnote92"><sup>92</sup></a>,
+       are admirably adapted to the pathetic ceremony. In them God
+       enumerates the unparalleled benefits which he lavished upon
+       the Jews, and the atrocious crimes by which they repaid Him.
+       At the end of each <i>improperium</i> or reproach, the
+       Trisagion is sung by one choir in Greek, and in Latin by
+       another "Holy God! Holy strong one! Holy immortal, have
+       mercy on us"<a id="footnotetag93"
+       name="footnotetag93"></a><a href="#footnote93"><sup>93</sup></a>.
+       The Pope then returns to his throne; he resumes
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page79"
+       id="page79"></a>[pg 79]</span> his previous vestments and
+       reads the <i>improperii</i> from the Missal held as usual by
+       an assist. bishop kneeling. The Cardinal celebrant and all
+       the other members of the sacred college, after their shoes
+       have been taken off, assisted by the <i>Ceremonieri</i>
+       revere and kiss the crucifix in the same manner as the Pope
+       has done; and each of them leaves an offering of a <i>scudo
+       d'oro</i> according to an ancient
+       custom.<a id="footnotetag94"
+       name="footnotetag94"></a><a href="#footnote94"><sup>94</sup></a>
+       When they return to their places, their shoes are put on by
+       their respective <i>camerieri</i>, who afterwards leave the
+       chapel. The patriarchs and bishops assistant and
+       non-assistant and the generals of religious orders without
+       shoes, and all the other prelates etc. wearing their shoes,
+       <i>adore</i> and kiss the cross in like manner, observing
+       the same order as in going to receive palms on the preceding
+       sunday; and they also make their offerings before the cross.
+       When the sacred college has finished the <i>adoration</i>,
+       the choir having ended the <i>improperii</i> sings the
+       anthem <i>Crucem tuam</i>, the psalm <i>Deus misereatur
+       nostri</i>, the hymn <i>Pange lingua gloriosi lauream
+       certaminis</i><a id="footnotetag95"
+       name="footnotetag95"></a><a href="#footnote95"><sup>95</sup></a>
+       etc. Towards <span class="pagenum"><a name="page80"
+       id="page80"></a>[pg 80]</span> the end of this beautiful
+       ceremony the candles are lighted, the deacon spreads out the
+       corporal<a id="footnotetag96"
+       name="footnotetag96"></a><a href="#footnote96"><sup>96</sup></a>
+       as usual, placing the purificator near it. He then
+       respectfully takes the cross, and places it on the altar
+       amid the candlesticks.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Chant of <i>Pange lingua</i> etc.</p>
+
+    <p>A procession, arranged like that of the preceding day, now
+    goes to the Pauline chapel. Assisted as usual by the first
+    Card. priest, the Pope kneels and incenses the B. Sacrament
+    three times. <i>M. Sagrista</i> delivers the B. Sacrament to
+    the Cardinal celebrant, who presents it to the Pope; His
+    Holiness covers it with the end of the veil placed over his
+    shoulders<a id="footnotetag97"
+       name="footnotetag97"></a><a href="#footnote97"><sup>97</sup></a>
+       and the procession returns to the Sixtine chapel
+       <a id="footnotetag98"
+       name="footnotetag98"></a><a href="#footnote98"><sup>98</sup></a>.
+       In the mean time the choir sings the hymn "<i>Vexilla Regis
+       prodeunt</i>". When the Pope arrives at the altar, he
+       delivers the B. Sacrament to the Card. Celebrant, who places
+       it on the altar. His Holiness then incenses it and returns
+       to his throne.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page81"
+       id="page81"></a>[pg 81]</span>
+
+    <p>During the procession the crucifix on the altar of the
+    Sixtine chapel is removed, and a larger cross containing a
+    considerable relic of the true cross is substituted for it.
+    This relic was sent to Pope Leo the Great in the 5th century by
+    Juvenal Bishop of Jerusalem. It was lost, but found again by
+    Pope Sergius I in 687: it was stolen at the sack of Rome in
+    1527, and removed from its case of silver: however it was
+    recovered by Clement VII, who ordered the rich cross, in which
+    it is at present preserved, to be made: in 1730 it was again
+    stolen but recovered once more by Clement XII. At the close of
+    the last century, though the candlesticks, and the statues of
+    the Apostles belonging to the papal chapel were lost, this
+    cross was preserved. In 1840 His present Holiness Gregory XVI
+    ordered it to be again exposed to the public veneration in the
+    Sixtine chapel: He gave it to the charge of the chapter of S.
+    Peter's, who deliver it to <i>M. Sagrista</i> on Good-friday
+    morning: and it remains in the Sixtine chapel till the end of
+    Tenebrae on that day. Moroni <i>Cappelle Pontificie
+    etc.</i></p>
+
+    <p>The <i>Mass</i> of the <i>Presanctified</i>, as it is
+    called, is next celebrated; Card. Tommasi, following S.
+    Cesarius of Arles, calls it the office, and not the mass of
+    good-Friday; for mass, strictly speaking, is not offered up on
+    this day, since no consecration takes place, and the B.
+    Sacrament is received by the celebrant under the form of bread
+    alone, as it could not be preserved with safety under the form
+    of wine<a id="footnotetag99"
+       name="footnotetag99"></a><a href="#footnote99"><sup>99</sup></a>.</p><span class="pagenum">
+    <a name="page82"
+       id="page82"></a>[pg 82]</span>
+
+    <p class="side">Mass of the Pre-Sanctified.</p>
+
+    <p>The Card. Celebrant places the B. Sacrament on the
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page83"
+       id="page83"></a>[pg 83]</span> paten<a id="footnotetag100"
+       name="footnotetag100"></a><a href="#footnote100"><sup>100</sup></a>
+       and thence on the corporal. In the meantime the deacon puts
+       wine into the chalice, and the subdeacon water, which
+       however are neither blessed or
+       consecrated<a id="footnotetag101"
+       name="footnotetag101"></a><a href="#footnote101"><sup>101</sup></a>
+       on this day. The cardinal then places the chalice on the
+       altar, and the deacon covers it with the <i>palla</i> or
+       pall (a small square piece of linen, which serves to prevent
+       flies etc. from falling into it). The Cardinal incenses the
+       offerings and the altar, washes his hands, and recites the
+       <i>Orate Fratres</i> and Our Father. All then kneel to adore
+       the blessed Sacrament, which he raises over the paten. He
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page84"
+       id="page84"></a>[pg 84]</span> divides it as usual, but
+       without saying any prayer <a id="footnotetag102"
+       name="footnotetag102"></a><a href="#footnote102"><sup>102</sup></a>,
+       into three parts, putting one of them into the chalice.
+       Striking his breast, and acknowledging his own unworthiness,
+       he receives communion, taking the sacred host, and
+       afterwards the consecrated particle with the wine in the
+       chalice <a id="footnotetag103"
+       name="footnotetag103"></a><a href="#footnote103"><sup>103</sup></a>.
+       He then receives the ablution, washes his hands, and returns
+       to the sacristy with the sacred ministers.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Vespers.</p>
+
+    <p>Anciently on fasting days nothing was allowed to be eaten
+    till sunset; and Vespers used therefore to be said before
+    dinner: now that the one meal allowed on such days may be eaten
+    as early as noon, the ancient practice of saying Vespers before
+    dinner is still preserved. Vespers are therefore sung
+    immediately after the mass of the Presanctified: they consist
+    of the Our Father and Hail Mary said in secret, of five psalms
+    with their anthems, and the <i>Magnificat</i> with its anthem.
+    At the verse 'Christ became obedient unto death', all kneel
+    down to adore Him, and the <i>Miserere</i> and the usual prayer
+    are recited, but without the solemnity of
+    Tenebrae<a id="footnotetag104"
+       name="footnotetag104"></a><a href="#footnote104"><sup>104</sup></a>.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Tenebræ.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Principal relics.</p>
+
+    <p>In the afternoon at Tenebrae, the office, being that of Holy
+    Saturday anticipated as usual, refers to the repose of the body
+    of our blessed Lord in the tomb. When it is
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page85"
+       id="page85"></a>[pg 85]</span> finished, the Pope wearing
+       his stole, and the Cardinals having taken off their
+       <i>cappe</i>, go to S. Peter's in procession, accompanied by
+       the Papal <i>Anticamera segreta</i>, the guards and others,
+       to venerate the relics of the Cross, the Lance, and the
+       <i>Volto Santo</i>, which are shewn by the Canons from the
+       gallery above the statue of S. Veronica
+       <a id="footnotetag105"
+       name="footnotetag105"></a><a href="#footnote105"><sup>105</sup></a>.
+       The Pope meantime, and the Cardinals and others arranged on
+       each side of Him, remain kneeling. The Pontifical cross is
+       borne as usual before the Pope, when going to S. Peter's by
+       an <i>Uditore di Rota</i>, and when returning to His
+       apartments by His cross-bearer who is one of His
+       chaplains.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Grounds of belief in relics.</p>
+
+    <p>Catholics are bound to believe with divine faith only those
+    doctrines, which the church defines to be doctrines taught by
+    God; and hence with regard to particular images or relics or
+    miracles, concerning which Christ has taught nothing, they
+    believe them to be genuine or reject them, according to the
+    evidence which accompanies them. We shall therefore briefly
+    examine what evidence there is in favour of the relics in
+    question.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">1. Relic of the cross.</p>
+
+    <p>1. The relic of the cross was placed here in 1629 by Urban
+    VIII; but it was formed of some pieces taken from the churches
+    of S. Anastasia and S. Croce in Gerusalemme. The Jews were
+    accustomed to bury the instruments of punishment in or near the
+    place where the persons executed were buried; but on this
+    subject I must content myself with referring to Baronius,
+    Calmet, Menochius, Gretser etc. who cite the Rabbins in proof
+    of this assertion. Now according to the ancient historians,
+    Eusebius, Sozomen and Socrates: the Emperor Adrian erected a
+    temple <span class="pagenum"><a name="page86"
+       id="page86"></a>[pg 86]</span> of Venus over the tomb of the
+       God of purity, after he had covered it with a great quantity
+       of rubbish. Helen the saintly mother of the emperor
+       Costantine, after many searches (according to Eusebius in
+       his life of that emperor) at length discovered the sacred
+       tomb, in which was found, according to Sozomen, the
+       inscription placed over the cross by Pilate, "Jesus of
+       Nazareth, King of the Jews"<a id="footnotetag106"
+       name="footnotetag106"></a><a href="#footnote106"><sup>106</sup></a>.
+       Near the tomb in another part of the cave were found three
+       crosses: but here a difficulty arose on which of these three
+       was our Saviour crucified? At the suggestion of Macarius Bp.
+       of Jerusalem, a woman at the point of death, as Ruffinus,
+       Socrates, Theodoret, Sozomen and Nicephorus relate; or a
+       dead man, according to Paulinus and Severus Sulpicius, was
+       brought to the spot, and restored to health or to life, when
+       placed on <i>one</i> of the three crosses. If we consider,
+       that it is related in the 2nd book of Kings c, XIII, that
+       when some persons "were burying a man, they cast the body
+       into the sepulchre of Eliseus. And when it had touched the
+       bones of Eliseus, the man came to life and stood up on his
+       feet," we may not be unwilling to admit the possibility or
+       probability, that such a miracle may have occurred at the
+       sepulchre of the God of Eliseus. Besides the authors whom I
+       have mentioned, this history is attested by S. Ambrose, S.
+       Chrysostom, and S. Cyril of Jerusalem. This great bishop and
+       Eusebius lived at the time when the event is said to have
+       happened: the other writers lived not long after, and
+       Ruffinus and Theodoret passed part of their lives in Syria.
+       The same historians mention, that S. Helen divided the Cross
+       into three parts, one she left in Jerusalem, another she
+       sent <span class="pagenum"><a name="page87"
+       id="page87"></a>[pg 87]</span> to Costantine, according to
+       the author of the life of Pope Sylvester published by Pope
+       Damasus towards the close of the 6th cent.; and the third
+       she reserved for herself, to Rome. She placed the last
+       mentioned piece in the Sessorian Basilica, called also the
+       Basilica of Helen, because erected by her, in the Horti
+       Variani: hence is derived its title of S. Croce in
+       Gerusalemme. On this subject additional information may be
+       found in the work of the late Padre De Corrieris, De
+       Sessorianis praecipius D.N.J.C. reliquiis, in Trombelli De
+       cultu SSrum and Ben. XIV. De festis. From Santa Croce a
+       piece of the cross was taken to S. Peter's, and is one of
+       the relics shewn on good friday. Even in the fourth century
+       S. Cyril of Jerusalem testifies, that particles of the true
+       cross had been sent to every Christian country.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">2. of the lance.</p>
+
+    <p>2. The lance also with which our divine Saviour's side was
+    pierced, was found by S. Helen, as the Bollandists shew: and it
+    was preserved in Jerusalem, as S. Gregory of Tours and our
+    venerable Bede observe: but towards the end of the 6th cent.,
+    the iron part of it was transfered to Costantinople; of this
+    the point was placed in the imperial palace; the other part in
+    the church of S. Sophia, and afterwards in that of S. John.
+    William of Tyre and Anna Comnena mention it as existing there
+    in the 11th and 12th centuries. Towards the close of the 13th
+    century the point of the lance with other relics passed into
+    the possession of S. Louis of France: the other part of the
+    lance still remained at S. John's in Constantinople, as
+    Buondelmount, who saw it, bears witness. When Mahomet subdued
+    Costantinople, he preserved all the relics, as Theodore cited
+    by Benedict XIV relates in his history of the Turks, and his
+    son Bajazet sent an ambassador with the relics of the lance to
+    Pope Innocent VIII, in order to induce his Holiness not to
+    protect Zizimus, who disputed with him the succession to the
+    Turkish <span class="pagenum"><a name="page88"
+       id="page88"></a>[pg 88]</span> throne. The Pope received it
+       with great reverence, and placed it in the Vatican. As some
+       suspicion was entertained about the veracity of the Turkish
+       ambassador, Benedict XIV, as he mentions in his very learned
+       work on the Canonisation of the Saints, from which I have
+       extracted this account, sent for an exact cast of the point
+       preserved at Paris, which perfectly corresponded with the
+       piece preserved in the Vatican; and thus were confirmed the
+       assertion of the Turk<a id="footnotetag107"
+       name="footnotetag107"></a><a href="#footnote107"><sup>107</sup></a>.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">3. <i>Volto Santo</i>.</p>
+
+    <p>3. As for the <i>Volto Santo</i>, or image of our Saviour it
+    was placed in an Oratory of the Vatican Basilica by John VII as
+    long ago as 707, as may be seen in Marlinetti, Dei pregii della
+    Basilica Vat. Who S. Veronica or Berenice was, who is said to
+    have wiped our Saviour's face with the handkerchief is another
+    question, as Benedict XIV observes, to whom and to Marlinetti I
+    shall content myself with referring. It appears that this
+    ancient likeness of our Saviour was afterwards kept at S.
+    Spirito: six Roman noblemen had the care of it; and to each of
+    them was confided on of the six keys, with which it was locked
+    up. They enjoyed various privileges, and among others, says an
+    ancient MS. Chronicle quoted by Cancellieri, "havevano questi
+    sei ogni anno, da Santo Spirito, due vacche in die S. Spiritus
+    le quali se magnavano li con gran festa". In 1410 the <i>Volto
+    Santo</i> was carried back to S. Peter's, where it has ever
+    since remained<a id="footnotetag108"
+       name="footnotetag108"></a><a href="#footnote108"><sup>108</sup></a>.</p><span class="pagenum">
+    <a name="page89"
+       id="page89"></a>[pg 89]</span>
+
+    <p class="side">Reflections.</p>
+
+    <p>The Council of Trent, in the 25th Session, teaches that
+    veneration and honour are due to relics of the Saints, and that
+    they and other sacred monuments are honoured by the faithful
+    not without utility. We all honour the memorials of the great,
+    of the wise and of the brave; who has not venerated the oak of
+    a Tasso or the house of a Shakespeare? While <i>We</i> revere
+    the relics of a Borromeo at Milan, of a Francois de Sales at
+    Annecy, of a Luigi Gonzaga, a Filippo Neri, a Camillo de Lellis
+    at Rome, others respect the chair and table of Wickliffe at
+    Lutterworth, or the room of Luther at Eisenach. If infidels
+    unite in paying homage to the house of the impious
+    <i>philosopher</i> of Ferney, let all Christians, however they
+    may be otherwise unhappily divided, join in shewing their
+    respect for the image of their Saviour, and for those
+    instruments which touched his sacred body, and were sanctified
+    by his precious blood. O let them gaze with reverential awe on
+    that lance which entering into his adorable side drew from it
+    blood and water, and on that cross to which he was nailed and
+    on which he died for our salvation. The early Christians, our
+    forefathers in the faith, manifested great respect for the
+    bodies and the blood of the martyrs, because they were faithful
+    <i>followers</i> of Christ. Thus, in the letter of the faithful
+    of Smyrna preserved by Eusebius, they mention that they
+    gathered up the bones of their bishop Polycarp, (a disciple of
+    S. John the Apostle) "more precious than pearls, and more tried
+    than gold, and buried them. In this place, God willing", say
+    they "we shall meet and celebrate with joy and gladness the
+    birthday of this martyr". SS. Praxedes and Pudentiana, and many
+    other devout females used to collect the blood of the martyrs
+    with sponges and cloths, as if they feared that one drop of it
+    should be lost. Read the poems of
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page90"
+       id="page90"></a>[pg 90]</span> Prudentius, observe the
+       phials of blood<a id="footnotetag109"
+       name="footnotetag109"></a><a href="#footnote109"><sup>109</sup></a>
+       placed before the martyrs' tombs in the catacombs, and you
+       will not doubt the truth of such
+       assertions<a id="footnotetag110"
+       name="footnotetag110"></a><a href="#footnote110"><sup>110</sup></a>.
+       The shadow of Peter, the handkerchiefs which had touched the
+       body of Paul, could cure diseases, as the Scripture
+       witnesseth; but here are the relics of a greater than Paul,
+       of a greater than Peter: O then let us kneel, and love, and
+       venerate them; for they were closely united to Him who is
+       the author and object of our faith, the only foundation of
+       our hope, the centre and the consummation of our love.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Recapitulation.</p>
+
+    <p>It does not fall within my plan to speak of the devotion of
+    the three hours of agony, practised on this day in many
+    churches, as at the Gesù, S. Lorenzo in Damaso etc. or of that
+    which is practised after the <i>Ave Maria</i> at S. Marcello,
+    Caravita etc. or of the elegies recited by the Arcadian pastors
+    over their Redeemer. Let us rather briefly recapitulate with
+    Morcelli the principal ceremonies of the day: Station at S.
+    Croce; service in the Sixtine chapel,
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page91"
+       id="page91"></a>[pg 91]</span> the veneration of the Cross;
+       the B. Sacrament carried thither in procession from the
+       Pauline chapel, Mass of the Presanctified and Vespers. In
+       the afternoon Tenebræ, and veneration of the relics at S.
+       Peter's.</p>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote82"
+                    name="footnote82"></a><b>Footnote 82:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag82">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>See a MS. Apamean Pontifical ap. Marthene T. 3, p. 132,
+        Benedict Canon of S. Peter's in his <i>Ordo Romanus</i>,
+        Marangoni, <i>Istoria dell antichissimo Oratorio o Cappella
+        di S. Lorenzo nel Patriarchio Lateranense</i>. Roma 1747.
+        S. Louis of France used to walk barefooted on this day to
+        the churches, praying and giving abundant alms, as did also
+        William, king of the Romans. (Chronicon Erphordense ad ann.
+        1252), S. Elisabeth of Hungary used to devote the day to
+        similar acts of piety, walking barefooted and in the dress
+        of a poor woman to the churches, and there making her
+        humble offerings at the altars, and distributing copious
+        alms. On her practices of piety during holy-week see her
+        life by Le Cte de Montalembert c. 9.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote83"
+                    name="footnote83"></a><b>Footnote 83:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag83">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>The Corporal, which was anciently much longer than at
+        present, was spread in this manner at all masses before the
+        offertory. See Cancellieri, De Secretariis T. I, Fleury,
+        Moeurs des Chretiens.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote84"
+                    name="footnote84"></a><b>Footnote 84:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag84">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>The lessons, the prayer, and the passion are found in
+        the ancient ordo Gelasianus for this day.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote85"
+                    name="footnote85"></a><b>Footnote 85:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag85">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>According to the Gelasian Sacramentary all were to
+        genuflect at the prayer for the Jews, as well as at the
+        other prayers; not so according to the Gregorian
+        Sacramentary.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote86"
+                    name="footnote86"></a><b>Footnote 86:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag86">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>"God our Saviour", says S. Paul (1 Tim. II, 4) "wishes
+        all men to be saved, and to come to the knowledge of the
+        truth". The Catholic church is animated by the same spirit
+        of charity, as the admirable prayers of this day might
+        alone prove. If she teaches exclusive salvation. Christ
+        taught the same "He that believeth and is baptised shall be
+        saved: he that believeth not shall be condemned" Mark XVI,
+        26. We cannot therefore consistently accuse the church of
+        want of charity, when she proclaims the general conditions
+        of salvation, without at the same time charging Christ
+        himself, who first taught them, with the same fault. True
+        charity desires the salvation of all but she warns others
+        of their danger; and does not cruelly conceal it from them
+        till it is too late.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote87"
+                    name="footnote87"></a><b>Footnote 87:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag87">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>After these prayers the faithful used anciently to leave
+        the church, and the Priests to go to their own churches, to
+        perform the ceremonies till the evening-service: so that
+        what follows was then a totally distinct service. See
+        Sacram S. Gregorii, ant. Ord. Roman, etc. ap. Martene lib.
+        IV, c. 23.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote88"
+                    name="footnote88"></a><b>Footnote 88:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag88">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>It would appear, that, before Costantine abolished the
+        punishment of malefactors on the cross, the Christians, who
+        well knew with S. Paul that Christ crucified was to the
+        Jews a stumbling-block, and to the gentiles foolishness',
+        prudently abstained from representing our Saviour nailed to
+        the cross, and used rather to depict a lamb with a cross
+        near it, of which instances may he seen in Rork's Hierurgia
+        p. 520. The first mention of the <i>crucifix</i> in the
+        church is believed to occur in the poem titled <i>De
+        Passione Domini</i> referred to the fourth century. That
+        the use of the sign and the image of the <i>cross</i> was
+        much more ancient and very prevalent among Christians will
+        appear from the following facts. "At every step and
+        movement" says Tertullian (in the early part of the third
+        century) "whenever we come in or go out, when we dress and
+        wash ourselves, at table, when lights are brought in,
+        whether we are lying or sitting down; whatever we are
+        doing, we mark our foreheads with the sign of the cross".
+        Eusebius mentions that Constantine placed a magnificent
+        cross De Vit. Const. I. 3. In the fourth century in his
+        palace S. John Chrysostom in one of his eloquent homilies
+        observes "Every where the symbol of the cross is present to
+        us. We inscribe it very diligently on our houses, and
+        walls, and doors, and brows, and thoughts". S. Basil (De
+        Spirit. S. ad Amphilochium c. 27.) derives the sign of the
+        cross from Apostolic tradition. That this custom
+        universally prevailed among Christians might be proved from
+        S. Jerome, from the historian Socrates and others, and from
+        monuments of the early Christians still preserved in Egypt:
+        but why travel so far? we have only lo look around us in
+        the catacombs, or in the Vatican Museum and Library. The
+        cross is the chosen, the beloved sign of Christians; they
+        repeated it a thousand times on their lamps, on their
+        rings, on their cups and sacred vessels, that they might
+        have the sign of their redemption ever before their eyes,
+        they kissed it at the hour of their death, and had it
+        marked on their tomb, as a sign of their hope of salvation.
+        No sooner had peace shone upon the church, than crosses
+        were erected on high roads, and in many places of public
+        resort: and would to God that those sacred ancient
+        monuments, which once adorned our own country, bore public
+        testimony to the faith of its inhabitants, and recalled to
+        the minds of passers-by the sufferings of their Saviour,
+        had not been too rudely treated in the first heat of
+        religious and political frenzy! For some ancient
+        representations of the cross see the learned work of Dr.
+        Rock on the mass. I shall content myself with noticing an
+        interesting instance, which he has not mentioned. At
+        Pompeii the house of Pansa, as it is called, is one of the
+        most remarkable yet excavated on account of its extent and
+        regularity. Some parts of it were used as shops, and appear
+        to have been let out, (as is still the custom in some
+        palaces of Rome): for they have no communication with the
+        body of the building. Between two parts thus separated is
+        an entrance from a side street to the peristyle or open
+        court surrounded by columns; and on the pier between the
+        two doors is, or rather was a painting representing one of
+        the guardian-serpents or tutelary deities, who were
+        sometimes represented under that form, as we occasionally
+        see at Pompeii, and as we learn from Virgil (lib.) V. Hence
+        as we see in Titus' baths and are informed by Persius, a
+        place was considered sacred, in which serpents were
+        painted. Indeed these reptiles became such favourites,
+        that, according to Seneca, they used to creep upon the
+        tables amid the cups: and some ladies so far overcame
+        natural prejudices, as to place real serpents, if not boas,
+        round their necks, to cool them, instead of using
+        artificial boas to warm themselves. "Si gelidum nectit
+        collo Glacilla draconem" says Martial. Before the serpent
+        painted in Pansa's house is or was a projecting brick
+        intended to support a lamp: the painting in consequence of
+        its situation could be seen only by persons within the
+        house: but upon the opposite wall there is or was a cross
+        worked in bas relief upon a panel of white stucco, so
+        situated as to be visible to all persons passing. It had
+        the form of a Latin cross, which, we may observe, as well
+        as the Greek cross: is found upon ancient Christian
+        monuments; though of course we cannot bring forward other
+        instances so ancient as the monument in question. (See Rock
+        p. 516). "It is hard to conceive", says the learned Mazois,
+        "that the same man should bow at once before the cross of
+        Christ, and pay homage to Janus, Ferculus, Limetinus,
+        Cardia, the deities of the threshold, and the hinges of
+        doors. Perhaps at this time the cross was of a meaning
+        unknown except to those who had embraced the Christian
+        faith, which, placed here among the symbols of paganism, as
+        if in testimony of gratitude, informed the faithful, that
+        the truth had here found an asylum with a poor man, under
+        the safeguard of all the popular superstitions". So far
+        Mazois, whose opinion is embraced by the author of the
+        interesting work on Pompeii published by the society for
+        promoting useful knowledge: but is it not probable, I may
+        ask, or rather is it not certain that, at that early
+        period, while some members of the same family were pagans,
+        others were Christians? it is not then surprising if in the
+        same house we find both Christian and Pagan emblems: we may
+        suppose, that some such persons may have been inmates of
+        the same house as Mr. Bulwer's pagan gladiator Lydon and
+        his Christian father Medon. Pompeii was overwhelmed by
+        ashes in the year of Christ 79: and if Vesuvius still
+        occasionally lay waste the surrounding country, we are
+        indebted to it for the preservation not only of a thousand
+        classical monuments, but also of a representation of the
+        cross of Christ, which cannot be of a much later date than
+        the time of the destruction of Jerusalem.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote89"
+                    name="footnote89"></a><b>Footnote 89:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag89">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>St. Helen discovered the cross on which Christ suffered,
+        and erected a church in Jerusalem, in which it was
+        deposited. "The bishop of that city every year, at the
+        season of the paschal solemnity, exhibits it to be
+        <i>adored</i> by the people, after he himself has first
+        performed his act of profound veneration". S. Paulinus of
+        Nola, A.D. 430, ep. 11 ad Sever. "In the middle of Lent,
+        the life-giving wood of the venerable cross is usually
+        exposed for <i>adoration</i>". S. Sophronius patriarch of
+        Jerusalem in 639. (Orat. in Exalt. Crucis). From this
+        custom of the church of Jerusalem probably arose that of
+        the Roman church, in which a crucifix, containing a
+        particle of the true cross, was publicly venerated on good
+        Friday. In the Sacramentary of pope Gelasius (A.D. 402) we
+        read in an account of the ceremonies of this day "The
+        priest comes before the altar, adoring the Lord's cross and
+        kissing it&mdash;all adore the holy cross and communicate".
+        This ceremony is mentioned also in the Antiphonary of S.
+        Gregory the great and the ancient <i>Ordo Romanus</i>.
+        Flecte genu, lignumque crucis venerabile adora, says
+        Lactantius. See bishop Poynter's Christianity p. 151. Of
+        the Greeks Leo Allatius relates that "on good-friday, while
+        they accompany as it were Christ himself to the tomb, they
+        lead round through the cities and <i>adore</i> the
+        sculptured body of Christ". De consensu utriusque Eccl.
+        lib. 5. c. 15. The Syrians also practise this ceremony, as
+        we learn from documents published by Card. Borgia and
+        Nairon. This rite is called the <i>adoration</i> of the
+        cross. Let us not forget what is said in the Book of Common
+        Prayer in the solemnization of Matrimony "With this ring I
+        thee wed; with my body I thee <i>worship</i>". Such words
+        of doubtful signification must be interpreted from the
+        doctrine of the church which adopts them. Hanc veniam
+        petimusque damusque vicissim. Now the word <i>adorare</i>
+        used in our liturgy (derived from <i>ad</i> and <i>ora</i>,
+        because persons when <i>adoring</i> used to put their right
+        hand to their mouth; Plin. I. 28, c. 2. Apuleius in
+        Apolog.) signifies not only to pay divine worship, but also
+        to venerate and even to salute. Thus from the instances
+        collected in Forcellini's Lexicon we may select the
+        following: "Primo autem septimum Germanici consulatum
+        adoravi". Stat in præf i. 4 Silv. Imo cum gemitu populum
+        sic adorat: Apulei. lib 2. Metam. The doctrine of the
+        catholic church on this subject is as usual clear and
+        decided. The twenty-fifth session of the Council of Trent
+        decreed as follows: "The holy synod commands all bishops,
+        and others sustaining the duty and care of teaching, that
+        they should diligently instruct the faithful concerning the
+        legitimate use of images according to the custom of the
+        catholic and apostolic church received from the
+        commencement of christianity, and the consent of the holy
+        fathers, and decrees of the sacred councils, teaching them
+        ... that the images of Christ; of the Virgin mother of God,
+        and other saints, are to be had and retained especially in
+        churches, and that due honour and veneration are to be
+        given them: not that any divinity or virtue is believed to
+        exist in them for which they are to be worshipped, or that
+        any thing is to be asked from them, or that confidence is
+        to be placed in images, as was formerly done by the
+        Gentiles, who used to place their hope in idol; but because
+        the honour which is given to them is referred to the
+        prototypes which they represent; so that by the images
+        which we kiss, and before which we uncover our heads and
+        bow our bodies, we adore Christ, and venerate the Saints,
+        whose likeness they bear: this has been decreed against the
+        opposers of images by the decrees of councils, especially
+        of the second synod of Nice. And let the bishops diligently
+        teach, that by the histories of the mysteries of our
+        redemption expressed in pictures or other likenesses the
+        people are instructed and confirmed in commemorating and
+        assiduously venerating articles of faith, and that from all
+        sacred images a great fruit is derived, not only because
+        the people are admonished of the benefits and gifts
+        conferred on them by Christ, but also because God's
+        miracles through the saints, and salutary examples are laid
+        before the eyes of the faithful, that they may return
+        thanks for them to God, and may compose their life and
+        manners to an imitation of the saints, and may be excited
+        to adore and love God and cherish piety". The council then
+        gives directions for the extirpation of any abuses which
+        may creep in. These words, by which our faith and practice
+        are regulated, are too clear to need comment, and
+        sufficiently justify catholics from the foolish and
+        calumnious charge of idolatry. The true Catholic practice
+        is well expressed in a work attributed to Alcuin "We
+        prostrate our bodies before the cross, and our souls before
+        the Lord: we venerate the cross by which we have been
+        redeemed, and we supplicate Him who redeemed us".</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote90"
+                    name="footnote90"></a><b>Footnote 90:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag90">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>This rite is described in the Ordo Romanus XIV with the
+        same ceremonies. It is first mentioned in the Ordo XI of
+        the Canon Benedict.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote91"
+                    name="footnote91"></a><b>Footnote 91:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag91">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>We kiss and press to our hearts the pictures of those
+        whom we love, and shall we think it sinful to kiss the
+        image of Him, who for love of us humbled himself even to
+        the death of the cross? Oh! let each one of us rather
+        exclaim with S. Paul "God forbid that I should glory save
+        in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ, by whom the world is
+        crucified to me and I to the world" (Gal. VI): or in the
+        words attributed to S. Andrew when he was going to be
+        crucified "Hail precious cross, that hast been consecrated
+        by the body of my Lord, and adorned with his limbs as with
+        rich jewels. Oh good cross, that hast received beauty from
+        our Lord's limbs, I have ardently loved thee, long have I
+        desired and sought thee; now thou art found by me and made
+        ready for my longing soul". Act. S. Andreæ.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote92"
+                    name="footnote92"></a><b>Footnote 92:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag92">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>"The greatest glory" says Baini "was deservedly obtained
+        by <i>Pierluigi</i> on account of the <i>improperii</i>,
+        and the hymn <i>Crux fidelis</i> which he set to music for
+        8 voices divided into two choirs, and which were sung for
+        the first time by the choir of the Lateran basilica on good
+        Friday in the year 1560: by them <i>fece sbalordire arte e
+        natura</i>. Pius IV demanded them for the use of the
+        apostolic chapel, and, after he had heard them, declared
+        that Palestrina had surpassed his expectations. These
+        <i>improperii</i> are still sung and will ever be sung in
+        the apostolic chapel" Baini, Mem. storic. di Giovanni
+        Pierluigi da Palestrina 1. p. 64.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote93"
+                    name="footnote93"></a><b>Footnote 93:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag93">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>This hymn is frequently sung in the Greek and Oriental
+        church. Renaudot T. I, p. 70. According in the Menologium
+        Græcum and S. John Damascen it was first used in the reign
+        of Theodosius, when public supplications were offered to
+        heaven during a terrible earthquake at Costantinople. This
+        Palmer admits, I, 64. It is still said in Greek, in which
+        it was originally composed, as well as in Latin, in the
+        Roman church. See Goar in notis ad Rituale Græc.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote94"
+                    name="footnote94"></a><b>Footnote 94:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag94">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>In the Ordo Romanus XII, Ap. 1, de Presbyterio, it is
+        prescribed that "according to ancient custom whatever is
+        offered upon the cross ought to belong to the <i>schola</i>
+        (or company)" of the cross: in the Ordo XIV, that it
+        belongs to the <i>Sagrista</i>. The sum collected is at
+        present the perquisite of M. Sagrista and the two principal
+        Masters of ceremonies. These offerings were customary also
+        in other churches, and in particular at Paris.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote95"
+                    name="footnote95"></a><b>Footnote 95:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag95">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Baini observes, that the chant of this hymn is one of
+        the few instances of <i>rhythmical</i> chant preserved by
+        uninterrupted <i>tradition</i> in the papal chapel and
+        adorned with the ancient ornaments. (See his Saggio sopra
+        l'indentità dei ritmi musicale e poetico. Firenze, 1820).
+        "The chant of that hymn" says Eximano (quoted by Baini,
+        Mem. Stor.) is a true plain chant, that is, a chant of
+        unison, such as it is found in all choral books: but the
+        mode of singing it in the pontifical chapel makes it appear
+        different from what is sung in other churches&mdash;Above
+        all, the distribution of the notes, which are sung (not of
+        those which are written) adapted to express the length and
+        shortness of the syllables which compose the rhythm of the
+        hymn, ought to be studied. "Se si dà quell'inno ad un
+        maestro di cappella per metterlo in musica concertata ed in
+        <i>battuta sensibile</i>, verrà subito distrutto il
+        <i>ritmo</i>, e se la cantilena della cappella pontif. si
+        scrive in battuta, si vedranno cadere nel <i>battere</i>
+        alcune sillabe brevi, senza pregiudizio della loro
+        quantità". Dubbio di D. Antonio Eximeno sopra il saggio
+        fondamentale pratico di contrappunto del R.P.M. Martini.
+        Roma, 1773.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote96"
+                    name="footnote96"></a><b>Footnote 96:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag96">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>The corporal is a square piece of linen so called,
+        because the Corpus or body of Christ is placed on it. S.
+        Isidore of Pelusium in the beginning of the 5th century
+        says, that the white linen cloth, which is spread under the
+        divine gifts, is the clean linen cloth of Joseph of
+        Arimathea: "for we, sacrificing the bread of proposition on
+        the linen cloth, without doubt find like him the body of
+        Christ": it was anciently much larger than it is at
+        present. The purificator is a small towel, which serves to
+        wipe the chalice and the hands and mouth of the priest,
+        after he has received the B. Sacrament.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote97"
+                    name="footnote97"></a><b>Footnote 97:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag97">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>The veil is used from reverence to the B. Sacrament: on
+        an ancient mosaic on one of the arches of S. Prassede, a
+        person is represented enveloped in it, holding a sacred
+        vessel apparently intended to contain the B. Sacrament.
+        Ciampini, Vet. mon. T. 2.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote98"
+                    name="footnote98"></a><b>Footnote 98:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag98">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>According to the Gelasian Sacramentary, "the deacons go
+        to the <i>sacrarium</i> and walk in procession with the
+        body and blood of the Lord, which remained from the
+        preceding day": with it the most ancient Ordo Romanus ad
+        usum monasteriorum agrees.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote99"
+                    name="footnote99"></a><b>Footnote 99:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag99">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>In the fourth century Pope Innocent I in his epistle to
+        Decentius assigns as a reason, why the holy sacrifice is
+        not offered up on this day, the example of the apostles
+        who, concealing themselves for fear of the Jews, spent this
+        and the following day in fasting and mourning for the death
+        of their master, and were thus debarred from the holy
+        mysteries. During the whole of Lent the Greek church still
+        celebrates, towards evening, only the mass of the
+        presanctified, except on Saturdays and Sundays, and on the
+        feast of the Annunciation, when the ordinary mass is
+        offered up. This is one of the ancient instances of
+        communion under one kind; for, as Leo Allatius observes,
+        either it is received under the form of bread alone, or if
+        some drops of the sacred blood were sprinkled on the host,
+        all the species of wine have disappeared before communion.
+        (De utriusque Ecclesiæ consensione, p. 875). Neither in the
+        Latin or the Greek church is the mass of the pre-sanctified
+        a <i>Missa sicca</i> or dry mass: in which not only the
+        consecration, but also the communion, and all those prayers
+        which are said over the holy Eucharist, used to be omitted.
+        See Durandus in Rationali c. 1. This is the only day in the
+        year on which mass is not offered up in the Latin church,
+        and even on it the priest communicates: on holy Saturday
+        mass is said, but the priest alone communicates: on all
+        other days all the faithful may and many do communicate,
+        either during mass or before or after it according to
+        circumstances. Palmer having quoted a passage from Bona, in
+        which the Cardinal regrets that communion, as well as other
+        rites to which the mass is not essential, is often delayed
+        till after the mass is ended, subjoins the following
+        ejaculation. "Would that they who communicate with the
+        Roman church were not too timid or too lukewarm to return
+        to the practice of the primitive church in this and many
+        other respects". Orig. Liturg. vol. 2, p. 154. Now in the
+        primitive church the faithful, and even those in health,
+        used to communicate not only during mass, but also at other
+        times, as is evident from the office of the presanctified,
+        at which, according to the Gelasian sacramentary, all
+        present communicated, as well as from the numerous ancient
+        instances of communion under one kind mentioned in the
+        preceding chapter; for in these cases it was not received
+        during the mass, and many of them are cases of "<i>persons
+        in health</i>". In the same page Mr. Palmer observes that
+        "<i>during all the primitive ages</i> the whole body of the
+        faithful communicated at each celebration of the liturgy".
+        Now has the church of England preserved this "practice of
+        the primitive church"? So far is this from being the case,
+        that Palmer considers her <i>ordinary</i> office as a
+        "<i>Missa sicca</i>; or dry service" p. 164, in which there
+        is neither consecration or communion, and the earliest
+        notice of which occurs in the writings of Petrus Cantor
+        (A.D. 1200), according to Palmer's own admission, ibid.
+        Even on those few days in the year when she admits her
+        children to communion, her ministers generally consider
+        that they make an oblation only of bread and wine, and not
+        of the body and blood of Christ, whereas, whatever Palmer
+        or the Tracts for the Times may say to the contrary, we are
+        prepared to prove from the <i>very liturgies</i>, which the
+        former cites, that in the mass there is an oblation not
+        merely of bread and wine but also of the body and blood of
+        Christ; and accordingly even the author of Tract 81, vol.
+        4, admits, p. 61, that "the real point of difference
+        between the primitive church and modern views is whether
+        there be in this oblation a <i>mystery</i> or no". It is
+        truly lamentable that men of learning should falsely accuse
+        the Roman church of departure from primitive discipline in
+        a matter of so little comparative importance as the precise
+        <i>time</i> when communion is to be received, while they
+        themselves must acknowledge, that they have <i>abolished
+        communion</i> itself as well as <i>consecration</i> on
+        <i>nearly</i> all the days of the year, and that they have
+        reduced the oblation of the mass from a '<i>mystery</i>'
+        and a '<i>venerable, tremendous</i> and unbloody sacrifice'
+        (Palmer vol. 2, p. 84) to an offering of bread and wine.
+        They have thus deprived their followers of the inestimable
+        fruits of communion enumerated by Christ in the
+        gospel&mdash;yet these forsooth are the men who charge
+        Catholics with a departure from primitive practice. How
+        many other <i>primitive practices</i> mentioned in this
+        work have been abolished by the church of England!</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote100"
+                    name="footnote100"></a><b>Footnote 100:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag100">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>This plate, which is of gold or silver-gilt, resembles
+        <i>in form</i> the patera used in the ancient sacrifices,
+        and generally represented together with the
+        <i>prefericulum</i> on sepulchral monuments dedicated to
+        the Manes.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote101"
+                    name="footnote101"></a><b>Footnote 101:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag101">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>The wine is sanctified, but is not consecrated, either
+        by the particle of the sacred host, or by the recital of
+        the <i>Pater noster</i>, as has been shewn by Mabillon,
+        (Museum Ital.) Bossuet, and other authors quoted by
+        Benedict XIV. The wine and water represent the blood and
+        water, which flowed on this day from Christ's body. See
+        Act. Coer. p. 54. Whenever priests <i>say Mass</i>, they
+        receive under both kinds, in compliance with the command of
+        Christ "Drink ye all of this" which words as well as those
+        others, "Do this in commemoration of me" were addressed to
+        the apostles and their successors.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote102"
+                    name="footnote102"></a><b>Footnote 102:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag102">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>According to the direction of the Gelasian sacramentary,
+        the <i>Pax Domini etc</i>. is not said on this day.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote103"
+                    name="footnote103"></a><b>Footnote 103:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag103">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>"As the communion," says Mabillon "is of the nature of a
+        sacred banquet, it consists of food and drink; hence the
+        other part of the banquet, viz. drink, was supplied by
+        wine, mixed with water, but sanctified by a particle of the
+        B. Sacrament" See for the service of this day a MS.
+        Pontifical of the church of Apamea in Syria ap. Martene t.
+        3, p. 132. It is found with little variation also in the
+        Gelasian Sacramentary, in a very ancient <i>Ordo
+        Romanus</i>, and some MSS. cited by Martene. In the Roman
+        church, as Amalarius was informed by the Roman archdeacon
+        "at the station no one communicated". In many other
+        churches there was general communion; this is prescribed by
+        the church during this holy season.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote104"
+                    name="footnote104"></a><b>Footnote 104:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag104">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>In many churches the crucifix used to be solemnly placed
+        in the <i>sepulchre</i> after the Vespers. See the Sarum
+        and other missals, ap. Martene t. 3, p. 139.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote105"
+                    name="footnote105"></a><b>Footnote 105:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag105">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>So jealously are these relics kept, that even sovereigns
+        cannot go up where they are preserved, without being first
+        appointed Canons of the Basilica. The Emperor Frederic III,
+        and afterwards Ladislaus son of the king of Poland, and
+        Cosimo III grand-duke of Tuscany went up dressed as Canons
+        of St. Peter's.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote106"
+                    name="footnote106"></a><b>Footnote 106:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag106">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>The learned professor Sholz after his return from
+        Palestine defended in a dissertation the genuineness of
+        this tomb against Dr. Clark's objections: if it be within
+        the walls of the modern city of Jerusalem, it was certainly
+        outside the ancient walls.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote107"
+                    name="footnote107"></a><b>Footnote 107:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag107">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>The lance preserved at Nuremberg resembles in form that
+        of St. Peter's, but is made of common iron, united with a
+        part of one of the nails of the cross.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote108"
+                    name="footnote108"></a><b>Footnote 108:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag108">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>These relics are shewn to the people on holy-Wednesday
+        after the matins of Tenebræ; on Thursday and Friday several
+        times in the day: on holy Saturday morning after mass: on
+        Easter Sunday after the Pontifical mass: on Easter Monday,
+        and a few other festivals.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote109"
+                    name="footnote109"></a><b>Footnote 109:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag109">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>The opinion of Röstell (Beschreibung der Stadt Rom, B.
+        I, p. 400) that these phials contained the blessed
+        eucharist under the form of wine, if admitted, would form a
+        new proof of the real and permanent presence of Christ's
+        blood in the B. Sacrament; yet it is a novel, unsupported,
+        and untenable conjecture. Some of the ancient Christian
+        Fathers complain, it is true, of the abuse of burying the
+        eucharist with the deceased under the form of bread; but
+        the phials of blood have been found with so many bodies,
+        that we cannot reasonably suppose the custom to have been
+        an abuse: and who among the ancients mentions that the
+        eucharist was ever buried with them under the form of
+        <i>wine</i>? That the palm-branch or crown accompanied by
+        these phials of blood are authentic signs of martyrdom, see
+        Raoul-Rochette's Memoires sur les pierre sepulcrales, t.
+        XIII des Mem. de l'Academie, p. 210, 217. On one of the
+        phials mentioned by Röstell was found the inscription
+        Sanguis Saturnini.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote110"
+                    name="footnote110"></a><b>Footnote 110:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag110">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>In the Vatican Library is a small relic-case, marked
+        with the monogram, of great simplicity and consequent
+        antiquity. There is another of ivory, adorned with
+        bas-reliefs of the resuscitation of Lazarus, Christ's
+        apprehension etc. Plainer, Bescher. der Stadt Rom. B. 2.
+        See also Rock's Hierurgia Vol. 2, cap 6.</p>
+    </blockquote><span class="pagenum"><a name="page92"
+       id="page92"></a>[pg 92]</span>
+
+    <h2>CHAP. VI.</h2>
+
+    <h3>ON THE CEREMONIES OF HOLY-SATURDAY</h3>
+
+    <h4><i>CONTENTS.</i></h4>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>Service of Easter-eve&mdash;Ceremonies of
+        holy-saturday-morning&mdash;Sixtine chapel. 1. Blessing of
+        the fire and incense-procession; Paschal candle&mdash;the
+        deacon sings the <i>Exultet</i>&mdash;triple
+        candle&mdash;2. Baptism administered on this day: communion
+        of children in former times&mdash;prophecies&mdash;3. The
+        litany: invocation of Saints&mdash;change from mourning to
+        rejoicing&mdash;High mass: sacred pictures
+        etc.&mdash;<i>Alleluja</i>&mdash;Vespers&mdash;end of the
+        mass: mass of Pope Marcellus&mdash;Ceremonies at S. John
+        Laterans. Blessing of the font: baptistery&mdash;baptism of
+        adults&mdash;litanies and confirmation&mdash;mass and
+        ordination&mdash;Armenian catholics&mdash;their liturgy;
+        and high mass on
+        Easter-eve&mdash;reflections&mdash;Conclusion.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>"<i>But now Christ is risen from the dead, the
+        first-fruits of them that sleep</i>". 1 Cor. XV, 20.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <p class="side">Service of Easter-eve.</p>
+
+    <p>I remarked in the last chapter, that anciently mass was not
+    said either on good-friday, or holy-saturday, and I quoted Pope
+    Innocent I, who assigns as a reason the example of the
+    Apostles, who spent those days in mourning for their Master. It
+    was formerly customary to celebrate mass on the night of
+    Easter-eve or holy Saturday. Hence when Tertullian, the oldest
+    Latin Christian writer, endeavoured to dissuade his wife from
+    ever marrying a <span class="pagenum"><a name="page93"
+       id="page93"></a>[pg 93]</span> pagan, in case of his own
+       death, among other arguments he used the following; "Who
+       will tranquilly wait for you, when you are spending the
+       night at the paschal solemnities?" S. Jerome also (in cap.
+       25 Matt.) says, that according to apostolic tradition, the
+       people did not leave the church on Easter-eve before
+       midnight. This custom continued for many ages; but Hugh of
+       S. Victor in the twelfth century says, that in his time, in
+       order to avoid weakness arising from long fasting, the hour
+       anciently observed was anticipated. The service, which is
+       now performed before noon on holy Saturday, was formerly
+       assigned to the night of Easter-eve: and this anticipation
+       accounts for the occasional mention of night, which it
+       contains, as well as for the early celebration of Christ's
+       resurrection.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Ceremonies of holy saturday.</p>
+
+    <p>The ceremonies of holy saturday-morning may be arranged
+    under three heads: 1st. the blessing of the fire and of the
+    paschal candle: 2nd. the preparation for, and ceremonies of,
+    baptism: 3rd. the litany and mass. All three allude, as we
+    shall see, to the resurrection of Christ, which is the great
+    object of our devotion on this day. In Rome two sanctuaries are
+    the great centres of attraction in the morning, viz. S. John
+    Lateran's on account of the baptism of adults, and the Sixtine
+    chapel, where the service is always beautiful, and particularly
+    on this day. We shall first give an account of the ceremonies
+    observed in the latter, and shall then describe the additional
+    interesting rites of S. John Lateran's.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Sixtine chapel: 1. Blessing of fire and
+    incense.</p>
+
+    <p>1. As the missal prescribes, the altar is covered at a
+    convenient hour, and the candles of the altar are not lighted
+    till the beginning of the mass. A light, from which the
+    charcoal for the incense is enkindled, is struck from a flint
+    in the sacristy; where also <i>M. Sagrista</i> privately
+    blesses water. The cardinals enter the Sixtine chapel vested in
+    their purple <i>cappe</i>: the maces are reversed, as on
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page94"
+       id="page94"></a>[pg 94]</span> friday. Meantime in the
+       sacristy the Card. Celebrant wearing a purple cope and
+       mitre, and assisted by the sacred ministers, blesses (as
+       usually with holy water and incense) the fire and the five
+       grains of incense, which are to be fixed in the paschal
+       candle<a id="footnotetag111"
+       name="footnotetag111"></a><a href="#footnote111"><sup>111</sup></a>.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Procession: Paschal candle.</p>
+
+    <p>The Cardinal afterwards changes his cope for a chasuble,
+    which is purple as well as that of the subdeacon; but
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page95"
+       id="page95"></a>[pg 95]</span> the deacon, as he is going to
+       bless the Paschal candle<a id="footnotetag112"
+       name="footnotetag112"></a><a href="#footnote112"><sup>112</sup></a>,
+       wears a white dalmatic. They then enter the Sixtine chapel;
+       where, having put incense into the thurible, the
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page96"
+       id="page96"></a>[pg 96]</span> Cardinal remains: but the
+       deacon, the subdeacon who carries the cross, and the other
+       ministers go to the Pauline chapel, whence a procession
+       returns in the following order. After two mace bearers comes
+       an acolythe with the five grains of incense, and another
+       with the thurible; then the subdeacon carrying the cross;
+       and the deacon with a reed, at the top of which are 3
+       candles united together. At his left hand is a Master of
+       ceremonies with a small candle lighted from the blessed
+       fire, and he is followed by two other acolythes. When the
+       deacon arrives near the door of the <i>cancellata</i>, one
+       of the three candles is lighted, and all genuflect, except
+       the subdeacon: the deacon then sings, <i>Lumen Christi</i>,
+       the light of Christ, and the choir answers, Thanks be to
+       God. The other two candles are lighted in turn, as the
+       Deacon approaches nearer to the altar; singing the same
+       words each time, but gradually in a higher tone. He then
+       gives the reed to an acolythe; and before he sings the
+       <i>exultet</i> or blessing of the Paschal candle, he
+       receives the benediction of the Card. Celebrant, who once
+       more puts incense into the
+       thurible.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page97"
+       id="page97"></a>[pg 97]</span>
+
+    <p class="side">Deacon sings the <i>Exultet</i>:</p>
+
+    <p class="side">triple candle</p>
+
+    <p>The deacon<a id="footnotetag113"
+       name="footnotetag113"></a><a href="#footnote113"><sup>113</sup></a>
+       goes to the book, and has the subdeacon on his right hand,
+       and on his left the thurifer and two acolythes, one of whom
+       holds the reed, and the other the plate containing the five
+       grains of incense. All stand, as at the gospel: he incenses
+       the book, and then sings the
+       <i>Exultet</i><a id="footnotetag114"
+       name="footnotetag114"></a><a href="#footnote114"><sup>114</sup></a>.
+       After the words <i>curvat imperia</i>, he fixes
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page98"
+       id="page98"></a>[pg 98]</span> in the candle the five grains
+       of incense in the form of a cross<a id="footnotetag115"
+       name="footnotetag115"></a><a href="#footnote115"><sup>115</sup></a>.
+       At the words "<i>ignis accendit</i>" he lights the paschal
+       candle with one of the <i>three</i>
+       lights<a id="footnotetag116"
+       name="footnotetag116"></a><a href="#footnote116"><sup>116</sup></a>.
+       When the blessing, as it is called, is ended, the paschal
+       candle is left lighted near the pulpit and the seats of the
+       Card. deacons, and the triple candle is placed near the
+       altar on the gospel-side<a id="footnotetag117"
+       name="footnotetag117"></a><a href="#footnote117"><sup>117</sup></a>.
+       The deacon then takes off his white vestments, puts on
+       others of a purple colour, and joins the Card, celebrant,
+       who accompanied by the ministers takes his seat on
+       <i>Faldistorio</i> near the altar on the epistle-side, to
+       hear the prophecies recited.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">2. Baptism administered.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">communion of children.</p>
+
+    <p>2. The administration of the Sacrament of Baptism forms an
+    important feature in the ceremonies of this day: indeed
+    anciently it was customary to confer it only on holy-saturday,
+    and the eve of Whit-sunday, except in case of
+    necessity<a id="footnotetag118"
+       name="footnotetag118"></a><a href="#footnote118"><sup>118</sup></a>.
+       On these two days those Catechumens who
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page99"
+       id="page99"></a>[pg 99]</span> were sufficiently instructed,
+       and also children, used to be baptised<a id="footnotetag119"
+       name="footnotetag119"></a><a href="#footnote119"><sup>119</sup></a>
+       by the bishop, and by the bishop of Rome as well as
+       others<a id="footnotetag120"
+       name="footnotetag120"></a><a href="#footnote120"><sup>120</sup></a>;
+       and after they had been baptised, they all received
+       Confirmation and the holy Eucharist<a id="footnotetag121"
+       name="footnotetag121"></a><a href="#footnote121"><sup>121</sup></a>.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Prophecies.</p>
+
+    <p>The twelve lessons or prophecies read on this day were
+    intended for the instruction of the catechumens; and they are
+    well selected for that purpose, as they contain an account of
+    the creating, the flood, the obedience of Abraham, the
+    deliverance of God's people from their enemies at the red sea,
+    the precept concerning the paschal
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page100"
+       id="page100"></a>[pg 100]</span> lamb, the conversion of
+       Ninive, the refusal of the three children to adore
+       Nabuchodonosor's statue, etc. they are twelve in the ancient
+       Gelasian Ordo. They are sung in the Sixtine chapel by
+       members of the papal choir, and are read by the Card.
+       celebrant. After each prophecy the Cardinal standing up
+       sings a prayer: the deacon chants <i>Flectamus genua</i> and
+       the subdeacon <i>Levate</i> before each, except the last,
+       when the knee is not bent, in order to shew abhorence of the
+       idolatry exacted by Nabuchodonosor for his statue. After the
+       4th, 8th, and 11th prophecies an appropriate Tract is sung
+       by the choir. Formerly some or all of these prophecies were
+       said in Greek as well as in Latin. (See Cancellieri,
+       <i>Funz. d. Set. S.</i> § 4, Martene T. 3. p. 148.). These
+       lesson are recited even where there is no baptismal font, as
+       at the Sixtine chapel. After them follow in S. John
+       Lateran's and other churches the blessing of the font, and
+       in some of them administration of baptism.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">3. The litany: invocation of Saints.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Change from mourning to rejoicing.</p>
+
+    <p>3. In the papal chapel, immediately after the prophecies,
+    the Celebrant takes off his chasuble, and prostrates himself
+    with the sacred ministers before the altar; all the others also
+    kneel, and two tenor voices from the choir chant in the middle
+    of the chapel the greater litanies, called those of the saints,
+    each petition of which is repeated in the same words by the
+    choir<a id="footnotetag122"
+       name="footnotetag122"></a><a href="#footnote122"><sup>122</sup></a>.
+       Before the <span class="pagenum"><a name="page101"
+       id="page101"></a>[pg 101]</span> verse "<i>Peccatores te
+       rogamus audi nos</i>" the assistant priest and ministers go
+       to the sacristy, and put on white vestments. Then returning
+       to the chapel they assist the Card. Celebrant to put on his
+       white vestments at his <i>faldistorio</i>.
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page102"
+       id="page102"></a>[pg 102]</span> The candles are now lighted
+       (at the <i>Agnus Dei</i> of the litany, as the Sacramentary
+       of S. Gregory and the Ordo Romanus prescribe); the purple
+       veil which covered the throne and the purple <i>paliotto</i>
+       or facing of the altar are
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page103"
+       id="page103"></a>[pg 103]</span> removed; and both appear
+       decked in white. The Cardinals assisted by theirs
+       <i>caudatarii</i> take off their purple <i>cappe</i>, and
+       put on others of scarlet brought in by their respective
+       <i>camerieri</i>. The reason of this sudden change from
+       mourning to rejoicing we have already seen: the celebration
+       of Christ's resurrection from the dead is celebrated by
+       anticipation.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">High mass.</p>
+
+    <p>At the end of the litanies, the Pope (if His Holiness were
+    not present at the preceding ceremonies) enters the chapel,
+    wearing a white cope and a mitre; at the foot of the altar he
+    repeals as usual the beginning of the mass with the Card.
+    Celebrant at His left hand: in the meantime the choir sings
+    solemnly the <i>Kyrie eleison</i> etc. (as there is no
+    <i>Introit</i> of the Mass, because the people were assembled
+    in the church previously): the Pope goes to His throne, and
+    receives the usual <i>ubbidienza</i>; and the other customary
+    ceremonies of high mass in the papal chapel take place (see p.
+    19 and foll.) with such exceptions as we shall now mention. As
+    soon as the Celebrant commences the <i>Gloria in excelsis</i>,
+    the veil is removed from the tapestry over the altar; which
+    represents Christ rising from the dead<a id="footnotetag123"
+       name="footnotetag123"></a><a href="#footnote123"><sup>123</sup></a>,
+       the cannons of S. Angelo are discharged, the
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page104"
+       id="page104"></a>[pg 104]</span> arms are no longer reversed
+       and the bells of the city are tolled, to announce to its
+       faithful inhabitants the resurrection of their Divine
+       Lord.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page105"
+       id="page105"></a>[pg 105]</span>
+
+    <p class="side">Alleluja.</p>
+
+    <p>After the epistle, sung as usual by the subdeacon, another
+    subdeacon (<i>Uditore di Rota</i>) wearing a white
+    <i>tonacella</i> or tunic announces at the foot of the throne
+    the joyful tidings to His Holiness<a id="footnotetag124"
+       name="footnotetag124"></a><a href="#footnote124"><sup>124</sup></a>
+       by chanting aloud; "<i>Pater sancte, annuntio vobis gaudium
+       magnum, quod est, Alleluja</i>": having then kissed the
+       Pope's foot he returns into the sacristy. This word of
+       joy<a id="footnotetag125"
+       name="footnotetag125"></a><a href="#footnote125"><sup>125</sup></a>
+       <i>Alleluja</i>, (praise God) which had not been once
+       uttered during the long season of mourning which preceded
+       this solemnity, is now sung thrice by the Celebrant,
+       gradually raising his voice to a higher tone. The choir
+       reechoes it each time, singing it in <i>contrapunto</i>, and
+       then chants the verse <i>Confitemini</i>, and the tract,
+       which is ordinarily recited in penitential times. Throughout
+       the mass the joy of the church is incomplete; for though
+       Christ has risen from the dead, He has not yet appeared to
+       His disciples, and the light of faith is still overclouded,
+       as Alcuin remarks: hence lights are not carried at the
+       gospel; the Creed, offertory, motetto and <i>Agnus</i>
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page106"
+       id="page106"></a>[pg 106]</span> <i>Dei</i> are omitted, and
+       the kiss of peace is not given<a id="footnotetag126"
+       name="footnotetag126"></a><a href="#footnote126"><sup>126</sup></a>.
+       Merati adds to the cause already assigned the wish to
+       abridge service; particularly on account of the
+       newly-baptised children, who communicated at this mass; and
+       the unusual shortness of the Vespers confirms this
+       opinion.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">End of the mass.</p>
+
+    <p>After the Celebrant has communicated, Vespers are sung by
+    the choir, in place of the <i>communion</i> and postcommunion.
+    They consist of the anthem <i>Alleluja</i> repeated three times
+    before and after the short psalm <i>Laudate Dominion omnes
+    gentes</i> etc.; of the anthem <i>Vesper autem sabbati</i>,
+    which the Celebrant commences and the choir continues; of the
+    <i>Magnificat</i><a id="footnotetag127"
+       name="footnotetag127"></a><a href="#footnote127"><sup>127</sup></a>
+       and in fine of the prayer which is chanted by the Card.
+       Celebrant. While the anthem before the <i>Magnificat</i> is
+       sung, the Pope puts incense into the thurible; the celebrant
+       incenses the crucifix and the altar, and is incensed by the
+       deacon, and the incensing continues as after the offertory
+       at high-mass (See p. 21) At the <i>Gloria Patri</i> the
+       deacon, having incensed the Card, priests,
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page107"
+       id="page107"></a>[pg 107]</span> bows his head in the middle
+       of the chapel, and then proceeds to incense the Card,
+       deacons. After the prayer; <i>Ite Missa est, Alleluja,
+       Alleluja</i>, is sung; and the choir answers, <i>Deo gratias
+       Alleluja, Alleluja</i>: the Pope gives the usual blessing,
+       the Celebrant publishes the indulgence of thirty years and
+       this beautiful service terminates. In the sacristy His
+       Holiness puts on a <i>mozzetta</i> of white (instead of red)
+       damask, and wears it during the whole of Easter week: His
+       shoes also are white. The Cardinals put on red
+       <i>mantellette</i> and <i>mozzette</i> over their purple
+       cassocks; these they afterwards change for others of
+       scarlet.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Mass of Pope Marcellus.</p>
+
+    <p>The mass sung on this day is that of Pierluigi da
+    Palestrina, called the mass of Pope Marcellus; not because it
+    was composed during his pontificate; but because, according to
+    Baini, Pierluigi had intended to dedicate a work to that Pope,
+    to whom he was grateful and attached, but was disappointed by
+    His Holiness' premature death; and therefore he persuaded Card.
+    Vitellozzi to give it that name in honour of his former patron.
+    This is the celebrated mass, which rescued ecclesiastical music
+    from the dangers which surrounded it in the Pontificate of Pius
+    IV (as we have related in The Papal Chapel, Rome, 1839), and
+    not of Marcellus II, as Baini has proved. It is said, that when
+    it was first sung in the papal chapel, the Card. dean Francesco
+    Pisani was so enraptured with it, that he exclaimed with Dante,
+    Paradise, Canto X.</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p><i>Render è questo voce à voce in tempra</i></p>
+
+            <p><i>Ed in dolcezza, ch' esser non può nota</i></p>
+
+            <p><i>Se non colà dove il gioir s'insempra.</i></p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>to whom, with all the readiness of the bucolic shepherds,
+    whom this classic soil even now produces, Card. Sorbelloni, the
+    Pope's cousin,
+    replied:</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page108"
+       id="page108"></a>[pg 108]</span>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p><i>Risponda dunque; O beata sorte!</i></p>
+
+            <p><i>Risponda alla divina cantilena</i></p>
+
+            <p><i>Da tutte parti la beata Corte,</i></p>
+
+            <p><i>Si ch' ogni vista ne sia pià serena.</i></p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class="author">Baini Mem. Stor. T. 1.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Ceremonies at S. John Lateran's.</p>
+
+    <p>The ceremonies of holy-week are performed at S. John
+    Lateran's<a id="footnotetag128"
+       name="footnotetag128"></a><a href="#footnote128"><sup>128</sup></a>
+       by the chapter of that protobasilica, and resemble for the
+       most part those which we have already described. On
+       holy-saturday however, in addition to the rites before
+       mentioned, the font of the baptistery is blessed by the
+       Card. Vicar, baptism is solemnly administered there to
+       adults, the newly-baptised are confirmed in the church,
+       ordination is conferred during mass upon candidates, for the
+       priesthood. We shall treat briefly of these various
+       ceremonies.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Blessing of the fonti: baptistery.</p>
+
+    <p>After the twelve prophecies have been recited, the Card.
+    Vicar, (as the representative of the Bishop of Rome) wearing a
+    purple cope and a mitre, goes in procession from the tribune of
+    the basilica to the baptistery<a id="footnotetag129"
+       name="footnotetag129"></a><a href="#footnote129"><sup>129</sup></a>.
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page109"
+       id="page109"></a>[pg 109]</span> He is preceded by acolythes
+       bearing the paschal candle<a id="footnotetag130"
+       name="footnotetag130"></a><a href="#footnote130"><sup>130</sup></a>,
+       and the cross and usual lights, as well as by the candidates
+       for baptism and orders, and the chapter of the basilica. In
+       the mean time the beautiful tract, As the stag thirsts for
+       the fountains of water, etc. is sung<a id="footnotetag131"
+       name="footnotetag131"></a><a href="#footnote131"><sup>131</sup></a>.
+       His Em. then chants the prayers appointed for the
+       benediction of the font; he divides the water with his hand
+       in the form of a cross, exorcises it, touches it, signs it
+       three times with the sign of our redemption, and pours some
+       of it towards the four parts of the world, in allusion to
+       the command of Christ: "<i>Go teach all nations, baptising
+       them</i>" (Matt. XXVIII). He then dips the paschal candle
+       three times into the water, singing, and each time raising
+       his voice to a higher pitch than before: "May the power of
+       the Holy Ghost descend upon the fulness of this font"; as
+       when He descended, says Gavant, "in the form of a dove at
+       the baptism of Christ represented by this candle plunged
+       into the water". Then breathing three times on the water
+       nearly in the form of a cross "that he may unite the Trinity
+       with the cross" (as the same author observes) he continues
+       the chant, and raises the candle from the water, alluding in
+       the prayer to "the effect of baptism, which confers grace,
+       <i>raising</i> the soul from sin to glory". (Gavant). The
+       blessed water is then sprinkled upon the people, and some of
+       it is reserved to be sprinkled in houses, etc. In order to
+       sanctify the water still more, the Cardinal now pours into
+       it, in the form of a cross, oil of catechumens and chrism;
+       and mixes them with the water of the font, in the name of
+       the Father, Son, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="page110"
+       id="page110"></a>[pg 110]</span> Holy Ghost. This last
+       ceremony is intended to signify, according to mystical
+       interpreters, such as Amalarius, Honorius, Durandus, etc.
+       "the union of Christ by baptism with the members of the
+       church" (Gavant). The prayers of this benediction, most of
+       which are sung in the tone of the <i>preface</i> at ferial
+       mass, contain beautiful allusions to the mention of water in
+       the Old and New Testaments, as for instance: "O God, whose
+       Spirit at the very beginning of the world was borne upon the
+       waters, that the nature of water might even then conceive
+       the power of sanctification; O God, who washing with waters
+       the crimes of a guilty world, didst sign the figure of
+       regeneration in the very out-pouring of the deluge; may this
+       font receive of the Holy Ghost the grace of thy only
+       begotten Son"<a id="footnotetag132"
+       name="footnotetag132"></a><a href="#footnote132"><sup>132</sup></a>.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Baptism of adults.</p>
+
+    <p>The Cæremoniale Episcoporum prescribes that infants, except
+    in danger of death, should not be baptised during the eight
+    preceding days, that they may be reserved for holy-Saturday.
+    The beginning of the baptismal service and the exorcisms are
+    performed privately in the sacristy by the parish-priest, while
+    the prophecies are read in church<a id="footnotetag133"
+       name="footnotetag133"></a><a href="#footnote133"><sup>133</sup></a>.
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page111"
+       id="page111"></a>[pg 111]</span> After the font has been
+       blessed, the catechumens wearing a long white dress, and
+       accompanied by their respective godfathers and godmothers,
+       approach the font, and in turn ascend. In answer to the
+       questions of the Cardinal (who is now vested in a white, and
+       not a purple, cope,) having renounced Satan and all his
+       works and pomps, they profess their belief in the articles
+       of Christian faith, and their desire of
+       baptism<a id="footnotetag134"
+       name="footnotetag134"></a><a href="#footnote134"><sup>134</sup></a>:
+       then assisted by their sponsors they are baptised by
+       infusion in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost;
+       they are anointed with chrism, receive a white garment, with
+       a charge to bear it unspotted
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page112"
+       id="page112"></a>[pg 112]</span> before the tribunal of
+       Christ, and in fine a lighted taper, that "when the Lord
+       shall come to the nuptials, they may meet him in the
+       heavenly court unto life everlasting".</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Litanies and confirmation.</p>
+
+    <p>The litanies are sung, while the procession returns to the
+    church, where the newly-baptised are confirmed in a
+    side-chapel, and exhorted to perseverance in virtue, by the
+    Cardinal<a id="footnotetag135"
+       name="footnotetag135"></a><a href="#footnote135"><sup>135</sup></a>;
+       the litanies are then continued, but cease while all
+       kneeling venerate the heads of SS. Peter and Paul shewn from
+       above the high altar; the procession afterwards returns to
+       the tribune, where the mass of the day is sung, and orders
+       are conferred by the Cardinal-Vicar.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Mass and ordination.</p>
+
+    <p>The orders of priests and deacons are often mentioned in the
+    N. Testament: and the church, as S. Thomas observes, instituted
+    the inferior orders. Subdeacons are mentioned by Pope Cornelius
+    and S. Cyprian in the 3rd century, as well as acolythes,
+    exorcists, and lectors. S. Augustine and S. Gregory Nazianzen
+    speak of <i>ostiarii</i>; and the clerical tonsure is mentioned
+    by S. Isidore at the beginning of the 5th century, as a rite
+    established before his time. Orders are conferred by the laying
+    on of hands and prayer, as the scripture teaches, and also by
+    the delivery of the instruments belonging to each order:
+    appropriate exhortations addressed to the candidates for the
+    different orders are interspersed with the prayers prescribed
+    in the pontifical. (On their antiquity the reader may consult
+    Morinus <span class="pagenum"><a name="page113"
+       id="page113"></a>[pg 113]</span> de Ordinationibus, Martene
+       de Antiquis Eccl. Ritibus, T. 2. etc.) The tonsure is given
+       after the <i>Kyrie eleison</i> of the mass, the 4 minor
+       orders after the <i>Gloria in excelsis</i>; subdeacons are
+       ordained before the epistle, which one of them repeats;
+       deacons after the epistle and finally priests after the
+       first part of the tract. These last, after the imposition of
+       hands, receive their peculiar vestments, viz. the stole
+       hanging down in front, and the chasuble: their hands are
+       anointed with oil of catechumens, and they receive a chalice
+       containing wine and water, a paten with a host, and power to
+       say mass. (Luke XXII, 19). After offerings of candle have
+       been made to the ordaining Bishop, the new priests join him
+       in saying mass<a id="footnotetag136"
+       name="footnotetag136"></a><a href="#footnote136"><sup>136</sup></a>:
+       and after the newly-ordained and baptised have communicated,
+       the priests profess their faith by reciting the apostles'
+       creed; they receive power to forgive and retain sins (John
+       XX, 22, 23), they promise reverence and obedience to their
+       ecclesiastical superior, and receive the bishops blessing,
+       who then directs that masses and prayers be said by those
+       whom he has ordained, and recommends himself to their
+       prayers. In other respects the mass is similar to that of
+       the Papal chapel<a id="footnotetag137"
+       name="footnotetag137"></a><a href="#footnote137"><sup>137</sup></a>.
+       Morcelli in his calendar in summing
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page114"
+       id="page114"></a>[pg 114]</span> up the ceremonies of this
+       day, having mentioned the station at S. John Lateran's, the
+       baptism of Jews and Turks, and mass in the papal chapel,
+       says that at the <i>Gloria, tonitrus tormentorum ab Arce
+       fiunt, Æra templorum ac Turium sonant.</i></p>
+
+    <p class="side">Armenian Catholics:</p>
+
+    <p>Having spoken of the ceremonies of the Vatican and S. John
+    Lateran's, we might consider our task as
+    completed<a id="footnotetag138"
+       name="footnotetag138"></a><a href="#footnote138"><sup>138</sup></a>.
+       Yet one more <i>funzione</i> attracts our countrymen on this
+       day; and we are therefore unwilling to bid them farewell,
+       before it is ended. Come then to S. Biagio or to S. Gregorio
+       Illuminatore, to assist at the Armenian mass; and on the
+       road we may talk of the venerable and amiable Fathers who
+       perform that solemn service, and of the nature of their
+       liturgy.</p>
+
+    <p>SS. Bartholomew and Thaddaeus were the first apostles of
+    Armenia: but it was not till the beginning of the 4th century,
+    that the whole country became Christian in consequence of the
+    divine blessing, which attended the zealous exertions of S.
+    Gregory surnamed the Illuminator. In the 6th century great
+    numbers of the Armenians were infected with the heresy of
+    Eutyches, who denied that there were two natures in Christ: and
+    to this error they afterwards added some others. In the
+    pontificate of John XXII, about the year 328, a zealous
+    Dominican bishop, called Bartholomew of Bologna, went as a
+    missionary among them; and many of the Eutychians or
+    Monophysites returned to the bosom of the Catholic church. In
+    the <span class="pagenum"><a name="page115"
+       id="page115"></a>[pg 115]</span> 16th century the Catholics
+       were so furiously persecuted by Zachary, a schismatical
+       patriarch, that they fled and took refuge in other
+       countries. They have at present two establishments at Rome,
+       one of the Antonian monks at the church of S. Gregory
+       Illuminator, behind the colonnade of S. Peter's; and a
+       national <i>ospizio</i> at S. Biagio in strada Giulia.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">their liturgy.</p>
+
+    <p>"The Armenians," says Palmer "have only one liturgy, which
+    is written in the ancient Armenian language, and has been used
+    by them from time immemorial. The whole groundwork and order of
+    the Armenian liturgy coincides with the Cæsarean, as used in
+    the time of Basil. This liturgy has, like most others, received
+    many additions in the course of ages. There are several prayers
+    extracted from the liturgy of Chrysostom, and actually ascribed
+    to him" Vol. 1, Liturgy of Armenia. "The liturgy of Basil can
+    be traced with tolerable certainty to the 4th century. Striking
+    as are some of the features, in which it differs from that of
+    Antioch, it is nevertheless evidently a superstructure raised
+    on that basis: the composition of both is the same, i.e. the
+    parts, which they have in common, follow in the same order. The
+    same may be said of the Constantinopolitan liturgy, commonly
+    attributed to S. Chrysostom, of that of the Armenian church,
+    and of the florid and verbose composition in use among the
+    Nestorians of Mesopotamia. So that the liturgy of Antioch,
+    commonly attributed to S. James, appears to be the basis of all
+    the oriental liturgies". Tracts for the Times, N. 63. The
+    author then proceeds to state the grounds of the belief that
+    the liturgies of Antioch, Alexandria, Rome and Gaul were of
+    Apostolic origin; concluding thus "It may perhaps be said
+    without exaggeration, that next to the holy scriptures they
+    possess the greatest claims on our veneration and study". Padre
+    Avedichian observes in <span class="pagenum"><a name="page116"
+       id="page116"></a>[pg 116]</span> his preface to the Armenian
+       liturgy, that it was probably compiled by John
+       <i>Mandagunense</i>, an Armenian patriarch of the fifth
+       century.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Armenian high-mass.</p>
+
+    <p>We shall now give a brief account of their high mass, which
+    we do the more readily, because Mr. Palmer represents it in a
+    very mutilated form. The celebrant, whether priest or bishop,
+    is vested in the sacristy: the vestments bear some resemblance
+    to those of the Greeks. The beginning of the mass is the only
+    part probably taken from the Roman liturgy, but it contains an
+    invocation of the B. Virgin and of the saint of the day. When
+    the celebrant goes up to the altar, the veil is drawn: he
+    uncovers the chalice, blesses the host, which is like ours of
+    unleavened bread; pours wine and water into the chalice, and
+    recites the beautiful prayer of S. John Chrysostom: "O Lord our
+    God, who hast sent our Lord Jesus Christ the celestial bread,
+    the nourishment of the whole world; do thou bless this
+    proposition etc." The veil is then drawn back, and the
+    offerings, the altar, and the people are incensed. The
+    Celebrant recites the prayer of the festival, followed by other
+    prayers composed by S. John Chrysostom: the Trisagion is sung,
+    and the gospel is carried in procession, and is kissed by one
+    of the congregation. Then follow the epistle, gospel, and
+    creed. After two prayers, and two benedictions imparted to the
+    people; the offerings are carried in procession to the altar,
+    the celebrant offers them up to God, and prays that Jesus
+    Christ will make him worthy to consecrate, and receive his
+    "holy and immaculate body and precious blood; for thou, O
+    Christ our God, art he who offers and is offered". After he has
+    washed his hands, he says "O Lord God of armies, let this
+    victim become "the true body and blood of thy only begotten
+    Son". He then blesses the people, says prayers which correspond
+    to our preface and <i>Sanctus</i>, and pronounces the words of
+    consecration. After he has said
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page117"
+       id="page117"></a>[pg 117]</span> other prayers, and made the
+       sign of the cross several times over the host and chalice,
+       he invokes the holy Ghost, begging also that the body and
+       blood of Christ may produce "the salvation of our souls and
+       the remission of our sins". He then prays, through the
+       merits of the holy sacrifice, for the whole world, the
+       church and state, all conditions of men and for all the
+       faithful departed: he invokes the intercession of the B.
+       Virgin and all the Saints: he prays for the Pope and all
+       present; and after other similar supplications, he says the
+       <i>Pater noster</i>. The elevation takes place at this part
+       of the mass, and also the blessing of the people with the
+       consecrated host and chalice, accompanied by appropriate
+       prayers. After the curtains have been drawn, the priest
+       breaks the host, and puts a particle of it into the chalice:
+       he then receives communion, blesses the people with the
+       chalice and particle, and distributes communion; before its
+       distribution the curtains are drawn back. When the ablutions
+       and prayers after the celebrant's communion are ended,
+       turning towards the people, he recites a prayer of S. John
+       Chrisostom, which is followed by the last gospel. Then
+       invoking the holy cross he blesses the people, who unite in
+       praising God. He finally blesses them again, and distributes
+       blessed bread (not consecrated) among them. At S. Gregorio
+       Illuminatore Vespers are added and said <i>in circolo</i>:
+       the clergy carry tapers; and the gospel is held up by the
+       Celebrant to implore blessings on the people.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Reflections.</p>
+
+    <p>These ceremonies may appear singular to us, who are of a
+    different clime and different customs; their music in
+    particular is little in accordance with our taste, or notions
+    of melody and harmony. Yet the remark of Montfaucon (Diario
+    Italico) "æra Dodonæa dixisses", alluding to the brass kettles
+    of the oracle (Potter Arch. Graec. B. 2, § 8) is an
+    exaggeration. Their <i>flabelli</i> are of metal, of a round
+    form, surrounded with little bells, which are sounded
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page118"
+       id="page118"></a>[pg 118]</span> at the seraphic hymn, to
+       express, if we might believe Cancellieri, "by the trembling
+       of the hands, that of the blessed spirits, who assist at the
+       throne of the Divine Majesty with fear and trembling". (Tre
+       Pontific. Not. VI). Their mass is anticipated, but not at so
+       early an hour as that of the Latin. (Even in the Latin
+       church, permissions to say mass in the afternoon of this day
+       have been granted by some Popes; they may be seen in
+       Cancellieri. <i>Funz. d. Sett. S. p</i>. 183, 184). Amid the
+       numerous differences between their rite and our own, the
+       attentive spectator will not fail to remark the similarity
+       of the substance and order of their liturgy, and of that of
+       the Roman church; although, with the solitary exception of
+       the beginning of the mass, both have existed independently
+       of one another during the last 1400 years. This is a
+       powerful argument in favour of the great antiquity, nay of
+       the apostolic origin of their most important ceremonies,
+       which may be traced through different channels to the
+       <i>primitive</i> liturgies of Rome and Antioch. It is also
+       one of those striking illustrations, which Rome presents, of
+       the unity and catholicity of the church; and at the same
+       time of the adaptation of her immutable doctrines and sacred
+       practices to the feelings and customs of widely-separated
+       nations who, having little in common but human nature, yet
+       all acknowledge "one Lord, one faith, and one baptism".
+       (Ephes. IV. 5); and all belong to "one fold and one
+       shepherd". John X, 16.</p>
+
+    <p class="side">Conclusion.</p>
+
+    <p>Having now considered in detail the various ceremonies of
+    Holy Week at Rome, a philosophic mind will take a general
+    review of them: and this question will very naturally suggest
+    itself: What judgment ought I to form concerning them? am I to
+    consider them as mummery, or superstition, or idolatry, as many
+    most confidently pronounce, who are unacquainted with their
+    nature, their origin, and their meaning; and at the same time
+    are little <span class="pagenum"><a name="page119"
+       id="page119"></a>[pg 119]</span> accustomed from early
+       infancy to any language or gesticulations save those of the
+       tongue? or am I not rather to regard them as a solemn, and
+       sacred, and pathetic, and most ancient expression of
+       Christian faith and Christian feeling; which, united as it
+       is with the noblest productions of divine inspiration and of
+       Christian art may haply not only instruct and elevate the
+       mind, but also enkindle in the soul flames of that pure and
+       practical devotion, which this holy season demands from
+       every follower of Christ? Let the reader decide for himself;
+       but for our part, we envy not the mind or heart of him, who
+       can prefer the former of these views. We shall ever bless
+       God, that we have learnt in another school not to condemn
+       the customs and manners of other countries and other people,
+       merely because they differ from our own; and that we are
+       disposed to attribute to signs the meaning attached to them
+       by those who adopt them, and not that of our own fancies.
+       Men of warmer climates than our own convey to others their
+       sentiments and feelings by action as easily as by the
+       tongue. Italians, as well as Greeks and Orientals, have
+       inherited from their fathers a language of gesture more
+       powerful and expressive than that of words. The Hebrew
+       prophets, Isaiah, Ezechiel, and others, nay Christ himself,
+       spoke by action as well by the tongue. God appointed in the
+       old law innumerable ceremonies: Christ in the new law of
+       spirit and truth instituted sacred rites, or sanctified
+       those which previously existed: the early church imitated
+       His blessed example: and they have been faithfully preserved
+       as a precious inheritance till the present time. The very
+       objection, that some of them were borrowed from Jews or
+       Pagans, is a proof of their primitive antiquity: Christ or
+       the church removed from them all profaneness or
+       superstition, and then adopted and sanctified them. (See
+       Wiseman's Letters to Poynder). If all parties unite in
+       approbation of the illumination of the
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page120"
+       id="page120"></a>[pg 120]</span> cupola of S. Peter's, and
+       of the fireworks of S. Angelo, considered as outward
+       demonstrations of the exultation of the church at the
+       resurrection of her Divine Spouse; we shall ever admire also
+       the expressions of christian feeling exhibited in the
+       interior of her temples, whether they consist in ceremonies
+       or words; and on this day emulating the transports of joy of
+       the fervent and eloquent pilgrim to Jerusalem and Mount
+       Sinai, when shall unite our voices with those of the angelic
+       spirits in singing, <i>Alleluja</i>; "because Jesus Christ,
+       our Lord, who was delivered up for our sins, rose again for
+       our justification". Rome. IV, 24, 25.<a id="footnotetag139"
+       name="footnotetag139"></a><a href="#footnote139"><sup>139</sup></a></p>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote111"
+                    name="footnote111"></a><b>Footnote 111:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag111">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Anciently in some churches, as Thomassin has shewn (de
+        dierum Festorum celebratione lib. 2. c. 14), fire used to
+        be struck from a flint to light the church-lamps etc. every
+        day and particularly on Saturday, and the new fire was
+        blessed; on holy Saturday however this ceremony was
+        performed with great solemnity; and in the 11th century it
+        was restricted to that day alone. At Rome in holy week this
+        practice was not originally confined to holy Saturday, but
+        was observed on the three days before caster: for the first
+        <i>Ordo Romanus</i> directs, that on holy <i>thursday</i>
+        fire should be struck from a flint outside the church, and
+        blessed. Amalarius also (4e Ordine Antiph.) testifies that
+        on good <i>friday</i> "new fire was enkindled and reserved
+        till the nocturnal office". Leo IV however (A.D. 847)
+        appears to have first ordered that on Easter Eve "the old
+        fire should be put out, and new fire blessed and
+        distributed among the people" (Homil. de cura Pastorali).
+        For Pope Zachary, about the year 731. in answer to the
+        enquiries of Boniface, bishop of Mayence, states that "on
+        holy thursday, when the sacred chrism is consecrated, three
+        lamps of a large size filled with oil collected from the
+        different lamps of the church, and placed in a secret part
+        of the said church, should burn there constantly, so that
+        the oil may suffice till the third day, that is saturday.
+        Then let the fire of the lamps which is used for the sacred
+        font be renewed. But concerning the fire taken <i>ex
+        cristallis</i>, as you have asserted, we have no
+        tradition". Pouget (Inst. Cathol. l. 1) observes that the
+        new fire is blessed with great solemnity on this day,
+        "because the fire struck from a flint appears to be a type
+        of Christ arising from the dead". Formerly not only the
+        lights of the church, but all the fires of the city were
+        enkindled from the blessed fire (as we learn from a MS.
+        Sancti Victoris (ap. Martene, De ant. Eccl. Ritibus lib.
+        IV, c. XXIV). "After the <i>Ite Missa est</i>" says the
+        Ordinarium of Luke archbishop of Cosenza "the bishop gives
+        his blessing, and immediately the deacon commands the
+        people, saying "Receive the new fire from the holy candle,
+        and having put out the old, light it in your houses in the
+        name of Christ; then rejoicing they depart with the light".
+        This custom is mentioned also in Leo IVth's homily above
+        quoted.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote112"
+                    name="footnote112"></a><b>Footnote 112:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag112">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>As for the Paschal candle, Anastasius says that Zosimus,
+        who was elected pope in 417, gave leave that candles should
+        be blessed in the churches. Bened. XIV, Merati and Gretser
+        understand by these words, that that Pontiff only extended
+        to the parish churches a custom already practised in the
+        greater churches: however this may be, the blessing of this
+        candle is at least as old as the time of Pope Zosimus. It
+        is inserted in the ancient sacramentary of Pope Gelasius
+        (A.D. 495). S. Augustine (lib. 15 de Civ. Dei) mentions
+        some verses written by himself in praise of the paschal
+        candle. S. Jerome also speaks of it in his epistles; and
+        Ennodius bishop of Pavia in 519 wrote two formulas,
+        according to which it might be blessed. Cancellieri, at the
+        end of his <i>Funzioni della Settimana Santa</i>, describes
+        two blessings of the paschal candle contained in
+        manuscripts of the 12th century. Du Vert as usual rejects
+        every mystical meaning of the candle: but why then should
+        it be lighted on this night, and not on christmas and other
+        nights? The 4th Council of Toledo, held in 633, states that
+        the paschal candle is blessed, in order that we may receive
+        the mystery of Christ's resurrection; and hence the abbot
+        Rupert says, that the candle when lighted represents
+        Christ's resurrection from the dead. That such is its
+        meaning appears from the five holes made in it in the form
+        of a cross, to represent the five wounds of Christ: in them
+        the five grains of incense are fixed by the Deacon, in
+        order to represent, according to Rupert, the spices applied
+        to Christ's body by Joseph of Arimathea. In confirmation of
+        this explanation, we may observe that this candle is not
+        removed from the church till the gospel has been sung on
+        Ascension-day when Christ departed from among men: and it
+        is lighted at solemn mass before the <i>gospel</i> and at
+        vespers before the <i>Magnificat</i> on the Sundays and
+        holidays which occur between holy saturday and the
+        ascension. To the same symbolical meaning of this candle we
+        must attribute the ancient custom of affixing to it (as a
+        symbol of Christ) a tablet on which the current year of our
+        Lord and its indiction were marked: sometimes these, if not
+        other chronological dates, were inscribed on the candle
+        itself by the deacon, before he sang the <i>Exultet</i>, as
+        Ven. Bede testifies, The same idea was preserved in the
+        practice of forming the <i>Agnus Dei</i> with the wax of
+        the paschal candle. "On this day" (holy saturday) says
+        Durandus "the acolythes of the Roman church make
+        <i>lambs</i> of newly blessed wax, or of the <i>wax of the
+        paschal candle</i> of the preceding year mixed with chrism:
+        on Saturday in Albis they are distributed by the Lord Pope
+        to the people in the churches". Amalarius likewise mentions
+        this custom. It appears also from the two benedictions of
+        Ennodius mentioned above, that the faithful used particles
+        of the pascal candle as a preservative against storms: the
+        good effects hoped for in this and similar cases are
+        attributed to the prayers of the church, which God in His
+        goodness has promised to hear. The paschal candle is
+        painted according to an ancient custom.</p>
+
+        <div class="poem">
+            <div class="stanza">
+                <p>"Ast alii <i>pictis</i> accendant lumina
+                <i>ceris</i>".</p>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="author">S. Paulinus Nat. VI. S Felicis</p>
+
+        <p>Pierin del Vaga, whom Vasari considered as the most
+        distinguished of Raffaello's assistants, was originally
+        nothing more than a candlepainter. His creation of Eve at
+        S. Marcello at Rome, and his frescoes in the Doria place at
+        Genoa, are well-known; at the Vatican he assisted Giovanni
+        d'Udine in his arabesques, Polidoro in his antique
+        chiaroscuri, and executed some of the most beautiful
+        historical paintings of the loggie di Raffaello. Hence may
+        we judge of the versatility of his talents.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote113"
+                    name="footnote113"></a><b>Footnote 113:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag113">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Why does a deacon perform this ceremony? since other
+        benedictions are reserved to bishops and priests. Rupert
+        assigns as a reason, that Christ's body was wrapped in
+        spices by his disciples, and not by the apostles whose
+        successors are bishops and priests: besides, the hymn sung
+        by the deacon is the præconium Paschale, or announcement of
+        the Resurrection, which was first made by inferiors to
+        their superiors, by the women to the apostles. We may add
+        that both the fire and the 5 grains of incense are
+        previously blessed by the priest, and in the præconium
+        itself there is not any form of blessing, strictly
+        speaking. In the church of Ravenna however the bishop used
+        to bless this candle (S. Gregory ep. 28, lib. 9). In the
+        Roman church, according to cardinal Gaetani, the last of
+        the Cardinal priests usually blessed the fire, and the last
+        Card. deacon lighted the <i>lumen Christi</i>, or triple
+        candle, and the Paschal candle. The deacon used to bless
+        the latter either at the steps of the presbytery, or from
+        the ambo; and hence we find a marble column, intended to
+        support it, fixed to the ambo in S. Clement's S.
+        Laurence's, and S. Pancras' churches at Rome. See another
+        marble column destined for the same use ap. Ciampini, Vet.
+        mon. cap. 2.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote114"
+                    name="footnote114"></a><b>Footnote 114:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag114">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Martene (De antiquis Eccl. rit. lib. 4, c. 24) maintains
+        that this hymn was composed by S. Augustine, and this
+        opinion is adopted also by Baillet and Benedict XIV, and
+        confirmed by a MS. pontifical of the church of Pavia of the
+        9th century, and other documents cited by Martene, ibid: it
+        was corrected by S. Jerome, if we may believe an ancient
+        Pontifical of Poitiers (quoted ibid.) The <i>chant</i> of
+        this beautiful hymn is very ancient. "I have seen," says
+        Baini "in many manuscripts both anterior and posterior to
+        the 11th century the melodies of the preface, of the
+        <i>Pater noster</i>, of the <i>Exultet</i>, and of the
+        <i>Gloria</i> precisely such as the modern" (T. 2, p. 92).
+        In a splendid roll of the Minerva (signed D. 1. 2) of the
+        9th century, are contained the <i>Exultet</i>, the solemn
+        benediction of the baptismal font, and the administration
+        of all the ecclesiastical orders. Nor is this the only roll
+        containing the chant precisely similar to the modern.
+        D'Agincourt left another to the Vatican library. See also
+        MS. no. 333 of the Barberini library, of the year 1503.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote115"
+                    name="footnote115"></a><b>Footnote 115:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag115">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Prudentius speaks of the "guttas olentes" or odoriferous
+        drops of the candle, and S. Paulinus of Nola of "odora
+        lumina": hence P. Arevalo conjectures that the grains of
+        incense were fixed in the paschal candle even at the time
+        of Prudentius in the 4th century.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote116"
+                    name="footnote116"></a><b>Footnote 116:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag116">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>In churches, at the words <i>Apis mater eduxit</i>, the
+        lamps also are lighted. With regard to the triple candle,
+        we may observe that on an ancient marble column preserved
+        in the Piazza before the cathedral of Capua is a bas-relief
+        representing the lighting of the paschal candle by means of
+        a reed surmounted by 3 small candles, as the Canonico
+        Natali testifies in a letter printed at Naples in 1776. The
+        triple candle is mentioned in the Ordo Romanus of Card.
+        Gaetano, in that of Amelius, and in a MS. Pontifical of the
+        church of Apamea, ap. Martene. As Thomassin observes, "we
+        light a candle divided into three in honour of the Trinity,
+        considering that enlightened by Christ we know that
+        recondite mystery". Gavant also gives the same explanation.
+        In the Greek service the bishop gives his blessing, as
+        often as he sings mass, with a triple candle. In the Latin
+        church it is used only on holy Saturday.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote117"
+                    name="footnote117"></a><b>Footnote 117:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag117">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>See Appendix.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote118"
+                    name="footnote118"></a><b>Footnote 118:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag118">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>This custom is proved from the letter of Siricius Pope
+        in the 4th century to Himmerius, from letters of S. Leo and
+        Pope Gelasius, as well as other ancient documents (ap.
+        Bened. XIV, Institut. prima ed lat.); and vestiges of it
+        are preserved in the liturgy of the weeks of Easter and
+        Pentecost. Ordinations were generally conferred before
+        Christmas, as is evident from the lives of the early Popes.
+        Baptism was administered before the great festivals of
+        Easter and Pentecost, that the newly-baptised might be
+        prepared to celebrate them worthily, and receive the graces
+        therein commemorated. Perhaps another reason for selecting
+        the eve of Easter may be found in the parallel drawn by S.
+        Paul between baptism and Christ's death and resurrection
+        (Rom. VI, 5 and foll.): "we who are baptised in Christ
+        Jesus are baptised in his death. For we are buried together
+        with him by baptism unto death: that as Christ is risen
+        from the dead by the glory of the Father, so we also may
+        walk in newness of life" etc.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote119"
+                    name="footnote119"></a><b>Footnote 119:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag119">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>See on such subjects Del Signore's Institut. Hist.
+        Eccles. with notes by Prof. Tizzani Cap. V. § 19 seq.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote120"
+                    name="footnote120"></a><b>Footnote 120:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag120">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>See Comm. ad Ord. Rom. Mabillonii tom. 2, Mus. Ital. p.
+        95.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote121"
+                    name="footnote121"></a><b>Footnote 121:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag121">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>According to the Ordo Romanus, children after baptism on
+        this day were to take no food or milk before Communion "and
+        on all days of Easter-week let them go to Mass, and let
+        their parents offer for them, and let all communicate". As
+        Cabassutius proves in his notitia Ecclesiastica sæculi
+        primi, they used to receive the B. Sacrament under the form
+        of wine alone. The bishop dipped his finger into the sacred
+        blood, and then put it into the mouth of the child a
+        practice observed in modern times in some parts of the
+        East, according to the learned Maronite Abraham
+        Ecchellensis; afterwards a little milk and honey was put
+        into their mouths, as an emblem (according to John the
+        deacon) of the promised land, to which they were called.
+        This custom of giving communion to children was not of
+        necessity for salvation, as Cardinal Noris proves in
+        Vindiciis Augustinianis § 4, and the Council of Trent
+        observes. In some places an abuse crept in of putting the
+        milk and honey into the consecrated chalice, but it was
+        prohibited by an African Council.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote122"
+                    name="footnote122"></a><b>Footnote 122:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag122">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>In the 4th century, S. Basil writing to the clergy of
+        Neocesarea observes, that the litanies, which they then
+        used, were introduced after the time of S. Gregory
+        Thaumaturgus (Epist. 63). In Gaul about the year 452, S.
+        Mamertus bishop of Vienne appointed solemn litanies to be
+        recited on the three <i>rogation</i> days. "At Rome," say
+        Palmer, "no doubt litanies were in use at an early period,
+        since we find that in the time of Gregory the great (A.D.
+        590), the appellation of litany had been so long given to
+        processional supplications, that it was then familiarly
+        applied to those persons who formed the procession". Vol.
+        1, p. 271. That holy Pontiff gave the following directions;
+        "Let the litany of the clergy set out from the church of S.
+        John the Baptist, the litany of the men from the church of
+        the holy martyr Marcellus, the litany of the monks from the
+        church of SS John and Paul: the litany of the handmaids of
+        God from the church of the blessed martyrs Cosmas and
+        Damian, the litany of the married women from the church of
+        the blessed protomartyr Stephen; the litany of the widows
+        from the church of the blessed martyr Vitalis, the litany
+        of the poor and children from the church of the blessed
+        martyr Cecilia". Vita S. Gregorii a Joanne Diacono, lib. 1,
+        c. 42. That the litanies were recited on holy-saturday
+        appears from several ancient <i>rites</i> quoted by Marlene
+        (De Ant. Eccl. Ritibus, lib. 4, c. XXV, and lib. 1, c. I,
+        art. 18). Palmer, wishing to defend the liturgy of the
+        church of England, maintains the antiquity of litanies, but
+        pretends that the invocations of saints were not originally
+        contained in them, but were added to them in the west about
+        the eighth century (vol. I, p. 289). From a passage in
+        Walafridus Strabo he is led to admit that at <i>his</i>
+        time (the ninth century) "these invocations must have been
+        <i>for some time</i> in use, and accordingly manuscript
+        litanies containing invocations have been discovered by
+        learned men, which appear from internal evidence to be as
+        old as the eighth century". He attempts however by
+        <i>negative</i> arguments to shew, that these invocations
+        are not more ancient than that period; although at the same
+        time he confesses that "we have no <i>distinct account</i>
+        of the <i>nature</i> of the service which was used on
+        occasions of peculiar supplication during the earliest
+        ages". p. 272. To his arguments we may oppose the
+        <i>positive</i> testimony of Walafridus Strabo, who says
+        "The litany of the holy names is believed to have come into
+        use after Jerome, following Eusebius of Cesarea, had
+        composed the martyrology". A long time, about three
+        centuries, elapsed before the <i>canon</i> of the
+        scriptures was determined; and it is not therefore
+        surprising if the <i>canon</i> of saints, (if such it may
+        be called), who died at considerable intervals, required
+        some time for its formation. Invocations of the saints in
+        ancient litanies may be seen ap. Martene (lib. 4f c. 27 and
+        lib. 1, c. 1, art. 18). One would conceive from Palmer's
+        account of the Ambrosian litany that it did not contain
+        invocations of the saints, p. 276; yet in the Ambrosian
+        processional, to which he alludes, we read as follows
+        "Afterwards they go to the altar, were the litanies are
+        recited on bended knees, in reciting which the <i>names of
+        the saints</i> without <i>Intercede pro nobis</i> are sung
+        aloud by the provost and clergy of the first collegiate
+        church; and by the other clergy with <i>Intercede pro
+        nobis</i> and this rite of singing the <i>litanies</i> and
+        antiphons is observed in every other stational church". ap.
+        Martene lib. 4, c. 28. In the Ordo Romanus also De
+        Benedictione Ecclesiæ these invocations are found. The
+        question however concerning their antiquity <i>in the
+        litanies</i> is of minor importance. Even Palmer admits,
+        that "Catholic fathers in the 4th century invoked the
+        saints" p. 292, though he gravely assures his readers, that
+        "they were too well instructed in the Christian faith to
+        believe positively that the saints heard our prayers". He
+        mentions the learned work of Serrarius called "Litaneutici
+        seu de Litaniis etc." as an instance of the writings, in
+        which "innumerable passages have been cited from ancient
+        writers to prove, that the invocation of saints is more
+        ancient than the eighth century. But most of those passages
+        do not refer to the invocation of saints, but to prayers
+        made to God for the intercession of saints". Palmer, vol.
+        I, p. 278. We consider that there is little difference in
+        principle between these two things: we shall however, to
+        satisfy him, quote only one passage from an ancient
+        Oriental liturgy. "Mother of our Lord Jesus Christ, pray
+        for me to the only begotten Son, who was born of thee, that
+        he may forgive me my offences and sins, and may receive
+        from my feeble and sinful hands this sacrifice, which in my
+        weakness I offer on this altar, through thy intercession
+        for me, O holy Mother". (From the ancient liturgy used by
+        the Nestorians called the liturgy of the holy apostles.
+        Renaudot, t. II. See bishop Poynter's Christianity, Note E:
+        and ancient inscriptions in Rock's Hierurgia, p. 347 and
+        foll.) Though we have the <i>innumerable ancient</i>
+        passages above-mentioned in favour of the Catholic
+        doctrine, yet shall we call Mr. Palmer's attention to the
+        following passage of his own work. Speaking of secrecy, he
+        says: "this primitive discipline is sufficient to account
+        for the fact, that very few allusions to the liturgy or
+        eucharistic service are found in the writings of the
+        Fathers". I, p. 14. His fears of <i>heresy and
+        blasphemy</i> arising from the invocation of Saints may be
+        calmed by the simple perusal of the doctrine of the church
+        taught by the Council of Trent, sess. 25. "The holy synod
+        commands all bishops and other teachers&mdash;<i>diligently
+        to instruct the faithful, teaching them</i> that the Saints
+        reigning with Christ offer to God their prayers for men;
+        that it is <i>good and useful</i> to invoke them with
+        supplication, and to have recourse to their prayers, help,
+        and assistance, in order to obtain benefits <i>from God
+        through his Son Jesus Christ our Lord, who alone is our
+        Redeemer and Saviour</i>". Accordingly we say in the litany
+        "Lord, have mercy on us: holy Mary <i>pray for us</i>"
+        etc.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote123"
+                    name="footnote123"></a><b>Footnote 123:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag123">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>We shall say nothing of sculptured figures taken from
+        the catacombs, such as the statues of the good shepherd and
+        S. Hippolitus now in the Vatican, or the numerous bas
+        reliefs on Christian sarcophagi (on which see
+        Raoul-Rochette, Tableau des Catacombes, c. IV. Beschreibung
+        der Stadt Rom. B. 2, in the description of the Christian
+        Museum in the Vatican Library). On another class of
+        Christian representations the reader may consult
+        Buonarruoti's <i>Osservazioni sopra alcuni frammenti di
+        vetro, ornati di figure</i>. We shall rather call the
+        attention of the Christian antiquarian to the numerous
+        frescoes painted in the chapels of the catacombs, and
+        illustrated by Bosio, Bottari, d'Agincourt etc., the latter
+        of whom attributes some of them to the second century on
+        account of the similarity of their style to that of
+        frescoes in the tomb of the Nasones, which is situated on
+        the Flaminian way at a short distance from Rome; his
+        opinion is confirmed by the fact that some of them have
+        been broken through, with the view of preparing a place of
+        burial for the bodies of martyrs slain in <i>subsequent
+        persecutions</i>. A list of their subjects which are
+        <i>generally</i> taken from the old and new Testaments may
+        be seen in Raoul-Rochette (c. 3, p. 157 foll. ed. de
+        Brusselles). Of these we may briefly notice in particular
+        some of the representations of Christ, of the B. Virgin, of
+        the apostles and martyrs. In them Christ sometimes appears
+        as an infant on the lap of His holy mother, Who ever pure
+        and modest is always veiled; and this lovely group is found
+        not only on these paintings, but also on bas-reliefs and
+        glass-vessels generally anterior to the 4th century, and
+        consequently to the general council of Ephesus held in 431;
+        although it is pretended that such figures were first
+        designed after that period. (Instances are enumerated by
+        Raoul-Rochette c. VI). Constantina, daughter of
+        Constantine, whose tomb is still preserved at Rome, begged
+        of Eusebius bishop of Cesarea a likeness of our Divine
+        Saviour (Concil. Labbe. t. VII, 493 seq): we must have
+        recourse to the catacombs for His most ancient portraits.
+        See one resembling the ordinary type of His sacred head and
+        taken from the cemetery of Calixtus, at the end of
+        Raoul-Rochette's work. This type, repeated again and again
+        on Christian monuments during the last sixteen hundred
+        years or more, may suggest the hope that some traces of our
+        Divine Saviour's features are still preserved among us,
+        notwithstanding the diversity of His portraits, of which S.
+        Augustine complained, De Triniti l. 8, c, 4 5.
+        Raoul-Rochette's opinion, that this likeness and the
+        portraits of the apostles were of Gnostic origin, is
+        altogether unsupported, as the Belgian editors of his work
+        justly observe. Christ is frequently represented also as
+        seated amid His apostles, of whom SS. Peter and Paul were
+        favourite subjects of the old artists: see Raoul-Rochette
+        c. VI, where he mentions, after the older antiquaries, the
+        ancient representations of S. Ciriaca, S Priscilla, SS.
+        Stephen, Cyprian, Laurence, Agnes, and other martyrs.
+        During Diocletian's persecution, the provincial council of
+        Eliberis in Spain decreed, that there should be no
+        paintings on the walls of churches: its 36th canon was
+        evidently intended to save sacred pictures from the
+        profanations perpetrated by the pagans. The faithful
+        however, fertile in expedients to gratify their devotion,
+        now began to use those portable representations of pious
+        subjects called diptychs, because they generally consisted
+        of two tablets which could at pleasure be <i>folded</i>
+        together. They were formed of ivory or wood, and resembled
+        the presents of that name formerly sent by the consuls on
+        the day of their entrance into office: on these were
+        usually inscribed the names and the portraits of the new
+        magistrates. (Symmachus lib. 2, ep. 80, all 71). The sacred
+        diptychs, of which many are preserved in the Vatican
+        Library, were easily saved from the fury of the
+        Iconoclasts. Their folding form without their portability
+        is preserved in many of the ancient altar-pieces of Italian
+        and other churches and from them the modern altar-pieces
+        are derived: they did not however supersede the use of
+        frescoes, or mosaics, as is evident from innumerable
+        ancient and modern ecclesiastical monuments of this city.
+        In the preceding chapter we laid before our readers the
+        doctrine of the catholic church concerning respect paid to
+        images, p. 80.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote124"
+                    name="footnote124"></a><b>Footnote 124:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag124">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>"He is risen; he is not here. But <i>go, tell</i> his
+        disciples and <i>Peter</i>, that he goeth before you into
+        Galilee". Mark XV, 6 7.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote125"
+                    name="footnote125"></a><b>Footnote 125:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag125">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>This Hebrew word, which frequently occurs in psalms of
+        praise, CIV, 34, CV, 45, CVI, 1, etc. has been preserved,
+        as well as <i>Amen</i>, and <i>Sabaoth</i>, in its original
+        form in most liturgies. According to S. Gregory (Ep. 64,
+        ind. 2). who appeals to S. Jerome's authority, it was
+        introduced into the Roman liturgy in the time of Pope
+        Damasus. S. Gregory forbade it to be sung at funerals, (as
+        it had been at that of Fabiola: S. Jerome in Epitaphio
+        Fabiolæ;) or during Lent.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote126"
+                    name="footnote126"></a><b>Footnote 126:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag126">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Gavant and others, following Walafridus Strabo and the
+        abbot Berno, think that the Offertory and <i>Agnus Dei</i>
+        are not said, in order to signify the silence of the holy
+        women returning from the sepulchre (Mark XVI, 8). Others
+        attribute some of these omissions to the circumstance, that
+        there is no communion; on this day, and therefore neither
+        offertory or postcommunion; anciently however communion was
+        given on this occasion, as is evident from the Gelasian
+        sacramentary (See Bened. XIV, De Festis c. VIII). The kiss
+        of peace, as Grancolas observes, is not given, because
+        formerly at the dawn of easter-sunday, soon after the mass
+        of easter-eve, the faithful used to assemble in the church
+        "and kissing one another with mutual charity to say,
+        <i>Surrexit Dominus</i> "; (the Lord is risen) Ordo Rom. ab
+        Hittorpio ed. p. 55. Merati says, that the <i>Agnus Dei</i>
+        is omitted because it is of recent origin, having been
+        first introduced into the liturgy by Pope Sergius A.D. 688
+        (lib. Pont.), whereas the Mass of the day is of greater
+        antiquity.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote127"
+                    name="footnote127"></a><b>Footnote 127:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag127">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Cancellieri says that the music of this
+        <i>Magnificat</i> was composed by Luca Marenzio. Among the
+        compositions prior to Palestrina, and still sung in the
+        papal chapel, Baini reckons the Magnificats of Carpentrasso
+        and Morales, as well as the <i>Te Deum</i> and <i>Lumen ad
+        revelutionem gentium</i> of Costanzo Festa.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote128"
+                    name="footnote128"></a><b>Footnote 128:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag128">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>This basilic, which is the cathedral of the bishop of
+        Rome, was first erected by Constantine, whose statue taken
+        from his baths adorns the portico. It was in great part
+        destroyed by fire in 1308; but it was restored by the
+        munificence of the Popes and the piety of the faithful,
+        emulated in these days, in which we deplore the burning of
+        S. Paul's. In the gothic tabernacle over the high altar are
+        preserved the heads of SS. Peter and Paul. The mosaics of
+        the tribune were made by order of Nicholas IV (A.D.
+        1278-1292).</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote129"
+                    name="footnote129"></a><b>Footnote 129:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag129">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>This baptistery, as well as the basilica, is attributed
+        to the time of Constantine; it was reduced to its present
+        state by Urban VIII; On an ancient and interesting
+        Christian sarcophagus taken from the Vatican cemetery is
+        represented a basilica with its apsis, and near it a
+        circular building evidently meant for the baptistery: this
+        is covered with a cupola surmounted by the monogram of
+        Christ; and over the gate are curtains drawn up on each
+        side, See Raoul-Rochette-Tableau des Catacombs, p. 332. The
+        font is an ancient urn of basalt the paintings above it,
+        between the second order of columns, representing, the life
+        of S. John Baptist, are by Carlo Maratta.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote130"
+                    name="footnote130"></a><b>Footnote 130:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag130">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>In a missal of Pavia it is called a figure of the column
+        which preceded the Israelites going out of Egypt.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote131"
+                    name="footnote131"></a><b>Footnote 131:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag131">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>The stag was a favourite subject of the early Christian
+        artists, who often represented it in their paintings, and
+        afterwards on their mosaics. The text above quoted explains
+        its signification.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote132"
+                    name="footnote132"></a><b>Footnote 132:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag132">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>"In most of the old rituals we find that the font was
+        hallowed with various ceremonies besides prayer. It was
+        customary to make the sign of the cross, as we learn from
+        the testimony of Chrysostom, Augustine, and
+        Pseudo-Dionysius". Palmer vol. 2, p. 195. Martene observes
+        that the rite of pouring chrism into the water is mentioned
+        in all the ancient Gallican, Ambrosian, and Mozarabic
+        liturgies. The blessing of baptismal water is reckoned by
+        S. Basil, in the 4th century, among apostolical traditions.
+        (De Spiritu. S. c. 27).</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote133"
+                    name="footnote133"></a><b>Footnote 133:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag133">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>"Some form of admission to the class of catechumens was
+        used in all churches at an early period, and it seems most
+        commonly to have consisted of imposition of hands with
+        prayers for the person. To this in many places were added
+        various rites, such as, signing the forehead of the
+        candidate with the cross, the consecration and giving of
+        salt, which was entitled the sacrament of catechumens,
+        repeated exorcisms, or prayers and adjurations to cast out
+        the power of Satan, anointing with oil, and other mystical
+        and figurative rites. In the course of many ages, when the
+        Christian church had overspread the face of the world, and
+        infidelity had become in most places extinct, the form of
+        admission to the class of catechumens was from a veneration
+        for old customs in many places conjoined to the office of
+        baptism, and administered at the same time with it to the
+        candidates for that sacrament whether they were infants or
+        not". Palmer, vol. 2, c. 5, sect. 1.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote134"
+                    name="footnote134"></a><b>Footnote 134:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag134">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>"It has been customary in the Christian church from the
+        most remote period, for the candidates for baptism to
+        renounce the devil and all his works, before they were
+        admitted to that sacrament. This renunciation was always
+        followed by a profession of faith in Christ, as it is now
+        in the English liturgy. The last interrogation and answer
+        "Vis baptizari, Volo" have long been used in the west.
+        (Martene de Antiq. Eccl. rit. tom. I, p. 180, 192).
+        According to the ancient custom of the Roman church,
+        represented in the Sacramentary of Gregory, the profession
+        of faith occurs between the hallowing of the water and the
+        administration of the sacrament. This custom has long been
+        used in the Roman church; since the Sacramentary of
+        Gelasius (A.D. 494) appointed the confession of faith to be
+        made immediately before baptism, <i>though the
+        renunciations were made some hours before</i>. In primitive
+        times the sign of the cross was not only made on the
+        forehead of the elect at the time of baptism, but was used
+        very often in other ways: this act is probably not more
+        recent than the apostolical age; and this sign was made in
+        some part of almost every Christian office. The
+        administration of baptism was succeeded by various rites in
+        the primitive church; among other the newly-baptised were
+        clothed in white garments. Formerly also confirmation
+        followed immediately after baptism". I have extracted the
+        preceding passages from different sections of Palmer's 5th
+        chapter, vol. 2: coming from a clergyman of the church of
+        England, they are important admissions, and they dispense
+        with the necessity of my proving the antiquity of these
+        various baptismal riles. The reader may see proofs of them
+        collected in Palmer (loc. cit.) Martene T. 1: cap. 2,
+        etc.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote135"
+                    name="footnote135"></a><b>Footnote 135:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag135">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Palmer says, that in confirmation, to the rites of
+        prayer and imposition, of hands was added "that of
+        anointing with an unguent or chrism, made of oil and
+        balsam, and hallowed by the prayers of the bishop.&mdash;We
+        learn from the writings of Tertullian and Origen, that it
+        was already customary both in the east and the west at the
+        end of the 2nd or beginning of the 3rd century. This chrism
+        was intended to signify the grace of the Holy Spirit then
+        conferred". Palmer, Or. Lit. vol. 2, p. 199. If this
+        unction had not been of apostolic origin, it would not have
+        been customary in all churches at so early a period.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote136"
+                    name="footnote136"></a><b>Footnote 136:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag136">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>At S. John Lateran's, when the <i>Agnus Dei</i> is said,
+        the ancient custom is preserved, which was originally
+        established by Pope Sergius, of saying <i>Miserere
+        nobis</i> three times, and not <i>Dona nobis pacem</i>,
+        which words were introduced into the liturgy, (according to
+        Innocent III, De Myst Missæ) about the 10th century, in
+        time of schism.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote137"
+                    name="footnote137"></a><b>Footnote 137:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag137">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Orders are generally conferred on the saturday of each
+        ember-week, besides the saturday before passion and easter
+        sundays. A minute detail of the numerous ceremonies of
+        ordination can not be expected in a work on the ceremonies
+        of holy-week. The reader may find them all enumerated in
+        the Pontifical, and on their antiquity he may consult
+        Morinus, De Ordinationibus; Martene, De Ant. Eccl. Rit. t.
+        2. etc. On the service of holy saturday see the MS.
+        Pontifical of the Apamean church and various Ordines ap.
+        Martene, lib. IV, c. 24. Formerly after the mass there was
+        general communion; and at Rome no Vespers were said
+        (Alcuin), and 7 altars were consecrated.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote138"
+                    name="footnote138"></a><b>Footnote 138:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag138">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>In the afternoon the parish-priests bless with prayers
+        and holy water the houses and paschal food of their
+        parishioners. In the Ordo Romanus, besides the blessing of
+        milk and honey, there is a formula of benediction of a lamb
+        and other food. Durandus also (lib. 6 Ration.) mentions the
+        blessing of the lamb, a custom which is preserved at Rome
+        till the present time. The shops of the <i>pizzicaroli</i>
+        are illuminated and gaily decorated, probably because
+        <i>they</i> have peculiar reasons to rejoice at the
+        conclusion of the <i>austerities</i> of lent.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote139"
+                    name="footnote139"></a><b>Footnote 139:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag139">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>For the ceremonies of Easter-sunday see The Pontifical
+        Mass sung at S. Peter's on Easter-sunday etc. By C.M.
+        Baggs. D.D. Rome 1840.</p>
+    </blockquote><span class="pagenum"><a name="page121"
+       id="page121"></a>[pg 121]</span>
+
+    <h2>APPENDIX</h2>
+
+    <h3>PECULIAR CEREMONIES OF HOLY-WEEK AT JERUSALEM</h3>
+
+    <p>Having spoken of the blessing of the paschal candle at Rome,
+    we may for a few moments turn our thoughts towards a city still
+    more ancient, and trodden by holier and more exalted beings
+    than even the apostles and martyrs of the eternal city. The
+    justly-celebrated traveller John Thevenot in his Voyage du
+    Levant describes the ceremonies of holyweek performed at
+    Jerusalem; the distribution of palms, the washing of the feet
+    on Maunday-Thursday at the door of the holy Sepulchre; and the
+    procession to the holy places or stations performed by the
+    Catholic Christians. Concerning this the eloquent Pere Abbé de
+    Geramb, in his interesting Pelerinage at Jerusalem in 1832,
+    informs us that "by means of a figure in relief of the natural
+    size, whose head, arms, and feet are flexible, the religious
+    represent the crucifixion, the descent from the cross, and the
+    burial of Jesus Christ, in such manner as to render all the
+    principal circumstances apparent to the senses and
+    striking".</p>
+
+    <p>Both these distinguished writers of different periods agree
+    in testifying, that all the devotions of the Catholics were and
+    are still conducted with so much order that they are admired
+    both by Christians and Turks, whereas those of the schismatical
+    Christians took place with much confusion, and with such a
+    noise, that the Janissaries, who had to preserve order, were
+    obliged to strike the persons engaged in them as well as the
+    spectators. This statement is confirmed by the account, which
+    they and other travellers give, of the <i>holy fire</i> of the
+    Greeks and other schismatics. Benedict XIV observes that no
+    mention is made of the supposed miracle of the holy fire by
+    early Christian writers who lived at Jerusalem; as Eusebius, S.
+    Jerome, S. Epiphanius, or S. Cyril bishop of
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page122"
+       id="page122"></a>[pg 122]</span> Jerusalem. It is however
+       spoken of by Bernard a Frank monk of the ninth century, and
+       in a Pontifical of the church of Poictiers of about the
+       tenth century: by Hugo Flaviniacensis in Chronico
+       Virdunensi, in the discourse of Urban II in the council of
+       Claremont, and in other documents of the middle ages
+       mentioned by Martene (lib. IV, c. XXIV). Lupi (tom. 4, Conc.
+       gen. etc.) thinks it probable, that the custom of burning
+       lights and the paschal candle on this day was instituted, in
+       order to return thanks to God for a miracle (which
+       <i>may</i> of old have happened at Jerusalem) and to
+       announce it to all nations.</p>
+
+    <p>I shall now extract a brief account of the scene of
+    confusion enacted in modern times at Jerusalem on such
+    occasions from Thevenot, in whose work is a print representing
+    it. "After our Catholic office was ended" says he, "we prepared
+    to enjoy the sight of the holy fire of the Greeks, Armenians
+    and Copts, whose priests make their people believe, that on
+    holy Saturday fire descends from heaven into the holy
+    Sepulchre, and on that account make each of their pilgrims, who
+    are very numerous, pay some money. This solemnity appears
+    rather a comedy or a farce than a church-ceremony, and is very
+    unbecoming in a place so sacred as the holy Sepulchre. After we
+    had finished our service, which was about eight in the morning,
+    they, extinguished all their lamps and those of the holy
+    Sepulchre, and then they commenced their folly, running round
+    the holy Sepulchre, like mad people, crying, howling, <i>et
+    faisans un bruit de diables</i>; it was charming to see them
+    running one after another, kicking and striking one another
+    with cords; many of them together held men in their arms, and
+    going round the holy Sepulchre, let them fall, and then raised
+    horrible shouts of laughter, while they who had fallen ran
+    after the others to avenge themselves: it seemed that both old
+    and young were downright mad. From time to time they raised
+    their eyes, and stretched their hands, full of taper, to
+    heaven, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page123"
+       id="page123"></a>[pg 123]</span> crying all together
+       <i>eleison</i>, as if they were wearied at the delay of the
+       holy fire. This scene continued till towards three in the
+       evening, when two Greek archbishops and two bishops habited
+       as patriarchs, for the patriarch was not then at Jerusalem,
+       left their choir with all their clergy, and began the
+       procession round the holy Sepulchre: they were joined by the
+       Armenians, four of whom wore mitres: then came a Coptic
+       bishop, with all his clergy and people. After they had
+       walked three times round the holy Sepulchre, a Greek priest
+       came out of the chapel of the Angel, which is close to that
+       of the holy Sepulchre, and gave notice to him who
+       represented the Patriarch, that the holy fire had descended
+       from heaven: the latter then entered into the holy
+       Sepulchre, followed by the representatives of the Armenian
+       patriarch and of the Coptic bishop. After they had remained
+       there a short time, we saw the Greek archbishop in an
+       amusing posture, bending down his head, and bearing in each
+       hand a quantity of lighted tapers. No sooner had he
+       appeared, than all rushed one upon another to light their
+       tapers from those of the archbishop; as that is considered
+       the best fire, which is first lighted. The Janissaries
+       however, who were stationed near the door of the chapel of
+       the Angel, did not stand with their arms folded, but made
+       the calpacs and turbans of the Greeks fly from one end of
+       the church to the other, striking around on all sides with
+       their sticks, to make way for the poor archbishop, who also
+       as we may suppose did all in his power to save himself. He
+       then mounted in haste a stone-altar opposite the entrance of
+       the holy Sepulchre, where he was immediately surrounded by
+       the people: those also who had lighted their tapers
+       endeavouring to save themselves were overwhelmed by the
+       others: the confusion was horrible, and blows were not
+       unfrequent. After the Greek archbishop has come out, the
+       Armenian appears, and saves himself from the crowd in the
+       church of the Armenians, and the Copt in that of the Copts.
+       Every <span class="pagenum"><a name="page124"
+       id="page124"></a>[pg 124]</span> one was in such a hurry to
+       get some of the holy fire, that in a moment more than 2000
+       bundles of candles flamed in the church: and the people,
+       crying out like persons possessed began greater follies than
+       before. A man carrying a drum on his back began to run with
+       all his might round the holy Sepulchre, and another running
+       in the same manner struck it with two sticks; and when he
+       was tired, another immediately took his place. "<i>Il semble
+       qu' on soit dans un enfer, et que ce soient tout autant de
+       diables déchainès</i>."&mdash;But enough of this unedifying
+       scene, of which the Abbé Geramb gives a similar account. If
+       we contrast with it the majestic and edifying ceremonies of
+       the Roman church, we shall feel grateful to God for having
+       preserved us from such disorders. I shall merely add from
+       Thevenot, that the Christians are called to office at the
+       holy Sepulchre by boards struck with iron, as we are for two
+       days in holy-week: but drums and other instruments are also
+       played there, which make, he (adds), "une musique
+       enragée".</p>
+
+    <p>The distinguished missionary and pilgrim D. Casto Gonzalez
+    recounts other disorders of the Greeks during Holy Week, and
+    profanations of the most holy sanctuaries of Palestine. In the
+    year 1833 he exposed, but not without great risk, the fraud of
+    the "holy fire". On the holy-Saturday of the Greeks the
+    officiating Bishop accompanied by an Armenian and a Coptic
+    Bishop and their respective clergy had already walked thrice
+    round the holy Sepulchre, when the missionary ignited a match
+    with phosphorus, and holding it up exclaimed "Look, the
+    heavenly fire has fallen into my hands": he then extinguished
+    it and lighted it again several times to the great astonishment
+    of the assembled multitude. He was protected by the Turks from
+    the dangers which surrounded him. So manifest was the fraud of
+    the pretended "holy fire" that even the schismatical Armenian
+    patriarch issued a circular
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page125"
+       id="page125"></a>[pg 125]</span> letter forbidding his
+       spiritual subjects to be present at the disgraceful
+       exhibition.</p>
+
+    <p>The Pere Abbé de Geramb gives a glowing account of the
+    Catholic service and mass on holy saturday; and we most warmly
+    recommend to our readers the perusal of the 34th <i>Lettre</i>
+    of his <i>Pelerinage</i>, in which he describes all the
+    ceremonies of holy week at Jerusalem, where they are invested
+    with the peculiar charm arising from spots so sacred, where
+    Christ suffered, and died, and rose again. Though in other
+    respects the Roman ceremonies are of a more exalted nature, yet
+    here must we be contented to transport ourselves in imagination
+    to those beloved sanctuaries, and to see the
+    <i>representation</i> of the holy Sepulchre at S. Maria
+    Egiziaca. We shall conclude with the words of the distinguished
+    writer: "Jamais douleur n'affecta plus vivement mon àme, que
+    celle qui s'en empara au moment où je m'arrachai pour jamais de
+    l'église du saint Sepulcre. Taut que je vivrai elle sera aussi
+    présente à mon esprit que profondément gravée dans mon coeur;
+    toujours souvenir me fera tressaillir, parce que toujours, et
+    plus qu' aucun autre souvenir, il me rappellera Jésus, crucifié
+    pour mon salut, pour la salut du genre humain, à l'amour duquel
+    nous devons repondre par le plus vif, le plus tendre, le plus
+    absolu de tous les amours; ce Jésus auquel je dois l'ineffable
+    bonheur de comprendre, de sentir cette grande verité, que je
+    voudrais faire comprendre et sentir a l'univers entier, que lui
+    seul est tout, que tout ce qui n'est pas lui, n'est rien, n'est
+    que neant". Pelerinage à Jerusalem, Lett. 36.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Ceremonies of the Holy-Week at Rome
+by Charles Michael Baggs
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Ceremonies of the Holy-Week at Rome
+
+Author: Charles Michael Baggs
+
+Release Date: February 25, 2005 [EBook #15172]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CEREMONIES OF THE HOLY-WEEK ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Olaf Voss, William Flis, and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE: The Table of Contents
+was added by the transcriber.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE CEREMONIES
+
+OF THE
+
+HOLY-WEEK
+
+AT ROME.
+
+BY
+
+THE RT. REV. MONSIGNOR BAGGS,
+
+BISHOP OF PELLA.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THIRD EDITION.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ROME:
+
+SOLD BY LUIGI PIALE,
+
+ENGLISH BOOKSELLER,
+
+1. PIAZZA DI SPAGNA, 106. VIA BABUINO.
+
+1854.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+DIRECTIONS FOR SEEING THE CEREMONIES 3
+
+CHAP. I. ON THE CEREMONIES OF THE MASS 5
+
+CHAP. II. ON THE CEREMONIES OF PALM-SUNDAY 22
+
+CHAP. III. ON THE DIVINE OFFICE, AND THE OFFICE OF TENEBRAE IN
+PARTICULAR 37
+
+CHAP. IV. ON THE CEREMONIES OF HOLY THURSDAY 50
+
+CHAP. V. ON THE CEREMONIES OF GOOD-FRIDAY 69
+
+CHAP. VI. ON THE CEREMONIES OF HOLY-SATURDAY 92
+
+APPENDIX. PECULIAR CEREMONIES OF HOLY-WEEK AT JERUSALEM 121
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+DIRECTIONS
+
+FOR SEEING THE CEREMONIES
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Provide yourself with a HOLY-WEEK-BOOK, or _Uffizio della Settimana
+Santa_. Take care that your dress is according to rule. For many of
+the ceremonies ladies require tickets signed by _M. Maggiordomo_.
+
+On Palm-sunday morning the Pontifical ceremonies begin at S.
+Peter's, at about 9 o'clock: no stranger can receive a palm without
+a permission signed by _M. Maggiordomo_. In the afternoon the Card.
+Penitentiary goes at about 4 or half past 4 to S. John Lateran's,
+where the Station of the day is held.
+
+On the _afternoons_ of _Wednesday_ and _Thursday_, (between 4 and half
+past 4) and of _Friday_ (half an hour sooner) the office of Tenebrae
+begins at the Sixtine chapel. After it is over, you may go to S.
+Peter's to bear the conclusion of a similar service: there on Thursday
+evening the high-altar is washed by the Card, priest and chapter;
+on Friday the Pope, Cardinals etc. go thither to venerate the relics
+after Tenebrae in the Sixtine chapel; and on the afternoons of both
+days the Card. Penitentiary goes thither in slate. In the evening of
+these three days the feet of pilgrims are washed, and they are served
+at table by Cardinals etc. at the Trinita dei Pellegrini.
+
+On _Thursday morning_ you can see the oils blessed at S. Peter's: this
+ceremony begins _early_. There is little difference between the mass
+(at about half past 9 or 10) in the Sixtine chapel on this day, and
+on ordinary days, and there is generally a great crowd: the procession
+after mass is repeated on the following morning; and the papal
+benediction on Easter Sunday: your best plan therefore will be to go
+at an early hour to see the blessing of the oils, and afterwards the
+washing of the feet, at S. Peter's; and then go to see the dinner
+of the _apostles_ near the balcony from which the Pope gives His
+benediction. The _Sepulchres_, particularly that in the Cappella
+Paolina, may be visited.
+
+On _Friday morning_ the service of the Sixtine chapel begins at about
+half past 9 or 10. (Devotion of 3 hours' agony from about half past
+12 to half past 3 at the Gesu, SS. Lorenzo e Damaso etc.; after the
+_Ave Maria_ the _Via Crucis_ at Caravita, and devotion of the dolours
+of the B. Virgin at S. Marcello, etc. An hour after the _Ave Maria_
+poetical compositions are recited at the Serbatojo dell'Arcadia).
+
+On _Saturday morning_ service begins at S. John Lateran's at about
+half past 7. As soon you have seen the baptism at the baptistery, you
+had better drive to the Vatican, to attend at the beautiful mass of
+the Sixtine chapel.
+
+On _Saturday afternoon_ you may go to the Armenian mass at S.
+Biagio or S. Gregorio Illuminatore: it begins towards 4 o clock. On
+Easter-Sunday the Pope sings solemn mass at S. Peter's, at about 9
+o'clock. He afterwards venerates the relics, and gives His solemn
+benediction. In the afternoon, besides Vespers there is a procession
+at S. Peter's called that of the 3 Maries. (At S. John Lateran's
+the Cardinals assist at Vespers, and afterwards venerate the relics
+preserved there) At night the cupola is illuminated, and on the
+following night there are fireworks or _girandola_ at Castle S.
+Angelo. On Monday, Tuesday, and Saturday there is _cappella papale_ at
+the Vatican, but it differs little from the ordinary _cappelle_.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. I.
+
+ON THE CEREMONIES OF THE MASS
+
+
+_CONTENTS._
+
+    Origin of the word _ceremony_--object of
+    ceremonies--institution of the mass--its earliest
+    ceremonies--discipline of secrecy--liturgy of the Roman
+    church--general review of the principal ceremonies of
+    the mass--mass of the catechumens, _ambones_--mass of the
+    faithful, blessed water, secrecy, prayers for the dead--Latin
+    the language of the Roman liturgy, and why--usual ceremonies
+    of high-mass in the papal chapel--sentiments of S. John
+    Chrysostom.
+
+    "_It was chiefly, if not only, in the mystical liturgy of the
+    eucharist, that the primitive church spoke without reserve
+    of all the sublimities of Christian faith._" Palmer, Origines
+    Liturg. vol. I, p. 13.
+
+[Sidenote: Origin of the word ceremony.]
+
+From Rome our Saxon forefathers received Christianity; and from the
+same source we have derived several words denoting Christian rites.
+Thus the words _religion, sacrament, sacrifice, communion_, and others
+are Latin, with the exception of the termination. The word _ceremony_
+also is Latin, and owes its origin to an interesting fact in ancient
+Roman history. When the Capitol was besieged by the Gauls (A.U. 365)
+most of the inhabitants of Rome provided for their own safety by
+flight: but the Flamen Quirinalis or priest of Romulus, and the
+Vestal virgins loaded themselves with the sacred things, that they
+might secure those hallowed treasures from profanation. "They were
+proceeding" (says Livy lib. V, c. XXII) "along the way which passes
+over the Sublician bridge, when they were met on the declivity by L.
+Albinus a plebeian, who was fleeing with his wife and children in
+a _plaustrum_ or cart: he and his family immediately alighted: then
+placing in the cart the virgins and sacred things he accompanied them
+to Caere where they were received with hospitality and respect". Hence
+(says Valerius Maximus lib. I, c. 1.) "sacred things were called
+ceremonies, because the inhabitants of _Caere_ revered them when the
+republic was broken, as readily as when it flourished". Thus is the
+word ceremony associated at once with the devotion of Albinus, with
+the Gaulish invasion of the Capitol, and with Caere, one of the twelve
+cities of Etruria, now called Cervetri or Caere vetus[1]. The Pagan
+Romans derived their religious rites from Etruria, and in particular
+from Caere on account of its proximity to Rome: this may be another
+reason for the adoption of the term _ceremony_, which was afterwards
+applied to the rites of all religions[2].
+
+[Sidenote: Object of ceremonies.]
+
+But what, it may be asked by many, is the use of ceremonies? I shall
+answer in the words of the council of Trent. "Since the nature of man
+is such, that he cannot easily without exterior helps be raised to
+the meditation of divine things, the church as a pious mother has
+instituted certain rites, namely, that some things in the mass should
+be pronounced in a low voice and others aloud; she has also used
+ceremonies, as mystical benedictions, lights, incense, vestments,
+and many other things of that kind, from apostolical tradition and
+discipline, in order that the majesty of so great a sacrifice might
+be displayed, and the minds of the faithful might be excited by these
+visible signs of religion and piety to the contemplation of those
+sublime things which are concealed in this sacrifice". Session XXII,
+c. V.--These words lead us to treat briefly of the mass, the principal
+act of divine worship during holy-week as at all other seasons of the
+year. This we do now the more readily, that we may not afterwards be
+obliged to interrupt our account of the peculiar ceremonies of Holy
+week, which presuppose an acquaintance with the mass.
+
+[Sidenote: Institution of the mass.]
+
+Jesus Christ instituted the mass at his last supper, when he took
+bread and blessed and broke and gave to his disciples and said, Take
+ye and eat, this is my body; and taking the chalice he gave thanks,
+and gave to them saying, Drink ye all of this: For this is my blood
+of the new testament, which shall be shed for many unto remission of
+sins: Matth. XXVI, 26. In this brief account are mentioned all the
+_essential_ parts of the mass. Christ commanded the apostles and
+through them their successors to perform the same holy rite "in
+commemoration" of Him, and they obeyed His commands, as we learn from
+the acts of the apostles, and the first epistle to the Corinthians.
+
+[Sidenote: Its early ceremonies.]
+
+Gradually various prayers and ceremonies were added to the sacred
+words pronounced by Christ, as the Apology of St. Justin, the writings
+of St. Cyprian, the catechetical discourses of St. Cyril of Jerusalem
+and other early works prove. The Apostles themselves had added the
+Lord's prayer[3]. The liturgy however during the first four centuries,
+as Le Brun maintains[4], or, according to Muratori followed by Palmer,
+the first three centuries, was not written, but was preserved by oral
+tradition, according to the received practice of the early church,
+which, unwilling to give what is holy to dogs, or to cast pearls
+before swine concealed from all persons, except the faithful, the
+mysteries of faith. It would seem from St. Justin's apology, that
+much was left to the particular devotion of the bishop or priest who
+offered mass, and hence we might expect not to find in the earliest
+liturgies great uniformity, except in essentials and general outline.
+Yet Le Brun has endeavoured to restore, from the early Christian
+writers, the liturgy used in the first four centuries: and it contains
+the most important prayers and ceremonies of the mass in its more
+modern form.
+
+[Sidenote: Discipline of secrecy.]
+
+We shall so often have to recur to the discipline of secrecy alluded
+to above, that we consider it necessary to speak of it briefly,
+before we proceed further. The Pythagoreans, the Stoics, Plato, the
+Epicureans and other ancient philosophers concealed their doctrines
+from the uninitiated: the mysteries also of Osiris, Isis, Bacchus,
+Ceres, Cybele etc. were carefully kept secret. There was no novelty
+therefore for the ancients in the discipline of secrecy, the
+institution of which in the Christian church is attributed by many
+fathers to Christ himself, who directed that his disciples should not
+"give what is holy to dogs, or cast pearls before swine". Matt. VII,
+6. This injunction was observed by the whole church from the apostolic
+age till the fifth century in the east, and the sixth century in the
+west: it extended to dogmas as well as rites, and in particular to
+those of the holy Trinity and the sacraments, especially the blessed
+Eucharist[5]. For "those things" says St. Cyril of Alexandria "are
+generally derided, which are not understood" adv. Julianum. The
+pagans, at the instigation, it would appear, of the Jews and early
+heretics, availed themselves of this secret discipline to charge
+the Christians with the detestable crimes of Oedipus and Thyestes,
+pretending that in their secret assemblies they murdered an infant
+covered with flour, and drank his blood. (Cecilius ap. Minut. Fel.)
+It was solely with the view of refuting these calumnies, that Justin
+Martyr explained, in his apology addressed to Antoninus Pius, the
+catholic doctrine of the eucharist. S. Blandina on the contrary
+endured the most cruel torments rather than reveal it, though its
+profession would have confuted the same odious calumnies; and S.
+Augustine observes a similar reserve when answering the pagan Maximus
+Madaurensis.
+
+"Who" says the protestant Casaubon "is so little versed in the
+writings of the fathers, as to be ignorant of the formulary used
+principally of the sacraments, the initiated understand what is said:
+it occurs at least fifty times in Chrysostom, and almost as frequently
+in Augustine". S. Fulgentius inserts in his answer to the deacon
+Ferrandus the following words of S. Augustine to the neophytes "This
+which you see on the altar of God you saw last night: but what it was,
+what it meant, and of what a great thing it contains the sacrament,
+you have not yet heard. What therefore you see is bread and the
+chalice. What your faith demands is, that the bread is the body of
+Christ, and the chalice contains the blood of Christ". S. Cyril
+of Jerusalem in his catechetical discourses addressed to the newly
+baptised inculcates in the strongest terms the doctrine of the real
+presence, but charges them most strictly not to communicate to the
+catechumens his instructions. In consequence of this practice the
+early fathers often speak obscurely of the B. Sacrament, and call it
+bread and wine and _fermentum_ after the consecration, though they
+clearly teach the _faithful_ the doctrine of the real presence[6].
+
+[Sidenote: Liturgy of the Roman church.]
+
+Pope Innocent I, writing to Decentius at the beginning of the fifth
+century, attributes the liturgy of the Roman church to St. Peter. It
+was first written in the fifth century; and Pope Vigilius sending it
+in 538 to Profuturus derives it from Apostolic tradition. The most
+ancient sacramentary or liturgical work extant of the Roman church is
+that of Gelasius who was Pope from 492 to 496[7]. He collected prayers
+composed by more ancient authors, and also composed some himself:
+and this Gelasian compilation was reformed by Gregory the Great and
+reduced to one volume[8], which may be considered as the prototype
+of our present liturgy. The canon or most solemn part of the mass
+has been preserved inviolate ever since, as appears from the Ordines
+Romani written shortly after the time of S. Gregory, and also from the
+explanations of it written by Florus and Amalarius. This canon as well
+as the order of prayer are the same as those of Gelasius, as Palmer
+observes (Orig. liturg. vol. 1, p. 119,) and are also nearly identical
+with those of the sacramentary of S. Leo. The Ambrosian and African
+liturgies also were evidently derived at a very remote period from
+that of Rome. From such considerations as these Mr. Palmer proves the
+very ancient or apostolical origin of the "main order", the substance
+of the Roman liturgy. Origines liturg. vol. I, sect. VI. The author of
+the canon is unknown; yet we know the authors of some additions to the
+canon. Thus S. Leo I added sanctum sacrificium immaculatam hostiam, S.
+Gregory I, diesque nostros in tua pace disponas.
+
+[Sidenote: Review of the ceremonies of the mass.]
+
+[Sidenote: Mass of the catechumens, ambones, sermons.]
+
+We shall not examine minutely all the prayers and ceremonies of the
+mass, or stop to enquire at what time and by what pope each of
+them was first introduced, lest we should weary the patience of our
+readers[9]; but we shall content ourselves with a general review of
+the mass, as it is now celebrated. We may divide it, as the ancients
+did, into two parts, the mass of the catechumens, and the mass of the
+faithful. The first part includes the preparation and confession of
+sins at the foot of the altar, the _introit_ or anthem and part of
+a psalm sung at the _entrance_ into church, the _Kyrie eleison_ or
+petition for mercy, the _Gloria in excelsis_ or hymn of praise (both
+of great antiquity, as Palmer following our catholic divines has
+shewn) the collect or collects so called from their being said when
+the people are collected together, the epistle and gospel, and also
+the verses, said or sung between them both, called the Gradual[10]:
+if sung by one voice, it is called the Tract; if by choir, the
+Responsory. The collects and other prayers are said with the arms
+extended in the same manner as many figures are represented praying on
+old christian as well as pagan monuments. After the gospel the sermon
+used to be preached, as it generally is in our times[11] and after
+the sermon Pagans, Jews, heretics, schismatics, energumens, public
+penitents and catechumens were dismissed by the deacon; for the
+faithful alone were allowed to be present at the celebration of the
+sacred mysteries, in conformity to the discipline of secrecy. That
+part of mass, which we have described was called the mass of the
+catechumens, because these were allowed to be present at it.
+
+[Sidenote: Mass of the faithful, blessed water.]
+
+From the _missio_, _missa_, or dismissal announced by the deacon to
+the people before and after the mass of the faithful, the term _missa_
+or mass is derived. It was in use in the early ages; for it is found
+not only in the epistle to the bishop of Vienne attributed to Pope
+Pius I, and in that of Pope Cornelius to Lupicinus: but S. Ambrose
+also says "I continued my duty, and began to celebrate mass" and in
+another place he exhorts the people to "hear mass daily[12]".
+
+When the church had been cleared of all except the faithful, the
+second part of our mass, or the mass of the faithful, began with the
+Nicene symbol or creed. Then followed the offertory, or part of a
+psalm sung anciently while the people made their offerings to the
+church, particularly of bread and wine[13]. The priest offers to God
+the bread, and wine mixed according to apostolic tradition[14] with
+a little water, which our Saviour is believed to have mixed with
+the wine at the last supper; he implores God's blessing on these
+offerings, and washes his hands in token of the purity of soul[15]
+with which the sacred mysteries should be approached, and at high mass
+for the sake of outward cleanliness also, on account of the incense
+which he has used. Having commemorated the passion, resurrection,
+and ascension of Christ, as he does also after the consecration, he
+calls on those present to join him in prayer, he says another prayer
+or prayers called the _secret_, because said in secret, and then
+recites the _preface_ to the canon, a prayer in which he unites with
+the celestial spirits in praise and thanksgiving as Christ himself
+gave thanks at the last supper: it concludes with the Tersanctus or
+Trisagion "Holy, Holy, Holy etc." which, as Palmer observes, has been
+probably used in the Christian liturgy of the east and west since the
+ages of the apostles. V. 2. p. 219.
+
+[Sidenote: Prayers for the dead.]
+
+The canon of the mass next follows, which as well as many of the
+preceding and following prayers is said in a low voice, according to
+the ancient custom alluded to by Innocent I, S. Augustine, Origen, and
+other Fathers[16]. In it the priest prays for the church, the Pope,
+the bishop of the place, the living and the dead[17] he reveres the
+memory of the B. Virgin, the Martyrs and other Saints[18], and having
+once more implored the blessing of God, and spread his hands over the
+victim, according to the custom of the Jews, he pronounces over the
+bread and wine the words of consecration according to the command of
+Christ, and adores and raises for the adoration of the people the
+body and blood of our Divine Lord. It is in this consecration that
+the sacrifice of the mass principally consists; as by it the victim
+is placed on the altar, and offered to God, viz. Christ himself,
+represented as dead by the separate consecration of the bread and
+wine, as if His blood were separated from His body. After some other
+prayers, in which the priest offers to God the holy sacrifice, and
+prays for mercy and salvation for all present, he elevates the host
+and chalice together; this was the ancient elevation, as the more
+solemn one, which follows immediately after the consecration, was
+introduced generally in the 12th century, in opposition to the heresy
+of Berengarius. Then concluding the canon the priest recites the _Our
+Father_, and breaks the host, as Christ broke the bread, and as His
+body was "broken" for us[19]; he puts a particle of the host into
+the chalice[20]; he implores mercy and peace from the lamb of God, at
+solemn masses gives the kiss of peace according to the recommendation
+of scripture, and receives the two ablutions of the chalice, one of
+wine, the other of wine and water, lest any portion of the sacred
+blood should remain in it: he recites the communion or anthem, which
+was originally sung while the holy communion was distributed; he says
+the prayer or prayers called postcommunion, dismisses and begs God's
+blessing on the people, in fine he recites the beginning of St. John's
+gospel or some other gospel appropriate to the day. We shall on other
+occasions recur to various ceremonies of the mass[21].
+
+[Sidenote: Latin the language of the liturgy.]
+
+The language of our liturgy has descended to us as a precious legacy
+from the time when Peter and Paul preached in Rome. It would be
+incongruous that our ancient hierarchy robed in ancient vestments
+should perform our ancient liturgy in a moderne language. As in all
+parts of the globe there are members of the Catholic church, she has
+wisely preserved in her liturgy a language common to all countries,
+the language too of majesty, civilisation and science, as De Maistre
+observes. Like her divine founder she is the same yesterday and
+to-day: like the rock, on which she is built, she is proof against
+the winds and waves; she is unchanged and unaffected by the wayward
+caprices of fashion. Translations of her liturgy are published for the
+use of those who are unacquainted with Latin so that they may either
+join in reciting the prayers of the church, or say others which their
+own devotion may suggest.
+
+Having described the ceremonies of low-mass, we shall subjoin a brief
+account of those customary at high-mass when celebrated in the papal
+chapel: we shall thus avoid unnecessary repetitions in the course of
+this work. The beginning of the mass is said by all persons within
+the sanctuary: and the Pope recites it before the altar with the
+celebrant. As His Holiness is the ecclesiastical superior of the
+latter, and is habited in his sacred vestments, many benedictions are,
+according to a general rubric, reserved to Him, which are otherwise
+given by the person who sings mass. Thus He blesses not only the
+incense, the water at the offertory, the subdeacon and deacon, the
+preacher, when there is a sermon, and the people after the sermon
+and at the end of mass, but also the Cardinals on several occasions,
+and the celebrant himself before he offers up mass. "For without
+contradiction (says St. Paul) that which is less is blessed by the
+better". Hebr. VII, 7. He also, and not the celebrant, kisses the
+book of the Gospel. The first cardinal priest present hands to Him the
+incense, and also incenses him, kneeling down if the Pope be seated
+at the time, and standing if the Pope stands[22], and therefore, he
+is seated near the Pope during part of the Mass, that he may be ready
+when his services are required.
+
+Incense is used, as is customary at high masses, before the introit,
+at the Gospel, after the offertory and during the elevation. Before
+the introit the crucifix, the altar[23], the celebrant and the Pope
+are successively incensed. Before the deacon sings the gospel he
+incenses the book; and after it the Pope is once more incensed by
+the first cardinal priest. After the offertory, besides the bread
+and wine, the crucifix, the altar, the celebrant and the Pope,
+the Cardinals and the first in rank among the prelates and other
+personages are incensed by the deacon. At the elevation the blessed
+Sacrament alone is incensed.[24]
+
+When the Pope reads from the missal, this book is held by the first,
+and a taper by the second, patriarch or assisting bishop[25]. The
+_Kyrie eleison_, the _Gloria in excelsis_, _Credo_, _Sanctus_
+and _Agnus Dei_ are said by all persons within the sanctuary: the
+cardinals descend from their seats to say them, and form a circle in
+the middle of the chapel; having received the Pope's blessing they
+return to their places. After the _Sanctus_, the Pope goes before
+the middle of the altar followed by the assistant bishops and others
+of His train's and all kneel till the elevation is ended. After the
+_Agnus Dei_, the first Card. priest goes up to the altar, kisses it,
+and receives from the celebrant the kiss of peace: this he gives to
+the Pope, from whom the two first Card. deacons receive it. The Card.
+priest then returns to his place, and gives the kiss of peace to the
+priest who assists the celebrant; from him the first of the other
+cardinals and principal prelates receive it and communicate it to
+their colleagues. The assistant priest then gives it to the master of
+ceremonies, who has accompanied him, from whom the other colleges of
+prelates receive it and in fine (if time permit) to the deacon, from
+whom it passes to others who assist at the altar. When the pope gives
+His blessing, the cross is held before Him by the last auditor of the
+rota, and His vestment by the first protonary. Such are the ceremonies
+generally observed at high mass in the papal chapel, except at masses
+for the dead, when some of them, and in particular those of incensing
+(except at the offertory and elevation) and of the kiss of peace, are
+omitted.
+
+[Sidenote: Sentiments of S. John Chrysostom.]
+
+We shall conclude with the words of a holy and eloquent bishop of
+Costantinople of the 4th century, "When thou seest the Lord immolated
+and placed there, and the priest engaged in the sacrifice and praying,
+and all present empurpled with precious blood, dost thou think that
+thou art among men, and art standing on the earth? and not rather
+that thou art instantaneously transferred to heaven, where casting
+out of thy soul every fleshly thought thou lookest around on heavenly
+things. O miracle! O the love of God for man! He, who sits above with
+the Father, is at the same time held in the hands of all, and gives
+himself to those who wish to receive and embrace him. Wishest thou
+to see the excellence of this _holiness_ from another miracle? Depict
+before thy eyes Elias and an innumerable multitude surrounding him,
+and the victim placed on the stones; all the others in profound
+silence, and the prophet alone praying; then suddenly fire rushing
+from heaven on the sacrifice. These things are astonishing and replete
+with wonder. Then transfer thyself thence to the things now effected,
+and thou wilt find them not only wonderful, but surpassing all
+astonishment. For here the priest bears not fire, but the holy Ghost;
+he pours out long supplications, not that fire descending from above
+may consume the offerings, but that grace falling on the sacrifice
+may through it inflame the souls of all and render them purer than
+silver purified by fire. This most dread rite then who, that is not
+altogether insane and out of his mind, shall be able to contemn? Art
+thou ignorant that no human soul could have sustained this fire of the
+victim, but all would have totally perished, unless the assistance of
+divine grace had been abundant" S. John Chrysostom, De Sacerdotio Lib.
+3, c. IV.
+
+[Footnote 1: It is situated near the road leading from Rome to
+Civitavecchia at the distance of about 27 miles from the former city.
+Its necropolis has lately enriched the new Gregorian museum with some
+of its most precious treasures, consisting in gold ornaments of the
+person, in silver and painted vases etc. of very ancient and admirable
+execution. See Nibby, Analisi storico-topografica etc. as also Grifi.
+The Etruscan and Egyptian museums entitle His present Holiness Gregory
+XVI to be ranked with many of His predecessors among the greatest and
+most munificent patrons and collectors of ancient monuments.]
+
+[Footnote 2: If we compare with this term others of similar
+termination, such as _sanctimonia_ from _sanctus_, we shall find in
+them a confirmation of the etymology given above: _monia_ serves to
+form the substantive, but does not otherwise alter the meaning.]
+
+[Footnote 3: S. Greg. M. lib. VII, epist. 64.]
+
+[Footnote 4: See Le Brun, Explic. Missae T. 2. dis. 1. Also Renaudot.
+They have however been refuted by Assemani, Maratori and Zaccaria.]
+
+[Footnote 5: The _Pater noster_ is still said in secret, except after
+the canon of the Mass, because at that part of the Liturgy only the
+faithful were present. See Moroni's learned work entitled, Dizionario
+di erudizione ecclesiastica.]
+
+[Footnote 6: See Schelstratius, de Disciplina Arcani, or Trevern's
+answer to Faber's Difficulties of Romanism: also Bingham lib. X, c. 5.
+Times are now so much altered that it is difficult to conceive how the
+Reserve in communicating Religious knowledge recommended in one of
+the Tracts for the Times could be practicable, even if it were judged
+expedient.]
+
+[Footnote 7: It was first published by B. Card. Tommasi from a very
+ancient manuscript in the queen of Sweden's library. Cave, Mabillon,
+Muratori, Assemani and other eminent critics admit its authenticity.
+There is however another sacramentary _perhaps_ more ancient called
+the Leonian, because it is attributed by the learned to Leo the great,
+A.D. 450. It was first published by Bianchini in the 4th volume of
+Anastasius the librarian from a Verona MS. written 1100 years ago.]
+
+[Footnote 8: This new Gregorian sacramentary was carried to England
+by St. Augustin and the other missionaries. Mr. Palmer and after him
+Mr. Froude (Remains, vol. 2nd, p. 387) give a similar account of the
+Roman liturgy. They, like archbishop Wake, attribute the origin of the
+Roman, Oriental, Ethiopic and Mozarabic liturgies to St. Peter, St.
+James, St. Mark and St. John, and observe that all other liturgies
+are copied from one or other of these. "In each of these four original
+liturgies the eucharist is regarded as a mystery and as a sacrifice"
+p. 395: they all agree in the principal ceremonies of the mass, and
+all contain a prayer for the rest and peace of all those who have
+departed this life in God's faith and fear" p. 393. "Now it may
+be reasonably presumed", says archbishop Wake "that those passages
+wherein all these liturgies agree, in sense at least, if not in words,
+were first prescribed in the writings of the ancient fathers". See
+Tracts for the times, no. 63.]
+
+[Footnote 9: They who wish for further details may consult Le Brun,
+Card. Bona, Martene, Gavant, Rock's Hierurgia etc.]
+
+[Footnote 10: Because anciently sung from the _steps_ of the _ambo_ or
+pulpit, according to Rabanus Maurus an author of the 9th century, and
+others. In the ancient churches there were generally in the _chorus_
+or choir two ambones, one from which at solemn masses the lector and
+at a later period the subdeacon used to sing the gospel, with his face
+usually turned towards that side of the church, where the _men_ were
+assembled; at Rome this was generally the south side. At low masses
+the missal was removed from the epistle side of the altar at the
+beginning of the offertory, in order to leave room for the offerings,
+according to an Ordinarium of Monte Casino of the year 1100. It has
+for a long time been customary to remove it before the gospel, which
+the priest recites turned towards the same direction as the deacon at
+high mass. Mystical meanings were afterwards assigned for this removal
+of the book.]
+
+[Footnote 11: It is astonishing how Mr. Palmer could assert that "Leo
+bishop of Rome in the fifth century appears to have been the only
+bishop who preached in the Roman church for many Footnote: and it is
+said that none of his successors until the time of Pius the fifth,
+five hundred years afterwards, imitated his example". Orig. Liturg.
+vol. II, p. 59. Bingham I. IV, c. Sec..3. Mr. Palmer forgot all the
+homilies of Gregory the great, as well as the chronology of the Popes.
+The latter might find in the multiplicity and importance of their
+other occupations abundant motives for abstaining from preaching, a
+duty to which so many of their clergy dedicate themselves. That the
+early Popes however preached there can be no doubt, although most
+of their homilies, if ever written, have not reached our time. Not
+only the example of S. Peter who (whatever we may think of the local
+tradition of Rocca S. Pietro above Palestrina) used certainly to
+preach, as the Acts of the Apostles prove; but the general custom of
+other cities would induce the zealous Bishops of Rome to exhort and
+encourage their flock, particularly in time of persecution; and that
+at a later period they were not unaccustomed to preach is evident
+from the Ordo Romanus of Card. Gaetano published by Mabillon and from
+a Vatican MS. no. 4231, p. 197; both these documents are quoted by
+Cancellieri, _Descriz. delle Cappelle etc. p. 328_. See proofs that
+the Popes preached drawn up in chronological order in Sala's notes to
+Card. Bona, lib. 2. c. 7-]
+
+[Footnote 12: S. Ambros. Ep. 13, serm. 34.]
+
+[Footnote 13: Of the ancient offerings the following vestiges remain:
+candles are offered by the clergy at their ordination, bread and wine
+by bishops at their consecration, chalices and torches by the Roman
+senate on particular festivals, and in fine bread, wine, water, and,
+till lately, doves and other birds at the canonisation of the Saints.
+On the ancient offerings see Cancellieri, de Secretaries, t. I, p.
+181.]
+
+[Footnote 14: "This custom prevailed universally in the Christian
+church from the earliest period" Palmer Orig. Liturg. vol. 2, p. 75.]
+
+[Footnote 15: As the ancient Roman houses had an _impluvium_ in the
+midst of the _atrium_, so in the _atria_ annexed to the Christian
+churches was one or more fountains (Eus. Eccl. Hist. l. X, c. 4) and
+sometimes a well or cistern. In these the faithful used to wash their
+hands (Tertull. De orat. Sec., De lavat. man.) Thus in the atrium of
+St. Paul's basilica there was a cantharus, restored by Pope Leo I, of
+which the saint writes thus to Ennodius;
+
+  Quisque suis meritis veneranda sacraria Pauli
+      Ingrederis, supplex ablue fonte manus.
+
+The _cantharus_ is mentioned by Virgil Eclog. VI, 21.
+
+  Et gravis adtrita pendebat cantharus ansa.
+
+A large vessel of this description may be seen in the _cortili_ of S.
+Cecilia and SS. Apostoli at Rome. It used to be blessed on the vigil
+or festival of the Epiphany, as it is now in the Greek and even the
+Roman church. When churches were built without _atria_, a vessel
+of blessed water was placed inside the church: in some of the older
+churches there is even a well. See Nibby, _Dissert. sulla forma, etc.
+delle antiche chiese_.]
+
+[Footnote 16: See Le Brun tom. IV, diss. 15. Super usu recitandi
+silentio missae partem etc. This custom was connected with the
+discipline of secrecy. The scripture itself does not mention what
+words Christ used, when He "gave thanks", before He pronounced the
+words of consecration; and the early church imitated this reserve.
+Anciently curtains concealed the altar, during the most solemn part of
+mass, as now in some Oriental churches. St. John Chrysostom (Hom. 3,
+in Ep. ad Ephes.) mentions this custom; and traces of it still remain
+at St. Clement's church in Rome.]
+
+[Footnote 17: See ancient inscriptions from the catacombs, containing
+prayers for the dead in Bock's Hierurgia (vol. 2, ch. 7), also in
+Annali delle Scienze Religiose, Luglio 1839, as also in the well-known
+works on the catacombs. Bingham admits that the eucharistic sacrifice
+was offered for S. Augustine, S. Monica, the emperors Constantine
+and Valentinian at their funerals. (S. Ambrose prayed for Valentinian
+Gratian and Theodosius.) "In the communion service" says he "according
+to the custom of those times, a solemn commemoration was made of the
+dead in general, and prayers were offered to God for them". Bingham,
+Antiq. l. 23, c. 2. "The custom of praying and offering up sacrifice
+for the faithful departed most evidently appears to have prevailed in
+the church even from the time of the apostles", says the Protestant
+bishop Milles, Opera S. Cyrilli. p. 297. "In primitive times" says
+Palmer "these commemorations (in the mass) were accompanied by
+prayers for the departed". Origin. Liturg. vol. 2, p. 94. With these
+Protestant admissions before us and many others collected in the
+Annali delle Scienze Relig. Luglio 1839, we opine that the Rev. Mr.
+Breeks ought to have been solicitous for his own soul rather than for
+that of Mrs. Wolfrey, whose inscription was dictated by the spirit
+of primitive Christianity. The following is the inscription on
+Thorndike's tomb at Westminster "Tu lector, requiem ei et beatam in
+Xto resurrectionem precare". On Bp. Barrow's tomb at S. Asaph's "O
+vos transeuntes in domum Domini, domum orationis, orate pro conservo
+vestro ut inveniat requiem in die Domini". Both were written by their
+own direction: other Protestant testimonies may be seen ap. Srett. o.
+462.]
+
+[Footnote 18: Pope Vigilius (A.D. 538.) in his epistle to Profuturus,
+bishop of Braga in Spain, says, that the canon never varied, but that
+on particular festivals "we make commemoration of the holy solemnity,
+or of those saints whose nativities we celebrate".]
+
+[Footnote 19: "The bread which we break is it not the communion of the
+body of Christ". 1 Cor. X, 16.]
+
+[Footnote 20: This custom we may consider with Palmer as a memorial
+of an ancient mode of communicating under both kinds united, which
+is still observed in the oriental churches: Vol. 2, p. 146; or with
+Le Brim as a record of the practice of sending the particle to the
+priests of titular churches, T. 4. Micrologus and others consider
+this mixture as a representation of Christ's resurrection. It is very
+ancient, as Sala shews.]
+
+[Footnote 21: "St. Paul calls the Eucharist 1 Cor. X, 16 the cup of
+_blessing_ which _we bless_." This incidental information vouchsafed
+to us in scripture, should lead us to be very cautious how we put
+aside other usages of the early church concerning this sacrament,
+which do not happen to be clearly mentioned in scripture". Tracts for
+the Times, Vol. 1, no. 34. The "Mass" in Cranmer's Form of prayer
+and administration of the Sacraments, which was declared by act of
+Parliament "agreable to the word of God and the primitive church"
+differs but little from the Roman mass above described. See Pugin's
+Letter on the proposed Protestant Memorial. London 1839.]
+
+[Footnote 22: Macri in his Hierolexicon says, that the Cardinal
+kneels, to incense the Pope when seated, from respect to his
+_cattedra_ or chair, which is the first see in the Christian church.
+Others say from respect to his temporal sovereignty, the archbishops
+of Milan are incensed with the same formality. This custom is
+mentioned in the 13th century by Card. Giaconio Gaetano. Ordo
+Romanus Sec. 112. A certain love of proportion may have had its share
+in the origin of this ceremony, by which the same relative height is
+preserved between the Pope and the Cardinal in all cases in which
+the former is incensed. Thus also the assistant Bishop, who holds
+the Missal for the Pope, kneels when He is seated, and stands when
+He stands. We kneel to the Pope to receive his blessing, as we do to
+bishops and even priests; we also kneel from respect to his exalted
+dignity, not only as sovereign, but also as head of the Catholic
+church. It is well known that the British peers kneel even to the
+empty throne of their sovereign. Kneeling is a very ancient token of
+profound respect; it was paid to Joseph in Egypt, Gen. XLI, 43; to
+Elias, 4 Kings I, 13 etc.]
+
+[Footnote 23: "O that an angel" says St. Ambrose, "would appear to
+us also, when incensing the altar, and offering sacrifice". Expl. in.
+Luc. l. 1, c. 25, n. 9.]
+
+[Footnote 24: Incense is, as we shall see in c. 2; an emblem of
+prayer, and in this sense it is offered to the B. Sacrament, to Christ
+represented by the crucifix, and adored on the altar. The gospel
+is incensed to signify the sweet odour which it communicates to our
+souls; and the ministers of God, to signify, according to St. Thomas,
+that God maketh manifest _the odour_ of his knowledge by us in every
+place: "For we are unto God _the good odour_ of Christ in them who are
+saved, and in them who perish". 2 Cor. II, 14, 15. In fine the bread
+and wine offered to God are incensed to signify the spices with which
+the body of Christ was embalmed in the tomb; such at least is the
+explanation given in the Liturgy of St. Chrysostom; and it is from the
+oriental churches that the Latin church has taken this last practice.
+Incense is a token of respect in these and other cases.]
+
+[Footnote 25: A taper with a stand, called a _bugia_, is held at
+divine service for persons in ecclesiastical dignity, as a sign of
+distinction, and to throw additional light on the book from which they
+read. The taper held for the Pope at the _cappelle_ has no stand,
+and is enkindled from a light concealed within the desk, on which the
+assistant Bishop places the missal. This is a memorial of an ancient
+monastic custom mentioned by Martene Lib. 1, De rit. Eccl. p. 277,
+232.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. II.
+
+ON THE CEREMONIES OF PALM-SUNDAY
+
+
+_CONTENTS._
+
+    Part 1. _Introductory_. Mysteries and devotion of
+    holy-week--Palm-Sunday, entry of Christ into Jerusalem--of
+    Julius II into Rome--Sixtus V and Captain Bresca--triumphant
+    return of Pius VII to Rome, contrasted with ancient Roman
+    triumphs. Part 2. _Descriptive_, Palm-sunday--lights used at
+    mass etc.--vestments--_ubbidienza_, blessing of the palms,
+    benedictions, holy water, incense--distribution of the
+    palms--order in which the prelates and others
+    receive them--solemn procession with palms, _sedia
+    gestatoria_--ceremonies peculiar to this procession--its
+    antiquity--High mass, its peculiar ceremonies on
+    palm-sunday--Passio--Cardinal great Penitentiary at S. John
+    Lateran's.
+
+    "_Hosanna to the son of David: blessed is he that cometh in
+    the name of the Lord, Hosanna in the highest_". Matt. XXI, 9.
+
+[Sidenote: P. I. Holy-week]
+
+The sufferings and death of Jesus Christ are the mysteries which the
+catholic church commemorates during holy week. "On these days" says
+S. John Chrysostom (in Ps. CXCIV) "was the tyranny of the devil
+overthrown, sin and its curse were taken away, heaven was opened
+and made accessible". It was then becoming that christians should
+consecrate these days of mercy, of grace and salvation to exercises
+of penance, devotion, and thanksgiving. The imposing liturgy of the
+Roman church is at this season more than usually solemn; and it is our
+task to describe, and endeavour to trace to their origin, its varied
+ceremonies.
+
+[Sidenote: Palm-Sunday, Christ's entry into Jerusalem.]
+
+Palm-sunday is so called from the commemoration of our blessed
+Saviour's entry into Jerusalem, when, according to St. John (XII, 13)
+"a great multitude took branches of palm-trees, and went forth to meet
+him, and cried: "Hosanna, blessed is he that cometh in the name of the
+Lord". Thus when Simon Maccabee subdued Jerusalem, he entered it "with
+thanksgiving and branches of palm-trees, and harps, and cymbals, and
+hymns and canticles, because the great enemy was destroyed out of
+Israel". 1 Macc. XIII. The entry of our divine Redeemer therefore was
+one of triumph: but it was also the entry of a king into his capital:
+for "many spread their garments in the way" (Mark XI, 8), as when
+Jehu was elected king, (4 Kings IX, 13), the Israelites spread their
+garments under his feet. Thus also Plutarch relates of Cato of Utica,
+that the soldiers regretting the expiration of his authority with many
+tears and embraces spread their garments, where he passed on foot.
+
+Pope Julius II returning to Rome after the siege of Mirandola
+distributed palms to the Roman court at S. Maria del Popolo; and
+then rode in triumphal procession to the Vatican passing under seven
+arches adorned with representations of his extraordinary and heroic
+deeds[26].
+
+[Sidenote: Sixtus V and Captain Bresca.]
+
+When Sixtus V. undertook to erect in the Piazza di San Pietro the
+ponderous egyptian obelisk[27], which formerly adorned Nero's circus
+at the Vatican, he forbade on pain of death that any one should speak
+lest the attention of the workmen should be taken off from their
+arduous task. A naval officer of S. Remo, who happened to be present,
+foreseeing that the ropes would take fire, cried out "_acqua alle
+funi_". He was immediately arrested by the Swiss guards, as we see
+him represented in the small fresco in the Vatican library, and was
+conducted before the Pontiff. Sixtus shewed that his severity was
+based on justice; for instead of punishing the transgressor of his
+orders, he offered him the choice of his own reward. They who have
+observed the great abundance of palms which grow in the neighbourhood
+of S. Remo, on the coast between Nice and Genoa, will not be surprised
+to hear, that the first wish of the gallant captain was to enjoy the
+privilege of supplying the pontifical chapel with palms. The Pope
+granted him this exclusive right and it is still enjoyed by one of
+his family.
+
+[Sidenote: Return of Pius VII to Rome.]
+
+When the meek and benevolent Pius VII was returning to Rome from
+exile and captivity, Dr. Bresca, one of the captain's descendants,
+contrived, though not without great risk, to convey to Rome the
+choicest palms of S. Remo and Bordighera. At the house of his friend
+Viale half a mile outside the Porta del Popolo, he assembled twenty
+five _orfanelli_ dressed in their white cassocks, and forty-five
+_verginelle_. When the carriage of the beloved Pontiff approached,
+this double choir of children appeared, bearing palms in their hands
+and singing joyous canticles of benediction but I must describe this
+lovely scene in the melodious language of the south. "Ciascuno di
+essi (says Cancellieri) recava in mano una di queste palme di color
+d'oro altissime e cadenti come tante vaghissime piume. Sei zitelle
+sostenevano de'galanti panieri di freschissimi fiori pendenti dal
+loro collo, con nastri bianchi e gialli, relativi allo stendardo
+Pontificio. Quindi tutti si schierarono in buon ordine sulle due ale
+delta strada, e mentre le ragazze versavano graziosamente a mani piene
+da' loro canestrelli la verzura ed i fiori, quella selva ondeggiante
+di palme, tributate al trionfo del S. Padre dal candore e dall'
+innocenza, sorprese con la novita di uno spettacolo, che non pote a
+meno d'intenerire, e di muovere tutti gli astanti".
+
+If we now look back for a moment to the triumphs of the pagan
+emperors, well may we bless God for the change which the religion of
+Christ has wrought in this city. After they had let loose war, and
+famine, and pestilence, to prey upon hapless nations, they ascended
+the Capitol to offer incense with polluted hands to their profane
+gods; and meantime the groans of the dying and unpitied princes, whom
+they had reserved to decorate their triumph, ascended from the scala
+Gemonia to call down the vengeance of heaven upon their oppressors.
+But while the pacific and holy vicar of Christ returns in triumph to
+his capital, the lips of babes and sucklings sing his praises, as they
+did those of his Divine Master, and he implores heaven to shower down
+benedictions on his enemies as well as his beloved children.
+
+[Sidenote: P. II Papal chapel on palm-sunday.]
+
+[Sidenote: Lights used at mass, etc.]
+
+At about 9 o'clock on palm-sunday morning the Cardinals, Prelates
+and others assemble near the chapel of the Pieta at S. Peter's, as at
+present the solemn service takes place in that basilica, and not as
+formerly in the Sixtine chapel. The crucifix over the altar is veiled,
+in token of the mourning of the church over her divine spouse's
+sufferings[28]. On the altar are six lighted candles, and other
+torches are brought in after the _Sanctus_ of the Mass, and held till
+after the elevation, in honour of the B. Sacrament, by four _acoliti
+ceroferarii_[29].
+
+[Sidenote: sacred vestments]
+
+As the pope is to bless and distribute the palms, and a solemn
+procession is to take place, the Cardinals put on their sacred
+vestments, viz. all of them the amice, the cardinal bishops the
+surplice and the cope, the priests the chasuble, and the deacons a
+chasuble shorter in front than that of the priests. The auditors of
+the Rota, _Cherici di Camera, Votanti_, and _Abbreviatori_ put on a
+_cotta_ or supplice. The bishops and mitred abbots wear the cope,
+and the _Penitenzieri_ or confessors of St. Peter's, the chasuble.
+The copes of the cardinal bishops are ornamented with a _formale_,
+adorned with three large bosses or projections of pearls arranged in
+a perpendicular line, while the Pope's are in a triangular order,
+evidently alluding, to the blessed Trinity. As this is a day of
+mourning, the sacred vestments are purple.
+
+[Sidenote: _ubbidienza._]
+
+Thus attired and holding their mitres the Cardinals remain standing
+while the Pope is vested by the assistant Cardinal-deacons who put
+on His Holiness the amice, alb, girdle, stole, red cope, _formale_ or
+clasp, and mitre. All then move in procession towards the high-altar
+in the order observed in the procession of the palms, as described
+below:[30] the Pope descends from His _sedia gestatoria_ to adore the
+Holy Sacrament with the Cardinals etc. The procession then goes to
+the high-altar; and having prayed for a short time before it, the Pope
+goes to the throne,[31] and there receives the _ubbidienza_ or homage
+of all the cardinals present, who in turn kiss His right hand covered
+with the cope. This ceremony which takes place at all solemn offices,
+except on good friday, and at masses for the dead, bears some
+resemblance to the old homage of feudal times[32].
+
+[Sidenote: Blessing of the palms.]
+
+Some palms are arranged on the altar. The Pope's chief Sacristan, who
+is a bishop chosen from the Augustinian order bears one, and kneels
+on the steps of the throne between the deacon and subdeacon, who bear
+two larger palms. His Holiness reads the usual prayers over the palms,
+sprinkles them with holy water, and incenses them three times.
+
+[Sidenote: Distribution of the palms.]
+
+When the palms have been blessed[33], the Cardinal Dean receives from
+the governor of Rome and presents to the Pope those three palms, which
+were borne by _M. Sagrista_, the deacon and subdeacon. One of these
+is held during the service by the prince assistant at the throne,
+the other two are delivered to the care of _M. Coppiere_, one of the
+_Camerieri segreti partecipanti_: the shortest is carried by the Pope
+in the procession. An embroidered apron is now placed over the Pope's
+knees, and the cardinals in turn receive a palm from Him, kissing
+the palm, his right hand and knee. The bishops present kiss the
+palm which they receive and his right knee: and the mitred abbots
+and _Penitenzieri_ kiss the palm and his foot[34], as do all who
+come after them in the following order, which is observed also
+on good-friday at the kissing of the cross, and it is also on
+candlemas-day and ash-wednesday.
+
+The Governor, the Prince assistant, the _Uditore della Camera_,
+the Treasurer, the _Maggiordomo_, the Apostolic protonotaries; the
+Generals of Religious Orders, the _Conservatori_ and Prior of the
+_Caporioni_, the _Maestro del S. Ospizio_, the _Uditori di Rota_,
+the _Maestro del S. Palazzo_, the _Votanti di Segnatura_, the
+_Abbreviatori del Parco maggiore_, the priest, deacon, and subdeacon
+who assist the cardinal who is to celebrate mass, the Masters of
+ceremonies, the _Camerieri segreti_ and _d'onore_, the Consistorial
+advocates, the _Cappellani segreti_, _d'onore_ and _comuni_, the
+_Ajutanti di camera_, the _bussolanti_, the _Procuratori generali_
+of religious orders, the _Procuratori di Collegio_, the singers,
+the clerks of the papal chapel, the cardinal's _caudatarii_, the
+_ostiarii_, the mace-bearers, some students of the German college, and
+in fine such noblemen and gentlemen as are admitted on this occasion
+to receive a palm from His Holiness, who is assisted as usual by two
+Card. deacons.
+
+During the distribution of the palms, the anthems _Pueri Hebraeorum_
+etc. are sung by the choir; and when it is finished, the Pope washes
+His hands, and says the usual concluding prayer: the prince stationed
+at the throne brings the water, and the Cardinal Dean presents the
+towel to His Holiness.
+
+[Sidenote: _Solemn procession._]
+
+The Pope then puts incense into the thurible for the procession, and
+the first Card. Deacon turning towards the people says according to
+the old formula Let us proceed in peace: the choir answers, in the
+name of Christ. Amen'. The procession, in which the blessed palms
+are carried, moves round S. Peter's, in the following order, which
+is observed also for the most part on holy thursday and good friday.
+The _Procuratori di Collegio_,[35] _Procuratori generali_, the
+_Bussolanti_, the _Ajutanti di Camera_, _Cappellani comuni_ and
+_segreti_, the Consistorial advocates, the _Camerieri d' onore_,
+and _segreti_, the singers, the _Abbreviatori, Votanti di Segnatura,
+Cherici di Camera, Uditori di Rota_, the Thurifer, (_Votante di
+Segnatura_), the Subdeacon (_Uditore di Rota_) who carries the cross
+ornamented with a small palm, between two acolythes (_Votanti di
+Segnatura_) carrying candles, the _Penitenzieri_, the mitred abbots,
+bishops and the Cardinal deacons, priests and bishops all wearing
+their mitres.[36] The Pope is preceded by many officers of his guards
+(who go to the throne towards the end of the distribution of palms),
+the _Maestro del S. Ospizio_, the _Conservatori_, Senator and Governor
+of Rome. His Holiness is carried on his _Sedia gestatoria_[37] under
+a canopy supported by 8 _Referendarii_ (prelates of the tribunal of
+_Segnatura_) between the _flabelli_ carried by two of His _Camerieri_.
+He is followed by the dean of the Rota (whose duty it is to bear His
+mitre) between two _camerieri segreti_ (who as well as two Auditors of
+the Rota bear His train when occasion requires), by the _Uditore della
+Camera_, the Treasurer, _Maggiordomo_, Protonotaries and Generals of
+religious orders.
+
+During the procession the choir sings the anthem, _Cum appropinquaret
+etc._ When the procession is in the portico, two soprano singers
+reenter the basilica, and shut the door: then turning towards
+the door, they sing the first verse of the hymn _Gloria, laus et
+honor_[38] and the other verses alternately with the choir, which
+remains without. The subdeacon knocks at the gate with the cross, and
+it is immediately opened; the procession returns into the church, and
+the choir sings the concluding anthems.
+
+[Sidenote: _its antiquity._]
+
+The solemn commemoration, which we have described, of Christ's
+triumphant entry into Jerusalem, could never have taken place
+during times of persecution: nor did it originate immediately after
+Constantine had ensured peace to the church. Martene (De ant. Eccl.
+Rit. lib. IV, c. 20) could find no mention of it before the 8th or 9th
+century, when Amalarius says "In memory of this we are accustomed to
+carry palm-branches, and cry Hosanna". Merati however, in his notes to
+Gavant, considers that he has found traces of it in the Gregorian and
+Gelasian sacramentaries, and in a Roman calendar of the beginning of
+the fifth century[39] and his opinion is adopted by Benedict XIV. The
+ceremonies of the church of Jerusalem on this day were a still closer
+imitation of the entry of Christ into that city.
+
+When the procession is ended, the cardinals, bishops, and mitred
+abbots take off their sacred vestments and the prelates their
+surplices, and they all resume their respective _cappe_; the
+_Penitenzieri_ retire, and mass is celebrated by a cardinal of the
+order of priests. Having already given an account not only of
+low mass, but also of the additional ceremonies of high mass, as
+celebrated in the papal chapel, we shall here mention those only which
+are peculiar to palm-sunday.
+
+At those words of the epistle (which is sung as usual by the
+subdeacon), "in the name of Jesus let every knee bow", the whole
+assembly kneels to adore their divine Redeemer, who became obedient
+unto death for our salvation. The affecting account of His sufferings
+and death is then sung by three priests[40] belonging to the
+pontifical choir, and habited as deacons in alb and stole. The history
+itself is sung by a tenor voice, the words, of our Saviour by a bass,
+and those of any other single voice by a _contralto_, called the
+_ancilla_, as he sings the words of the _maid_ to S. Peter: the choir
+sings the words of the multitude[41]. The church, mourning over the
+sufferings of her divine Spouse, does not allow the incense, lights,
+or the benediction and salutation usual before the gospel; but the
+palms are borne to signify the triumphs consequent on His death as
+they are also from the elevation till after the communion. All stand
+up as usual from respect to the holy gospel ("as servants before their
+Lord" Amalarius) but kneel for a short time at the words "Jesus crying
+with a loud voice yielded up the ghost", to adore that God of love who
+died for mankind. The latter part of the gospel is sung in the usual
+chant by the deacon, but without the customary lights[42]. At the
+offertory is sung the first part of the beautiful hymn _Stabat Mater_:
+the music is Palestrina's, and is justly and highly panegyrised by
+Baini; it has been published by Dr. Burney. Both the _introit_ and
+communion are sung without, and the offertory with, counterpoint: the
+_Kyrie eleison_, Gradual and tract, in plain chant. The Benedictus
+qui venit is usually very beautiful. At the end of the mass, as there
+has been no sermon, the Card. celebrant announces from the altar the
+Pope's usual grant to all present of an indulgence[43] or remission
+of the _temporal_ punishment due for past sins, whose guilt has been
+already remitted.
+
+[Sidenote: indulgences]
+
+When the mass is ended, the palms are carried home by those who have
+received them, and are preserved with respect. Two larger than the
+rest are kept until the ascension, in the sacristy called the _Letto
+dei Paramenti_ because anciently the aged Pontiffs after their
+fatiguing walk to the stational churches used to repose on a _letto_
+or bed prepared for them in the sacristy, where they afterwards put
+on the _paramenti_ or vestments. The paschal candle also, an emblem
+of Christ the true light, as we shall afterwards see is removed on
+the day of the ascension: this circumstance may explain the
+above-mentioned custom.
+
+[Sidenote: Cardinal penitentiary at S. John Lateran's.]
+
+In the afternoon of palm-sunday, the Cardinal great Penitentiary
+goes in state to S. John Lateran's. He is met, before he enters
+their college, by the minor penitentiaries, who at this basilic are
+Franciscans, _minori osservanti_. Having sprinkled those present with
+holy water, he goes up to their private oratory[44] in the Lateran
+palace, whither he is escorted by the prelates and other ministers of
+the apostolic _Penitenzieria_. After a short prayer, he proceeds to
+the library, where he holds the _Segnatura_ or tribunal for signing
+documents relating to his office, and afterwards enters the basilic of
+St. John Lateran's, where he is received by four canons. Here seated
+at his tribunal of penance, he touches with his rod the heads of the
+prelates, ministers and others who approach to him; and for this
+act of humiliation they receive an indulgence, or remission of the
+canonical penance, of 100 days. He also hears the confessions of
+any persons who may choose to present themselves: but the solution
+of difficult cases and absolution from crimes reserved to his
+jurisdiction may be obtained without confessing to his Eminence on
+so public an occasion[45].
+
+The ceremonies, which we have described, are designed to honour
+our divine Redeemer, whose actions and sufferings are thereby
+commemorated, and at the same time to excite sentiments of devotion
+in the hearts of His servants. Here ought the catholic to exercise
+faith, hope, love, and contrition for his sins: and _all_, of whatever
+country or creed they may be, who are admitted with hospitality and
+liberality to witness the solemn and imposing service, if they do not
+feel such noble sentiments, ought at least to observe that external
+decorum, which the season, the place, the hierarchy, and above all the
+commemoration of the sufferings of the God of charity will dictate to
+every well-educated and well-principled mind. It is to be lamented,
+that not only the devotion of Catholics is disturbed, but their
+feelings also are occasionally insulted in their own house of worship
+by the unbecoming remarks of individuals--but enough: "you have not
+so learned Christ: if yet you have heard him, and have been taught in
+him, as the truth is in Jesus". Ephes. IV, 20, 21. If on this day even
+the inhabitants of Jerusalem received Him with triumph and jubilee,
+let us His disciples and children offer to Him the best tribute in our
+power of love praise and adoration.
+
+[Footnote 26: See Cancellieri, _Solenni possessi de'Papi, p_. 539.]
+
+[Footnote 27: According to Champollion, it was originally erected in
+Heliopolis by Ramesses 7th son of the great Ramesses or Sesostris;
+Pliny says by Nuncoreus son of Sesostris. Caligula transported it to
+Rome, and placed it in the circus afterwards called Nero's, where it
+remained standing till the time of Sixtus V.]
+
+[Footnote 28: It was customary in Lent, says St. Audoenus, to cover
+with a linen veil the tomb of Eligius to conceal the brightness of the
+gold and the splendour of the gems". Vita S. Eligii l. 2. c. 40. Thus
+does the church at this season put off her costly nuptial robes, and
+vest herself in weeds of deepest mourning. The time for veiling the
+crucifix and images has varied at different periods. The Saturday
+before passion-sunday is now the first, and holy Saturday the last
+day, of this observance.]
+
+[Footnote 29: S. Isidore (A.D. 600.) observes, that acolythes are
+called in Latin _Ceroferarii_ "from their carrying wax tapers when the
+gospel is to be read or sacrifice is to be offered". In the eleventh
+century Micrologus testifies "that Mass, according to the _Ordo
+Romanus_, was never celebrated without lights, even in the day time,
+as a type of the light of Christ". To this custom we shall recur in
+the following chapter.]
+
+[Footnote 30: Pietro de Marca maintains, that the crucifix borne
+before the Pope was substituted in place of the _labarum_ or standard
+carried before the emperors. That of Constantine had the form of a
+cross, and was surmounted with XP the first letters of Christ's name,
+Eus. In Vita Const. l. 4.]
+
+[Footnote 31: I shall not speak of some ancient ceremonies of holy
+week which have fallen into disuse, such as the custom of carrying the
+gospel or the B. Sacrament in triumphant procession on Palm-Sunday,
+and others alluded to by Cancellieri and described by Martene, De
+Antiq. Eccl. Rit.]
+
+[Footnote 32: In times of schism caused by antipopes it was a practice
+of the utmost importance. Thus we read in Baronius' Annals A.D. 1160,
+that when the antipope Cardinal Octavianus, who assumed the name of
+Victor, had been illegitimately elected, the chapter of St. Peter's
+came immediately to the feet of the said Pope Victor, and _obeyed_
+"obedivit" and the clergy and people paid due reverence to him, and a
+great multitude in like manner _obeyed_: "the rectors also came to his
+feet, and paid _obedience_ and reverence". Then follows a long list of
+the clergy of various Roman churches, all of whom it is said that they
+_obeyed_. Thus,
+
+"The Lateran prior and his canons _obeyed_. The clergy of the
+patriarchal church of S. Mary Major's _obeyed_ etc."
+
+This _obedience_ was evidently an external sign of their acknowledging
+Victor as Pope in place of Alexander, the legitimate pontiff.
+Anciently the Pope received the homage of the deacons in the sacristy;
+they afterwards went out of the sacristy to put on their dalmatics.
+Cancellieri de Secretariis T.I. In the sacristy the Pope gave the
+_peace_ to the Bishops, Cardinals, Prefect, Senator, and other lay
+princes according to the canon Benedict, Cencius Camerarius and
+Cajetan. The ordines Romani mention the bowing of the Subdeacon at the
+knees of the Pontiff, and the kissing of his hand by the priests, the
+archdeacon and secundarius De secretariis T. I, p. 409.]
+
+[Footnote 33: Many forms of benediction of persons and things taken
+from ancient Pontificals and manuscript rituals may be seen in
+Martene, De antiquis Ecclesiae Ritibus. The church generally uses
+holy-water and incense when blessing God's creatures, which are
+"sanctified by the word of God and prayer" 1 Tom. IV, 5. God had
+appointed water of expiation to be used by the Jews, Numbers XIX.
+Lustral water used to be sprinkled also by the Pagans; Terque senem
+flamma, ter aqua, ter sulphure purget. Ov. Met. l. 7. Anastasius
+says that Alexander I, who was Pope in 108 "appointed that water
+for sprinkling should be blessed with salt in private houses." It
+is mentioned also in the apostolic constitutions. Boldetti in his
+_Cemeterii de' martiri_ notices the short columns supporting small
+vases, in corners of the chapels in the catacombs; and Bottari has
+published and illustrated in his _Roma sotterranea_ an interesting
+fresco discovered in the catacombs of S. Agnese, and representing five
+figures carrying vessels closely resembling those still used for holy
+water; four of those figures carry branches supposed to be of the
+palm-tree: the fifth holds an aspergillum with which holy water is
+still sprinkled. A copy of this fresco may be seen also in Rock's
+Hierurgia, p. 668. Incense is a symbol of prayers. "Let my prayer, O
+Lord" we say with the Psalmist "be directed as incense in thy sight".
+God had appointed it to be used in the Jewish worship, and St. John
+says, that an "angel came and stood before the altar, having a golden
+censer, and there was given to him much incense, that he should offer
+of the prayers of all the saints upon the golden altar, which is
+before the throne of God: and the smoke of the incense of the prayers
+of the saints ascended up before God, from the hand of the angel".
+Apoc. VIII, 3, 5. Of the apostolic antiquity of its use the Protestant
+bishop Beveridge adduces proofs in his Vindication of the apostolical
+canons. The ancient liturgies of the east and west agree in
+prescribing the use of incense, and in particular at the beginning
+of mass, at the offertory etc. See Renaudot, Assemani, Le Brun etc.
+Constantine, according to Anastasius in his life of S. Silvester, gave
+two golden thuribles to the Lateran basilis, and a third adorned with
+jewels to the Baptistery. See Card. Bona, Rerum Liturgicarum lib. I,
+c. XXV, Sec. 9.]
+
+[Footnote 34: Of the antiquity of the custom of kissing the Pope's
+foot we have proofs in Anastasius the librarian in the lives of Popes
+Constantine and Leo IV. When Valentine was elected Pope in 827, his
+feet were kissed by the Roman senate and people at S. John Lateran's.
+Numerous instances also are on record of sovereigns who have kissed
+the feet of the Popes, and Pouyard has written a dissertation to shew,
+that this custom was anterior to that of marking the papal shoes or
+sandals with a cross. This token of profound respect was given also to
+the emperors of the east at Byzantium.]
+
+[Footnote 35: These are distinguished lawyers habited in black
+_cappe_. For an account of the various offices above-mentioned and of
+their origin see The Papal Chapel, Described etc. by C.M. Baggs. Rome.
+1839.]
+
+[Footnote 36: That crosses, candles and incense were anciently used in
+processions appears from S. Gregory of Tours, de Vit. Patrum, c. 13.]
+
+[Footnote 37: The kings and chief magistrates of ancient Rome were
+entitled to a _sella curulis_, or chair of state, which used to be
+placed in their chariots. Gell. III; 18. They were seated on it also
+at their tribunal on solemn occasions. Virgil makes old king Latinus
+say:
+
+Et _sellam regni_ trabeamque _insignia nostri_. AEn. XI. 334. The
+Romans had borrowed it from the Etruscans according to Dionysius of
+Halicarnassus. (Clement of Alexandria observes, That many of the rites
+of Etruria were imported from Asia; and Diodorus (lib. 5.) represents
+these insignia as derived from Lydia. See Phoebens. De Identitate
+Cathedrae S. Petri p. XX. seq.) It was richly adorned, _conspicuum
+signis_, according to Ovid, Pont. IV. 5, 18. In the Pope's carriage
+even now there is a chair of state, and to Him alone is reserved the
+honour of a _sedia gestatoria_. Pope Stephen II in 751 was carried to
+the basilica of Constantine on the shoulders of the Romans exulting
+at his election: and from this fact some derive the custom of carrying
+the Pope in His chair on solemn occasions.]
+
+[Footnote 38: This hymn is attributed to the abbot Theodulph
+afterwards bishop of Orleans, who lived in the 9th century. If it
+were true, that he sang it as the emperor Louis le debonnaire was
+passing by the prison, in which he was confined, and that he was in
+consequence liberated, we should have a historical reason for the
+shutting and opening of the door, and for the hymn's being sung partly
+inside the church. This account has however been called in question
+by Menard, Macri, Martene and others; and hence Pouget, and after him
+Benedict XIV and others are contented with a mystic reason for such
+ceremonies, viz, that heaven was closed to man in consequence of sin,
+and was opened to him by the cross of Christ.]
+
+[Footnote 39: In these it is called Dominica ad Palmas, Dominica
+in Palmis, and in the Gregorian Sacramentary mention is made, in
+the prayer which precedes communion, of the faithful carrying
+palm-branches.]
+
+[Footnote 40: Anciently a cardinal deacon used to read it, and to sing
+only the words "Eli, Eli, lamma sabachthani".]
+
+[Footnote 41: The author of this exquisite chant is unknown: Baini
+supposes that he was a member of the pontifical choir: it has been
+sung in the papal chapel since the middle of the 13th century. In 1585
+it, together with the rest of the service of holy week, was published
+by Tommaso da Vittoria with the words of the people harmonised for 4
+and 5 voices; his method was adopted by the papal choir, which adorns
+it with many traditional graces, and in particular gives occasionally,
+says Baini, to the words of the multitude "the irresistible force of
+a most robust harmony". The abbate Alfieri has published a new edition
+of the _Passios_.]
+
+[Footnote 42: In Africa till the time of S. Augustine, the Passion
+used to be read in holy week from the gospel of S. Matthew alone; but
+by his direction, as he mentions in his 232nd discourse, it was read
+every year from all the four evangelists; and this custom is still
+observed.]
+
+[Footnote 43: That God, after He has pardoned sin and consequently
+remitted its eternal punishment, often, if not generally, demands
+temporal satisfaction from the sinner, is evident from many instances
+in scripture, such as those of David (2 Sam. XII) of Moses (Deuteron.
+XXXII compare Num. XIV) to say nothing of Adam (Gen. III) and all his
+posterity, who endure the temporal punishment of original sin, even
+when its stain has been washed away by baptism. Now the church by
+virtue of the ample authority with which Christ has invested her
+(Matt. XVIII, John XX) and in particular her chief pastor (Matt. XVI)
+has from the beginning exercised the power of remitting the temporal
+punishment of actual sins. Thus S. Paul pardoned the incestuous
+Corinthian (2. Cor. II): in times of persecution the bishops at the
+request of the martyrs remitted the penance imposed on those who had
+fallen into idolatry (Tersul. lib. ad martyres, Euseb. Hist. Eccl.
+lib. V, c. 4. S. Cyprian. Epist. XIII etc.), to say nothing of canons
+of the 4th century which prescribe that indulgences should be granted
+to _fervent_ penitents, of the crusades, and of the indulgences
+granted to those who contributed money for the building of S. Peter's,
+etc. Indulgences presuppose repentance and confession, and the
+performance of those good works which are prescribed as conditions
+necessary for their acquisition, as communion, prayers, alms etc.]
+
+[Footnote 44: It was built by Calixtus II, and was for two centuries
+and a half the Vestry of the Roman Pontiffs. It was repaired and
+consecrated in 1747. See Cancellieri. De Secretariis T. I, p. 342.]
+
+[Footnote 45: In the third century, in the time of Pope Cornelius
+there were priests appointed to absolve those who had fallen into
+idolatry; and they were called _Presbyteri Paenitentium_. S. Marcellus
+also, according to Anastasius, after the persecution raised by
+Diocletian, appointed in Rome titular churches, in which penance as
+well as baptism were administered by priests, the former sacrament is
+conferred by the minor penitentiaries. Pope Simplicius in fine, as
+we learn from the same author, destined fixed weeks at S. Peter's,
+S. Paul's, and S. Laurence's, to _receive penitents_ and administer
+baptism. From the usual custom of Rome in such matters, Zaccaria
+argues that during the first five or six centuries, according to the
+general custom proved by Thomassin, the great penitentiary was the
+_bishop himself of the city_ in which they resided. It is however
+certain, that in the 4th century from the numerous priests of
+Constantinople one was selected called a penitentiary, who took
+cognisance of crimes, to which public penance was annexed by the
+canons. At Rome also there was a cardinal penitentiary long before
+the fourth council of Lateran, which in 1215 prescribed that bishops
+should appoint penitentiaries, for Berthod priest of Constance relates
+in his chronicle, that in the year 1084 he was promoted to the dignity
+of cardinal-priest and penitentiary of the Roman church.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAP III.
+
+ON THE DIVINE OFFICE, AND THE OFFICE OF TENEBRAE IN PARTICULAR.
+
+
+_CONTENTS._
+
+    PART 1. _Introductory_. Breviary--Divine office, its
+    origin--performed by the early Christians--ancient and modern
+    editions of the breviary. PART 2. _Descriptive_. Office of
+    Tenebrae--Matins and Lauds--extinction of the lights--meaning
+    of this ceremony--chant, lamentations--conclusions of the
+    office--_Miserere_, its music--Card. Penitentiary at S. Mary
+    Major's. _Trinita dei Pellegrini_.
+
+    "_I will bless the Lord at all times_: _his praise shall
+    always be in my mouth_". Ps. XXXIII, 2.
+
+    "_He humbled himself, becoming obedient unto death, even the
+    death of the cross_". Phil. II, 8.
+
+[Sidenote: P. I. Breviary.]
+
+We shall not hesitate to borrow the following account of the church
+office contained in the Roman Breviary from a Protestant divine
+(Tracts of the Times no. 75). "The word _Breviarum_ first occurs
+in the work of an author of the eleventh century (Micrologus) and
+it is used to denote a compendium or systematic arrangement of the
+devotional offices of the church. Till that time they were contained
+in several independent volumes, according to the nature of each. Such,
+for instance, were the _Psalteria_, _Homilaria_, _Hymnaria_, and the
+like, to be used in the service in due course. But at his memorable
+era, and under the auspices of the Pontiff who makes it memorable,
+Gregory VII, an Order was drawn up, for the use of the Roman church,
+containing in one all these different collections, introducing the
+separate members of each in its proper place, and harmonising them
+together by the use of rubrics.
+
+[Sidenote: Divine office, its origin.]
+
+"Gregory VII did but restore and harmonise these offices; which seem
+to have existed more or less the same in constituent parts, though not
+in order and system, from Apostolic times. In their present shape they
+are appointed for seven distinct seasons in the twenty four hours,
+and consist of prayers, praises and thanksgivings of various forms;
+and, as regards both contents and hours, are the continuation of a
+system of worship observed by the Apostles and their converts. As to
+_contents_, the Breviary service consists of the Psalms; of Hymns
+and Canticles; of Lessons and Texts from inspired and Ecclesiastical
+authors; of Antiphons, Verses and Responses, and Sentences; and of
+Collects. And analogous to this seems to have been the usage of the
+Corinthian Christians, whom St. Paul blames for refusing to agree in
+some common order of worship, when they came together, _every one
+of them_ having a Psalm, or a doctrine, a tongue, a revelation, an
+interpretation (1 Cor. XIV, 26). On the other hand, the catholic
+_seasons_ of devotion are certainly derived from apostolic usage. The
+Jewish observance of the third, sixth and ninth hours for prayer,
+was continued by the inspired founders of the Christian church. What
+Daniel had practised, even when the decree was signed forbidding it,
+"_kneeling on his knees three times a day, and praying and giving
+thanks unto his God_", S. Peter and the other Apostles were solicitous
+in preserving. It was when "_they were all with one accord in one
+place_", at "the _third_ hour of the day", that the Holy Ghost
+came down upon them at Pentecost. It was at the _sixth_ hour, that
+St. Peter "went up upon the house-top to pray" and saw the vision
+revealing to him the admission of the gentiles into church. And it
+was at the _ninth_ hour that "Peter and John went up together into the
+temple", being "the hour of prayer". But though these were the more
+remarkable seasons of devotion, there certainly were others besides
+them in the first age of the church. After our Saviour's departure,
+the Apostles, we are informed, "all _continued_ with one accord in
+prayer and supplication, with the women, and Mary the mother of Jesus,
+and with His brethren": and with this accords the repealed exhortation
+to pray together without ceasing, which occurs in St. Paul's epistles.
+It will be observed that he insists in one passage on prayer to the
+abridgment of sleep (Eph. VI, 18); and one recorded passage of his
+life exemplifies his precept: "And at midnight Paul and Silas prayed,
+and sang praises unto God, and the prisoners heard them".
+
+In subsequent times the Hours of prayer were gradually developed from
+the three, or (with midnight) the four seasons above enumerated, to
+seven, viz. by the addition of Prime (the first hour), Vespers (the
+evening), and Compline (bedtime); according to the words of the
+Psalm, "Seven times a day do I praise Thee, because of Thy righteous
+judgment. Other pious and instructive reasons existed, or have since
+been perceived for this number".[46] Thus far our Protestant author,
+with whose remarks we are too well pleased to go out of our way to
+dispute with him the truth of some other portions of his tract, which
+are objectionable.
+
+[Sidenote: Performed by the early Christians.]
+
+That the early Christians continued after the time of the apostles to
+observe the hours of prayer above enumerated is proved by Martene (De
+Ant. Eccl. Rit. T. 3) who has collected many decisive passages from
+the Greek and Latin Fathers. We shall content ourselves with one taken
+from a work on prayer by S. Cyprian, bishop of Carthage in the third
+century. Having mentioned Daniel's practice of praying three times
+a day, he observes, that it is manifest that there was something
+mysterious or symbolical in the ancient practice. "For the holy Ghost
+descended on the disciples at the third hour; at the sixth hour Peter
+going to the house-top was instructed by God to admit all to the
+grace of salvation; and the Lord, who was crucified at the sixth
+hour, washed away our sins with his blood at the ninth hour, and
+completed the victory by his passion. For us however, besides the
+hours anciently observed, the times and also the symbols of prayer
+have increased. For we must pray in the morning, to celebrate the
+resurrection of the Lord; also when the sun recedes and the day
+ceases; for Christ is the true sun and the true day, and when we pray
+that the light of Christ may again come upon us, we pray that his
+coming may impart to us the grace of eternal light: and let us who
+are always in Christ, that is, in the light, not cease from prayer at
+night". See also Dr. Cave's Primitive Christianity Part. 1, c. 9.
+
+[Sidenote: Editions of the breviary.]
+
+"The old Roman breviary" says the author of Tract 75 above quoted
+"had long before Gregory VII's time been received in various parts of
+Europe; and in England since the time of Gregory the great who after
+the pattern of Leo and Gelasius before him had been a reformer of it".
+The people used anciently to join with the clergy in offering this,
+constant tribute of praise to God; but the duty of daily reciting it
+is obligatory only upon the Catholic clergy, and religious orders.
+S. Benedict shortened it considerably, (as Grancolas observes, Com.
+Hist. in Brev. Rom.) New editions and emendations of it were published
+successively by the authority of St. Gregory VII, Nicholas III,
+and Clement VII, and finally the Roman Breviary at present used was
+restored by order of the Council of Trent, published by Pope Pius V,
+and revised by Clement VIII, and Urban VIII. It follows closely, as
+Merati observes, that first adopted by the regular-clerks in the 16th
+century, and resembles the edition published by Haymo, general of the
+Franciscans, and authorised by Nicholas III (A.D. 1278). Hence it
+is called by the author of Tract 75 the _Franciscan_ Breviary. It is
+however founded upon the old Roman Breviary, which the Franciscans
+by the direction of their holy founder had adopted: for according
+to Rodolfo, dean of Tongres Cap. XXII, when the Popes dwelt at the
+Lateran, the _office of the Papal chapel_ was much shorter than that
+of the other churches of Rome; it was composed by Innocent III, and
+was adopted by the Franciscans instituted at his time. Nicolas III
+ordered that all the Roman churches should use the Franciscan Breviary
+as reformed by Haymo, in 1241. "Our own daily service", says the
+above-mentioned minister of the church of England is confessedly
+formed upon the Breviary".
+
+[Sidenote: P. II. Office of Tenebrae.]
+
+Having premised thus much on the office in general, we may now return
+to holy-week. Besides palm-sunday, three other days in the week
+are particularly devoted to the commemoration of the history of our
+redemption; holy-thursday, because on it our Lord instituted the
+blessed Eucharist, and his passion began; good-friday, on which He
+was crucified and died; and holy saturday, on which His sacred body
+remained in the tomb. The church commences her solemn service of each
+of these days with that part of the divine office called matins and
+lauds, and at this time Tenebrae from the _darkness_ with which it
+concludes. It used of old to be celebrated at night, as it still is
+by some religious communities[47]; but it now takes place on the
+afternoon preceding each of those three days. Nor is this unusual:
+for "the ecclesiastical day is considered to begin with the evening
+or Vesper service, according to the Jewish reckoning, as alluded to in
+the text. "In the evening and morning and at noon day will I pray, and
+that instantly". (Tracts of the Times, No. 75).
+
+[Sidenote: Matins and Lauds.]
+
+The office of Matin so called from Matuta or Aurora consists at
+Tenebrae of three _nocturns_. Each of these is composed of three
+appropriate psalms with their anthems, followed by three lessons taken
+from scripture or the fathers. Immediately after matins, Lauds or
+the praises of God are sung: they consist of five psalms besides the
+_Benedictus_ or canticle of Zachary, to which succeeds the _Miserere_
+or 50th psalm. Some of the short prayers usually said are omitted: for
+the church during this season of mourning strips her liturgy as well
+as her altars of their usual ornaments[48].
+
+[Sidenote: Extinction of the lights.]
+
+A triangular candlestick, upon which are placed fifteen candles,
+corresponding to the number of psalms recited before the _Miserere_,
+is peculiar to this solemn office, and is placed at the epistle-side
+of the altar. After each psalm one of the candles is extinguished by
+a Master of ceremonies, and after the _Benedictus_ the candle placed
+on the top of the triangular candlestick is not extinguished, but is
+concealed behind the altar and brought out at the end of the service;
+while that canticle is sung, the six candles on the altar also are
+extinguished, as well as those above the _cancellata_ or rails[49].
+
+[Sidenote: Meaning of this ceremony.]
+
+Lamps and candelabra were presented to the sanctuary by the faithful
+during the first ages of persecution; and in more tranquil times to
+the basilicas by Constantine and others who erected or dedicated them.
+They were lighted, as S. Jerome observes, in the day time "not to
+drive away darkness, but as a sign of joy": and therefore the custom
+of gradually extinguishing them at the office of Tenebrae we may
+justly consider with Amalarius as a sign of mourning, or of the
+sympathy of the church with her divine and suffering Spouse. The
+precise number of lights is determined by that of the psalms, which
+is the same as at ordinary matins of three nocturns.
+
+The custom of concealing behind the altar during the last part of the
+office the last and most elevated candle, and of bringing it forward
+burning at the end of the service, is a manifest allusion to the death
+and resurrection of Christ, whose light, as Micrologus observes, is
+represented by our burning tapers. "I am the light of the world". John
+VIII. 12[50]. In the same manner the other candles extinguished one
+after another may represent the prophets successively put to death
+before their divine Lord: and if we consider that the psalms of the
+_old Testament_ are recited at the time, this explanation may appear
+more satisfactory than others, which would refer them to the blessed
+Virgin, the apostles and disciples of Christ[51]. In the triangular
+form of the candlestick is contained an evident allusion to the
+B. Trinity. This candlestick is mentioned in a MS. Ordo of the 7th
+century published by Mabillon.
+
+[Sidenote: Chant, lamentations.]
+
+The anthems and psalms, with the exception of the _Miserere_ which is
+the last psalm at Lauds, most of the lessons and other parts of the
+office, are sung in plain chant. From the middle of the 15th century
+the three lamentations or first three lessons of each day used to be
+sung in _canto figurato_ in the papal chapel: but by order of Sixtus
+V, only the first lamentation of each day is thus sung, and even it
+is much shortened, as Clement XII directed: the two others are sung
+in _canto piano_ according to Guidetti's method. The first lamentation
+both of the first and second day is by the celebrated Pierluigi da
+Palestrina: that of the third day by Allegri. Baini observes, that
+the first lamentation of the second day is considered the finest:
+Palestrina composed it for four voices, besides a bass, which entering
+at the pathetic apostrophe 'Jerusalem, Jerusalem, be converted to the
+Lord' "every year makes all the hearers and singers, who have a soul,
+change colour". Bayni, Mem. Stor. T. 1. The lamentations of Jeremiah
+have the form of an acrostic, that is, the verses begin with the
+letters of the Hebrew alphabet in regular order, the first with
+Aleph, the second with Beth, and so in succession. It was difficult
+to observe a similar order in the Latin Vulgate: but to preserve
+some vestige of it, the name of the Hebrew letter, with which each
+verse begins in the original, is sung before the same verse in the
+translation.
+
+[Sidenote: Conclusion of the office.]
+
+When the _Benedictus_ or canticle of Zachary and its anthem are
+finished, the choir sings the verse "Christ was made for us obedient
+even unto death": on the second night they add "even unto the death of
+the cross": and on the third, "for which reason God hath exalted him,
+and hath given him a name, which is above all names". The heart of the
+christian is melted to devotion by these words, sung on so solemn an
+occasion: he kneels before his crucified Redeemer, and recites that
+prayer of love, that prayer of a child to his Father which He that
+man of sorrows dictated to His beloved disciples; and then remembering
+those sins, by which he offended that dear and agonising parent, and
+touched with sorrow and repentance, yet more and more excited by the
+music, I might almost call it celestial, his heart calls loudly for
+that mercy to obtain which Jesus died. He joins with God's minister
+in fervently repeating the prayer imploring God's blessing on those
+for whom Christ suffered and died: the noise which follows it recals
+to his mind the confusion of nature at the death of her creator; the
+lighted candle once more appearing reminds him that His death was only
+temporary: and he departs in silence impressed with pious sentiments,
+and inflamed with devout affections.
+
+[Sidenote: Miserere, its music.]
+
+They who have assisted at the office of Tenebrae will not be surprised
+at the saying of a philosopher, that for the advantage of his soul he
+would wish, that when he was about to render it up to God, he might
+hear sung the _Miserere_ of the Pope's chapel. In no other place has
+this celebrated music succeeded. Baini the director of the Pontifical
+choir, in a note to his life of Palestrina, observes that Paride de
+Grassi, Master of ceremonies to Leo X, mentions that on holy wednesday
+(A.D. 1519), the singers chanted the _Miserere_ in a _new_ and
+_unaccustomed_ manner, alternately singing the verses in symphony.
+This seems to be the origin of the far-famed _Miserere_. Various
+authors, whom Baini enumerates, afterwards composed _Miserere_[52];
+but the celebrated composition of Gregorio Allegri a Roman, who
+entered the Papal college of singers in 1629, was the most successful,
+and was for some time sung on all the three days of Tenebrae. Then one
+composed by Alessandro Scarlatti, or that of Felice Anerio, used to
+be sung on holy thursday: but these were eclipsed by the _Miserere_,
+composed in 1214 by Tommase Bai a Bolognese, director of the choir of
+S. Peter's. From that time only Allegri's and Bai's were sung in the
+Pope's chapel; till Pius VII directed the celebrated Baini to compose
+a new _Miserere_, which has received well-merited applause. Since the
+year 1821 all three, viz. Baini's, Bai's, and Allegri's _Misereres_
+are sung on the three successive days, and generally in the order in
+which we have mentioned them: the two latter are sometimes blended
+together. The first verse is sung in harmony, the second in plain
+chant, and so successively till the last verse, which alone is sung in
+harmony by both the choirs, into which the singers are divided; only
+one choir sings the other verses[53].
+
+[Sidenote: Cardinal penitentiary]
+
+[Sidenote: Trinita dei Pellegrini]
+
+On Wednesday-afternoon, the Cardinal great Penitentiary goes in state
+to S. Mary Major's, where the minor Penitentiaries are Dominicans.
+For an account of this custom see the preceding chapter. On Wednesday,
+Thursday and Friday evenings, Christians may be edified at the Trinita
+dei Pellegrini[54] by the sight of Cardinals, princes, prelates and
+others, washing in good earnest, and afterwards kissing the feet of
+poor pilgrims, while they recite with them the Our Father, Hail Mary,
+Glory be to the Father, and other beautiful prayers, such as;
+
+  _Gesu, Giuseppe, Maria,_
+  _Vi dono il cuore e l' anima mia._
+  _Gesu, Giuseppe, Maria,_
+  _Assisteleci nell' ultima agonia, etc._
+
+They afterwards wait on them at table, and accompany them to
+their beds, reciting other devout prayers. In another part of that
+establishment, princesses and other ladies practise the same offices
+of charity towards the female pilgrims. Here might we fancy that the
+primitive christians were before us, those men of charity, simplicity,
+and lowliness: and when in the same place, a few years ago, that
+devout Pontiff Leo XII on his knees washed and kissed the feet of
+pilgrims, who had journeyed from afar; who that saw him did not call
+to mind with tears the lowliness and charity of his predecessor Peter,
+and of a greater than Peter, who "washed the feet of his disciples,
+and who wiped them with the towel wherewith he was girded".
+
+Marius mourned over the ruins of Carthage; but his was the sorrow
+of disappointed, selfish ambition. Jeremiah lamented the fall and
+desolation of Jerusalem: and his plaintive accents were inspired by
+genuine patriotism and religion. Observe his venerable figure in the
+Sixtine chapel; there he sits pensive and disconsolate, with his legs
+crossed, his wearied head resting upon his hand, and his eyes rivetted
+on the ground, as if nothing could engage his attention but the woes
+of the daughter of Sion[55]. Then listen to the lamentations of this
+inspired and afflicted prophet: they are full of deepest pathos,
+and uttered in notes sweet as the warblings of philomel. Turn now, O
+Christian soul, to a more sublime and mournful spectacle. Jesus in
+the garden of Gethsemani and on mount Calvary mourned not for a single
+city or nation: he sorrowed over the ruins of a world, not as of
+old Noah may have done, when secure from danger he looked down upon
+the waters which overspread the earth; but "He was wounded for our
+iniquities, and he was bruised for our sins: and the Lord hath laid on
+him the iniquities of us all", He suffered and died for us. The moral
+ruins of the world, our sins and their awful consequences, caused all
+the pangs and sorrows of Jesus. Come then let us cast ourselves at the
+foot of that cross, and cry aloud for mercy with a contrite and humble
+heart, which He will never despise. To _Thee_ alone, shall we say,
+have we sinned, and have done evil before thee; yet have mercy on
+us, O God, according to thy great mercy. And thou, O blessed Virgin
+and Mother, who standest in silent anguish beneath the cross of thy
+agonising Son[56], would that we could feel love and sorrow like unto
+thine.
+
+  _Eja mater fons amoris_
+  _Me sentire vim doloris_
+  _Fac, ut tecum lugeam._
+  _Fac, ut ardeat cor meum_
+  _In amando Christum Deum,_
+  _Ut sibi complaceam. Amen._
+
+[Footnote 46: See also Palmer's Origines Liturgicae, Vol. 1 Antiq. of
+the English ritual c. 1, p. 1. Both writers do not hesitate to admit
+that the breviary is the great source of the Church of England's
+Morning and Evening prayer.]
+
+[Footnote 47: Our divine Lord sometimes passed the night in prayer;
+and the early Christians, as Pliny informs his master Trajan, used to
+assemble before the light to sing a hymn to Christ. Lucian as well as
+Ammianus Marcellinus complained of their spending the night in singing
+hymns. S. Jerome in fine writes to Eustoch. (Ep. 22) that besides the
+daily hours of prayers we should rise _twice and thrice at night_.]
+
+[Footnote 48: In the mass and office for the dead several prayers and
+ceremonies otherwise prescribed are omitted: so on this occasion, says
+Benedict XIV, "the church forgetting all things else thinks only of
+bewailing the sins of mankind, and condoling with Christ our Redeemer
+in His sufferings". As for the antiquity of this service, Martene
+remarks (lib. IV, c. 22) that the order of the _nocturnal_ and diurnal
+offices of holy-thursday is found, such as we now observe it, in the
+ancient Antiphonarium of the Roman church, and in that of S. Gregory
+published by B. Tommasi, so that there has been scarcely any variation
+during the last thirteen hundred years.]
+
+[Footnote 49: When the Pope officiates, the eight candles over the
+_cancellata_ are lighted: six are lighted for a Cardinal, and four
+for a Bishop. Amalarius priest of Metz in the ninth century (De ordine
+antiphonarii), mentions the extinction of the lights in the office
+of these three days. It would seem however, that it was not then
+customary at Rome, for Theodore, archdeacon of the Roman church,
+in answer to his enquiries had said to him "I am usually with the
+Apostolic Lord at the Lateran, when the office of Coena Domini (Holy
+Thursday) is celebrated, and it is not customary to extinguish the
+lights. On Good Friday there is no light of lamps or tapers in the
+church in Jerusalem (Santa Croce) as long as the Apostolic Lord offers
+up solemn prayers there, or when the cross is saluted". This latter
+custom is still continued.]
+
+[Footnote 50: In confirmation of this explanation we may observe, that
+the candle is placed behind the altar after the _Benedictus_ during
+the anthem alluding to Christ's passion, and remains there while the
+verse 'Christ became obedient unto death' the psalm _Miserere_, and
+the prayer which mentions the crucifixion, are sung.]
+
+[Footnote 51: See such opinions ap. Benedict. XIV, De festis Lib.
+1, c. 5. The system of Du Vert, who would reject all mystical and
+symbolical significations attributed to the church-ceremonies, has
+been satisfactorily confuted by Langlet, Le Brun, Tournely and other
+divines.]
+
+[Footnote 52: Tartini's and Pisari's lasted only one year each.]
+
+[Footnote 53: Persons, who go immediately after the service in the
+Sixtine chapel to S. Peter's, are generally in time for part if not
+the whole of the _Miserere_ sung in that Basilic. The compositions of
+Fioravanti the late, Basili the present, master, and Zingarelli, are
+sung there.]
+
+[Footnote 54: See Reminiscences of Rome. Letter 4th. London, 1838 On
+pilgrimages and pilgrims see Mores Catholici Book 4th, ch. 5th. S.
+Philip Neri founded the Confraternity of Trinita dei Pellegrini.]
+
+  [Footnote 55:      ... lia fatto alla guancia
+  Della sua palma sospirando letto. Dante Pur. VII.
+
+Sed frons laeta parum et dejecto lumina vultu. Virg. AEu. VI, 863.
+See the learned canon. De Jorio's Munica degli antichi, art. Dolore,
+Mestizia. We may add that conquered provinces are often represented in
+a similar attitude as statues, on bas-reliefs, and on medals. See for
+instance, Judaea Capta, a reverse of Vespasian, ap. Addison, Dialogues
+on ancient medals.]
+
+[Footnote 56: "Now there stood by the cross of Jesus his mother". John
+XIX, 25.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. IV.
+
+ON THE CEREMONIES OF HOLY THURSDAY
+
+
+_CONTENTS._
+
+    General character of the liturgy of holy thursday--its ancient
+    form--blessing of the oils at S. Peter's, communion under
+    one kind--origin and explanation of the blessing and
+    salutation of the oils--High mass in the Sixtine chapel,
+    _troccole_--procession of the B. Sacrament to the Pauline
+    chapel--antiquity of processions--reservation of the B.
+    Sacrament--Papal benediction from S. Peter's, _flabelli_--bull
+    in Coena Domini--washing of the feet--dinner of the
+    _apostles_--antiquity and meaning of this custom of
+    washing feet--customs of other churches: Leonardo da Vinci,
+    Michelangelo, Dante--Cardinals' public dinner etc.--Tenebrae:
+    Card. Penitentiary--recapitulation of the principal ceremonies
+    of the day--S. Peter's on holy thursday-evening: washing of
+    the high-altar--antiquity and meaning of the stripping and
+    washing of the altars--conclusion.
+
+    "_Before the festival day of the pasch, Jesus knowing that
+    his hour was come, that he should pass out of this world to
+    the Father, having loved his own who were in the world, he
+    loved them to the end_". John XIII, 1.
+
+[Sidenote: Liturgy of holy-thursday]
+
+During the last three days of holy-week the church celebrates the
+funeral obsequies of her Divine Spouse: and hence there are numerous
+signs of mourning in her temples, in her liturgy, and in the dress of
+her ministers. On thursday however, a passing gleam of heavenly light
+irradiates the solemn gloom in which she is enveloped: for on this day
+Jesus Christ, having loved his own even unto the end, instituted the
+holy sacrament, the staff of our pilgrimage, our solace in affliction,
+our strength in temptation, the source of all virtue, and the pledge
+of everlasting life. Accordingly the liturgy of holy-thursday bears
+the impress both of sorrow and of gladness: it is not unlike a fitful
+day of April in our northern climes, when the sun now bursts from the
+clouds which had concealed his brilliancy, and now once more the sky
+is shrouded in murky gloom--an apt emblem this of the over-changing
+state of man, who at one moment quaffs the inebriating cup of earthly
+joys, and yet a little, and it is dashed from his grasp; and sickness,
+sorrow and death are his portion.
+
+[Sidenote: its ancient form.]
+
+Anciently three masses used to be celebrated at Rome[57] on this day,
+as is evident from the sacramentary of pope Gelasius; and at all the
+three the Pope himself officiated. At the first the public penitents
+were absolved:[58] at the second the oils were blessed; the last (ad
+vespertinum officium) was intended to commemorate the institution
+of the blessed Sacrament. Public penance gradually declined in the
+western church after the seventh century; and the three masses are now
+reduced to one. That of the Sixtine chapel, at which the Pope assists,
+differs very little from ordinary Masses celebrated there, and the
+concourse of persons is generally very great.
+
+[Sidenote: Blessing of the oils at S. Peter's]
+
+[Sidenote: Communion under one kind.]
+
+The oils are blessed in S. Peter's during mass, by the Card.
+archpriest, or a Bishop in his stead. They are three, viz. 1 the oil
+of catechumens, used in blessing baptism, in consecrating churches and
+altars, in ordaining priests, and in blessing and crowning sovereigns:
+2 the oil of the sick used in administering extreme unction and in
+blessing bells: 3 sacred chrism, composed of oil, and balm of Gilead
+or of the west Indies[59]: it is used in conferring baptism and
+confirmation, in the consecration of bishops, of patens and chalices,
+and in the blessing of bells. The Roman Pontifical prescribes, that
+besides the bishop and the usual ministers, there should be present
+twelve priests, seven deacons, and seven subdeacons, all habited in
+white vestments. After the elevation at those words of the canon, _Per
+quem haec omnia etc._ a little before the _Pater noster_, the Bishop
+sits down before a table facing the altar, and exorcises and blesses
+the oil for the sick, which is brought in by a subdeacon. He then
+proceeds with the mass, and gives communion to the ministers and the
+rest of the under the form of bread alone[60]. Having received the
+ablutions, he returns to the table above mentioned, and awaits the
+coming of the procession of the priests, deacons, subdeacons etc. In
+it, the balsam is carried by a subdeacon, etc. the oil for the chrism
+and that for the catechumens by two deacons: and meantime the choir
+sings appropriate verses. The bishop blesses the balsam, and mixes
+it with some oil; he then breathes three times in the form of a cross
+over the vessel of chrism, as do the twelve priests also. Next follows
+the blessing, and then the salutation, of the chrism: the latter
+is made 3 times by the bishop and each of the twelve priests in
+succession, saying, Hail holy chrism, after which they kiss the vessel
+which contains it. The oil of catechumens is blessed and saluted
+in like manner: and the procession returns to the sacristy; in the
+mean time the bishop concludes the mass; and thus this solemn rite
+terminates.
+
+[Sidenote: Origin of the blessing of the oils.]
+
+The oil of the sick is mentioned in the well-known passage of St.
+James V, 14 "Is any man sick among you; let him bring in the priests
+of the church, and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in
+the name of the Lord etc." At the beginning of the fifth century also,
+Pope Innocent I observes that it is the office of the bishop to make
+or prepare (_conficere_) this "holy of chrism" or unction: and in the
+Sacramentary of Pope Gregory the great the rite; by which this oil was
+blessed and administered to the sick, is described. Chrism and the
+oil of catechumens also are mentioned by many ancient Fathers. (See
+Turnely T. 7 de Sacram. Bapt. et Confirm, etc.)[61] St. Basil in the
+4th century attributes the origin of the custom of blessing the oils
+to tradition. "We bless the water of baptism and the _oil of unction_,
+as well as the person who receives baptism. By what scriptures? Is
+it not from silent and secret tradition?" (De Spir. S. c. 27). It is
+mentioned also in the second and third councils of Carthage, by S.
+Cyprian, who says "The eucharist, and the oil, with which the baptised
+are anointed, are sanctified at the altar". Ep. 70.
+
+It would appear however from the 20th canon of the first council of
+Toledo that anciently chrism could be blessed _at any time_; and hence
+Benedict XIV is of opinion, that the custom of blessing it only on
+holy Thursday began about the seventh century; for it is mentioned in
+the Sacramentary of S. Gregory, in the old Ordo Romanus, and in other
+works written after that period. This day has been with reason chosen
+for this ceremony, as St. Thomas observes, in order that the chrism
+may be prepared for the solemn baptism administered on Easter Eve;
+and because on it the Eucharistic sacrament, for which the other
+sacraments are as it were preparatory, was instituted. S. Isidore
+however assigns a different reason, viz. that two days before the
+pasch Mary _anointed_ the head and feet of the Lord". De Divi Off.
+lib. 2, c. 28.
+
+[Sidenote: Meaning of the ceremonies already described.]
+
+Pouget (Institut. Cath. t. 2, c. 8) proves that the blessing of the
+oils originates in apostolic tradition, as St. Basil cited above
+observes. He proves also that since the fifth and sixth centuries the
+bishop and priests used to breathe three times over the chrism and
+oil of catechumens, and to salute them with the words "Ave sanctum
+chrisma: ave sanctum oleum". Our Saviour breathed on His apostles,
+when He said 'Receive ye the holy Ghost': and hence his ministers
+breathe over the chrism, by which the Holy Ghost is conferred in
+confirmation, and over the oil of catechumens, which is used in other
+sacred rites. Respect is paid to them, because they are employed in
+God's service, and hence it is a relative respect directed to Him.
+An ardent soul will never hesitate to address inanimate objects; in
+fact some of the finest passages of ancient and modern oratory are
+apostrophes of this nature[62]. S. Andrew is said to have saluted the
+cross, on which he suffered, S. Paula the birth-place of our divine
+Lord; and theirs were words of love of God, and not of idolatry.
+
+[Sidenote: High mass in the Sixtine chapel.]
+
+In the Sixtine chapel the crucifix and tapestry over the altar are
+covered with a white and not a purple veil; the throne also is white,
+and the Pope is vested in a white cope. On the rich facing of the
+altar is represented Christ dead, His descent into limbo, and His
+resurrection. The cardinal dean generally celebrates the high mass,
+after the _Gloria in excelsis_ of which no bells are allowed to be
+tolled in Rome (except at the papal benediction) but in their stead
+are used _troccole_ or boards struck with iron: this practice is
+observed until the _Gloria in excelsis_ is sung in the papal chapel
+on the following saturday-morning[63].
+
+After the offertory of the mass Palestrina's motet _Fratres ego enim_
+is sung; of which Baini says that he "does not hesitate to affirm that
+it resembles as closely as possible the music of heaven". Two hosts
+are consecrated, one of which is received by the celebrant, and the
+other destined for the following day is put into a chalice, which the
+deacon covers with a paten and _palla_ or linen cloth, as the dead
+body of Christ was wrapped in "fine linen"[64]. Mark XV, 46. At
+the beginning of the canon twelve lighted torches are brought in
+by _bussolanti_; and after the elevation two masters of ceremonies
+distribute among the cardinals and others candles carried by clerks of
+the chapel, in preparation for the procession. The usual kiss of peace
+is not given, from detestation of the treacherous kiss given this day
+by Judas to his divine master, as Alcuin remarks[65].
+
+[Sidenote: Antiquity of processions]
+
+Immediately after mass the cardinal celebrant with his ministers
+leaves the chapel; the other cardinals, bishops and mitred abbots, put
+on their respective sacred vestments, and the _Uditori di Rota_, the
+_Cherici di Camera, Votanti_, and _Abbreviatiori_, their surplices:
+the other prelates wear their usual _cappe_. They all now accompany
+the B. Sacrament to the Pauline chapel[66] in solemn procession, which
+is regulated like that of palm-Sunday. The singers go to the _sala
+regia_, illuminated with large cornucopia, and there begin to sing
+the _Pange lingua_ (a hymn in honour of the holy Sacrament) as soon
+as the cross covered with a purple veil appears: the last verses of
+it are sung in the Pauline chapel, which is splendidly illuminated.
+The cardinals bearing their mitres and torches precede two by two
+the Holy Father, who bare-headed and on foot carries the blessed
+Sacrament under a canopy supported by eight assistant bishops or
+protonotaries[67]. When the Pope reaches the altar, the first cardinal
+deacon receives from His hands the B. Sacrament, and preceded by
+torches carries it to the upper part of the _macchina_; M. Sagrista
+places it within the urn commonly called the sepulchre, where it is
+incensed by the Pope; in the mean time the conclusion of the hymn is
+sung. M. Sagrista then shuts the sepulchre, and delivers the key to
+thy Card. Penitentiary, who is to officiate on the following day.
+
+[Sidenote: Reservation of the B. Sacrament.]
+
+Two objects are obtained by this custom; 1st. the blessed sacrament
+is solemnly preserved for the adoration of the faithful on this
+anniversary of its institution, as well as for the priest's communion
+on good friday[68]; 2nd. the burial of our divine Saviour is
+represented: this is anticipated, in order that the principal altar
+may be striped, in sign of mourning, and as He was stripped before His
+crucifixion.
+
+[Sidenote: Papal benediction: _flabelli_.]
+
+[Sidenote: Bulla in Coena Domina.]
+
+The procession, of which we have already spoken, afterwards proceeds
+from the Pauline chapel to the _loggia_ in front of S. Peter's: but
+the Pope, as he no longer carries the B. Sacrament, wears his mitre,
+and is seated in his _sedia gestatoria_ under a canopy carried by
+eight Referendarii[69]; and the _flabelli_[70] are carried at each
+side of Him. He now gives his solemn benediction to the multitude
+assembled before St. Peter's. This however is repeated with even
+greater splendour on Easter-Sunday, as well as on the Ascension and
+Assumption; and we shall therefore reserve a description of it to
+another occasion, especially since generally speaking, persons who are
+anxious to witness the _lavanda_ or washing of the feet will find it
+difficult to be present also at the Benediction[71].
+
+[Sidenote: Washing of the feet.]
+
+After the benediction, the cardinals and others take off their sacred
+vestments, and resume their _cappe_, which they wear during the
+_lavanda_ or washing of the feet. This now takes place in S. Peters,
+in a side-chapel adorned with two _arazzi_; one representing Leonardo
+Da Vinci's last supper is placed behind the benches prepared for the
+priests whose feet are to be washed by the Pope: and the other, which
+represents Providence seated on the globe between Justice and Charity,
+above two lions holding banners of the church, is placed over the
+throne. The Pope is habited in a red cope, and wears a mitre. Seated
+on His throne, and surrounded by cardinals, prelates, and other
+dignitaries of His court, He puts incense into the thurible, being
+assisted as usual by the first Cardinal priest. He then gives the
+blessing, usual before the gospel is sung, to the Cardinal-deacon
+habited in his sacred vestments, who sings that beautiful passage of
+the gospel of S. John, which explains the origin of this ceremony:
+"Jesus knowing that his hour was come, that he should pass out of
+this world to the Father, having loved his own who were in the world,
+he loved them to the end. Knowing that the Father had given him all
+things into his hands, he began to wash the feet of his disciples, and
+wipe them with the towel wherewith he was girded, and he said to them;
+If I being Lord and Master have washed your feet, you also ought to
+wash one another's feet; for I have given you an example, that as I
+have done to you, so you do also". At the end of the gospel, the Pope
+kisses the book, the Cardinal Deacon incenses Him as usual, and the
+choir begins to sing beautiful anthems allusive to the affecting
+ceremony, and recommending charity, the distinctive virtue of
+Christians, more precious than even faith and hope. The Pope's cope is
+then taken off, and a towel is fastened to his girdle by the assisting
+Card. deacons; and then, in imitation of his Divine Master, he washes
+and kisses the right foot[72] of 13 priests, called the _apostles_,
+dressed in _cappe_ of white cloth, and wearing high cap, which in form
+resemble those on the bas-reliefs of Persepolis: each of them receives
+from Him a towel, and a nosegay, besides a gold and silver medal
+presented by the Treasurer[73]. The Pope then returns to his throne,
+washes his hands[74] is vested once more in the cope, and recites the
+Our Father and the concluding prayers.
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner of the _apostles_.]
+
+His Holiness afterwards waits on the 13 _apostles_ at table, in a hall
+in the Vatican palace, (at present in the hall above the portico of S.
+Peter's), giving them water to wash their hands, helping them to soup,
+one or more dishes, and pouring out wine and water for them once or
+twice. The plates are handed to Him by prelates of _mantelletta_, and
+during the ceremony one of His chaplains reads a spiritual book. He
+then gives them his blessing, washes His hands, and departs. "Which
+is greater" says our Saviour, "he that sitteth at table or he that
+serveth? Is not he that sitteth at table? but I am in the midst of you
+as he that serveth?"
+
+[Sidenote: Antiquity and meaning of the _lavanda_.]
+
+From the most remote antiquity, it was customary among the Hebrews and
+other nations, that the feet of strangers and guests should be washed
+before they reclined at table, as they had often travelled on foot.
+Thus the angels entertained by Abraham and Lot (Gen. XVIII, XIX),
+were supplied with water to wash their feet: Abraham's servants in
+the house of Laban, and the brothers of Joseph, when received by him,
+washed their feet. (Gen. XLIII, 24)[75]. In these cases however the
+guest washed his own feet; and hence the condescension of our Divine
+Lord was an act not of hospitality or charity alone, but also of
+profound humility; and accordingly he put on a towel or apron, like
+an ordinary slave, as Ferrari observes (De Re Vestiaria par. 1).
+Most interpreters are of opinion, that Christ washed the feet of His
+disciples towards the close of the ordinary supper, and shortly before
+He instituted the holy Sacrament; in order to signify the purity
+with which it should be received. His example was imitated by His
+disciples, and accordingly S. Paul (1 Tim. V, 10) speaks of widows who
+"have washed the saints' feet," as Magdalen had washed those of our
+Lord.
+
+In the Roman church, as in that of Bologna, it has been for many
+ages customary for the Bishop to wash feet on this day. In the _Ordo
+Romanus_ of Cencius Camerarius it is mentioned, that the Roman Pontiff
+after mass washed the feet of twelve subdeacons, and after dinner
+of 13 poor persons, or according to the Ordines Romani published by
+Mabillon, of 12 deacons. The _Ceremoniale_, attributed to Marcellus
+archbishop of Corcyra, prescribes that the Pope should wash the feet
+of thirteen poor men. Various causes are assigned by different authors
+to explain, why the number is thirteen, and not twelve as was that of
+the apostles. (See Benedict XIV, De Festis, lib. I, c. VI, Sec.Sec. 57, 58).
+The most probable account, we think, is that the thirteenth _apostle_
+was added in memory of the angel, who is believed to have appeared
+among the 12 poor guests of S. Gregory the great, while he was
+exercising united charity and humility. A painting of this event may
+be seen in one of the chapels near his church on the Caelian mount,
+in which is preserved the table, at which he daily fed twelve poor
+persons. (See the passage of John the deacon cited above in the note).
+The two customs of washing the feet first of 12, and then of 13, have
+been reduced to one, and in it the number 13 is preserved[76].
+
+[Sidenote: Cardinals' public dinner.]
+
+Till within the last few years the Cardinals used to dine in public
+at the Vatican on holy Thursday and good Friday, that they might be
+spared the trouble of returning to their respective palaces before
+Tenebrae; and anciently the Pope used to dine with them at the Lateran
+palace, in the hall called the Triclinium Leonianum[77]. The Pontiff
+wore on such occasions his cope and mitre, and the Cardinals were
+habited in sacred vestments with mitres. After dinner a sermon was
+preached before the Cardinals. _Mons. Maggiordomo_ used to invite on
+these days prelates, officers, and others engaged in the _cappella_ or
+palace, to a dinner at which he presided.
+
+[Sidenote: Tenebrae etc.]
+
+[Sidenote: Recapitulation.]
+
+In the afternoon, at the office of Tenebrae, among other signs of
+mourning, the cross is veiled in black, and the candles are of yellow
+wax: the Pope's throne is stripped of its usual ornaments, and is
+without a canopy: the cardinals' and prelates' benches also are
+without carpets. The Cardinal Penitentiary goes to S. Peter's, where
+the minor Penitentiaries are Conventuals of S. Francis. We have spoken
+on these subjects in the preceding chapters. We may here recapitulate
+the principal ceremonies of the day, as Morcelli has done in his
+Calendar. The oils are blessed in S. Peter's; the Pope assists at mass
+in the Sixtine chapel, carries the B. Sacrament to the Pauline chapel,
+gives His solemn benediction from S. Peter's, washes the feet of
+thirteen priests and serves them at table. In the afternoon Tenebrae
+in the Sixtine chapel; and the Cardinal great Penitentiary goes to S
+Peter's.
+
+[Sidenote: S. Peter's on holy thursday-evening.]
+
+In this basilic the B. Sacrament is preserved amid many lights in the
+_Sepulchre_ in a side-chapel[78], and several confraternities come
+in procession to venerate the relics, of which we shall speak in the
+next chapter. It is much to be regretted that the cross, which used
+on holy-Thursday and good-Friday to glow with 628 lights[79], and to
+produce a splendid effect by the _chiaroscuro_ which resulted from it
+in this vast and magnificent fabric, is no longer suspended before
+the Confession, in consequence of irreverent conduct on preceding
+occasions.
+
+[Sidenote: Washing of the altar.]
+
+There still remains another remarkable ceremony customary in S.
+Peter's on holy-Thursday. After the office of Tenebrae, the chapter of
+that basilica proceeds in procession from the chapel of the choir to
+the high altar. The black stoles which six of the canons wear, and the
+yellow and extinguished tapers of the acolythes, are signs of mourning
+for the sufferings of Christ. They all carry elegant _aspergilli_[80]
+of box or other wood, and having prayed for a short time in silence,
+they chant the anthem "They divided my garments etc." and the psalm "O
+God, my God, why hast thou abandoned me?" A fine cloth, which covered
+the altar, is then removed from it, and the Cardinal-priest of the
+church and the six canons pour whine upon the altar, and wash it
+with their _aspergilli_ or brushes. After the other canons, beneficed
+clergymen, etc. have in turn washed it in like manner: the Cardinal
+and the six canons begin to dry it with sponges and towels: all then
+kneel down, and the ceremony concludes with the verse "Christ became
+obedient unto death etc." the Our Father, and the prayer of the day
+"Look down, we beseech thee etc."[81] The chapter then venerates the
+relics shewn as usual from the gallery above S. Veronica's statue.
+
+[Sidenote: Antiquity and meaning of these ceremonies.]
+
+The _stripping_ of the altars, which is practised on this day
+throughout the western church, is mentioned in the most ancient _Ordo
+Romanus_: indeed anciently the altars used to be stripped every
+day, as Du Vert (Ceremon. de l'Eglise T. IV.) and Cancellieri (De
+Secretariis T. IV.) have shewn. The custom of _washing_ the altar
+is observed in the Latin church in those of the Dominicans and
+Carmelites; and also according to Benedict XIV "in many churches of
+France, Germany and other remote countries" among which Cancellieri
+reckons Spain. It is mentioned by S. Isidore (lib. de Eccles. Offic.
+c. 18) by Alcuin (de divinis offic.) and in the Sarum, Parisian and
+many other missals quoted by Martene. What however is its meaning?
+While Monsignor Battelli, in his dissertation on the subject,
+maintains that this custom was instituted for the sake of cleanliness,
+rather than from a wish to denote any mystery, and that this day
+was selected as the most convenient, because the altars were already
+stripped; the abbot Rupert and Belet discover mystical meanings in
+the sponges, towels, wine, water, and even _aspergilli_. We prefer
+a middle course, and while we are willing to admit with Durandus and
+others an allusion in the wine and water to the blood and water which
+flowed from our Saviour on the cross, we maintain with the learned S.
+Isidore, S. Eligius, Benedict XIV and others, that we wash the altar,
+the symbol of Christ, from motives of respect to Him, who on this day
+washed the feet of His disciples.
+
+Two great virtues are embodied in the ceremonies of this day, and
+impart to them their life and loveliness: they are the essential and
+characteristic virtues of Christians, by the practice of which they
+imitate their divine Master and model, and come at last to be united
+to Him in heaven. Christ was moved by charity to institute the Holy
+Sacrament, and by humility to wash His disciples feet. Let us then
+learn of him because He was meek and humble of heart, and let us love
+one another, because Christ hath first loved us, and commands us to
+love one another.
+
+[Footnote 57: In Africa two were customary, one in the morning, and
+the other after supper. S. August. ep. 54 ad Januarium.]
+
+[Footnote 58: For an account of this ancient ceremony the reader
+may see Fleury, Moeurs des Chretiens; _Funz. della Settimana Santa._
+Martene, lib. IV, 22. etc.]
+
+[Footnote 59: "Balsam is produced in the vineyards of Engaddi, and
+in preparing chrism it is mixed with oil and consecrated by the
+pontifical benediction, that all the faithful may be signed with this
+unction at confirmation". Ven. Bede, in canlic. cap. I. The Greeks
+bless the chrism on the same day as the Latins, having prepared it a
+few days previously. See their Euchelogium, Ordo VIII entitled, On
+the composition of the great ointment in the Costantinop. church ap.
+Martene, loc. cit.]
+
+[Footnote 60: Only one priest says mass in each on this day and
+the other priests communicate, as on it Christ alone said mass, and
+distributed the Holy communion to the apostles. Although for many
+centuries both kinds were ordinarily received, yet the custom of
+communicating under the form of bread alone is very ancient. Thus
+in time of persecution the faithful used to carry to their houses
+the holy communion under the form of bread alone, the hermits also
+preserved it in the deserts, the sick received it as their viaticum,
+the ministers of God kept it in the churches, for their spiritual
+support, and the bishops used to send it to their clergy in token of
+their union in charity. These were all instances of communion under
+one kind, which are enumerated and proved by many Catholic divines,
+as for instance by Dr. Rock in his Hierurgia. They demonstrate the
+constant belief of the church, that the whole sacrament is received
+under one kind only; and Christ himself in the scriptures attributes
+its admirable effects to the act of _eating_ only as well as to that
+of _eating and drinking_. "He that eateth this bread shall live for
+ever" etc. In fact since His resurrection "He dieth now no more": His
+body and blood and soul and Divinity are united together for evermore,
+and consequently the communicant receives under the form of bread
+alone Christ himself whole and entire. The Latin church prescribed
+the general reception of communion under one kind, in order to obviate
+accidents which frequently arose from the indiscriminate use of the
+chalice, and in opposition to the error of the Hussites: Thus Paul
+II took occasion from the presence of Frederic III at Rome, to give a
+public and illustrious proof of the condemnation of this new heresy
+by the church, by giving communion under one kind only to the Emperor,
+and also to the deacon and subdeacon, who generally communicate under
+both kinds when the Pope sings mass. In the Greek and other oriental
+churches communion is administered under one kind to the sick and
+others who are prevented by distance from communicating in the
+churches. The general communion customary on holy-thursday is
+prescribed by the English bishop Walter in the 10th century, in the
+capitulary of Theodulph of Orleans, and by all ancient pontificals and
+missals, according to Martene T. 3, p. 98. It is practised also by the
+Greeks, as Leo Allatius testifies. De consensu utriusque Ecclesiae lib.
+3. Palmer (Vol. 2. p. 76) says "It is not essential to the validity
+of the Sacrament, that the bread should be whole and entire before
+consecration, and broken afterwards: but the Universal practice of
+the Christian church, derived from the apostles and from Jesus Christ
+himself ought not to be infringed in this matter". Yet even Bp.
+Middleton whom he quotes in the same page, says "When there were
+many communicants, _in primitive times, there were several cakes or
+loaves_, in proportion to the number: and it took some time after the
+consecration was finished, to break and divide them for distribution".
+Each person communicated from his own offering: hence S. Augustine
+says "Erubescere debet homo idoneus si de aliena oblatione
+communicaverit" Serm. 215 de Temp, any longer justification of the
+general practice of the Roman church would therefore be superfluous.]
+
+[Footnote 61: "From the frequent mention of _oil_ in scripture as the
+emblem of spiritual gifts it was actually used in the primitive church
+in the ceremonies of admitting catechumens, and in baptising". Tracts
+of the Times, Vol. 1, no. 34.]
+
+[Footnote 62: Our ardent love of this classic soil tempts us to insert
+the following noble instance from Cicero (pro Milone XXXI) "Vos enim
+jam _Albani_ tumuli atque luci vos, inquam, imploro alque tester
+vosque Albanorum obrutae arae, sacrorum populi Romani sociae et aequales,
+quas ille praeceps amentia caesis prostratisque sanctissimi lucis
+substructionum insanis molibus oppresserat: vestrae tum arae, vestrae
+religiones viguerunt, vestra vis valuit, quam ille (Clodius) omni
+scelere polluarat: tuque ex tuo edito monte, Latiaris sancte Jupiter,
+cujus ille lacus, nemora, finesque saepe omni nefario stupro et scelere
+macularat, aliquaudo ad eum puniendum oculos aperuisti: vobis illae,
+vobis vestro in conspecta serae sed justae tamen et debitae paenae solutae
+sunt".]
+
+[Footnote 63: These _troccole_ were formerly called by the hard names
+of _crepitacula ligna congregantia, mallei excitatorii_. The Greeks
+used them anciently, as Martene proves from a libellus de miraculis
+Anastasii presented to the second council of Nice, from S. John
+Chrysostom's life by Metaphrastes etc. etc. In modern times also they
+continue to use them. Benedict XIV observes that the practice of the
+Latin church on these days is intended to preserve the remembrance of
+the ancient custom. It is also evidently intended, like the reversed
+arms of the soldiers, as a sign of mourning for the death of Christ.
+This silence of the bells is prescribed in the ancient rituals:
+mystical interpreters assign as a reason, that they signify Christ's
+preachers and apostles, who were silent during the sufferings of their
+Master.]
+
+[Footnote 64: S. Greg. Turon. De mirac. S. Martini "oblatis super
+altare sacris muneribus, mysterioque Corporis et Sanguinis Christi
+palla ex more cooperto.", Vid. Bona. Lib. II, c. 13. not. 12.]
+
+[Footnote 65: This mass is found in the Antiphonary and Sacramentary
+of Pope Gregory the great; in all churches but the Roman, as Marlene
+observes, vespers were joined with the mass on this day, as they are
+on holy Saturday throughout the Latin church. On holy-thursday the
+Pope used generally to preach after the gospel, and in the mean time
+the Cardinals stripped the altar: after the sermon the Pope blessed
+the people as usual, and then began the _Credo_, according to
+Benedict, Canon of S. Peter's. His Holiness drank on this day directly
+from the chalice, and did not use the golden reed or _fistola_, as on
+other occasions; this we learn from the Apamean Pontifical.]
+
+[Footnote 66: This chapel was erected by Paul III according to the
+design of Antonio Sangallo. Its two large frescoes are the last
+efforts of the genius of Michelangelo, then aged 75 years: they
+represent the crucifixion of S. Peter and the conversion of S. Paul.
+The fall of Simon Magus, and the baptism conferred by S. Peter,
+painted on the righthand-wall are works of Federico Zuccheri; on the
+opposite side S. Paul at Malta, and restoring the young man, who had
+fallen from a window, are by Lorenzo Sabbatino da Bologna, the ceiling
+was painted by Federico Zuccheri. The B. Sacrament is publicly and
+solemnly exposed in this chapel for the adoration of the faithful on
+the first Sunday of Advent as well as on holy-thursday See Chaltard;
+_Descriz. del Vaticano_ Taja, _Palazzo Vaticano_.]
+
+[Footnote 67: S. John Chrysostom established processions at
+Constantinople in opposition to those of the Arians; and the empress
+Eudoxia supplied the people with silver crosses and wax lights, to be
+carried on such occasions. Socrat. Hist. Eccl. lib. VI, c. 8, Sozomen
+lib. VIII, c. 8. Processions were incompatible with the persecutions
+of the first three centuries. During them, and even long after
+Constantine, in consequence of the discipline of secrecy, there was
+neither public exposition or procession of the B. Sacrament. The
+faithful however adored it privately, as for instance, S. Gregory
+Nazianzen relates of his sister Gorgonia, that when seized by a fever
+"she fell down with faith before the altar, and invoked with a loud
+cry Him who is honoured thereupon". (Discourse on her funeral). S.
+Cyril of Jerusalem also exhorts the believer, that when he receives
+the chalice of the blood of Christ he should bow down profoundly
+and adore. (Catech. 5), The office and mass of Corpus Christi
+were composed by S. Thomas Aquinas. As holy-thursday is in great
+part devoted to the sufferings of Christ, the festival of _Corpus
+Christi_ with its procession was instituted about the middle of the
+thirteenth century by Urban IV at the petition of B. Juliana of Mount
+_Cornelione_, and in consequence of the miracle of Bolsena, well known
+as the subject of one of Raffaello's frescoes in the Vatican. See
+Bened. XIV, De Festis, and the authors cited by him. The miraculous
+corporal stained with blood is still preserved at Orvieto, the
+celebrated cathedral of which owes its foundation to the miracle. "No
+one eats that flesh, says S. Augustine, unless he has first adored" in
+ps. 98 "The flesh of Christ," says S. Ambrose "which we adore even now
+in the mysteries, and which the apostles adored in the Lord Jesus" (de
+Spir. S. lib. 34, c. 12) All the fathers and liturgies mention this
+adoration, which was therefore derived from apostolic tradition. Sala
+ad Bonae lib. 2, c. 13.]
+
+[Footnote 68: In the Greek church communion is on this day reserved
+for the sick of the ensuing year under the form of bread alone,
+according to Leo Allatius. (De utriusque Ecclesiae consensione). Pope
+Innocent I in the beginning of the 5th century directs, that the
+eucharist be preserved on this day for the priest and the sick. This
+reservation is mentioned also in the Gregorian sacramentary, without
+any mention of the sacred blood, since it might be spilt. It has taken
+place in the Pauline chapel ever since its erection by Paul III. A
+particle of the B. Sacrament was formerly preserved after mass on
+festivals and carried back in procession to the sacristy: it was
+carried to the altar in procession on the next festival, and a portion
+or the whole of it was put into the chalice before the host was
+broken. See Cancellieri, De Secretariis T. I, p. 217, seq.]
+
+[Footnote 69: These prelates used to refer cases and petitions to the
+Popes, as they now do the former to their tribunal, which according to
+Gonzalez derives its name of _Segnatura_ from the _signature_ of the
+sovereign affixed to its decree.]
+
+[Footnote 70: They are formed of peacocks' feathers, the eyes of which
+according to Macri and others signify the vigilance and circumspection
+of the Pontiffs. They are mentioned in the apostolic constitutions, in
+which it is prescribed, that two deacons should hold, them in order
+to drive away flies, which might otherwise fall into the chalice.
+Accordingly, at the ordination of the deacons in the Greek church,
+among other instruments a Flabellum is given to them for their
+ministry at the altar: this S. Anastasius is said to have used while
+a deacon. Flabella are mentioned in the liturgies of SS. Basil,
+Chrisostom, and other Greek and Syriac liturgies, Flabella are in
+the Latin church a mark of distinction, and are carried for the Grand
+Prior of the knights of Malta the bishop of Troja in Aquila, and the
+archbishop of Messina, as well as for His Holiness.]
+
+[Footnote 71: Since the time of Clement XIV, the custom of reading
+from the _loggia_ on this day the bull in _Coena Domini_ has been
+abolished. (On this bull see de Maistre du Pape lib. 2, c. 14).
+According to the doctrine of S. Paul, the B. Sacrament is the bond
+as it is the symbol of union or _communion_ between the faithful; "We
+being many are one body, all who partake of one bread" 1 Cor. X, 17,
+and hence this day of its institution was selected for the public
+_excommunication_ of those, who reject the doctrines of the church, or
+maliciously oppose her ordinances. After the bull had been read "many
+candles are lighted, of which the Lord Pope himself holds some, and
+each cardinal and prelate one lighted, and he extinguishes and throws
+them on the ground, saying, we excommunicate all the aforesaid; and
+then the bells are rung together without observing any order". Ap.
+Gatticuin, Acta Cerem. 82. These ceremonies are interpreted to mean
+the _extinction of the grace_ of the holy Ghost; and the dispersion
+of unbelievers, as on the contrary the regular and orderly ringing of
+bells calls the faithful together.]
+
+[Footnote 72: It is supported by the subdeacon habited in the tunic or
+_tonacella_.]
+
+[Footnote 73: John the deacon, in his life of Gregory the great,
+mentions the _Sacellarius_ or Treasurer (see Thomassin lib. 2. c. 103,
+n. 11), whom that holy Pope commanded according to custom to invite
+the twelve pilgrims to dinner. Besides the gifts mentioned above,
+the white dress is given to these _apostles_, who are chosen by some
+Cardinals, Ambassadors, the Propaganda, the _Maggiordomo_, and the
+captain of the Swiss guards.]
+
+[Footnote 74: The water is brought to him by the Prince assisting at
+the throne, and the towel is presented by the first Cardinal Priest.
+When the Pope is prevented from performing this ceremony, the Cardinal
+Dean supplies his place in presence of the sacred college (Lunadoro).
+In that case the gospel is sung, not by a cardinal, but by the prelate
+who is deacon of the _cappella_. Formerly, according to the MS.
+Pontifical of the Apamean church written in 1214, Vespers were sung by
+the Pope's chaplains, while he washed the feet of twelve subdeacons.]
+
+[Footnote 75: Chardin and other travellers testify, that this practice
+is preserved in modern times. In Homer's Odyssey the custom of taking
+a bath before a banquet is frequently mentioned, III, 467; IV, 49, VI.
+216; VIII, 449.]
+
+[Footnote 76: The emperors of Costantinople used (according to
+Codinus De Officiis Aulae Costantinop.) to wash the feet of twelve poor
+persons: and Vespasiano Fiorentino in the fifteenth century, in his
+life of Alfonso di Napoli quoted by Cancellieri, says that "Il Giovedi
+Santo lavava i piedi a tanti poveri, quant' egli aveva anni, et
+lavavagli, come si deve ... et a tutti dava una veste bianca, et un
+pajo di calze, et un Alfonsino, et un fiorino et un carlino, et non
+so che altra moneta. Dipoi il Giovedi medesimo faceva ordinare una
+cena,... et la Maesta del Re la pigliava, et metteva loro innanzi, e
+con il vino, et quello avevano di bisogno con grandissima umilta".
+See also Martene, De Ant. Eccl. Rit. Lib. IV, c. XII, Sec. 8. Our readers
+will here call to mind the good old custom still preserved of the
+maundy of our British Sovereigns, so called from mandatum, the first
+word of the first anthem sung during, the washing of the feet. In the
+Greek church, according to Baillet, not only are the feet of twelve
+poor persons washed, but the name of an apostle is given to each of
+them; as it may be supposed, nobody is anxious to have the name of
+Judas Iscariot: so lots are drawn to determine the person who is to
+represent that traitor. This may remind us of the threat of Leonardo
+da Vinci to copy the head of Judas, in his celebrated last supper,
+from the importunate Prior of S. Maria delle Grazie of Milan. Poor
+Leonardo despaired of finding a model for the head of our Saviour; and
+for more than a year was seeking the rabble for a fit subject whom he
+might represent as Judas: meantime the Prior was continually worrying
+him to finish the fresco. "In ogni caso poi" said he to Lodovico
+Sforza, "faro capitale del ritratto del P. Priore, che lo merita
+per la sua importunita e per la sua poca discrezione". The story of
+Leonardo bears some resemblance to the manner in which Michelangelo
+punished Biagio da Cesena Pontifical Master of Ceremonies, who
+before Daniel of Volterra had acquired his well-known nickname of
+_braghettone_ complained to the Pope, that the naked figures of
+the last judgment were unworthy of a house of prayer. The artist
+introduced his censor in his painting as Minos judge of the infernal
+regions, with long ears like those of the other devils, and a
+serpent's tail. Paul III when appealed to is said to have answered,
+that if his Ceremoniere had been in Purgatory, he might have helped
+him out, but out of hell there was no redemption. This Papal witticism
+Platner could not find in any writer earlier than Richardson (See
+Beschreibung der Stadt Rom) but _se non e vero, e ben trovato_.
+Dante was not more scrupulous than Michelangelo about thrusting his
+opponents into his _inferno_.
+
+      Pictoribus atque poetis
+  Quidlibet audendi semper fuit aequa potestas.
+]
+
+[Footnote 77: The mosaics with which it was adorned by Pope Leo III
+are preserved in the great niche adjoining the _scala santa_.]
+
+[Footnote 78: The Portuguese, Spanish and some other churches
+are generally distinguished on this day by the brilliancy of the
+illumination of their _sepulchres_.]
+
+[Footnote 79: In the eighth century Pope Hadrian I, according to
+Anastasius, suspended under the principal or _triumphal_ arch, as it
+was called, a silver cross with 1365 or 1380 small lamps, which where
+lighted at Easter and other great festivals. This was perhaps the
+origin of the cross which used to be suspended in S. Peter's at this
+season.]
+
+[Footnote 80: We have already mentioned an ancient Christian fresco in
+which an aspergillum is represented.]
+
+[Footnote 81: Formerly, as Card. Borgia has proved (De Cruce Vaticana)
+this ceremony was performed in S. Peter's on good Friday. In other
+churches there were two distinct observances; 1. that of stripping
+the altars on holy Thursday, when Christ's passion began; and 2. that
+of washing them with wine and on good Friday, when blood and water
+flowed from His side, as the Abbot Rupert observes. For the ancient
+ceremonies of this day at Rome see besides the Apamean Pontifical
+above-cited, the Pontificals of Egebert archbishop of York and of
+Tirpin archbishop of Rheims ap. Martene, loc. cit. In some places
+the fast of Lent was not observed on this day, as appears from
+S. Augustine, Ep. 54 and Januarium. Of old this was the day for
+shaving in preparation for Easter-Sunday: it was therefore called
+shere-Thursday.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. V.
+
+ON THE CEREMONIES OF GOOD-FRIDAY
+
+
+_CONTENTS._
+
+    Ancient ceremonies at Rome--Service in the Sixtine
+    chapel--Passio--Sermon and indulgence--Prayers for all
+    mankind--exposition of the cross; ancient crucifixes and
+    crosses--_adoration_ of the cross; its antiquity--Palestrina's
+    _improperii_, Trisagion--chant of the hymn _Pange lingua
+    gloriosi lauream etc_,--Procession of the B. Sacrament--_Mass_
+    of the Presanctified, Vespers--Tenebrae--Veneration of the
+    principal relics at S Peter's--Grounds of belief in the
+    genuineness of relics--1. Relic of the cross--2. of the
+    lance--3. _Volto Santo_--Reflections--Recapitulation.
+
+    "_The principal object of the church in the office of this
+    day is, that Jesus Christ crucified may be placed before
+    our eyes, that touched with contrition at the sight, our
+    souls may be so disposed, as to obtain the fruit of
+    redemption_" Bened. XIV, De Festis D.N.J.C. lib. 1. c. 7.
+
+[Sidenote: Ancient ceremonies.]
+
+On good Friday the Pope used formerly to go with the Cardinals and the
+other members of the court to the Oratory of S. Lorenzo called _Sancta
+Sanctorum_ in the Lateran palace, where they venerated and kissed the
+relics of SS. Peter and Paul, as well as two crosses preserved there.
+One of these was then carried by a Cardinal Priest, and and the Host
+consecrated on the preceding day was borne by another Cardinal of
+the same order; the Pope, the Cardinals and all the others were
+bare-footed, and walked in procession reciting psalms to S. John
+Lateran's and thence to S. Croce, where the station was held and the
+ceremonies of the day were performed.[82]
+
+[Sidenote: Service in the Sixtine chapel.]
+
+[Sidenote: Passio.]
+
+[Sidenote: Sermon and indulgence.]
+
+These take place at present in the Sixtine chapel; in which the yellow
+colour of the candles and torches, the nakedness of the Pope's throne
+and of the seats of the church denote the desolation of the church at
+the sufferings and death of her divine founder. The Cardinals do not
+wear their rings; their dress is of purple, which is their mourning
+colour; in like manner the Bishops do not wear rings and their
+stockings are black: those of the Cardinals are purple; and the
+maces as well as the soldiers' arms are reversed. The Card. great
+Penitentiary with the sacred ministers are habited in black. There is
+no thurifer and there are no lights; for the death of the Son of God
+is going to be commemorated; and while He was hanging upon the cross
+and when He died, there was darkness over the whole earth. The Pope
+is habited in a red cope: he does not wear his ring nor give his
+blessing: but if he be present at this part of the service, His
+Holiness kneeling with the Card. Penitentiary at his left hand offers
+up prayers for a short time before the altar. This, which was stripped
+on the preceding day, is now covered with a linen cloth by two
+_Cerimonieri_[83]. The Pope then goes to His seat; and the Card.
+Celebrant accompanied by the ministers to the altar, and thence to
+his _faldistorio_ or seat. An appropriate passage from the prophecy
+of Osee is sung by one of the choir, and the precept from Exodus
+concerning the killing of the paschal-lamb, a type of Christ, by
+the subdeacon. The Pope and the Card. Celebrant also read both these
+lessons, after each of which a tract is sung by the choir; and between
+them a prayer by the Celebrant. After the prophecies, which are a
+powerful confirmation of the truth of our holy religion, the account
+of the sufferings and death of Jesus Christ, penned by an eye-witness
+S. John, the disciple of love, is recited[84]. It is read in a low
+voice by the Card. Celebrant and sung with the same impressive chant
+as on Palm-Sunday by three cantors wearing the alb, a black maniple
+and stole: they used formerly to recite it bare-footed. At those words
+"And bowing down his head he gave up the ghost" all kneel to adore
+their Redeemer. It is related of a servant of God of the name of
+Piccolomini, that he expired in church on good Friday when those
+words were sung. The latter part is chanted, but without the usual
+ceremonies, by the deacon, after he has taken off his folded chasuble
+and put on the large band or stole. A short sermon is then preached by
+a conventual Friar, who afterwards according to custom publishes the
+indulgence or remission of temporal punishment of thirty years granted
+by the Pope to those who have confessed and sincerely repented of
+their sins. See p. 37. As Morinus has shewn (De Penitentia cap. 4.) in
+most churches penitents were absolved and reconciled after the gospel.
+
+[Sidenote: Prayers for all mankind.]
+
+Christ, says S. Paul, died for all men, and when suffering on
+the cross, He prayed even for his relentless persecutors: on the
+anniversary then of his death it is fit that His church should pray
+for all men, that all may be saved by the application of His merits to
+their souls. The Card. Celebrant commences the beautiful, charitable,
+and ancient prayers of this day with the words, Let us pray, dearly
+beloved, for the holy church of God etc. The deacon then kneeling says
+(according to the ancient custom mentioned by S. Cesarius of Arles
+in his 36th homily, and by S. Basil in his book on the Holy Ghost c.
+XXVII) Let us bend our knees, and the subdeacon answers, Stand up, as
+it was customary to pray standing. This form is repeated before each
+prayer, except that which is offered for the Jews[85]: for their
+soldiers, bowing the knee before our Lord, mocked him saying in
+derision, Hail king of the Jews. Prayers follow for the Pope, for all
+the clergy, and holy people of God (formerly for the Emperor also) and
+catechumens who are to receive baptism on the day following. Having
+prayed for all members of the church, we then pray for heretics and
+schismatics, that God may deign to "deliver them from all errors,
+and bring them back to their holy mother the catholic and apostolic
+church"; and these petitions are followed by others for the conversion
+of Jews and Pagans[86].
+
+[Sidenote: Exposition of the cross: ancient crucifixes and crosses.]
+
+[Sidenote: _Adoration_ of the cross: its antiquity.]
+
+When these prayers are ended[87] the officiating Cardinal takes off
+his chasuble, and going to the epistle-side of the altar receives from
+the deacon the crucifix[88] covered with a black veil. Then turning
+towards the people, and uncovering the upper part of the crucifix, he
+sings, Behold the wood of the cross, on which hung the salvation of
+the world; in singing which words he is joined by two tenor-voices
+from the choir. The choir answers, Come, let us adore[89]. The Pope
+and all others kneel, except the Cardinal celebrant, who advances
+nearer to the middle of the altar, and uncovers the right arm of the
+crucifix, and repeats the same words in a higher tone, and again in
+a still higher tone before the middle of the altar, where he uncovers
+the whole cross. The choir answers as before, and all except the
+celebrant kneel each time the words are repeated. The Cardinal then
+places the crucifix on a rich cushion lying on the steps of the
+altar[90].
+
+[Sidenote: Trisagion.]
+
+I observed above, that it was formerly customary for the Pope and all
+others to walk bare-footed in the procession of this day, as others
+royal personages have done; for instance, S. Louis of France, S.
+Elisabeth of Hungary, and others. Thus to be barefooted was a sign of
+mourning (1 Sam. XV, 30. Jer. II, 25) among the Jews. Their priests
+were without shoes at their functions, in token of reverence (Exod.
+III, 5. Jos. V, 15). Some memorial of this practice is preserved in
+the present custom of taking off the shoes of the principal persons
+who revere and kiss the cross on this day. The Pope's shoes are taken
+off by an _Ajutante di Camera_, His cope by acolythes (_Votanti di
+Segnatura_), and afterwards His Holiness then makes three profound
+genuflections before the crucifix, gradually approaching nearer to it,
+and then kisses it in token of his love for Him, who died upon it for
+our salvation[91]. He also empties a purse, containing an offering
+of 100 _scudi d'oro_, into a silver basin near the crucifix. When the
+Pope is about to make the first genuflection, the choir begins to sing
+the _improperii_, the sentiments of which, and the chant composed by
+Palestrina [92], are admirably adapted to the pathetic ceremony. In
+them God enumerates the unparalleled benefits which he lavished upon
+the Jews, and the atrocious crimes by which they repaid Him. At the
+end of each _improperium_ or reproach, the Trisagion is sung by one
+choir in Greek, and in Latin by another "Holy God! Holy strong one!
+Holy immortal, have mercy on us"[93]. The Pope then returns to his
+throne; he resumes his previous vestments and reads the _improperii_
+from the Missal held as usual by an assist. bishop kneeling. The
+Cardinal celebrant and all the other members of the sacred college,
+after their shoes have been taken off, assisted by the _Ceremonieri_
+revere and kiss the crucifix in the same manner as the Pope has done;
+and each of them leaves an offering of a _scudo d'oro_ according to
+an ancient custom.[94] When they return to their places, their shoes
+are put on by their respective _camerieri_, who afterwards leave the
+chapel. The patriarchs and bishops assistant and non-assistant and the
+generals of religious orders without shoes, and all the other prelates
+etc. wearing their shoes, _adore_ and kiss the cross in like manner,
+observing the same order as in going to receive palms on the preceding
+sunday; and they also make their offerings before the cross. When
+the sacred college has finished the _adoration_, the choir having
+ended the _improperii_ sings the anthem _Crucem tuam_, the psalm
+_Deus misereatur nostri_, the hymn _Pange lingua gloriosi lauream
+certaminis_[95] etc. Towards the end of this beautiful ceremony the
+candles are lighted, the deacon spreads out the corporal[96] as usual,
+placing the purificator near it. He then respectfully takes the cross,
+and places it on the altar amid the candlesticks.
+
+[Sidenote: Chant of _Pange lingua_ etc.]
+
+A procession, arranged like that of the preceding day, now goes to
+the Pauline chapel. Assisted as usual by the first Card. priest, the
+Pope kneels and incenses the B. Sacrament three times. _M. Sagrista_
+delivers the B. Sacrament to the Cardinal celebrant, who presents it
+to the Pope; His Holiness covers it with the end of the veil placed
+over his shoulders[97] and the procession returns to the Sixtine
+chapel [98]. In the mean time the choir sings the hymn "_Vexilla Regis
+prodeunt_". When the Pope arrives at the altar, he delivers the B.
+Sacrament to the Card. Celebrant, who places it on the altar. His
+Holiness then incenses it and returns to his throne.
+
+During the procession the crucifix on the altar of the Sixtine chapel
+is removed, and a larger cross containing a considerable relic of the
+true cross is substituted for it. This relic was sent to Pope Leo the
+Great in the 5th century by Juvenal Bishop of Jerusalem. It was lost,
+but found again by Pope Sergius I in 687: it was stolen at the sack
+of Rome in 1527, and removed from its case of silver: however it was
+recovered by Clement VII, who ordered the rich cross, in which it
+is at present preserved, to be made: in 1730 it was again stolen but
+recovered once more by Clement XII. At the close of the last century,
+though the candlesticks, and the statues of the Apostles belonging
+to the papal chapel were lost, this cross was preserved. In 1840 His
+present Holiness Gregory XVI ordered it to be again exposed to the
+public veneration in the Sixtine chapel: He gave it to the charge
+of the chapter of S. Peter's, who deliver it to _M. Sagrista_ on
+Good-friday morning: and it remains in the Sixtine chapel till the
+end of Tenebrae on that day. Moroni _Cappelle Pontificie etc._
+
+The _Mass_ of the _Presanctified_, as it is called, is next
+celebrated; Card. Tommasi, following S. Cesarius of Arles, calls
+it the office, and not the mass of good-Friday; for mass, strictly
+speaking, is not offered up on this day, since no consecration takes
+place, and the B. Sacrament is received by the celebrant under the
+form of bread alone, as it could not be preserved with safety under
+the form of wine[99].
+
+[Sidenote: Mass of the Pre-Sanctified.]
+
+The Card. Celebrant places the B. Sacrament on the paten[100] and
+thence on the corporal. In the meantime the deacon puts wine into the
+chalice, and the subdeacon water, which however are neither blessed or
+consecrated[101] on this day. The cardinal then places the chalice on
+the altar, and the deacon covers it with the _palla_ or pall (a small
+square piece of linen, which serves to prevent flies etc. from falling
+into it). The Cardinal incenses the offerings and the altar, washes
+his hands, and recites the _Orate Fratres_ and Our Father. All then
+kneel to adore the blessed Sacrament, which he raises over the paten.
+He divides it as usual, but without saying any prayer [102], into
+three parts, putting one of them into the chalice. Striking his
+breast, and acknowledging his own unworthiness, he receives communion,
+taking the sacred host, and afterwards the consecrated particle with
+the wine in the chalice [103]. He then receives the ablution, washes
+his hands, and returns to the sacristy with the sacred ministers.
+
+[Sidenote: Vespers.]
+
+Anciently on fasting days nothing was allowed to be eaten till sunset;
+and Vespers used therefore to be said before dinner: now that the one
+meal allowed on such days may be eaten as early as noon, the ancient
+practice of saying Vespers before dinner is still preserved. Vespers
+are therefore sung immediately after the mass of the Presanctified:
+they consist of the Our Father and Hail Mary said in secret, of five
+psalms with their anthems, and the _Magnificat_ with its anthem. At
+the verse 'Christ became obedient unto death', all kneel down to adore
+Him, and the _Miserere_ and the usual prayer are recited, but without
+the solemnity of Tenebrae[104].
+
+[Sidenote: Tenebrae.]
+
+[Sidenote: Principal relics.]
+
+In the afternoon at Tenebrae, the office, being that of Holy Saturday
+anticipated as usual, refers to the repose of the body of our blessed
+Lord in the tomb. When it is finished, the Pope wearing his stole,
+and the Cardinals having taken off their _cappe_, go to S. Peter's in
+procession, accompanied by the Papal _Anticamera segreta_, the guards
+and others, to venerate the relics of the Cross, the Lance, and the
+_Volto Santo_, which are shewn by the Canons from the gallery above
+the statue of S. Veronica [105]. The Pope meantime, and the Cardinals
+and others arranged on each side of Him, remain kneeling. The
+Pontifical cross is borne as usual before the Pope, when going to S.
+Peter's by an _Uditore di Rota_, and when returning to His apartments
+by His cross-bearer who is one of His chaplains.
+
+[Sidenote: Grounds of belief in relics.]
+
+Catholics are bound to believe with divine faith only those doctrines,
+which the church defines to be doctrines taught by God; and hence with
+regard to particular images or relics or miracles, concerning which
+Christ has taught nothing, they believe them to be genuine or reject
+them, according to the evidence which accompanies them. We shall
+therefore briefly examine what evidence there is in favour of the
+relics in question.
+
+[Sidenote: 1. Relic of the cross.]
+
+1. The relic of the cross was placed here in 1629 by Urban VIII; but
+it was formed of some pieces taken from the churches of S. Anastasia
+and S. Croce in Gerusalemme. The Jews were accustomed to bury the
+instruments of punishment in or near the place where the persons
+executed were buried; but on this subject I must content myself with
+referring to Baronius, Calmet, Menochius, Gretser etc. who cite the
+Rabbins in proof of this assertion. Now according to the ancient
+historians, Eusebius, Sozomen and Socrates: the Emperor Adrian erected
+a temple of Venus over the tomb of the God of purity, after he had
+covered it with a great quantity of rubbish. Helen the saintly mother
+of the emperor Costantine, after many searches (according to Eusebius
+in his life of that emperor) at length discovered the sacred tomb, in
+which was found, according to Sozomen, the inscription placed over the
+cross by Pilate, "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews"[106]. Near the
+tomb in another part of the cave were found three crosses: but here a
+difficulty arose on which of these three was our Saviour crucified?
+At the suggestion of Macarius Bp. of Jerusalem, a woman at the point
+of death, as Ruffinus, Socrates, Theodoret, Sozomen and Nicephorus
+relate; or a dead man, according to Paulinus and Severus Sulpicius,
+was brought to the spot, and restored to health or to life, when
+placed on _one_ of the three crosses. If we consider, that it is
+related in the 2nd book of Kings c, XIII, that when some persons "were
+burying a man, they cast the body into the sepulchre of Eliseus.
+And when it had touched the bones of Eliseus, the man came to life
+and stood up on his feet," we may not be unwilling to admit the
+possibility or probability, that such a miracle may have occurred at
+the sepulchre of the God of Eliseus. Besides the authors whom I have
+mentioned, this history is attested by S. Ambrose, S. Chrysostom, and
+S. Cyril of Jerusalem. This great bishop and Eusebius lived at the
+time when the event is said to have happened: the other writers lived
+not long after, and Ruffinus and Theodoret passed part of their lives
+in Syria. The same historians mention, that S. Helen divided the
+Cross into three parts, one she left in Jerusalem, another she sent
+to Costantine, according to the author of the life of Pope Sylvester
+published by Pope Damasus towards the close of the 6th cent.; and the
+third she reserved for herself, to Rome. She placed the last mentioned
+piece in the Sessorian Basilica, called also the Basilica of Helen,
+because erected by her, in the Horti Variani: hence is derived
+its title of S. Croce in Gerusalemme. On this subject additional
+information may be found in the work of the late Padre De Corrieris,
+De Sessorianis praecipius D.N.J.C. reliquiis, in Trombelli De cultu
+SSrum and Ben. XIV. De festis. From Santa Croce a piece of the cross
+was taken to S. Peter's, and is one of the relics shewn on good
+friday. Even in the fourth century S. Cyril of Jerusalem testifies,
+that particles of the true cross had been sent to every Christian
+country.
+
+[Sidenote: 2. of the lance.]
+
+2. The lance also with which our divine Saviour's side was pierced,
+was found by S. Helen, as the Bollandists shew: and it was preserved
+in Jerusalem, as S. Gregory of Tours and our venerable Bede observe:
+but towards the end of the 6th cent., the iron part of it was
+transfered to Costantinople; of this the point was placed in the
+imperial palace; the other part in the church of S. Sophia, and
+afterwards in that of S. John. William of Tyre and Anna Comnena
+mention it as existing there in the 11th and 12th centuries. Towards
+the close of the 13th century the point of the lance with other
+relics passed into the possession of S. Louis of France: the other
+part of the lance still remained at S. John's in Constantinople,
+as Buondelmount, who saw it, bears witness. When Mahomet subdued
+Costantinople, he preserved all the relics, as Theodore cited by
+Benedict XIV relates in his history of the Turks, and his son Bajazet
+sent an ambassador with the relics of the lance to Pope Innocent VIII,
+in order to induce his Holiness not to protect Zizimus, who disputed
+with him the succession to the Turkish throne. The Pope received it
+with great reverence, and placed it in the Vatican. As some suspicion
+was entertained about the veracity of the Turkish ambassador, Benedict
+XIV, as he mentions in his very learned work on the Canonisation
+of the Saints, from which I have extracted this account, sent for
+an exact cast of the point preserved at Paris, which perfectly
+corresponded with the piece preserved in the Vatican; and thus were
+confirmed the assertion of the Turk[107].
+
+[Sidenote: 3. _Volto Santo_.]
+
+3. As for the _Volto Santo_, or image of our Saviour it was placed in
+an Oratory of the Vatican Basilica by John VII as long ago as 707,
+as may be seen in Marlinetti, Dei pregii della Basilica Vat. Who S.
+Veronica or Berenice was, who is said to have wiped our Saviour's face
+with the handkerchief is another question, as Benedict XIV observes,
+to whom and to Marlinetti I shall content myself with referring. It
+appears that this ancient likeness of our Saviour was afterwards kept
+at S. Spirito: six Roman noblemen had the care of it; and to each of
+them was confided on of the six keys, with which it was locked up.
+They enjoyed various privileges, and among others, says an ancient MS.
+Chronicle quoted by Cancellieri, "havevano questi sei ogni anno, da
+Santo Spirito, due vacche in die S. Spiritus le quali se magnavano
+li con gran festa". In 1410 the _Volto Santo_ was carried back to S.
+Peter's, where it has ever since remained[108].
+
+[Sidenote: Reflections.]
+
+The Council of Trent, in the 25th Session, teaches that veneration and
+honour are due to relics of the Saints, and that they and other sacred
+monuments are honoured by the faithful not without utility. We all
+honour the memorials of the great, of the wise and of the brave; who
+has not venerated the oak of a Tasso or the house of a Shakespeare?
+While _We_ revere the relics of a Borromeo at Milan, of a Francois
+de Sales at Annecy, of a Luigi Gonzaga, a Filippo Neri, a Camillo de
+Lellis at Rome, others respect the chair and table of Wickliffe at
+Lutterworth, or the room of Luther at Eisenach. If infidels unite in
+paying homage to the house of the impious _philosopher_ of Ferney, let
+all Christians, however they may be otherwise unhappily divided, join
+in shewing their respect for the image of their Saviour, and for those
+instruments which touched his sacred body, and were sanctified by his
+precious blood. O let them gaze with reverential awe on that lance
+which entering into his adorable side drew from it blood and water,
+and on that cross to which he was nailed and on which he died for
+our salvation. The early Christians, our forefathers in the faith,
+manifested great respect for the bodies and the blood of the martyrs,
+because they were faithful _followers_ of Christ. Thus, in the letter
+of the faithful of Smyrna preserved by Eusebius, they mention that
+they gathered up the bones of their bishop Polycarp, (a disciple of
+S. John the Apostle) "more precious than pearls, and more tried than
+gold, and buried them. In this place, God willing", say they "we shall
+meet and celebrate with joy and gladness the birthday of this martyr".
+SS. Praxedes and Pudentiana, and many other devout females used
+to collect the blood of the martyrs with sponges and cloths, as
+if they feared that one drop of it should be lost. Read the poems
+of Prudentius, observe the phials of blood[109] placed before the
+martyrs' tombs in the catacombs, and you will not doubt the truth of
+such assertions[110]. The shadow of Peter, the handkerchiefs which
+had touched the body of Paul, could cure diseases, as the Scripture
+witnesseth; but here are the relics of a greater than Paul, of a
+greater than Peter: O then let us kneel, and love, and venerate them;
+for they were closely united to Him who is the author and object
+of our faith, the only foundation of our hope, the centre and the
+consummation of our love.
+
+[Sidenote: Recapitulation.]
+
+It does not fall within my plan to speak of the devotion of the three
+hours of agony, practised on this day in many churches, as at the
+Gesu, S. Lorenzo in Damaso etc. or of that which is practised after
+the _Ave Maria_ at S. Marcello, Caravita etc. or of the elegies
+recited by the Arcadian pastors over their Redeemer. Let us rather
+briefly recapitulate with Morcelli the principal ceremonies of
+the day: Station at S. Croce; service in the Sixtine chapel,
+the veneration of the Cross; the B. Sacrament carried thither in
+procession from the Pauline chapel, Mass of the Presanctified and
+Vespers. In the afternoon Tenebrae, and veneration of the relics at S.
+Peter's.
+
+[Footnote 82: See a MS. Apamean Pontifical ap. Marthene T. 3, p.
+132, Benedict Canon of S. Peter's in his _Ordo Romanus_, Marangoni,
+_Istoria dell antichissimo Oratorio o Cappella di S. Lorenzo nel
+Patriarchio Lateranense_. Roma 1747. S. Louis of France used to walk
+barefooted on this day to the churches, praying and giving abundant
+alms, as did also William, king of the Romans. (Chronicon Erphordense
+ad ann. 1252), S. Elisabeth of Hungary used to devote the day to
+similar acts of piety, walking barefooted and in the dress of a poor
+woman to the churches, and there making her humble offerings at the
+altars, and distributing copious alms. On her practices of piety
+during holy-week see her life by Le Cte de Montalembert c. 9.]
+
+[Footnote 83: The Corporal, which was anciently much longer than at
+present, was spread in this manner at all masses before the offertory.
+See Cancellieri, De Secretariis T. I, Fleury, Moeurs des Chretiens.]
+
+[Footnote 84: The lessons, the prayer, and the passion are found in
+the ancient ordo Gelasianus for this day.]
+
+[Footnote 85: According to the Gelasian Sacramentary all were to
+genuflect at the prayer for the Jews, as well as at the other prayers;
+not so according to the Gregorian Sacramentary.]
+
+[Footnote 86: "God our Saviour", says S. Paul (1 Tim. II, 4) "wishes
+all men to be saved, and to come to the knowledge of the truth". The
+Catholic church is animated by the same spirit of charity, as the
+admirable prayers of this day might alone prove. If she teaches
+exclusive salvation. Christ taught the same "He that believeth and
+is baptised shall be saved: he that believeth not shall be condemned"
+Mark XVI, 26. We cannot therefore consistently accuse the church
+of want of charity, when she proclaims the general conditions of
+salvation, without at the same time charging Christ himself, who first
+taught them, with the same fault. True charity desires the salvation
+of all but she warns others of their danger; and does not cruelly
+conceal it from them till it is too late.]
+
+[Footnote 87: After these prayers the faithful used anciently to leave
+the church, and the Priests to go to their own churches, to perform
+the ceremonies till the evening-service: so that what follows was then
+a totally distinct service. See Sacram S. Gregorii, ant. Ord. Roman,
+etc. ap. Martene lib. IV, c. 23.]
+
+[Footnote 88: It would appear, that, before Costantine abolished the
+punishment of malefactors on the cross, the Christians, who well knew
+with S. Paul that Christ crucified was to the Jews a stumbling-block,
+and to the gentiles foolishness', prudently abstained from
+representing our Saviour nailed to the cross, and used rather to
+depict a lamb with a cross near it, of which instances may he seen in
+Rork's Hierurgia p. 520. The first mention of the _crucifix_ in the
+church is believed to occur in the poem titled _De Passione Domini_
+referred to the fourth century. That the use of the sign and the
+image of the _cross_ was much more ancient and very prevalent among
+Christians will appear from the following facts. "At every step and
+movement" says Tertullian (in the early part of the third century)
+"whenever we come in or go out, when we dress and wash ourselves, at
+table, when lights are brought in, whether we are lying or sitting
+down; whatever we are doing, we mark our foreheads with the sign of
+the cross". Eusebius mentions that Constantine placed a magnificent
+cross De Vit. Const. I. 3. In the fourth century in his palace S. John
+Chrysostom in one of his eloquent homilies observes "Every where the
+symbol of the cross is present to us. We inscribe it very diligently
+on our houses, and walls, and doors, and brows, and thoughts". S.
+Basil (De Spirit. S. ad Amphilochium c. 27.) derives the sign of the
+cross from Apostolic tradition. That this custom universally prevailed
+among Christians might be proved from S. Jerome, from the historian
+Socrates and others, and from monuments of the early Christians still
+preserved in Egypt: but why travel so far? we have only lo look around
+us in the catacombs, or in the Vatican Museum and Library. The cross
+is the chosen, the beloved sign of Christians; they repeated it a
+thousand times on their lamps, on their rings, on their cups and
+sacred vessels, that they might have the sign of their redemption ever
+before their eyes, they kissed it at the hour of their death, and
+had it marked on their tomb, as a sign of their hope of salvation. No
+sooner had peace shone upon the church, than crosses were erected on
+high roads, and in many places of public resort: and would to God that
+those sacred ancient monuments, which once adorned our own country,
+bore public testimony to the faith of its inhabitants, and recalled
+to the minds of passers-by the sufferings of their Saviour, had not
+been too rudely treated in the first heat of religious and political
+frenzy! For some ancient representations of the cross see the learned
+work of Dr. Rock on the mass. I shall content myself with noticing an
+interesting instance, which he has not mentioned. At Pompeii the house
+of Pansa, as it is called, is one of the most remarkable yet excavated
+on account of its extent and regularity. Some parts of it were used
+as shops, and appear to have been let out, (as is still the custom in
+some palaces of Rome): for they have no communication with the body
+of the building. Between two parts thus separated is an entrance from
+a side street to the peristyle or open court surrounded by columns;
+and on the pier between the two doors is, or rather was a painting
+representing one of the guardian-serpents or tutelary deities, who
+were sometimes represented under that form, as we occasionally see
+at Pompeii, and as we learn from Virgil (lib.) V. Hence as we see
+in Titus' baths and are informed by Persius, a place was considered
+sacred, in which serpents were painted. Indeed these reptiles became
+such favourites, that, according to Seneca, they used to creep upon
+the tables amid the cups: and some ladies so far overcame natural
+prejudices, as to place real serpents, if not boas, round their necks,
+to cool them, instead of using artificial boas to warm themselves.
+"Si gelidum nectit collo Glacilla draconem" says Martial. Before the
+serpent painted in Pansa's house is or was a projecting brick intended
+to support a lamp: the painting in consequence of its situation could
+be seen only by persons within the house: but upon the opposite wall
+there is or was a cross worked in bas relief upon a panel of white
+stucco, so situated as to be visible to all persons passing. It had
+the form of a Latin cross, which, we may observe, as well as the Greek
+cross: is found upon ancient Christian monuments; though of course
+we cannot bring forward other instances so ancient as the monument
+in question. (See Rock p. 516). "It is hard to conceive", says the
+learned Mazois, "that the same man should bow at once before the cross
+of Christ, and pay homage to Janus, Ferculus, Limetinus, Cardia, the
+deities of the threshold, and the hinges of doors. Perhaps at this
+time the cross was of a meaning unknown except to those who had
+embraced the Christian faith, which, placed here among the symbols
+of paganism, as if in testimony of gratitude, informed the faithful,
+that the truth had here found an asylum with a poor man, under the
+safeguard of all the popular superstitions". So far Mazois, whose
+opinion is embraced by the author of the interesting work on Pompeii
+published by the society for promoting useful knowledge: but is it not
+probable, I may ask, or rather is it not certain that, at that early
+period, while some members of the same family were pagans, others were
+Christians? it is not then surprising if in the same house we find
+both Christian and Pagan emblems: we may suppose, that some such
+persons may have been inmates of the same house as Mr. Bulwer's
+pagan gladiator Lydon and his Christian father Medon. Pompeii was
+overwhelmed by ashes in the year of Christ 79: and if Vesuvius still
+occasionally lay waste the surrounding country, we are indebted to it
+for the preservation not only of a thousand classical monuments, but
+also of a representation of the cross of Christ, which cannot be of a
+much later date than the time of the destruction of Jerusalem.]
+
+[Footnote 89: St. Helen discovered the cross on which Christ suffered,
+and erected a church in Jerusalem, in which it was deposited.
+"The bishop of that city every year, at the season of the paschal
+solemnity, exhibits it to be _adored_ by the people, after he himself
+has first performed his act of profound veneration". S. Paulinus
+of Nola, A.D. 430, ep. 11 ad Sever. "In the middle of Lent, the
+life-giving wood of the venerable cross is usually exposed for
+_adoration_". S. Sophronius patriarch of Jerusalem in 639. (Orat. in
+Exalt. Crucis). From this custom of the church of Jerusalem probably
+arose that of the Roman church, in which a crucifix, containing a
+particle of the true cross, was publicly venerated on good Friday. In
+the Sacramentary of pope Gelasius (A.D. 402) we read in an account
+of the ceremonies of this day "The priest comes before the altar,
+adoring the Lord's cross and kissing it--all adore the holy cross and
+communicate". This ceremony is mentioned also in the Antiphonary of
+S. Gregory the great and the ancient _Ordo Romanus_. Flecte genu,
+lignumque crucis venerabile adora, says Lactantius. See bishop
+Poynter's Christianity p. 151. Of the Greeks Leo Allatius relates that
+"on good-friday, while they accompany as it were Christ himself to the
+tomb, they lead round through the cities and _adore_ the sculptured
+body of Christ". De consensu utriusque Eccl. lib. 5. c. 15. The
+Syrians also practise this ceremony, as we learn from documents
+published by Card. Borgia and Nairon. This rite is called the
+_adoration_ of the cross. Let us not forget what is said in the Book
+of Common Prayer in the solemnization of Matrimony "With this ring
+I thee wed; with my body I thee _worship_". Such words of doubtful
+signification must be interpreted from the doctrine of the church
+which adopts them. Hanc veniam petimusque damusque vicissim. Now
+the word _adorare_ used in our liturgy (derived from _ad_ and _ora_,
+because persons when _adoring_ used to put their right hand to their
+mouth; Plin. I. 28, c. 2. Apuleius in Apolog.) signifies not only to
+pay divine worship, but also to venerate and even to salute. Thus
+from the instances collected in Forcellini's Lexicon we may select the
+following: "Primo autem septimum Germanici consulatum adoravi". Stat
+in praef i. 4 Silv. Imo cum gemitu populum sic adorat: Apulei. lib 2.
+Metam. The doctrine of the catholic church on this subject is as usual
+clear and decided. The twenty-fifth session of the Council of Trent
+decreed as follows: "The holy synod commands all bishops, and others
+sustaining the duty and care of teaching, that they should diligently
+instruct the faithful concerning the legitimate use of images
+according to the custom of the catholic and apostolic church received
+from the commencement of christianity, and the consent of the holy
+fathers, and decrees of the sacred councils, teaching them ... that
+the images of Christ; of the Virgin mother of God, and other saints,
+are to be had and retained especially in churches, and that due honour
+and veneration are to be given them: not that any divinity or virtue
+is believed to exist in them for which they are to be worshipped, or
+that any thing is to be asked from them, or that confidence is to be
+placed in images, as was formerly done by the Gentiles, who used to
+place their hope in idol; but because the honour which is given to
+them is referred to the prototypes which they represent; so that
+by the images which we kiss, and before which we uncover our heads
+and bow our bodies, we adore Christ, and venerate the Saints, whose
+likeness they bear: this has been decreed against the opposers of
+images by the decrees of councils, especially of the second synod of
+Nice. And let the bishops diligently teach, that by the histories
+of the mysteries of our redemption expressed in pictures or other
+likenesses the people are instructed and confirmed in commemorating
+and assiduously venerating articles of faith, and that from all sacred
+images a great fruit is derived, not only because the people are
+admonished of the benefits and gifts conferred on them by Christ, but
+also because God's miracles through the saints, and salutary examples
+are laid before the eyes of the faithful, that they may return
+thanks for them to God, and may compose their life and manners to an
+imitation of the saints, and may be excited to adore and love God and
+cherish piety". The council then gives directions for the extirpation
+of any abuses which may creep in. These words, by which our faith
+and practice are regulated, are too clear to need comment, and
+sufficiently justify catholics from the foolish and calumnious charge
+of idolatry. The true Catholic practice is well expressed in a work
+attributed to Alcuin "We prostrate our bodies before the cross, and
+our souls before the Lord: we venerate the cross by which we have been
+redeemed, and we supplicate Him who redeemed us".]
+
+[Footnote 90: This rite is described in the Ordo Romanus XIV with the
+same ceremonies. It is first mentioned in the Ordo XI of the Canon
+Benedict.]
+
+[Footnote 91: We kiss and press to our hearts the pictures of those
+whom we love, and shall we think it sinful to kiss the image of Him,
+who for love of us humbled himself even to the death of the cross?
+Oh! let each one of us rather exclaim with S. Paul "God forbid that I
+should glory save in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ, by whom the
+world is crucified to me and I to the world" (Gal. VI): or in the
+words attributed to S. Andrew when he was going to be crucified "Hail
+precious cross, that hast been consecrated by the body of my Lord, and
+adorned with his limbs as with rich jewels. Oh good cross, that hast
+received beauty from our Lord's limbs, I have ardently loved thee,
+long have I desired and sought thee; now thou art found by me and made
+ready for my longing soul". Act. S. Andreae.]
+
+[Footnote 92: "The greatest glory" says Baini "was deservedly obtained
+by _Pierluigi_ on account of the _improperii_, and the hymn _Crux
+fidelis_ which he set to music for 8 voices divided into two choirs,
+and which were sung for the first time by the choir of the Lateran
+basilica on good Friday in the year 1560: by them _fece sbalordire
+arte e natura_. Pius IV demanded them for the use of the apostolic
+chapel, and, after he had heard them, declared that Palestrina had
+surpassed his expectations. These _improperii_ are still sung and will
+ever be sung in the apostolic chapel" Baini, Mem. storic. di Giovanni
+Pierluigi da Palestrina 1. p. 64.]
+
+[Footnote 93: This hymn is frequently sung in the Greek and Oriental
+church. Renaudot T. I, p. 70. According in the Menologium Graecum
+and S. John Damascen it was first used in the reign of Theodosius,
+when public supplications were offered to heaven during a terrible
+earthquake at Costantinople. This Palmer admits, I, 64. It is still
+said in Greek, in which it was originally composed, as well as in
+Latin, in the Roman church. See Goar in notis ad Rituale Graec.]
+
+[Footnote 94: In the Ordo Romanus XII, Ap. 1, de Presbyterio, it is
+prescribed that "according to ancient custom whatever is offered upon
+the cross ought to belong to the _schola_ (or company)" of the cross:
+in the Ordo XIV, that it belongs to the _Sagrista_. The sum collected
+is at present the perquisite of M. Sagrista and the two principal
+Masters of ceremonies. These offerings were customary also in other
+churches, and in particular at Paris.]
+
+[Footnote 95: Baini observes, that the chant of this hymn is one of
+the few instances of _rhythmical_ chant preserved by uninterrupted
+_tradition_ in the papal chapel and adorned with the ancient
+ornaments. (See his Saggio sopra l'indentita dei ritmi musicale e
+poetico. Firenze, 1820). "The chant of that hymn" says Eximano (quoted
+by Baini, Mem. Stor.) is a true plain chant, that is, a chant of
+unison, such as it is found in all choral books: but the mode of
+singing it in the pontifical chapel makes it appear different from
+what is sung in other churches--Above all, the distribution of the
+notes, which are sung (not of those which are written) adapted to
+express the length and shortness of the syllables which compose the
+rhythm of the hymn, ought to be studied. "Se si da quell'inno ad un
+maestro di cappella per metterlo in musica concertata ed in _battuta
+sensibile_, verra subito distrutto il _ritmo_, e se la cantilena
+della cappella pontif. si scrive in battuta, si vedranno cadere
+nel _battere_ alcune sillabe brevi, senza pregiudizio della loro
+quantita". Dubbio di D. Antonio Eximeno sopra il saggio fondamentale
+pratico di contrappunto del R.P.M. Martini. Roma, 1773.]
+
+[Footnote 96: The corporal is a square piece of linen so called,
+because the Corpus or body of Christ is placed on it. S. Isidore of
+Pelusium in the beginning of the 5th century says, that the white
+linen cloth, which is spread under the divine gifts, is the clean
+linen cloth of Joseph of Arimathea: "for we, sacrificing the bread of
+proposition on the linen cloth, without doubt find like him the body
+of Christ": it was anciently much larger than it is at present. The
+purificator is a small towel, which serves to wipe the chalice and
+the hands and mouth of the priest, after he has received the B.
+Sacrament.]
+
+[Footnote 97: The veil is used from reverence to the B. Sacrament:
+on an ancient mosaic on one of the arches of S. Prassede, a person
+is represented enveloped in it, holding a sacred vessel apparently
+intended to contain the B. Sacrament. Ciampini, Vet. mon. T. 2.]
+
+[Footnote 98: According to the Gelasian Sacramentary, "the deacons go
+to the _sacrarium_ and walk in procession with the body and blood of
+the Lord, which remained from the preceding day": with it the most
+ancient Ordo Romanus ad usum monasteriorum agrees.]
+
+[Footnote 99: In the fourth century Pope Innocent I in his epistle to
+Decentius assigns as a reason, why the holy sacrifice is not offered
+up on this day, the example of the apostles who, concealing themselves
+for fear of the Jews, spent this and the following day in fasting and
+mourning for the death of their master, and were thus debarred from
+the holy mysteries. During the whole of Lent the Greek church still
+celebrates, towards evening, only the mass of the presanctified,
+except on Saturdays and Sundays, and on the feast of the Annunciation,
+when the ordinary mass is offered up. This is one of the ancient
+instances of communion under one kind; for, as Leo Allatius observes,
+either it is received under the form of bread alone, or if some drops
+of the sacred blood were sprinkled on the host, all the species
+of wine have disappeared before communion. (De utriusque Ecclesiae
+consensione, p. 875). Neither in the Latin or the Greek church is the
+mass of the pre-sanctified a _Missa sicca_ or dry mass: in which not
+only the consecration, but also the communion, and all those prayers
+which are said over the holy Eucharist, used to be omitted. See
+Durandus in Rationali c. 1. This is the only day in the year on which
+mass is not offered up in the Latin church, and even on it the priest
+communicates: on holy Saturday mass is said, but the priest alone
+communicates: on all other days all the faithful may and many do
+communicate, either during mass or before or after it according to
+circumstances. Palmer having quoted a passage from Bona, in which the
+Cardinal regrets that communion, as well as other rites to which the
+mass is not essential, is often delayed till after the mass is ended,
+subjoins the following ejaculation. "Would that they who communicate
+with the Roman church were not too timid or too lukewarm to return to
+the practice of the primitive church in this and many other respects".
+Orig. Liturg. vol. 2, p. 154. Now in the primitive church the
+faithful, and even those in health, used to communicate not only
+during mass, but also at other times, as is evident from the office of
+the presanctified, at which, according to the Gelasian sacramentary,
+all present communicated, as well as from the numerous ancient
+instances of communion under one kind mentioned in the preceding
+chapter; for in these cases it was not received during the mass, and
+many of them are cases of "_persons in health_". In the same page Mr.
+Palmer observes that "_during all the primitive ages_ the whole body
+of the faithful communicated at each celebration of the liturgy". Now
+has the church of England preserved this "practice of the primitive
+church"? So far is this from being the case, that Palmer considers
+her _ordinary_ office as a "_Missa sicca_; or dry service" p. 164,
+in which there is neither consecration or communion, and the earliest
+notice of which occurs in the writings of Petrus Cantor (A.D. 1200),
+according to Palmer's own admission, ibid. Even on those few days
+in the year when she admits her children to communion, her ministers
+generally consider that they make an oblation only of bread and wine,
+and not of the body and blood of Christ, whereas, whatever Palmer or
+the Tracts for the Times may say to the contrary, we are prepared to
+prove from the _very liturgies_, which the former cites, that in the
+mass there is an oblation not merely of bread and wine but also of the
+body and blood of Christ; and accordingly even the author of Tract 81,
+vol. 4, admits, p. 61, that "the real point of difference between the
+primitive church and modern views is whether there be in this oblation
+a _mystery_ or no". It is truly lamentable that men of learning should
+falsely accuse the Roman church of departure from primitive discipline
+in a matter of so little comparative importance as the precise
+_time_ when communion is to be received, while they themselves must
+acknowledge, that they have _abolished communion_ itself as well as
+_consecration_ on _nearly_ all the days of the year, and that they
+have reduced the oblation of the mass from a '_mystery_' and a
+'_venerable, tremendous_ and unbloody sacrifice' (Palmer vol. 2, p.
+84) to an offering of bread and wine. They have thus deprived their
+followers of the inestimable fruits of communion enumerated by Christ
+in the gospel--yet these forsooth are the men who charge Catholics
+with a departure from primitive practice. How many other _primitive
+practices_ mentioned in this work have been abolished by the church
+of England!]
+
+[Footnote 100: This plate, which is of gold or silver-gilt, resembles
+_in form_ the patera used in the ancient sacrifices, and generally
+represented together with the _prefericulum_ on sepulchral monuments
+dedicated to the Manes.]
+
+[Footnote 101: The wine is sanctified, but is not consecrated, either
+by the particle of the sacred host, or by the recital of the _Pater
+noster_, as has been shewn by Mabillon, (Museum Ital.) Bossuet, and
+other authors quoted by Benedict XIV. The wine and water represent
+the blood and water, which flowed on this day from Christ's body. See
+Act. Coer. p. 54. Whenever priests _say Mass_, they receive under both
+kinds, in compliance with the command of Christ "Drink ye all of this"
+which words as well as those others, "Do this in commemoration of me"
+were addressed to the apostles and their successors.]
+
+[Footnote 102: According to the direction of the Gelasian
+sacramentary, the _Pax Domini etc_. is not said on this day.]
+
+[Footnote 103: "As the communion," says Mabillon "is of the nature of
+a sacred banquet, it consists of food and drink; hence the other part
+of the banquet, viz. drink, was supplied by wine, mixed with water,
+but sanctified by a particle of the B. Sacrament" See for the service
+of this day a MS. Pontifical of the church of Apamea in Syria ap.
+Martene t. 3, p. 132. It is found with little variation also in the
+Gelasian Sacramentary, in a very ancient _Ordo Romanus_, and some MSS.
+cited by Martene. In the Roman church, as Amalarius was informed by
+the Roman archdeacon "at the station no one communicated". In many
+other churches there was general communion; this is prescribed by the
+church during this holy season.]
+
+[Footnote 104: In many churches the crucifix used to be solemnly
+placed in the _sepulchre_ after the Vespers. See the Sarum and other
+missals, ap. Martene t. 3, p. 139.]
+
+[Footnote 105: So jealously are these relics kept, that even
+sovereigns cannot go up where they are preserved, without being
+first appointed Canons of the Basilica. The Emperor Frederic III,
+and afterwards Ladislaus son of the king of Poland, and Cosimo III
+grand-duke of Tuscany went up dressed as Canons of St. Peter's.]
+
+[Footnote 106: The learned professor Sholz after his return from
+Palestine defended in a dissertation the genuineness of this tomb
+against Dr. Clark's objections: if it be within the walls of the
+modern city of Jerusalem, it was certainly outside the ancient walls.]
+
+[Footnote 107: The lance preserved at Nuremberg resembles in form that
+of St. Peter's, but is made of common iron, united with a part of one
+of the nails of the cross.]
+
+[Footnote 108: These relics are shewn to the people on holy-Wednesday
+after the matins of Tenebrae; on Thursday and Friday several times in
+the day: on holy Saturday morning after mass: on Easter Sunday after
+the Pontifical mass: on Easter Monday, and a few other festivals.]
+
+[Footnote 109: The opinion of Roestell (Beschreibung der Stadt Rom, B.
+I, p. 400) that these phials contained the blessed eucharist under
+the form of wine, if admitted, would form a new proof of the real and
+permanent presence of Christ's blood in the B. Sacrament; yet it is
+a novel, unsupported, and untenable conjecture. Some of the ancient
+Christian Fathers complain, it is true, of the abuse of burying the
+eucharist with the deceased under the form of bread; but the phials of
+blood have been found with so many bodies, that we cannot reasonably
+suppose the custom to have been an abuse: and who among the ancients
+mentions that the eucharist was ever buried with them under the form
+of _wine_? That the palm-branch or crown accompanied by these phials
+of blood are authentic signs of martyrdom, see Raoul-Rochette's
+Memoires sur les pierre sepulcrales, t. XIII des Mem. de l'Academie,
+p. 210, 217. On one of the phials mentioned by Roestell was found the
+inscription Sanguis Saturnini.]
+
+[Footnote 110: In the Vatican Library is a small relic-case, marked
+with the monogram, of great simplicity and consequent antiquity. There
+is another of ivory, adorned with bas-reliefs of the resuscitation of
+Lazarus, Christ's apprehension etc. Plainer, Bescher. der Stadt Rom.
+B. 2. See also Rock's Hierurgia Vol. 2, cap 6.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. VI.
+
+ON THE CEREMONIES OF HOLY-SATURDAY
+
+
+_CONTENTS._
+
+    Service of Easter-eve--Ceremonies of
+    holy-saturday-morning--Sixtine chapel. 1. Blessing of the fire
+    and incense-procession; Paschal candle--the deacon sings the
+    _Exultet_--triple candle--2. Baptism administered on this
+    day: communion of children in former times--prophecies--3.
+    The litany: invocation of Saints--change from mourning
+    to rejoicing--High mass: sacred pictures
+    etc.--_Alleluja_--Vespers--end of the mass: mass of Pope
+    Marcellus--Ceremonies at S. John Laterans. Blessing of
+    the font: baptistery--baptism of adults--litanies and
+    confirmation--mass and ordination--Armenian catholics--their
+    liturgy; and high mass on Easter-eve--reflections--Conclusion.
+
+    "_But now Christ is risen from the dead, the first-fruits of
+    them that sleep_". 1 Cor. XV, 20.
+
+[Sidenote: Service of Easter-eve.]
+
+I remarked in the last chapter, that anciently mass was not said
+either on good-friday, or holy-saturday, and I quoted Pope Innocent I,
+who assigns as a reason the example of the Apostles, who spent those
+days in mourning for their Master. It was formerly customary to
+celebrate mass on the night of Easter-eve or holy Saturday. Hence when
+Tertullian, the oldest Latin Christian writer, endeavoured to dissuade
+his wife from ever marrying a pagan, in case of his own death, among
+other arguments he used the following; "Who will tranquilly wait for
+you, when you are spending the night at the paschal solemnities?"
+S. Jerome also (in cap. 25 Matt.) says, that according to apostolic
+tradition, the people did not leave the church on Easter-eve before
+midnight. This custom continued for many ages; but Hugh of S. Victor
+in the twelfth century says, that in his time, in order to avoid
+weakness arising from long fasting, the hour anciently observed was
+anticipated. The service, which is now performed before noon on holy
+Saturday, was formerly assigned to the night of Easter-eve: and this
+anticipation accounts for the occasional mention of night, which
+it contains, as well as for the early celebration of Christ's
+resurrection.
+
+[Sidenote: Ceremonies of holy saturday.]
+
+The ceremonies of holy saturday-morning may be arranged under three
+heads: 1st. the blessing of the fire and of the paschal candle: 2nd.
+the preparation for, and ceremonies of, baptism: 3rd. the litany
+and mass. All three allude, as we shall see, to the resurrection of
+Christ, which is the great object of our devotion on this day. In Rome
+two sanctuaries are the great centres of attraction in the morning,
+viz. S. John Lateran's on account of the baptism of adults, and
+the Sixtine chapel, where the service is always beautiful, and
+particularly on this day. We shall first give an account of the
+ceremonies observed in the latter, and shall then describe the
+additional interesting rites of S. John Lateran's.
+
+[Sidenote: Sixtine chapel: 1. Blessing of fire and incense.]
+
+1. As the missal prescribes, the altar is covered at a convenient
+hour, and the candles of the altar are not lighted till the beginning
+of the mass. A light, from which the charcoal for the incense is
+enkindled, is struck from a flint in the sacristy; where also _M.
+Sagrista_ privately blesses water. The cardinals enter the Sixtine
+chapel vested in their purple _cappe_: the maces are reversed, as on
+friday. Meantime in the sacristy the Card. Celebrant wearing a purple
+cope and mitre, and assisted by the sacred ministers, blesses (as
+usually with holy water and incense) the fire and the five grains of
+incense, which are to be fixed in the paschal candle[111].
+
+[Sidenote: Procession: Paschal candle.]
+
+The Cardinal afterwards changes his cope for a chasuble, which is
+purple as well as that of the subdeacon; but the deacon, as he is
+going to bless the Paschal candle[112], wears a white dalmatic. They
+then enter the Sixtine chapel; where, having put incense into the
+thurible, the Cardinal remains: but the deacon, the subdeacon who
+carries the cross, and the other ministers go to the Pauline chapel,
+whence a procession returns in the following order. After two mace
+bearers comes an acolythe with the five grains of incense, and another
+with the thurible; then the subdeacon carrying the cross; and the
+deacon with a reed, at the top of which are 3 candles united together.
+At his left hand is a Master of ceremonies with a small candle lighted
+from the blessed fire, and he is followed by two other acolythes.
+When the deacon arrives near the door of the _cancellata_, one of the
+three candles is lighted, and all genuflect, except the subdeacon: the
+deacon then sings, _Lumen Christi_, the light of Christ, and the choir
+answers, Thanks be to God. The other two candles are lighted in turn,
+as the Deacon approaches nearer to the altar; singing the same words
+each time, but gradually in a higher tone. He then gives the reed
+to an acolythe; and before he sings the _exultet_ or blessing of the
+Paschal candle, he receives the benediction of the Card. Celebrant,
+who once more puts incense into the thurible.
+
+[Sidenote: Deacon sings the _Exultet_:]
+
+[Sidenote: triple candle]
+
+The deacon[113] goes to the book, and has the subdeacon on his right
+hand, and on his left the thurifer and two acolythes, one of whom
+holds the reed, and the other the plate containing the five grains of
+incense. All stand, as at the gospel: he incenses the book, and then
+sings the _Exultet_[114]. After the words _curvat imperia_, he fixes
+in the candle the five grains of incense in the form of a cross[115].
+At the words "_ignis accendit_" he lights the paschal candle with one
+of the _three_ lights[116]. When the blessing, as it is called, is
+ended, the paschal candle is left lighted near the pulpit and the
+seats of the Card. deacons, and the triple candle is placed near the
+altar on the gospel-side[117]. The deacon then takes off his white
+vestments, puts on others of a purple colour, and joins the Card,
+celebrant, who accompanied by the ministers takes his seat on
+_Faldistorio_ near the altar on the epistle-side, to hear the
+prophecies recited.
+
+[Sidenote: 2. Baptism administered.]
+
+[Sidenote: communion of children.]
+
+2. The administration of the Sacrament of Baptism forms an important
+feature in the ceremonies of this day: indeed anciently it was
+customary to confer it only on holy-saturday, and the eve of
+Whit-sunday, except in case of necessity[118]. On these two days those
+Catechumens who were sufficiently instructed, and also children, used
+to be baptised[119] by the bishop, and by the bishop of Rome as well
+as others[120]; and after they had been baptised, they all received
+Confirmation and the holy Eucharist[121].
+
+[Sidenote: Prophecies.]
+
+The twelve lessons or prophecies read on this day were intended for
+the instruction of the catechumens; and they are well selected for
+that purpose, as they contain an account of the creating, the flood,
+the obedience of Abraham, the deliverance of God's people from their
+enemies at the red sea, the precept concerning the paschal lamb,
+the conversion of Ninive, the refusal of the three children to adore
+Nabuchodonosor's statue, etc. they are twelve in the ancient Gelasian
+Ordo. They are sung in the Sixtine chapel by members of the papal
+choir, and are read by the Card. celebrant. After each prophecy the
+Cardinal standing up sings a prayer: the deacon chants _Flectamus
+genua_ and the subdeacon _Levate_ before each, except the last, when
+the knee is not bent, in order to shew abhorence of the idolatry
+exacted by Nabuchodonosor for his statue. After the 4th, 8th, and 11th
+prophecies an appropriate Tract is sung by the choir. Formerly some or
+all of these prophecies were said in Greek as well as in Latin. (See
+Cancellieri, _Funz. d. Set. S._ Sec. 4, Martene T. 3. p. 148.). These
+lesson are recited even where there is no baptismal font, as at the
+Sixtine chapel. After them follow in S. John Lateran's and other
+churches the blessing of the font, and in some of them administration
+of baptism.
+
+[Sidenote: 3. The litany: invocation of Saints.]
+
+[Sidenote: Change from mourning to rejoicing.]
+
+3. In the papal chapel, immediately after the prophecies, the
+Celebrant takes off his chasuble, and prostrates himself with the
+sacred ministers before the altar; all the others also kneel, and
+two tenor voices from the choir chant in the middle of the chapel the
+greater litanies, called those of the saints, each petition of which
+is repeated in the same words by the choir[122]. Before the verse
+"_Peccatores te rogamus audi nos_" the assistant priest and ministers
+go to the sacristy, and put on white vestments. Then returning to the
+chapel they assist the Card. Celebrant to put on his white vestments
+at his _faldistorio_. The candles are now lighted (at the _Agnus Dei_
+of the litany, as the Sacramentary of S. Gregory and the Ordo Romanus
+prescribe); the purple veil which covered the throne and the purple
+_paliotto_ or facing of the altar are removed; and both appear decked
+in white. The Cardinals assisted by theirs _caudatarii_ take off
+their purple _cappe_, and put on others of scarlet brought in by their
+respective _camerieri_. The reason of this sudden change from mourning
+to rejoicing we have already seen: the celebration of Christ's
+resurrection from the dead is celebrated by anticipation.
+
+[Sidenote: High mass.]
+
+At the end of the litanies, the Pope (if His Holiness were not present
+at the preceding ceremonies) enters the chapel, wearing a white
+cope and a mitre; at the foot of the altar he repeals as usual the
+beginning of the mass with the Card. Celebrant at His left hand: in
+the meantime the choir sings solemnly the _Kyrie eleison_ etc. (as
+there is no _Introit_ of the Mass, because the people were assembled
+in the church previously): the Pope goes to His throne, and receives
+the usual _ubbidienza_; and the other customary ceremonies of high
+mass in the papal chapel take place (see p. 19 and foll.) with such
+exceptions as we shall now mention. As soon as the Celebrant commences
+the _Gloria in excelsis_, the veil is removed from the tapestry over
+the altar; which represents Christ rising from the dead[123], the
+cannons of S. Angelo are discharged, the arms are no longer reversed
+and the bells of the city are tolled, to announce to its faithful
+inhabitants the resurrection of their Divine Lord.
+
+[Sidenote: Alleluja.]
+
+After the epistle, sung as usual by the subdeacon, another subdeacon
+(_Uditore di Rota_) wearing a white _tonacella_ or tunic announces
+at the foot of the throne the joyful tidings to His Holiness[124] by
+chanting aloud; "_Pater sancte, annuntio vobis gaudium magnum, quod
+est, Alleluja_": having then kissed the Pope's foot he returns into
+the sacristy. This word of joy[125] _Alleluja_, (praise God) which
+had not been once uttered during the long season of mourning which
+preceded this solemnity, is now sung thrice by the Celebrant,
+gradually raising his voice to a higher tone. The choir reechoes it
+each time, singing it in _contrapunto_, and then chants the verse
+_Confitemini_, and the tract, which is ordinarily recited in
+penitential times. Throughout the mass the joy of the church is
+incomplete; for though Christ has risen from the dead, He has not
+yet appeared to His disciples, and the light of faith is still
+overclouded, as Alcuin remarks: hence lights are not carried at the
+gospel; the Creed, offertory, motetto and _Agnus_ _Dei_ are omitted,
+and the kiss of peace is not given[126]. Merati adds to the cause
+already assigned the wish to abridge service; particularly on account
+of the newly-baptised children, who communicated at this mass; and the
+unusual shortness of the Vespers confirms this opinion.
+
+[Sidenote: End of the mass.]
+
+After the Celebrant has communicated, Vespers are sung by the choir,
+in place of the _communion_ and postcommunion. They consist of the
+anthem _Alleluja_ repeated three times before and after the short
+psalm _Laudate Dominion omnes gentes_ etc.; of the anthem _Vesper
+autem sabbati_, which the Celebrant commences and the choir continues;
+of the _Magnificat_[127] and in fine of the prayer which is chanted
+by the Card. Celebrant. While the anthem before the _Magnificat_ is
+sung, the Pope puts incense into the thurible; the celebrant incenses
+the crucifix and the altar, and is incensed by the deacon, and the
+incensing continues as after the offertory at high-mass (See p. 21) At
+the _Gloria Patri_ the deacon, having incensed the Card, priests, bows
+his head in the middle of the chapel, and then proceeds to incense the
+Card, deacons. After the prayer; _Ite Missa est, Alleluja, Alleluja_,
+is sung; and the choir answers, _Deo gratias Alleluja, Alleluja_: the
+Pope gives the usual blessing, the Celebrant publishes the indulgence
+of thirty years and this beautiful service terminates. In the sacristy
+His Holiness puts on a _mozzetta_ of white (instead of red) damask,
+and wears it during the whole of Easter week: His shoes also are
+white. The Cardinals put on red _mantellette_ and _mozzette_ over
+their purple cassocks; these they afterwards change for others of
+scarlet.
+
+[Sidenote: Mass of Pope Marcellus.]
+
+The mass sung on this day is that of Pierluigi da Palestrina, called
+the mass of Pope Marcellus; not because it was composed during his
+pontificate; but because, according to Baini, Pierluigi had intended
+to dedicate a work to that Pope, to whom he was grateful and attached,
+but was disappointed by His Holiness' premature death; and therefore
+he persuaded Card. Vitellozzi to give it that name in honour of
+his former patron. This is the celebrated mass, which rescued
+ecclesiastical music from the dangers which surrounded it in the
+Pontificate of Pius IV (as we have related in The Papal Chapel, Rome,
+1839), and not of Marcellus II, as Baini has proved. It is said, that
+when it was first sung in the papal chapel, the Card. dean Francesco
+Pisani was so enraptured with it, that he exclaimed with Dante,
+Paradise, Canto X.
+
+  _Render e questo voce a voce in tempra_
+  _Ed in dolcezza, ch' esser non puo nota_
+  _Se non cola dove il gioir s'insempra._
+
+to whom, with all the readiness of the bucolic shepherds, whom this
+classic soil even now produces, Card. Sorbelloni, the Pope's cousin,
+replied:
+
+  _Risponda dunque; O beata sorte!_
+  _Risponda alla divina cantilena_
+  _Da tutte parti la beata Corte,_
+  _Si ch' ogni vista ne sia pia serena._
+
+Baini Mem. Stor. T. 1.
+
+[Sidenote: Ceremonies at S. John Lateran's.]
+
+The ceremonies of holy-week are performed at S. John Lateran's[128]
+by the chapter of that protobasilica, and resemble for the most part
+those which we have already described. On holy-saturday however, in
+addition to the rites before mentioned, the font of the baptistery is
+blessed by the Card. Vicar, baptism is solemnly administered there to
+adults, the newly-baptised are confirmed in the church, ordination is
+conferred during mass upon candidates, for the priesthood. We shall
+treat briefly of these various ceremonies.
+
+[Sidenote: Blessing of the fonti: baptistery.]
+
+After the twelve prophecies have been recited, the Card. Vicar, (as
+the representative of the Bishop of Rome) wearing a purple cope and
+a mitre, goes in procession from the tribune of the basilica to the
+baptistery[129]. He is preceded by acolythes bearing the paschal
+candle[130], and the cross and usual lights, as well as by the
+candidates for baptism and orders, and the chapter of the basilica.
+In the mean time the beautiful tract, As the stag thirsts for the
+fountains of water, etc. is sung[131]. His Em. then chants the prayers
+appointed for the benediction of the font; he divides the water with
+his hand in the form of a cross, exorcises it, touches it, signs it
+three times with the sign of our redemption, and pours some of it
+towards the four parts of the world, in allusion to the command of
+Christ: "_Go teach all nations, baptising them_" (Matt. XXVIII). He
+then dips the paschal candle three times into the water, singing, and
+each time raising his voice to a higher pitch than before: "May the
+power of the Holy Ghost descend upon the fulness of this font"; as
+when He descended, says Gavant, "in the form of a dove at the baptism
+of Christ represented by this candle plunged into the water". Then
+breathing three times on the water nearly in the form of a cross "that
+he may unite the Trinity with the cross" (as the same author observes)
+he continues the chant, and raises the candle from the water,
+alluding in the prayer to "the effect of baptism, which confers grace,
+_raising_ the soul from sin to glory". (Gavant). The blessed water
+is then sprinkled upon the people, and some of it is reserved to be
+sprinkled in houses, etc. In order to sanctify the water still
+more, the Cardinal now pours into it, in the form of a cross, oil of
+catechumens and chrism; and mixes them with the water of the font,
+in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. This last ceremony
+is intended to signify, according to mystical interpreters, such as
+Amalarius, Honorius, Durandus, etc. "the union of Christ by baptism
+with the members of the church" (Gavant). The prayers of this
+benediction, most of which are sung in the tone of the _preface_ at
+ferial mass, contain beautiful allusions to the mention of water in
+the Old and New Testaments, as for instance: "O God, whose Spirit at
+the very beginning of the world was borne upon the waters, that the
+nature of water might even then conceive the power of sanctification;
+O God, who washing with waters the crimes of a guilty world, didst
+sign the figure of regeneration in the very out-pouring of the deluge;
+may this font receive of the Holy Ghost the grace of thy only begotten
+Son"[132].
+
+[Sidenote: Baptism of adults.]
+
+The Caeremoniale Episcoporum prescribes that infants, except in danger
+of death, should not be baptised during the eight preceding days, that
+they may be reserved for holy-Saturday. The beginning of the baptismal
+service and the exorcisms are performed privately in the sacristy
+by the parish-priest, while the prophecies are read in church[133].
+After the font has been blessed, the catechumens wearing a long white
+dress, and accompanied by their respective godfathers and godmothers,
+approach the font, and in turn ascend. In answer to the questions of
+the Cardinal (who is now vested in a white, and not a purple, cope,)
+having renounced Satan and all his works and pomps, they profess
+their belief in the articles of Christian faith, and their desire of
+baptism[134]: then assisted by their sponsors they are baptised by
+infusion in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost; they are
+anointed with chrism, receive a white garment, with a charge to bear
+it unspotted before the tribunal of Christ, and in fine a lighted
+taper, that "when the Lord shall come to the nuptials, they may meet
+him in the heavenly court unto life everlasting".
+
+[Sidenote: Litanies and confirmation.]
+
+The litanies are sung, while the procession returns to the church,
+where the newly-baptised are confirmed in a side-chapel, and exhorted
+to perseverance in virtue, by the Cardinal[135]; the litanies are
+then continued, but cease while all kneeling venerate the heads of
+SS. Peter and Paul shewn from above the high altar; the procession
+afterwards returns to the tribune, where the mass of the day is sung,
+and orders are conferred by the Cardinal-Vicar.
+
+[Sidenote: Mass and ordination.]
+
+The orders of priests and deacons are often mentioned in the N.
+Testament: and the church, as S. Thomas observes, instituted the
+inferior orders. Subdeacons are mentioned by Pope Cornelius and S.
+Cyprian in the 3rd century, as well as acolythes, exorcists, and
+lectors. S. Augustine and S. Gregory Nazianzen speak of _ostiarii_;
+and the clerical tonsure is mentioned by S. Isidore at the beginning
+of the 5th century, as a rite established before his time. Orders
+are conferred by the laying on of hands and prayer, as the scripture
+teaches, and also by the delivery of the instruments belonging to each
+order: appropriate exhortations addressed to the candidates for the
+different orders are interspersed with the prayers prescribed in the
+pontifical. (On their antiquity the reader may consult Morinus de
+Ordinationibus, Martene de Antiquis Eccl. Ritibus, T. 2. etc.) The
+tonsure is given after the _Kyrie eleison_ of the mass, the 4 minor
+orders after the _Gloria in excelsis_; subdeacons are ordained before
+the epistle, which one of them repeats; deacons after the epistle
+and finally priests after the first part of the tract. These last,
+after the imposition of hands, receive their peculiar vestments,
+viz. the stole hanging down in front, and the chasuble: their hands
+are anointed with oil of catechumens, and they receive a chalice
+containing wine and water, a paten with a host, and power to say
+mass. (Luke XXII, 19). After offerings of candle have been made to the
+ordaining Bishop, the new priests join him in saying mass[136]: and
+after the newly-ordained and baptised have communicated, the priests
+profess their faith by reciting the apostles' creed; they receive
+power to forgive and retain sins (John XX, 22, 23), they promise
+reverence and obedience to their ecclesiastical superior, and receive
+the bishops blessing, who then directs that masses and prayers be
+said by those whom he has ordained, and recommends himself to their
+prayers. In other respects the mass is similar to that of the Papal
+chapel[137]. Morcelli in his calendar in summing up the ceremonies
+of this day, having mentioned the station at S. John Lateran's, the
+baptism of Jews and Turks, and mass in the papal chapel, says that
+at the _Gloria, tonitrus tormentorum ab Arce fiunt, AEra templorum ac
+Turium sonant._
+
+[Sidenote: Armenian Catholics:]
+
+Having spoken of the ceremonies of the Vatican and S. John Lateran's,
+we might consider our task as completed[138]. Yet one more _funzione_
+attracts our countrymen on this day; and we are therefore unwilling to
+bid them farewell, before it is ended. Come then to S. Biagio or to S.
+Gregorio Illuminatore, to assist at the Armenian mass; and on the
+road we may talk of the venerable and amiable Fathers who perform that
+solemn service, and of the nature of their liturgy.
+
+SS. Bartholomew and Thaddaeus were the first apostles of Armenia:
+but it was not till the beginning of the 4th century, that the whole
+country became Christian in consequence of the divine blessing, which
+attended the zealous exertions of S. Gregory surnamed the Illuminator.
+In the 6th century great numbers of the Armenians were infected with
+the heresy of Eutyches, who denied that there were two natures in
+Christ: and to this error they afterwards added some others. In the
+pontificate of John XXII, about the year 328, a zealous Dominican
+bishop, called Bartholomew of Bologna, went as a missionary among
+them; and many of the Eutychians or Monophysites returned to the bosom
+of the Catholic church. In the 16th century the Catholics were so
+furiously persecuted by Zachary, a schismatical patriarch, that they
+fled and took refuge in other countries. They have at present two
+establishments at Rome, one of the Antonian monks at the church of
+S. Gregory Illuminator, behind the colonnade of S. Peter's; and a
+national _ospizio_ at S. Biagio in strada Giulia.
+
+[Sidenote: their liturgy.]
+
+"The Armenians," says Palmer "have only one liturgy, which is written
+in the ancient Armenian language, and has been used by them from time
+immemorial. The whole groundwork and order of the Armenian liturgy
+coincides with the Caesarean, as used in the time of Basil. This
+liturgy has, like most others, received many additions in the course
+of ages. There are several prayers extracted from the liturgy of
+Chrysostom, and actually ascribed to him" Vol. 1, Liturgy of Armenia.
+"The liturgy of Basil can be traced with tolerable certainty to the
+4th century. Striking as are some of the features, in which it differs
+from that of Antioch, it is nevertheless evidently a superstructure
+raised on that basis: the composition of both is the same, i.e. the
+parts, which they have in common, follow in the same order. The same
+may be said of the Constantinopolitan liturgy, commonly attributed to
+S. Chrysostom, of that of the Armenian church, and of the florid and
+verbose composition in use among the Nestorians of Mesopotamia. So
+that the liturgy of Antioch, commonly attributed to S. James, appears
+to be the basis of all the oriental liturgies". Tracts for the Times,
+N. 63. The author then proceeds to state the grounds of the belief
+that the liturgies of Antioch, Alexandria, Rome and Gaul were of
+Apostolic origin; concluding thus "It may perhaps be said without
+exaggeration, that next to the holy scriptures they possess the
+greatest claims on our veneration and study". Padre Avedichian
+observes in his preface to the Armenian liturgy, that it was probably
+compiled by John _Mandagunense_, an Armenian patriarch of the fifth
+century.
+
+[Sidenote: Armenian high-mass.]
+
+We shall now give a brief account of their high mass, which we do the
+more readily, because Mr. Palmer represents it in a very mutilated
+form. The celebrant, whether priest or bishop, is vested in the
+sacristy: the vestments bear some resemblance to those of the Greeks.
+The beginning of the mass is the only part probably taken from the
+Roman liturgy, but it contains an invocation of the B. Virgin and of
+the saint of the day. When the celebrant goes up to the altar, the
+veil is drawn: he uncovers the chalice, blesses the host, which is
+like ours of unleavened bread; pours wine and water into the chalice,
+and recites the beautiful prayer of S. John Chrysostom: "O Lord our
+God, who hast sent our Lord Jesus Christ the celestial bread, the
+nourishment of the whole world; do thou bless this proposition etc."
+The veil is then drawn back, and the offerings, the altar, and the
+people are incensed. The Celebrant recites the prayer of the festival,
+followed by other prayers composed by S. John Chrysostom: the
+Trisagion is sung, and the gospel is carried in procession, and is
+kissed by one of the congregation. Then follow the epistle, gospel,
+and creed. After two prayers, and two benedictions imparted to the
+people; the offerings are carried in procession to the altar, the
+celebrant offers them up to God, and prays that Jesus Christ will make
+him worthy to consecrate, and receive his "holy and immaculate body
+and precious blood; for thou, O Christ our God, art he who offers
+and is offered". After he has washed his hands, he says "O Lord God
+of armies, let this victim become "the true body and blood of thy
+only begotten Son". He then blesses the people, says prayers which
+correspond to our preface and _Sanctus_, and pronounces the words of
+consecration. After he has said other prayers, and made the sign of
+the cross several times over the host and chalice, he invokes the holy
+Ghost, begging also that the body and blood of Christ may produce "the
+salvation of our souls and the remission of our sins". He then prays,
+through the merits of the holy sacrifice, for the whole world, the
+church and state, all conditions of men and for all the faithful
+departed: he invokes the intercession of the B. Virgin and all the
+Saints: he prays for the Pope and all present; and after other similar
+supplications, he says the _Pater noster_. The elevation takes place
+at this part of the mass, and also the blessing of the people with
+the consecrated host and chalice, accompanied by appropriate prayers.
+After the curtains have been drawn, the priest breaks the host, and
+puts a particle of it into the chalice: he then receives communion,
+blesses the people with the chalice and particle, and distributes
+communion; before its distribution the curtains are drawn back. When
+the ablutions and prayers after the celebrant's communion are ended,
+turning towards the people, he recites a prayer of S. John Chrisostom,
+which is followed by the last gospel. Then invoking the holy cross he
+blesses the people, who unite in praising God. He finally blesses them
+again, and distributes blessed bread (not consecrated) among them. At
+S. Gregorio Illuminatore Vespers are added and said _in circolo_: the
+clergy carry tapers; and the gospel is held up by the Celebrant to
+implore blessings on the people.
+
+[Sidenote: Reflections.]
+
+These ceremonies may appear singular to us, who are of a different
+clime and different customs; their music in particular is little in
+accordance with our taste, or notions of melody and harmony. Yet the
+remark of Montfaucon (Diario Italico) "aera Dodonaea dixisses", alluding
+to the brass kettles of the oracle (Potter Arch. Graec. B. 2, Sec. 8)
+is an exaggeration. Their _flabelli_ are of metal, of a round form,
+surrounded with little bells, which are sounded at the seraphic hymn,
+to express, if we might believe Cancellieri, "by the trembling of the
+hands, that of the blessed spirits, who assist at the throne of the
+Divine Majesty with fear and trembling". (Tre Pontific. Not. VI).
+Their mass is anticipated, but not at so early an hour as that of
+the Latin. (Even in the Latin church, permissions to say mass in
+the afternoon of this day have been granted by some Popes; they may
+be seen in Cancellieri. _Funz. d. Sett. S. p_. 183, 184). Amid the
+numerous differences between their rite and our own, the attentive
+spectator will not fail to remark the similarity of the substance and
+order of their liturgy, and of that of the Roman church; although,
+with the solitary exception of the beginning of the mass, both have
+existed independently of one another during the last 1400 years. This
+is a powerful argument in favour of the great antiquity, nay of the
+apostolic origin of their most important ceremonies, which may be
+traced through different channels to the _primitive_ liturgies of Rome
+and Antioch. It is also one of those striking illustrations, which
+Rome presents, of the unity and catholicity of the church; and at
+the same time of the adaptation of her immutable doctrines and sacred
+practices to the feelings and customs of widely-separated nations who,
+having little in common but human nature, yet all acknowledge "one
+Lord, one faith, and one baptism". (Ephes. IV. 5); and all belong to
+"one fold and one shepherd". John X, 16.
+
+[Sidenote: Conclusion.]
+
+Having now considered in detail the various ceremonies of Holy Week
+at Rome, a philosophic mind will take a general review of them: and
+this question will very naturally suggest itself: What judgment
+ought I to form concerning them? am I to consider them as mummery, or
+superstition, or idolatry, as many most confidently pronounce, who
+are unacquainted with their nature, their origin, and their meaning;
+and at the same time are little accustomed from early infancy to
+any language or gesticulations save those of the tongue? or am I not
+rather to regard them as a solemn, and sacred, and pathetic, and most
+ancient expression of Christian faith and Christian feeling; which,
+united as it is with the noblest productions of divine inspiration and
+of Christian art may haply not only instruct and elevate the mind, but
+also enkindle in the soul flames of that pure and practical devotion,
+which this holy season demands from every follower of Christ? Let the
+reader decide for himself; but for our part, we envy not the mind
+or heart of him, who can prefer the former of these views. We shall
+ever bless God, that we have learnt in another school not to condemn
+the customs and manners of other countries and other people, merely
+because they differ from our own; and that we are disposed to
+attribute to signs the meaning attached to them by those who adopt
+them, and not that of our own fancies. Men of warmer climates than our
+own convey to others their sentiments and feelings by action as easily
+as by the tongue. Italians, as well as Greeks and Orientals, have
+inherited from their fathers a language of gesture more powerful and
+expressive than that of words. The Hebrew prophets, Isaiah, Ezechiel,
+and others, nay Christ himself, spoke by action as well by the tongue.
+God appointed in the old law innumerable ceremonies: Christ in the new
+law of spirit and truth instituted sacred rites, or sanctified those
+which previously existed: the early church imitated His blessed
+example: and they have been faithfully preserved as a precious
+inheritance till the present time. The very objection, that some of
+them were borrowed from Jews or Pagans, is a proof of their primitive
+antiquity: Christ or the church removed from them all profaneness or
+superstition, and then adopted and sanctified them. (See Wiseman's
+Letters to Poynder). If all parties unite in approbation of the
+illumination of the cupola of S. Peter's, and of the fireworks of S.
+Angelo, considered as outward demonstrations of the exultation of the
+church at the resurrection of her Divine Spouse; we shall ever admire
+also the expressions of christian feeling exhibited in the interior
+of her temples, whether they consist in ceremonies or words; and on
+this day emulating the transports of joy of the fervent and eloquent
+pilgrim to Jerusalem and Mount Sinai, when shall unite our voices with
+those of the angelic spirits in singing, _Alleluja_; "because Jesus
+Christ, our Lord, who was delivered up for our sins, rose again for
+our justification". Rome. IV, 24, 25.[139]
+
+[Footnote 111: Anciently in some churches, as Thomassin has shewn (de
+dierum Festorum celebratione lib. 2. c. 14), fire used to be struck
+from a flint to light the church-lamps etc. every day and particularly
+on Saturday, and the new fire was blessed; on holy Saturday however
+this ceremony was performed with great solemnity; and in the 11th
+century it was restricted to that day alone. At Rome in holy week
+this practice was not originally confined to holy Saturday, but was
+observed on the three days before caster: for the first _Ordo Romanus_
+directs, that on holy _thursday_ fire should be struck from a flint
+outside the church, and blessed. Amalarius also (4e Ordine Antiph.)
+testifies that on good _friday_ "new fire was enkindled and reserved
+till the nocturnal office". Leo IV however (A.D. 847) appears to have
+first ordered that on Easter Eve "the old fire should be put out, and
+new fire blessed and distributed among the people" (Homil. de cura
+Pastorali). For Pope Zachary, about the year 731. in answer to
+the enquiries of Boniface, bishop of Mayence, states that "on holy
+thursday, when the sacred chrism is consecrated, three lamps of a
+large size filled with oil collected from the different lamps of the
+church, and placed in a secret part of the said church, should burn
+there constantly, so that the oil may suffice till the third day,
+that is saturday. Then let the fire of the lamps which is used for the
+sacred font be renewed. But concerning the fire taken _ex cristallis_,
+as you have asserted, we have no tradition". Pouget (Inst. Cathol. l.
+1) observes that the new fire is blessed with great solemnity on this
+day, "because the fire struck from a flint appears to be a type of
+Christ arising from the dead". Formerly not only the lights of the
+church, but all the fires of the city were enkindled from the blessed
+fire (as we learn from a MS. Sancti Victoris (ap. Martene, De ant.
+Eccl. Ritibus lib. IV, c. XXIV). "After the _Ite Missa est_" says
+the Ordinarium of Luke archbishop of Cosenza "the bishop gives his
+blessing, and immediately the deacon commands the people, saying
+"Receive the new fire from the holy candle, and having put out the
+old, light it in your houses in the name of Christ; then rejoicing
+they depart with the light". This custom is mentioned also in Leo
+IVth's homily above quoted.]
+
+[Footnote 112: As for the Paschal candle, Anastasius says that
+Zosimus, who was elected pope in 417, gave leave that candles should
+be blessed in the churches. Bened. XIV, Merati and Gretser understand
+by these words, that that Pontiff only extended to the parish churches
+a custom already practised in the greater churches: however this may
+be, the blessing of this candle is at least as old as the time of Pope
+Zosimus. It is inserted in the ancient sacramentary of Pope Gelasius
+(A.D. 495). S. Augustine (lib. 15 de Civ. Dei) mentions some verses
+written by himself in praise of the paschal candle. S. Jerome also
+speaks of it in his epistles; and Ennodius bishop of Pavia in
+519 wrote two formulas, according to which it might be blessed.
+Cancellieri, at the end of his _Funzioni della Settimana Santa_,
+describes two blessings of the paschal candle contained in manuscripts
+of the 12th century. Du Vert as usual rejects every mystical meaning
+of the candle: but why then should it be lighted on this night, and
+not on christmas and other nights? The 4th Council of Toledo, held in
+633, states that the paschal candle is blessed, in order that we may
+receive the mystery of Christ's resurrection; and hence the abbot
+Rupert says, that the candle when lighted represents Christ's
+resurrection from the dead. That such is its meaning appears from the
+five holes made in it in the form of a cross, to represent the five
+wounds of Christ: in them the five grains of incense are fixed by the
+Deacon, in order to represent, according to Rupert, the spices applied
+to Christ's body by Joseph of Arimathea. In confirmation of this
+explanation, we may observe that this candle is not removed from the
+church till the gospel has been sung on Ascension-day when Christ
+departed from among men: and it is lighted at solemn mass before the
+_gospel_ and at vespers before the _Magnificat_ on the Sundays and
+holidays which occur between holy saturday and the ascension. To the
+same symbolical meaning of this candle we must attribute the ancient
+custom of affixing to it (as a symbol of Christ) a tablet on which
+the current year of our Lord and its indiction were marked: sometimes
+these, if not other chronological dates, were inscribed on the candle
+itself by the deacon, before he sang the _Exultet_, as Ven. Bede
+testifies, The same idea was preserved in the practice of forming the
+_Agnus Dei_ with the wax of the paschal candle. "On this day" (holy
+saturday) says Durandus "the acolythes of the Roman church make
+_lambs_ of newly blessed wax, or of the _wax of the paschal candle_
+of the preceding year mixed with chrism: on Saturday in Albis they
+are distributed by the Lord Pope to the people in the churches".
+Amalarius likewise mentions this custom. It appears also from the
+two benedictions of Ennodius mentioned above, that the faithful used
+particles of the pascal candle as a preservative against storms: the
+good effects hoped for in this and similar cases are attributed to the
+prayers of the church, which God in His goodness has promised to hear.
+The paschal candle is painted according to an ancient custom.
+
+  "Ast alii _pictis_ accendant lumina _ceris_".
+
+S. Paulinus Nat. VI. S Felicis
+
+Pierin del Vaga, whom Vasari considered as the most distinguished
+of Raffaello's assistants, was originally nothing more than a
+candlepainter. His creation of Eve at S. Marcello at Rome, and
+his frescoes in the Doria place at Genoa, are well-known; at the
+Vatican he assisted Giovanni d'Udine in his arabesques, Polidoro in
+his antique chiaroscuri, and executed some of the most beautiful
+historical paintings of the loggie di Raffaello. Hence may we judge of
+the versatility of his talents.]
+
+[Footnote 113: Why does a deacon perform this ceremony? since other
+benedictions are reserved to bishops and priests. Rupert assigns as a
+reason, that Christ's body was wrapped in spices by his disciples, and
+not by the apostles whose successors are bishops and priests: besides,
+the hymn sung by the deacon is the praeconium Paschale, or announcement
+of the Resurrection, which was first made by inferiors to their
+superiors, by the women to the apostles. We may add that both the fire
+and the 5 grains of incense are previously blessed by the priest, and
+in the praeconium itself there is not any form of blessing, strictly
+speaking. In the church of Ravenna however the bishop used to
+bless this candle (S. Gregory ep. 28, lib. 9). In the Roman church,
+according to cardinal Gaetani, the last of the Cardinal priests
+usually blessed the fire, and the last Card. deacon lighted the _lumen
+Christi_, or triple candle, and the Paschal candle. The deacon used
+to bless the latter either at the steps of the presbytery, or from the
+ambo; and hence we find a marble column, intended to support it, fixed
+to the ambo in S. Clement's S. Laurence's, and S. Pancras' churches
+at Rome. See another marble column destined for the same use ap.
+Ciampini, Vet. mon. cap. 2.]
+
+[Footnote 114: Martene (De antiquis Eccl. rit. lib. 4, c. 24)
+maintains that this hymn was composed by S. Augustine, and this
+opinion is adopted also by Baillet and Benedict XIV, and confirmed by
+a MS. pontifical of the church of Pavia of the 9th century, and other
+documents cited by Martene, ibid: it was corrected by S. Jerome, if
+we may believe an ancient Pontifical of Poitiers (quoted ibid.) The
+_chant_ of this beautiful hymn is very ancient. "I have seen," says
+Baini "in many manuscripts both anterior and posterior to the 11th
+century the melodies of the preface, of the _Pater noster_, of the
+_Exultet_, and of the _Gloria_ precisely such as the modern" (T. 2,
+p. 92). In a splendid roll of the Minerva (signed D. 1. 2) of the 9th
+century, are contained the _Exultet_, the solemn benediction of the
+baptismal font, and the administration of all the ecclesiastical
+orders. Nor is this the only roll containing the chant precisely
+similar to the modern. D'Agincourt left another to the Vatican
+library. See also MS. no. 333 of the Barberini library, of the year
+1503.]
+
+[Footnote 115: Prudentius speaks of the "guttas olentes" or
+odoriferous drops of the candle, and S. Paulinus of Nola of "odora
+lumina": hence P. Arevalo conjectures that the grains of incense were
+fixed in the paschal candle even at the time of Prudentius in the 4th
+century.]
+
+[Footnote 116: In churches, at the words _Apis mater eduxit_, the
+lamps also are lighted. With regard to the triple candle, we may
+observe that on an ancient marble column preserved in the Piazza
+before the cathedral of Capua is a bas-relief representing the
+lighting of the paschal candle by means of a reed surmounted by 3
+small candles, as the Canonico Natali testifies in a letter printed at
+Naples in 1776. The triple candle is mentioned in the Ordo Romanus
+of Card. Gaetano, in that of Amelius, and in a MS. Pontifical of the
+church of Apamea, ap. Martene. As Thomassin observes, "we light a
+candle divided into three in honour of the Trinity, considering that
+enlightened by Christ we know that recondite mystery". Gavant also
+gives the same explanation. In the Greek service the bishop gives
+his blessing, as often as he sings mass, with a triple candle. In the
+Latin church it is used only on holy Saturday.]
+
+[Footnote 117: See Appendix.]
+
+[Footnote 118: This custom is proved from the letter of Siricius
+Pope in the 4th century to Himmerius, from letters of S. Leo and
+Pope Gelasius, as well as other ancient documents (ap. Bened. XIV,
+Institut. prima ed lat.); and vestiges of it are preserved in the
+liturgy of the weeks of Easter and Pentecost. Ordinations were
+generally conferred before Christmas, as is evident from the lives of
+the early Popes. Baptism was administered before the great festivals
+of Easter and Pentecost, that the newly-baptised might be prepared to
+celebrate them worthily, and receive the graces therein commemorated.
+Perhaps another reason for selecting the eve of Easter may be found in
+the parallel drawn by S. Paul between baptism and Christ's death and
+resurrection (Rom. VI, 5 and foll.): "we who are baptised in Christ
+Jesus are baptised in his death. For we are buried together with him
+by baptism unto death: that as Christ is risen from the dead by the
+glory of the Father, so we also may walk in newness of life" etc.]
+
+[Footnote 119: See on such subjects Del Signore's Institut. Hist.
+Eccles. with notes by Prof. Tizzani Cap. V. Sec. 19 seq.]
+
+[Footnote 120: See Comm. ad Ord. Rom. Mabillonii tom. 2, Mus. Ital. p.
+95.]
+
+[Footnote 121: According to the Ordo Romanus, children after baptism
+on this day were to take no food or milk before Communion "and on all
+days of Easter-week let them go to Mass, and let their parents offer
+for them, and let all communicate". As Cabassutius proves in his
+notitia Ecclesiastica saeculi primi, they used to receive the B.
+Sacrament under the form of wine alone. The bishop dipped his finger
+into the sacred blood, and then put it into the mouth of the child a
+practice observed in modern times in some parts of the East, according
+to the learned Maronite Abraham Ecchellensis; afterwards a little milk
+and honey was put into their mouths, as an emblem (according to John
+the deacon) of the promised land, to which they were called. This
+custom of giving communion to children was not of necessity for
+salvation, as Cardinal Noris proves in Vindiciis Augustinianis Sec. 4,
+and the Council of Trent observes. In some places an abuse crept in
+of putting the milk and honey into the consecrated chalice, but it was
+prohibited by an African Council.]
+
+[Footnote 122: In the 4th century, S. Basil writing to the clergy of
+Neocesarea observes, that the litanies, which they then used, were
+introduced after the time of S. Gregory Thaumaturgus (Epist. 63). In
+Gaul about the year 452, S. Mamertus bishop of Vienne appointed solemn
+litanies to be recited on the three _rogation_ days. "At Rome," say
+Palmer, "no doubt litanies were in use at an early period, since we
+find that in the time of Gregory the great (A.D. 590), the appellation
+of litany had been so long given to processional supplications,
+that it was then familiarly applied to those persons who formed the
+procession". Vol. 1, p. 271. That holy Pontiff gave the following
+directions; "Let the litany of the clergy set out from the church of
+S. John the Baptist, the litany of the men from the church of the holy
+martyr Marcellus, the litany of the monks from the church of SS John
+and Paul: the litany of the handmaids of God from the church of the
+blessed martyrs Cosmas and Damian, the litany of the married women
+from the church of the blessed protomartyr Stephen; the litany of the
+widows from the church of the blessed martyr Vitalis, the litany of
+the poor and children from the church of the blessed martyr Cecilia".
+Vita S. Gregorii a Joanne Diacono, lib. 1, c. 42. That the litanies
+were recited on holy-saturday appears from several ancient _rites_
+quoted by Marlene (De Ant. Eccl. Ritibus, lib. 4, c. XXV, and lib. 1,
+c. I, art. 18). Palmer, wishing to defend the liturgy of the church
+of England, maintains the antiquity of litanies, but pretends that the
+invocations of saints were not originally contained in them, but were
+added to them in the west about the eighth century (vol. I, p. 289).
+From a passage in Walafridus Strabo he is led to admit that at _his_
+time (the ninth century) "these invocations must have been _for
+some time_ in use, and accordingly manuscript litanies containing
+invocations have been discovered by learned men, which appear from
+internal evidence to be as old as the eighth century". He attempts
+however by _negative_ arguments to shew, that these invocations
+are not more ancient than that period; although at the same time he
+confesses that "we have no _distinct account_ of the _nature_ of the
+service which was used on occasions of peculiar supplication during
+the earliest ages". p. 272. To his arguments we may oppose the
+_positive_ testimony of Walafridus Strabo, who says "The litany of the
+holy names is believed to have come into use after Jerome, following
+Eusebius of Cesarea, had composed the martyrology". A long time,
+about three centuries, elapsed before the _canon_ of the scriptures
+was determined; and it is not therefore surprising if the _canon_
+of saints, (if such it may be called), who died at considerable
+intervals, required some time for its formation. Invocations of the
+saints in ancient litanies may be seen ap. Martene (lib. 4f c. 27
+and lib. 1, c. 1, art. 18). One would conceive from Palmer's account
+of the Ambrosian litany that it did not contain invocations of
+the saints, p. 276; yet in the Ambrosian processional, to which he
+alludes, we read as follows "Afterwards they go to the altar, were the
+litanies are recited on bended knees, in reciting which the _names
+of the saints_ without _Intercede pro nobis_ are sung aloud by the
+provost and clergy of the first collegiate church; and by the other
+clergy with _Intercede pro nobis_ and this rite of singing the
+_litanies_ and antiphons is observed in every other stational church".
+ap. Martene lib. 4, c. 28. In the Ordo Romanus also De Benedictione
+Ecclesiae these invocations are found. The question however concerning
+their antiquity _in the litanies_ is of minor importance. Even Palmer
+admits, that "Catholic fathers in the 4th century invoked the saints"
+p. 292, though he gravely assures his readers, that "they were too
+well instructed in the Christian faith to believe positively that the
+saints heard our prayers". He mentions the learned work of Serrarius
+called "Litaneutici seu de Litaniis etc." as an instance of the
+writings, in which "innumerable passages have been cited from ancient
+writers to prove, that the invocation of saints is more ancient than
+the eighth century. But most of those passages do not refer to the
+invocation of saints, but to prayers made to God for the intercession
+of saints". Palmer, vol. I, p. 278. We consider that there is little
+difference in principle between these two things: we shall however, to
+satisfy him, quote only one passage from an ancient Oriental liturgy.
+"Mother of our Lord Jesus Christ, pray for me to the only begotten
+Son, who was born of thee, that he may forgive me my offences and
+sins, and may receive from my feeble and sinful hands this sacrifice,
+which in my weakness I offer on this altar, through thy intercession
+for me, O holy Mother". (From the ancient liturgy used by the
+Nestorians called the liturgy of the holy apostles. Renaudot, t. II.
+See bishop Poynter's Christianity, Note E: and ancient inscriptions
+in Rock's Hierurgia, p. 347 and foll.) Though we have the _innumerable
+ancient_ passages above-mentioned in favour of the Catholic doctrine,
+yet shall we call Mr. Palmer's attention to the following passage of
+his own work. Speaking of secrecy, he says: "this primitive discipline
+is sufficient to account for the fact, that very few allusions to
+the liturgy or eucharistic service are found in the writings of the
+Fathers". I, p. 14. His fears of _heresy and blasphemy_ arising from
+the invocation of Saints may be calmed by the simple perusal of the
+doctrine of the church taught by the Council of Trent, sess. 25. "The
+holy synod commands all bishops and other teachers--_diligently to
+instruct the faithful, teaching them_ that the Saints reigning with
+Christ offer to God their prayers for men; that it is _good and
+useful_ to invoke them with supplication, and to have recourse to
+their prayers, help, and assistance, in order to obtain benefits _from
+God through his Son Jesus Christ our Lord, who alone is our Redeemer
+and Saviour_". Accordingly we say in the litany "Lord, have mercy on
+us: holy Mary _pray for us_" etc.]
+
+[Footnote 123: We shall say nothing of sculptured figures taken
+from the catacombs, such as the statues of the good shepherd and
+S. Hippolitus now in the Vatican, or the numerous bas reliefs on
+Christian sarcophagi (on which see Raoul-Rochette, Tableau des
+Catacombes, c. IV. Beschreibung der Stadt Rom. B. 2, in the
+description of the Christian Museum in the Vatican Library). On
+another class of Christian representations the reader may consult
+Buonarruoti's _Osservazioni sopra alcuni frammenti di vetro, ornati
+di figure_. We shall rather call the attention of the Christian
+antiquarian to the numerous frescoes painted in the chapels of the
+catacombs, and illustrated by Bosio, Bottari, d'Agincourt etc.,
+the latter of whom attributes some of them to the second century on
+account of the similarity of their style to that of frescoes in the
+tomb of the Nasones, which is situated on the Flaminian way at a short
+distance from Rome; his opinion is confirmed by the fact that some of
+them have been broken through, with the view of preparing a place of
+burial for the bodies of martyrs slain in _subsequent persecutions_.
+A list of their subjects which are _generally_ taken from the old and
+new Testaments may be seen in Raoul-Rochette (c. 3, p. 157 foll. ed.
+de Brusselles). Of these we may briefly notice in particular some of
+the representations of Christ, of the B. Virgin, of the apostles and
+martyrs. In them Christ sometimes appears as an infant on the lap
+of His holy mother, Who ever pure and modest is always veiled; and
+this lovely group is found not only on these paintings, but also on
+bas-reliefs and glass-vessels generally anterior to the 4th century,
+and consequently to the general council of Ephesus held in 431;
+although it is pretended that such figures were first designed after
+that period. (Instances are enumerated by Raoul-Rochette c. VI).
+Constantina, daughter of Constantine, whose tomb is still preserved
+at Rome, begged of Eusebius bishop of Cesarea a likeness of our Divine
+Saviour (Concil. Labbe. t. VII, 493 seq): we must have recourse to
+the catacombs for His most ancient portraits. See one resembling
+the ordinary type of His sacred head and taken from the cemetery of
+Calixtus, at the end of Raoul-Rochette's work. This type, repeated
+again and again on Christian monuments during the last sixteen hundred
+years or more, may suggest the hope that some traces of our Divine
+Saviour's features are still preserved among us, notwithstanding
+the diversity of His portraits, of which S. Augustine complained, De
+Triniti l. 8, c, 4 5. Raoul-Rochette's opinion, that this likeness and
+the portraits of the apostles were of Gnostic origin, is altogether
+unsupported, as the Belgian editors of his work justly observe. Christ
+is frequently represented also as seated amid His apostles, of whom
+SS. Peter and Paul were favourite subjects of the old artists: see
+Raoul-Rochette c. VI, where he mentions, after the older antiquaries,
+the ancient representations of S. Ciriaca, S Priscilla, SS. Stephen,
+Cyprian, Laurence, Agnes, and other martyrs. During Diocletian's
+persecution, the provincial council of Eliberis in Spain decreed, that
+there should be no paintings on the walls of churches: its 36th canon
+was evidently intended to save sacred pictures from the profanations
+perpetrated by the pagans. The faithful however, fertile in
+expedients to gratify their devotion, now began to use those portable
+representations of pious subjects called diptychs, because they
+generally consisted of two tablets which could at pleasure be _folded_
+together. They were formed of ivory or wood, and resembled the
+presents of that name formerly sent by the consuls on the day of their
+entrance into office: on these were usually inscribed the names and
+the portraits of the new magistrates. (Symmachus lib. 2, ep. 80, all
+71). The sacred diptychs, of which many are preserved in the Vatican
+Library, were easily saved from the fury of the Iconoclasts. Their
+folding form without their portability is preserved in many of the
+ancient altar-pieces of Italian and other churches and from them the
+modern altar-pieces are derived: they did not however supersede the
+use of frescoes, or mosaics, as is evident from innumerable ancient
+and modern ecclesiastical monuments of this city. In the preceding
+chapter we laid before our readers the doctrine of the catholic church
+concerning respect paid to images, p. 80.]
+
+[Footnote 124: "He is risen; he is not here. But _go, tell_ his
+disciples and _Peter_, that he goeth before you into Galilee". Mark
+XV, 6 7.]
+
+[Footnote 125: This Hebrew word, which frequently occurs in psalms
+of praise, CIV, 34, CV, 45, CVI, 1, etc. has been preserved, as well
+as _Amen_, and _Sabaoth_, in its original form in most liturgies.
+According to S. Gregory (Ep. 64, ind. 2). who appeals to S. Jerome's
+authority, it was introduced into the Roman liturgy in the time of
+Pope Damasus. S. Gregory forbade it to be sung at funerals, (as it had
+been at that of Fabiola: S. Jerome in Epitaphio Fabiolae;) or during
+Lent.]
+
+[Footnote 126: Gavant and others, following Walafridus Strabo and the
+abbot Berno, think that the Offertory and _Agnus Dei_ are not said,
+in order to signify the silence of the holy women returning from the
+sepulchre (Mark XVI, 8). Others attribute some of these omissions
+to the circumstance, that there is no communion; on this day, and
+therefore neither offertory or postcommunion; anciently however
+communion was given on this occasion, as is evident from the Gelasian
+sacramentary (See Bened. XIV, De Festis c. VIII). The kiss of peace,
+as Grancolas observes, is not given, because formerly at the dawn of
+easter-sunday, soon after the mass of easter-eve, the faithful used to
+assemble in the church "and kissing one another with mutual charity to
+say, _Surrexit Dominus_ "; (the Lord is risen) Ordo Rom. ab Hittorpio
+ed. p. 55. Merati says, that the _Agnus Dei_ is omitted because it
+is of recent origin, having been first introduced into the liturgy by
+Pope Sergius A.D. 688 (lib. Pont.), whereas the Mass of the day is of
+greater antiquity.]
+
+[Footnote 127: Cancellieri says that the music of this _Magnificat_
+was composed by Luca Marenzio. Among the compositions prior to
+Palestrina, and still sung in the papal chapel, Baini reckons the
+Magnificats of Carpentrasso and Morales, as well as the _Te Deum_
+and _Lumen ad revelutionem gentium_ of Costanzo Festa.]
+
+[Footnote 128: This basilic, which is the cathedral of the bishop of
+Rome, was first erected by Constantine, whose statue taken from his
+baths adorns the portico. It was in great part destroyed by fire in
+1308; but it was restored by the munificence of the Popes and the
+piety of the faithful, emulated in these days, in which we deplore the
+burning of S. Paul's. In the gothic tabernacle over the high altar are
+preserved the heads of SS. Peter and Paul. The mosaics of the tribune
+were made by order of Nicholas IV (A.D. 1278-1292).]
+
+[Footnote 129: This baptistery, as well as the basilica, is attributed
+to the time of Constantine; it was reduced to its present state by
+Urban VIII; On an ancient and interesting Christian sarcophagus taken
+from the Vatican cemetery is represented a basilica with its apsis,
+and near it a circular building evidently meant for the baptistery:
+this is covered with a cupola surmounted by the monogram of
+Christ; and over the gate are curtains drawn up on each side, See
+Raoul-Rochette-Tableau des Catacombs, p. 332. The font is an ancient
+urn of basalt the paintings above it, between the second order of
+columns, representing, the life of S. John Baptist, are by Carlo
+Maratta.]
+
+[Footnote 130: In a missal of Pavia it is called a figure of the
+column which preceded the Israelites going out of Egypt.]
+
+[Footnote 131: The stag was a favourite subject of the early Christian
+artists, who often represented it in their paintings, and afterwards
+on their mosaics. The text above quoted explains its signification.]
+
+[Footnote 132: "In most of the old rituals we find that the font was
+hallowed with various ceremonies besides prayer. It was customary
+to make the sign of the cross, as we learn from the testimony of
+Chrysostom, Augustine, and Pseudo-Dionysius". Palmer vol. 2, p. 195.
+Martene observes that the rite of pouring chrism into the water
+is mentioned in all the ancient Gallican, Ambrosian, and Mozarabic
+liturgies. The blessing of baptismal water is reckoned by S. Basil,
+in the 4th century, among apostolical traditions. (De Spiritu. S. c.
+27).]
+
+[Footnote 133: "Some form of admission to the class of catechumens was
+used in all churches at an early period, and it seems most commonly
+to have consisted of imposition of hands with prayers for the person.
+To this in many places were added various rites, such as, signing the
+forehead of the candidate with the cross, the consecration and giving
+of salt, which was entitled the sacrament of catechumens, repeated
+exorcisms, or prayers and adjurations to cast out the power of Satan,
+anointing with oil, and other mystical and figurative rites. In the
+course of many ages, when the Christian church had overspread the face
+of the world, and infidelity had become in most places extinct, the
+form of admission to the class of catechumens was from a veneration
+for old customs in many places conjoined to the office of baptism,
+and administered at the same time with it to the candidates for that
+sacrament whether they were infants or not". Palmer, vol. 2, c. 5,
+sect. 1.]
+
+[Footnote 134: "It has been customary in the Christian church from
+the most remote period, for the candidates for baptism to renounce the
+devil and all his works, before they were admitted to that sacrament.
+This renunciation was always followed by a profession of faith in
+Christ, as it is now in the English liturgy. The last interrogation
+and answer "Vis baptizari, Volo" have long been used in the west.
+(Martene de Antiq. Eccl. rit. tom. I, p. 180, 192). According to the
+ancient custom of the Roman church, represented in the Sacramentary of
+Gregory, the profession of faith occurs between the hallowing of the
+water and the administration of the sacrament. This custom has long
+been used in the Roman church; since the Sacramentary of Gelasius
+(A.D. 494) appointed the confession of faith to be made immediately
+before baptism, _though the renunciations were made some hours
+before_. In primitive times the sign of the cross was not only made
+on the forehead of the elect at the time of baptism, but was used very
+often in other ways: this act is probably not more recent than the
+apostolical age; and this sign was made in some part of almost every
+Christian office. The administration of baptism was succeeded by
+various rites in the primitive church; among other the newly-baptised
+were clothed in white garments. Formerly also confirmation followed
+immediately after baptism". I have extracted the preceding passages
+from different sections of Palmer's 5th chapter, vol. 2: coming from a
+clergyman of the church of England, they are important admissions, and
+they dispense with the necessity of my proving the antiquity of these
+various baptismal riles. The reader may see proofs of them collected
+in Palmer (loc. cit.) Martene T. 1: cap. 2, etc.]
+
+[Footnote 135: Palmer says, that in confirmation, to the rites of
+prayer and imposition, of hands was added "that of anointing with an
+unguent or chrism, made of oil and balsam, and hallowed by the prayers
+of the bishop.--We learn from the writings of Tertullian and Origen,
+that it was already customary both in the east and the west at the end
+of the 2nd or beginning of the 3rd century. This chrism was intended
+to signify the grace of the Holy Spirit then conferred". Palmer,
+Or. Lit. vol. 2, p. 199. If this unction had not been of apostolic
+origin, it would not have been customary in all churches at so early
+a period.]
+
+[Footnote 136: At S. John Lateran's, when the _Agnus Dei_ is said, the
+ancient custom is preserved, which was originally established by Pope
+Sergius, of saying _Miserere nobis_ three times, and not _Dona nobis
+pacem_, which words were introduced into the liturgy, (according
+to Innocent III, De Myst Missae) about the 10th century, in time of
+schism.]
+
+[Footnote 137: Orders are generally conferred on the saturday of each
+ember-week, besides the saturday before passion and easter sundays.
+A minute detail of the numerous ceremonies of ordination can not be
+expected in a work on the ceremonies of holy-week. The reader may find
+them all enumerated in the Pontifical, and on their antiquity he may
+consult Morinus, De Ordinationibus; Martene, De Ant. Eccl. Rit. t.
+2. etc. On the service of holy saturday see the MS. Pontifical of
+the Apamean church and various Ordines ap. Martene, lib. IV, c. 24.
+Formerly after the mass there was general communion; and at Rome no
+Vespers were said (Alcuin), and 7 altars were consecrated.]
+
+[Footnote 138: In the afternoon the parish-priests bless with prayers
+and holy water the houses and paschal food of their parishioners.
+In the Ordo Romanus, besides the blessing of milk and honey, there
+is a formula of benediction of a lamb and other food. Durandus
+also (lib. 6 Ration.) mentions the blessing of the lamb, a custom
+which is preserved at Rome till the present time. The shops of the
+_pizzicaroli_ are illuminated and gaily decorated, probably because
+_they_ have peculiar reasons to rejoice at the conclusion of the
+_austerities_ of lent.]
+
+[Footnote 139: For the ceremonies of Easter-sunday see The Pontifical
+Mass sung at S. Peter's on Easter-sunday etc. By C.M. Baggs. D.D. Rome
+1840.]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX
+
+PECULIAR CEREMONIES OF HOLY-WEEK AT JERUSALEM
+
+
+Having spoken of the blessing of the paschal candle at Rome, we may
+for a few moments turn our thoughts towards a city still more ancient,
+and trodden by holier and more exalted beings than even the apostles
+and martyrs of the eternal city. The justly-celebrated traveller John
+Thevenot in his Voyage du Levant describes the ceremonies of holyweek
+performed at Jerusalem; the distribution of palms, the washing of the
+feet on Maunday-Thursday at the door of the holy Sepulchre; and the
+procession to the holy places or stations performed by the Catholic
+Christians. Concerning this the eloquent Pere Abbe de Geramb, in his
+interesting Pelerinage at Jerusalem in 1832, informs us that "by means
+of a figure in relief of the natural size, whose head, arms, and feet
+are flexible, the religious represent the crucifixion, the descent
+from the cross, and the burial of Jesus Christ, in such manner as
+to render all the principal circumstances apparent to the senses and
+striking".
+
+Both these distinguished writers of different periods agree in
+testifying, that all the devotions of the Catholics were and are still
+conducted with so much order that they are admired both by Christians
+and Turks, whereas those of the schismatical Christians took place
+with much confusion, and with such a noise, that the Janissaries, who
+had to preserve order, were obliged to strike the persons engaged in
+them as well as the spectators. This statement is confirmed by the
+account, which they and other travellers give, of the _holy fire_
+of the Greeks and other schismatics. Benedict XIV observes that no
+mention is made of the supposed miracle of the holy fire by early
+Christian writers who lived at Jerusalem; as Eusebius, S. Jerome, S.
+Epiphanius, or S. Cyril bishop of Jerusalem. It is however spoken of
+by Bernard a Frank monk of the ninth century, and in a Pontifical
+of the church of Poictiers of about the tenth century: by Hugo
+Flaviniacensis in Chronico Virdunensi, in the discourse of Urban II
+in the council of Claremont, and in other documents of the middle
+ages mentioned by Martene (lib. IV, c. XXIV). Lupi (tom. 4, Conc. gen.
+etc.) thinks it probable, that the custom of burning lights and the
+paschal candle on this day was instituted, in order to return thanks
+to God for a miracle (which _may_ of old have happened at Jerusalem)
+and to announce it to all nations.
+
+I shall now extract a brief account of the scene of confusion enacted
+in modern times at Jerusalem on such occasions from Thevenot, in whose
+work is a print representing it. "After our Catholic office was ended"
+says he, "we prepared to enjoy the sight of the holy fire of the
+Greeks, Armenians and Copts, whose priests make their people believe,
+that on holy Saturday fire descends from heaven into the holy
+Sepulchre, and on that account make each of their pilgrims, who are
+very numerous, pay some money. This solemnity appears rather a comedy
+or a farce than a church-ceremony, and is very unbecoming in a place
+so sacred as the holy Sepulchre. After we had finished our service,
+which was about eight in the morning, they, extinguished all their
+lamps and those of the holy Sepulchre, and then they commenced their
+folly, running round the holy Sepulchre, like mad people, crying,
+howling, _et faisans un bruit de diables_; it was charming to see
+them running one after another, kicking and striking one another with
+cords; many of them together held men in their arms, and going round
+the holy Sepulchre, let them fall, and then raised horrible shouts
+of laughter, while they who had fallen ran after the others to avenge
+themselves: it seemed that both old and young were downright mad. From
+time to time they raised their eyes, and stretched their hands, full
+of taper, to heaven, crying all together _eleison_, as if they were
+wearied at the delay of the holy fire. This scene continued till
+towards three in the evening, when two Greek archbishops and two
+bishops habited as patriarchs, for the patriarch was not then at
+Jerusalem, left their choir with all their clergy, and began
+the procession round the holy Sepulchre: they were joined by the
+Armenians, four of whom wore mitres: then came a Coptic bishop, with
+all his clergy and people. After they had walked three times round the
+holy Sepulchre, a Greek priest came out of the chapel of the Angel,
+which is close to that of the holy Sepulchre, and gave notice to him
+who represented the Patriarch, that the holy fire had descended from
+heaven: the latter then entered into the holy Sepulchre, followed
+by the representatives of the Armenian patriarch and of the Coptic
+bishop. After they had remained there a short time, we saw the Greek
+archbishop in an amusing posture, bending down his head, and bearing
+in each hand a quantity of lighted tapers. No sooner had he appeared,
+than all rushed one upon another to light their tapers from those of
+the archbishop; as that is considered the best fire, which is first
+lighted. The Janissaries however, who were stationed near the door
+of the chapel of the Angel, did not stand with their arms folded, but
+made the calpacs and turbans of the Greeks fly from one end of the
+church to the other, striking around on all sides with their sticks,
+to make way for the poor archbishop, who also as we may suppose
+did all in his power to save himself. He then mounted in haste a
+stone-altar opposite the entrance of the holy Sepulchre, where he was
+immediately surrounded by the people: those also who had lighted their
+tapers endeavouring to save themselves were overwhelmed by the others:
+the confusion was horrible, and blows were not unfrequent. After the
+Greek archbishop has come out, the Armenian appears, and saves himself
+from the crowd in the church of the Armenians, and the Copt in that
+of the Copts. Every one was in such a hurry to get some of the holy
+fire, that in a moment more than 2000 bundles of candles flamed in
+the church: and the people, crying out like persons possessed began
+greater follies than before. A man carrying a drum on his back began
+to run with all his might round the holy Sepulchre, and another
+running in the same manner struck it with two sticks; and when he
+was tired, another immediately took his place. "_Il semble qu'
+on soit dans un enfer, et que ce soient tout autant de diables
+dechaines_."--But enough of this unedifying scene, of which the Abbe
+Geramb gives a similar account. If we contrast with it the majestic
+and edifying ceremonies of the Roman church, we shall feel grateful
+to God for having preserved us from such disorders. I shall merely add
+from Thevenot, that the Christians are called to office at the holy
+Sepulchre by boards struck with iron, as we are for two days in
+holy-week: but drums and other instruments are also played there,
+which make, he (adds), "une musique enragee".
+
+The distinguished missionary and pilgrim D. Casto Gonzalez recounts
+other disorders of the Greeks during Holy Week, and profanations of
+the most holy sanctuaries of Palestine. In the year 1833 he exposed,
+but not without great risk, the fraud of the "holy fire". On the
+holy-Saturday of the Greeks the officiating Bishop accompanied by an
+Armenian and a Coptic Bishop and their respective clergy had already
+walked thrice round the holy Sepulchre, when the missionary ignited a
+match with phosphorus, and holding it up exclaimed "Look, the heavenly
+fire has fallen into my hands": he then extinguished it and lighted
+it again several times to the great astonishment of the assembled
+multitude. He was protected by the Turks from the dangers which
+surrounded him. So manifest was the fraud of the pretended "holy fire"
+that even the schismatical Armenian patriarch issued a circular letter
+forbidding his spiritual subjects to be present at the disgraceful
+exhibition.
+
+The Pere Abbe de Geramb gives a glowing account of the Catholic
+service and mass on holy saturday; and we most warmly recommend to our
+readers the perusal of the 34th _Lettre_ of his _Pelerinage_, in which
+he describes all the ceremonies of holy week at Jerusalem, where they
+are invested with the peculiar charm arising from spots so sacred,
+where Christ suffered, and died, and rose again. Though in other
+respects the Roman ceremonies are of a more exalted nature, yet here
+must we be contented to transport ourselves in imagination to those
+beloved sanctuaries, and to see the _representation_ of the holy
+Sepulchre at S. Maria Egiziaca. We shall conclude with the words of
+the distinguished writer: "Jamais douleur n'affecta plus vivement mon
+ame, que celle qui s'en empara au moment ou je m'arrachai pour jamais
+de l'eglise du saint Sepulcre. Taut que je vivrai elle sera aussi
+presente a mon esprit que profondement gravee dans mon coeur; toujours
+souvenir me fera tressaillir, parce que toujours, et plus qu' aucun
+autre souvenir, il me rappellera Jesus, crucifie pour mon salut, pour
+la salut du genre humain, a l'amour duquel nous devons repondre par le
+plus vif, le plus tendre, le plus absolu de tous les amours; ce Jesus
+auquel je dois l'ineffable bonheur de comprendre, de sentir cette
+grande verite, que je voudrais faire comprendre et sentir a l'univers
+entier, que lui seul est tout, que tout ce qui n'est pas lui, n'est
+rien, n'est que neant". Pelerinage a Jerusalem, Lett. 36.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Ceremonies of the Holy-Week at Rome
+by Charles Michael Baggs
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