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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Lippincott's Magazine of Popular Literature
+and Science, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Lippincott's Magazine of Popular Literature and Science
+       Vol. XVII, No. 102. June, 1876.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: December 12, 2004 [EBook #14333]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Kathryn Lybarger and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+[Note: The Table of Contents and the list of illustrations were added
+by the transcriber.]
+
+
+
+
+LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE OF POPULAR LITERATURE AND SCIENCE
+
+June, 1876.
+
+Vol. XVII, No. 102.
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+  ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+  THE CENTURY--ITS FRUITS AND ITS FESTIVAL.
+    VI.--THE DISPLAY--INTRODUCTORY. [Illustrated]
+
+  DOLORES by EMMA LAZARUS.
+
+  GLIMPSES OF CONSTANTINOPLE by SHEILA HALE.
+    CONCLUDING PAPER. [Illustrated]
+
+  THEE AND YOU by EDWARD KEARSLEY.
+    A STORY OF OLD PHILADELPHIA.  IN TWO PARTS.--I.
+
+  MODERN HUGUENOTS by JAMES M. BRUCE.
+
+  BLOOMING by MAURICE THOMPSON.
+
+  FELIPA by CONSTANCE FENIMORE WOOLSON.
+
+  AT CHICKAMAUGA by ROBERT LEWIS KIMBERLY.
+
+  THE ATONEMENT OF LEAM DUNDAS by MRS. E. LYNN LINTON.
+    CHAPTER XXXVII. UNWORTHY.
+    CHAPTER XXXVIII. BLOTTED OUT.
+    CHAPTER XXXIX. WINDY BROW.
+    CHAPTER XL. LOST AND NOW FOUND.
+
+  THE ITALIAN MEDIAEVAL WOOD-SCULPTORS by T. ADOLPHUS TROLLOPE.
+
+  REST by CHARLOTTE F. BATES.
+
+  LETTERS FROM SOUTH AFRICA by LADY BARKER.
+
+  OUR MONTHLY GOSSIP.
+    THE CABS OF PARIS by L.H.H.
+    A NEW MUSEUM AT ROME by T.A.T.
+    OUR FOREIGN SURNAMES by W.W.C.
+    THE NEW FRENCH ACADEMICIAN by R.W.
+
+  LITERATURE OF THE DAY.
+    Books Received.
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+  FACADE OF THE SPANISH DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.
+  FACADE OF THE EGYPTIAN DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.
+  FACADE OF THE SWEDISH DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.
+  FACADE OF THE BRAZILIAN DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.
+  DOM PEDRO, EMPEROR OF BRAZIL.
+  JAPANESE CARPENTERS.
+  FACADE OF THE DIVISION OF THE NETHERLANDS, MAIN BUILDING.
+  THE CORLISS ENGINE, FURNISHING MOTIVE-POWER FOR MACHINERY HALL.
+  INTERIOR OF COOK'S WORLD'S TICKET-OFFICE.
+  FRENCH RESTAURANT LA FAYETTE.
+  THE MAMMOTH RODMAN GUN.
+  SCENE AT ONE OF THE ENTRANCES TO THE GROUNDS--THE TURNSTILE.
+  SCENE IN A BURIAL-GROUND.
+  THE SULTAN ABDUL-ASSIZ.
+  TURKISH COW-CARRIAGE.
+  ENTERING A MOSQUE.
+  CASTLE OF EUROPE, ON THE BOSPHORUS.
+  FORTRESS OF RIVA, AND THE BLACK SEA.
+  TURKISH QUARTER--STAMBOUL.
+  OBELISK OF THEODOSIUS.
+  SHEPHERDS.
+
+
+
+
+LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE
+
+OF
+
+_POPULAR LITERATURE AND SCIENCE_.
+
+June, 1876.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE CENTURY--ITS FRUITS AND ITS FESTIVAL.
+
+VI. THE DISPLAY--INTRODUCTORY.
+
+
+[Illustration: FACADE OF THE SPANISH DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.]
+
+All things being ready for their reception, how were exhibits,
+exhibitors and visitors to be brought to the grounds? To do this with
+the extreme of rapidity and cheapness was essential to a full and
+satisfactory attendance of both objects and persons. In a large majority
+of cases the first consideration with the possessor of any article
+deemed worthy of submission to the public eye was the cost and security
+of transportation. Objects of art, the most valuable and the most
+attractive portion of the display, are not usually very well adapted to
+carriage over great distances with frequent transshipments. Porcelain,
+glass and statuary are fragile, and paintings liable to injury from
+dampness and rough handling; while an antique mosaic, like the
+"Carthaginian Lion," a hundred square feet in superficies, might, after
+resuscitation from its subterranean sleep of twenty centuries with its
+minutest _tessera_ intact and every tint as fresh as the Phoenician
+artist left it, suffer irreparable damage from a moment's carelessness
+on the voyage to its temporary home in the New World. More solid things
+of a very different character, and far less valuable pecuniarily, though
+it may be quite as interesting to the promoter of human progress, exact
+more or less time and attention to collect and prepare, and that will
+not be bestowed upon them without some guarantee of their being safely
+and inexpensively transmitted. So to simplify transportation as
+practically to place the exposition buildings as nearly as possible at
+the door of each exhibitor, student and sight-seer became, therefore, a
+controlling problem.
+
+In the solution of it there is no exaggeration in saying that the
+Centennial stands more than a quarter of a century in advance of even
+the latest of its fellow expositions. At Vienna a river with a few small
+steamers below and a tow-path above represented water-carriage. Good
+railways came in from every quarter of the compass, but none of them
+brought the locomotive to the neighborhood of the grounds. In the matter
+of tram-roads for passengers the Viennese distinguished themselves over
+the Londoners and Parisians by the possession of _one_. In steam-roads
+they had no advantage and no inferiority. At each and all of these
+cities the packing-box and the passenger were both confronted by the
+vexatious interval between the station and the exposition
+building--often the most trying part of the trip. Horsepower was the one
+time-honored resource, in '73 as in '51, and in unnumbered years before.
+Under the ancient divisions of horse and foot the world and its
+_impedimenta_ moved upon Hyde Park, the Champ de Mars and the Prater,
+the umbrella and the oil-cloth tilt their only shield against Jupiter
+Pluvius, who seemed to take especial pleasure in demonstrating their
+failure, nineteen centuries after the contemptuous erasure of him from
+the calendar, to escape his power. It was reserved for the Philadelphia
+Commission to bring his reign (not the slightest intention of a pun) to
+a close. The most delicate silk or gem, and the most delicate wearer of
+the same, were enabled to pass under roof from San Francisco into the
+Main Building in Fairmount Park, and with a trifling break of twenty
+steps at the wharf might do so from the dock at Bremen, Havre or
+Liverpool. The hospitable shelter of the great pavilion was thus
+extended over the continent and either ocean. The drip of its eaves
+pattered into China, the Cape of Good Hope, Germany and Australia. Their
+spread became almost that of the welkin.
+
+Let us look somewhat more into the detail of this unique feature of the
+American fair.
+
+Within the limits of the United States the transportation question soon
+solved itself. Five-sixths of the seventy-four thousand miles of railway
+which lead, without interruption of track, to Fairmount Park are of
+either one and the same gauge, or so near it as to permit the use
+everywhere of the same car, its wheels a little broader than common.
+From the other sixth the bodies of the wagons, with their contents, are
+transferable by a change of trucks. The expected sixty or eighty
+thousand tons of building material and articles for display could thus
+be brought to their destination in a far shorter period than that
+actually allowed. Liberal arrangements were conceded by the various
+lines in regard to charges. Toll was exacted in one direction only,
+unsold articles to be returned to the shipper free. As the time for
+closing to exhibitors and opening to visitors approached the Centennial
+cars became more and more familiar to the rural watcher of the passing
+train. They aided to infect him, if free from it before, with the
+Centennial craze. Their doors, though sealed, were eloquent, for they
+bore in great black letters on staring white muslin the shibboleth of
+the day, "1776--International Exhibition--1876." The enthusiasm of those
+very hard and unimpressible entities, the railroad companies, thus
+manifesting itself in low rates and gratuitous advertising, could not
+fail to be contagious. Nor was the service done by the interior lines
+wholly domestic. Several large foreign contributions from the Pacific
+traversed the continent. The houses and the handicraft of the Mongol
+climbed the Sierra Nevada on the magnificent highway his patient labor
+had so large a share in constructing. Nineteen cars were freighted with
+the rough and unpromising chrysalis that developed into the neat and
+elaborate cottage of Japan, and others brought the Chinese display.
+Polynesia and Australia adopted the same route in part. The canal
+modestly assisted the rail, lines of inland navigation conducting to the
+grounds barges of three times the tonnage of the average sea-going craft
+of the Revolutionary era. These sluggish and smooth-going vehicles were
+employed for the carriage of some of the large plants and trees which
+enrich the horticultural department, eight boats being required to
+transport from New York a thousand specimens of the Cuban flora sent by
+a single exhibitor, M. Lachaume of Havana. Those moisture-loving shrubs,
+the brilliant rhododendra collected by English nurserymen from our own
+Alleghanies and returned to us wonderfully improved by civilization,
+might have been expected also to affect the canal, but they chose, with
+British taste, the more rapid rail. They had, in fact, no time to lose,
+for their blooming season was close at hand, and their roots must needs
+hasten to test the juices of American soil. Japan's miniature garden of
+miniature plants, interesting far beyond the proportions of its
+dimensions, was perforce dependent on the same means of conveyance.
+
+[Illustration: FACADE OF THE EGYPTIAN DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.]
+
+The locomotive was summoned to the aid of foreign exhibitors on the
+Atlantic as on the Pacific side, though to a less striking extent, the
+largest steamships being able to lie within three miles of the
+exposition buildings. It stood ready on the wharves of the Delaware to
+welcome these stately guests from afar, indifferent whether they came in
+squadrons or alone. It received on one day, in this vestibule of the
+exposition, the Labrador from France and the Donati from Brazil. Dom
+Pedro's coffee, sugar and tobacco and the marbles and canvases of the
+Societe des Beaux-Arts were whisked off in amicable companionship to
+their final destination. The solidarity of the nations is in some sort
+promoted by this shaking down together of their goods and chattels. It
+gives a truly international look to the exposition to see one of
+Vernet's battle-pieces or Meissonier's microscopic gems of color jostled
+by a package of hides from the Parana or a bale of India-rubber.
+
+Yet more expressive was the medley upon the covered platforms for the
+reception of freight. Eleven of these, each one hundred and sixty by
+twenty-four feet, admitted of the unloading of fifty-five freight-cars
+at once. At this rate there was not left the least room for anxiety as
+to the ability of the Commission and its employes to dispose, so far as
+their responsibility was concerned, of everything presented for
+exhibition within a very few days. The movements of the custom-house
+officials, and the arrangements of goods after the passing of that
+ordeal, were less rapid, and there seemed some ground for anxiety when
+it was found that in the last days of March scarce a tenth of the
+catalogued exhibits were on the ground, and for the closing ten days of
+the period fixed for the receipt of goods an average of one car-load per
+minute of the working hours was the calculated draft on the resources of
+the unloading sheds. Home exhibitors, by reason of the very completeness
+of their facilities of transport, were the most dilatory. The United
+States held back until her guests were served, confident in the abundant
+efficiency of the preparations made for bringing the entertainers to
+their side. Better thus than that foreigners should have been behind
+time.
+
+When the gates of the enclosure were at last shut upon the steam-horse,
+a broader and more congenial field of duty opened before him. From the
+role of dray-horse he passed to that of courser. Marvels from the ends
+of the earth he had, with many a pant and heave, forward pull and
+backward push, brought together and dumped in their allotted places. Now
+it became his task to bear the fiery cross over hill and dale and
+gather the clans, men, women and children. The London exhibition of
+1851 had 6,170,000 visitors, and that of 1862 had 6,211,103. Paris in
+1855 had 4,533,464, and in 1867, 10,200,000. Vienna's exhibition drew
+7,254,867. The attendance at London on either occasion was barely double
+the number of her population. So it was with Paris at her first display,
+though she did much better subsequently. Vienna's was the greatest
+success of all, according to this test. The least of all, if we may take
+it into the list, was that of New York in 1853. Her people numbered
+about the same with the visitors to her Crystal Palace--600,000.
+Philadelphia's calculations went far beyond any of these figures, and
+she laid her plans accordingly.
+
+Some trainbands from Northern and Southern cities might give their
+patriotic furor the bizarre form of a march across country, but the
+millions, if they came at all, must come by rail, and the problem was to
+multiply the facilities far beyond any previous experience, while
+reconciling the maximum of safety, comfort and speed with a reduction of
+fares. The arrangements are still to be tested, and are no doubt open to
+modification. On one point, however, and this an essential one, we
+apprehend no grounds of complaint. There will be no crowding. The train
+is practically endless, the word _terminus_ being a misnomer for the
+circular system of tracks to which the station (six hundred and fifty by
+one hundred feet) at the main entrance of the grounds forms a tangent.
+The line of tourists is reeled off like their thread in the hands of
+Clotho, the iron shears that snip it at stated intervals being
+represented by the unmythical steam-engine. The same modern minister of
+the Fates has another shrine not far from the dome of Memorial Hall,
+where his acolytes are the officials of the Reading Railroad Company.
+
+Care for the visitor's comfortable locomotion does not end with
+depositing him under the reception-verandah. The Commission did not
+forget that a pedestrian excursion over fifteen or twenty miles of
+aisles might sufficiently fatigue him without the additional trudge from
+hall to hall over a surface of four hundred acres under a sun which the
+century has certainly not deprived of any mentionable portion of its
+heat. Hence, the belt railway, three and a half miles long, with trains
+running by incessant schedule--a boon only to be justly appreciated by
+those who attended the European expositions or any one of them. His
+umbrella and goloshes pocketed in the form of a D.P.C. check, the
+visitor, more fortunate than Brummel or Bonaparte, cannot be stopped by
+the elements.
+
+[Illustration: FACADE OF THE SWEDISH DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.]
+
+We shall have amply disposed of the subject of transportation when we
+add that the neighborhood or city supply to the thirteen entrance-gates
+is provided for by steam-roads capable of carrying twenty-four thousand
+persons hourly, and tram-roads seating seven thousand, besides an
+irregular militia or voltigeur force of light wagons, small steamers and
+omnibuses equal to a demand of two or three thousand more in the same
+time. It was not deemed likely that Philadelphia would require
+conveyance for half of her population every day. Should that supposition
+prove erroneous, the excess can fall back upon the safe and inexpensive
+vehicle of 1776, 1851, 1867 and 1873--sole leather.
+
+Let us return to our packing-cases, and see where they go. To watch the
+gradual dispersal of a congregation to their several places of abode is
+always interesting. Especially is it so when those places of retreat
+bear the names and fly the flags of the several nations of the globe.
+This stout cube of deal, triple-bound with iron, disappears under the
+asp and winged sphere of the Pharaohs. That other, big with rich velvets
+and broideries, seeks the tricolor of France. Yonder, a wealth of silks
+and lacquer finds a resting-place in the carved black-walnut _etageres_
+of Japan. Here go, cased in the spoils of the fjelds, toward a pavilion
+seventy-five paces long and twenty wide, the bulky contributions of the
+Norsemen. Swedish carpentry in perfection offers to a deposit separate
+from that of the sister-kingdom a distinct receptacle. Close at hand
+stand the antipodes in the pavilion of Chili, that opens its graceful
+portal to bales sprinkled mayhap with the ashes of Aconcagua. There
+"crashes a sturdy _box_ of stout John Bull;" and Russia, Tunis and
+Canada roll into close neighborhood with him and each other. A queer and
+not, let us hope, altogether transitory show of international comity is
+this. Many a high-sounding, much-heralded and more-debating Peace
+Congress has been held with less effect than that conducted by these
+humble porters, carpenters and decorators. This one has solidity. Its
+elements are palpable. The peoples not only bring their choicest
+possessions, but they also set up around them their local habitations.
+It is a cosmopolitan town that has sprung into being beneath the great
+roof and glitters in the rays of our republican sun. In its
+rectangularly-planned streets, alleys and plazas every style of
+architecture is represented--domestic, state and ecclesiastical,
+ancient, mediaeval and modern. The spirit and taste of most of the races
+and climes find expression, giving thus the Sydenham and the Hyde Park
+palaces in one. The reproductions at the former place were the work of
+English hands: those before us are executed, for the most part, by
+workmen to whom the originals are native and familiar. In this feature
+of the interior of the Main Building we are amply compensated for the
+breaking up of the _coup d'oeil_ by a multiplicity of discordant forms.
+The space is still so vast as to maintain the effect of unity; and this
+notwithstanding the considerable height of some of the national stalls,
+that of Spain, for example, sending aloft its trophy of Moorish shields
+and its effigy of the world-seeking Genoese to an elevation of forty-six
+feet. The Moorish colonnade of the Brazilian pavilion lifts its head in
+graceful rivalry of the lofty front reared by the other branch of the
+Iberian race. In so vast an expanse this friendly competition of
+Spaniards and Portuguese becomes, to the eye, a union of their
+pretensions; and a single family of thirty-three millions in Europe and
+America combines to present us with two of the handsomest structures in
+the hall.
+
+[Illustration: FACADE OF THE BRAZILIAN DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.]
+
+A moderate dip into statistics can no longer be evaded. We must map out
+the microcosm, and allot to each sovereign power its quota of the
+surface. The great European states which have assumed within the century
+the supreme direction of human affairs are assigned a prominent central
+position in the Main Building. Great Britain and her Asiatic possessions
+occupy just eighty-three feet less than a hundred thousand; her other
+colonies, including Canada, 48,150; France and her colonies, 43,314;
+Germany, 27,975; Austria, 24,070; Russia, 11,002; Spain, 11,253; Sweden
+and Belgium, each 15,358; Norway, 6897; Italy, 8167; Japan, 16,566;
+Switzerland, 6646; China, 7504; Brazil, 6397; Egypt, 5146; Mexico, 6504;
+Turkey, 4805; Denmark, 1462; and Tunis, 2015. These, with minor
+apportionments to Venezuela, the Argentine Confederation, Chili, Peru
+and the Orange Free State of South Africa, cover the original area of
+the structure, deducting the reservation of 187,705 feet for the United
+States, and excluding thirty-eight thousand square feet in the annexes.
+France must be credited, in explanation of her comparatively limited
+territory under the main roof, with her external pavilions devoted to
+bronzes, glass, perfumery and (chief of all) to her magnificent
+government exhibit of technical plans, drawings and models in
+engineering, civil and military, and architecture. These outside
+contributions constitute a link between her more substantial displays
+and the five hundred paintings, fifty statues, etc. she places in
+Memorial Hall.
+
+In Machinery and Agricultural Halls, respectively, Great Britain has
+37,125 and 18,745 feet; Germany, 10,757 and 4875; France, 10,139 and
+15,574; Belgium, 9375 and 1851; Canada, 4300 and 10,094; Brazil, 4000
+and 4657; Sweden, 3168 and 2603; Spain, 2248 and 5005; Russia, 1500 and
+6785; Chili, 480 and 2493; Norway, 360 and 1590. Austria occupies 1536
+feet in Mechanical Hall; and in that of Agriculture are the following
+additional allotments: Netherlands, 4276; Denmark, 836; Japan, 1665;
+Peru, 1632; Liberia, 1536; Siam, 1220; Portugal, 1020.
+
+The foreign contributions in the department of machinery are, it will be
+seen, hardly so large as might have been anticipated. When the spacious
+annexes are added to the floor of the main hall, the great preponderance
+of home exhibitors--five to one in the latter--is shown to be still more
+marked. In Agricultural Hall the United States claim less than
+two-thirds. The unexpected interest taken in this branch by foreigners
+will enhance its prominence and value among the attractions of the
+exposition. The collection of tropical products for food and
+manufacturing is very complete. The development of the equatorial
+regions of the globe has barely commenced. Even our acquaintance with
+their natural resources remains but superficial. The country which takes
+the lead in utilizing them in its trade and manufactures will gain a
+great advantage over its fellows. England's commercial supremacy never
+rested more largely on that foundation than now. Brazil, the great power
+of South--as the Union is of North--America, possesses nearly half of
+the accessible virgin territory of the tropics. Our interest joins hers
+in retaining this vast endowment as far as possible for the benefit of
+the Western World. A perception of this fact is shown in the exceptional
+efforts made by Brazil to be fully represented in all departments of the
+exposition, and in the visit to it of her chief magistrate, as we may
+properly term her emperor, the only embodiment of hereditary power and
+the monarchical principle in a country that enjoys--and has for the half
+century since its erection into an independent state maintained--free
+institutions.
+
+[Illustration: DOM PEDRO, EMPEROR OF BRAZIL.]
+
+In art domestic exhibits utterly lose their preponderance. Our artists
+content themselves with a small fraction of the wall- and floor-space in
+Memorial Hall and its northern annex. In extent of both "hanging" and
+standing ground they but equal England and France, each occupying
+something over twenty thousand square feet. Italy in the aesthetic combat
+selects the chisel as her weapon, and takes the floor with a superb
+array of marble eloquence, some three hundred pieces of statuary being
+contributed by her sculptors. She might in addition set up a colorable
+claim to the works executed on her soil or under the teaching of her
+schools by artists of other nativities, and thus make, for example, a
+sweeping raid into American territory. But she generously leaves to that
+division the spoils swept from her coasts by the U.S. ship Franklin,
+together with the works bearing her imprint in other sections, satisfied
+with the wealth undoubtedly her own, itself but a faint adumbration of
+the vast hoard she retains at home. Italy does not view the occasion
+from a fine-art standpoint alone. Of her nine hundred and twenty-six
+exhibitors, only one-sixth are in this department.
+
+[Illustration: JAPANESE CARPENTERS.]
+
+Nor, on the art side of our own country, must we overlook the Historical
+division, the perfecting of which has been a labor of love with Mr.
+Etting. He allots space among the old Thirteen, and reserves a place at
+the feast of reunion to the mother of that rebellious sisterhood.
+
+Forty acres of "floor-space" _sub Jove_ remained to be awarded to
+foreign and domestic claimants. Gardening is one of the fine arts.
+Certainly nothing in Memorial Hall can excel its productions in
+richness, variety and harmony of color and form. Flower, leaf and tree
+are the models of the palette and the crayon. Their marvelous
+improvement in variety and splendor is one of the most striking triumphs
+of human ingenuity. A few hundred species have been expanded into many
+thousand forms, each finer than the parent. It is a new flora created by
+civilization, undreamed of by the savage, and voluminous in proportion
+to the mental advancement of the races among whom it has sprung up.
+Progress writes its record in flowers, and scrawls the autographs of the
+nations all over Lansdowne hill. No need of gilded show-cases to set off
+the German and Germantown roses, the thirty thousand hyacinths in
+another compartment, or the plot of seven hundred and fifty kinds of
+trees and shrubs planted by a single American contributor. The Moorish
+Kiosque, however, comes in well. The material is genuine Morocco, the
+building having been brought over in pieces from the realm of the
+Saracens, of "gul in its bloom" and of "Larry O'Rourke"--as Rogers
+punned down the poem of his Irish friend.
+
+The nations comfortably installed, we must sketch the tactical system
+under which they are drawn up for peaceful contest. The classification
+of subjects adopted by the Commission embraces seven departments. Of
+these, the Main Building is devoted to I. _Mining and Metallurgy_; II.
+_Manufactures_; III. _Education and Science_; Memorial Hall and its
+appendages, to IV. _Art_; Machinery Hall, to V. _Machinery_;
+Agricultural Hall, to VI. _Agriculture_; and Horticultural Hall and its
+parterres, to VII. _Horticulture_. These habitats have, as we have
+heretofore seen, proved too contracted for the august and expansive
+inmates assigned them. All of the latter have overflowed; mining, for
+instance, into the mineral annex of thirty-two thousand square feet and
+the great pavilion (a hundred and thirty-five feet square) of Colorado
+and Kansas; education into the Swedish and Pennsylvania school-houses
+and others already noted; manufactures into breweries, glass-houses,
+etc.; and so on with an infinity of irrepressible outgrowths.
+
+[Illustration: FACADE OF THE DIVISION OF THE NETHERLANDS, MAIN
+BUILDING.]
+
+Department I. is subdivided into classes numbered from 100 to 129, and
+embracing the products of mines and the means of extracting and reducing
+them. II. extends from Class 200 to Class 296--chemical manufactures,
+ceramics, furniture, woven goods of all kinds, jewelry, paper,
+stationery, weapons, medical appliances, hardware, vehicles and their
+accessories. III. deals with the high province of educational systems,
+methods and libraries; institutions and organizations; scientific and
+philosophical instruments and methods; engineering, architecture in its
+technical and non-aesthetic aspect, maps; physical, moral and social
+condition of man. Fifty classes, 300 to 349 inclusive, fence in this
+field of pure reason. Department IV., Classes 400-459, covers sculpture,
+painting, photography, engraving and lithography, industrial and
+architectural designs, ceramic decorations, mosaics, etc. V., Classes
+509-599, takes charge of machines and tools for mining, chemistry,
+weaving, sewing, printing, working metal, wood and stone; motors;
+hydraulic and pneumatic apparatus; railway stock or "plant;" machinery
+for preparing agricultural products; "aerial, pneumatic and water
+transportation," and "machinery and apparatus especially adapted to the
+requirements of the exhibition." VI., Classes 600-699, assembles
+arboriculture and forest products, pomology, agricultural products, land
+and marine animals, pisciculture and its apparatus, "animal and
+vegetable products," textile substances, machines, implements and
+products of manufacture, agricultural engineering and administration,
+tillage and general management. Under Department VII., Classes 700-739,
+come ornamental trees, shrubs and flowers, hothouses and conservatories,
+garden tools and contrivances, garden designing, construction and
+management.
+
+The accumulated experience of past expositions, seconded by the judgment
+and systematic thoroughness apparent in the preparations for the present
+one, makes this a good "working" classification. It has done away with
+confusion to an extent hardly to have been hoped for, and all the
+thousands of objects and subjects have dropped into their places in the
+exhibition with the precision of machinery, little adapted as some of
+them are to such treatment. Very impalpable and elusive things had to
+submit themselves to inspection and analysis, and have their elements
+tabulated like a tax bill or a grocery account. All human concerns were
+called on to be listed on the muster-roll and stand shoulder to shoulder
+on the drill-ground. Some curious comrades appear side by side in the
+long line. For example, we read: Class 286, brushes; 295, sleighs; 300,
+elementary instruction; 301, academies and high schools, colleges and
+universities; 305, libraries, history, etc.; 306, school-books, general
+and miscellaneous literature, encyclopaedias, newspapers; 311, learned
+and scientific associations, artistic, biological, zoological and
+medical schools, astronomical observatories; 313, music and the drama.
+Then we find, closely sandwiched between, 335--topographical maps,
+etc.--and 400--figures in stone, metal, clay or plaster--340, physical
+development and condition (of the young of the genus _Homo_); 345,
+government and law; 346, benevolence, beginning with hospitals of all
+kinds and ending with--in the order we give them--emigrant-aid
+societies, treatment of aborigines and prevention of cruelty to animals!
+In the last-named subdivision the visitor will be stared out of
+countenance by Mr. Bergh's tremendous exposure of "various instruments
+used by persons in breaking the law relative to cruelty to animals," the
+glittering banner of the S.P.C.A., and its big trophy, eight yards
+square, that illuminates the east end of the north avenue of the Main
+Building, in opposition to the trophy at the other end of the same
+avenue illustrating the history of the American flag. But he will look
+in vain for selected specimens of the emigrant-runner, the luxuries of
+the steerage and Castle Garden, or for photographs of the well-fed
+post-trader and Indian agent, agricultural products from Captain Jack's
+lava-bed reservation and jars of semi-putrescent treaty-beef. He will
+alight, next door to the penniless immigrant, the red man and the
+omnibus-horse, on Class 348, religious organizations and systems,
+embracing everything that grows out of man's sense of responsibility to
+his Maker. It will perhaps occur to the observer that, though the
+juxtaposition is well enough, religion ought to have come in a little
+before. His surprise at the power of condensation shown in compressing
+eternity into a single class will not be lessened when he passes on to
+Class 632, sheep; 634, swine; and 636, dogs and cats!
+
+A glance over the classification-list assists us in recognizing the
+advantages of the system of awards framed by the Commission and adopted
+after patient study and discussion. It discards the plan--if plan it
+could be called--of scattering diplomas and medals of gold, silver and
+bronze right and left, after the fashion of largesse at a mediaeval
+coronation, heretofore followed at international expositions. These
+prizes were decided on and assigned by juries whose impartiality--by
+reason of the imperfect representation upon them of the nations which
+exhibited little in mass or little in certain classes, and also of their
+failure to make written reports and thus secure their
+responsibility--could not be assured, and whose action, therefore, was
+defective in real weight and value. The juries were badly constituted:
+they had too much to do of an illusory and useless description, and they
+had too little to do that was solid and instructive. Special mentions,
+diplomas, half a dozen grades of medals and other honors, formed a
+programme too large and complicated to be discriminatingly carried out.
+So it happened that to exhibit and to get a distinction of some kind
+came, at Vienna, to be almost convertible expressions; and who excelled
+in the competition in any of the classes, or who had contributed anything
+substantial to the stock of human knowledge or well-being, remained quite
+undetermined. What instruction the display could impart was confined to
+spectators who studied its specialties for themselves and used their
+deductions for their individual advantage, and to those who read the
+sufficiently general and cursory reports made to their several
+governments by the national commissions. The official awards and reports
+of the exposition authorities amounted to little or nothing.
+
+[Illustration: THE CORLISS ENGINE, FURNISHING MOTIVE-POWER FOR MACHINERY
+HALL.]
+
+A sharp departure from this practice was decided on at the Centennial.
+Two hundred judges, of undoubted character and intelligence and entire
+familiarity with the departments assigned to them, were chosen--half by
+the foreign bureaus and half by the U.S. Commission. These were made
+officers of the exposition itself, and thus separated from external
+influences. They were given a reasonable and fixed compensation of one
+thousand dollars each for their time and personal expenses. An equal
+division of the number of judges between the domestic and foreign sides
+gives the latter an excess, measured by the comparative extent of the
+display from the two sources. But this is favorable to us, as we shall
+be the better for an outside judgment on the merits of both our own and
+foreign exhibits. Were it otherwise, the excess of private observers
+from this country would counterbalance our deficit in judges. The
+foreign jurors have to see for the millions they represent. Our own will
+have vast numbers of their constituents on the ground.
+
+Written reports are drawn up by these selected examiners and signed by
+the authors. The reports must be "based upon inherent and comparative
+merit. The elements of merit shall be held to include considerations
+relating to originality, invention, discovery, utility, quality, skill,
+workmanship, fitness for the purpose intended, adaptation to public
+wants, economy and cost." Each report, upon its completion, is delivered
+to the Centennial Commission for award and publication. The award comes
+in the shape of a diploma with a bronze medal and a special report of
+the judges upon its subject. This report may be published by the
+exhibitor if he choose. It will also be used by the Commission in such
+manner as may best promote the objects of the exposition. These
+documents, well edited and put in popular form, will constitute the most
+valuable publication that has been produced by any international
+exhibition. To this we may add the special reports to be made by the
+State and foreign commissions. These ought, with the light gained by
+time, to be at least not inferior to the similar papers scattered
+through the bulky records of previous exhibitions. Let us hope that
+brevity will rule in the style of all the reports, regular and
+irregular. There is a core to every subject, every group of subjects and
+every group of groups, however numerous and complex: let all the scribes
+labor to find it for us. When we recall the disposition of all
+committees to select the member most fecund of words to prepare their
+report, we are seized with misgivings--a feeling that becomes oppressive
+as we further reflect that the local committee which deliberately
+collected and sent for exhibition eighty thousand manuscripts written by
+the school-children of a Western city is at large on the exposition
+grounds.
+
+The passion for independent effort characteristic of the American people
+led to the supplementing of the official list by sundry volunteer
+prizes. These are offered by associations, and in some cases
+individuals. They are not all, like the regular awards, purely honorary.
+They lean to the pecuniary form, those particularly which are offered in
+different branches of agriculture. Competition among poultry-growers,
+manufacturers of butter, reaping-and threshing-machines,
+cotton-planters, etc. is stimulated by money-prizes reaching in all some
+six or eight thousand dollars. Agricultural machinery needs the open
+field for its proper testing, and cannot operate satisfactorily in
+Machinery Hall. Without a sight of our harvest-fields and
+threshing-floors foreigners would carry away an incomplete impression of
+our industrial methods, the farm being our great factory. The oar, the
+rifle and the racer are as impatient of walls as the plough and its
+new-fangled allies. They demand elbow-room for the display of their
+powers, and the Commission was fain to let their votaries tempt it to
+pass the confines of its territory. The lusty undergraduates of both
+sides of Anglo-Saxondom escort it unresistingly down from its airy halls
+to the blue bosom of the Schuylkill, while "teams" picked from eighty
+English-speaking millions beckon it across the Jerseys to Creedmoor. And
+the horse--is he to call in vain? Is a strait-laced negative from the
+Commission to echo back his neigh? Is the blood of Eclipse and Godolphin
+to stagnate under a ticket in "Class 630, horses, asses and mules"? Why,
+the very ponies in front of Memorial Hall pull with extra vim against
+their virago jockeys and flap their little brass wings in indignation at
+the thought. The thoroughbred will be heard from, and the judges that
+sit on him will be "experts in their department."
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR OF COOK'S WORLD'S TICKET-OFFICE.]
+
+Another specimen of the desert-born, the Western Indian, forms an
+exhibit as little suited as the improved Arab horse to discussion and
+award at a session fraught with that "calm contemplation and poetic
+ease" which ought to mark the deliberations of the judges. How are the
+representatives of fifty-three tribes to be put through their paces?
+These poor fragments of the ancient population of the Union have, if we
+exclude the Cherokees and Choctaws and two or three of the Gila tribes,
+literally nothing to show. The latter can present us with a faint trace
+of the long-faded civilization of their Aztec kindred, while the former
+have only borrowed a few of the rudest arts of the white, and are
+protected from extinction merely by the barrier of a frontier more and
+more violently assailed each year by the speculator and the settler, and
+already passed by the railway. If we cannot exactly say that the Indian,
+alone of all the throng at the exhibition, goes home uninformed and
+unenlightened, what ideas may reach his mind will be soon smothered out
+by the conditions which surround him on the Plains. It is singular that
+a population of three or four hundred thousand, far from contemptible
+in intellectual power, and belonging to a race which has shown itself
+capable of a degree of civilization many of the tribes of the Eastern
+continents have never approached, should be so absolutely an industrial
+cipher. The African even exports mats, palm-oil and peanuts, but the
+Indian exports nothing and produces nothing. He lacks the sense of
+property, and has no object of acquisition but scalps. Can the assembled
+ingenuity of the nineteenth century, in presence of this mass of waste
+human material, devise no means of utilizing it? There stands its
+Frankenstein, ready made, perfect in thews and sinews, perfect also in
+many of its nobler parts. It is not a creation that is demanded--simply
+a remodeling or expansion. For success in this achievement the United
+States can afford to offer a pecuniary prize that will throw into the
+shade all the other prizes put together. The cost of the Indian bureau
+for 1875-76 reached eight millions of dollars. The commission appointed
+to treat for the purchase of the Black Hills reports that the feeding
+and clothing of the Sioux cost the government thirteen millions during
+the past seven years; and that without the smallest benefit to those
+spirited savages. Says the report: "They have made no advancement
+whatever, but have done absolutely nothing but eat, drink, smoke and
+sleep."
+
+Social and political questions like this point to a vast field of
+inquiry. For its proper cultivation the exposition provides data
+additional to those heretofore available. They should be used as far as
+possible upon the spot. At least, they can be examined, collated and
+prepared for full employment. To this end, meetings and discussions held
+by men qualified by intellect and study to deal with them are the
+obvious resort. There is room among the two hundred judges for some such
+men, but the juries are little more numerous than is required for the
+examination of and report on objects. For more abstract inquiries they
+will need recruits. These should be supplied by the leading
+philosophical associations of this country and Europe. The governments
+have all an interest in enlisting their aid, and the Centennial
+Commission has done what in it lay to promote their action. Ethnic
+characteristics, history, literature, education, crime, statistics as a
+science, hygiene and medicine generally are among the broad themes which
+are not apt to be adequately treated by the average committee of
+inspection. So with the whole range of the natural sciences.
+Dissertations based on the jury reports will doubtless be abundant after
+a while, but those reports themselves, being limited in scope, will not
+be as satisfactory material as that which philosophic specialists would
+themselves extract from direct observation and debate upon the ground.
+
+For the study of the commanding subject of education the provision made
+at the present exhibition is exceptionally great. In bulk, and probably
+in completeness, it is immeasurably beyond the display made on any
+preceding occasion. The building erected by the single State of
+Pennsylvania for her educational department covers ten or eleven
+thousand square feet, and other States of the Union make corresponding
+efforts to show well in the same line. The European nations all manifest
+a new interest in this branch, and give it a much more prominent place
+in their exhibit than ever before. The school-systems of most of them
+are of very recent birth, and do not date back so far as 1851. The
+kingdom of Italy did not exist at that time or for many years after, yet
+we now see it pressing for a foremost place in the race of popular
+education, and multiplying its public schools in the face of all the
+troubles attendant upon the erection and organization of a new state.
+
+The historian will find aliment less abundant. A century or two of
+Caucasian life in America is but a thing of yesterday to him, and,
+though far from uninstructive, is but an offshoot from modern European
+annals. For all that, he finds himself on our soil in presence of an
+antiquity which remains to be explored, and which clamors to be rescued
+from the domain of the pre-historic. It has no literary records beyond
+the scant remains of Mexico. It writes itself, nevertheless, strongly
+and deeply on the face of the land--in mounds, fortifications and tombs
+as distinct, if not so elaborate, as those of Etruria and Cyprus. These
+remains show the hand of several successive races. Who they were, what
+their traits, whence they came, what their relations with the now
+civilized Chinese and Japanese--whom, physically, their descendants so
+nearly resemble--are legitimate queries for the historian. Geologically,
+America is older than Europe, and was fitted for the home of the red man
+before the latter ceased to be the home of the whale. The investigation
+of its past, if impossible to be conducted in the light of its own
+records or even traditions, is capable of aiding in the verification of
+conclusions drawn from those of the Old World. If History, however,
+contemptuously relegates the Moundbuilders to the mattock of the
+antiquarian, she is still "Philosophy teaching by example." As thus
+allied with Philosophy, she finds something to look into at the
+Centennial, even though she look obliquely, after the fashion of the
+observant Hollanders, who have stuck the reflecting glasses of the Dutch
+street-windows into the sides of their compartment in the Main Building,
+and squint, without a change of position, upon the United States, Spain,
+South America, Egypt, Great Britain and several other countries.
+
+Religion and philanthropy find the field inviting, and their
+representatives, individual and associated, are busy in preparing to
+till it. The enthusiasm of the leading religious societies took the
+concrete shape of statuary. Hence the Catholic Fountain, heretofore
+noticed; the Hebrew statue to Religious Liberty, as established in a
+land that never had a Ghetto or a Judenstrasse; the Presbyterian figure
+of Witherspoon; an Episcopalian of Bishop White; and others under way or
+proposed. The temperance movement, too, embodies itself in a fountain
+that runs ice-water instead of claret. The less tangible but perhaps
+more fruitful form of reunions and discussions must in a greater or less
+degree enhance the power for good of these organizations. They are led
+by men of mind and energy, seldom averse to enlightenment, and all
+professing to seek nothing else. When men of these qualities, aiming at
+the same or a like object, meet to compare their respective
+admeasurements of its parallax made from as many different points, they
+cannot fail to approach accuracy. Faith is a first element in all great
+undertakings. It removes mountains at Mont Cenis, as it walked the waves
+with Columbus. In our century even faith is progressive, and does not
+shrink from elbowing its way through what Bunyan would have styled
+Vanity Fair.
+
+Modestly in the rear of the moral reformers, yet not wholly and
+uniformly unaggressive, nor guiltless altogether of isms and schisms,
+step forward the literary men. As a rule, they do not affect
+expositions, or exhibitions of any kind. But one general meeting, with
+some minor and informal ones, is on the programme for them. This is
+well. The world and the fullness thereof belongs to them, and they may
+care to come forward to scan this schedule of their inheritance. We do
+not hear of their having combined to put up a pavilion of their own,
+like the dairymen and the brewers, "to show the different processes of
+manufacture." The pen will be at work here, nevertheless, and has been
+from the beginning, before the foundations of the Corliss engine were
+laid or the granite of Memorial Hall left the quarry. Without this first
+of implements none of the other machinery would ever have moved. The pen
+is mightier than the piston. It is the invisible steam that impels all.
+
+[Illustration: FRENCH RESTAURANT LA FAYETTE.]
+
+In a visible form also it is here. The publishers of the London _Punch_
+have selected as the most comprehensive motto for the case in which they
+exhibit copies of their various publications a sentence from Shakspeare:
+"Come and take choice of all my library, and so beguile thy sorrow." We
+do not know that to dull his sorrows is all that can be done for man.
+Literature assumes to do more than make him forget. The lotos-eater is
+not its one hero. School-books, piled aloft "in numbers without number
+numberless," may to the man be suggestive of hours without thought and
+void of grief, but they certainly are not to the boy. Blue books, ground
+out in a thousand bureaus, and contributed in like profusion, may be
+pronounced a weariness to the adult flesh, however sweet their ultimate
+uses. Unhappy those who wade through them for increasing the happiness
+of others! These humble but portly representatives of political
+literature are the log-books of the ship of state. They chart and
+chronicle the currents and winds along its course, so that from the mass
+of chaff a grain of guidance may be painfully winnowed out for the
+benefit of its next voyage, or for the voyages of other craft
+floundering on the same perilous and baffling sea. Everything comes pat
+to a log-book. As endless is the medley of memoranda in blue-books. They
+deal, like government itself, with everything. They take up the citizen
+on his entry into the cradle, and do not quite drop him at the grave.
+How to educate, clothe, feed and doctor him; how to keep him out of
+jail, and how, once there, to get him out again with the least possible
+moral detriment; how to adjust as lightly as possible to his shoulders
+the burden of taxation; how to economize him as food for powder; and how
+to free him from the miasm of crowded cities,--are but a small part of
+their contents. And the index is growing, if possible, larger, as the
+apparatus of government becomes more and more intricate. With such
+contributions and credentials do the rulers of the nations enroll
+themselves in the guild of authorship. They are proud of them, and
+exhibit them in profusion, in whole libraries, rich with gold and the
+primary colors.
+
+Expositions, as we have before remarked, come into the same worshipful
+guild by right of a special literature they have brought into being.
+They come, moreover, into the blue-book range by their bearing upon
+certain topics generally assigned to it. It is found, for example, that,
+like other great gatherings, they are apt to be followed by a temporary
+local increase of crime. The police-records of London show that the
+arrests in 1851 outnumbered those of the previous year by 1570, and that
+in 1862 the aggregate exceeded by 5043 that of 1861. It will at once
+occur that the population of the city was greatly increased on each
+occasion, and that the influx of thieves and lawbreakers generally must
+have thinned out that class elsewhere, and in that way very probably
+reduced, rather than added to, the sum-total of crime, the preventive
+arrangements in London having been exceptionally thorough. The drawback
+that would consist in an increase of crime is therefore only an apparent
+result. An opposite effect cannot but result, if only from the evidence
+that so vast and heterogeneous an assemblage can be held without marked
+disorder. The police as well as the criminals and the savants of all
+nations come together, compare notes and enjoy a common improvement.
+
+[Illustration: THE MAMMOTH RODMAN GUN.]
+
+This is the first opportunity the physicians of Europe have had to
+become fully acquainted with the advances in surgery and pathology their
+American brethren have the credit of having made within the past few
+years. They will find it illustrated in the government buildings and
+elsewhere; and they have an ample _quid pro quo_ to offer from their own
+researches. The balancing of opinions at the proposed medical congress
+and in private intercourse must tend to free medical science from what
+remnants of empiricism still disfigure it, to perfect diagnosis and to
+trace with precision the operation of all remedial agents. Means remain
+to be found of administering the _coup de grace_ to the few epidemics
+which have not yet been extirpated, but linger in a crippled condition.
+This will be aided by the illustrations afforded of processes of
+draining, ventilation, etc.
+
+Man's health rests in that of his stomach. The food question is a
+concern of the physician as well as of the publicist. The race began
+life on a vegetable diet, and to that it reverts when compelled by
+enfeebled digestion or by the increasing difficulty of providing animal
+food for a dense population. But it likes flesh when able to assimilate
+it or to procure it, and demands at least the compromise of fish. Hence,
+the revived attention to fish-breeding, an art wellnigh forgotten since
+the Reformation emptied the carp-ponds of the monks. Maryland, New York
+and other States illustrate this device for enhancing the food-supply,
+and the aquaria at Agricultural Hall, containing twelve or fifteen
+thousand gallons of salt and fresh water, present a congress of the
+leaders, gastronomically speaking, of the finny people. The shad remains
+not only to be naturalized in Europe, but to be reintroduced to the
+water-side dwellers above tide, who once met him regularly at table. He
+is joined by delegates from the mountain, the great lakes and the
+Pacific coast in the trout, the salmon and the whitefish, and by that
+quiet, silent and slow-going cousin of the fraternity, the oyster, most
+valuable of all, as possessors of those qualities not unfrequently are.
+Europe does not dream, and we ourselves do not realize until we come
+carefully to think of it, what the oyster does for us. He sustains the
+hardiest part of our coasting marine, paves our best roads, fertilizes
+our sands, enlivens all our festivities, and supports an army of
+packers, can-makers, etc., cased in whose panoply of tin he traverses
+the globe like a mail-clad knight-errant in the cause of commerce and
+good eating. Yet he needs protection. All this burden is greater than he
+can bear, and it is growing. System and science are invoked to his
+rescue ere he go the way of the inland shad and the salmon that became a
+drug to the Pilgrim Fathers. It is not easy to frame a medal or diploma
+for the fostering of the oyster. More effective is a consideration of
+the impending penalty for neglecting to do so. _Ostrea edulis_ is one of
+the grand things before which prizes sink into nothingness.
+
+Another of them is that triumph of pure reason, chess, an unadulterated
+product of the brain--i.e., of phosphorus--i.e., of fish. Nobody stakes
+money on chess or offers a prize to the best player. Honor at that board
+is its own reward. So when we are told of the Centennial Chess
+Tournament we recognize at once the fitness of the word borrowed from
+the chivalric joust. It is the culmination of human strife. The thought,
+labor and ardor spread over three hundred and fifty acres sums itself in
+that black and white board the size of your handkerchief. War and
+statecraft condense themselves into it. Armies and nations move with the
+chessman. Sally, leaguer, feint, flank-march, triumphant charge are one
+after another rehearsed. There, too, moves the game of politics in plot
+and counterplot. It is the climax of the subjective. From those lists
+the trumpet-blare, the crowd, the glitter, the banners, "the boast of
+heraldry and pomp of power," melt utterly away. To the world-champions
+who bend above the little board the big glass houses and all the
+treasures stared at by admiring thousands are as naught.
+
+[Illustration: SCENE AT ONE OF THE ENTRANCES TO THE GROUNDS--THE
+TURNSTILE.]
+
+But man is an animal, and not by any means of intellect all compact. The
+average mortal confesses to a craving for the stimulus of great shows,
+of material purposes, substantial objects of study and palpable prizes.
+It is so in 1876, as it was in 1776, and as it will be in a long series
+of Seventy-sixes.
+
+It is the concrete rather than the abstract which draws him in through
+the turnstiles of the exposition enclosure. Separated by the divisions
+of those ingeniously-contrived gates into taxed and untaxed spectators,
+the masses stream in with small thought of the philosophers or the
+chess-players. Their minds are reached, but reached through the eye, and
+the first appeal is to that. Each visitor constitutes himself a jury of
+one to consider and compare what he sees. The hundreds of thousands of
+verdicts so reached will be published only by word of mouth, if
+published at all. Their value will be none the less indubitable, though
+far from being in all cases the same. The proportion of intelligent
+observers will be greater than on like occasions heretofore. So will,
+perhaps, be that of solid matter for study, although in some specialties
+there may be default. He who enters with the design of self-education
+will find the text-books in most branches abundant, wide open before him
+and printed in the clearest characters. What shortcomings there may have
+been in the selection and arrangement of them he will have, if he can,
+himself to remedy. There stands the school, founded and furnished with
+great labor. The would-be scholar can only be invited to use it. The
+centennial that is to turn out scholars ready-made has not yet rolled
+round.
+
+
+
+
+DOLORES.
+
+    A light at her feet and a light at her head,
+      How fast asleep my Dolores lies!
+    Awaken, my love, for to-morrow we wed--
+      Uplift the lids of thy beautiful eyes.
+
+    Too soon art thou clad in white, my spouse:
+      Who placed that garland above thy heart
+    Which shall wreathe to-morrow thy bridal brows?
+      How quiet and mute and strange thou art!
+
+    And hearest thou not my voice that speaks?
+      And feelest thou not my hot tears flow
+    As I kiss thine eyes and thy lips and thy cheeks?
+      Do they not warm thee, my bride of snow?
+
+    Thou knowest no grief, though thy love may weep.
+      A phantom smile, with a faint, wan beam,
+    Is fixed on thy features sealed in sleep:
+      Oh tell me the secret bliss of thy dream.
+
+    Does it lead to fair meadows with flowering trees,
+      Where thy sister-angels hail thee their own?
+    Was not my love to thee dearer than these?
+      Thine was my world and my heaven in one.
+
+    I dare not call thee aloud, nor cry,
+      Thou art so solemn, so rapt in rest,
+    But I will whisper: Dolores, 'tis I:
+      My heart is breaking within my breast.
+
+    Never ere now did I speak thy name,
+      Itself a caress, but the lovelight leapt
+    Into thine eyes with a kindling flame,
+      And a ripple of rose o'er thy soft cheek crept.
+
+    But now wilt thou stir not for passion or prayer,
+      And makest no sign of the lips or the eyes,
+    With a nun's strait band o'er thy bright black hair--
+      Blind to mine anguish and deaf to my cries.
+
+    I stand no more in the waxen-lit room:
+      I see thee again as I saw thee that day,
+    In a world of sunshine and springtide bloom,
+      'Midst the green and white of the budding May.
+
+    Now shadow, now shine, as the branches ope,
+      Flickereth over my love the while:
+    From her sunny eyes gleams the May-time hope,
+      And her pure lips dawn in a wistful smile.
+
+    As one who waiteth I see her stand,
+      Who waits though she knows not what nor whom,
+    With a lilac spray in her slim soft hand:
+      All the air is sweet with its spicy bloom.
+
+    I knew not her secret, though she held mine:
+      In that golden hour did we each confess;
+    And her low voice murmured, Yea, I am thine,
+      And the large world rang with my happiness.
+
+    To-morrow shall be the blessedest day
+      That ever the all-seeing sun espied:
+    Though thou sleep till the morning's earliest ray,
+      Yet then thou must waken to be my bride.
+
+    Yea, waken, my love, for to-morrow we wed:
+      Uplift the lids of thy beautiful eyes.
+    A light at her feet and a light at her head,
+      How fast asleep my Dolores lies!
+
+EMMA LAZARUS.
+
+
+
+
+GLIMPSES OF CONSTANTINOPLE.
+
+CONCLUDING PAPER.
+
+
+[Illustration: SCENE IN A BURIAL-GROUND.]
+
+There is a continuous fascination about this old city. The guide-book
+says, "A week or ten days are required to see the sights," but though we
+make daily expeditions we seem in no danger of exhausting them. Neither
+does one have to go far to seek amusement. I never look down into the
+street below my windows without being attracted by some object of
+interest. The little donkeys with their great panniers of long slim
+loaves of bread (oh, tell it not, but I once saw the driver use one as a
+stick to belabor the lazy animal with, and then leave it, with two or
+three other loaves, at the opposite house, where a pretty Armenian, that
+I afterward saw taking the air on the roof with her bright-eyed little
+girl, perhaps had it for her breakfast!); the fierce, lawless Turkish
+soldiers stalking along, their officers mounted, and looking much better
+in their baggy trousers and frock-coats on their fine horses than on
+foot; Greek and Armenian ladies in gay European costumes; veiled Turkish
+women in their quiet street-dress; close carriages with
+gorgeously-dressed beauties from the sultan's harem followed by black
+eunuchs on horseback,--these and similar groups in every variety of
+costume form a constant stream of strange and picturesque sights.
+
+One morning, attracted by an unusual noise, I looked out and found it
+proceeded from a funeral procession. First came a man carrying the lid
+of the coffin; then several Greek priests; after them boys in white
+robes with lighted candles, followed by choir-boys in similar dresses
+who chanted as they walked along. Such sounds! Greek chanting is a
+horrible nasal caterwauling. Get a dozen boys to hold their noses, and
+then in a high key imitate the gamut performed by several festive cats
+as they prowl over the housetops on a quiet night, and you have Greek,
+Armenian or Turkish chanting and singing to perfection. There is not the
+first conception of music in the souls of these barbarians. Behind this
+choir came four men carrying the open coffin. The corpse was that of a
+middle-aged man dressed in black clothes, with a red fez cap on the head
+and yellow, red and white flowers scattered over the body. The hot sun
+shone full on the pinched and shriveled features, and the sight was most
+revolting. Several mourners followed the coffin, the ladies in black
+clothes, with black lace veils on their heads and their hair much
+dressed. The Greeks are obliged to carry their dead in this way,
+uncovered, because concealed arms were at one time conveyed in coffins
+to their churches, and then used in an uprising against the government.
+We witnessed a still more dreadful funeral outside the walls. A party,
+evidently of poor people, were approaching an unenclosed cemetery, and
+we waited to see the interment. The body, in its usual clothes, was
+carried on a board covered by a sheet. When they reached the grave the
+women shrieked, wept and kissed the face of the dead man: then his
+clothes were taken off, the body wrapped in the sheet and laid in the
+grave, which was only two feet deep. The priest broke a bottle of wine
+over the head, the earth was loosely thrown in, and the party went away.
+There is no more melancholy spot to me than a Turkish cemetery. The
+graves are squeezed tightly together, and the headstones, generally in a
+tumble-down state, are shaped like a coffin standing on end, or like a
+round hitching-post with a fez cap carved on the top. Weeds and rank
+wild-flowers cover the ground, and over all sway the dark, stiff
+cypresses.
+
+A little way down the street is a Turkish pastry-shop. Lecturers and
+writers have from time to time held forth on the enormities of
+pie-eating, and given the American people "particular fits" for their
+addiction to it. Now, while I fully endorse all I ever heard said on the
+subject, I beg leave to remark that the Americans are not the _worst_
+offenders in this way. If you want to see pastry, come to
+Constantinople: _seeing_ will satisfy you--you won't risk a taste.
+Mutton is largely eaten, and the mutton fat is used with flour to make
+the crust, which is so rich that the grease fairly oozes out and
+"smells to Heaven." Meat-pies are in great demand. The crust is baked
+alone in a round flat piece, and laid out on a counter, which is soon
+very greasy, ready to be filled. A large dish of hash is also ready, and
+when a customer calls the requisite amount of meat is clapped on one
+side of the paste, the other half doubled over it, and he departs eating
+his halfmoon-shaped pie. On the counters you see displayed large
+egg-shaped forms of what look like layers of tallow and cooked meat,
+cheesy-looking cakes of many kinds and an endless variety of
+confectionery. The sweetmeats are perfection, the fresh Turkish paste
+with almonds in it melts in your mouth, and the sherbet, compounded of
+the juice of many fruits and flowers and cooled with snow, is the most
+delicious drink I ever tasted. There are also many kinds of nice
+sweet-cakes; but, on the whole, I should prefer not to board in a
+Turkish family or employ a Turkish cook. No wonder the women are pale
+and sallow if they indulge much in such food!
+
+Being anxious to see a good display of Turkish rugs, and our party
+having some commissions to execute, we sallied forth one afternoon on
+this errand. If you intend to visit a Turkish carpet warehouse, and your
+purse or your judgment counsels you not to purchase, put yourself under
+bonds to that effect before you go; for, unless you possess remarkable
+strength of character, the beautiful rugs displayed will prove
+irresistible temptations. Near the bazaar in Stamboul is a massive
+square stone house, looking like a fortress compared with the buildings
+around it. Mosses and weeds crop out of every uneven part of its walls.
+A heavy door that might stand a siege admitted us to a small vestibule,
+and from this we passed into a paved court with a moss-grown fountain in
+the centre. Around this court ran a gallery, its heavy arches and
+columns supporting a second, to which we ascended by a broad flight of
+steps. A double door admitted us to the wareroom, where, tolerably
+secure from fire (the doors alone were of wood), were stored Turkish and
+Persian rugs of all sizes and colors. The Turkish were far handsomer
+than the Persian, and the colors more brilliant than those I have
+usually seen. The attendants unrolled one that they said was a hundred
+years old. It had a dusty, faded look, as if it had been in the
+warehouse quite that length of time, and made the modern ones seem
+brighter by contrast. Several rugs having been selected, we returned to
+the office, where a carpet was spread and we were invited to seat
+ourselves on it. Coffee was passed around, and we proceeded to bargain
+for our goods through our interpreter. The merchant, as usual, asked an
+exorbitant price to start with, and we offered what was equally
+ridiculous the other way; and so we gradually approached the final
+price--he coming gracefully down, and we as affably ascending in the
+scale, till a happy medium was reached, and we departed with our
+purchases following us on the back of an ammale.
+
+[Illustration: THE SULTAN ABDUL ASSIZ.]
+
+Three days of each week are observed as holy days. Friday is the Turkish
+Sabbath, Saturday the Jewish, and the Greeks and Armenians keep Sunday.
+The indolent government officials, glad of an excuse to be idle, keep
+all three--that is, they refrain from business--so there are only four
+days out of the seven in which anything is accomplished.
+
+One of the great sights is to see the sultan go to the mosque; so one
+Friday we took a caique and were rowed up the Bosphorus to Dolma Backte,
+and waited on the water opposite the palace. The sultan's caique was at
+the principal entrance on the water-side of the palace, and the steps
+and marble pavement were carpeted from the caique to the door. Presently
+all the richly-dressed officers of the household, who were loitering
+around, formed on either side the steps, and, bending nearly double,
+remained so while the sultan passed down to his caique. Abdul Assiz is
+quite stout and rather short, with a pleasant face and closely-cut
+beard. He was dressed in a plain black uniform, his breast covered with
+orders. The sultan's caique was a magnificent barge--white, profusely
+ornamented with gilt, and rowed by twenty-four oarsmen dressed in white,
+who rose to their feet with each stroke, bowed low, and settled back in
+their seats as the stroke was expended. The sultan and grand vizier
+seated themselves under the plum-colored velvet canopy, and the caique
+proceeded swiftly toward the mosque, followed by three other caiques
+with his attendants. A gun from an iron-clad opposite the palace
+announced that the sultan had started. The shore from the palace to the
+mosque was lined with soldiers; the bands played; the people cheered;
+the ships ran up their flags; all the war-vessels were gay with bunting,
+had their yards manned and fired salutes, which were answered by the
+shore-batteries. The mosque selected for that day's devotions was in
+Tophaneh, near the water. Several regiments were drawn up to receive the
+sultan, and an elegant carriage and a superb Arab saddle-horse were in
+waiting, so that His Majesty might return to the palace as best suited
+his fancy. After an hour spent in devotion the sultan reappeared, and
+entering his carriage was driven away. We saw him again on our way
+home, when he stopped to call on an Austrian prince staying at the
+legation. The street leading up to the embassy was too narrow and steep
+for a carriage, so, mounting his horse at the foot, he rode up, passing
+very close to us.
+
+[Illustration: TURKISH COW-CARRIAGE.]
+
+In the afternoon we drove to the "Sweet Waters of Europe" to see the
+Turkish ladies, who in pleasant weather always go out there in carriages
+or by water in caiques. Compared with our parks, with their lovely lakes
+and streams and beautiful lawns, the far-famed Sweet Waters of Europe
+are only fields with a canal running through them; but here, where this
+is the only stream of fresh water near the city, and in a country
+destitute of trees, it is a charming place. The stream has been walled
+up to the top of its banks, which are from three to six feet above the
+water, and there are sunny meadows and fine large trees on each side.
+The sultan has a summer palace here with a pretty garden, and the stream
+has been dammed up by blocks of white marble cut in scallops like
+shells, over which the water falls in a cascade. The road to the Sweet
+Waters, with one or two others, was made after the sultan's return from
+his European trip, and in anticipation of the empress Eugenie's visit.
+European carriages were also introduced at that time. The ladies of the
+sultan's harem drive out in very handsome coupes, with coachmen wearing
+the sultan's livery, but you more frequently see the queer one-horse
+Turkish carriage, and sometimes a "cow-carriage." This last is drawn by
+cows or oxen: it is an open wagon, with a white cloth awning ornamented
+with gay fringes and tassels. Many people go in caiques, and all carry
+bright-colored rugs, which they spread on the grass. There they sit for
+several hours and gossip with each other, or take their luncheons and
+spend the afternoon. A Turkish woman is never seen to better advantage
+than when "made up" for such an excursion. Her house-dress is always
+hidden by a large cloak, which comes down to the ground and has loose
+sleeves and a cape. The cloak is left open at the neck to show the lace
+and necklace worn under it, and is generally made of silk, often of
+exquisite shades of pink, blue, purple or any color to suit the taste of
+the wearer. A small silk cap, like the low turbans our ladies wore eight
+or nine years ago, covers the head, and on it are fastened the most
+brilliant jewels--diamond pins, rubies, anything that will flash. The
+wearer's complexion is heightened to great brilliancy by toilet arts,
+and over all, covering deficiencies, is the yashmak or thin white veil,
+which conceals only in part and greatly enhances her beauty. You think
+your "dream of fair women" realized, and go home and read _Lalla Rookh_
+and rave of Eastern peris. Should some female friend who has visited a
+harem and seen these radiant beauties face to face mildly suggest that
+paint, powder and the enchantment of distance have in a measure deluded
+you, you dismiss the unwelcome information as an invention of the
+"green-eyed monster," and, remembering the brilliant beauties who
+reclined beside the Sweet Waters or floated by you on the Golden Horn,
+cherish the recollection as that of one of the brightest scenes of the
+Orient.
+
+These I have spoken of are the upper classes from the harems of the
+sultan and rich pashas, but those you see constantly on foot in the
+streets are the middle and lower classes, and not so attractive. They
+have fine eyes, but the yashmaks are thicker, and you feel there is less
+beauty hidden under them. The higher the rank the thinner the yashmak is
+the rule. They also wear the long cloak, but it is made of black or
+colored alpaca or a similar material. Gray is most worn, but black,
+brown, yellow, green, blue and scarlet are often seen. The negresses
+dress like their mistresses in the street, and if you see a pair of
+bright yellow boots under a brilliant scarlet ferraja and an unusually
+white yashmak, you will generally find the wearer is a jet-black
+negress. Sitting so much in the house _a la Turque_ is not conducive to
+grace of motion, nor are loose slippers to well-shaped feet, and I must
+confess that a Turkish woman walks like a _goose_, and the size of her
+"fairy feet" would rejoice the heart of a leather-dealer.
+
+[Illustration: ENTERING A MOSQUE.]
+
+We have been to see the Howling Dervishes, and I will endeavor to give
+you some idea of their performances. Crossing to Scutari in the steam
+ferryboat, we walked some distance till we reached the mosque, where the
+services were just commencing. The attendant who admitted us intimated
+that we must remove our boots and put on the slippers provided. N----
+did so, but I objected, and the man was satisfied with my wearing them
+over my boots. We were conducted up a steep, ladder-like staircase to a
+small gallery, with a low front only a foot high, with no seats but
+sheepskins on the floor, where we were expected to curl ourselves up in
+Turkish fashion. Both my slippers came off during my climb up stairs,
+and were rescued in their downward career by N----, who by dint of much
+shuffling managed to keep his on. Below us were seated some thirty or
+forty dervishes. The leader repeated portions of the Koran, in which
+exercise others occasionally took part in a quiet manner. After a while
+they knelt in line opposite their leader and began to chant in louder
+tones, occasionally bowing forward full length. Matters down below
+progressed slowly at first, and were getting monotonous. One of my feet,
+unaccustomed to its novel position, had gone to sleep, and I was in a
+cramped state generally. Moreover, we were not the sole occupants of the
+gallery: the sheepskins were full of them, and I began to think that if
+the dervishes did not soon begin to howl, _I_ should. Some traveler has
+said that on the coast of Syria the Arabs have a proverb that the
+"sultan of _fleas_ holds his court in Jaffa, and the grand vizier in
+Cairo." Certainly some very high dignitary of the realm presides over
+Constantinople, and makes his head-quarters in the mosque of the Howling
+Dervishes.
+
+[Illustration: CASTLE OF EUROPE, ON THE BOSPHORUS.]
+
+The dervishes now stood up in line, taking hold of hands, and swayed
+backward, forward and sideways, with perfect uniformity, wildly
+chanting, or rather howling, verses of the Koran, and keeping time with
+their movements. They commenced slowly, and increased the rapidity of
+their gymnastics as they became more excited and devout. The whole
+performance lasted an hour or more, and at the end they naturally seemed
+quite exhausted. Then little children were brought in, laid on the
+floor, and the head-dervish stepped on their bodies. I suppose he
+stepped in such a manner as not to hurt them, as they did not utter a
+sound. Perhaps the breath was so squeezed out of them that they could
+not. One child was quite a baby, and on this he rested his foot lightly,
+leaning his weight on a man's shoulder. I could not find out exactly
+what this ceremony signified, but was told it was considered a cure for
+sickness, and also a preventive.
+
+We concluded to _do_ the dervishes, and so next day went to see the
+spinning ones. They have a much larger and handsomer mosque than their
+howling brethren. First they chanted, then they indulged in a "walk
+around." Every time they passed the leader, who kept his place at the
+head of the room, they bowed profoundly to him, then passed before him,
+and, turning on the other side, bowed again. After this interchange of
+courtesies had lasted a while, they sailed off around the room, spinning
+with the smooth, even motion of a top--arms folded, head on one side and
+eyes shut. Sometimes this would be varied by the head being thrown back
+and the arms extended. The rapid whirling caused their long green
+dresses to spread out like a half-open Japanese umbrella, supposing the
+man to be the stick, and they kept it up about thirty minutes to the
+inspiring music of what sounded like a drum, horn and tin pan. We
+remained to witness the _first set:_ whether they had any more and wound
+up with the German, I cannot say. We were tired and went home, satisfied
+with what we had seen. I should think they corresponded somewhat with
+our Shakers at home, as far as their "muscular Christianity" goes, and
+are rather ahead on the dancing question.
+
+One of the prominent objects of interest on the Bosphorus is Roberts
+College. It stands on a high hill three hundred feet above the water,
+and commands an extensive view up and down the Bosphorus. For seven
+years Dr. Hamlin vainly endeavored to obtain permission to build it, and
+the order was not given till Farragut's visit. The gallant admiral,
+while breakfasting with the grand vizier, inquired what was the reason
+the government did not allow Dr. Hamlin to build the college, when the
+grand vizier hastily assured him that all obstacles had been removed,
+and that the order was even then as good as given. Americans may well be
+proud of so fine and well-arranged a building and the able corps of
+professors. We visited it in company with Dr. Wood and his agreeable
+wife, who are so well known to all who take any interest in our foreign
+missions. After going over the college and listening to very creditable
+declamations in English from some of the students, we were hospitably
+entertained at luncheon by Professor Washburn, who is in charge of the
+institution, and his accomplished wife. Within a short distance of the
+college is the Castle of Europe, and on the opposite side of the
+Bosphorus the Castle of Asia. They were built by Mohammed II. in 1451,
+and the Castle of Europe is still in good preservation. It consists of
+two large towers and several small ones connected by walls, and is built
+of a rough white stone, to which the ivy clings luxuriantly.
+
+A pleasant excursion is to take a little steamer, which runs up the
+Bosphorus and back, touching at Beicos (Bey Kos), and visit the Giant
+Mountain, from which is a magnificent view of the Black Sea and nearly
+the whole length of the Bosphorus. We breakfasted early, but when ready
+to start found our guide had disappointed us, and his place was not to
+be supplied. The day was perfect, and rather than give up our trip we
+determined to go by ourselves, trusting that the success which had
+attended similar expeditions without a _commissionnaire_ would not
+desert us on this occasion. The sail up on the steamer was charming.
+There are many villages on the shores of the Bosphorus, and between
+them are scattered palaces and summer residences, the latter often
+reminding us of Venetian houses, built directly on the shore with steps
+down to the water, and caiques moored at the doors, as the gondolas are
+in Venice. The houses are surrounded by beautiful gardens, with a
+profusion of flowers blooming on the very edge of the shore, their gay
+colors reflected in the waves beneath.
+
+We learned from the captain of the steamer that Giant Mountain was two
+and a half miles from the village, with no very well-defined road
+leading to it; so on landing at Bey Kos we made inquiries for a guide,
+and this time were successful. Horses were also forthcoming, but no
+side-saddle. I respectfully declined to follow the example of my Turkish
+sisters and mount a gentleman's saddle; neither was I anxious to ride my
+Arab steed bareback, so we concluded to try a cow-carriage, and
+despatched our guide to hire the only one the place afforded. This
+stylish establishment was not to be had; so, having wasted half an hour
+in trying to find some conveyance, we gave it up and started on foot;
+and were glad afterward that we did so. The road was shaded to the base
+of the mountain, and led through a beautiful valley, the fields covered
+with wild-flowers. I have never seen such masses of color--an acre
+perhaps of bright yellow, perfectly dazzling in the sunlight, then as
+large a mass of purple, next to that an immense patch of white daisies,
+so thick they looked like snow. The effect of these gay masses, with
+intervals of green grass and grain, was very gorgeous. We passed two of
+the sultan's palaces, one built in Swiss style. The ascent of Giant
+Mountain from the inland side is gradual, while it descends very
+abruptly on the water-side. On the top of the mountain are the ruins of
+the church of St. Pantaleon, built by Justinian, also a mosque and the
+tomb of Joshua: so the Turks affirm. From a rocky platform just below
+the mosque there is a magnificent view. Toward the north you look off on
+the Black Sea and the old fortress of Riva, which commands the entrance
+to the Bosphorus. In front and to the south winds the beautiful
+Bosphorus for sixteen miles till it reaches the Sea of Marmora, which
+you see far in the distance glittering in the sunlight. You look down on
+the decks of the passing vessels, and the large steamers seem like toy
+boats as they pass below you. Near the mosque is a remarkable well of
+cool water. Shrubs and a few small trees grow on the mountain, and the
+ground is covered with quantities of heather, wild-flowers and ivy. We
+picked long spikes of white heather in full bloom, and pansies,
+polyanthus, the blue iris and many others of our garden flowers. The
+country all around Constantinople is very destitute of trees. The woods
+were cut down long ago, and the multitudes of sheep, which you see in
+large flocks everywhere, crop the young sprouts so they cannot grow up
+again.
+
+[Illustration: FORTRESS OF RIVA, AND THE BLACK SEA.]
+
+Returning to Constantinople, our steamer ran close to the European
+shore, stopping at the villages on that side. Most of the officers of
+these boats are Turks, but they find it necessary to employ European
+(generally English) engineers, as the Turks are fatalists and not
+reliable. It is said they pay but little attention to their machinery
+and boilers, reasoning that if it is the will of Allah that the boiler
+blow up, it will certainly do so; if not, all will go right, and why
+trouble one's self? Laughable stories are told of the Turkish navy;
+e.g., that a certain captain was ordered to take his vessel to Crete,
+and after cruising about some time returned, not being able to find the
+island. Another captain stopped an English vessel one fine day to ask
+where he was, as he had lost his reckoning, although the weather had
+been perfectly clear for some time. In the Golden Horn lies an old
+four-decker which during the Crimean war was run broadside under a
+formidable battery by her awkward crew, who were unable to manage her,
+and began in their fright to jump overboard. A French tugboat went to
+the rescue and towed her off.
+
+On our way to the hotel we saw the sultan's son, a boy of fifteen. He
+was driving in a fine open carriage drawn by a very handsome span of bay
+horses, and preceded by four outriders mounted on fine Arabian horses.
+Coachman, footman and outriders, in the black livery of the sultan, were
+resplendent in gold lace. The harness was of red leather and the
+carriage painted of the same bright color. The cushions were of white
+silk embroidered with scarlet flowers. It was a dashing equipage, but
+seemed better suited to a harem beauty than the dark, Jewish-looking boy
+in the awkward uniform of a Turkish general who was its sole occupant.
+
+[Illustration: TURKISH QUARTER--STAMBOUL.]
+
+Yesterday we took our last stroll in Constantinople, crossing the Golden
+Horn by the new bridge to Stamboul. This bridge is a busy spot, for
+besides the constant throngs that cross and recross, it is the favorite
+resort of beggars and dealers in small wares. Many of the ferryboats
+also start from here, so that, although long and wide, it is crowded
+most of the day. An Englishman who is an officer in the Turkish army
+told us of an amusing adventure of his in crossing the bridge. He had
+been at the war department, and was told he could have the six months'
+pay which was due him if he would take it in piasters. Thankful to get
+it, and fearing if he did not take it then in that shape he might have
+to wait a good while, he accepted, and the piasters (which are large
+copper coins worth about four cents of our money) were placed in bags on
+the backs of porters to be taken to a European bank at Pera. As they
+were crossing the bridge one of the bags burst open with the weight of
+the coins, and a quantity of them were scattered. Of course a first
+class scramble ensued, in which the beggars, who are always on hand, and
+others reaped quite a harvest, and when the officer got the hole tied
+up the ammale found the bag considerably lighter to carry.
+
+Reaching Stamboul, we made our way through the crowded streets, past the
+Seraglio gardens and St. Sophia, till we reached the old Hippodrome,
+which was modeled after the Circus at Rome. Little remains of its
+ancient glory, for the Crusaders carried off most of its works of art.
+The granite obelisk of Theodosius and the pillar of Constantine, which
+the vandal Turks stripped of its bronze when they first captured the
+city, are still left, but the stones are continually falling, and it
+will soon be a ruin. The serpentine column consists of three serpents
+twisted together: the heads are gone, Mohammed II. having knocked off
+one with his battle-axe. A little Turk was taking his riding-lesson on
+the level ground of the Hippodrome, and his frisky little black pony
+gave the old fellow in attendance plenty of occupation. We watched the
+boy for a while, and then, passing on toward the Marmora, took a look at
+the "Cistern of the Thousand Columns." A broad flight of steps leads
+down to it, and the many tall slender columns of Byzantine architecture
+make a perfect wilderness of pillars. Wherever we stood, we seemed
+always the centre from which long aisles of columns radiated till they
+lost themselves in the darkness. The cistern has long been empty, and is
+used as a ropewalk.
+
+The great fire swept a large district of the city here, which has been
+but little rebuilt, and the view of the Marmora is very fine. On the
+opposite Asiatic shore Mount Olympus, with its snow-crowned summit,
+fades away into the blue of the heavens. This is a glorious atmosphere,
+at least at this season, the air clear and bracing, the sky a beautiful
+blue and the sunsets golden. In winter it is cold, muddy and cheerless,
+and in midsummer the simoom which sweeps up the Marmora from Africa and
+the Syrian coast renders it very unhealthy for Europeans to remain in
+the city. The simoom is exceedingly enervating in its effects, and all
+who can spend the summer months on the upper Bosphorus, where the
+prevailing winds are from the Black Sea and the air is cool and
+healthful. Nearly all the foreign legations except our own have summer
+residences there and beautiful grounds.
+
+[Illustration: OBELISK OF THEODOSIUS.]
+
+Following the old aqueduct built by the emperor Hadrian, which still
+supplies Stamboul with water, and is exceedingly picturesque with its
+high dripping arches covered with luxuriant ivy, we reached the walls
+which protected the city on the land-side, and then, threading our way
+through the narrow, dirty streets, we returned to the Golden Horn. I do
+not wonder, after what I have seen of this part of Stamboul, that the
+cholera made such ravages here a few years since. I should think it
+would remain a constant scourge. Calling a caique, we were rowed up the
+Golden Horn to the Sweet Waters, but its tide floated only our own boat,
+and the banks lacked the attraction of the gay groups which render the
+place so lively on Fridays. We were served with coffee by a Turk who
+with his little brasier of coals was waiting under a wide-spreading tree
+for any chance visitor, and after a short stroll on the bank opposite
+the sultan's pretty palace we floated gently down the stream till we
+reached the Golden Horn again. On a large meadow near the mouth of the
+Sweet Waters some Arabs were camped with an immense flock of sheep. They
+had brought them there to shear and wash the wool in the fresh water,
+and the ground was covered with large quantities of beautiful long
+fleece. The shepherds in their strange mantles and head-dresses looked
+very picturesque as they spread the wool and tended their flocks. Our
+_caiquegee_, as the oarsman of a caique is called, ought not to be
+overlooked. His costume was in keeping with his pretty caique, which was
+painted a delicate straw-color and had white linen cushions. He was a
+tall, finely-built fellow, a Cretan or Bulgarian I should think, for he
+looked too wide awake for a Turk. The sun had burned his olive
+complexion to the deepest brown, and his black eyes and white teeth when
+he smiled lighted up his intelligent face, making him very handsome. He
+wore a turban, loose shirt with hanging sleeves and voluminous trousers,
+all of snowy whiteness. A blue jacket embroidered with gilt braid was in
+readiness to put on when he stopped rowing. It must have taken a ruinous
+amount of material to make those trousers. They were full at the waist
+and knee, and before seating himself to his oars he gracefully threw the
+extra amount of the fullness which drooped behind over the wide seat as
+a lady spreads out her overskirt.
+
+[Illustration: SHEPHERDS.]
+
+Last night we bade farewell to the strange old city with its picturesque
+sights, its glorious views and the many points of interest we had grown
+so familiar with. Our adieus were said, the ammales had taken our
+baggage to the steamer, which lay at anchor off Seraglio Point, and
+before dark we went on board, ready to sail at an early hour.
+
+The bustle of getting underway at daylight this morning woke me, and I
+went on deck in time to take a farewell look. The first rays of the sun
+were just touching the top of the Galata Tower and lighting up the dark
+cypresses in the palace-grounds above us. The tall minarets and the blue
+waves of the Bosphorus caught the golden light, while around Olympus the
+rosy tint had not yet faded and the morning mists looked golden in the
+sunlight. We rounded Seraglio Point and steamed down the Marmora, passed
+the Seven Towers, and slowly the beautiful city faded from our view.
+
+SHEILA HALE.
+
+
+
+
+THEE AND YOU.
+
+A STORY OF OLD PHILADELPHIA. IN TWO PARTS.--I.
+
+
+Once on a time I was leaning over a book of the costumes of forty years
+before, when a little lady said to me, "How ever could they have loved
+one another in such queer bonnets?" And now that since then long years
+have sped away, and the little critic is, alas! no longer young, haply
+her children, looking up at her picture by Sully in a turban and short
+waist; may have wondered to hear how in such disguise she too was fatal
+to many hearts, and set men by the ears, and was a toast at suppers in
+days when the waltz was coming in and the solemn grace of the minuet
+lingered in men's manners.
+
+And so it is, that, calling up anew the soft September mornings of which
+I would draw a picture before they fade away, with me also, from men's
+minds, it is the quaintness of dress which first comes back to me, and I
+find myself wondering that in nankeen breeches and swallow-tailed blue
+coats with buttons of brass once lived men who, despite gnarled-rimmed
+beavers and much wealth of many-folded cravats, loved and were loved as
+well and earnestly as we.
+
+I had been brought up in the austere quiet of a small New England town,
+where life was sad and manners grave, and when about eighteen served for
+a while in the portion of our army then acting in the North. The life of
+adventure dissatisfied me with my too quiet home, and when the war ended
+I was glad to accept the offer of an uncle in China to enter his
+business house. To prepare for this it was decided that I should spend
+six months with one of the great East India firms. For this purpose I
+came to Philadelphia, and by and by found myself a boarder in an up-town
+street, in a curious household ruled over by a lady of the better class
+of the people called Friends.
+
+For many days I was a lonely man among the eight or ten people who came
+down one by one at early hours to our breakfast-table and ate somewhat
+silently and went their several ways. Mostly, we were clerks in the
+India houses which founded so many Philadelphia fortunes, but there were
+also two or three of whom we knew little, and who went and came as they
+liked.
+
+It was a quiet lodging-house, where, because of being on the outskirts
+and away from the fashion and stir of the better streets, chiefly those
+came who could pay but little, and among them some of the luckless ones
+who are always to be found in such groups--stranded folks, who for the
+most part have lost hope in life. The quiet, pretty woman who kept the
+house was of an ancient Quaker stock which had come over long ago in a
+sombre Quaker Mayflower, and had by and by gone to decay, as the best of
+families will. When I first saw her and some of her inmates it was on a
+pleasant afternoon early in September, and I recall even now the simple
+and quiet picture of the little back parlor where I sat down among them
+as a new guest. I had been tranquilly greeted, and had slipped away into
+a corner behind a table, whence I looked out with some curiosity on the
+room and on the dwellers with whom my lot was to be cast for a long
+while to come. I was a youth shy with the shyness of my age, but, having
+had a share of rough, hardy life, ruddy of visage and full of that
+intense desire to know things and people that springs up quickly in
+those who have lived in country hamlets far from the stir and bustle of
+city life.
+
+The room I looked upon was strange, the people strange. On the floor was
+India matting, red and white in little squares. A panel of painted white
+wood-work ran around an octagonal chamber, into which stole silently the
+evening twilight through open windows and across a long brick-walled
+garden-space full of roses and Virginia creepers and odorless
+wisterias. Between the windows sat a silent, somewhat stately female,
+dressed in gray silk, with a plain frilled cap about the face, and with
+long and rather slim arms tightly clad in silk. Her fingers played at
+hide-and-seek among some marvelous lace stitches--evidently a woman
+whose age had fallen heir to the deft ways of her youth. Over her
+against the wall hung a portrait of a girl of twenty, somewhat sober in
+dress, with what we should call a Martha Washington cap. It was a
+pleasant face, unstirred by any touch of fate, with calm blue eyes
+awaiting the future.
+
+The hostess saw, I fancied, my set gaze, and rising came toward me as if
+minded to put at ease the new-comer. "Thee does not know our friends?"
+she said. "Let me make thee known to them."
+
+I rose quickly and said, "I shall be most glad."
+
+We went over toward the dame between the windows. "Mother," she said,
+raising her voice, "this is our new friend, Henry Shelburne, from New
+England."
+
+As she spoke I saw the old lady stir and move, and after a moment she
+said, "Has he a four-leaved clover?"
+
+"Always that is what she says. Thee will get used to it in time."
+
+"We all do," said a voice at my elbow; and turning I saw a man of about
+thirty years, dressed in the plainest-cut Quaker clothes, but with a
+contradiction to every tenet of Fox written on his face, where a brow of
+gravity for ever read the riot act to eyes that twinkled with
+ill-repressed mirth. When I came to know him well, and saw the
+preternatural calm of his too quiet lips, I used to imagine that unseen
+little demons of ready laughter were for ever twitching at their
+corners.
+
+"Mother is very old," said my hostess.
+
+"Awfully old," said my male friend, whose name proved to be Richard
+Wholesome.
+
+"Thee might think it sad to see one whose whole language has come to be
+just these words, but sometimes she will be glad and say, 'Has thee a
+four-leaved clover?' and sometimes she will be ready to cry, and will
+say only the same words. But if thee were to say, 'Have a cup of
+coffee?' she would but answer, 'Has thee a four-leaved clover?' Does it
+not seem strange to thee, and sad? We are used to it, as it might
+be--quite used to it. And that above her is her picture as a girl."
+
+"Saves her a deal of talking," said Mr. Wholesome, "and thinking. Any
+words would serve her as well. Might have said, 'Topsail halyards,' all
+the same."
+
+"Richard!" said Mistress White. Mistress Priscilla White was her name.
+
+"Perchance thee would pardon me," said Mr. Wholesome.
+
+"I wonder," said a third voice in the window, "does the nice old dame
+know what color has the clover? and does she remember fields of
+clover--pink among the green?"
+
+"Has thee a four-leaved clover?" re-echoed the voice feebly from between
+the windows.
+
+The man who was curious as to the dame's remembrances was a small stout
+person whose arms and legs did not seem to belong to him, and whose face
+was strangely gnarled, like the odd face a boy might carve on a
+hickory-nut, but withal a visage pleasant and ruddy.
+
+"That," said Mistress White as he moved away, "is Mr. Schmidt--an old
+boarder with some odd ways of his own which we mostly forgive. A good
+man if it were not for his pipe," she added demurely--"altogether a good
+man."
+
+"With or without his pipe," said Mr. Wholesome.
+
+"Richard!" returned our hostess, with a half smile.
+
+"Without his pipe," he added; and the unseen demons twitched at the
+corners of his mouth anew.
+
+Altogether, these seemed to me droll people, they said so little, and,
+saving the small German, were so serenely grave. I suppose that first
+evening must have made a deep mark on my memory, for to this day I
+recall it with the clearness of a picture still before my eyes. Between
+the windows sat the old dame with hands quiet on her lap now that the
+twilight had grown deeper--a silent, gray Quaker sphinx, with one only
+remembrance out of all her seventy years of life. In the open window sat
+as in a frame the daughter, a woman of some twenty-five years, rosy yet
+as only a Quakeress can be when rebel Nature flaunts on the soft cheek
+the colors its owner may not wear on her gray dress. The outline was of
+a face clearly cut and noble, as if copied from a Greek gem--a face
+filled with a look of constant patience too great perhaps for one
+woman's share, with a certain weariness in it also at times, yet
+cheerful too, and even almost merry at times--the face of one more
+thoughtful of others than herself, and, despite toil and sordid cares, a
+gentlewoman, as was plain to see. The shaft of light from the window in
+which she sat broadened into the room, and faded to shadow in far
+corners among chairs with claw toes and shining mahogany tables--the
+furniture of that day, with a certain flavor about it of elegance,
+reflecting the primness and solidness of the owners. I wonder if to-day
+our furniture represents us too in any wise? At least it will not
+through the generations to follow us: of that we may be sure. In the
+little garden, with red graveled walks between rows of box, walked to
+and fro Mr. Schmidt, smoking his meerschaum--a rare sight in those days,
+and almost enough to ensure your being known as odd. He walked about ten
+paces, and went and came on the same path, while on the wall above a
+large gray cat followed his motions to and fro, as if having some
+personal interest in his movements. Against an apricot tree leaned Mr.
+Wholesome, watching with gleams of amusement the cat and the man, and
+now and then filliping at her a bit of plaster which he pulled from the
+wall. Then the cat would start up alert, and the man's face would get to
+be quizzically unconscious; after which the cat would settle down and
+the game begin anew. By and by I was struck with the broad shoulders and
+easy way in which Wholesome carried his head, and the idea came to me
+that he had more strength than was needed by a member of the Society of
+Friends, or than could well have been acquired with no greater exercise
+of the limbs than is sanctioned by its usages. In the garden were also
+three elderly men, all of them quiet and clerkly, who sat on and about
+the steps of the other window and chatted of the India ships and
+cargoes, their talk having a flavor of the spices of Borneo and of
+well-sunned madeira. These were servants of the great India houses when
+commerce had its nobles and lines were sharply drawn in social life.
+
+I was early in bed, and rising betimes went down to breakfast, which was
+a brief meal, this being, as Mr. Wholesome said to me, the short end of
+the day. I should here explain that Mr. Wholesome was a junior partner
+in the house in which I was to learn the business before going to China.
+Thus he was the greatest person by far in our little household, although
+on this he did not presume, but seemed to me greatly moved toward jest
+and merriment, and to sway to and fro between gayety and sadness, or at
+the least gravity, but more toward the latter when Mistress White was
+near, she seeming always to be a checking conscience to his mirth.
+
+On this morning, as often after, he desired me to walk with him to our
+place of business, of which I was most glad, as I felt shy and lonely.
+Walking down Arch street, I was amazed at its cleanliness, and surprised
+at the many trees and the unfamiliar figures in Quaker dresses walking
+leisurely. But what seemed to me most curious of all were the plain
+square meeting-houses of the Friends, looking like the toy houses of
+children. I was more painfully impressed by the appearance of the
+graves, one so like another, without mark or number, or anything in the
+disposition of them to indicate the strength of those ties of kinship
+and affection which death had severed. Yet I grew to like this quiet
+highway, and when years after I was in Amsterdam the resemblance of its
+streets to those of the Friends here at home overcame me with a crowd of
+swift-rushing memories. As I walked down of a morning to my work, I
+often stopped as I crossed Fifth street to admire the arch of lindens
+that barred the view to the westward, or to gaze at the inscription on
+the 'Prentices' Library, still plain to see, telling that the building
+was erected in the eighth year of the Empire.
+
+One morning Wholesome and I found open the iron grating of Christ Church
+graveyard, and passing through its wall of red and black glazed brick,
+he turned sharply to the right, and coming to a corner bade me look down
+where under a gray plain slab of worn stone rests the body of the
+greatest man, as I have ever thought, whom we have been able to claim as
+ours. Now a bit of the wall is gone, and through a railing the busy or
+idle or curious, as they go by, may look in and see the spot without
+entering.
+
+Sometimes, too, we came home together, Wholesome and I, and then I found
+he liked to wander and zigzag, not going very far along a street, and
+showing fondness for lanes and byways. Often he would turn with me a
+moment into the gateway of the University Grammar School on Fourth
+street, south of Arch, and had, I thought, great pleasure in seeing the
+rough play of the lads. Or often, as we came home at noon, he liked to
+turn into Paradise alley, out of Market street, and did this, indeed, so
+often that I came to wonder at it, and the more because in an open space
+between this alley and Commerce street was the spot where almost every
+day the grammar-school boys settled their disputes in the way more
+common then than now. When first we chanced on one of these encounters I
+was surprised to see Mr. Wholesome look about him as if to be sure that
+no one else was near, and then begin to watch the combat with a strange
+interest. Indeed, on one occasion he utterly astonished me by taking by
+the hand a small boy who had been worsted and leading him with us, as if
+he knew the lad, which may well have been. But presently he said,
+"Reuben thee said was thy name?"--"Yes, sir," said the lad.--"Well,"
+said Mr. Wholesome, after buying him a large and very brown horse
+gingerbread, two doughnuts and a small pie, "when you think it worth
+while to hit a fellow, never slap his face, because then he will strike
+you hard with his fist, which hurts, Reuben. Now, mind: next thee
+strikes first with thee fist, my lad, and hard, too." If I had seen our
+good Bishop White playing at taws, I could not have been more overcome,
+and I dare say my face may have shown it, for, glancing at me, he said
+demurely, "Thee has seen in thy lifetime how hard it is to get rid of
+what thee liked in thy days of boyhood." After which he added no more in
+the way of explanation, but walked along with swift strides and a dark
+and troubled face, silent and thoughtful.
+
+Sometimes in the early morning I walked to my place of business with Mr.
+Schmidt, who was a man so altogether unlike those about him that I found
+in him a new and varied interest. He was a German, and spoke English
+with a certain quaintness and with the purity of speech of one who has
+learned the tongue from books rather than from men. I learned after a
+while that this guess of mine was a good one, and that, having been bred
+an artist, he had been put in prison for some political offence, and had
+in two years of loneliness learned English from our older authors. When
+at last he was set free he took his little property and came away with a
+bitter heart to our freer land, where, with what he had and with the
+lessons he gave in drawing, he was well able to live the life he liked
+in quiet ease and comfort. He was a kindly man in his ways, and in his
+talk gently cynical; so that, although you might be quite sure as to
+what he would do, you were never as safe as to what he would say;
+wherefore to know him a little was to dislike him, but to know him well
+was to love him. There was a liking between him and Wholesome, but each
+was more or less a source of wonderment to the other. Nor was it long
+before I saw that both these men in their way were patient lovers of the
+quiet and pretty Quaker dame who ruled over our little household, though
+to the elder man, Mr. Schmidt, she was a being at whose feet he laid a
+homage which he felt to be hopeless of result, while he was schooled by
+sorrowful fortunes to accept the position as one which he hardly even
+wished to change.
+
+It was on a warm sunny morning very early, for we were up and away
+betimes, that Mr. Schmidt and I and Wholesome took our first walk
+together through the old market-sheds. We turned into Market street at
+Fourth street, whence the sheds ran downward to the Delaware. The
+pictures they gave me to store away in my mind are all of them vivid
+enough, but none more so than that which I saw with my two friends on
+the first morning when we wandered through them together.
+
+On either side of the street the farmers' wagons stood backed up against
+the sidewalk, each making a cheap shop, by which stood the sturdy owners
+under the trees, laughing and chaffering with their customers. We
+ourselves turned aside and walked down the centre of the street under
+the sheds. On either side at the entry of the market odd business was
+being plied, the traders being mostly colored women with bright chintz
+dresses and richly-colored bandanna handkerchiefs coiled turban-like
+above their dark faces. There were rows of roses in red pots, and
+venders of marsh calamus, and "Hot corn, sah, smokin' hot," and
+"Pepperpot, bery nice," and sellers of horse-radish and
+snapping-turtles, and of doughnuts dear to grammar-school lads. Within
+the market was a crowd of gentlefolks, followed by their black servants
+with baskets--the elderly men in white or gray stockings, with
+knee-buckles, the younger in very tight nankeen breeches and pumps,
+frilled shirts and ample cravats and long blue swallow-tailed coats with
+brass buttons. Ladies whose grandchildren go no more to market were
+there in gowns with strangely short waists and broad gypsy-bonnets, with
+the flaps tied down by wide ribbons over the ears. It was a busy and
+good-humored throng.
+
+"Ah," said Schmidt, "what color!" and he stood quite wrapped in the joy
+it gave him looking at the piles of fruit, where the level morning
+sunlight, broken by the moving crowd, fell on great heaps of dark-green
+watermelons and rough cantaloupes, and warmed the wealth of peaches
+piled on trays backed by red rows of what were then called love-apples,
+and are now known as tomatoes; while below the royal yellow of vast
+overgrown pumpkins seemed to have set the long summer sunshine in their
+golden tints.
+
+"If these were mine," said Schmidt, "I could not for ever sell them.
+What pleasure to see them grow and steal to themselves such sweet colors
+out of the rainbow which is in the light!"
+
+"Thee would make a poor gardener," said Wholesome, "sitting on thee
+fence in the sun and watching thee pumpkins--damn nasty things anyhow!"
+
+I looked up amazed at the oath, but Schmidt did not seem to remark it,
+and went on with us, lingering here and there to please himself with the
+lovely contrasts of the autumn fruit.
+
+"Curious man is Schmidt," remarked Wholesome as we passed along. "I
+could wish thee had seen him when we took him this way first. Old Betsey
+yonder sells magnolia flowers in June, and also pond-lilies, which thee
+may know as reasonably pleasant things to thee or me; but of a sudden I
+find our friend Schmidt kneeling on the pavement with his head over a
+tub of these flowers, and every one around much amazed."
+
+"Was it not seemly?" said Schmidt, joining us. "There are who like
+music, but to me what music is there like the great attunement of color?
+and mayhap no race can in this rise over our black artists hereabout the
+market-ends."
+
+"Thee is crazed of many colors," said Wholesome laughing--"a bull of but
+one."
+
+Schmidt stopped short in the crowd, to Wholesome's disgust. "What," said
+he, quite forgetful of the crowd, "is more cordial than color? This he
+recalleth was a woman black as night, with a red turban and a lapful of
+magnolias, and to one side red crabs in a basket, and to one side a
+tubful of lilies. Moss all about, I remember."
+
+"Come along," said Wholesome. "The man is cracked, and in sunny weather
+the crack widens."
+
+And so we went away down street to our several tasks, chatting and
+amused.
+
+Those were most happy days for me, and I found at evening one of my
+greatest pleasures when Schmidt called for me after our early tea and we
+would stroll together down to the Delaware, where the great India ships
+lay at wharves covered with casks of madeira and boxes of tea and
+spices. Then we would put out in his little rowboat and pull away toward
+Jersey, and, after a plunge in the river at Cooper's Point, would lazily
+row back again while the spire of Christ Church grew dim against the
+fading sunset, and the lights would begin to show here and there in the
+long line of sombre houses. By this time we had grown to be sure
+friends, and a little help from me at a moment when I chanced to guess
+that he wanted money had made the bond yet stronger. So it came that he
+talked to me, though I was but a lad, with a curious freedom, which very
+soon opened to me a full knowledge of those with whom I lived.
+
+One evening, when we had been drifting silently with the tide, he
+suddenly said aloud, "A lion in the fleece of the sheep."
+
+"What?" said I, laughing.
+
+"I was thinking of Wholesome," he replied. "But you do not know him. Yet
+he has that in his countenance which would betray a more cunning
+creature."
+
+"How so?" I urged, being eager to know more of the man who wore the garb
+and tongue of Penn, and could swear roundly when moved.
+
+"If it will amuse," said the German, "I will tell you what it befell me
+to hear to-day, being come into the parlor when Mistress White and
+Wholesome were in the garden, of themselves lonely."
+
+"Do you mean," said I, "that you listened when they did not know of your
+being there?"
+
+"And why not?" he replied. "It did interest me, and to them only good
+might come."
+
+"But," said I, "it was not--"
+
+"Well?" he added as I paused. "--'Was not honor,' you were going to say
+to me. And why not? I obey my nature, which is more curious than stocked
+with honor. I did listen."
+
+"And what did you hear?" said I.
+
+"Ah, hear!" he answered. "What better is the receiver than is the thief?
+Well, then, if you will share my stolen goods, you shall know, and I
+will tell you as I heard, my memory being good."
+
+"But--" said I.
+
+"Too late you stop me," he added: "you must hear now."
+
+The scene which he went on to sketch was to me strange and curious, nor
+could I have thought he could give so perfect a rendering of the
+language, and even the accent, of the two speakers. It was a curious
+revelation of the man himself, and he seemed to enjoy his power, and yet
+to suffer in the telling, without perhaps being fully conscious of it.
+The oars dropped from his hands and fell in against the thwarts of the
+boat, and he clasped his knees and looked up as he talked, not regarding
+at all his single silent listener.
+
+"When this is to be put upon the stage there shall be a garden and two
+personages."
+
+"Also," said I, "a jealous listener behind the scenes."
+
+"If you please," he said promptly, and plunged at once into the dialogue
+he had overheard:
+
+"'Richard, thee may never again say the words which thee has said to me
+to-night. There is, thee knows, that between us which is builded up like
+as a wall to keep us the one from the other.'
+
+"'But men and women change, and a wall crumbles, or thee knows it may be
+made to. Years have gone away, and the man who stole from thee thy
+promise may be dead, for all thee knows.'
+
+"'Hush! thee makes me to see him, and though the dead rise not here, I
+am some way assured he is not yet dead, and may come and say to me,
+"'Cilla"--that is what he called me--"thee remembers the night and thy
+promise, and the lightning all around us, and who took thee to shore
+from the wrecked packet on the Bulkhead Bar." The life he saved I
+promised.'
+
+"Well, and thee knows--By Heaven! you well enough know who tortured the
+life he gave--who robbed you--who grew to be a mean sot, and went away
+and left you; and to such you hold, with such keep faith, and wear out
+the sweetness of life waiting for him!'
+
+"'Richard!'
+
+"'Have I also not waited, and given up for thee a life, a career--little
+to give. I hope thee knows I feel that. Has thee no limit, Priscilla?
+Thee knows--God help me! how well you know--I love you. The world, the
+old world of war and venture, pulls at me always. Will not you find it
+worth while to put out a hand of help? Would it not be God taking your
+hand and putting it in mine?'
+
+"'Thee knows I love thee.'
+
+"'And if the devil sent him back to curse you anew--'
+
+"'Shame, Richard! I would say, God, who layeth out for each his way, has
+pointed mine.'
+
+"'And I?'
+
+"'Thee would continue in goodness, loving me as a sister hardly tried.'
+
+"'By God! I should go away to sea.'
+
+"'Richard!'
+
+"Which is the last word of this scene," added Schmidt. "You mayhap have
+about you punk and flint and steel."
+
+I struck alight in silence, feeling moved by the story of the hurt
+hearts of these good people, and wondering at the man and his tale. Then
+I said, "Was that all?"
+
+"Could you, if not a boy, ask me to say more of it? Light thy pipe and
+hold thy peace. Happy those who think not of women. I, who have for a
+hearth-side only the fire of an honest pipe--'Way there, my lad! pull us
+in and forget what a loose tongue and a soft summer night have given
+thee to hear from a silly old German who is grown weak of head and sore
+at soul. How the lights twinkle!"
+
+Had I felt any doubt at all of the truth of his narration I should have
+ceased to do so when for the next few days I watched Mr. Wholesome, and
+saw him, while off his guard, looking at Mistress White askance with a
+certain wistful sadness, as of a great honest dog somehow hurt and
+stricken.
+
+When an India ship came in, the great casks of madeira, southside, grape
+juice, bual and what not were rolled away into the deep cellars of the
+India houses on the wharves, and left to purge their vinous consciences
+of such perilous stuff as was shaken up from their depths during the
+long homeward voyage. Then, when a couple of months had gone by, it was
+a custom for the merchant to summon a few old gentlemen to a solemn
+tasting of the wines old and new. Of this, Mr. Wholesome told me one
+day, and thought I had better remain to go through the cellars and drive
+out the bungs and drop in the testers, and the like. "I will also stay
+with thee," he added, "knowing perhaps better than thee the prices."
+
+I learned afterward that Wholesome always stayed on these occasions, and
+I had reason to be glad that I too was asked to stay, for, as it
+chanced, it gave me a further insight into the character of my friend
+the junior partner.
+
+I recall well the long cellar running far back under Water street, with
+its rows of great casks, of which Wholesome and I started the bungs
+while awaiting the new-comers. Presently came slowly down the
+cellar-steps our senior partner in nankeen shanks, silk stockings and
+pumps--a frosty-visaged old man, with a nose which had fully earned the
+right to be called bottle. Behind him limped our old porter in a blue
+check apron. He went round the cellar, and at every second cask, having
+lighted a candle, he held it upside down until the grease had fallen
+thick on the cask, and then turning the candle stuck it fast in its
+little pile of tallow, so that by and by the cellar was pretty well
+lighted. Presently, in groups or singly, came old and middle-aged
+gentlemen, and with the last our friend Schmidt, who wandered off to a
+corner and sat on a barrel-head watching the effects of the mingling of
+daylight and candlelight, and amused in his quiet way at the scene and
+the intense interest of the chief actors in it, which, like other things
+he did not comprehend, had for him the charm of oddness. I went over
+and stood by him while the porter dropped the tester-glass into the cool
+depths of cask after cask, and solemn counsel was held and grave
+decisions reached. I was enchanted with one meagre, little old gentleman
+of frail and refined figure, who bent over his wine with closed eyes, as
+if to shut out all the sense-impressions he did not need, while the rest
+waited to hear what he had to say.
+
+"Needs a milk fining," muttered the old gentleman, with eyes shut as if
+in prayer.
+
+"Wants its back broke with a good lot of eggshell," said a short, stout
+man with a snuff-colored coat, the collar well up the back of his head.
+
+"Ach!" murmured Schmidt. "The back to be hurt with eggshell! What hath
+he of meaning?"
+
+"Pshaw!" said a third: "give it a little rest, and then the white of an
+egg to every five gallons. Is it bual?"
+
+"Is it gruel?" said our senior sarcastically.
+
+"Wants age. A good wine for one's grandchildren," murmured my old friend
+with shut eyes.
+
+"What is it he calls gruel?" whispered Schmidt. "How nice is a picture
+he makes when he shuts his eyes and the light of the candle comes
+through the wine, all bright ruby, in the dark here! And ah, what is
+that?" for Wholesome, who had been taking his wine in a kindly way, and
+having his say with that sense of being always sure which an old taster
+affects, glancing out of one of the little barred cellar-windows which
+looked out over the wharf, said abruptly, "Ha! ha! that won't do!"
+
+Turning, I saw under the broad-brimmed hat in the clear gray eyes a
+sudden sparkle of excitement as he ran hastily up the cellar-stairs.
+Seeing that something unusual was afloat, I followed him quickly out on
+to the wharf, where presently the cause of his movement was made plain.
+
+Beside the wharf was a large ship, with two planks running down from her
+decks to the wharf. Just at the top of the farther one from us a large
+black-haired, swarthy man was brutally kicking an aged negro, who was
+hastily moving downward, clinging to the hand-rail. Colored folks were
+then apt to be old servants--that is to say, friends--and this was our
+pensioned porter, Old Tom. I was close behind Wholesome at the door of
+the counting-house. I am almost sure he said "Damnation!" At all events,
+he threw down his hat, and in a moment was away up the nearer plank to
+the ship's deck, followed by me. Meanwhile, however, the black, followed
+by his pursuer, had reached the wharf, where the negro, stumbling and
+still clinging to the rail, was seized by the man who had struck him. In
+the short struggle which ensued the plank was pulled away from the
+ship's side, and fell just as Wholesome was about to move down it. He
+uttered an oath, caught at a loose rope which hung from a yard, tried it
+to see if it was fast, went up it hand over hand a few feet, set a foot
+on the bulwarks, and swung himself fiercely back across the ship, and
+then, with the force thus gained, flew far in air above the wharf, and
+dropping lightly on to a pile of hogs-heads, leapt without a word to the
+ground, and struck out with easy power at the man he sought, who fell as
+if a butcher's mallet had stunned him--fell, and lay as one dead. The
+whole action would have been amazing in any man, but to see a Quaker
+thus suddenly shed his false skin and come out the true man he was, was
+altogether bewildering--the more so for the easy grace with which the
+feat was done. Everybody ran forward, while Wholesome stood a strange
+picture, his eyes wide open and his pupils dilated, his face flushed and
+lips a little apart, showing his set white teeth while he awaited his
+foe. Then, as the man rallied and sat up, staring widely, Wholesome ran
+forward and looked at him, waving the crowd aside. In a moment, as the
+man rose still bewildered, his gaze fell on Wholesome, and, growing
+suddenly white, he sat down on a bundle of staves, saying faintly, "Take
+him away! Don't let him come near!"
+
+"Coward!" said I: "one might have guessed that."
+
+"There is to him," said Schmidt at my elbow, "some great mortal fear;
+the soul is struck."
+
+"Yes," said Wholesome, "the soul is struck. Some one help him"--for the
+man had fallen over in something like a fit--and so saying strode away,
+thoughtful and disturbed in face, as one who had seen a ghost.
+
+As he entered the counting-house through the group of dignified old
+merchants, who had come out to see what it all meant, one of them said,
+"Pretty well for a Quaker, friend Richard!"
+
+Wholesome did not seem to hear him, but walked in, drank a glass of wine
+which stood on a table, and sat down silently.
+
+"Not the first feat of that kind he has done," said the elder of the
+wine-tasters.
+
+"No," said a sea-captain near by. "He boarded the Penelope in that
+fashion during the war, and as he lit on her deck cleared a space with
+his cutlass till the boarding-party joined him."
+
+"With his cutlass?" said I. "Then he was not always a Quaker?"
+
+"No," said our senior: "they don't learn these gymnastics at Fourth and
+Arch, though perchance the committee may have a word to say about it."
+
+"Quaker or not," said the wine-taster, "I wish any of you had legs as
+good or a heart as sound. Very good body, not too old, and none the
+worse for a Quaker fining."
+
+"That's the longest sentence I ever heard Wilton speak," said a young
+fellow aside to me; "and, by Jove! he is right."
+
+I went back into the counting-house, and was struck with the grim
+sadness of face of our junior partner. He had taken up a paper and
+affected to be reading, but, as I saw, was staring into space. Our
+senior said something to him about Old Tom, but he answered in an absent
+way, as one who half hears or half heeds. In a few moments he looked up
+at the clock, which was on the stroke of twelve, and seeing me ready,
+hat in hand, to return home for our one-o'clock dinner, he gathered
+himself up, as it were, limb by limb, and taking his wide-brimmed hat
+brushed it absently with his sleeve. Then he looked at it a moment with
+a half smile, put it on decisively and went out and away up Arch street
+with swifter and swifter strides. By and by he said, "You do not walk as
+well as usual."
+
+"But," said I, "no one could keep up with you."
+
+"Do not try to: leave a sore man to nurse his hurts. I suppose you saw
+my folly on the wharf--saw how I forgot myself?"
+
+"Ach!" said Schmidt, who had toiled after us hot and red, and who now
+slipped his quaint form in between us--"Ach! 'You forgot yourself.' This
+say you. I do think you did remember your true self for a time this
+morning."
+
+"Hush! I am a man ashamed. Let us talk no more of it. I have ill kept my
+faith," returned Wholesome impatiently.
+
+"You may believe God doth not honor an honest man," said Schmidt; "which
+is perhaps a God Quaker, not the God I see to myself."
+
+I had so far kept my peace, noting the bitter self-reproach of
+Wholesome, and having a lad's shyness before an older man's calamity;
+but now I said indignantly, "If it be Friends' creed to see the poor and
+old and feeble hurt without raising a hand, let us pray to be saved from
+such religion."
+
+"But," said Wholesome, "I should have spoken to him in kindness first.
+Now I have only made of him a worse beast, and taught him more hatred.
+And he of all men!"
+
+"There is much salvation in some mistakes," said Schmidt smiling.
+
+Just then we were stopped by two middle-aged Friends in drab of orthodox
+tint, from which now-a-days Friends have much fallen away into gay
+browns and blacks. They asked a question or two about an insurance on
+one of our ships; and then the elder said, "Thee hand seems bleeding,
+friend Richard;" which was true: he had cut his knuckles on his
+opponent's teeth, and around them had wrapped hastily a handkerchief
+which showed stains of blood here and there.
+
+"Ach!" said Schmidt, hastening to save his friend annoyance. "He ran
+against something.--And how late is it! Let us go."
+
+But Wholesome, who would have no man lie ever so little for his benefit,
+said quietly, "I hurt it knocking a man down;" and now for the first
+time to-day I observed the old amused look steal over his handsome face
+and set it a-twitching with some sense of humor as he saw the shock
+which went over the faces of the two elders when we bade them
+good-morning and turned away.
+
+Wholesome walked on ahead quickly, and as it seemed plain that he would
+be alone, we dropped behind.
+
+"What is all this?" said I. "Does a man grieve thus because he chastises
+a scoundrel?"
+
+"No," said Schmidt. "The Friend Wholesome was, as you may never yet
+know, an officer of the navy, and when your war being done he comes
+here. There is a beautiful woman whom he must fall to loving, and this
+with some men being a grave disorder, he must go and spoil a good
+natural man with the clothes of a Quaker, seeing that what the woman did
+was good in his sight."
+
+"But," said I, "I don't understand."
+
+"No," said he; "yet you have read of Eve and Adam. Sometimes they give
+us good apples and sometimes bad. This was a russet, as it were, and at
+times the apple disagrees with him for that with the new apple he got
+not a new stomach."
+
+I laughed a little, but said, "This is not all. There was something
+between him and the man he struck which we do not yet know. Did you see
+him?"
+
+"Yes, and before this--last week some time in the market-place. He was
+looking at old Dinah's tub of white lilies when I noticed him, and to me
+came a curious thinking of how he was so unlike them, many people having
+for me flower-likeness, and this man, being of a yellow swarthiness and
+squat-browed, 'minded me soon of the toadstool you call a corpse-light."
+
+"Perhaps we shall know some time; but here is home, and will he speak of
+it to Mistress White, do you think?"
+
+"Not ever, I suppose," said Schmidt; and we went in.
+
+The sight we saw troubled me. In the little back parlor, at a round
+mahogany table with scrolled edges and claw toes, sat facing the light
+Mistress White. She was clad in a gray silk with tight sleeves, and her
+profusion of rich chestnut hair, with its willful curliness that forbade
+it to be smooth on her temples, was coiled in a great knot at the back
+of her head. Its double tints and strange changefulness, and the smooth
+creamy cheeks with their moving islets of roses that would come and go
+at a word, were pretty protests of Nature, I used to think, against the
+demure tints of her pearl-gray silken gown. She was looking out into the
+garden, quite heedless of the older dame, who sat as her wont was
+between the windows, and chirruped now and then, mechanically, "Has thee
+a four-leaved clover?" As I learned some time after, one of our older
+clerks, perhaps with a little malice of self-comfort at the fall of his
+senior's principles, had, on coming home, told her laughingly all the
+story of the morning. Perhaps one should be a woman and a Friend to
+enter into her feelings. She was tied by a promise and by a sense of
+personal pledge to a low and disgraced man, and then coming to love
+another despite herself she had grown greatly to honor him. She might
+reason as she would that only a sense of right and a yearning for the
+fullness of a righteous life had made him give up his profession and
+fellows and turn aside to follow the harder creed of Fox, but she well
+knew with a woman's keenness of view that she herself had gone for
+something in this change; and now, as sometimes before, she reproached
+herself with his failures. As we came in she hastily dried her eyes and
+went out of the room. At dinner little was said, but in the afternoon
+there was a scene of which I came to know all a good while later.
+
+Some of us had gone back to the afternoon work when Mr. Wholesome, who
+had lingered behind, strayed thoughtfully into the little back garden.
+There under a thin-leaved apricot tree sat Mistress White, very pretty,
+with her long fair fingers clasped over a book which lay face down on
+her lap. Presently she was aware of Richard Wholesome walking to and fro
+and smoking a long-stemmed clay pipe, then, as yet in England, called a
+churchwarden. These were two more than commonly good-looking persons,
+come of sturdy English breeds, fined down by that in this climate which
+has taken the coarseness of line and feature out of so many of our
+broods, and has made more than one English painter regret that the
+Vandyke faces had crossed the ocean to return no more.
+
+Schmidt and I looked out a moment into the long vista where, between the
+rose-boughs bending from either wall under the apricot, we could see the
+gray silvery shimmer of the woman's dress, and beyond it, passing to and
+fro, the broad shoulders of the ex-captain.
+
+"Come," I said, "walk down with me to the wharf."
+
+"Yet leave me," he returned. "I shall wisely do to sit here on the step
+over the council-fire of my pipe. Besides, when there are not markets
+and flowers, and only a straight-down, early-afternoon sun, I shall find
+it a more noble usage of time to see of my drama another scene. The
+actors are good;" and he pointed with his pipe-stem down to the garden.
+"And this," he said, "is the mute chorus of the play," indicating a
+kitten which had made prey of the grand-dame's ball of worsted, and was
+rolling it here and there with delight.
+
+"But," I answered, "it is not right or decent to spy upon others'
+actions."
+
+"For right!" he said. "Ach! what I find right to me is my right; and for
+decent, I understand you not. But if I tell you what is true, I find my
+pleasure to sit here and see the maiden when at times the winds pull up
+the curtain of the leaves."
+
+"Well! well!" said I, for most of the time he was not altogether plain
+as to what he meant, as when he spoke of the cat as a chorus--"Well!
+well! you will go out with me on the water at sundown?"
+
+"That may be," he answered; and I went away.
+
+I have observed since then, in the long life I have lived, that the
+passion called love, when it is a hopeless one, acts on men as ferments
+do on fluids after their kind--turning some to honest wine and some to
+vinegar. With our stout little German all trials seemed to be of the
+former use, so that he took no ill from those hurts and bruises which
+leave other men sore and tender. Indeed, he talked of Mistress White to
+me, or even to Wholesome, whom he much embarrassed, in a calm,
+half-amused way, as of a venture which he had made, and, having failed,
+found it pleasant to look back upon as an experience not altogether to
+be regretted. We none of us knew until much later that it was more than
+a mere fancy for a woman who was altogether so sweet and winsome that no
+man needed an excuse for loving her. When by and by I also came to love
+a good woman, I used to try myself by the measure of this man's lack of
+self-love, and wonder how he could have seen with good-will the woman he
+cared for come to like another man better. This utter sweetness of soul
+has ever been to me a riddle.
+
+An hour passed by, when Schmidt heard a footfall in the room behind him,
+and rising saw an old member of the Society of Friends who came at times
+to our house, and was indeed trustee for a small estate which belonged
+to Mistress White. Nicholas Oldmixon was an overseer in the Fourth
+street meeting, and much looked up to among Friends as a prompt and
+vigilant guardian of their discipline. Perhaps he would have been
+surprised to be told that he had that in his nature which made the post
+of official fault-finder agreeable; but so it was, I fancy, and he was
+here on such an errand. The asceticism of Friends in those days, and the
+extent to which Mr. Oldmixon, like the more strict of his sect, carried
+their views as to gravity of manner and the absence of color in dress
+and furniture, were especially hateful to Schmidt, who lived and was
+happy in a region of color and sentiment and gayety. Both, I doubt not,
+were good men, but each was by nature and training altogether unable to
+sympathize with the other.
+
+"Good-evening!" said Schmidt, keeping his seat in the low window-sill.
+
+Mr. Oldmixon returned, "Thee is well, I trust?"
+
+"Ach! with such a sun and the last roses, which seem the most sweet, and
+these most lovely of fall-flowers, and a good book and a pipe," said
+Schmidt, "who will not be well? Have you the honest blessing of being a
+smoker?"
+
+"Nay," said the Quaker, with evident guarding of his words. "Thee will
+not take it amiss should I say it is a vain waste of time?"
+
+"But," answered Schmidt, "time hath many uses. The one is to be wasted;
+and this a pipe mightily helps. I did think once, when I went to
+meeting, how much more solemn it would be for each man to have a pipe to
+excuse his silence."
+
+"Thee jests idly, I fear," said the Friend, coloring and evidently
+holding himself in check. "Is that friend Wholesome in the garden? I
+have need to see him."
+
+"Yea," said Schmidt, with a broad smile, "he is yonder under a tree,
+like Adam in the garden. Let us take a peep at Paradise."
+
+Mr. Oldmixon held his peace, and walked quietly out of the window and
+down the graveled path. There were some who surmised that his years and
+his remembrance of the three wives he had outlived did not altogether
+suffice to put away from him a strong sentiment of the sweetness of his
+ward. Perhaps it was this notion which lit up with mirth the ruddy face
+of the German as he walked down the garden behind the slim ascetic
+figure of the overseer of meeting in his broad hat and drab clothes. On
+the way the German plucked a dozen scarlet roses, a late geranium or two
+and a few leaves of motley Poinsetta.
+
+Wholesome paused a moment to greet quietly the new-comer, and
+straightway betook himself absently to his walk again to and fro across
+the garden. Mistress White would have had the old overseer take her
+seat, but this he would not do. He stood a moment near her, as if
+irresolute, while Schmidt threw himself down on the sward, and, half
+turning over, tossed roses into the gray lap of Mistress White, saying,
+"How prettily the God of heaven has dressed them!"
+
+Mistress White took up the flowers, not answering the challenge, but
+glancing under her long lashes at the ex-captain, to whom presently the
+overseer turned, saying, "Would thee give me a word or two with thee by
+ourselves, Richard?"
+
+"There are none in the parlor," said Priscilla, "if thee will talk
+there."
+
+"If," said Wholesome, "it be of business, let it wait till to-morrow,
+and I will call upon thee: I am not altogether myself to-day."
+
+"Nay," said Nicholas, gathering himself up a little, "thee must know
+theeself that I would not come to thee here for business: thee knows my
+exactness in such matters."
+
+"And for what, then, are you come?" said Wholesome with unusual
+abruptness.
+
+"For speech of that in thee conduct which were better, as between an
+elder friend and a younger, to be talked over alone," said Mr. Oldmixon
+severely.
+
+Now, Wholesome, though disgusted by his lack of power to keep the silent
+pledges he had given when he entered the Society of Friends, was not
+dissatisfied with his conduct as he judged it by his own standard of
+right. Moreover, like many warm-hearted people, he was quick of temper,
+as we have seen. His face flushed, and he paused beside the overseer:
+"There are none here who do not know most of what passed this morning;
+but as you do not know all, let me advise you to hold your peace and go
+your ways, and leave me to such reproach as God may send me."
+
+"If that God send thee any," muttered Schmidt.
+
+But Nicholas Oldmixon was like a war-horse smelling the battle afar off,
+and anything like resistance to an overseer in the way of duty roused
+him into the sternness which by no means belonged to the office, but
+rather to the man. "If," he said, "any in membership with us do
+countenance or promote tumults, they shall be dealt with as disorderly
+persons. Wherefore did thee give way to rash violence this morning?"
+
+Priscilla grew pale, I think. She said, "Friend Nicholas, thee forgets
+the Christian courtesy of our people one to another. Let it rest a
+while: friend Richard may come to think better of it by and by."
+
+"And that I trust he may never," muttered Schmidt.
+
+But the overseer was not to be stayed. "Thee would do better to mind the
+things of thy house and leave us," he said. "The ways of this young man
+have been more than once a scandal, and are like to come before the
+preparative meeting to be dealt with."
+
+"Sir," returned Wholesome, approaching him and quite forgetting his
+plain speech to make it plainer, "your manners do little credit to your
+age or your place. Listen: I told you to speak no more of this matter;"
+and he seized him by the lappel of his coat and drew him aside a few
+paces. "For your own sake, I mean. Let it die out, with no more of talk
+or nonsense."
+
+"For my sake!" exclaimed the overseer; "and why? Most surely thee
+forgets theeself."
+
+"For your own sake," said Wholesome, drawing him still farther away, and
+bending toward him, so that his words were lost to Schmidt and
+Priscilla, "and for your son John's. It was he I struck to-day."
+
+Mr. Oldmixon grew white and staggered as if stricken. "Why did thee not
+come and tell me?" he said. "It had been kinder; and where is that
+unhappy man?"
+
+"I do not know," returned Wholesome.
+
+"Nevertheless, be it he or another, thee was in the wrong, and I have
+done my duty,--God help us all! and is my son yet alive?" and so saying,
+he turned away, and without other words walked through the house with
+uncertain steps and went down the street, while Wholesome, with softened
+face, watched him from the doorstep. Then he went back quietly into the
+garden, and turning to Schmidt, said, "Will you oblige me by leaving me
+with Mistress White? I will explain to thee by and by."
+
+Schmidt looked up surprised, but seeing how pale and stern he looked,
+rose and went into the house. The woman looked up expectant.
+
+"Priscilla, the time has come when thee must choose between me and him."
+
+"He has come back? I knew always he would come."
+
+"Yes, he has come back: I saw him to-day," said Wholesome, "and the John
+Oldmixon of to-day is more than ever cruel and brutal. Will thee trust
+me to make thee believe that?"
+
+"I believe thee," she returned; "but because he is this and worse, shall
+I forget my word or turn aside from that which, if bitter for me, may
+save his soul alive?"
+
+"And yet you love me?"
+
+"Have I said so?" she murmured with a half smile.
+
+The young man came closer and seized both hands in his: "Will it not be
+a greater sin, loving me, to marry him?"
+
+"But he may never ask me, and then I shall wait, for I had better die
+fit in soul to be yours than come to you unworthy of a good man's love."
+
+He dropped her hands and moved slowly away, she watching him with full
+eyes. Then he turned and said, "But should he fall--fall as he must--and
+come to be what his life will surely make him, a felon whom no woman
+could marry--"
+
+"Thee makes duty hard for me, Richard," she answered. "Do not make me
+think thee cruel. When in God's good time he shall send me back the
+words of promise I wrote when he went away a disgraced man, to whom,
+nevertheless I owed my life, then--Oh, Richard, I love thee! Do not hurt
+me. Pray for me and him."
+
+"God help us!" he said. "We have great need, to be helped;" and suddenly
+leaning over he kissed her forehead for the first time, and went away up
+the garden and into the house.
+
+EDWARD KEARSLEY.
+
+
+
+
+MODERN HUGUENOTS.
+
+
+It demands a good deal of energy, and it involves a little hardship, to
+see the Protestant communities of the High Alps of France, but the
+picturesque and historic interests of the journey furnish a sufficient
+motive and make ample amends. I can think of no route so entirely
+unhackneyed to recommend to blase tourists. The point of departure is
+Grenoble, reached in an hour or so from Chambery, and in itself well
+worth turning aside from the Mont Cenis thoroughfare to visit. As far as
+Corps the way lies over the beaten track of the Salette pilgrims, of
+which the charms are recorded in many a devout description.
+
+It happened to us, however, to get a preliminary glimpse of French
+Protestantism in a characteristic, although wholly modern, development
+before leaving Grenoble. We applied to the Protestant clergyman there
+for information respecting the details of our proposed tour. Pleased
+with our project, he told us the story of a mission which he had
+established under circumstances altogether unique, and invited us to
+join him in paying it a visit. The scene of his enterprise was a sunny
+little village lying high among vineyarded hills, and bearing the name
+of Notre Dame des Commiers. Owing to its remoteness and insignificance,
+the Roman Catholic authorities had never replaced its last priest, who
+withdrew during the turmoils of the Revolution. For all their
+ecclesiastical needs the people were obliged to descend to the next
+village, the cure of which gave them little pastoral care beyond the
+thrifty collection of his dues. Learning these facts, our Grenoble
+friend determined to take advantage of the situation. He presented
+himself in the village and told the people he was willing to become
+their pastor. He only asked them to acknowledge the validity of baptism
+and marriage performed by him, and to pledge him their support in the
+struggle with the priests that would probably ensue. Later, he said, he
+hoped to convince them that he taught a better religion than that at the
+hands of whose ministers they had suffered such neglect. A majority of
+the villagers accepted his proposal, and by a formal act constituted
+themselves a Protestant commune. By so doing they were able to secure
+recognition by the government as belonging to the National Protestant
+Church of France. It was not long before the parishioners grew warmly
+attached to their new pastor. His position of assistant at Grenoble
+enabled him to assume the sole charge of the enterprise. Week after week
+he made the tedious stage-coach journey, walking up the two-mile hill at
+the foot of which he had to quit the highway. Often in winter he toiled
+for hours through deep snow and faced violent storms in making the
+ascent. In the worst weather it sometimes happened that the whole
+journey from Grenoble had to be made on foot. For two years he carried
+on the work unaided, holding his services in such rude quarters as he
+was able to secure. The village is now, after an interval of seven years
+since the missionary's first visit, adorned with a pretty chapel and
+school-house and provided with a resident minister.
+
+In talking with the people we found abundant proof that their Protestant
+faith is both intelligent and practical. Such of them as were not busy
+in the fields surrounded their old pastor with greetings that touchingly
+expressed their affection and gratitude, and we, as his friends, had a
+share in the demonstration. One stalwart, clear-eyed old woman obliged
+us to sit down in front of her chalet, cheerfully explaining that she
+had just been burned out, and that the shed in which she had found a
+shelter was not fit for us to enter. She would take no refusal of her
+offer to fetch us grapes, and ran all the way to and from her vineyard
+on the opposite hillside, returning in an incredibly short time,
+scarcely out of breath, and carrying a basket heavy with great white
+and purple clusters. As she stood watching with delight our appreciation
+of her produce--the only sweet and luscious grapes, by the way, that we
+found throughout the autumn in that land of vines--she talked frankly of
+her religious vicissitudes, summing up as follows: "The priests used to
+say to me that I had turned Protestant because that is an easier
+religion than the Roman Catholic. But I have not found it so at all. _Il
+est beaucoup plus facile de me confesser que de me corriger._" Presently
+another woman came up the hill, bending painfully under the weight of
+two water-pails hanging from the ends of a yoke that rested on her
+shoulders. "Ah," said our hostess, "if they would but let us build the
+aqueduct, we should not have that ugly work to do." And then we learned
+that among the small minority of Roman Catholics left in the village, to
+care for whom, as soon as it was found a wolf had entered the fold, a
+priest arrived promptly enough, there prevail the wildest superstitions
+concerning the Protestants. Among many improvements introduced by the
+latter an aqueduct had been planned to furnish the hamlet with wholesome
+water. The project was defeated by the opposition of the Roman
+Catholics, who considered it a scheme for poisoning them _en masse_. It
+was here that we heard for the first time the epithet Huguenots applied
+as a term of reproach and derision to the Protestants. Afterward, in
+regions where Protestants have a history of centuries, we found it
+commonly used in the same way.
+
+Our visit to Notre Dame des Commiers was like reading a living page of
+early Reformation history, and the whole neighborhood made a fitting
+stage for such a reproduction. Some six or seven miles from Grenoble we
+passed the restored but still, in parts at least, historic chateau of
+Lesdiguieres at Vizille. Nearer our mountain-village we stopped to
+admire an ivy-covered bit of tower-ruin, associated by a grim tradition
+with the same Dauphine hero. A prisoner confined here by the apostate
+constable had, says the legend, a lady true who came every night and
+clasped her lover's hand stretched out to her between the bars of his
+dungeon window. Lesdiguieres discovered the rendezvous, and the spot is
+still pointed out where his soldier was stationed one fatal night to
+chop off the hand that sought its accustomed pledge. The historical
+associations of our excursion were, indeed, somewhat confused, but a
+fresh feature was added to its interest by the departure, which we
+chanced to witness, of Monsieur Thiers from the Chateau de Vizille, now
+occupied by Casimir Perier, whom the ex-president had been visiting.
+
+The two days' diligence journey from Grenoble to the departement des
+Hautes-Alpes was over one of those broad macadamized highways which make
+driving a luxury in many parts of Europe. If we were more huddled than
+in the less-antiquated Swiss diligences, we had the compensation of far
+more original fellow-travelers than one is apt to find among the
+tourists that monopolize those vehicles. There were generally two or
+three priests, half a dozen merry peasants, and a sprinkling of small
+officers and country-townspeople, who respectively lost no time in
+establishing a pleasant intimacy with their neighbors. The unflagging
+chatter, in which all joined vivaciously, and often all at once, was in
+striking contrast with the silent gloom which would have enshrouded a
+similar party of English or American travelers. It was impossible to
+resist the contagion of cheerfulness or to refuse to mingle more or less
+in the talk.
+
+On the second evening, having trusted to the map and the very meagre
+information supplied by _Murray_, we found ourselves deposited at an
+isolated wayside cabaret. It presently transpired that St. Bonnet, where
+we expected to pass the Sunday, was some half mile or more off the
+high-road on which this was the nearest station. While we waited in a
+long, low, dimly-lighted room for the guide we had bespoken, two
+gendarmes and a peasant sat listening to, or rather looking at, a vivid
+account of some shooting adventure given in extraordinary pantomime by
+a deaf and dumb huntsman. In time a withered gnome trundling a
+wheelbarrow took possession of us and our light belongings, and led us
+forth into the night. We traversed the valley, mounted the hill on the
+other side, and at last entered the deeper night of a lampless village,
+and began to thread its steep, black streets. The only gleam of light
+was at what seemed to be the central fountain. Many women were gathered
+there, chatting as they filled their pails or stood with the replenished
+vessels poised on their heads. The inn was of a piece with all those at
+which we lodged in Dauphine, deficient in everything for which an inn
+exists. The feature of these inns which I remember, I think, with the
+least relish was the condition of the floors. It is literally true that
+they are never washed. A daily sprinkling is the only cleansing process
+they undergo: its effect is to soften the wood until it begins to absorb
+a large proportion of the rubbish which is often but never thoroughly
+swept up, and grows black and evil-odored. This result is most manifest,
+of course, and most offensive in the dining-rooms.
+
+St. Bonnet offered even less than we anticipated of interest. On the
+Sunday morning we gladly drove away in such an equipage as the place
+afforded to the not very distant village of St. Laurent en Champsaur.
+Here we reached our first point in what was fifty years ago the parish
+of Felix Neff, and has been for centuries a refuge of Protestantism. It
+is a hamlet of stone cottages, lying on a kind of plateau and
+overlooking a wide and fertile valley. The surrounding hills, though
+mostly bare, were broken and beautified on that still autumn morning
+with dim clefts of shadow. The sun was not yet high, and broad masses of
+purple fell here and there across the plain and the brawling stream that
+divides it, still the Drac, which we had seen an almost stately river
+near Grenoble.
+
+Having already learned something of the local habits, we bade our driver
+take us to the _temple_. That is the distinctive name of a Protestant
+church in these Roman Catholic lands. The morning service was in
+progress when we entered the square and austere little chapel. Every pew
+was occupied, the men and women taking different sides of the one
+stone-paved aisle. A gentle-looking old man was reading from a book with
+much clearness and expression, and in a singularly pleasant voice, what
+we soon found to be an excellent sermon. At its close a quaint, slow
+hymn was sung, and the congregation was dismissed. To our amusement, the
+simple folk formed a double line outside the door to inspect us as we
+emerged. It was easy to imagine their interest in an apparition so
+unusual as foreign visitors, and we submitted to their curious but
+entirely respectful scrutiny, wishing that our aspect might give them
+half the satisfaction we had in watching their eager faces and noting
+their droll costumes. Ludicrously high stocks and "swallow-tail" coats
+of brown homespun made the dress of the men different from that of
+corresponding rustics in America. The chief peculiarity in the women's
+attire was a straw hat, of which the towering crown, decked with huge
+bows, and the vast flapping brim, were like an extravagant caricature of
+the poke-bonnets of our grandmothers.
+
+As we stood demurely in the midst of the group, the old man who had
+read, and who proved to be the schoolmaster, hastened out to greet us.
+It was his habit, he said, in the pastor's absence, to conduct the
+service. For more than thirty years, although the parish had repeatedly
+been for months without a minister, he had not allowed the temple to
+remain closed a single Sunday. His wife appeared directly, and both
+insisted, with apologies for their peasant fare, that we should stop to
+dinner at their house, a few yards from the church. We were in truth
+nothing loath to accept the invitation, and found little to excuse in
+the savory soup, the fresh-laid eggs and the fruit that composed the
+simple feast, while we were scarcely less regaled with the neatness of
+the rooms and the spectacle of well-washed floors and spotless though
+coarsely-woven linen. But most of all to be enjoyed and remembered was
+the peep we got into this good old man's life and history. From his
+youth he had been schoolmaster at St. Laurent, and it seemed never to
+have occurred to him that he might claim a more distinguished post.
+Unconscious of any special self-sacrifice, he told us about his work,
+heroic through its quiet faithfulness, in that obscure hamlet. He
+enumerated with pride the various pastors and teachers who had been his
+scholars--among the former his eldest son, among the latter two of his
+daughters. Listening to his talk, we understood the intelligence of
+expression in many faces and the large proportion of young men at the
+service of the morning.
+
+In our walks about the village after dinner the schoolmaster took us to
+see an ancient woman who in her youth had been a catechumen of Felix
+Neff. It is curious to find that term, which was applied by the early
+Church to candidates for admission, in use now among the Protestants of
+France and Italy. With tears in her eyes and an enthusiasm that made her
+speech almost incoherent, the grandame talked of "Monsieur Neff," his
+courage, his friendliness, how he went among his people like one of
+themselves, and what good words he always spoke. As we left St. Laurent
+our host and his wife bore us company to the brow of a little hill
+whither we had sent on our chaise, and stood there to wave us an adieu
+as we descended on the other side. Then we saw them turn back toward the
+group of thatched and moss-grown cottages which was all their world.
+
+That evening we reached Gap, the capital of the department of the High
+Alps, and once an important Protestant centre. Farel, the French
+Reformer of the sixteenth century, was born and for a time preached
+here. But since the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes until very
+lately--during a period, that is, of nearly two hundred years--no
+Protestant pastor has been tolerated in the town, and the once numerous
+flock was long since dispersed. A Swiss society undertook two or three
+years ago a Protestant mission at Gap, and a friend in Geneva had given
+us the name of the present evangelist. A humbler or more thankless
+charge could scarcely be imagined than such a work in such a place.
+There is no nucleus of hereditary Protestants, as in the
+mountain-parishes of the department, and at the same time the little
+city is so isolated that its people have retained the superstitions and
+religious animosities of the Dark Ages. It was therefore with much
+compassionate thought of his pitiful case that we sought the
+evangelist's house. He was not, however, a man toward whom one could
+maintain for a moment that frame of mind. Brisk, cheerful, polished in
+manner and with an unsought elegance of dress and carriage, he had not
+in the least the air of a despised heretic struggling hopelessly against
+social as well as ecclesiastical contempt. Six avowed converts were the
+definite results of his work for more than two years. During much of
+that time he had been hampered by insuperable difficulties in finding a
+place for his service or even a lodging for his family. The latter was
+at last provided, as a daring defiance of popular prejudice, by a
+landlord who prided himself upon being a _libre penseur_. For his chapel
+he secured a disused shop in the front of a bath-house. The proprietress
+of the establishment was punished by the priests for her unrighteous
+thrift by being refused the sacrament. Her business, too, was for a
+while endangered. One instance out of many of the kind of prejudice she
+provoked was that of two wealthy and educated ladies, who, as they
+entered the bath one day, heard music in the _chapelle evangelique_ and
+instantly beat a hurried retreat. They only stopped to explain that all
+the world knows the object of Protestant worship is the devil, and they
+dare not stay within hearing of the sacrilegious rites. In spite of
+multiform discouragements like these, the evangelist and his wife, a
+motherly woman of much quiet strength, whose gentleness made sweet a
+very homely face, talked of their work and prospects with a
+matter-of-course hopefulness which it was not easy to share. Nothing in
+their habits, they told us, had more amazed their Roman Catholic
+neighbors at first than their lavish use of water. But in that
+particular, at least, suspicion had been allayed, their perseverance had
+proved the practice harmless, and their example was beginning to find a
+few timid imitators.
+
+Our first night after leaving Gap was spent at Embrun. As we approached
+the town, which surmounts an extraordinary platform of rock, its walls
+looking like part of the smooth, brown tufa precipice that rises
+abruptly out of the valley, we seemed to see in its picturesque and
+impressive aspect something of the grandeur and gloom of its long
+history. The cathedral where so many archbishops have ministered
+preserves little trace of its former splendors: even architecturally it
+is without attraction.
+
+For the next two days our route continued to lie through the valley,
+which we entered upon leaving Gap, of the Durance. It is an apparently
+insignificant but treacherous stream, which by repeated floods has
+spread ugly devastation over a hill-girdled country that ought to be
+smiling with peace and plenty. At Guillestre we came in sight of the
+jagged double peak of Mont Pelvoux, and got a magnificent vista toward
+the south, ending in the white slopes of some giant of the Cottian Alps.
+The Mont Pelvoux and the Pointe des Ecrins, the greatest of those
+mountains from which the department takes its name, although they appear
+on none of the ordinary maps, stand, I believe, only twelfth and
+thirteenth in the scale of height among the mountains of Europe. The
+explorations of Whymper have introduced them to his readers, but they
+still remain almost untrodden by other climbers.
+
+On the second afternoon we reached the lateral valley of Fressiniere,
+the climax of our journey. There was refreshment for soul as well as
+body in the daintily-clean, bare-floored rooms, redolent of apples set
+out to dry, into which we were welcomed by Pastor Charpiot and his wife
+at Pallons. The village is a mere group of Alpine huts, and the only
+chance of shelter was at the presbytery. So much we had little doubt of
+finding there, but we counted as little upon the warm and graceful
+hospitality which greeted our application. And when our nationality
+transpired it added new zest to the good-will of our host and hostess.
+We were their first Transatlantic guests.
+
+The valley of Fressiniere, at the entrance of which Pallons lies, is the
+centre of those special interests which first prompted the pilgrimage I
+am recording. With it are specially associated the earliest traditions
+of Protestantism in France, and here Felix Neff spent the larger part of
+his brief but memorable career as pastor in the High Alps. I suppose the
+exact antiquity of the Protestants of Dauphine is one of the historical
+problems that still await their final solution. The older chronicles
+provide them with what seems an unbroken line of descent from the second
+century, when Irenaeus preached in Lyons and Vienne. Christian fugitives
+from those cities during the persecution of Marcus Aurelius may, it is
+alleged, have taken refuge in the not distant Dauphine mountains, and
+have transmitted to their descendants the primitive faith they had
+received. But modern criticism has so seriously undermined, as
+practically to have demolished, this imposing genealogical structure. It
+is not denied that voices of more or less emphatic protest against Rome
+made themselves heard among these mountains and the neighboring Cottian
+Alps during the earlier centuries. Can such voices be held to represent
+any definitely-organized dissentient body of more remote origin than the
+Poor Men of Lyons, led by Peter Waldo in 1172? The latest researches
+give an apparently final negative answer to this question. At least,
+however, it is beyond dispute that long before the Reformation the
+valleys of the High Alps were a retreat for persecuted schismatics whose
+opposition to the Romish Church anticipated Protestantism. As early as
+the fifteenth century a papal bull denounced as _inveterate_ the
+heretics of Dauphine and Provence, and about the middle of the next
+century delegates from those provinces appeared at the first national
+Protestant synod in France with the following declaration: "We consent
+to merge in the common cause, but we require no Reformation, for our
+forefathers and ourselves have ever disclaimed the corruptions of the
+churches in communion with Rome." Enough is therefore certain as to the
+antecedents of these Protestant mountaineers to surround them with an
+entirely peculiar interest. The saddest feature, perhaps, of all their
+history is the stunting of mind and character that has resulted from
+centuries of oppression. After the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
+they were subject to fresh persecution, and until within the present
+century they have been denied the privileges of citizenship and forced
+to look upon themselves as outcasts. One can only wonder at the degree
+of individuality and force which they have still preserved.
+
+Felix Neff, while still a _proposant_, or candidate for the ministry, at
+Geneva, was sent to Dauphine in response to the appeal of two pastors
+there for an assistant. Two years later, at the beginning of 1824, in
+the twenty-sixth year of his age, he became pastor of the Protestant
+churches in the Arvieux section of the High Alps. This was the larger
+and by far the more arduous of the two parishes into which the
+department was at that time divided. In seventeen or eighteen
+widely-scattered villages Neff found the little groups of "Huguenots"
+which composed his charge. His official residence, the presbytery, was
+at La Chalp, a hamlet above the village of Arvieux and near the border
+of Italy. From this point to St. Laurent, the western limit of his
+parish, is a journey of sixty miles, including the passage of a
+dangerous gorge and the crossing of a difficult snow-pass. St. Veran on
+the east was the least remote of his boundaries, but even this is
+separated from La Chalp by twelve miles of steep descent and rough
+climbing. On the north and the south the extreme points were distant
+respectively thirty-three and twenty-miles, and the routes are of the
+same character as in the other directions.
+
+These disadvantages, instead of daunting the young pastor, seemed only
+to stimulate his ardor. "I am always dreaming of the High Alps," he had
+written in 1823, after visiting them for the first time. "I had rather
+be stationed there than in places which are under the beautiful sky of
+Languedoc. The country bears a strong resemblance to the Alps of
+Switzerland. It has their advantages, and even their beauties. It has,
+above all, an energetic race of people--intelligent, active, hardy and
+patient under fatigue--who offer a better soil for the gospel than the
+wealthy and corrupt inhabitants of the plains of the South." The
+illusions that mingled with these early impressions were doubtless soon
+dispelled. He shows later a perfectly clear perception of the degenerate
+condition of his parishioners, but his eagerness to serve them waxes
+with his sense of their need. Neff was in modern times their first
+regularly-appointed pastor. A son of Oberlin, whose short but devoted
+life shows him to have inherited his father's spirit, had once
+undertaken the provisional charge of the parish, but only for a few
+months. In general, it had had no ministry beyond occasional visits from
+the pastor of Orpierre, the other section of the department.
+
+The valley of Fressiniere at once attracted Neff's peculiar regard. It
+was the part of his parish most difficult of access and most cut off
+from any chance of material prosperity. The climate is such that in
+unfavorable seasons even rye will not ripen, and the patches of potatoes
+straggling forlornly among the rocks often fail to reach maturity. No
+other grain or vegetable can be raised. Mould quickly attacks the flour
+in this mountain-air, and the year's baking is accordingly done in the
+autumn as soon as the rye comes back from the mill. The coarse black
+loaves grow perfectly hard in a few weeks, and have to be chopped into
+pieces and soaked in hot water before they can be eaten. It is only at
+the head of the valley, above the hamlet of Dourmillouse, that any
+pastures are found, and many of those are inaccessible to cattle and
+scarcely safe for sheep. They are besides so meagre that in dry summers
+no hay can be made, and the peasants are forced to sell their beasts at
+a loss or else see them die for want of food. The addition of a little
+salted meat to the half-grown potatoes and the stony bread is a luxury
+of only the most prosperous years. The bald mountain-slopes furnish no
+fuel, and it is of course only in the smallest quantities that the
+people can afford to buy wood in the valley of the Durance. Their
+resource against the winter's cold is moving into their stables, where,
+huddled together in a corner cleared for the purpose, they pass four or
+five months. The smoky and confined air is a welcome change from the icy
+winds outside, and the steaming cattle are a source of grateful warmth.
+"This village," Neff writes, about the middle of September, from the
+smallest and most destitute of the hamlets of Fressiniere, "is squeezed
+up in the very narrowest gorge of the valley, and is now buried in snow,
+and without the hope of seeing the sun during the rest of the winter.
+The houses are low, dark and dirty, and the people themselves seem to be
+stupefied with the utter misery of their condition."
+
+Besides the strong appeal thus made to his sympathy, the young pastor
+nowhere else felt as in this valley the inspiration of his parish's
+history. Dourmillouse especially he regarded as the most staunchly
+Protestant of all the villages to which he ministered. "It is
+celebrated," he writes, "for the resistance which its inhabitants have
+opposed for more than six hundred years to the Church of Rome. They
+never bowed their knee before an idol, even when all the inhabitants of
+the valley of Queyras" (on the opposite side of the Durance, and
+embracing Arvieux, St. Veran and other villages) "dissembled their
+faith. The aspect of this desert, both terrible and sublime, which
+served as the asylum of truth when almost all the world lay in darkness;
+the recollection of the faithful martyrs of old; the deep caverns into
+which they withdrew to read the Bible in secret and to worship the
+Father of Light in spirit and in truth,--everything tends to elevate my
+soul." He spent here the whole of one winter and large portions of
+another, and it was here that he gathered his most important schools.
+
+The rest of the field was not, however, neglected. Neff allowed himself
+twenty-one days for traversing his parish from end to end, and during
+much of the year his rounds succeeded each other with little interval.
+He was continually passing from the extreme of heat in sunny valleys to
+the arctic cold of snows and glaciers. His lodging on these journeys was
+in the huts of the peasants. He shared their coarse and unwholesome
+food, often cooked in ill-cleansed copper vessels. He slept in small,
+unventilated hovels, a dozen other persons often dividing with him the
+scanty space. He did not shrink from even the stables in winter. However
+exhausted he might be by hours of toilsome walking, his elastic spirit
+quickly revived: all thought of refreshment for himself was secondary to
+the spiritual wants he sought to meet in others.
+
+Nor was he content without trying to ameliorate the temporal condition
+of his parishioners. By the care of his own garden he sought to teach
+them more intelligent and productive methods of agriculture than the
+rude processes to which they were accustomed. In the valley of
+Fressiniere he built an aqueduct for purposes of irrigation, overcoming
+prejudice and opposition by beginning the work with his own hands. The
+example of Oberlin was constantly before him, and he often expresses his
+ambition to be to his people such a guide and helper as the pastor of
+Ban de la Roche had been to the peasants of the Vosges.
+
+Neff was not long in discovering that his work must begin with the most
+elementary instruction. Generally, the people were ignorant of any
+language but their native patois. Up to this period their schoolmasters,
+paid at the rate of twenty-five francs a year, had been peasants like
+themselves. Their only time for study was such of the year as was not
+needed for the tilling of the niggardly soil or spent in the care of the
+flocks. And even the little they were able to learn was easily lost on
+account of the scarcity of books. Neff first addressed himself to
+learning the patois, and then, as he went from village to village, made
+ordinary teaching a part of his pastoral functions. At the beginning of
+his second winter he resolved to undertake the training of teachers. "I
+foresaw," he writes, "that the truth which I had been permitted to
+preach would not only not spread, but might even be lost, unless
+something should be done to promote its continuance." Accordingly, for
+five months he relinquished the more congenial general work of his
+parish and devoted himself to a normal school at Dourmillouse. One
+reason for planting it there was the inaccessibility of the place and
+its consequent freedom from distraction. More than twenty young men from
+other villages cheerfully submitted to the long confinement in this
+ice-bound fastness, and the people of Dourmillouse were glad to make
+room in their huts for the new-comers, and to add to the supplies
+brought by them their own scanty stores.
+
+The following winter, his third in the High Alps, Neff again opened this
+school, dividing its care, however, with one of his most capable pupils
+of the previous year, and paying occasional visits to other parts of his
+parish. But now his health, never robust, began to give way under the
+incessant strain to which it was subjected. Early in the spring of 1829
+he was forced to go to Geneva with the hope of recruiting. There, after
+two years of suffering, the details of which are painful beyond
+expression, he died at the age of thirty-one.
+
+With our minds full of these memories we set out on the morning after
+our arrival at Pallons, with Pastor Charpiot as guide, to explore the
+valley of Fressiniere and ascend to Dourmillouse. The immediate vicinity
+of Pallons is fair and fertile, but a short walk up the course of an
+impetuous torrent brought us to a narrow gorge, beyond which we found a
+totally different region. Bare slopes of rock that looked grim even in
+the sunny morning, and a waste valley-bottom, here of considerable
+width, but sterile and bleak, made up the landscape. Its dreariness was
+only increased by an occasional chalet standing beside a patch of limp
+and discolored potato-vines. As we went on the scene grew more and more
+gloomy. The tillage is in cleared spots not so large as the heaps of
+stones that surround them, or on bits of practicable soil left by
+land-slides in the midst of their hideous debris. The only trees are
+dwarfish pollards, reduced to bare trunks with thin tufts of green atop
+by the practice of stripping off the sprouts every two or three years to
+make fodder for the goats. Midway up the valley we passed the village of
+Violins. It seemed mournfully empty, and many of the houses were in
+reality deserted. A shy, bright-faced fellow opened the little _temple_
+for our inspection, and Pastor Charpiot reminded us how its interior was
+not only planned by Neff, but in large measure his actual handiwork.
+Half an hour further on our path led us through the hamlet of Minsas,
+now entirely abandoned and in ruins. The desolation of the valley here
+becomes appalling. On either hand sheer precipices of crumbling rock
+rise above steep slopes of gravel and loose stones. The ground is strewn
+thick with great boulders, many of which had left traces of their
+furious descent before settling, sometimes close beside the path, or
+even after crossing it in a final bound. The precipices from which they
+had detached themselves are composed of strangely-twisted strata, and
+frequently recurring streaks of lurid red give them a fierce and ghastly
+aspect. Landslips and torrents of stones are so frequent of late years
+that no more attempts are made to clear away the rubbish thus deposited.
+Where these scourges have not fallen the sullen stream has carried
+devastation. Floods occur every year. That of 1856 wrought a ruin from
+which the villages have never rallied. In the whole upper half of the
+valley of Fressiniere there is not, I suppose, an acre of land capable
+of cultivation. In the time of Neff, wretched as its condition must
+always have been, the poverty of this region was not so utterly hopeless
+as it has since become. The failure of all resources is literally
+driving away its inhabitants. Those who remain, as in such cases a
+certain proportion cannot help doing, sometimes in bad years pass
+three, six, and even nine, months without bread. Their small stock of
+potatoes is often exhausted long before it can be replenished. "I am at
+a loss," said the pastor, "when we are no longer able to give them aid,
+to know how they live. The only semblance of food left to them is soup,
+for which, perhaps, they haven't even salt, much less meat or
+vegetables. Turbid water--_de l'eau trouble, rien de plus!_"
+
+The valley terminates abruptly at what seems an impassable wall of rock.
+Upon nearer approach a zigzag path up its face is discovered. Not far
+from the top the narrow way creeps by a ledge which barely affords
+foothold across a thread of sparkling foam slipping down a perpendicular
+precipice. In winter this passage is sheeted in dangerously unstable
+ice, and makes Dourmillouse inaccessible for weeks. Neff gives a
+spirited account in his journal of leading out a party of young peasants
+by torchlight, armed with axes, to cut a path here on the evening before
+some service in which he wished the people of the upper and lower
+valleys to unite. Dourmillouse lies on a slope above this difficult
+ascent. It is a mere group of rude chalets, like the other villages, but
+it has a less miserable air. The land-slides are mostly confined to the
+lower valley, and here the scanty Alpine pastures and steep patches of
+rye are out of reach of the floods. The people are seldom reduced to
+actual want of food, and are esteemed prosperous by their more destitute
+neighbors below.
+
+Our first visit was to the old priory in which Neff held his winter
+schools. A row of half a dozen trees planted by him in front of the
+house now shuts off a good deal of much-needed sunshine, but is
+nevertheless carefully cherished as a memorial. Beside the priory stands
+the _temple_, once a Roman Catholic church, in which, before the
+Revolution, a priest is said to have ministered for twenty-five years
+without making a single convert, his own servant constituting his flock.
+Presently we went to rest and eat the lunch Pastor Charpiot had brought,
+at the house of the local _ancien_, or elder. His wife, a sturdy,
+smiling young woman, gave us an eager welcome. Two round-cheeked boys
+frisked about their old friend the pastor, and a baby--its spirits quite
+unclouded by its austere surroundings--crowed lustily from the cradle in
+which, after the fashion of the country, it was tightly strapped. It was
+a low, grimy room, with one square bit of a window, and far from clean.
+Dr. Gilly, the prim English biographer of Neff, quaintly says:
+"Cleanliness is not a virtue which distinguishes any of the people in
+these mountains; and, with such a nice sense of moral perception as they
+display, and with such strict attention to the duties of religion, it is
+astonishing that they have not yet learnt those ablutions in their
+persons or habitations which are as necessary to comfort as to health."
+I suspect, however, that the nicest "sense of moral perception" in the
+world would excuse the omission of a good many "ablutions" in a place
+where all the water that is used has to be carried more than a quarter
+of a mile up a steep and rough mountain-path from the nearest stream.
+And there was one refinement in the rude chalet not always present in
+regions far less removed from the centres of civilization: besides the
+cloth--so coarse as to be a curiosity--which the woman laid for us over
+an end of the unscoured table, she put at each of our places, as a
+matter of course, a fresh napkin of the same rude stuff.
+
+I could not sufficiently admire the brave cheerfulness of these simple
+folk. Many of the villagers were busy gathering their little stock of
+potatoes, and all had something bright to say about their good fortune
+in getting them so well grown and safely stored before the frosts. It
+was the last week in September, and they thought the winter already
+close at hand. There was, too, in spite of a shrinking from strangers
+painfully suggestive of tendencies inherited from generations of
+persecuted ancestors, a degree of intelligence and self-respect often
+wanting among peasants far more favorably circumstanced. And it seemed
+to me worthy of remark that in all our walk--notwithstanding the
+valley's unexampled poverty--we did not encounter a single beggar.
+Before we left Dourmillouse the "elder" appeared, a stalwart young
+mountaineer with his gun slung across his shoulder. He had finished his
+morning's work in some distant field, and was off for a chamois-hunt
+among the rocks and glaciers. As a relic of our visit he gave us a block
+of rye bread twenty-two months old, which he chopped off the loaf with a
+hatchet.
+
+We had frequent evidence in the course of our excursion that Pastor
+Charpiot is a real shepherd to his needy flock. Indeed, he gave to the
+walk an intimate and peculiar interest quite apart from its historical
+associations. Here he bade us go slowly on while he looked in upon a
+sick man, explaining that he had to be doctor as well as minister. Again
+he asked us to stop and share with him some of the grapes which a stout
+young peasant-woman was bringing on her donkey from the Durance
+vineyards, and which had no sweetness save in the good-will that offered
+them. For all whom we met he had a cheery greeting or an affectionate
+inquiry that showed familiar acquaintance with their concerns; and
+occasionally a word or two suggested a truth or hope, aptly illustrated
+in some passing incident, no matter how trifling or homely.
+
+A storm was gathering in the mountains as we made our way back to
+Pallons through the deepening shadows of the autumn afternoon. Before we
+emerged from the desolate valley its gloom had grown almost intolerable;
+and yet this was but a suggestion of the winter horrors which the
+white-haired pastor at our side had faced for years in his regular
+ministrations at the different hamlets we had visited. Speaking of the
+five pastors now distributed over the field of which Neff assumed the
+whole charge, he said with a modesty that was quite unaffected, "All
+five together, we are not worth him alone" (_nous ne le valons pas_).
+What we had seen that day convinced us that so far at least as concerned
+himself his deprecation was unfounded, but in expressing it he echoed
+the tone that seemed universal in the High Alps in reference to the
+illustrious young pastor. Neff could not, of course, in his short career
+accomplish the permanent revolution which he dreamed of and longed for.
+At the same time, it cannot be said that his work has perished while not
+only pastors but people feel so strongly the inspiration of that heroic
+life.
+
+JAMES M. BRUCE.
+
+
+
+
+BLOOMING.
+
+    A little seed lay underneath the ground,
+      While from the south a mild wind-current blew,
+      And from the tropics to the northward flew
+    Long, angular lines of wild-fowl with a sound
+    Of silken wings. About that time the sun
+      Put forth a shining finger, and did stir
+    The sleeping soil to effort; whereupon
+      The seed made roots like webs of gossamer,
+    Shot up a stem, and flourished leaf and flower.
+      Now look, O sweet! see what your eyes have done
+    With just one ray of their mysterious power
+      Upon the germ of my heart's passion thrown!
+    Through all my frame steal roots of pure desire:
+    My dreams are blooms that shake and shine like fire.
+
+MAURICE THOMPSON
+
+
+
+
+FELIPA.
+
+
+Christine and I found her there. She was a small, dark-skinned,
+yellow-eyed child, the offspring of the ocean and the heats, tawny,
+lithe and wild, shy yet fearless--not unlike one of the little brown
+deer that bounded through the open reaches of the pine barren behind the
+house. She did not come to us--we came to her: we loomed into her life
+like genii from another world, and she was partly afraid and partly
+proud of us. For were we not her guests?--proud thought!--and, better
+still, were we not women? "I have only seen three women in all my life,"
+said Felipa, inspecting us gravely, "and I like women. I am a woman too,
+although these clothes of the son of Pedro make me appear as a boy: I
+wear them on account of the boat and the hauling in of the fish. The son
+of Pedro being dead at a convenient age, and his clothes fitting me,
+what would you have? It was manifestly a chance not to be despised. But
+when I am grown I shall wear robes long and beautiful like the
+senora's." The little creature was dressed in a boy's suit of dark-blue
+linen, much the worse for wear, and torn.
+
+"If you are a girl, why do you not mend your clothes?" I said.
+
+"Do you mend, senora?"
+
+"Certainly: all women sew and mend."
+
+"The other lady?"
+
+Christine laughed as she lay at ease upon the brown carpet of pine
+needles, warm and aromatic after the tropic day's sunshine. "The child
+has divined me already, Catherine," she said.
+
+Christine was a tall, lissome maid, with an unusually long stretch of
+arm, long sloping shoulders and a long fair throat: her straight hair
+fell to her knees when unbound, and its clear flaxen hue had not one
+shade of gold, as her clear gray eyes had not one shade of blue. Her
+small, straight, rose-leaf lips parted over small, dazzlingly white
+teeth, and the outline of her face in profile reminded you of an etching
+in its distinctness, although it was by no means perfect according to
+the rules of art. Still, what a comfort it was, after the blurred
+outlines and smudged profiles many of us possess--seen to best
+advantage, I think, in church on Sundays, crowned with flower-decked
+bonnets, listening calmly serene to favorite ministers, unconscious of
+noses! When Christine had finished her laugh--and she never hurried
+anything, but took the full taste of it--she stretched out her arm
+carelessly and patted Felipa's curly head. The child caught the
+descending hand and kissed the long white fingers.
+
+It was a wild place where we were, yet not new or crude--the coast of
+Florida, that old-new land, with its deserted plantations, its skies of
+Paradise, and its broad wastes open to the changeless sunshine. The old
+house stood on the edge of the dry land, where the pine barren ended and
+the salt marsh began: in front curved the tide-water river that seemed
+ever trying to come up close to the barren and make its acquaintance,
+but could not quite succeed, since it must always turn and flee at a
+fixed hour, like Cinderella at the ball, leaving not a silver slipper,
+but purple driftwood and bright sea-weeds, brought in from the Gulf
+Stream outside. A planked platform ran out into the marsh from the edge
+of the barren, and at its end the boats were moored; for although at
+high tide the river was at our feet, at low tide it was far away out in
+the green waste somewhere, and if we wanted it we must go and seek it.
+We did not want it, however: we let it glide up to us twice a day with
+its fresh salt odors and flotsam of the ocean, and the rest of the time
+we wandered over the barrens or lay under the trees looking up into the
+wonderful blue above, listening to the winds as they rushed across from
+sea to sea. I was an artist, poor and painstaking: Christine was my kind
+friend. She had brought me South because my cough was troublesome, and
+here because Edward Bowne recommended the place. He and three
+fellow-sportsmen were down at the Madre Lagoon, farther south; I thought
+it probable we should see him, without his three fellow-sportsmen,
+before very long.
+
+"Who were the three women you have seen, Felipa?" said Christine.
+
+"The grandmother, an Indian woman of the Seminoles who comes sometimes
+with baskets, and the wife of Miguel of the island. But they are all
+old, and their skins are curled: I like better the silver skin of the
+senora."
+
+Poor little Felipa lived on the edge of the great salt marsh alone with
+her grand-parents, for her mother was dead. The yellow old couple were
+slow-witted Minorcans, part pagan, part Catholic, and wholly ignorant:
+their minds rarely rose above the level of their orange trees and their
+fish-nets. Felipa's father was a Spanish sailor, and as he had died only
+the year before, the child's Spanish was fairly correct, and we could
+converse with her readily, although we were slow to comprehend the
+patois of the old people, which seemed to borrow as much from the
+Italian tongue and the Greek as from its mother Spanish. "I know a great
+deal," Felipa remarked confidently, "for my father taught me. He had
+sailed on the ocean out of sight of land, and he knew many things. These
+he taught to me. Do the gracious ladies think there is anything else to
+know?"
+
+One of the gracious ladies thought not, decidedly: in answer to my
+remonstrance, expressed in English, she said, "Teach a child like that,
+and you ruin her."
+
+"Ruin her?"
+
+"Ruin her happiness--the same thing."
+
+Felipa had a dog, a second self--a great gaunt yellow creature of
+unknown breed, with crooked legs, big feet and the name Drollo. What
+Drollo meant, or whether it was an abbreviation, we never knew, but
+there was a certain satisfaction in it, for the dog was droll: the fact
+that the Minorcan title, whatever it was, meant nothing of that kind,
+made it all the better. We never saw Felipa without Drollo. "They look
+a good deal alike," observed Christine--"the same coloring."
+
+"For shame!" I said.
+
+But it was true. The child's bronzed yellow skin and soft eyes were not
+unlike the dog's, but her head was crowned with a mass of short black
+curls, while Drollo had only his two great flapping ears and his low
+smooth head. Give him an inch or two more of skull, and what a creature
+a dog would be! For love and faithfulness even now what man can match
+him? But, although ugly, Felipa was a picturesque little object always,
+whether attired in boy's clothes or in her own forlorn bodice and skirt.
+Olive-hued and meagre-faced, lithe and thin, she flew over the pine
+barrens like a creature of air, laughing to feel her short curls toss
+and her thin childish arms buoyed up on the breeze as she ran, with
+Drollo barking behind. For she loved the winds, and always knew when
+they were coming--whether down from the north, in from the ocean, or
+across from the Gulf of Mexico: she watched for them, sitting in the
+doorway, where she could feel their first breath, and she taught us the
+signal of the clouds. She was a queer little thing: we used to find her
+sometimes dancing alone out on the barren in a circle she had marked out
+with pine-cones, and once she confided to us that she talked to the
+trees. "They hear," she said in a whisper: "you should see how knowing
+they look, and how their leaves listen."
+
+Once we came upon her most secret lair in a dense thicket of
+thorn-myrtle and wild smilax, a little bower she had made, where was
+hidden a horrible-looking image formed of the rough pieces of
+saw-palmetto grubbed up by old Bartolo from his garden. She must have
+dragged these fragments thither one by one, and with infinite pains
+bound them together with her rude withes of strong marsh-grass, until at
+last she had formed a rough trunk with crooked arms and a sort of a
+head, the red hairy surface of the palmetto looking not unlike the skin
+of some beast, and making the creature all the more grotesque. This
+fetich was kept crowned with flowers, and after this we often saw the
+child stealing away with Drollo to carry to it portions of her meals or
+a new-found treasure--a sea-shell, a broken saucer, or a fragment of
+ribbon. The food always mysteriously disappeared, and my suspicion is
+that Drollo used to go back secretly in the night and devour it, asking
+no questions and telling no lies: it fitted in nicely, however, Drollo
+merely performing the ancient part of the priests of Jupiter, men who
+have been much admired. "What a little pagan she is!" I said.
+
+"Oh no, it is only her doll," replied Christine.
+
+I tried several times to paint Felipa during these first weeks, but
+those eyes of hers always evaded me. They were, as I have said before,
+yellow--that is, they were brown with yellow lights--and they stared at
+you with the most inflexible openness. The child had the full-curved,
+half-open mouth of the tropics, and a low Greek forehead. "Why isn't she
+pretty?" I said.
+
+"She is hideous," replied Christine: "look at her elbows."
+
+Now, Felipa's arms _were_ unpleasant; they were brown and lean,
+scratched and stained, and they terminated in a pair of determined
+little paws that could hold on like grim Death. I shall never forget
+coming upon a tableau one day out on the barren--a little Florida cow
+and Felipa, she holding on by the horns, and the beast with its small
+fore feet stubbornly set in the sand; girl pulling one way, cow the
+other; both silent and determined. It was a hard contest, but the girl
+won.
+
+"And if you pass over her elbows, there are her feet," continued
+Christine languidly. For she was a sybaritic lover of the fine linens of
+life, that friend of mine--a pre-Raphaelite lady with clinging draperies
+and a mediaeval clasp on her belt. Her whole being rebelled against
+ugliness, and the mere sight of a sharp-nosed, light-eyed woman on a
+cold day made her uncomfortable for hours.
+
+"Have we not feet, too?" I replied sharply.
+
+But I knew what she meant. Bare feet are not pleasant to the eye
+now-a-days, whatever they may have been in the days of the ancient
+Greeks; and Felipa's little brown insteps were half the time torn or
+bruised by the thorns of the chapparal. Besides, there was always the
+disagreeable idea that she might step upon something cold and squirming
+when she prowled through the thickets knee-deep in the matted grasses.
+Snakes abounded, although we never saw them; but Felipa went up to their
+very doors, as it were, and rang the bell defiantly.
+
+One day old Grandfather Bartolo took the child with him down to the
+coast: she was always wild to go to the beach, where she could gather
+shells and sea-beans, and chase the little ocean-birds that ran along
+close to the waves with that swift gliding motion of theirs, and where
+she could listen to the roar of the breakers. We were several miles up
+the river, and to go down to the ocean was quite a voyage to Felipa. She
+bade us good-bye joyously; then ran back to hug Christine a second time,
+then to the boat again; then back.
+
+"I thought you wanted to go, child?" I said, a little impatiently, for I
+was reading aloud, and these small irruptions were disturbing.
+
+"Yes," said Felipa, "I want to go; and still--Perhaps if the gracious
+senora would kiss me again--"
+
+Christine only patted her cheek and told her to run away: she obeyed,
+but there was a wistful look in her eyes, and even after the boat had
+started her face, watching us from the stern, haunted me.
+
+"Now that the little monkey has gone, I may be able at last to catch and
+fix a likeness of her," I said: "in this case a recollection is better
+than the changing quicksilver reality."
+
+"You take it as a study of ugliness, I suppose?"
+
+"Do not be so hard upon the child, Christine."
+
+"Hard? Why, she adores me," said my friend, going off to her hammock
+under the tree.
+
+Several days passed, and the boat returned not. I accomplished a fine
+amount of work, and Christine a fine amount of swinging in the hammock
+and dreaming. At length one afternoon I gave my final touch, and carried
+my sketch over to the pre-Raphaelite lady for criticism. "What do you
+see?" I said.
+
+"I see a wild-looking child with yellow eyes, a mat of curly black hair,
+a lank little bodice, her two thin brown arms embracing a gaunt old dog
+with crooked legs, big feet and turned-in toes."
+
+"Is that all?"
+
+"All."
+
+"You do not see latent beauty, proud courage, and a possible great gulf
+of love in that poor wild little face?"
+
+"Nothing of the kind," replied Christine decidedly. "I see an ugly
+little girl: that is all."
+
+The next day the boat returned, and brought back five persons--the old
+grandfather, Felipa, Drollo, Miguel of the island and--Edward Bowne.
+
+"Already?" I said.
+
+"Tired of the Madre, Kitty: thought I would come up here and see you for
+a while. I knew you must be pining for me."
+
+"Certainly," I replied: "do you not see how I have wasted away?"
+
+He drew my arm through his and raced me down the plank-walk toward the
+shore, where I arrived laughing and out of breath.
+
+"Where is Christine?" he asked.
+
+I came back into the traces at once: "Over there in the hammock. You
+wish to go to the house first, I suppose?"
+
+"Of course not."
+
+"But she did not come to meet you, Edward, although she knew you had
+landed."
+
+"Of course not, also."
+
+"I do not understand you two."
+
+"And of course not, a third time," said Edward, looking down at me with
+a smile. "What do quiet, peaceful little artists know about war?"
+
+"Is it war?"
+
+"Something very like it, Kitty. What is that you are carrying?"
+
+"Oh! my new sketch. What do you think of it?"
+
+"Good, very good. Some little girl about here, I suppose?"
+
+"Why, it is Felipa!"
+
+"And who is Felipa? Seems to me I have seen that old dog, though."
+
+"Of course you have: he was in the boat with you, and so was Felipa, but
+she was dressed in boy's clothes, and that gives her a different look."
+
+"Oh! that boy? I remember him. His name is Philip. He is a funny little
+fellow," said Edward calmly.
+
+"Her name is Felipa, and she is not a boy or a funny little fellow at
+all," I replied.
+
+"Isn't she? I thought she was both," replied Ned carelessly, and then he
+went off toward the hammock. I turned away after noting Christine's cool
+greeting, and went back to the boat.
+
+Felipa came bounding to meet me. "What is his name?" she demanded.
+
+"Bowne."
+
+"Buon--Buona: I cannot say it."
+
+"Bowne, child--Edward Bowne."
+
+"Oh! Eduardo: I know that. Eduardo--Eduardo--a name of honey."
+
+She flew off singing the name, followed by Drollo carrying his
+mistress's palmetto basket in his big patient mouth; but when I passed
+the house a few moments afterward she was singing, or rather talking
+volubly of, another name--"Miguel," and "the wife of Miguel," who were
+apparently important personages on the canvas of her life. As it
+happened, I never really saw that wife of Miguel, who seemingly had no
+name of her own; but I imagined her. She lived on a sandbar in the ocean
+not far from the mouth of our river; she drove pelicans like ducks with
+a long switch, and she had a tame eagle; she had an old horse also, who
+dragged the driftwood across the sand on a sledge, and this old horse
+seemed like a giant horse always, outlined as he ever was against the
+flat bar and the sky. She went out at dawn, and she went out at sunset,
+but during the middle of the burning day she sat at home and polished
+sea-beans, for which she obtained untold sums: she was very tall, she
+was very yellow, and she had but one eye. These items, one by one, had
+been dropped by Felipa at various times, and it was with curiosity that
+I gazed upon the original Miguel, the possessor of this remarkable
+spouse. He was a grave-eyed, yellow man, who said little and thought
+less, applying _cui bono?_ to mental much as the city man applies it to
+bodily exertion, and therefore achieving, I think, a finer degree of
+inanition. The tame eagle, the pelicans, were nothing to him, and when I
+saw his lethargic, gentle countenance my own curiosity about them seemed
+to die away in haze, as though I had breathed in an invisible opiate. He
+came, he went, and that was all: exit Miguel.
+
+Felipa was constantly with us now. She and Drollo followed the three of
+us wherever we went--followed the two also whenever I stayed behind to
+sketch, as I often stayed, for in those days I was trying to catch the
+secret of the barrens: a hopeless effort, I know it now. "Stay with me,
+Felipa," I said; for it was natural to suppose that the lovers might
+like to be alone. (I call them lovers for want of a better name, but
+they were more like haters: however, in such cases it is nearly the same
+thing.) And then Christine, hearing this, would immediately call
+"Felipa!" and the child would dart after them, happy as a bird. She wore
+her boy's suit now all the time, because the senora had said she "looked
+well in it." What the senora really said was, that in boy's clothes she
+looked less like a grasshopper. But this had been translated as above by
+Edward Bowne when Felipa suddenly descended upon him one day and
+demanded to be instantly told what the gracious lady was saying about
+her; for she seemed to know by intuition when we spoke of her, although
+we talked in English and mentioned no names. When told, her small face
+beamed, and she kissed Christine's hand joyfully and bounded away.
+Christine took out her beautiful handkerchief and wiped the spot.
+
+"Christine," I said, "do you remember the fate of the proud girl who
+walked upon bread?"
+
+"You think that I may starve for kisses some time?" said my friend,
+going on with the wiping.
+
+"Not while I am alive," called out Edward from behind. His style of
+courtship _was_ of the sledge-hammer sort sometimes. But he did not get
+much for it on that day; only lofty tolerance, which seemed to amuse him
+greatly.
+
+Edward played with Felipa very much as if she was a rubber toy or a
+trapeze performer. He held her out at arm's length in mid-air, he poised
+her on his shoulder, he tossed her up into the low myrtle trees, and
+dangled her by her little belt over the claret-colored pools on the
+barren; but he could not frighten her: she only laughed and grew wilder
+and wilder, like a squirrel. "She has muscles and nerves of steel," he
+said admiringly.
+
+"Do put her down: she is too excitable for such games," I said in
+French, for Felipa seemed to divine our English now. "See the color she
+has."
+
+For there was a trail of dark red over the child's thin oval cheeks
+which made her look strangely unlike herself. As she caught our eyes
+fixed upon her she suddenly stopped her climbing and came and sat at
+Christine's feet. "Some day I shall wear robes like the senora's," she
+said, passing her hand over the soft fabric; "and I think," she added
+after some slow consideration, "that my face will be like the senora's
+too."
+
+Edward burst out laughing. The little creature stopped abruptly and
+scanned his face.
+
+"Do not tease her," I said.
+
+Quick as a flash she veered around upon me. "He does not tease me," she
+said angrily in Spanish; "and, besides, what if he does? I like it." She
+looked at me with gleaming eyes and stamped her foot.
+
+"What a little tempest!" said Christine.
+
+Then Edward, man-like, began to explain. "You could not look much like
+this lady, Felipa," he said, "because you are so dark, you know."
+
+"Am I dark?"
+
+"Very dark; but many people are dark, of course; and for my part I
+always liked dark eyes," said this mendacious person.
+
+"Do you like my eyes?" asked Felipa anxiously.
+
+"Indeed I do: they are like the eyes of a dear little calf I once owned
+when I was a boy."
+
+The child was satisfied, and went back to her place beside Christine.
+"Yes, I shall wear robes like this," she said dreamily, drawing the
+flowing drapery over her knees clad in the little linen trousers, and
+scanning the effect: "they would trail behind me--so." Her bare feet
+peeped out below the hem, and again we all laughed, the little brown
+toes looked so comical coming out from the silk and the snowy
+embroideries. She came down to reality at once, looked at us, looked at
+herself, and for the first time seemed to comprehend the difference.
+Then suddenly she threw herself down on the ground like a little animal,
+and buried her head in her arms. She would not speak, she would not look
+up: she only relaxed one arm a little to take in Drollo, and then lay
+motionless. Drollo looked at us out of one eye solemnly from his
+uncomfortable position, as much as to say, "No use: leave her to me." So
+after a while we went away and left them there.
+
+That evening I heard a low knock at my door. "Come in," I said, and
+Felipa entered. I hardly knew her. She was dressed in a flowered muslin
+gown which had probably belonged to her mother, and she wore her
+grandmother's stockings and large baggy slippers: on her mat of curly
+hair was perched a high-crowned, stiff white cap adorned with a ribbon
+streamer, and her lank little neck, coming out of the big gown, was
+decked with a chain of large sea-beans, like exaggerated lockets. She
+carried a Cuban fan in her hand which was as large as a parasol, and
+Drollo, walking behind, fairly clanked with the chain of sea-shells
+which she had wound around him from head to tail. The droll tableau and
+the supreme pride on Felipa's countenance overcame me, and I laughed
+aloud. A sudden cloud of rage and disappointment came over the poor
+child's face: she threw her cap on the floor and stamped on it; she tore
+off her necklace and writhed herself out of her big flowered gown, and
+running to Drollo, nearly strangled him in her fierce efforts to drag
+off his shell chains. Then, a half-dressed, wild little phantom, she
+seized me by the skirts and dragged me toward the looking-glass. "You
+are not pretty either," she cried. "Look at yourself! look at yourself!"
+
+"I did not mean to laugh at you, Felipa," I said gently: "I would not
+laugh at any one; and it is true I am not pretty, as you say. I can
+never be pretty, child; but if you will try to be more gentle, I could
+teach you how to dress yourself so that no one would laugh at you again.
+I could make you a little bright-barred skirt and a scarlet bodice: you
+could help, and that would teach you to sew. But a little girl who wants
+all this done for her must be quiet and good."
+
+"I am good," said Felipa--"as good as everything."
+
+The tears still stood in her eyes, but her anger was forgotten: she
+improvised a sort of dance around my room, followed by Drollo dragging
+his twisted chain, stepping on it with his big feet, and finally winding
+himself up into a knot around the chair-legs.
+
+"Couldn't we make Drollo something too? dear old Drollo!" said Felipa,
+going to him and squeezing him in an enthusiastic embrace. I used to
+wonder how his poor ribs stood it: Felipa used him as a safety-valve for
+her impetuous feelings.
+
+She kissed me good-night and then asked for "the other lady."
+
+"Go to bed, child," I said: "I will give her your good-night."
+
+"But I want to kiss her too," said Felipa.
+
+She lingered at the door and would not go; she played with the latch,
+and made me nervous with its clicking; at last I ordered her out. But on
+opening my door half an hour afterward there she was sitting on the
+floor outside in the darkness, she and Drollo, patiently waiting.
+Annoyed, but unable to reprove her, I wrapped the child in my shawl and
+carried her out into the moonlight, where Christine and Edward were
+strolling to and fro under the pines. "She will not go to bed,
+Christine, without kissing you," I explained.
+
+"Funny little monkey!" said my lily friend, passively allowing the
+embrace.
+
+"Me too," said Edward, bending down. Then I carried my bundle back
+satisfied.
+
+The next day Felipa and I in secret began our labors: hers consisted in
+worrying me out of my life and spoiling material--mine in keeping my
+temper and trying to sew. The result, however, was satisfactory, never
+mind how we got there. I led Christine out one afternoon: Edward
+followed. "Do you like tableaux?" I said. "There is one I have arranged
+for you."
+
+Felipa sat on the edge of the low, square-curbed Spanish well, and
+Drollo stood behind her, his great yellow body and solemn head serving
+as a background. She wore a brown petticoat barred with bright colors,
+and a little scarlet bodice fitting her slender waist closely; a
+chemisette of soft cream-color with loose sleeves covered her neck and
+arms, and set off the dark hues of her cheeks and eyes; and around her
+curly hair a red scarf was twisted, its fringed edges forming a drapery
+at the back of the head, which, more than anything else, seemed to bring
+out the latent character of her face. Brown moccasins, red stockings and
+a quantity of bright beads completed her costume.
+
+"By Jove!" cried Edward, "the little thing is almost pretty."
+
+Felipa understood this, and a great light came into her face: forgetting
+her pose, she bounded forward to Christine's side. "I am pretty, then?"
+she said with exultation: "I _am_ pretty, then, after all? For now you
+yourself have said it--have said it."
+
+"No, Felipa," I interposed, "the gentleman said it." For the child had a
+curious habit of confounding the two identities which puzzled me then as
+now. But this afternoon, this happy afternoon, she was content, for she
+was allowed to sit at Christine's feet and look up into her fair face
+unmolested. I was forgotten, as usual.
+
+"It is always so," I said to myself. But cynicism, as Mr. Aldrich says,
+is a small brass field-piece that eventually bursts and kills the
+artilleryman. I knew this, having been blown up myself more than once;
+so I went back to my painting and forgot the world. Our world down there
+on the edge of the salt marsh, however, was a small one: when two
+persons went out of it there was a vacuum at once.
+
+One morning Felipa came sadly to my side. "They have gone away,'" she
+said.
+
+"Yes, child."
+
+"Down to the beach to spend all the day."
+
+"Yes, I know it."
+
+"And without me!"
+
+This was the climax. I looked up. The child's eyes were dry, but there
+was a hollow look of disappointment in her face that made her seem old:
+it was as though for an instant you caught what her old-woman face would
+be half a century on.
+
+"Why did they not take me?" she said. "I am pretty now: she herself said
+it."
+
+"They cannot always take you, Felipa," I replied, giving up the point as
+to who had said it.
+
+"Why not? I am pretty now: she herself said it," persisted the child.
+"In these clothes, you know: she herself said it. The clothes of the son
+of Pedro you will never see more: they are burned."
+
+"Burned?"
+
+"Yes, burned," replied Felipa composedly. "I carried them out on the
+barren and burned them. Drollo singed his paw. They burned quite nicely.
+But they are gone, and I am pretty now, and yet they did not take me!
+What shall I do?"
+
+"Take these colors and make me a picture," I suggested. Generally, this
+was a prized privilege, but to-day it did not attract: she turned away,
+and a few moments after I saw her going down to the end of the plank
+walk, where she stood gazing wistfully toward the ocean. There she
+stayed all day, going into camp with Drollo, and refusing to come to
+dinner in spite of old Dominga's calls and beckonings. At last the
+patient old grandmother went down herself to the end of the long plank
+walk where they were with some bread and venison on a plate. Felipa ate
+but little, but Drollo, after waiting politely until she had finished,
+devoured everything that was left in his calmly hungry way, and then sat
+back on his haunches with one paw on the plate, as though for the sake
+of memory. Drollo's hunger was of the chronic kind: it seemed impossible
+either to assuage it or to fill him. There was a gaunt leanness about
+him which I am satisfied no amount of food could ever fatten. I think he
+knew it too, and that accounted for his resignation. At length, just
+before sunset, the boat returned, floating up the river with the tide,
+old Bartolo steering and managing the brown sails. Felipa sprang up
+joyfully: I thought she would spring into the boat in her eagerness.
+What did she receive for her long vigil? A short word or two: that was
+all. Christine and Edward had quarreled.
+
+How do lovers quarrel ordinarily? But I should not ask that, for these
+were no ordinary lovers: they were decidedly extraordinary.
+
+"You should not submit to her caprices so readily," I said the next day
+while strolling on the barren with Edward. (He was not so much cast
+down, however, as he might have been.)
+
+"I adore the very ground her foot touches, Kitty."
+
+"I know it. But how will it end?"
+
+"I will tell you: some of these days I shall win her, and then--she will
+adore me."
+
+Here Felipa came running after us, and Edward immediately challenged her
+to a race: a game of romps began. If Christine had been looking from her
+window, she might have thought he was not especially disconsolate over
+her absence; but she was not looking. She was never looking out of
+anything or for anybody. She was always serenely content where she was.
+Edward and Felipa strayed off among the pine trees, and gradually I lost
+sight of them. But as I sat sketching an hour afterward Edward came into
+view, carrying the child in his arms. I hurried to meet them.
+
+"I shall never forgive myself," he said: "the little thing has fallen
+and injured her foot badly, I fear."
+
+"I do not care at all," said Felipa: "I like to have it hurt. It is _my_
+foot, isn't it?"
+
+These remarks she threw at me defiantly, as though I had laid claim to
+the member in question. I could not help laughing.
+
+"The other lady will not laugh," said the child proudly. And in truth
+Christine, most unexpectedly, took up the role of nurse. She carried
+Felipa to her own room--for we each had a little cell opening out of the
+main apartment--and as white-robed Charity she shone with new radiance.
+"Shone" is the proper word, for through the open door of the dim cell,
+with the dark little face of Felipa on her shoulder, her white robe and
+skin seemed fairly to shine, as white lilies shine on a dark night. The
+old grandmother left the child in our care and watched our proceedings
+wistfully, very much as a dog watches the human hands that extract the
+thorn from the swollen foot of her puppy. She was grateful and asked no
+questions; in fact, thought was not one of her mental processes. She did
+not think much: she only felt. As for Felipa, the child lived in rapture
+during those days in spite of her suffering. She scarcely slept at
+all--she was too happy: I heard her voice rippling on through the night,
+and Christine's low replies. She adored her beautiful nurse.
+
+The fourth day came: Edward Bowne walked into the cell. "Go out and
+breathe the fresh air for an hour or two," he said in the tone more of a
+command than a request.
+
+"But the child will never consent," replied Christine sweetly.
+
+"Oh yes, she will: I will stay with her," said the young man, lifting
+the feverish little head on his arm and passing his hand softly over the
+bright eyes.
+
+"Felipa, do you not want me?" said Christine, bending down.
+
+"He stays: it is all the same," murmured the child.
+
+"So it is. Go, Christine," said Edward with a little smile of triumph.
+
+Without a word Christine left the cell. But she did not go to walk: she
+came to my room, and throwing herself on my bed fell in a moment into a
+deep sleep, the reaction after her three nights of wakefulness. When she
+awoke it was long after dark, and I had relieved Edward in his watch.
+
+"You will have to give it up," he said as our lily came forth at last
+with sleep-flushed cheeks and starry eyes shielded from the light. "The
+spell is broken: we have all been taking care of Felipa, and she likes
+one as well as the other."
+
+Which was not true, in my case at least, since Felipa had openly derided
+my small strength when I lifted her, and beat off the sponge with which
+I attempted to bathe her hot face. "They" used no sponges, she said,
+only their nice cool hands; and she wished "they" would come and take
+care of her again. But Christine had resigned in toto. If Felipa did not
+prefer her to all others, then Felipa could not have her: she was not a
+common nurse. And indeed she was not. Her fair beauty, ideal grace,
+cooing voice and the strength of her long arms and flexible hands were
+like magic to the sick, and--distraction to the well; the well in this
+case being Edward Bowne looking in at the door.
+
+"You love them very much, do you not, Felipa?" I said one day when the
+child was sitting up for the first time in a cushioned chair.
+
+"Ah, yes: it is so delicious when they carry me," she replied. But it
+was Edward who carried her.
+
+"He is very strong," I said.
+
+"Yes, and their long soft hair, with the smell of roses in it too," said
+Felipa dreamily. But the hair was Christine's.
+
+"I shall love them for ever, and they will love me for ever," continued
+the child. "Drollo too." She patted the dog's head as she spoke, and
+then concluded to kiss him on his little inch of forehead: next she
+offered him all her medicines and lotions in turn, and he smelled at
+them grimly. "He likes to know what I am taking," she explained.
+
+I went on: "You love them, Felipa, and they are fond of you. They will
+always remember you, no doubt."
+
+"Remember!" cried Felipa, starting up from her cushions like a
+Jack-in-the-box. "They are not going away? Never! never!"
+
+"But of course they must go some time, for--"
+
+But Felipa was gone. Before I could divine her intent she had flung
+herself out of her chair down on to the floor, and was crawling on her
+hands and knees toward the outer room. I ran after her, but she reached
+the door before me, and, dragging her bandaged foot behind her, drew
+herself, toward Christine. "You are _not_ going away! You are not! you
+are not!" she sobbed, clinging to her skirts.
+
+Christine was reading tranquilly: Edward stood at the outer door mending
+his fishing-tackle. The coolness between them remained unwarmed by so
+much as a breath. "Run away, child: you disturb me," said Christine,
+turning over a leaf. She did not even look at the pathetic little bundle
+at her feet. Pathetic little bundles must be taught some time what
+ingratitude deserves.
+
+"How can she run, lame as she is?" said Edward from the doorway.
+
+"You are not going away, are you? Tell me you are not," sobbed Felipa in
+a passion of tears, beating on the floor with one hand, and with the
+other clinging to Christine.
+
+"I am not going," said Edward. "Do not sob so, you poor little thing!"
+
+She crawled to him, and he took her up in his arms and soothed her into
+stillness again: then he carried her out on to the barren for a breath
+of fresh air.
+
+"It is a most extraordinary thing how that child confounds you two," I
+said. "It is a case of color-blindness, as it were--supposing you two
+were colors."
+
+"Which we are not," replied Christine carelessly. "Do not stray off into
+mysticism, Catherine."
+
+"It is not mysticism: it is a study of character--"
+
+"Where there is no character," replied my friend.
+
+I gave it up, but I said to myself, "Fate, in the next world make me
+one of those long, lithe, light-haired women, will you? I want to see
+how it feels."
+
+Felipa's foot was well again, and spring had come. Soon we must leave
+our lodge on the edge of the pine barren, our outlook over the salt
+marsh, our river sweeping up twice a day, bringing in the briny odors of
+the ocean: soon we should see no more the eagles far above us or hear
+the night-cry of the great owls, and we must go without the little fairy
+flowers of the barren, so small that a hundred of them scarcely made a
+tangible bouquet, yet what beauty! what sweetness! In my portfolio were
+sketches and studies of the barrens, and in my heart were hopes.
+Somebody says somewhere, "Hope is more than a blessing: it is a duty and
+a virtue." But I fail to appreciate preserved hope--hope put up in cans
+and served out in seasons of depression. I like it fresh from the tree.
+And so when I hope it _is_ hope, and not that well-dried, monotonous
+cheerfulness which makes one long to throw the persistent smilers out of
+the window. Felipa danced no more on the barrens; her illness had toned
+her excitable nature; she seemed content to sit at our feet while we
+talked, looking up dreamily into our faces, but no longer eagerly
+endeavoring to comprehend. We were there: that was enough.
+
+"She is growing like a reed," I said: "her illness has left her weak."
+
+"-Minded," suggested Christine, smiling.
+
+At this moment Felipa stroked the lady's white hand tenderly and laid
+her brown cheek against it.
+
+"Do you not feel reproached," I said.
+
+"Why? Must we give our love to whoever loves us? A fine parcel of
+paupers we should all be, wasting our inheritance in pitiful small
+change! Shall I give a thousand beggars a half hour's happiness, or
+shall I make one soul rich his whole life long?"
+
+"The latter," remarked Edward, who had come up unobserved.
+
+They gazed at each other unflinchingly. They had come to open battle
+during those last days, and I knew that the end was near. Their words
+had been cold as ice, cutting as steel, and I said to myself, "At any
+moment." There would be a deadly struggle, and then Christine would
+yield. Even I comprehended something of what that yielding would be.
+There are beautiful velvety panthers in the Asian forests, and in real
+life too, sometimes.
+
+"Why do they hate each other so?" Felipa said to me sadly.
+
+"Do they hate each other?"
+
+"Yes, for I feel it here," she answered, touching her breast with a
+dramatic little gesture.
+
+"Nonsense! Go and play with your doll, child." For I had made her a
+respectable, orderly doll to take the place of the ungainly fetich out
+on the barren.
+
+Felipa gave me a look and walked away. A moment afterward she brought
+the doll out of the house before my very eyes, and, going down to the
+end of the dock, deliberately threw it into the water: the tide was
+flowing out, and away went my toy-woman out of sight, out to sea.
+
+"Well!" I said to myself. "What next?"
+
+I had not told Felipa we were going: I thought it best to let it take
+her by surprise. I had various small articles of finery ready as
+farewell gifts which should act as sponges to absorb her tears. But Fate
+took the whole matter out of my hands. This is how it happened. One
+evening in the jessamine arbor, in the fragrant darkness of the warm
+spring night, the end came: Christine was won. She glided in like a
+wraith, and I, divining at once what had happened, followed her into her
+little room, where I found her lying on her bed, her hands clasped on
+her breast, her eyes open and veiled in soft shadows, her white robe
+drenched with dew. I kissed her fondly--I never could help loving her
+then or now--and next I went out to find Edward. He had been kind to me
+all my poor gray life: should I not go to him now? He was still in the
+arbor, and I sat down by his side quietly: I knew that the words would
+come in time. They came: what a flood! English was not enough for him.
+He poured forth his love in the rich-voweled Spanish tongue also: it
+has sounded doubly sweet to me ever since.
+
+    "Have you felt the wool of the beaver?
+    Or swan's down ever?
+    Or have smelt the bud o' the brier?
+    Or the nard in the fire?
+    Or ha' tasted the bag o' the bee?
+    Oh so white, oh so soft, oh so sweet is she!"
+
+said the young lover again and again; and I, listening there in the dark
+fragrant night, with the dew heavy upon me, felt glad that the old
+simple-hearted love was not entirely gone from our tired metallic world.
+
+It was late when we returned to the house. After reaching my room I
+found that I had left my cloak in the arbor. It was a strong fabric: the
+dew could not hurt it, but it could hurt my sketching materials and
+various trifles in the wide inside pockets--_objets de luxe_ to me,
+souvenirs of happy times, little artistic properties that I hang on the
+walls of my poor studio when in the city. I went softly out into the
+darkness again and sought the arbor: groping on the ground I found, not
+the cloak, but--Felipa! She was crouched under the foliage, face
+downward: she would not move or answer.
+
+"What is the matter, child?" I said, but she would not speak. I tried to
+draw her from her lair, but she tangled herself stubbornly still farther
+among the thorny vines, and I could not move her. I touched her neck: it
+was cold. Frightened, I ran back to the house for a candle.
+
+"Go away," she said in a low hoarse voice when I flashed the light over
+her. "I know all, and I am going to die. I have eaten the poison things
+in your box, and just now a snake came on my neck and I let him. He has
+bitten me, I suppose, and I am glad. Go away: I am going to die."
+
+I looked around: there was my color-case rifled and empty, and the other
+articles were scattered on the ground. "Good Heavens, child!" I cried,
+"what have you eaten?"
+
+"Enough," replied Felipa gloomily. "I knew they were poisons: you told
+me so. And I let the snake stay."
+
+By this time the household, aroused by my hurried exit with the candle,
+came toward the arbor. The moment Edward appeared Felipa rolled herself
+up like a hedgehog again and refused to speak. But the old grandmother
+knelt down and drew the little crouching figure into her arms with
+gentle tenderness, smoothing its hair and murmuring loving words in her
+soft dialect.
+
+"What is it?" said Edward; but even then his eyes were devouring
+Christine, who stood in the dark, vine-wreathed doorway like a picture
+in a frame. I explained.
+
+Christine smiled softly. "Jealousy," she said in a low voice. "I am not
+surprised." And of her own accord she gave back to Edward one of his
+looks.
+
+But at the first sound of her voice Felipa had started up: she too saw
+the look, and wrenching herself free from old Dominga's arms, she threw
+herself at Christine's feet. "Look at _me_ so," she cried--"me too: do
+not look at him. He has forgotten poor Felipa: he does not love her any
+more. But _you_ do not forget, senora: _you_ love me--_you_ love me. Say
+you do or I shall die!"
+
+We were all shocked by the pallor and the wild hungry look of her
+uplifted face. Edward bent down and tried to lift her in his arms, but
+when she saw him a sudden fierceness came into her eyes: they shot out
+yellow light and seemed to narrow to a point of flame. Before we knew it
+she had turned, seized something and plunged it into his encircling arm.
+It was my little Venetian dagger.
+
+We sprang forward; our dresses were spotted with the fast-flowing blood;
+but Edward did not relax his hold on the writhing wild little body he
+held until it lay exhausted in his arms. "I am glad I did it," said the
+child, looking up into his face with her inflexible eyes. "Put me
+down--put me down, I say, by the gracious senora, that I may die with
+the trailing of her white robe over me." And the old grandmother with
+trembling hands received her and laid her down mutely at Christine's
+feet.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Ah, well! Felipa did not die. The poisons wracked but did not kill her,
+and the snake must have spared the little thin brown neck so
+despairingly offered to him. We went away: there was nothing for us to
+do but to go away as quickly as possible and leave her to her kind. To
+the silent old grandfather I said, "It will pass: she is but a child."
+
+"She is nearly twelve, senora. Her mother was married at thirteen."
+
+"But she loved them both alike, Bartolo. It is nothing: she does not
+know."
+
+"You are right, lady: she does not know," replied the old man slowly;
+"but _I_ know. It was two loves, and the stronger thrust the knife."
+
+CONSTANCE FENIMORE WOOLSON.
+
+
+
+
+AT CHICKAMAUGA.
+
+
+It was the cream of army life in Southern Tennessee that we left to go
+to Chickamauga. Our brigade had been detached, and lay for some days at
+the foot of Waldron's Ridge, which runs parallel to the broad Tennessee
+River, and a few miles north of Chattanooga, then the objective point of
+the campaign of the Army of the Cumberland under Rosecrans. Of course we
+knew that when the movements in progress in the country below were
+sufficiently advanced there would probably be lively work in effecting a
+passage of the river in the face of the formidable force which was
+guarding the ford two or three miles in our front. In fact, for some
+days we had been preparing for the effort, and up in a sluggish bayou
+the best of our mechanics were industriously at work fashioning a rude
+scow out of such material as axes could get from the native forests. In
+this craft, if it could be made to float, a select party was to cross
+the river some foggy morning, while the enemy were intently watching the
+ford below, and then, while the chosen few were being gloriously shot on
+the other side, the rest of us were to attempt the waist-deep, crooked
+ford.
+
+For the time we were, however, as has been said, enjoying the cream of
+army life. The nights were chilly, though the days were hot and the clay
+roads dusty. The mornings were glorious with their bracing fresh air,
+their blue mists clinging about far-off Lookout Mountain, and even
+hiding the top of Waldron's Ridge at our backs, and their bright
+sunshine, which came flooding over the distant heights of Georgia and
+North Carolina. The wagon-tracks winding among the low, mound-like hills
+which filled the valley from the base of the ridge to the river were as
+smooth and gravelly as a well-kept private roadway, and an
+ambulance-ride along their tortuous courses was a most enjoyable
+recreation in those fine September days of 1863. A gallop twenty miles
+up the valley to where Minty kept watch and ward upon our flank with his
+trusty horsemen; a dinner at that hospitable mess-table, furnished maybe
+with a pig which had strayed from its home not wholly through natural
+perversity; and then a lively ride back in the early evening,--this,
+indeed, was pleasure.
+
+The charm of campaigning is its rapidly-succeeding surprises. The
+general of the army may be proceeding regularly in the path he marked
+out months before. The corps commanders, and even the chiefs of
+division, may sometimes be able to foresee the movements from day to
+day. But to their subordinates everything is a surprise: they lie down
+at night in delightful uncertainty as to where the next sunset will find
+them, and they sit down to a breakfast of hard bread and bacon, relieved
+by a little foraging from the country, not sure that their coffee will
+cool before the bugle sounds a signal to pack and be off, to Heaven
+knows where. We found this charm of surprise, as we had hundreds of
+times before in other places, at our camp in the valley of the
+Tennessee. The alternating quick and droning notes of "the general" made
+us spring up from the mess-table one morning, and in a moment the lazy
+encampment was all hurry and bustle. An aide leaped upon his horse at
+head-quarters and dashed off on the road to the river, and we saw that
+the servants of General Hazen, our brigade commander, were stripping his
+baggage of the small impedimenta which accumulate so rapidly even in a
+few days of rest, but are abandoned when the army starts on an active
+campaign. It was not to be a mere change of camp, evidently, but a final
+adieu to the locality and a dash over the Tennessee--if we could make
+it.
+
+While some of us were yet sipping our hot coffee, saved out of the
+general wreck in packing up, the bugles called "the assembly," and in
+ten minutes the brigade was stretching out at a lively rate on the road
+the aide had taken. At the river was the detail of mechanics who had
+been at work on the scow in the bayou. Their task had been suddenly
+abandoned. It was useless: the enemy had left the opposite bank and
+fallen back from Chattanooga. The crossing was made, and the brigade
+struck out into the country toward Ringgold and the Georgia line. We
+belonged to Palmer's division of Crittenden's corps, but we had no idea
+where our comrades were. Passing over the uninviting country, and by the
+cornfields wasted by Bragg's men that we might not gather the grain, the
+brigade fell in with the rest of its division near a lonely grist-mill
+at a junction of cross-roads, where a battalion of Southern cavalry had
+just galloped in upon an infantry regiment lying under its stacked arms
+by the wayside. So the enemy was not entirely out of the country, it
+appeared. Still, we saw nothing of him, save in a trifling skirmish the
+next day on the road from Ringgold to Gordon's Mills. Near this place,
+however, we fell in with General Thomas J. Wood, who had had a little
+encounter which convinced him that Bragg's infantry was in force near
+by. The gallant old soldier was in something of a passion because the
+theories of his superiors did not coincide with his demonstrations, and
+of course the demonstrations had to give way in that case.
+
+Passing Gordon's Mills, our division stretched away on the road toward
+La Fayette, and after a day's march bivouacked in a wilderness of wood
+and on a sluggish stream different enough from the sparkling waters
+which came down by the old camp below Waldron's Ridge. McCook's corps,
+they said, having crossed the Tennessee below Chattanooga and advanced
+southward on the western side of the Lookout range, was to come through
+a gap opposite our present position and join us. Then the army, being
+together once more, and having gained Chattanooga by McCook's flank
+movement, would return to that point. To get Chattanooga was the object
+of the campaign, and the movements since we crossed the river were
+simply to assure the safe reunion of the several corps.
+
+The idle days wore on until the afternoon of the 18th of September. Then
+"the general" was suddenly sounded from brigade head-quarters, the
+regimental buglers took up the signal, and in twenty minutes we were on
+the road and moving back toward Gordon's Mills and Chattanooga. No
+leisurely march this time, however, but a race which tasked even the
+legs of the veterans. Two hours of this brought the command to the crest
+of a ridge from which, away to the right, a wide expanse of country lay
+in view. There was a broad valley running parallel to the road we were
+traveling and covered by a dense growth of low oaks, which effectually
+hid roads, streams, and even the few lonely habitations of the people.
+But, looking from our eminence over the unbroken expanse of tree-tops,
+we could see a light yellow snake-like line stretching down the valley.
+It was dust from the road on which Bragg's army was hurrying toward the
+Rossville Pass, through which was the way to Chattanooga and all our
+communications and supplies. The line of dust extended miles down the
+valley, far in advance of the point we had reached. The rest of our army
+might be ahead of us and ahead of Bragg, or it might be on our left, or
+even behind us, for aught we knew, but it was plain enough why we were
+making such haste back toward Chattanooga.
+
+The afternoon passed: darkness came, and still the march continued. Late
+in the evening we came upon a group of tents by the roadside--Rosecrans's
+head-quarters, with Rosecrans himself, and not in the best of humors, as
+some of us discovered on riding up to see friends on his staff. In his
+petulance and excitability the commanding general forgot to be gentlemanly,
+some of them said; and they left him not at all relieved of any doubts they
+had concerning our sudden and forced march.
+
+It was long after midnight when we reached Gordon's Mills. Here the road
+was full of ambulances, wagons, artillery and infantry, while in the
+thickets on the left were heard the confused noises of the bivouac.
+There were no fires, which showed that we were supposed to be in the
+immediate presence of the enemy, and that our commander did not want his
+position revealed by camp-fires. At some distance past the mills
+Palmer's division was halted in the road, and the troops were massed by
+regiments, and moved some yards into the thicket to pass the few hours
+before daylight.
+
+In the morning it was said that Bragg had indeed beaten in the race the
+day before, and had halted at night, if he halted at all, much nearer to
+the Rossville Pass than we were. The Chickamauga River was supposed to
+be between the two armies, but it is a stream which is easily fordable
+in many places, and a mile or two below where we lay was a bridge over
+which Bragg could cross rapidly with his artillery and trains, and then
+strike our road to Rossville ahead of us. A division moved out early in
+the day and went off toward this bridge. Soon after there was lively
+musketry and some cannonading in that direction. Word came back that the
+enemy had crossed the river in force too heavy to be successfully
+encountered by our reconnoitering division. Another division followed in
+the path of the first, and there was more firing. Finally, General
+Palmer moved his division out upon the road, and along it for some
+distance toward Rossville, approaching the firing down by the bridge.
+Halting near the Widow Glenn's cottage, about which were a little cloud
+of cavalry and many officers, we saw that Rosecrans was there, directing
+the movements in person. Palmer got his orders quickly. He was to move
+down the road toward Rossville to an indicated point, then form his
+division _en echelon_ by brigade from the left, and move off the road to
+the right and attack. When he struck the enemy's left flank he was to
+envelop and crush it. The formation _en echelon_ was to facilitate this
+enveloping and crushing.
+
+Moving off the road as ordered, the division passed through several
+hundred yards of forest, and came upon a wide open field of lower
+ground, through the centre of which ran, parallel to our front, a narrow
+belt of timber. The skirmishers passed through this belt and a few yards
+beyond, and were then driven back by an overpowering fire from the
+enemy's skirmishers. Our main line came up to the timber and passed
+through it to the farther side; and then the edge of the forest beyond,
+in front, on the right and on the left, was suddenly fringed with a line
+of flashing fire, above which rose a thin white smoke. The tremendous
+crash of musketry was measured by the deep thunder of artillery farther
+back, and soon columns of dense white smoke rising above the tree-tops
+indicated the positions of several swift-working batteries. A storm of
+bullets whizzed through the ranks of the attacking echelons, while
+shrieking shells filled the air with a horrid din, and, bursting
+overhead, sent their ragged fragments hurtling down in every direction.
+In an instant a hundred gaps were opened in the firm ranks as the men
+sank to the ground beneath the smiting lead and iron. In an instant the
+gaps were closed, and in another a hundred more were opened. Every yard
+of the advance was costing the assailants a full company of men--every
+rod at least half a regiment. They wavered, halted and fell back to the
+shelter of the narrow belt of timber. The attack had failed, the flank
+of the enemy had not been struck.
+
+But the other divisions of the army? Sent in as ours had been, some one
+of them must surely strike the opposing flank, unless Bragg's whole army
+had crossed the river and was in position before Rosecrans moved.
+Palmer's division held its place, fired its sixty rounds of cartridges
+into the wood where the unseen foe was, and waited for the attack of the
+succeeding division which should strike Bragg's flank. But we waited in
+vain. When Rosecrans's last division was forming its echelons it was
+itself enveloped on its outer flank by the active foe. Rosecrans's line,
+as he formed it a division at a time, had been constantly outflanked.
+
+The battle was a failure thus far. We could all see that, and some of us
+saw how nearly it became an irretrievable disaster. Hazen's brigade had
+been withdrawn to replenish its ammunition after the attack, and was
+lying along the Rossville road. The men were filling their
+cartridge-boxes, and the captains were counting their diminished ranks
+and noting who were dead and who but wounded. Out at the front the fight
+still went on, but in a desultory way. Suddenly there was an ominous
+sound in front of Van Cleve's division, which was in the main line next
+on the right of Palmer.
+
+Hazen leaped upon his horse. "Now Van Cleve is in for it!" he exclaimed.
+"They're coming for him!"
+
+Quickly getting the men under arms, Hazen moved his brigade behind Van
+Cleve to act as a support, and awaited the coming attack. It came like a
+whirlwind, and Van Cleve's lines were scattered like fallen leaves. On
+came the triumphant enemy in heavy masses, while Van Cleve's disordered
+horde swept back with it Hazen's supporting regiments. All but one.
+Colonel Aquila Wiley of the Forty-first Ohio Infantry, seeing the coming
+avalanche of fugitives, broke his line to the rear by companies and
+allowed the flying mass to pass through the intervals. Then instantly
+reforming his line, Wiley delivered a volley by battalion upon the
+advancing foe. The latter, his ranks loose, as usual in a headlong
+pursuit, was staggered and stopped in Wiley's front, but pressed forward
+on his right, and had got well to his rear in that direction before the
+guns of the Forty-first were reloaded. At a double-quick step Wiley
+changed front to the rear on his left company, and sent another volley
+among the swarming enemy on his right. Twice he repeated this manoeuvre,
+and, gaining ground to the rear with each change of front, kept back the
+enemy from front and flank until he could take his place in good order
+upon a new line on a ridge to the rear.
+
+Meantime, Hazen was not idle. Seeing the inevitable result when Van
+Cleve's lines wavered, he dashed down the road to some unemployed
+batteries. These he got quickly into position to enfilade the enemy as
+he passed over Van Cleve's abandoned ground, and while Wiley with his
+Forty-first was striking in front and flank to clear himself of the
+surrounding foes, Hazen's batteries were pouring shells at short range
+into the well-ordered supporting troops which the enemy was hurrying
+forward to improve the success he had gained. Bragg had actually crossed
+the Rossville road and cut the Army of the Cumberland in two, with
+nothing in the gap but one regiment of three hundred men. But the
+enfilading artillery smote asunder the solid ranks which were to follow
+up the victory and left their advantage a barren triumph. Night fell and
+ended there the first day's battle.
+
+The blessed night! better for the Army of the Cumberland then than
+thirty thousand fresh men. Under its sheltering mantle a thousand
+necessary things were done. We knew well enough that the struggle must
+be renewed in the morning, but we hoped that it would not be taken up on
+our side under such disadvantages as had been against us in the day just
+closed. So when, some time after dark, an order came to move down the
+road to the left, it was gladly obeyed. We were going into position, it
+was evident, though where and how none of us could tell in the darkness.
+The road and the woods on each side of it were full of troops,
+ambulances, ammunition and head-quarter wagons, artillery, and, lastly,
+stragglers hunting for their regiments. Now and then a wounded man,
+whose hurt did not prevent his walking, came along inquiring for the
+hospitals. There were not many of these, however, for the hospital
+service was pretty efficient, and the surgeons were located near the
+ground where the fighting had been.
+
+Winding about through such surroundings for what seemed a long time, so
+slow was the movement and so frequent the halts to allow the
+staff-officer who was directing the march to verify the route, Palmer's
+division at length stacked arms on a slightly rising ground not many
+hundred yards in front of the Rossville road. There were troops to the
+left of us, and soon after we halted troops came up on our right. We
+knew by this that we were in the main line of battle as it was being
+formed for the next day's fight. There were sounds occasionally from the
+forest in front which told us that the enemy also was making his
+preparations for the morning, and there was moving of troops, wagons,
+artillery, stragglers and mounted officers in rear of us almost all
+night. Even our troops in line, tired as they were, were not quite
+still. The men lay upon the ground and talked of the events of the day.
+Company commanders were inquiring the fate of their missing men, and
+some of them were even counting up the guns lost by killed and wounded
+men, and wondering how they could account for them on their next
+ordnance returns. Waking and sleeping by turns, officers and men passed
+the chilly night as best they could until it was near the time when the
+first gray streaks of dawn should come. Then those who were sleeping
+were quietly aroused; the ranks were noiselessly formed; the stacks of
+arms were broken; the first sergeants passed along the fronts of their
+companies to verify the attendance; and then the men were allowed to
+sit down, guns in hand, to await the daybreak and be in instant
+readiness for an attack if the enemy should attempt an early surprise.
+
+Daylight came, however, on the memorable 20th of September, and no
+attack had been made. The first thought, naturally, after apprehension
+of an early attack had gone, was to appease hunger and thirst. But there
+was little in the haversacks, and nothing in the canteens. Details of
+men were sent for water, and never returned. The enemy had possession of
+the springs we had used the day before, and our details walked
+unconsciously into his hands. There was not a drop of water on the whole
+field, and men and officers resigned themselves to the torments of
+thirst, a thousand times worse than the gnawings of hunger. But with
+daylight we could at least get some idea of our position. In front was a
+dense forest, in which nothing was to be seen except our own skirmishers
+a few yards in advance. Just behind us was an oblong open field, three
+hundred yards wide and thrice as long. On the other side of this field
+ran the Rossville road. Beyond our division, to the left, was Johnson's,
+and then Baird's division, the latter forming the extreme left of the
+army, and extending off into the woods beyond the lower end of the open
+field. To our right--though this we could not see, the line being in a
+dense forest--was the division of Reynolds; beyond him was Brannan, and
+then came Wood; and so on to the right of the army, in what further
+order we did not know. It was evident that the line had been hastily
+formed: the divisions had been placed just as they were picked up in the
+confusion of the night. No corps was together in the line, but it was
+made up of a division from one corps, then a division from another, and
+then one from a third corps, and so on. Thus it happened that the four
+divisions on the left of the line had with them no corps commander.
+
+In the idle hour after daylight our brigade commander directed the
+construction of a barricade of rails and logs, a little more than
+knee-high, along the front of his command. Some of the troops on the
+left and the right followed the example. The supposition was that the
+game would be changed this day, and that we should stand for attack as
+the enemy had done the day before. There was no little satisfaction in
+thinking that Bragg's men would have a chance to walk up to a fire at
+least as murderous as we had faced when attacking them. If the
+haversacks were empty and the canteens had gone for water never to
+return, the cartridge-boxes were full, and each man had about him an
+extra package or two of cartridges.
+
+The morning wore slowly away, and on our part of the line everything was
+remarkably quiet. There was some skirmishing toward the right between
+eight and nine o'clock, but evidently nothing serious. The barricade was
+finished, and there was nothing to do but to lie behind it and wish for
+water as the day grew warmer and thirst became more intense.--But what
+is that?
+
+There was a sharp rattle of Springfield rifles from Baird's skirmishers,
+a third of a mile to our left and hidden from sight by the woods. In a
+moment came a crash of musketry which brought every man to his feet.
+Baird's skirmishers had been driven in, and his main line had hurled its
+thousands of bullets as the attacking enemy came into view. Instantly
+the answering fire was given, and then followed the continuous rattling
+roar of a fierce general engagement. Wounded men began to come out of
+the wood where Baird was as they made their way alone toward the
+hospitals or were carried off by the hospital corps. Suddenly, a hundred
+men with arms in their hands emerged from the woods into the open field
+behind Baird, straggling and without order. These were not wounded men.
+No: it was too plain that Baird's division was giving way. A moment
+more, and the lower end of the open field was filled with a dense mass
+of men as Baird's disordered lines poured forth out of the woods, which
+were swarming with the exultant enemy. Through and behind the retreating
+mass the mounted officers rode furiously, their swinging sabres
+flashing in the sun as they alternately commanded and exhorted their men
+to rally and breast the storm of lead which the enemy was hurling upon
+them. Then Johnson, whose division was next to Baird's, wheeled a
+regiment or two backward and opened fire on the enemy engaged with
+Baird. The troops of the latter were not running, but falling back,
+firing as they went. Suddenly, one of their colonels seized his
+regimental standard from the color-bearer and faced his horse toward the
+enemy, holding the flag high above his head. The men began to rally
+around this flag, and in a moment an imperfect line had been formed. The
+enemy's success was at an end. A moment more, and with a wild cheer
+Baird's men dashed forward and drove the enemy from their front.
+
+Meanwhile, we were not idle spectators of all this. At the moment when
+Baird's men had been forced into the open field, and it seemed
+impossible to re-form them under the fire they were receiving, the
+skirmishers in front of Johnson's and Palmer's divisions broke out into
+a lively fire and came in at a run. Close behind them were the
+rapidly-advancing skirmishers of the enemy. As these came in sight of
+our position they took shelter behind trees and waited for their main
+force to come up. Soon the woods behind them were filled with the long,
+sweeping lines of Bragg's infantry, moving swiftly and steadily up to
+the attack. They reached their skirmishers, and as the latter fell in
+with the main body the whole broke into the peculiar shrill and fitful
+yell of the Southern soldiery, and rushed impetuously upon our line.
+From behind its barricade Hazen's brigade gave the yelling assailants
+two volleys, by front and rear rank, and then, as the enemy staggered
+under the regular blows, the command "Load and fire at will!" rang along
+the line. Out burst a swift storm of lead, before which the wasting
+ranks of the assailants first wavered, and then stopped to open a rapid
+but wild and diminishing fire against the barricade. For a moment or two
+their colors waved defiantly at their front as their officers rode
+among them in the vain endeavor to hold them to the hopeless effort; and
+then they turned and vanished into the deep recesses of the forest
+whence they came. Not as they came, however, but as a flying multitude
+of panic-stricken men, insensible to authority, conscious only of their
+defeat and their peril.
+
+Ah! but this was quite different from yesterday's work, thought the men
+of Hazen's brigade. It is one thing to march up to an enemy waiting to
+receive you on his chosen ground, and another to lie quietly in position
+and let your enemy feel his way up until he is within fair range. This
+was the thought after the successful defence: before the fight it is a
+question whether it does not require greater steadiness of nerve to wait
+inactive for an attack than to rush forward in an onslaught. Officers
+and men in Palmer's division were in excellent spirits. They saw that
+their comrades on the right and the left had met with equally good
+fortune. Johnson's division on one side and Reynolds's on the other
+remained as steady as rocks.
+
+It was nearly eleven o'clock, and all had prospered with us thus far.
+The enemy was getting his share of bloody repulses, of which we had had
+more than enough the day before. The attacks upon our line had begun
+upon the left, and were traveling toward our right. The two armies were
+thus brought together gradually, something after the manner of
+scissor-blades when they are slowly closed. The four divisions on the
+left had already successfully withstood the shock, which it was to be
+supposed the enemy had made as heavy as possible at that point, since
+the left was the vital point of the whole line. Success there would give
+him the line of retreat to Chattanooga, with Rosecrans's entire army
+shut out. Besides, we knew that the line was stronger toward the right,
+where at least two divisions were in reserve. No one apprehended
+disaster, therefore, when a long and rapid roll of musketry far to the
+right told that the enemy was attacking there. "Brannan and Wood are
+attending to 'em now!" said General Palmer, standing in a group of
+officers in rear of Hazen's brigade. The talk went on as before--about
+the successful defences of the morning, the barricade, Baird's splendid
+recovery, etc. But soon everybody was listening anxiously to the sounds
+of the battle on the right. The roar of musketry had worked round until
+it was behind our right shoulders as we stood facing to our front. There
+could be no doubt about it: the line had given way somewhere on the
+right, and the enemy was following up. It was not long before stray
+bullets were singing behind and among us, flying in a direction parallel
+to our line. Then, all in a moment, a battery far to the right and rear
+opened a rapid fire, and some of its shells came shrieking into the rear
+of Palmer's and Johnson's divisions. Meanwhile, the crash and roar of
+battle came nearer and nearer, until the attack struck Reynolds on the
+flank and in rear. But he had been forewarned, and his line was swung
+backward, at right angles with his original position, to face the attack
+from the new direction. Even then he was forced backward until his men
+were stretched across the open field in rear of Palmer's division, and
+the battle was going on directly behind us. Something--a shell
+perhaps--set fire to a log house at the upper end of this field, not
+three hundred yards from our brigade. This house had been taken for a
+hospital the night before. It was filled with wounded men, too badly
+hurt to be taken farther away in the ambulances, and the regular
+hospital flag floated above it. This unfortunate house, with its maimed
+occupants, was brought between Reynolds's men and the attacking enemy
+when the former were driven into the open field; and, despite the
+non-combatant flag flying from the gable, it was riddled with shells
+from the Southern batteries. I do not charge upon those gunners a
+knowledge of the facts here given: their batteries were some distance
+away through the forest. However, whether they saw the house and the
+flag or not, their fire swept mercilessly through the house, while many
+a stout-hearted soldier, knowing what was there, wished that if he were
+to be hit at all, he might be struck dead at once, and so avoid such
+sickening horrors.
+
+For the second time on that memorable day it looked for a few moments as
+if Palmer would have to face his men about and fight to the rear.
+Preparations to do this were made on the right of the division, but,
+fortunately, the appalling disaster which seemed imminent in the
+complete encompassing of the four divisions of the left was averted. The
+enemy yielded at last to the stubborn resistance, and Reynolds
+re-established his line--not upon the old ground entirely, but to
+conform to the altered situation. He was now the right of the army upon
+the original field, and four divisions comprised all that was left of
+the Army of the Cumberland in the position of the morning.
+
+The divisions of the centre and the right--where were they? Brannan, and
+Wood, and Negley, and Davis, and Van Cleve, and gallant Sheridan, who
+held stubbornly his division even amid the panic at Stone River--where
+were they? And Rosecrans, commander of the army; Thomas, the hero in
+every fight; rash McCook and unfortunate Crittenden, chiefs of corps?
+Gone with the centre and the right of the army; gone with the reserves
+and the artillery; gone with the ammunition-trains; gone with everything
+that belonged to the Army of the Cumberland except four divisions of
+unconquered soldiers with half-filled cartridge-boxes and with hearts
+that knew no fear.
+
+All gone? No! In the hush which came after Reynolds's desperate defence,
+and while hearts were yet beating fast from watching the doubtful fight,
+there arose far off to the right and rear a roar of musketry, telling
+that somewhere in the distance the flags of the Army of the Cumberland
+still waved before the foe, as they did with us. Long afterward we knew
+that this was Thomas--he who would not leave the field amid the wreck
+which surrounded him--Thomas, with his fragments, posted on a commanding
+ridge and bravely beating off the thickening foes about him.
+
+The story of the disaster is an old one. It is hardly necessary to tell
+how Wood, in the main line on the right of Brannan, received an order
+from Rosecrans to support Reynolds, the second division in line to the
+left of Wood; how the gallant soldier hesitated to obey an order from
+which such disaster might come; how McCook, chief of corps, told Wood
+the order was imperative, and promised to put a reserve division into
+the line to take his place; how Wood withdrew from the line, as ordered,
+at the fatal moment when the enemy was preparing to attack; how the
+furious foe pressed through the gap, cut the army in two, struck the
+lines to right and left in flank and rear, swept the centre, the right
+wing and the reserves off the field, and doubled up and crushed the left
+wing as far as Reynolds's division, whose fortune has been told. All
+this is familiar enough now, but those who remained on the field in the
+four divisions of the left knew nothing of it then. They only knew that
+the line was broken beyond Reynolds, and that, although somewhere in the
+distance was a force which had not yet fled nor surrendered, they were
+left to bear alone the battle against Bragg's victorious army. The odds
+were five or six to one--perhaps more, maybe less. It did not matter to
+be precise: Bragg had men enough to put a double line of troops entirely
+around the four divisions. That was enough.
+
+It was after midday when the disaster was complete and the divisions of
+Baird, Johnson, Palmer and Reynolds were able to understand the
+situation. I need not recount in detail the repeated attempts of the
+enemy to crush the line of the four divisions at one point and another.
+If the reader can recall the description of the first attack on Palmer's
+division, he will have a very fair example of the work which busied us
+at intervals during those long hours. The enemy was, of course, not
+unaware of his great success in dividing the army and driving off the
+greater part of it; nor was he lacking in efforts to improve the
+advantage by destroying the divisions which yet confronted him. Every
+attack, however, resulted in failure, and the assailants retired each
+time with heavy losses. At length it was evident to us that it had
+become difficult to bring even Longstreet's boasted troops up to attacks
+which met such sure and bloody repulses. There were but four divisions
+against an army, but the four would not be taken or driven.
+
+With hands and faces blackened by the smoke and dust of battle those men
+stood devotedly to their posts, their ranks thinned by every assault,
+but their aim as fatal as ever. But one dread possessed them: ammunition
+ran short, and there were no supplies. In the intervals between the
+enemy's assaults the cartridge-boxes of dead comrades along the line and
+in the open field, where were the fierce struggles of the morning, were
+emptied of their contents to replenish the failing stock of the
+survivors. More precious than food and water, though they were sorely
+needed, were these inheritances from the dead.
+
+The long afternoon wore slowly away. Night could not come too soon, but
+it seemed that never before was it so tardy. Officers and men were
+tortured by thirst. Their tongues were swollen and their lips black and
+distended, often to bursting. Speech became difficult or absolutely
+impossible. Officers mumbled their commands, and prayed silently for
+darkness to save them from enforced surrender or flight when the last
+cartridge should be spent.
+
+Meantime, the relentless but cautious foe was carefully feeling his way
+around the flanks, apparently unwilling to venture boldly into the rear
+of the little army which he could not move by attack in front. A group
+of officers stood by their horses in rear of Hazen's brigade when the
+crack of an Enfield rifle was heard from the woods in rear across the
+open field. A bullet came whizzing into the group and killed a colonel's
+horse. Other shots followed from the same direction. The woods behind us
+were evidently occupied by the enemy's skirmishers. A captain
+volunteered to take his company and clear the woods, but ammunition was
+too scarce to waste on sharpshooters.
+
+Word came at last, in some way, that Thomas, whose firing we heard far
+to the right and rear, was sorely pressed. A consultation was held by
+the four division generals. They needed a commander, but who should it
+be? Who would take command of that beleaguered force and undertake to
+extricate it from its surrounding peril or deliver it over to Thomas?
+Would Palmer? No. Would Reynolds? No. The stern duty of fighting their
+divisions until they could fight no longer, and doing then whatever
+desperate thing might be possible--that they would not fail in; but that
+responsibility was as great as they cared to assume. Up came Hazen then.
+"I'll take my brigade across that interval," said he, "and find Thomas
+if he's there." Palmer objected: it would make a gap in his line; it
+would expose one of his brigades to a thousand chances of
+destruction--for who could tell what forces of the enemy were in that
+interval or watching it?--and finally, it would take away the brigade
+which had most ammunition, for Hazen had husbanded his store. But
+something must be done. If the four divisions could hold out until
+night, somebody must command them and take them out if it could be done.
+Thomas was the proper commander, and he was needed. It was agreed that
+Hazen should make the attempt.
+
+The brigade was withdrawn from the line which it had faithfully held all
+day, and some disposition made to fill the gap. Hazen formed his
+regiments in close masses, faced them to the right and rear, covered his
+front with a trusty battalion as skirmishers, waved an adieu to the
+comrades left behind, and plunged into the unknown forest in the
+direction of Thomas's firing. On and on went the brigade and came nearer
+and nearer to the ridge which Thomas held. Suddenly, the skirmishers
+strike obliquely an opposing line. They brush it away in an instant, but
+the warning is not lost. Keep more to the rear: no fighting now, though
+you should whip three to one. The fate of the four divisions rests upon
+that. With quick and steady tread the regiments move on. They clear the
+wood at last, climb the end of a ridge through a field of standing
+corn, and burst into an open field at the summit amid the wild cheers of
+Thomas's exhausted men, while Thomas himself, beloved of all the army,
+rides down to take Hazen by the hand. And not a moment too soon.
+
+Almost at the very instant Thomas's skirmishers along the front of the
+ridge broke out into a rattling fire, and were seen falling back. The
+enemy was about to make his final effort, and it was to be against the
+flank where now lay Hazen's brigade. Quickly deploying his regiments,
+Hazen placed them in four lines, closed one upon another, and the men
+lay flat upon their faces. The yell of the enemy was heard in the wood
+below, and in a moment the declivity in front was covered with the heavy
+lines of the assailants. Then the first of Hazen's regiments was brought
+to its feet and poured its volley straight into the faces of the
+oncoming foe. The next regiment, and the next, and then the last,
+followed in quick succession. The echoes of the last volley had hardly
+died away before the enemy, who came on so confident and so strong, had
+disappeared, crushed and broken, into the forest, leaving the hillside
+strewn with his dead and wounded.
+
+So ended the fighting. Night came down and shrouded the fierce
+combatants from each other's sight.
+
+The dusky ranks take up the unfamiliar march with faces from the foe.
+Their drums are silent, and their bugles voice-less as the spirit-horns
+which marshal their heroic dead upon the farther shore. The shadowy
+ranks pass on into the night. Bearing their close-furled banners and
+their empty guns, they pass on into the sad and silent night of
+Chickamauga to await the glorious sun of Mission Ridge.
+
+ROBERT LEWIS KIMBERLY.
+
+
+    NOTE.--The writer is aware that this narrative of the battle of
+    Chickamauga differs so materially from the commonly-received
+    impressions of that event that it ought to be supported by more
+    than his own authority. The reader will observe that the main
+    narrative is made up of the experiences of one command, that to
+    which the writer belonged, and of which he can therefore speak
+    as of things which he saw. For the statements of the general
+    battle reference is made to official reports, as follows: (1) In
+    regard to the first day's battle, see report of General W.S.
+    Rosecrans, which may be found in vol. vii. of Putnam's
+    _Rebellion Record_, p. 222 and following pages. (2) In regard to
+    the complete isolation of the four divisions of the left during
+    the second day, and the final opening of communication with
+    General Thomas, see General W.B. Hazen's official report on p.
+    238 of the volume above quoted.
+
+    The writer also quotes, by permission, from letters from
+    Generals Hazen and Thomas J. Wood, addressed to him within the
+    present year. General Hazen says: "Do not forget about the
+    length of time Thomas was cut off from us--how we could hear
+    nothing from him; how neither Reynolds nor Palmer would assume
+    command," etc. General Wood says, in reference to the great
+    disaster on the second day: "About 11 A.M. I received the
+    following order from General Rosecrans: 'The commanding general
+    directs that you close up on Reynolds as fast as possible, and
+    support him.' As there was an entire division (Brannan's)
+    between my division and Reynolds, I could only close upon the
+    latter and support him by withdrawing my division from line and
+    passing in rear of Brannan to the rear of Reynolds. This I did.
+    Of course I knew it was an order involving perhaps the most
+    momentous consequences, but General McCook concurred with me
+    that it was so emphatic and positive as to demand instant
+    obedience. I write you stubborn facts, and you can use them as
+    such."
+
+    General Wood has been so severely criticised for his obedience
+    to this fatal order that perhaps I should add this further
+    explanation, contained in the letter from which I have quoted
+    above: "After the battle was over, and it was apparent that
+    Rosecrans's ill-considered order had led to a disaster, he
+    offered as an explanation of it the statement that some
+    staff-officer had reported to him that Brannan was out of line,
+    and that he intended I should close to the left on Reynolds, and
+    that I overlooked this direction to close to the left on
+    Reynolds. Certainly, I overlooked it, or rather I did not see
+    it, for it was not there to be seen. On the contrary, I was
+    ordered to close up on Reynolds, and for a purpose--viz., to
+    support him. I remark also that it was impossible for any man,
+    on reading Rosecrans's order to me, to even remotely conjecture
+    that it was based on the supposition that Brannan was out of
+    line. He had previously ordered me to rest my left on Brannan's
+    right, and I had reported to him that I had done so. Colonel
+    Starling (of Crittenden's staff) testified before the
+    McCook-Crittenden court of inquiry that he was with Rosecrans at
+    the time the latter directed the order to be sent to me, and
+    told him that Brannan was not out of line."
+
+
+
+
+THE ATONEMENT OF LEAM DUNDAS.
+
+BY MRS. E. LYNN LINTON, AUTHOR OF "PATRICIA KEMBALL."
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVII.
+
+UNWORTHY.
+
+The storm had passed with the night, and the day was bright and
+joyful--almost hard in its brightness and cruel in its joy; for while
+the sun was shining overhead and the air was musical with the hum of
+insects and the song of birds, the flowers were broken, the tender
+plants destroyed, the uncut corn was laid as if a troop of horse had
+trampled down the crops, and the woods, like the gardens and the fields,
+were wrecked and spoiled. But of all the mourners sighing between earth
+and sky, Nature is the one that never repents, and the sun shines out
+over the saddest ruin as it shines out over the richest growth, as
+careless of the one as of the other.
+
+Edgar came down from the Hill in the sunshine, handsome, strong, jocund
+as the day. As he rode through the famous double avenue of chestnuts he
+thought, What a glorious day! how clear and full of life after the
+storm! but he noted the wreckage too, and was concerned to see how the
+trees and fields had suffered. Still, the one would put forth new
+branches and fresh leaves next year; and if the other had been roughly
+handled, there was yet a salvage to be garnered. The ruin was not
+irreparable, and he was in the mood to make the best of things. Do not
+the first days of a happy love ever give the happiest kind of philosophy
+for man and woman to go on?
+
+And he was happy in his love. Who more so? He was on his way now to Ford
+House as a man going to his own, serene and confident of his possession.
+He had left his treasure overnight, and he went to take it up again,
+sure to find it where he had laid it down. He had no thought of the
+thief who might have stolen it in the dark hours, of the rust that might
+have cankered it in the chill of the gray morning. He only pictured to
+himself its beauty, its sweetness and undimmed radiance--only remembered
+that this treasure was his, his own and his only, unshared by any, and
+known in its excellence by none before him.
+
+He rode up to the door glad, dominant, assured. Life was very pleasant
+to the strong man and ardent lover--the English gentleman with his
+happiness in his own keeping, and his future marked out in a clear broad
+pathway before him. There was no cloud in his sky, no shadow on his sea:
+it was all sunshine and serenity--man the master of his own fate and the
+ruler of circumstance--man the supreme over all things, a woman's past
+included.
+
+Not seeing Leam in the garden, Edgar rang the bells and was shown into
+the drawing-room, where she was sitting alone. The down-drawn blinds had
+darkened the room to a pleasant gloom for eyes somewhat overpowered by
+the blazing sunshine and the dazzling white clouds flung like heaps of
+snow against the hard bright blue of the sky; yet something struck more
+chill than restful on the lover as he came through the doorway, little
+fanciful or sentimental as he was.
+
+Leam, who had not been in bed through the night, was sitting on the sofa
+in the remotest and darkest part of the room. She rose as he
+entered--rose only, not coming forward to meet him, but standing in her
+place silent, pale, yet calm and collected. She did not look at him, but
+neither did she blush nor tremble. There was something statuesque,
+almost dead, about her--something that was not the same Leam whom he had
+known from the first.
+
+He went up to her, both hands held out. She shrank back and folded hers
+in each other, still not looking at him.
+
+"Why, Leam, what is it?" he cried in amazement, pained, shocked at her
+action. Was she in her right mind? Had she heard of his former
+attentions to Adelaide, divined their ultimate meaning, and been seized
+with a mad idea of sacrifice and generosity? It must be with Adelaide,
+he thought, rapidly reviewing his past. He was absolutely safe about
+Violet Cray, who had never known his name; and those later Indian
+affairs were dead and as good as buried. What, then, did it mean?
+
+"No, not till you have heard me," said Leam in a low voice. "And never
+after."
+
+"My darling! what is it?" he repeated.
+
+"You must not call me dear names: I am unworthy," said Leam. "No,"
+checking him as he would have spoken, smiling with a sense of relief
+that her craze--if it was a craze--went to the visionary side of her own
+unworthiness, and was not due to any knowledge of his misdemeanors, as
+she might think them. "Do not speak. I have to tell you. I had forgotten
+it," she went on to say in the same tense, compressed manner--the manner
+of one who has a task to get through, and has gathered all her strength
+for the effort, leaving none to be squandered in emotion--"I was so
+happy in these last days I had forgotten it. Now I have remembered, and
+we must part."
+
+Edgar was grieved to see her in such deadly trouble, for it was easy to
+see her pain beneath her still exterior, but he was confident, and if
+grieved not afraid. Leam's little life, so innocent and uneventful as it
+must have been, could hold no such tremendous evil, could have been
+smirched with no such damning stain, as that at which she seemed to
+hint. Grant even that there had been something more between her and
+Alick Corfield than he would quite like to hear--which was his first
+thought--still, that more must needs be very little, could but be very
+simple. His wife must be spotless--that he knew, and he would marry none
+whose past was not as unsullied as new-fallen snow, as unsullied as must
+be her future--absolute purity--the unruffled emotions of a maidenhood
+undisturbed until now even by dreams, even by visions. He owed it to
+himself and his position that his wife, man of many loves as he was,
+should be this; but at the worst the childish affection of brother and
+sister, which was all that could possibly have been between Leam and
+that awkward young gangrel Alick Corfield, could have nothing in it that
+he ought to take to heart or that should influence him. Yes, he might
+smile and not be afraid. And indeed her delicate conscience was another
+grace in his eyes. He loved her more than ever for the honesty that must
+confess all its little sins. Sweet Leam! Leam having to confess! Leam!
+she who was almost too modest for an ordinary lover's comfort, needing
+to be tamed out of her savage bashfulness, not to be reproved for
+transgressing the proper reticence of an English maid. It was a pretty
+play, but it was only a play.
+
+"Come and sit by me and make full confession, my darling," he said
+lovingly.
+
+"I will stand where I am. You sit," said Leam, without looking at him.
+
+He seated himself on the sofa. "And now what has my little culprit to
+say for herself?" he asked pleasantly, putting on a playful magisterial
+air.
+
+"It is over," said Leam, her hands pressed in each other with so tight a
+clasp that the strained knuckles were white and started. "You must not
+love me: I cannot be your wife."
+
+"Why?" He showed his square white teeth beneath the golden sweep of his
+moustache, his moist red lips parted, always smiling.
+
+"I have done a great crime," said Leam in a low, monotonous voice.
+
+"A crime! That is a large word for a small peccadillo--larger than any
+sin of yours merits, my sweetheart."
+
+"You do not know," said Leam with a despairing gesture. "How can you
+know when you have not heard?"
+
+"Well, what may be its name?" he asked, willing to humor her.
+
+She paused for a moment: then with a visible effort, drawing in her
+breath, she said, in a voice that was unnaturally calm and low, "I
+killed madame."
+
+"Leam!" cried Edgar, "how can you talk such nonsense? The thing is
+growing beyond a joke. Unsay your words; they are a wrong done to _me_."
+
+He had started to his feet while he spoke, and now stood before her
+with a strangely scared and startled face. Naturally, as such a man
+would, he was resolute not to accept such a terrible confession, and one
+so unlikely, so impossible; but something in the girl's voice and
+manner, something in its sad, still reality, seemed to overpower his
+determination to find this simply a bad joke which she was playing off
+on his credulity. And then the thing fitted only too well. He had heard
+half a dozen times of Madame de Montfort's sudden death, and how very
+strange it was that the draught which she had taken so often with
+impunity before should have been found so laden with prussic acid on the
+first night of her homecoming as to kill her in an instant--how strange,
+too, that not the strictest search or inquiry could come upon a trace of
+such poison bought or possessed by any member of the family, for what
+police-officer would look to find a sixty-minim bottle of prussic acid
+concealed among the coils of a young girl's hair? And when Leam said in
+that quiet if desperate manner that it was she who had killed madame,
+her words made the whole mystery clear and solved the as yet unsolved
+problem.
+
+Nevertheless, he would not believe her, but said again, passionately,
+"Unsay your words, Leam: they offend me."
+
+"I cannot," said Leam.
+
+He laughed scornfully. "Kill Madame de Montfort. Absurd! You could not.
+It was impossible for a girl like you to kill any one," he cried in
+broken sentences. "How could you do such a thing, Leam, and not be found
+out? Silly child! you are raving."
+
+"I put poison into the bottle, and she died," said Leam in a half
+whisper.
+
+"Leam! you a murderess!"
+
+She quivered at the word, at the tone of loathing, of abhorrence, of
+almost terror, in which he said it, but she held her terrible ground.
+She had begun her martyrdom, her agony of atonement for the sake of
+truth and love, and she must go through now to the end. "Yes," she said,
+"I am a murderess. Now you know all, and why you must not love me."
+
+"I cannot believe you," he pleaded helplessly. "It is too horrible. My
+darling, say that you have told me this to try me--that it is not true,
+and that you are still my own, my very own, my pure and sinless Leam."
+
+He knelt at her feet, clasping her waist. He was not of those who, like
+Alick, could bear the sin of the beloved as the sacrifice of pride, of
+self, of soul to that love. He himself might be stained from head to
+heel with the soil of sin, but his wife must be, as has been said,
+without flaw or blemish, immaculate and free from fault. Any lapse,
+involving the loss of repute should it ever be made public, would have
+been the death-knell of his hopes, the requiem of his love; but such an
+infamy as this! If true it was only too final.
+
+"Oh, no! no! do not do that," cried Leam, trying to unclasp his hands.
+"Do not kneel to me. I ought to kneel to you," she added with a little
+cry that struck with more than pity to Edgar's heart, and that nearly
+broke her down for so much relaxing of the strain, so much yielding to
+her grief, as it included.
+
+"Leam, tell me you are joking--tell me that you did not do this awful
+thing," he cried again, his handsome face, blanched and drawn, upturned
+to her in agony.
+
+She put her hands over her eyes. "I cannot lie to you," she said. "And I
+must not degrade you. Do not touch me: I am not good enough to be
+touched by you."
+
+He loosened his arms, and she shrank from him almost as if she faded
+away.
+
+"Why did you deceive me?" he groaned. "You should not have let me love
+you, knowing the truth."
+
+"I did not know that you loved me, or that I loved you, till that
+night," she pleaded piteously. "If I had known I would have prevented
+it. I have told you as soon as I remembered."
+
+"You have broken my heart," he cried, flinging himself on the sofa, his
+face buried in the cushions. And then, strong man as he was, a brave
+soldier and an English country gentleman, he burst into a passion of
+tears that shook him as the storm had shaken the earth last
+night--tears that were the culmination of his agony, not its relief.
+
+Leam stood by him as pale as the shattered lilies in the garden. What
+could she do? How could she comfort him? Tainted and dishonored, she
+dared not even lay her hand on his--her infamous and murderous hand, and
+he so pure and noble! Neither could she pray for him, nor yet for
+herself. Pray? to whom? To God? God had turned His face away from her,
+even as her lover had now turned away his: He was angry with her, and
+still unappeased. She dared not pray to Him, and He would not hear her
+if she did. The saints were no longer the familiar and parental deities,
+grave and helpful, to whom she could refer all her sorrows and
+perplexities, as in earlier times, sure of speedy succor. The teaching
+of the later days had destroyed the simple fetichism of childhood; and
+now--afraid of God, by whom she was unforgiven; the saints swept out of
+her spiritual life like those mist-wreaths of morning which were once
+taken for solid towers and impregnable fortresses; the Holy Mother
+vanished with the rest; all spiritual help a myth, all spiritual
+consolation gone--how could she pray? Lonely as her life had been since
+mamma died, it had never been so lonely as now, when she felt that God
+had abandoned her, and that she had sacrificed her lover to her sense of
+truth and honor and what was due to his nobility.
+
+She stood by him and watched his passionate outburst with anguish
+infinitely more intense than his own. To have caused him this sorrow was
+worse than to have endured it for herself. There was no sacrifice of
+self that she could not have made for his good. Spaniard as she was, she
+would have been above jealousy if another woman would have made him
+happier than she; and if her death would have given him gain or joy, she
+would have died for him as another would have lived. Yet it was she, and
+she only, who was causing him this pain, who was destroying his
+happiness and breaking his heart.
+
+She dared not speak nor move. It took all the strength she drew from
+silence to keep her from breaking into a more terrible storm of grief
+than even that into which he had fallen. She dared not make a sign, but
+simply stood there, doing her best to bear her heavy burden to the end.
+The only feeling that she had for herself was that it was cruel not to
+let her die, and why did not mute anguish kill her?
+
+For the rest, she knew that she had done the thing that was right,
+however hard. It was not fitting that she should be his wife; and it was
+better that he should suffer for the moment than be degraded for all
+time by association with one so shameful, so dishonored, as herself.
+
+Presently, Edgar cleared his eyes and lifted up his face. He was angry
+with himself for this unmanly burst of feeling, and because angry with
+himself disposed for the moment to be hard on her. She was standing
+there in exactly the same spot and just the same attitude as before, her
+head a little bent, her hands twined in each other, her eyes with the
+pleading, frightened look of confession turned timidly to him; but as he
+raised himself from the sofa, pushing back his hair and striding to the
+window as if to hide the fact of his having shed tears, she turned her
+eyes to the floor. She was beginning to feel now that she must not even
+look at him. The gulf that separated them, dug by her own ineffaceable
+crime, was so deep, the distance so wide!
+
+A painful silence fell between them: then Edgar, not looking at her,
+said in a constrained voice, "I will keep your dreadful secret, Leam,
+sacredly for ever. You feel sure of that, I hope. But, as you say, we
+must part. I do not pretend to be better than other men, but I could not
+take as my wife one who had been guilty of such an awful crime as this."
+
+"No," said Leam, her parched lips scarcely able to form a word at all.
+
+"Your secret will be safe with me," he repeated.
+
+She did not reply. In giving up himself she had given up all that made
+life lovely, and the refuse might as well go as not.
+
+"But we must part."
+
+"Yes," said Leam.
+
+He turned back to the window, desperately troubled. He did really love
+her, passionately, sincerely. He longed at this very moment to take her
+in his arms and tell her that he would accept her crime if only he might
+have herself. Had he not been the master of the Hill and a Harrowby he
+would have done so, but the master of the Hill and the head of the house
+of Harrowby had a character to maintain and a social ideal to keep pure.
+He could not bring into such a home as his, present to his mother as her
+daughter, to his sisters as their sister, a girl who by her own
+confession was a murderess--a girl who, if the law had its due, would be
+hanged by the neck in the precincts of the county jail till she was
+dead. He might have been sinful enough in his own life, in the ordinary
+way of men--and truly there were passages in his past that would
+scarcely bear the light--but what were the worst of his misdemeanors
+compared with this awful crime? No: he must resolutely crush the last
+lingering impulse of tenderness, and leave her to work through her own
+tribulation, as he also must work through his.
+
+"But we must part," he said for a third time.
+
+Her lips quivered. She did not answer, only bent her head in sign of
+acquiescence.
+
+"It is hard to say it, harder still to do; and I who loved you so
+dearly!" cried Edgar with the angry despair of a man forced against
+himself to give up his desire.
+
+She put up her hands. "Don't!" she said with a sharp cry. "I cannot bear
+to hear about your love."
+
+He gave a sudden sob. Her love for him was very precious to him--his for
+her very strong.
+
+"Why did you tell me?" he then said. "And yet you did the right thing to
+tell me: I was wrong to say that. It was good of you, Leam--noble, like
+yourself."
+
+"I love you. That is not being noble," she answered slowly and with
+infinite pathos. "I could not have deceived you after I remembered."
+
+"You are too noble to deceive," he said, holding out his hand.
+
+Leam turned away. "I am not fit to touch your hand," she said, the very
+pride of contrition in her voice--pride for him, if humiliation for
+herself.
+
+"For this once," he pleaded.
+
+"I am unworthy," she answered.
+
+At this moment little Fina came jumping into the room. She had in her
+hand a rose-colored scarf that had once been poor madame's, and which
+the nurse, turning out an old box of hers, had found and given to the
+child.
+
+After she had kissed Edgar, played with his _breloques_, looked at the
+works of his watch, plaited his beard into three strings, and done all
+that she generally did in the way of welcome, she shook out the gauze
+scarf over her dress.
+
+"This was mamma's--my own mamma's," she said. "Leam will never tell me
+about mamma: you tell me, Major Harrowby," coaxingly.
+
+"I cannot: I did not know her," said Edgar in an altered voice, while
+Leam looked as if her judgment had come, but bore it as she had borne
+all the rest, resolutely.
+
+"I want to hear about mamma, and who killed her," pouted Fina.
+
+"Hush, Fina," said Leam in an agony: "you must not talk."
+
+"You always say that, Leam, when I want to hear about mamma," was the
+child's petulant reply.
+
+"Go away now, dear little Fina," said Edgar, who felt all that Leam must
+feel at these inopportune words, and who, moreover, weak as he was in
+this direction, was longing for one last caress.
+
+"I will go and send her nurse," said Leam, half staggering to the door.
+
+Had anything been wanting to show her the impossibility of their
+marriage, this incident of Fina's random but incisive words would have
+been enough.
+
+"Leam! not one word more?" he asked as he stood against the door,
+holding the handle in his hand.
+
+"No," she said hopelessly. "What words can we have together?"
+
+"And we are parting like this, and for ever?"
+
+"For ever. Yes, it has to be for ever," she answered almost
+mechanically.
+
+"Leam, why did you love me?" he cried, taking her hands in his and
+keeping them.
+
+"How could I help it? Who would not love you?" she answered.
+
+Again he gave a sudden heavy sob, and again the poor pale, tortured face
+reflected the pain it witnessed.
+
+"Good-bye!" she then said, drawing her hands from his. "Remember only,
+when you blame me, that I told you, not to let you be degraded. And
+forgive me before I die, for I loved you--ah, better than my own life!"
+
+With a sudden impulse she stooped forward, took back his right hand in
+both of hers, pressed it to her bosom, kissed it passionately again and
+again, then turned with one faint, half-suppressed moan, and left him.
+And as he heard her light feet cross the hall, wearily, heavily, as the
+feet of a mourner dragging by the grave of the beloved, he knew that his
+dream of love was over. But, with the strange satire of the senses in
+moments of sorrow, noting ever the most trivial things, Edgar noted
+specially the powerful perfume of a spray of lemon-plant which she
+bruised as she pressed his hand against her breast.
+
+That evening Edgar Harrowby went down to the rectory. He was strong
+enough in physique and in some phases of will, but he was not strong all
+through, and he had never been able to face unassisted the first
+desolation of a love-disappointment.
+
+Adelaide, in a picturesque dress and her most becoming mood, welcomed
+him with careful cordiality as a prodigal whose husks, clinging about
+his coat, were to be handled tenderly as if they were pearls. She saw
+that something was gravely wrong, and she grasped the line of connection
+if she did not understand the issue; but, mindful of the doctrine of
+letting well alone--also of that of catching a heart at the rebound--she
+made no allusion in the beginning, but let her curiosity gnaw her like
+the Spartan boy's fox without making a sign. At last, however, her
+curiosity became impatience, and her impatience conquered her reserve.
+She was clever in her generation and fairly self-controlled, but she was
+only a woman, after all.
+
+"And when did you see that eccentric little lady, Miss Leam?" she asked
+with a smile--not a bitter smile, merely one of careless amusement, as
+if Leam was acknowledged to be a comical subject of conversation and one
+naturally provoking a smile.
+
+"Dear Adelaide," said Edgar, not looking at her, but speaking with
+unusual earnestness, "do not speak ill of Leam Dundas--neither to me nor
+to any one else. I ask it as a favor."
+
+Adelaide turned pale. "Tell me only one thing, Edgar: are you going to
+marry her?" she asked, her manner as earnest as his own, but with a
+different meaning.
+
+"No. Marry her? Good God, no!" was his vehement reply. Then more
+tenderly: "But for all that do not speak ill of her. Will you promise,
+dear, good friend?"
+
+"Yes, I will promise," she answered with what was for her fervor and a
+sudden look of intense relief. "I never will again, Edgar; and I am
+sorry if I have hurt you at any time by what I may have said. I did not
+mean to do so."
+
+"No, I know you did not. I can appreciate your motives, and they were
+good," Edgar answered with emotion; and then their two pairs of fine
+blue eyes met, and both pairs were moist.
+
+This was just at the moment when Leam, pale, rigid as a statue, thickly
+veiled, and holding a box in her hand, met Mr. Gryce in Steel's Wood, he
+having gone to catch such rare specimens of sleeping lepidoptera as the
+place afforded and his eyes could discern.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVIII.
+
+BLOTTED OUT.
+
+Gone! no one knew where. Gone in the night like a falling star, like a
+passing cloud--gone and left no trace, vanished like the sunshine of
+yesterday or the flowers of last spring! No one knew what had become of
+her, and no one knew where to look for her; for the sole information
+gathered by the scared neighbors was, that Leam Dundas was missing and
+no one had seen her go.
+
+She was thought by some to have simply run away after the manner of
+undisciplined youth aiming at mock heroism; but where, or with whom?
+for, said the keen-eyed women and large-mouthed men, incredulous of
+maiden meditation fancy free, a pretty young thing of nineteen would
+never have left her comfortable home, her father, friends and good name,
+without some lover stirring in the matter. And this lover was just the
+missing link not to be found anywhere. Others said she had drowned
+herself; but here, again, Why? Young girls do not give up their precious
+freight of hope in love and present joy in youth for a trifling ailment
+or a temporary annoyance. And nothing worse than either could have
+befallen Leam, said the reasoners, putting their little twos and twos
+together and totting up the items with the serene accuracy of spiritual
+arithmeticians, dealing with human emotion as if it was a sum in long
+division which any schoolboy could calculate.
+
+Edgar Harrowby, however, who came forward manfully enough to say when
+and where--if not how--he had last seen Miss Dundas, leant to the side
+of the believers in suicide, and on his own responsibility ordered the
+Broad to be dragged. Which looked ugly, said a few of the rasher spirits
+in the village, cherishing suspicion of their betters as the birthright
+which had never had a chance of being bartered for a mess of pottage;
+while the more contemptuous, critical after the event, gave it as their
+opinion that the major had a bee in his bonnet somewhere, for what
+gentleman in his seven sane senses would have looked for such a mare's
+nest as Miss Leam Dundas lying among the bulrushes of the Broad? Drowned
+herself? No: it was no drowning of herself that had come to little miss,
+be sure of that.
+
+What, however, had come to her no one knew. The fact only was certain:
+she had gone, and no one had met her coming or seen her going, and for
+all trace left she might as well have melted into air like one of the
+fairy women of romance. To be sure, the servants had heard her in her
+room in the early evening, and she had refused the tea which they had
+brought her, and told them, through the closed door, that she wanted
+nothing more that night. So they left her to herself, supposing her to
+be in one of her queer moods, to which they were used to give but scant
+heed, and not thinking more about her. The next morning she was missing,
+but when she had gone was as dark as where.
+
+The discovery, later in the day, that certain effects, such as her
+mother's dressing-case and a few personal necessities of daily use, were
+gone too, seemed to dispose effectually of the theory of suicide; though
+what remained, a lover, companion of her flight, being wanting? It was a
+strange thing altogether, and the country was alive with wild theories
+and wild reports. But in a few days a letter from Mr. Dundas to the
+rector, and another to Edgar, set the question of self-destruction at
+rest, though also they gave loose to other energies of conjecture, for
+in both he said, "No harm has come to her, and I am content to let her
+remain where she has elected to place herself."
+
+As it was just this _where_ which tormented the folk with the sense of
+mystery and made them eager for news, the father's meagre
+explanation--which, in point of fact, was no explanation at all--was not
+found very satisfactory, and a few hard words were said of Mr. Dundas,
+his reserve to the world being taken for the same thing as indifference
+to his daughter, and resented as an offence. But for the third time in
+his life Sebastian was found capable of maintaining this impenetrable
+reserve. Pepita's true status in her own country--madame's suspicious
+debts and those damaging letters from London--Leam's hiding-place: he
+had had strength enough to keep his own counsel about the first two
+unbroken, and now he betrayed no more about this last. It may as well be
+said that for this he had sufficient reason. Leam, who had confessed
+her crime, and announced her intention of flight and of hiding herself
+where no one should find her again, had not told him more than these
+bare bones of the story. And he did not care to know more. The skeleton
+was horrible enough as it stood: he was by no means inclined to clothe
+it with the flesh of detail, still less to follow his erring child to
+her place of exile. He was content that she should be blotted out. It
+was the sole reparation that she could make.
+
+This sudden disappearance ended the foreign tour which had been
+Josephine's sweetest anticipations of the honeymoon, for Mr. Dundas
+turned back for home at once, intending to put up Ford House for sale
+and leave the place for ever. He was ashamed to live at North Aston, he
+said, after Leam's extraordinary conduct, her shameful, shameless
+_esclandre_, which--said Josephine to her own people, weeping--she
+supposed was due to her, the poor little thing not liking her for a
+stepmother.
+
+"Though, indeed, she need not have been afraid," said the good creature
+effusively, "for I had intended to be kindness itself to the poor dear
+girl."
+
+And when she said this, Mrs. Harrowby who never failed an opportunity
+for moral cautery, remarked dryly, "In all probability it is as well as
+it is, Josephine. You would have been very uncomfortable with her, and
+would have been sure to have spoiled her. And, as Adelaide Birkett
+always says, very sensibly, she is odd enough already. She need not be
+made more so."
+
+Maria threw out a doubt as to whether Mr. Dundas had heard from Leam at
+all. It was not like Sebastian to be so close, she said; but Josephine
+assured her that he had, and bridled a little at the vapory insinuation
+that Sebastian was not perfect. She detailed the whole circumstance with
+all the facts fully fringed and feathered. He had received the letter
+just as they were preparing to go to the Louvre, but he had not shown it
+to her, and she had not asked to see it. She saw, though, that he was
+much agitated when he read it, but he had put it in his pocket, and
+when she looked for it it was not there. All that he had said was, "Leam
+has left home, Josephine, and we must go back at once." Of course she
+had not asked questions, she said with a pleasant little assumption of
+wifely submission. Her search in her husband's pockets was only what
+might have been expected from the average woman, but the wifely
+submission was special.
+
+For this curtailment of their sister's enjoyment Maria and Fanny judged
+Leam almost more severely than for any other delinquency involved in her
+flight. They spoke as if she had planned it purposely to vex her father
+and his bride in their honeymoon and deprive them of their lawful
+pleasure; but Josephine never blamed her as they did, and when they were
+most bitter cast in her little words of soothing and excused her with
+more zeal than evidence--excused her sometimes to the point of making
+her sisters angry with her and inclined to accuse her of her old
+failing, meek-spiritedness carried to the verge of self-abasement.
+
+But the one who suffered most of all those left to lament or to wonder
+was poor Alick Corfield. It was a misery to see him with his hollow
+cheeks and haggard eyes, like an animal that has been hunted into lone
+places, terrified and looking for a way of escape, or like a dog that
+has lost its master. He tried every method known to him to gain
+information of her directly or indirectly, but Mr. Dundas, ignorant
+himself, had only to guard that ignorance from breaking out. As for
+knowledge, he could not give what he did not possess, and the terrible
+thing that he did know he was not likely to let appear.
+
+One day when the poor fellow broke down, as was not unusual with him
+when asking about Leam--and Mr. Dundas read him like a book, all save
+that one black page where the beloved name stood inscribed in letters of
+his own heart's blood between the words "crime" and "murder"--with a
+woman's liking for saying pleasant things which soothed those who heard
+them, and did no hurt to those who said them save for the insignificant
+manner in which falsehood hurts the soul, Sebastian, laying his hand
+kindly on the poor fellow's angular shoulder, said, "I am sorry to know
+as much as I do, Alick. There is no one to whom I would have given her
+so readily as to you, my dear boy. Indeed, it was always one of my hopes
+for the future, poor misguided child! and I can see that it was yours
+too. Ah, how I grieve that it is impossible!"
+
+"Why impossible?" asked Alick, who had the faculty of faith, his pale
+face flushing.
+
+Mr. Dundas turned white. A look not so much of pain as of abhorrence
+came into his face. "Impossible!" he said vehemently. "I would not curse
+my greatest enemy with my daughter's hand."
+
+Alick felt his blood run cold. What did he mean? Did he know all, or was
+he speaking only with the angry feeling of a man who had been
+disappointed and annoyed? There was a short pause. Then said Alick,
+looking straight into Sebastian's eyes and speaking very slowly, but
+with not too much emphasis, "I would hold myself blessed with her as my
+wife had she even committed murder."
+
+Mr. Dundas started perceptibly. "Oh," he answered after a moment's
+hesitation, with a forced and sickly kind of smile, "a silly girl's
+wrong-headedness does not reach quite so far as that. She has done
+wrong, miserably wrong, but between withdrawing herself from her
+father's house and committing such a crime as murder there is rather a
+wide difference. All the same, I am disgraced by her folly," angrily,
+"and I will not let any one--not even you, Alick--know where she is."
+
+"That is cruel to those who love her," pleaded Alick, his eyes filling
+with tears.
+
+"If cruel it is necessary," said Mr. Dundas.
+
+"But she must need friends about her now more than she ever did," urged
+Alick. "Tell me at least where to find her, that I may do what I can to
+console her."
+
+Mr. Dundas shook his head. "No," he said sternly, "She is dead to me,
+and shall be dead to my friends. She is blotted out from my love, and I
+will blot her out from my memory; and no one's persuasions can bring
+back what is effaced. Now, my dear boy, let us understand one another. I
+have surprised your secret: you love my daughter, and had she been
+worthy of you I would have given her to you more willingly than to any
+one I know. But she herself has fixed the gulf between us, which I will
+not pass nor help any one else to pass. Learn to look on her as dead,
+for she is dead to me, to you, to the world."
+
+"Never to me," cried Alick. "While she lives she must be always to me
+what she has been from the first day I saw her. Whatever she has done, I
+shall always love her as much as I do now."
+
+"You are faithful," replied Sebastian, "but trust me, boy, no woman that
+ever lived was worth so much fidelity. I will protect you against your
+own wish, and be your friend in spite of yourself. You shall not know
+where she is, and you shall not throw yourself away on her. As she has
+elected to be effaced, she shall be effaced--blotted out for ever."
+
+"Then I will consecrate my life to finding her," cried Alick warmly.
+
+Mr. Dundas shrugged his shoulders. "Who can persuade a willful man
+against his folly?" he said coldly. "You are following a marsh-light, my
+boy, and if you do find it you will only be landed in a bog."
+
+"If I find her I shall have found my reward," Alick answered with boyish
+fervor. "It will be happiness enough for me if I can bring back one
+smile to her face or lighten one hour of its sorrow."
+
+"Let well alone," said Mr. Dundas; but Alick answered, "Not till it is
+well; and God will help me."
+
+Whereupon the interview ended, and Alick left the house, feeling
+something as one of the knights of old might have felt when he had vowed
+himself to the quest of the Holy Grail.
+
+When Mr. Dundas came home, naturally the families called, as in duty
+bound and by inclination led. Excitement concerning Ford House was at
+its height, for there were two things to keep it alive--the one to see
+how the bride and bridegroom looked, the other to try and pick up
+something definite about Leam. And among the rest came Mr. Gryce, with
+his floating white locks falling about his bland cherubic face, his mild
+blue eyes with their trick of turning red on small provocation, and his
+lisping manner of speech, ingenuous, interrogatory, and knowing nothing
+when interrogated in his turn--somehow gleaning full ears wherever he
+passed, and dropping not even a solitary stalk of straw in return. He
+expressed his sorrow that he had not seen lately his young friend, Miss
+Dundas.
+
+"In my secluded life," he said, his eyelids reddening, "she is like a
+beautiful bird that flashes through the dull sky for a moment, but
+leaves the atmosphere brighter than before." He glanced round the room
+as if looking for her. "I hope she is well?" he added, not attempting to
+conceal a certain accent of disappointment at her absence.
+
+"Quite well when I heard from her," answered Mr. Dundas, doing his best
+to speak without embarrassment.
+
+Mr. Gryce turned his face in frank astonishment on the speaker. "Ah! She
+is from home, then?" he asked.
+
+"Yes," said Mr. Dundas curtly.
+
+"I had not heard," lisped the tenant of Lionnet. "But I myself have been
+from home for a few days, and have just returned. Though, indeed,
+present or absent, I know very little of my neighbors' doings, as you
+may see. I did not even know that Miss Dundas was from home."
+
+"Yet it was pretty widely talked about," said Mr. Dundas, with a certain
+suspicious glance at the cherubic face smiling innocently into his.
+
+"Doubtless the absence of Miss Dundas must have caused a gap," replied
+Mr. Gryce, "but you see, as I said, I have been away myself, and when I
+am at home I do not gossip."
+
+"Have--Where have you been?" asked Mr. Dundas abruptly, with that sudden
+glance as suddenly withdrawn which tells of a half-formed suspicion
+neither dwelt on nor clearly made out.
+
+"To Paris," said Mr. Gryce demurely. "I went to see--"
+
+"Oh! you went to see Notre Dame and La Madeleine of course," interrupted
+Sebastian satirically.
+
+"No," answered Mr. Gryce with a cherubic smile. "Strange to say, I had
+business connected with that odd drama of _Le Sphinx_."
+
+There was not much more talk after this, and Mr. Gryce soon took his
+leave, desiring to be most respectfully remembered to Miss Dundas when
+her father next wrote, and to say that he was keeping some pretty
+specimens of moths for her on her return; both of which messages
+Sebastian promised to convey at the earliest opportunity, improvising a
+counter-remark of Leam's which he was sorry he could not remember
+accurately, but it was something about butterflies and Mr. Gryce, though
+what it was he could not positively say.
+
+"Never mind: I will take the will for the deed," said the naturalist as
+he smiled himself through the doorway.
+
+And when he had gone Josephine declared that she did not care if he
+never came again: there was something she did not like about him. Pushed
+for a reason by her husband, who always assumed a logical and masculine
+tone to her, she had not one to produce, but she stumbled as if by
+chance on the word "sinister," which was just what Mr. Gryce was not. So
+Sebastian made her go into the library for the dictionary and hunt up
+the word through all its derivations, and thus proved to her
+incontestably that she was ignorant of the English language and of human
+nature in about equal proportions.
+
+It was soon remarked at the post-office that no letter addressed to Miss
+Dundas ever left North Aston, and that none came to Mr. Dundas or any
+one else in the queer, cramped handwriting which experience had taught
+Mrs. Pepper, post-mistress as well as the keeper of the village general
+shop, carried the sentiments of Leam Dundas. This caused a curious
+little buzz in the lower parts of the hive when Mrs. Pepper mentioned
+it to her friends and gossips; but as no fire can live without fresh
+fuel, and as nothing whatever was heard of Leam to stimulate curiosity
+or set new tales afloat, by degrees her name dropped out of the daily
+discussions of the place, and she was no longer interesting, because she
+had become used up and talked out.
+
+Only, Mr. Gryce wrote more frequently than had been his wont to Miss
+Gryce at Windy Brow in Cumberland--conjectured to be his sister; and
+only, Alick never ceased in his attempts to discover where his lost
+queen was hidden, though these attempts had hitherto been hopelessly
+baffled, partly because he had not an inch of foothold whence to make
+his first spring, nor the thinnest clew to tell him which path to take.
+
+And as a purchaser, the final cause of whose existence seemed to have
+been the unquestioning possession of Ford House, came suddenly on the
+scene and took the whole thing as it stood, Sebastian and his wife left
+the place, taking Fina with them, and migrated to Paris to finish their
+interrupted honeymoon. So now it was supposed that the last link
+connecting Leam with North Aston was broken, and that she was indeed
+blotted out and for ever.
+
+True love is faithful, and Alick Corfield's love was true. Had all the
+world forsaken her, he would have remained immovable in his old place
+and attitude of devotion--the one fixed idea always possessing him to
+find her in her retreat and restore her to self-respect and happiness by
+his undying love. But how to find her? All sorts of mad projects passed
+through his brain, but mad projects need some methods, and methods in
+harmony with existing conditions, if they are to bring success; and
+Alick's vague resolves to go out and look for her had no more meaning in
+them than the random moves of a bad chessplayer.
+
+Had Sir Lancelot lived at the present time, he would have gone to
+Camelot by express, like meaner souls; and had Sir Galahad set out on
+his quest in the latter half of the nineteenth century, he would have
+either advertised in the newspapers or have employed a detective for
+the first part of his undertaking. So, had Alick gone to Scotland Yard
+and taken the police into his confidence, Leam would have been found in
+less than a week; but as he shrank from bringing her into contact with
+the force mainly associated with crime, he was left to his own devices
+unassisted, and these devices ended only in constantly-recurring
+disappointment, and consequent increase of sorrow.
+
+His sorrow indeed was so great, and told on him so heavily, that every
+one said he was going to die. He had been left thin and gaunt enough by
+his illness, but distress of mind, coupled with weakness of body,
+reduced him to a kind of sketchy likeness of Don Quixote--his pure soul
+and honest nature the only beautiful things about him--while his
+mother's heart was as nearly broken as his own.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIX.
+
+WINDY BROW.
+
+
+While North Aston was employing its time in wondering, and Alick
+Corfield was breaking his heart in sorrowing, Leam was doing battle with
+her despair and distress at Windy Brow--doing the best she could to keep
+her senses clear and to live through the penance which she had inflicted
+on herself.
+
+So far, Mrs. Pepper's conclusions, based on a badly-gummed envelope,
+were right: Miss Gryce of Windy Brow was the sister of Mr. Gryce of
+Lionnet, though even Mrs. Pepper did not know that Leam Dundas, under
+the name of Leonora Darley, was living with her.
+
+It is not the most obvious agents that are the most influential. The
+greatest things in Nature are the work of the smallest creatures, and
+our lives are manipulated far more by unseen influences, known only to
+ourselves, than by those patent to the world. In all North Aston, Mr.
+Gryce was the man who had apparently the least hold on the place and the
+slightest connection with the people. He had come there by accident and
+by choice lived in retirement, though also by choice he had not been
+there a month before he knew all there was to be known of every
+individual for miles round. The merest chances had made him personally
+acquainted with Sebastian Dundas--those chances his tenancy of Lionnet
+and the slight attack of fever which called forth his landlord's
+sentiment and pity. Through the father he came to know the daughter,
+when the prying curiosity of his nature, his liking for secret influence
+and concealed action, together with the kind heart at bottom, and his
+real affection for the girl whose confidence he had partly forced and
+partly won, threw the whole secret into his hands and made him master of
+the situation--the keeper of the seal set against the writings whom no
+one suspected of complicity. This was exactly the kind of thing he
+liked, and the kind of thing that suited him, human mole, born detective
+and conspirator as he was.
+
+When Leam met him in the wood on the evening of her confession to Edgar,
+she met him with the deliberate intention of confessing her fearful
+secret to him too, and of asking him to help her to escape, like the
+friend which he had promised he would be. She knew that it was
+impossible for her now to live at North Aston, and the sole desire she
+had was to be blotted out, as she had been.
+
+There was no excitement about her, no feverish exaltation that would
+burn itself cold before twenty-four hours were over--only the dead
+dreariness of heartbreak, the tenacious resolution of despair. She
+neither wept nor wrung her hands, but quiet, pale, rigid, she told her
+terrible story in the low and level tones in which a Greek Fate might
+have spoken, as sad and as immutable. She had sinned, and now had made
+such atonement as she could by confession--to her lover to save him from
+pollution, to her father to cancel his obligations to her, to her friend
+to be helped in her lifelong penance. This done, she had strengthened
+herself to bear all that might come to her with that resignation of
+remorse which demands no rights and inherits no joys. She was not one of
+those emotional half-hearted creatures who resolve one day, break down
+the next, and drift always. For good and evil alike she had the power to
+hold where she had gripped and to maintain what she had undertaken; and
+even her life at Windy Brow did not shake her.
+
+And that life might well have shaken both a stronger mind and even a
+more resolute will than hers.
+
+A square stone house of eight rooms, set on a bleak fell-side where the
+sun never shone, where no fruits ripened, no flowers bloomed and no
+trees grew, save here and there a dwarfed and twisted thorn covered with
+pale gray lichen and bent by the wind into painful deformity of
+growth--a house which had no garden, only a strip of rank, coarse grass
+before the windows, with a potato-patch and kail-yard to the side; where
+was no adornment within or without, no beauty of color, no softness of
+line, merely a rugged, lonesome, square stone tent set up on a
+mountain-spur, as it would seem for the express reception of tortured
+penitents not seeking to soften sorrow,--this was Windy Brow, the
+patrimony of the Gryces, where Keziah, Emmanuel's eldest sister, lived
+and had lived these sixty years and more.
+
+The house stood alone. Monk Grange, the hamlet to which it
+geographically belonged--a place as bleak and bare as itself, and which
+seemed to have been flung against the fell-foot as if a brick-layer's
+hodman had pitched the hovels at haphazard anyhow--was two good miles
+away, and the market-town, to be got at only by crossing a dangerous
+moor, was nine miles off--as far as Sherrington from North Aston.
+
+The few poor dwellers in Monk Grange had little to do with the
+market-town. They lived mostly on what they managed to raise and rear
+among themselves--holding braxy mutton good enough for feast-days, and
+oatmeal porridge all the year round the finest food for men and bairns
+alike. As for the gudewives' household necessaries, they were got by the
+carrier who passed once a fortnight on their road; and for the rest, if
+aught was wanting more than that which they had, they did without, and,
+according to the local saying, "want was t' master."
+
+Society of a cultured kind there was none. The clergyman was an old man
+little if it all superior to the flock to which he ministered. He was a
+St. Bees man, the son of a handloom weaver, speaking broad Cumberland
+and hopelessly "dished" by a hard word in the Bible. He was fond of his
+glass, and was to be found every day of his life from three to nine at
+the Blucher, smoking a clay pipe and drinking rum and milk. He had never
+married, but he was by no means an ascetic in his morals, as more than
+one buxom wench in his parish had proved; and in all respects he was an
+anachronism, the like of which is rare now among the fells and dales,
+though at one time it was the normal type for the clergy of the remoter
+North Country districts.
+
+This old sinner--Priest Wilson as he was called--and Miss Gryce of Windy
+Brow represented the wealth and intellect of a place which was at the
+back of everything, out of the highway of life and untouched by the
+progress of history or science. And the one was not very much superior
+to the other save in moral cleanliness; which, however, counts for
+something.
+
+If North Aston had said with a sniff that Mr. Gryce was not
+thoroughbred, what would have been its verdict on Sister Keziah? He at
+least had rubbed off some of the native fell-side mould by rolling about
+foreign parts, gathering experience if not moss, and becoming rich in
+knowledge if not in guineas; but Keziah, who had spent the last twenty
+years of her life in close attendance on a paralytic old mother, had
+stiffened as she stood, and the local mould encrusting her was very
+thick. Nevertheless, she too had a good heart if a rough hand, and,
+though eccentric almost to insanity, as one so often finds with people
+living out of the line and influence of public opinion, yet was as sound
+at the core as she was rude and odd in the husk.
+
+She was a small woman, lean, wrinkled, and with a curious mixture of
+primness and slovenliness in her dress. She wore a false front, which
+she called a topknot, the small, crimped, deep-brown mohair curls of
+which were bound about her forehead with a bit of black velvet ribbon,
+while gray hairs straggled from underneath to make the patent sham more
+transparent still; and over her topknot she wore a rusty black cap that
+enclosed the keen monkeyish face like a ruff. Her every-day gown was one
+of coarse brown camlet, any number of years old, darned and patched till
+it was like a Joseph's coat; and the Rob Roy tartan shawl which she
+pinned across her bosom hid a state of dilapidation which even she did
+not care should be seen. She wore a black stuff apron full of fine tones
+from fruit-stains and fire-scorchings; and she took snuff.
+
+She was reputed to be worth a mort of money, and she had saved a goodly
+sum. It would have been more had she had the courage to invest it; but
+she had a profound distrust of all financial speculations--had not
+Emmanuel lost his share by playing at knucklebones with it in the
+City?--and she was not the fool to follow my leader into the mire. For
+her part, she put her trust in teapots and stockings, with richer hoards
+wrapped in rags and sewn up in the mattress, and here a few odd pounds
+under the rice and there a few hidden in the coffee. That was her idea
+of a banking account, and she held it to be the best there was.
+
+"Don't lend your hat," she used to say, "and then you'll not have to go
+bareheaded." And sometimes, talking of loans on securities, she would
+take a pinch of snuff and say she "reckoned nowt of that man who locked
+his own granary door and gave another man the key."
+
+To all appearance, she lived only to scrape and hoard, moidering away
+her loveless life on the futile energies and sordid aims of a miser's
+wretched pleasures. But every now and then she had risen up out of the
+slough into which she had gradually sunk, and had done some grand things
+that marked her name with so many white stones. While she gloried in her
+skill in filching from the pig what would serve the chickens, in making
+Jenny go short to save to-day's baking of havre-bread, in skimping Tim's
+bowl of porridge--his appetite being a burden on her estate which she
+often declared would break her--she had more than once given a hundred
+pounds at a blow to build a raft for a poor drowning wretch who must
+otherwise have sunk. In fact, she was one of those people who are small
+with the small things of life and great with the great--who will grudge
+a daily dole of a few threshed-out stalks of straw, but who sometimes,
+when rightly touched, will shower down with both hands full sheaves of
+golden grain. That is, she had mean aims, a bad temper, no imagination,
+but the capacity for pity and generosity on occasions.
+
+Above all things, she hated to be put out of the way or intruded on.
+When her brother Emmanuel came down on her without a word of warning,
+bringing a girl with eyes that, as she said, made her feel foolish to
+look at, and a manner part scared, part stony, and wholly unconformable,
+telling her to keep this precious-bit madam like a bale of goods till
+called for, and to do the best with it she could, she was justified, she
+said, in splurging against his thoughtlessness and want of
+consideration, taking a body like that all of a heap, without With your
+leave or By your leave, or giving one a chance of saying Yes I will, or
+No I won't.
+
+But though she splurged she gave way; and after she had fumed and
+fussed, heckled the maid and harried the man, said she didn't see as how
+she could, and she didn't think as how she would, sworn there was no
+bedding fit to use, and that she had no place for the things--apples and
+onions chiefly--that were in the spare room if she gave it up for the
+young lass's use, she seemed to quiet down, and going over to Leam,
+standing mutely by the black-boarded fireplace, put on her spectacles,
+peered up into her face, and said in shrill tones, rasping as a saw,
+though she meant to be kind, "Ah, well! I suppose it must be; so go your
+ways up stairs with Jenny, bairn, and make yourself at home. It's little
+I have for a fine young miss like you to play with, but what I have
+you're welcome to; so make no bones about it: d'ye hear?"
+
+"But I am in your way," said Leam, not moving. "You do not want me?"
+
+Miss Gryce laughed. "Want ye?" she shouted. "Want ye, do you say? Nay,
+nay, honey, it was no wanting of you or your marras that would ever have
+given me a headache, I'll ensure ye. But now that you are here you can
+bide as long as you've a mind; and you're welcome kindly. And Emmanuel
+there knows that my word is as good as my bond, and what I say I mean."
+
+"Am I to stay?" asked Leam, turning to Mr. Gryce with a certain forced
+humility which showed how much it cost her to submit.
+
+"Yes," he answered, less cheerfully and more authoritatively than was
+his manner at North Aston, speaking without a lisp and with a full
+Cumberland accent. "It is the best thing I can do for you--all I have to
+offer."
+
+To which Leam bent her sad head with pathetic patience--pathetic indeed
+to those who knew the proud spirit that it reported broken and humbled
+for ever. Following the red-armed, touzled, ragged maid to the dingy
+cabin that was to be her room, she left her friend to explain to his
+sister, so far as he chose and could, the necessity under which he found
+himself of leaving his adopted daughter, Leonora Darley, in her care for
+a week or two, until such time as he should return and claim her.
+
+"Your adopted daughter? God bless my soul, man! but you are the daftest
+donnet I ever saw on two legs!" cried Keziah, snatching up the coarse
+gray knitting which was the sole unanchored circumstance in the room and
+casting off her heel viciously. "What call had you to adopt a
+daughter--you with never a wife to mother her nor a house of your own to
+take her to? For I reckon nowt of your furnished houses here and your
+beggarly apartments there, as you know. And now you can do nothing
+better than bring her here to fash the life out of me before the week's
+over! But that's always the way with you men. You talk precious big, but
+it's mighty little you put your hands to; and when you hack out yokes
+for which you get a deal of praise, you take care not to bear them on
+your own backs. It's us women who have to do that."
+
+"One would have supposed you would have liked a pretty young thing like
+that in the house. You are lonesome enough here, and it makes a little
+life," said Emmanuel quietly.
+
+He knew his sister Keziah, and that she must have her head when the
+talking fit was on her.
+
+"'A pretty young thing like that!'" she repeated scornfully. "Lord love
+you, born cuddy as you are! What's her good looks to me, I wonder, but a
+pound spent on a looking-glass, and Jenny taken off her work to make
+cakes and butter-sops for her dainty teeth? We'll have all the men-folk
+too havering round to see which of 'em may have the honor of ruining
+himself for my fine lady. And I'll not have it, I tell ye. I'll not have
+my house turned into a fair, with madam there as the show. Life! what do
+I want with 'life' about me, or you either, Emmanuel? I've got my right
+foot in the grave, and I reckon yours is not far off; and what we've
+both got to do now is to see that we make a good ending for our souls."
+
+"At all events, you don't refuse to take her for a week or two?" asked
+Emmanuel innocently.
+
+"Did I say I refused? Did I send her up stairs as the nighest road to
+the street-door?" retorted his sister with disdain. "Did I not tell you,
+as plain as tongue could speak, that she is welcome to her bit and sup,
+and I'll pass the time away for her in the best way I can, though bad is
+the best, I reckon?"
+
+"Well, well, you are a good body," said her brother.
+
+"Ay," she answered, "I am good enough when I jump your way. But tell me,
+Emmanuel," changing from the disdain of the superior creature holding
+forth on high matters to the inferior to the familiar gossip of the
+natural woman, "what's to do with her? It's as plain as a pike-staff
+that something is troubling her, and maybe it will be some of your love
+nonsense? for it's mainly that as fashes the lasses. Good Lord! I'm
+thankful I was never hindered that way."
+
+"Yes," said Mr. Gryce, "she has had what you women call a
+disappointment; and," speaking with unusual energy, "the man was a fool
+and a coward, and she has had a lucky escape."
+
+"Say ye? If so, then there is no call for her to carry on," said Keziah
+philosophically. "But the poor bairn's looking wantle enough now, though
+I warrant me the fell-side air will brisk her up in no time."
+
+"I hope it will," said her brother.
+
+"What does she eat, now? You see, now I've got the lass on my hands, I
+cannot hunger her," said Keziah. "Not that I can give her dainties and
+messes," she added hastily, the miser's cloak suddenly covering the
+woman's heart. "She'll have to take what we get, and be thankful for her
+meat. Still, it's as well to know what a body's been accustomed to when
+they come like this, all of a heap."
+
+"Don't fash yourself about her," answered Emmanuel. "Do what you
+can--that you will, I know--but leave her to herself: that's the way for
+her. She's an odd little body, and the least said the soonest mended
+with Leam."
+
+"With who, d'ye say?" asked Keziah sharply.
+
+"Lean--Leonora," said Emmanuel cherubically.
+
+"Well, I wouldn't call a daughter of mine after old Pharaoh's kine,"
+snapped Keziah with supreme scorn; and at that moment Leam came into the
+room, and Keziah bustled out of it to tig after Jenny and ding at Tim,
+as these two faithful servitors were wont to express the way of their
+mistress toward them.
+
+"My dear, I did not know that things were so miserable here for you, but
+you must just bide here till the scent grows cold, and then I'll come
+for you and put you where you'll be better off," said Mr. Gryce kindly
+when he was alone with Leam.
+
+"This will do," said Leam, suppressing a shudder as she looked round
+the little room, where what had originally been a rhubarb-colored
+paper--chosen because it was a good wearing color--was patched here and
+there with scraps of newspapers or bits of other patterned papers; where
+the huge family Bible and a few musty and torn odd volumes of the
+_Spectator_ and the _Tatler_ comprised the sole library; and where the
+only ornaments on the chimneypiece were three or four bits of lead ore
+from the Roughton Gill mines, above Caldbeck.
+
+"You have been used to something far different," said Emmanuel,
+compassionately.
+
+"My past is over," she answered in a low voice.
+
+"But you'll come to a better future," he cried, his mild blue eyes
+watery and red.
+
+"Shall I? When I die?" was her reply as she passed her hand wearily over
+her forehead, and wished--ah, how ardently!--that the question might
+answer itself now at once.
+
+But the young live against their will, and Leam, though bruised and
+broken, had still the grand vitality of youth to support her. Of the
+stuff of which in a good cause martyrs, in a bad criminals, are made,
+she accepted her position at Windy Brow with the very heroism of
+resignation. She never complained, though every circumstance, every
+condition, was simply torture; and so soon as she saw what she was
+expected to do, she did it without remonstrance or reluctance. Her life
+there was like a lesson in a foreign language which she had undertaken
+to learn by heart, and she gave herself to her task loyally. But it was
+suffering beyond even what Emmanuel Gryce supposed or Keziah ever
+dreamed of. She, with the sun of the South in her veins, her dreams of
+pomegranates and orange-groves, of music and color and bright blue
+skies, of women as beautiful as mamma, of that one man--not of the
+South, but fit to have been the godlike son of Spain--suddenly
+translated from soft and leafy North Aston to a bleak fell-side in the
+most desolate corner of Cumberland--where for lush hedges were cold,
+grim gray stone walls, and the sole flowers to be seen gorse which she
+could not gather, and heather which had no perfume--to a house set so
+far under the shadow that it saw the sun only for three months in the
+year, and where her sole companion was old Keziah Gryce, ill-favored in
+person, rough of mood if true of soul, or creatures even worse than
+herself;--she, with that tenacious loyalty, that pride and concentrated
+passion, that dry reserve and want of general benevolence characteristic
+of her, to be suddenly cast among uncouth strangers whose ways she must
+adopt, and who were physically loathsome to her; dead to the only man
+she loved, his love for her killed by her own hand, herself by her own
+confession accursed; and to bear it all in silent patience,--was it not
+heroic? Had she been more plastic than she was, the effort would not
+have been so great. Being what she was, it was grand; and made as it was
+for penitence, it had in it the essential spirit of saintliness. For
+saintliness comes in small things as well as great, and George Herbert's
+swept room is a true image. There was saintliness in the docility with
+which she rose at six and went to bed at nine; saintliness in the quiet
+asceticism with which she ate porridge for breakfast and porridge for
+supper--at the first honestly believing it either a joke or an insult,
+and that they had given her pigs' food to try her temper; saintliness in
+the silence with which she accepted her dinners, maybe a piece of fried
+bacon and potatoes, or a huge mess of apple-pudding on washing-days, or
+a plate of poached eggs cooked in a pan not over clean; saintliness in
+the enforced attention which she gave to Keziah's rambling stories of
+her pigs and her chickens, her mother's ailments, Jenny's shortcomings
+in the matter of sweepings and savings, Tim's wastefulness in the garden
+over the kailrunts, and the hardships of life on a lone woman left with
+only a huzzy to look after her; saintliness in the repression of that
+proud, fastidious self to which Keziah's familiarity and snuff, Jenny's
+familiarity and disorder, the smell of the peat--which was the only fuel
+they burnt--reeking through the house, and the utter ugliness and
+barren discomfort of everything about, were hourly miseries which she
+would once have repudiated with her most cutting scorn; saintliness in
+the repression of that self indeed at all four corners, and the resolute
+submission to her burden because it was her fitting punishment.
+
+So the sad days wore on, and the fell-side air had not yet brisked up
+Emmanuel's adopted daughter as his sister prophesied. Indeed, she seemed
+slighter and paler than ever, and if possible more submissive to her lot
+and more taciturn. And as her intense quietude of bearing suited Miss
+Gryce, who could not bear to be fussed, and time proved her douce and
+not fashious, she became quite a favorite with her rough-grained
+hostess, who wondered more and more where Emmanuel had picked her up,
+and whose bairn she really was.
+
+Her only pleasure was in wandering over the fells, whence she could see
+the tops of the Derwentwater mountains, and from some points a glimpse
+of blue Bassanthwaite flowing out into the open; where mountain-tarns,
+lying like silver plates in the purple distance, were her magic shows,
+seen only in certain lights, and more often lost than found; whence she
+could look over the broad Carlisle plain and dream of that day on the
+North Aston moor when she first met Edgar Harrowby; and whence the
+glittering strip of the Solway against the horizon made her yearn to be
+in one of the ships which she could dimly discern passing up and down,
+so that she might leave England for ever and lay down the burden of her
+life and her sorrow in mamma's dear land.
+
+So the hours passed, dreary as Mariana's, and hopeless as those wherein
+we stand round the grave and know that the end of all things has come.
+And while North Aston wondered, and Alick mourned, and Edgar repented of
+his past folly with his handsome head in Adelaide's lap, Leam Dundas
+moved slowly through the shadow to the light, and from her chastisement
+gathered that sweet grace of patience which redeemed her soul and raised
+her from sin to sanctity.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XL.
+
+LOST AND NOW FOUND.
+
+
+In bringing up Alick tied tight to her apron-strings, feeding him on
+moral pap, putting his mind into petticoats, and seeking to make him
+more of a woman than a man, Mrs. Corfield had defeated her design and
+destroyed her own influence. During his early growth the boy had yielded
+to her without revolt, because he was more modest than
+self-assertive--had no solid point of resistance and no definite purpose
+for which to resist; but after his college career he developed on an
+independent line, and his soul escaped altogether from his mother's
+hold. Had she let him ripen into manhood in the freedom of natural
+development, she would have been his chosen friend and confidante to the
+end: having invaded the most secret chambers of his mind, and sought to
+mould every thought according to the pattern which she held best, when
+the reaction set in the pendulum swung back in proportion to its first
+beat; and as a protest against his former thraldom he now made her a
+stranger to his inner life and shut her out inexorably from the holy
+place of his sorrow.
+
+The mother felt her son's mind slipping from her, but what could she do?
+Who can set time backward or reanimate the dead? Day by day found him
+more silent and more suffering, the poor little woman nearly as
+miserable as himself. But the name of Leam, standing as the spectre
+between them, was never mentioned after Mrs. Corfield's first outburst
+of indignation at her flight--indignation not because she was really
+angry with Leam, but because Alick was unhappy.
+
+After Alick's stern rejoinder, "Mother, the next time you speak ill of
+Leam Dundas I will leave your house for ever," the subject dropped by
+mutual consent, but it was none the less a living barrier between them
+because raised and maintained in silence.
+
+"Oh, these girls! these wicked girls!" Mrs. Corfield had said with a
+mother's irrational anger when speaking of the circumstance to her
+husband. "We bring up our boys only for them to take from us. As soon
+as they begin to be some kind of comfort and to repay the anxiety of
+their early days, then a wretched little huzzy steps in and makes one's
+life in vain."
+
+"Just so, my dear," said Dr. Corfield quietly. "These were the identical
+words which my mother said to me when I told her I was going to marry
+you."
+
+"Your mother never liked me, and I did like Leam," said Mrs. Corfield
+tartly.
+
+"As Leam Dundas, maybe; but as Leam the wife of your son, I doubt it."
+
+"If Alick had liked it--" said Mrs. Corfield, half in tears.
+
+"You would have been jealous," returned her husband. "No: all girls are
+only daughters of Heth to the mothers of Jacobs, and I never knew one
+whom a mother thought good enough for her boy."
+
+"You need not discredit your own flesh and blood for a stranger," cried
+Mrs. Corfield crossly; and the mute man with an aggravating smile
+suddenly seemed to repent of his unusual loquacity, and gradually
+subsided into himself and his calculations, from which he was so rarely
+aroused.
+
+Alick, ceasing to make a confidante of his mother, began to make a
+friend of Mr. Gryce. Perhaps it ought rather to be said that Mr. Gryce
+began to make a friend of him. The old philosopher, with that corkscrew
+mind of his, knew well enough what was amiss with the poor lank-visaged
+curate. Being of the order of the benevolent busybodies fond of playing
+Providence, how mole-like soever his method, he had marked out a little
+plan of his own by which he thought he could make all the crooked roads
+run straight and discord flow into harmony. But he too fell into the
+mistake common to busybodies, benevolent and otherwise--treating souls
+as if they were machines to be wound up and kept going by the clockwork
+of an extraneous will and neatly manipulated by well-arranged
+circumstance.
+
+One day he joined Alick in his walk to an outlying cottage of the
+parish, where the husband was sick and the wife and children short of
+food, and the Church sent its prayer-book and ministers as the best
+substitute it knew for a wholesome dwelling and sufficient wages.
+Theology was not much in the way of an old heathen who reduced all
+religions save Mohammedanism to the transmuted presentation of the
+archaic solar myth, and who thought Buddhism far ahead of every other
+creed; but he liked the man Alick, if the parson bored him, and he was
+caressing a plan which he had in his pocket.
+
+"You find your life here satisfying, I suppose?" he began, his blue eyes
+looking into the wayside banks for creatures.
+
+"Is any life?" answered Alick, his eyes turned to the vague distance.
+
+"Not fully: the spirit of progress, working by discontent, forbids the
+social stagnation of rest and thankfulness; but we can come to something
+that suffices for our daily wants if it does not satisfy all our
+longings. Work in harmony with our nature, and doing good here and there
+when we can, both these help us on. But the work must be harmonious and
+the good we do manifest."
+
+"So far as that goes, Church-work is pleasant to me--all, indeed, I care
+for or am fit for; but North Aston is stony ground," said Alick.
+
+"Can you wonder? When the husbandman-in-chief is such a man as Mr.
+Birkett, you must make your account with stones and weeds. The spiritual
+cannot flourish under the hand of the unspiritual; and, considering the
+pastor, the flock is far from bad."
+
+"That may be, but we do not like to live only in comparatives," said
+Alick. "I confess I should be happier in a cure where I was more of one
+mind with my rector than I am here, and not decried or ridiculed on
+account of every scheme for good that I might propose. Parish-work here
+is shamefully neglected, but Mr. Birkett will not let me do anything to
+mend it."
+
+"Ah!" said Mr. Gryce, catching a luckless curculio by the way, "that is
+bad. A more harmonious one would certainly be, as you say, far more
+agreeable. Or a little parish of your own--a parish, however small,
+which would be all your own, and you not under the control of any one
+below your diocesan? How would that do? That would be my affair if I
+were in the Church."
+
+Alick's face lightened. "Yes," he said, "that is my dream--at least one
+of them. I would not care how small the place might be, if I had supreme
+control and might work unhindered in my own way."
+
+"It will come," said Mr. Gryce cheerily. "All things come in time to him
+who knows how to wait."
+
+"Ah, if I could believe that!" sighed Alick, thinking of Leam.
+
+"Take my word for it," returned Mr. Gryce. "It will do you no harm to
+have a dash of rose-color in your rather sombre life; and Hope, if it
+tells flattering tales, does not always tell untrue ones."
+
+"I fear my hope has flattered me untruly," said Alick, his faithful
+heart still on Leam.
+
+Mr. Gryce captured a caterpillar wandering across the road. "Conduct is
+fate," he said. "If this poor fellow had not been troubled with a fit of
+restlessness, but had been content to lie safely hidden among the
+grass-roots where he was born, he would not have been caught. Yes,
+conduct is fate for a captive caterpillar as well as for man."
+
+"And yet who can foresee?" said Alick. "We all walk in the dark
+blindfold."
+
+"As you say, who can foresee? That makes perhaps the hardship of it, but
+it does not alter the fact. Blindly walking or with our eyes wide open,
+our steps determine our destiny, and our goal is reached by our own
+endeavors. We ourselves are the artificers of our lives, and mould them
+according to our own pattern."
+
+"But that part of our lives which is under the influence of another? How
+can we manipulate that?" said Alick. "Love and loss are twin powers
+which create or crush without our co-operation."
+
+"I only know one irreparable manner of loss--that by death," said Mr.
+Gryce steadfastly. "For all others while there is life there is hope,
+and I hold nothing, beyond the power of the will to remedy."
+
+"I wish I could believe that," Alick sighed again; and again Mr. Gryce
+said cheerily, "Then take that too on trust, and believe me if you do
+not believe in your own inborn elasticity, your own power of doing and
+undoing."
+
+"There are some things which can never come right when they have once
+gone wrong," said Alick.
+
+"You think so? I know very few," his companion answered in the hearty,
+inspiriting manner which he had used all through the interview, talking
+with a broader accent and lisping less than usual, looking altogether
+more manly and less cherubic than his wont. "I am a believer myself in
+the power of the will and holding on." After a pause he added suddenly,
+"You would be really glad of a small living, no matter where situated,
+nor how desolate and unimportant, where you would be sole master?"
+
+"Yes," said Alick. "If I could win over one soul to the higher life, I
+should count myself repaid for all my exertions. We must all have our
+small beginnings."
+
+"I am an odd old fellow, as you know, Mr. Corfield," laughed Emmanuel
+Gryce. "Give me your hand: I can sometimes see a good deal of the future
+in the hand."
+
+Alick blushed and looked awkward, but he gave his bony, ill-shaped hand
+all the same.
+
+After a little while, during which Mr. Gryce had bent this finger this
+way and that finger another way, had counted the lines made by the
+bended wrist, and had talked half to himself of the line of Jupiter and
+the line of Saturn, the line of life and that of Venus, he said quietly,
+"You will have your wish, and soon. I see a most important change of
+residence at about this time, which in conjunction with this," pointing
+to a small cross at the root of the fourth finger, "will be certainly to
+your advantage."
+
+"How strange!" said Alick. "One scarcely knows whether to laugh at it
+all as old wives' fables or to believe in the mysterious forewarnings of
+fate, the foremarkings of the future."
+
+"There are more things in heaven and earth--" said Mr. Gryce. "And we
+know so little we may well believe a trifle more."
+
+The fact was, all this was founded on these circumstances: He had at
+this moment a letter in his pocket from his sister Keziah telling him
+that old Priest Wilson had been found dead in his bed last night; the
+bishop's chaplain was a friend of his, both having been at the same
+station in India; and the perpetual curacy of Monk Grange was one which,
+if offices went according to their ratio of unpleasantness, a man should
+have been paid a large income to take. Hence there was no chance of a
+rush for the preferment, and the bishop would be grateful for any
+intimation of a willing martyr. Through all of which chinks whereby to
+discover the future Mr. Gryce founded his prophecy; and through them,
+too, it came about that he proved a true prophet. In three days' time
+from this the post brought a letter to Alick Corfield from the bishop
+offering him the perpetual curacy of Monk Grange, income seventy pounds
+a year and a house.
+
+Before speaking even to his mother, Alick rushed off with this letter to
+Mr. Gryce. The old leaven of superstition which works more or less in
+all of us--even those few who think proof a desirable basis for belief,
+and who require an examination conducted on scientific principles before
+they accept supernaturalism as "only another law coming in to modify
+those already known"--that superstition which belongs to most men, and
+to Alick with the rest, made this letter a matter of tremendous
+excitement to him. He saw in it the hand of God and the finger of Fate.
+It was impossible that Mr. Gryce, living at North Aston, should know
+anything of a small country incumbency in the North. It was all that
+study made of his poor parched and knuckly hand. And what had been seen
+there was manifestly the thing ruled for him by Providence and destiny.
+
+"How could you possibly tell?" he cried, looking at his own hand as if
+he could read it as his clever friend had done.
+
+"That is my secret," said Emmanuel, smiling at the credulity on which he
+traded. Then, thinking a flutter outward of the corners of his cards the
+best policy in the circumstances about them at the moment, he added,
+"And when you get there you will understand more than you do now. For
+you will go?"
+
+"Surely," said Alick: "it would be unfaithful in me to refuse."
+
+"But see if you cannot make arrangements to take the place on trial for
+a few months. I know very little of your ecclesiastical law, but grant
+even that it is as devoid of common sense as I should suppose--seeing
+who are the men who make, administer and obey it--still, I should think
+that a temporary incumbency might be arranged."
+
+"I should think so, and I will take your advice," said Alick, over whom
+Emmanuel Gryce was fast establishing the power which belongs to the
+stronger over the weaker, to the more astute over the more dense.
+
+"You will find an adopted daughter of mine in the neighborhood," then
+said Mr. Gryce with the most amiable indifference. "She lives with my
+sister at our old home on the fell-side: Windy Brow the place is called.
+You must tell me how she looks and what you think of her altogether when
+you write to me, as I suppose you will do, or when you come home, if you
+elect not to take the cure even on trial."
+
+"I am not much in the way of criticising young ladies," said Alick
+sadly.
+
+"She is rather a remarkable girl, all things considered," returned Mr.
+Gryce quietly. "Her name is Leonora Darley. You will remember--Leonora
+Darley. Ask for her when you go up to Windy Brow: Leonora Darley," for
+the third time.
+
+"All right: Miss Leonora Darley," repeated Alick, suspecting nothing;
+and again Mr. Gryce smiled as he dug his fingers into the earth of a
+chrysalis-box. How pleasant it was to pull the strings and see his
+puppets dance!
+
+Of course, Mr. Birkett's consent was a necessary preliminary to Alick's
+departure, but there was no difficulty about it. The military rector was
+tired to death, so he used to say, of his zealous young aide-de-camp,
+and hailed the prospect of getting rid of him handsomely with a frank
+pleasure not flattering to poor Alick's self-love. "Certainly, my dear
+boy, certainly," he said. "It will be better for you to have a place of
+your own, where you can carry out your new ideas. You see I am an old
+man now, and have learnt the value of letting well alone. You are in all
+the fever-time of zeal, and believe that vice and ignorance are like the
+walls of Jericho, to fall down when you blow your trump. I do not. But
+on the whole, it is as well that you should learn the realities of life
+for yourself, and carry your energies where they may be useful."
+
+"Then you do not mind?" asked Alick boyishly.
+
+The rector gave a loud clear laugh. "Mind! a thousand times no," he
+said, rubbing his plump white hands. "I can manage well enough alone,
+and if I cannot there are dozens of young eligibles ready to jump at the
+place. Mind! no. Go in Heaven's name, and may you be blessed in your
+undertaking!"
+
+The last words came in as grace-lines, and with them Alick felt himself
+dismissed.
+
+If the rector had been facile to deal with, Mrs. Corfield was not. When
+she heard of the proposed arrangement, and that she was to lose her boy
+for the second time out of her daily life, and more permanently than
+before, her grief was as intense as if she had been told of his
+approaching death. She wept bitterly, and even bent herself to entreaty;
+but Alick, to whom North Aston had become a dungeon of pain since Leam
+went, held pertinaciously to his plan--not without sorrow, but surely
+without yielding. He was fascinated by the idea of a cure where he might
+be sole master, not checked by rectorial ridicule when he wished to
+establish night schools or clothing clubs, penny savings banks, or any
+other of the schemes in vogue for the good of the poor; thinking too,
+not unwisely, that the best heal-all for his sorrow was to be found in
+change of scene and more arduous work together. Also, he thought that if
+his vague tentative advertisements in the papers, which he dared not
+make too evident, had as yet brought nothing, some more satisfactory
+way of discovering Leam's hiding-place might shape itself when he was
+alone, freer to act as he thought best. On all of which accounts he
+resisted his mother's grief, and his own at seeing her grieve, and
+decided on going down to Monk Grange the next day.
+
+Had not Dr. Corfield been ailing at this time, the mother would have
+accompanied her son. The possibility of damp sheets weighed heavy on her
+mind; and landladies who filch from the tea-caddy, with landladies'
+girls, pert and familiar, preparing insidious gruel and seductive cups
+of coffee, were the lions which her imagination conjured up as prowling
+for her Alick through the fastnesses of Monk Grange. Circumstances,
+however, were stronger than her desire; and, happily for Alick, she was
+perforce obliged to remain at home while her darling went out from the
+paternal nest to shake those limp wings of his, and bear himself up
+unassisted in a new atmosphere in the best way he could.
+
+It was on the cold and rainy evening of a cold and rainy summer's day
+that Alick arrived at Monk Grange--an evening without a sunset or a
+moon, stars or a landscape; painful, mournful, as those who dwell in the
+North Country know only too well as the tears on its face of beauty. He
+had driven in a crazy old gig from Wigton, and the nine miles which lay
+between that not too brilliant town and the desolate fell-side hamlet
+which he had been so fain to make his own spiritual domain had not been
+such as disposed him to a cheerful view of things. The rain had fallen
+in a steady, pitiless downpour, which seemed to soak through every outer
+covering and to penetrate the very flesh and marrow of the tired
+traveler as it pattered noisily on the umbrella and streamed over the
+leather apron; and the splash of the horse's hoofs through the liquid
+mud and broad tracts of standing water was as dreary as the "splash,
+splash" of Buerger's ballad. And when all this was over, and they drew up
+at the Blucher, with its handful of desolate gray hovels round it, the
+heart of the man sank at the gloomy surroundings into the midst of which
+he had flung himself. But the zeal of the churchman was as good a tonic
+for him as the best common sense, and he waited until to-morrow and
+broad daylight before he allowed himself to even acknowledge an
+impression. The warm fireside at the Blucher cheered him too, and his
+supper of eggs and bacon and fresh crisp havre-bread satisfied such of
+his physical cravings as, unsatisfied, make a man's spiritual
+perceptions very gaunt.
+
+He went to bed, slept, and the next day woke up to a glory of sun and
+sky, a brilliancy of coloring, a photographic sharpness and clearness of
+form, a suggestion of beauty beyond that which was seen, which
+transformed the place as if an angel had passed through it in the night.
+As he tramped about the sordid hamlet he forgot the rude uncouthness of
+men and place for a kind of ecstasy at the loveliness about him. Every
+jutting rock of granite shone in the sun like polished jasper, and the
+numberless little rills trickling down the fell-sides were as threads of
+silver, now concealed in the gold of the gorse, and now whitening the
+purple of the heather. The air was full of blithesome sounds. Overhead
+the sky-larks sang in jocund rivalry, mounting higher and higher as if
+they would have beaten their wings against the sun: the bees made the
+heather and the thyme musical as they flew from flower to flower, and
+the tinkling of the running rills was like the symphony to a changeful
+theme. It was in real truth a transformation, and the new-comer into the
+fitful, seductive, disappointing North felt all its beauty, all its
+meaning, and gave himself up to his delight as if such a day as
+yesterday had never been.
+
+After he had done what he wished to do in the village, he went up the
+fell-side road to Windy Brow, and, obeying his instructions, asked when
+he got there "if Miss Leonora Darley was at home."
+
+"Na, she bain't," said Jenny, eying poor innocent Alick as a colley
+might eye a wolf sniffing about the fold. "T' auld mistress is."
+
+"Say Mr. Corfield, please," said Alick; and Jenny, telling him to "gang
+intilt parlor," scuffled off to Keziah, pottering over some pickled red
+cabbage, which made the house smell like a vinegar-cask.
+
+"I've heard tell of you," said Miss Gryce as she came in wiping her
+hands on a serviceable and by no means luxurious cloth: "Emmanuel wrote
+me a letter about you. You're kindly welcome to Monk Grange, but you're
+only a haverel to look at. Take a seat, and tell me--how's Emmanuel, my
+brother?"
+
+"He was well when I saw him the day before yesterday: at least he said
+nothing to the contrary," answered Alick with his conscientious
+literalness.
+
+"I like that," said Keziah, also eying him, but as a colley might have
+eyed a strange sheep, not a wolf. "A random rory would have made no
+difference between now and two days back, and believing and being. You
+cannot be over-particular in the truth, I take it."
+
+Alick blushed, shifted his place and looked uneasy. And again, as so
+often before, it came across him: had he done right, judged by the
+highest law, to conceal the truth as he knew it about Leam?
+
+"Hoot, man! there's no call for you to sit on pins and needles in that
+fashion," said Keziah. "It's a daft body that cannot hear a word of
+praise without turning as red as a turkey-cock and fidging like a
+parched pea on a drum-head. I've not turned much of you over yet, and
+maybe I'll come to what I'll have no mind to praise; so keep your fidges
+till you are touched up with the other end of the stick. And so you are
+to be our new priest, are you?"
+
+"I am going to offer myself for a time," said Alick.
+
+"For a time? That's a thing as has two sides to it. If you are not to
+our minds, that's its good side: if you are, and we are not to yours,
+that's its bad. I doubt if our folk will care to be played Jumping Joan
+with in that fashion."
+
+"I will be guided by the will of the Lord," said Alick reverently.
+
+"Humph! I like the words better nor the chances in them," returned
+Keziah, taking a pinch of snuff. "But maybe things'll work round as one
+would have them; and whether you stay or you do not, the Lord's will be
+done, amen! and His grace follow you, young man!"
+
+"Thank you," said Alick with emotion, getting up and shaking the
+pickle-stained and snuff-discolored hand.
+
+"I have a message for Miss Leonora Darley," he then said after a pause.
+"Mr. Gryce told me I was to be sure and tell him how she was looking."
+
+"Eh, poor bairn! she is not very first-rate," the old woman answered
+tenderly. At least it was tenderness in her: in another person her voice
+and manner might have been taken for crabbedness and impatience. "She's
+up by there, on the fell somewhere. She a'most lives on the fell-side,
+but it don't make her look as brisk as I should like. Have you seen the
+view from our brow-top? It is a real bonny one; and you'll maybe find
+Leonora not far off. I don't think she wanders far."
+
+"I should like to see it," said Alick. "The country altogether looks
+splendid to-day."
+
+"Ay, it's a bonny day enough if it would but last. Come your ways with
+me and I'll set you out by the back door. You can come in again the same
+road if you've a mind."
+
+On which she bustled up, and Alick, escorted by her, went through the
+house and on to the fell-side.
+
+It was, if possible, grander now than it had been in the earlier part of
+the day. The hot sun had cleared away the lingering mist, and the
+cloudless sky was like one large perfect opal, while the earth beneath
+shone and glistened as if it were a jewel set with various-colored gems.
+There was not a mean or sordid thing about. Touched by the splendid
+alchemy of the sun, the smallest circumstance was noble, the poorest
+color glorious. Alick stood on the fell-brow entranced: then turning, he
+saw slowly coming across the pathless green a young slight figure
+dressed in gray. He looked as it came near, and his heart beat with a
+force that took all power from him. It was absurd, he knew, but there
+was such a strange look of Leam about that girl! He stood and watched
+her coming along with that slow, graceful, undulating step which was
+Leam's birthright. Was he mad? Was he dreaming? What was this mocking
+trick of eyesight that was perplexing him? Surely it was madness; and
+yet--no, it could be no one else. Supreme, beloved, who else could
+personate her so as to cheat him?
+
+She came on, her eyes always fixed on the distance, seeing nothing of
+Alick standing dark against the sky. She came nearer, nearer, till he
+saw the glory of her eyes, the curve of her lip, and could count the
+curling tresses on her brow. Then he came down from the height and
+strode across the space between them.
+
+She lifted up her eyes and saw him. For an instant the sadness cleared
+out of them as the mists had cleared from the sky: her pathetic mouth
+broke into a smile, and she held out both her hands. "Alick, dear Alick!
+my good Alick!" she cried in a voice of exquisite tenderness.
+
+"My queen!" he said kneeling, his honest upturned face wet with tears.
+"Lost and now found!"
+
+[TO BE CONTINUED.]
+
+
+
+
+THE ITALIAN MEDIAEVAL WOOD-SCULPTORS.
+
+More or less during the whole of this century, and ever more during the
+recent years of it, the love of art, especially in what have been called
+the "industrial" manifestations of it, has been becoming a passion in
+Germany and in France, as well as in England and America. Museums for
+the collection and preservation of the works produced by the artists of
+those centuries which were the palmy days of art have been established
+in all these countries, and private amateurs have vied with them in
+enriching their respective countries with specimens of all the many
+kinds of art-industry which remain to us from those times when religion
+encouraged and surrounded itself with the beautiful and the cultivation
+of the beautiful was a religion. And it is mainly--indeed, almost
+entirely--to Italy that the lovers and admirers of mediaeval art come in
+search of those remains of it which, it is hoped, will be (or rather are
+being) the means of producing a second art _renaissance_. The quantity
+of objects, more or less genuinely representing the mediaeval art in all
+its many branches, which has been carried out of Italy within the last
+quarter of a century is something perfectly astounding, and far exceeds
+what any one would believe who has not remained in Italy long enough to
+observe the process. A considerable portion, no doubt, of the articles
+thus carried home with them by the lovers of art has consisted of modern
+imitations of ancient workmanship, but the quantity of genuine mediaeval
+articles--pottery in its various kinds, furniture, carving in wood, in
+marble, in stone and in ivory, lace, bronzes, embroidery, metal-work,
+brocaded stuffs, etc.--has been so enormous as to reveal in a very
+striking manner the extraordinary wealth of the country in the days when
+it was the mistress of Europe in civilization, and the all-pervading
+love of the beautiful which caused so very large a portion of that
+wealth to be expended for the gratification of a refined taste.
+
+Before proceeding to the more special subject of this article--certain
+interesting and recently-discovered notices of some of the most famous
+of the old carvers in wood--it may be well to say a word or two on the
+subject of the commerce in imitations of the mediaeval works so
+extensively carried on in Italy. Of course, a trade based on deception
+is in every way to be condemned and regretted. It is not only immoral,
+but it generates demoralization. But it is to be observed that in very
+many cases--especially in those branches where art-industry approaches
+the most nearly to art proper--the artist or artisan who produced the
+works in question has neither co-operated with the fraud we are speaking
+of, nor has worked with any view to the perpetration of such by others.
+In the next place, it is to be noted that the mortification and
+humiliation which many purchasers are conscious of when it is brought
+home to them that they have been taken in, and have purchased as old
+that which is in truth of recent production, may well be spared to them.
+I do not mean, of course, as regards the money they may have been
+cheated of, but as regards the slight put upon their own
+connoisseurship. The art of imitating the old works in question has been
+brought to such a pitch of perfection that it needs a very special
+education of the eye and large practice to detect the imposture. A
+circumstance occurred a few years ago at Florence which curiously
+illustrates both the facts I have mentioned--the frequent innocence of
+the producer of the imitation and the extreme difficulty of detecting
+the modern origin of the work. The facts are very little known, because
+it was the interest of many persons to misrepresent and conceal them.
+They ought, nevertheless, to be known, and I do not see any good reason
+why I should not tell them here.
+
+A young man at Florence of the name of Bastianini--it must be at least
+ten years ago now, or perhaps more--of very humble origin had shown a
+remarkable talent for modeling busts in terra-cotta. Having formed his
+taste for himself, not by means of any academical teaching, but by
+imbuing his mind with the examples of mediaeval art which meet the eye on
+all sides in his native city, his works assumed quite naturally the
+manner and style of the artists who (in more or less direct line) were
+his ancestors. One day it happened to him to see a man--he was a common
+workman in the tobacco manufactory--whose head struck him as specially
+marked by the old Florentine mediaeval type and as a remarkably good
+subject for a characteristic bust. From this man he made a terra-cotta
+bust which few could have pronounced to be other than a _cinque-cento_
+work, and a very fine one. Bastianini, then quite unknown and much in
+need of wherewithal to live, sold this bust as the work of his hands to
+a speculative dealer for, if I remember rightly, five hundred francs.
+The man who bought it carried it to a dealer in antiquities--a very
+well-known man in Florence whose name I could give were it of any
+interest to do so--and proposed to sell it to him for a large sum.
+Eventually, a bargain was struck on this basis: The dealer, with perfect
+knowledge of the origin and authorship of the work, was to pay one
+thousand francs for the bust, and to pay the seller another thousand if
+and whenever he, the dealer, should succeed in reselling it for more
+than a certain price named. Thereupon, in accordance with the usual
+practice in such cases, the bust disappeared from sight. It was stored
+in the secret repositories of the _antiquario_ till the circumstances
+attending its creation should be a little forgotten, and dust and dirt
+should have corrected the brand-new rawness of its surface, ready to be
+produced with much mystery as a recent _trouvaille_ when a likely
+purchaser should loom over the Apennine which encircles "gentile
+Firenze." In due time, one of the largest and brightest of those comets
+whose return is so accurately calculated and eagerly expected by the
+Florentine dealers in ancient art made his appearance in the Tuscan
+sky--no less than a buyer for the Louvre. Those were the halcyon days of
+the Empire, and money was plenty. Poor Bastianini's bust was brought out
+with all due mystery, duly admired by the infallible French connoisseur,
+and eventually purchased by him for the imperial collection for, I
+think, five thousand francs--at all events, for a sum sufficiently large
+to give the man who had bought the bust from the poor artist the right
+to demand his supplementary payment. He did so. But the greed of the
+dealer prevailed over his prudence, and he refused to give his
+accomplice in the fraud the promised share in the plunder. Of course
+that ensued which might have been expected. The defrauded rogue "split."
+The bust sold to the Frenchman was easily identified with that which
+Bastianini had made, and which had been known to all artistic Florence,
+and the authorities at the Louvre were duly certified by many a
+loud-tongued informer that they had been gulled. The information, as is
+usually the case with information of the kind, came too late to be of
+service to the buyers, but not too late to give them serious annoyance.
+The bust had been exhibited at the Louvre in a prominent place; it had
+excited considerable notice; none of the savants presiding over that
+establishment had conceived the smallest suspicion of its genuineness;
+and it was excessively disagreeable to have to admit that they had all
+been deceived by a work made the other day by an unknown Florentine
+artist. It was so disagreeable that the gentlemen in question had not
+the courage to face the truth. They pooh-poohed their informants,
+professed to adhere without a doubt to their own first opinions, and the
+bust, to the great amusement of all the Florentine art-world, remained
+in its place of honor at the Louvre, exhibited as a cinque-cento
+terra-cotta for a long time after all Florence was perfectly cognizant
+of its real history, and after the young artist had produced three or
+four other busts all equally marked by unmistakable cinque-cento
+characteristics. One of these was a really remarkable bust of
+Savonarola, which may be seen any day in the (now public) gallery of St.
+Mark's at Florence. The original _teterrima causa belli_ has, I believe,
+disappeared from the Louvre Gallery. Poor Bastianini died shortly
+afterward, and it is due to his memory and undoubtedly great talent that
+it should be distinctly understood that from first to last he was no
+party to or profiter by the frauds to which his special talent had given
+rise.
+
+To return, however, to what I was saying about that large portion of the
+works of art and art-industry every year exported from Italy, mainly by
+individual buyers for the gratification of their own taste, which
+consists of _imitations_. It may be remarked, especially as regards the
+objects belonging to the latter category, that these imitations, if
+bought as such, are not undesirable purchases. In many instances,
+particularly in those of iron- and bronze-work, intarsia, and carving in
+wood, the modern Italian artists, who began as imitators, have attained
+a degree of excellence which entitles them to take rank as the founders
+of a new artistic _renaissance_, while their familiarity with
+cinque-cento art and the loving study of it have led them to produce
+work in each of the above-named branches which is calculated to improve
+the taste of both workers and purchasers in countries beyond the Alps.
+As regards metal-work, whether in iron or bronze, avowedly modern, but
+of the true cinque-cento type and style, the amateur would do well to
+visit the foundries and workshops of Venice; for intarsia he may go to
+Milan; for wood-carving to Florence, Siena and Perugia; to the last also
+for intarsia. He will find in Perugia work both in carving and intarsia
+on which he might spend his money very much more advantageously than in
+buying second-rate bits of really old wood-work, or indeed any such bits
+as he is at all likely to meet with. And it is not surprising that the
+little Umbrian hill-city should have become a special home for this
+particular branch of art; for it contains some of the most remarkable
+works of the kind extant, the product of some of the most renowned
+masters of the craft in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. It is a
+mistake to suppose, as many persons do, that the fine works of this kind
+which we still admire were the product of men who were considered in
+their day as mere artisans, and whose names were not known beyond the
+boundaries of their native provinces. They were recognized as true
+artists, whose names were known from one end of the Peninsula to the
+other, and who were sent for from distant cities to execute works of
+importance. In many cases their names have perished: in more they are
+unknown to the present generation of art-lovers--_caruerunt quia vate
+sacro_. And in some cases--as a very notable instance, to be mentioned
+presently, will show in a remarkable manner--the higher portion of the
+merit which was wholly their own--the conception of their designs, with
+all the grace of fancy and cultured knowledge of the principles of the
+beautiful which it implies--has been assigned to others to whom the
+modern world has exclusively given the title of artists. But the
+increased and still increasing attention which the world is paying to
+all the details and all the branches of cinque-cento art--to good
+purpose, for it is due to it that we have emerged or are emerging from
+the eighteenth-century depths of ugliness in all our surroundings--has
+induced the useful Dryasdusts, whose nature and function it is to burrow
+in corporation and conventual muniment-rooms and the like promising
+covers, to search out with a very considerable degree of success a mass
+of facts, not only as to the real authorship of the work in question,
+but curiously illustrative of the status these artists held and the
+manner in which they lived and worked. Among the principal of these
+archive-hunters is the learned Professor Adam Rossi, the corporation
+librarian at Perugia, and it is mainly to his researches that the facts
+I am about to lay before the reader are due.
+
+One of the finest specimens of cinque-cento wood-work extant in
+Italy--perhaps I might safely say the finest--is the choir of the
+monastic church of St. Peter at Perugia. The monks of St. Peter were
+Benedictines of Monte Cassino, and, like most of the families of that
+order, they were very wealthy and were liberal patrons of art. On the
+9th of April, 1525, having determined to refit the choir of their church
+in a magnificent manner, they came to an agreement with a
+master-carpenter of Perugia for the execution of the work, and a
+detailed contract was signed by the parties. (I have called this
+cinque-cento work, and it will be observed that it was executed in the
+sixteenth century. It may be necessary, therefore, to explain to those
+who are unacquainted with the Italian mode of speaking in this respect
+that the Italians always speak of what we should call the fourteenth
+century as the "trecento," what we should call the fifteenth, as the
+"quattrecento," and so on. The period at which art in all its branches
+culminated in Italy was, in our language, the sixteenth century.)
+
+Maestro Bernardino di Luca, the artist with whom the convent contracted
+for the fitting of the choir, is styled in the instrument _legnaiuolo_
+(a "carpenter"). And no doubt Maestro Bernardino--or "Bino," for short,
+as he is called in the instrument when once at the beginning he has been
+named formally at full length--practiced all the more ordinary business
+of his trade. But there must have been carpenters _and_ carpenters, as
+to the present day there are painters _and_ painters, the same word
+indicating the calling of a Landseer and of a house-painter. This simple
+modesty of designation was a characteristic of the epoch. We find
+sculptors whose works are to the present day admired and studied as
+masterpieces styling themselves simply "stone-cutters." The contract is
+a long document, consisting of twenty-one clauses, the greater number of
+which are occupied with the most minute and detailed specification of
+the work to be done. It is to be executed "according to the model made
+by the said Bino, changing it or keeping it as it is according to the
+will of the fathers" (the monks of St. Peter's), "so as not to change
+the form and substance of the model." The prices agreed to be paid for
+each stall in the choir, with its arch above it, is ten golden ducats,
+which, allowing for the change in the value of the precious metals, may
+be considered to be about equal to three hundred and seventy-five
+dollars at the present day. The price does not seem by any means a small
+one. But Signor Rossi's researches have elsewhere shown that it is a
+mistake to suppose that the renowned professors of any branch of art
+were poorly paid in those days. The very reverse was the case. It would
+not be interesting to the reader to give him the details of the work
+which Maestro Bino bound himself to execute, but some of the
+stipulations must be mentioned, because they curiously illustrate the
+life of the times. The convent is to furnish all the wood--that which is
+required for the work itself, as well as all that may be needed, planks,
+scaffolding and the like, for the putting of it in its place. "_Item._
+We give him rooms to work in and to sleep in and to cook in, as well as
+beds furnished with bedclothes. _Item._ Maestro Bino binds himself not
+to undertake any other work till the choir is wholly finished and put
+up, and he engages to do all the work within the walls of the convent.
+He is bound to keep four men at work under him, and more if necessary."
+The work is to be completed within two years should no impediment
+intervene by death or grave and manifest illness. The convent undertakes
+to furnish money from time to time as needed for the pay of the
+journeymen, and fifty ducats beforehand for the hiring of assistants and
+other necessary expenses.
+
+Maestro Bino went to work at once, and on the 15th of that same April
+had from the convent what seems the very large sum of ten florins and
+eight soldi for glue. But, after all, this Maestro Bernardino di Luca
+was not the author of the exquisite carvings which people go to Perugia
+to look at at the present day. A very "grave and manifest infirmity" did
+intervene to prevent the execution of the work, for on the 19th of the
+following August, Maestro Bino discharged his workmen on account of the
+plague, which had begun to devastate Perugia; and there is reason to
+think that the maestro himself perished by it, for after that last entry
+the name of Bernardino di Luca vanishes into the abyss of darkness, and
+is no more heard of, and shortly afterward we find the convent entering
+into a new bargain with another maestro for the execution of the work.
+This was Maestro Stefano de Antoniolo da Zambelli of Bergamo, who agreed
+with the monks in July, 1533, to execute the required works in the choir
+for the price of thirty golden crowns each stall. It will be observed
+that this price is about fifty per cent. higher than that for which
+Maestro Bino had contracted to do the work, which is an indication of
+the then rapidly-falling value of the precious metals. But this
+increased price was still insufficient, for on the 17th of July, 1534,
+the monks enter into an amended contract with Maestro Stefano, in which
+the terms of the original contract are rehearsed, and it is then
+declared that Maestro Stefano having shown and proved to the abbot's
+satisfaction that those terms could not stand, and that he should be
+greatly the loser by the bargain, and it being by no means the wish of
+the fathers that Maestro Stefano should be deprived of a fair reward for
+his work, but rather that he should make a suitable profit by the job,
+it was now agreed that the maestro should undertake to labor
+uninterruptedly and with all possible diligence, that the convent should
+find all materials and tools, and should maintain Maestro Stefano and
+his wife and a journeyman, and should pay sixty golden crowns a year as
+long as the work was in progress. Further, the convent undertakes to pay
+half a golden crown monthly to the wife of the said Maestro Stefano, "on
+the understanding that the said wife of the maestro shall serve and cook
+and wash clothes for all the family engaged on the work of the choir;"
+and further, half a golden crown monthly to the journeyman. Under this
+arrangement it was of course the interest of the convent that the work
+should be completed as quickly as possible. And we find, accordingly,
+the abbot commissioning Antonio of Florence to carve six of the backs
+of the stalls; Battista of Bologna and Ambrose, a Frenchman, to carve
+the reading-desk; and Fra Damiano of Bergamo, who was then at Bologna,
+to execute the four sculptures in bas-relief which adorn the door. This
+Fra Damiano, who signs himself on his work "Fr. Damianus de Bergamo,
+Ordinis Predicatorum," seems to have been a brother of the principal
+artist, Maestro Stefano. But a curious peep at the manners of that time
+is afforded by the fact of a professed monk working for hire as a
+wood-carver. The main portion of the work, however, and the general
+design, were due to Maestro Stefano da Zambelli of Bergamo, and just two
+years and half from the signing of the contract the work was completed
+and signed in intarsia, as we see it to this day, "Hoc opus fecit M^{r.}
+Stephanus di Bergamo."
+
+For a long time it was supposed that the very beautiful designs for the
+entirety and for each detail of this noble work was due to Raphael. The
+guide-books all copied the statement one after the other; and they were
+indeed excusable in doing so, for the large and magnificent folio which
+was published at Rome by the abbot and monks in 1845, containing
+engravings of every detail of the celebrated carvings, declares on the
+title-page that the work was executed "by Stefano da Bergamo after the
+designs of Raffaelle Santi di Urbino." The celebrated and learned
+Montfaucon, who was a member of the same order, seems to have been the
+first who made this mistaken statement. Once made on such authority, it
+was accepted and repeated without further investigation till the
+undeniable evidence of the archives of the convent, dragged to light
+from under the dust of centuries by the industry of Professor Rossi,
+showed that in truth the conception and design, as well as the
+execution, of this beautiful masterpiece, which has for so long been
+thought worthy of Raphael, was the work of the "carpenter, Maestro
+Stefano da Bergamo."
+
+I do not believe that it is any longer possible to obtain a complete
+copy of the above-mentioned work. Many years ago I found the separate
+sheets of it lying about in the sacristy in a manner which gave one a
+vivid idea of the reckless carelessness which is so marked a
+characteristic of Italians. Bundles of the different plates, some
+containing forty or fifty copies, some twenty or so, and some not more
+than four or five, were thrust into cupboards with wax candles for the
+altar, tattered choir-books and old candlesticks. And here was the whole
+remaining stock of the work! I was at that time able, by the exercise of
+much patience, trouble and persuasion with the old sacristan--who seemed
+to consider the sale of the plates a very insufficient recompense for
+the trouble of looking for them--to get together a complete copy of the
+work; but when I was there the other day not more than twenty of the
+plates out of nearly twice that number were to be found. In the mean
+time, however, a complete set of photographs of every portion of the
+sculpture has been made in a smaller size, but sufficiently large to
+give a very satisfactory representation of the extreme beauty and
+elegance of the work. It is indeed impossible to doubt that this Master
+Stephen of Bergamo, the carpenter, whose wife was to have half a crown a
+month for doing the washing and cooking for all the family living in the
+rooms assigned to them in the monastery for a workshop and living-rooms,
+was a man of education and culture, and in every sense of the word an
+_artist_. The difference between his social position and that of any
+artist of corresponding eminence in our day would seem to consist wholly
+in that greater degree of personal and material luxury which
+civilization and increased wealth have brought with them. The payment
+which he was to receive for his year's work, besides having been
+maintained, lodged and fed at the cost of the monastery during the time,
+may, I take it, be considered equivalent to about twenty-two thousand
+five hundred dollars.
+
+In 1494, on the 5th of April, Maestro Mariotto di Paola, "called
+Torzuolo," contracts with the canons of the cathedral to make a range of
+cupboards in the sacristy. Such masses of wood-work, very frequently
+richly carved and ornamented, are found in the sacristies of most of the
+larger churches in Italy. They generally consist of a range of deep
+drawers below, up to about the height of an ordinary table, and above
+this a series of cupboards reaching to the ceiling of the apartment, so
+much less deep than the drawers as to leave a large space of table on
+the top of the latter. The drawers are used mainly for the keeping of
+the sacred vestments; the table for the spreading out of such of these
+as are about to be or have just been used; and the cupboards above for
+the holding of all the treasures of the church--chalices for the altar,
+monstrances for the exposition of the sacrament, reliquaries of all
+sorts of shapes and sizes for the preservation of the relics of saints,
+ornamental candlesticks, and such like. In the richer and more important
+churches these objects are generally of the precious metals, and
+frequently richly adorned with gems, so that the amount of treasure
+stored in these repositories is often very considerable. Sometimes such
+a range of wood-work as has been described will be found filling one
+side only of the sacristy, but in many cases it runs round the whole
+apartment. And this piece of ecclesiastical furniture therefore
+presented a great field for the taste and ingenuity of the old _maestri_
+in wood-carving to exhibit their skill both in design and in execution.
+At the Benedictine monastery of St. Peter, of the choir of which we have
+been speaking, this fitting up of the sacristy had been done previously;
+and it is accordingly much less rich in carving than the work in the
+choir. But some of the doors of the cupboards are still more preciously
+ornamented by some very finely-painted heads from the hand of the great
+Perugino.
+
+Such as it is, however, this sacristy at St. Peter's was handsome enough
+to excite the emulation of the canons of the cathedral, for the contract
+made with Maestro Mariotto--who was nicknamed Torzuolo--specifies that
+the work is to be entirely of walnut wood, after the fashion of the
+sacristy at St. Peter's, and is to be executed "in the manner of a
+good, loyal and expert master." It is to be all done by his own hand, or
+at least in his presence and under his superintendence. The work is to
+be completed in one year, and the canons are to pay for it at the rate
+of ten florins every square braccio, Florentine measure. This was in
+1494; and it will here again be observed that the price, as compared
+with that to be paid to Maestro Stefano by the monks of St. Peter's for
+their choir, even fully allowing for the greater richness of the latter,
+indicates the very rapid alteration in the value of money which took
+place at the beginning of the sixteenth century. But the canons, it
+would seem, were very careful hands at a bargain, for we find that it is
+provided in the contract that when the work shall have been completed it
+shall be examined by two experts, and that if it shall be found to be
+worth less than the price named, Maestro Torzuolo shall receive so much
+less; but that if it shall be found by the said experts and appraisers
+to be worth more, the maestro shall stand to his bargain and not receive
+more than the price named--an agreement which is frequently found in the
+contracts made about that period. When the work was completed it was
+accordingly examined and appraised by Maestro Mattia of Reggio and
+Maestro Pietro of Florence. The latter was brought from Citta di
+Castello, a little city in the Apennines some twenty-five miles distant,
+express for the purpose. We do not find any statement of their award.
+But it would seem that Maestro Torzuolo did not keep to his contract in
+one respect, but was as unpunctual as the carpenters of the present
+generation, for the above experts were not called to appraise the work
+till the year 1497.
+
+Maestro Pietro of Florence was evidently a man at the head of his
+profession, for at Citta di Castello, when he was summoned to Perugia to
+appraise the work of Maestro Torzuolo, he was engaged in making for the
+canons there a wooden ceiling for the nave of their church, which was,
+by a contract dated 1499, to be ornamented with large roses similar to
+the ornamentation of the ceiling of the council-hall in the Palazzo
+Vecchio at Florence; giving us thus another indication of the degree of
+general interest and attention which these works excited in those days.
+The communication between city and city was difficult and comparatively
+unfrequent, yet the fame of any fine work of the sort we are talking of
+evidently not only reached far and wide among other cities, but
+forthwith excited their rivalry and led to the production of other
+_chefs-d'oeuvre_. Maestro Pietro was to receive for the ceiling of the
+nave at Citta di Castello no less a sum than five hundred golden ducats,
+equal to at least seventeen thousand five hundred dollars at the present
+day. We find him also employed as architect to direct the construction
+of a cupola of the church of Calcinaio. This carpenter was, then, an
+architect also; and Professor Rossi remarks that it is by no means the
+only case of the kind.
+
+Maestro Mattia, the other expert called to appraise the work done by
+Maestro Torzuolo for the canons of the cathedral of Perugia, was already
+well and favorably known in that city, for he had been employed in 1495
+to appraise some work which had been done for the choir of the monks of
+St. Lorenzo; in that same year we find him executing some very elaborate
+work for the convent of St. Augustine; and on the 20th of December there
+was read at a meeting of the municipal council a petition from Maestro
+Mattia to be admitted to the freedom of the city of Perugia; which
+request the masters of the guilds, "taking into consideration the
+industry, the mode of life and the moral character" of the petitioner,
+were pleased to grant, on the condition that he, together with two other
+persons admitted to citizenship at the same time, should make a present
+to the corporation of a silver dish and forty pounds' weight of copper
+money, and, further, that he should give the masters and treasurers of
+his own guild a dinner.
+
+The notices which Professor Rossi has collected from the various
+collections of archives explored by him show in a remarkable manner how
+much the best patron of art and artists in those days was the Church.
+By far the greatest number of the contracts cited are made by
+ecclesiastics, either monks or collegiate bodies of canons or the like,
+for the ornamentation of their churches and sacristies. The next best
+patrons are the different trade-guilds of the cities. Each of these had
+its place of meeting for the _priori_--masters or wardens, as we should
+say, of the company--and many of them a contiguous chapel. The sort of
+furniture needed for these places was generally a range of seats running
+round the principal room, a back of wainscoting behind them, a kind of
+pulpit for those who addressed the meeting, a raised and prominent seat
+for the "consuls" of the guild, and a large table or writing-desk for
+the transaction of business. All this, as will be readily perceived,
+afforded fine opportunities for the display of rich carvings and
+intarsia; and there was much rivalry between the guilds in the splendor
+and adornment of their places of meeting. Some of these works still
+remain intact, as in the case of the meeting-room and chapel of the
+company of exchange-brokers, which is celebrated wherever art is valued
+for the magnificent frescoes by Perugino which adorn the upper part of
+the walls above the wood-work. I think, however, that the Church was
+more liberal and magnificent in her orders. I have seen much fine
+wood-work in the different guild-halls and town-halls in various cities
+of Italy, but in no lay building, not even in wealthy and magnificent
+Venice itself, with all the splendor of its ducal palace and its Scuole,
+have I ever seen anything of the kind at all comparable to the wood-work
+in the choirs of the monastery of St. Peter at Perugia and of the
+cathedral at Siena. There is in the cathedral of Bergamo some intarsia,
+perhaps the finest things extant in that special description of work,
+but for carving the choirs I have mentioned are pre-eminent.
+
+But there are a great number of beautiful works of this sort lurking in
+places where the traveler, however eager a lover of art, would hardly
+think of looking for them. The central districts of Italy are full of
+such. There is in the mountains to the south of Perugia, overhanging
+the valley of the Tiber, a little city, the very name of which will
+probably be new to many even of those who have traveled much in Italy.
+Still less likely is it that they have ever been at Todi, for that is
+the name of the place I am alluding to. It lies high and bleak among the
+Apennines, and possesses nothing to attract the wanderer save some
+notable remains of mediaeval art which strikingly show how universal, how
+ubiquitous, art and artists were in those halcyon days. Todi has,
+moreover, the misfortune of being situated on no line of railway, and of
+not being on the way to any of the great modern centres. It is,
+therefore, completely out of the modern world, and nobody knows anything
+about it save a few lovers of ancient art, who will not be beat in their
+explorations by want of communications and bad hostelries. But the
+little hill-city possesses two churches, whose choirs well deserve a
+visit by the admirers of cinque-cento wood-work, I have mentioned it
+here, however, mainly because one of these, the choir of the cathedral,
+offers not so much in what may still be seen there, as in its records, a
+very curious example of the spirit of anti-ecclesiastical freethinking
+which was widely spread at that time through the artist-world, whose
+best patron was the Church. I mentioned some months ago, in the pages of
+this Magazine, some curious facts showing the real sentiments of the
+great Perugino on this subject while he was painting Madonnas and
+miracles for his ecclesiastical patrons. And the following singular
+extract from the archives of the cathedral church of Todi may be added
+to what was there written as a proof of the somewhat unexpected fact.
+The wood-work of the choir was begun by Maestro Antonio Bencivieni of
+Mercatello, in the duchy of Urbino, and was completed in 1530 by his son
+Sebastian, who finished his work by inserting in it a singularly haughty
+inscription in intarsia. The Latin of the original may be Englished
+thus: "Begun by the art and genius of Ant^{o} Bencivieni of Mercatello.
+This work was finished by his son Sebastian. Having kept faith and
+maintained his honor, he did enough." The worthy canons, however,
+discovered just one and forty years afterward that Maestro Sebastiano
+had done somewhat too much. For he had on the fourth stall, counting
+from the bishop's seat, on the right-hand side of the choir, inserted
+amid the ornamentation certain Latin words, inscribed over a carving of
+three vases intended to represent reliquaries, which may be translated
+thus: Over the first vase, "The shadow of the ass ridden by our Lord;"
+over the second, "The feet of the Blessed Virgin as she ascended into
+heaven;" over the third, "Relics of the Holy Trinity." These strange
+inscriptions remained where Maestro Sebastiano had so audaciously placed
+them till the May of 1571. At that date we find a record in the
+cathedral archives which, after rehearsing the words in question, and
+describing the position of them, proceeds: "Which words, placed there
+and written scandalously, and in a certain sort derisive of the
+veneration for holy relics, and in contempt of the Christian religion,
+the very reverend canons" (So-and-So--names rehearsed) "ordered to be
+removed and entirely canceled, so that they should no longer be seen or
+read." Can it be supposed that this very extraordinary inscription in a
+choir frequented daily by the canons of the church had entirely escaped
+notice for more than forty years? Surely this is impossible. Should we
+not rather see in the fact that the chapter of 1530 noticed the mocking
+words with probably a shrug and a smile, whereas the chapter of 1571
+took care that they were removed, an interesting and curious commentary
+on the change which the intervening years had brought about in the
+spirit of the Church, and another unexpected indication of the
+difference between the Church of the worldly, pagan-minded Clement VII.
+and that of the energetic, earnest bigot Pius IV. That such a difference
+existed we know full well, but this passage of the Todi archives is a
+very curious proof of it.
+
+T. ADOLPHUS TROLLOPE.
+
+
+
+
+REST.
+
+    In deepest weariness I lay so still
+      One might have thought it death,
+    For hush of motion and a sleep of will
+      Gave me but soundless breath.
+
+    And yet I slept not; only knew that Rest
+      Held me all close to her:
+    Softly but firmly fettered to her breast,
+      I had no wish to stir.
+
+    "Oh, if," I thought, "death would but be like this!--
+      Neither to sleep nor wake,
+    But have for ages just this _conscious_ bliss,
+      That perfect rest I take."
+
+    The soul grows often weary, like the flesh:
+      May rest pervade her long,
+    While she shall _feel_ the joy of growing fresh
+      For heavenly work and song!
+
+CHARLOTTE F. BATES.
+
+
+
+
+LETTERS FROM SOUTH AFRICA.
+
+BY LADY BARKER.
+
+
+MARITZBURG, February 10, 1876.
+
+In the South African calendar this is set down as the first of the
+autumnal months, but the half dozen hours about mid-day are still quite
+as close and oppressive as any we have had. I am, however, bound to say
+that the nights--at all events, up here--are cooler, and I begin even to
+think of a light shawl for my solitary walks in the verandah just before
+bedtime. When the moon shines these walks are pleasant enough, but when
+only the "common people of the skies" are trying to filter down their
+feebler light through the misty atmosphere, I have a lurking fear and
+distrust of the reptiles and bugs who may also have a fancy for
+promenading at the same time and in the same place. I say nothing of
+bats, frogs and toads, mantis or even huge moths: to these we are quite
+accustomed. But although I have never seen a live snake in this country
+myself, still one hears such unpleasant stories about them that it is
+just as well to what the Scotch call "mak siccar" with a candle before
+beginning a constitutional in the dark.
+
+It is not a week ago since a lady of my acquaintance, being surprised at
+her little dog's refusal to follow her into her bedroom one night,
+instituted a search for the reason of the poor little creature's terror
+and dismay, and discovered a snake coiled up under her chest of drawers.
+At this moment, too, the local papers are full of recipes for the
+prevention and cure of snake-bites, public attention being much
+attracted to the subject on account of an Englishman having been bitten
+by a black "mamba" (a very venomous adder) a short time since, and
+having died of the wound in a few hours. In his case, poor man! there
+does not seem to have been a chance from the first, for he was obliged
+to walk some distance to the nearest house, and as they had no proper
+remedies there, he had to be taken on a farther journey of some miles to
+a hospital. All this exercise and motion caused the poison to circulate
+freely through the veins, and was the worst possible thing for him. The
+doctors here seem agreed that the treatment of ammonia and brandy is the
+safest, and many instances are adduced to show how successful it has
+been, though one party of practitioners admits the ammonia, but denies
+the brandy. On the other hand, one hears of a child bitten by a snake
+and swallowing half a large bottle of raw brandy in half an hour without
+its head being at all affected, and, what is more, recovering from the
+bite and living happy ever after. I keep quantities of both remedies
+close at hand, for three or four venomous snakes have been killed within
+a dozen yards of the house, and little G---- is perpetually exploring
+the long grass all around or hunting for a stray cricket-ball or a
+pegtop in one of those beautiful fern-filled ditches whose tangle of
+creepers and plumy ferns is exactly the favorite haunt of snakes. As yet
+he has brought back from these forbidden raids nothing more than a few
+ticks and millions of burs.
+
+As for the ticks, I am getting over my horror at having to dislodge them
+from among the baby's soft curls by means of a sharp needle, and even
+G---- only shouts with laughter at discovering a great swollen monster
+hanging on by its forceps to his leg. They torment the poor horses and
+dogs dreadfully; and if the said horses were not the very quietest,
+meekest, most underbred and depressed animals in the world, we should
+certainly hear of more accidents. As it is, they confine their efforts
+to get rid of their tormentors to rubbing all the hair off their tails
+and sides in patches against the stable walls or the trunk of a tree.
+Indeed, the clever way G----'s miserable little Basuto pony actually
+climbs inside a good-sized bush, and sways himself about in it with his
+legs off the ground until the whole thing comes with a crash to the
+ground, is edifying to behold to every one except the owner of the tree.
+Tom, the Kafir boy, tried hard to persuade me the other day that the
+pony was to blame for the destruction of a peach tree, but as the only
+broken-down branches were those which had been laden with fruit, I am
+inclined to acquit the pony. Carbolic soap is an excellent thing to wash
+both dogs and horses with, as it not only keeps away flies and ticks
+from the skin, which, is constantly rubbed off by incessant scratching,
+but helps to heal the tendency to a sore place. Indeed, nothing
+frightened me so much as what I heard when I first arrived about Natal
+sores and Natal boils. Everybody told me that ever so slight a cut or
+abrasion went on slowly festering, and that sores on children's faces
+were quite common. This sounded very dreadful, but I am beginning to
+hope it was an exaggeration, for whenever G---- cuts or knocks himself
+(which is every day or so), or scratches an insect's bite into a bad
+place, I wash the part with a little carbolic soap (there are two
+sorts--one for animals and a more refined preparation for the human
+skin), and it is quite well the next day. We have all had a threatening
+of those horrid boils, but they have passed off.
+
+In town the mosquitoes are plentiful and lively, devoting their
+attentions chiefly to new-comers, but up here--I write as though we were
+five thousand feet instead of only fifty above Maritzburg--it is rare to
+see one. I think "fillies" are more in our line, and that in spite of
+every floor in the house being scrubbed daily with strong soda and
+water. "Fillies," you must know, is our black groom's (Charlie's) way of
+pronouncing _fleas_, and I find it ever so much prettier. Charlie and I
+are having a daily discussion just now touching sundry moneys he
+expended during my week's absence at D'Urban for the kittens' food.
+Charlie calls them the "lil' catties," and declares that the two small
+animals consumed three shillings and ninepence worth of meat in a week.
+I laughingly say, "But, Charlie, that would be nearly nine pounds of
+meat in six days, and they couldn't eat that, you know." Charlie grins
+and shows all his beautiful even white teeth: then he bashfully turns
+his head aside and says, "I doan know, ma': I buy six' meat dree time."
+"Very well, Charlie, that would be one shilling and sixpence." "I doan
+know, ma';" and we've not got any further than that yet.
+
+But G---- and I are picking up many words of Kafir, and it is quite
+mortifying to see how much more easily the little monkey learns than I
+do. I forget my phrases or confuse them, whereas when he learns two or
+three sentences he appears to remember them always. It is a very
+melodious and beautiful language, and, except for the clicks, not very
+difficult to learn. Almost everybody here speaks it a little, and it is
+the first thing necessary for a new-comer to endeavor to acquire; only,
+unfortunately, there are no teachers, as in India, and consequently you
+pick up a wretched, debased kind of patois, interlarded with Dutch
+phrases. Indeed, I am assured there are two words, _el hashi_ ("the
+horse"), of unmistakable Moorish origin, though no one knows how they
+got into the language. Many of the Kafirs about town speak a little
+English, and they are exceedingly sharp, when they choose, about
+understanding what is meant, even if they do not quite catch the meaning
+of the words used. There is one genius of my acquaintance, called
+"Sixpence," who is not only a capital cook, but an accomplished English
+scholar, having spent some months in England. Generally, to Cape Town
+and back is the extent of their journeyings, for they are a home-loving
+people; but Sixpence went to England with his master, and brought back a
+shivering recollection of an English winter and a deep-rooted amazement
+at the boys of the Shoe Brigade, who wanted to clean his boots. That
+astonished him more than anything else, he says.
+
+The Kafirs are very fond of attending their own schools and church
+services, of which there are several in the town; and I find one of my
+greatest difficulties in living out here consists in getting Kafirs to
+come out of town, for by doing so they miss their regular attendance at
+chapel and school. A few Sundays ago I went to one of these Kafir
+schools, and was much struck by the intently-absorbed air of the pupils,
+almost all of whom were youths about twenty years of age. They were
+learning to read the Bible in Kafir during my visit, sitting in couples,
+and helping each other on with immense diligence and earnestness. No
+looking about, no wandering, inattentive glances, did I see. I might as
+well have "had the receipt of fern-seed and walked invisible" for all
+the attention I excited. Presently the pupil-teacher, a young black man,
+who had charge of this class, asked me if I would like to hear them sing
+a hymn, and on my assenting he read out a verse of "Hold the Fort," and
+they all stood up and sang it, or rather its Kafir translation, lustily
+and with good courage, though without much tune. The chorus was
+especially fine, the words "Inkanye kanye" ringing through the room with
+great fervor. This is not a literal translation of the words "Hold the
+Fort," but it is difficult, as the teacher explained to me, for the
+translator to avail himself of the usual word for "hold," as it conveys
+more the idea of "take hold," "seize," and the young Kafir missionary
+thoroughly understood all the nicety of the idiom. There was another
+class for women and children, but it was a small one. Certainly, the
+young men seemed much in earnest, and the rapt expression of their faces
+was most striking, especially during the short prayer which followed the
+hymn and ended the school for the afternoon.
+
+I have had constantly impressed upon my mind since my arrival the advice
+_not_ to take Christian Kafirs into my service, but I am at a loss to
+know in what way the prejudice against them can have arisen. "Take a
+Kafir green from his kraal if you wish to have a good servant," is what
+every one tells me. It so happens that we have two of each--two
+Christians and two heathens--about the place, and there is no doubt
+whatever which is the best. Indeed, I have sometimes conversations with
+the one who speaks English, and I can assure you we might all learn from
+him with advantage. His simple creed is just what came from the
+Saviour's lips two thousand years ago, and comprises His teaching of the
+whole duty of man--to love God, the great "En' Kos," and his neighbor as
+himself. He speaks always with real delight of his privileges, and is
+very anxious to go to Cape Town to attend some school there of which he
+talks a great deal, and where he says he should learn to read the Bible
+in English. At present he is spelling it out with great difficulty in
+Kafir. This man often talks to me in the most respectful and civil
+manner imaginable about the customs of his tribe, and he constantly
+alludes to the narrow escape he had of being murdered directly after his
+birth for the crime of being a twin. His people have a fixed belief that
+unless one of a pair of babies be killed at once, either the father or
+mother will die within the year; and they argue that as in any case one
+child will be sure to die in its infancy, twins being proverbially
+difficult to rear, it is only both kind and natural to kill the weakly
+one at once. This young man is very small and quiet and gentle, with an
+ugly face, but a sweet, intelligent expression and a very nice manner. I
+find him and the other Christian in our employment very trustworthy and
+reliable. If they tell me anything which has occurred, I know I can
+believe their version of it, and they are absolutely honest. Now, the
+other lads have very loose ideas on the subject of sugar, and make
+shifty excuses for everything, from the cat breaking a heavy stone
+filter up to half the marketing being dropped on the road.
+
+I don't think I have made it sufficiently clear that besides the
+Sunday-schools and services I have mentioned there are night-schools
+every evening in the week, which are fully attended by Kafir servants,
+and where they are first taught to read their own language, which is an
+enormous difficulty to them. They always tell me it is so much easier to
+learn to read English than Kafir; and if one studies the two languages,
+it is plain to see how much simpler the new tongue must appear to a
+learner than the intricate construction, the varying patois and the
+necessarily phonetic spelling of a language compounded of so many
+dialects as the Zulu-Kafir.
+
+
+FEBRUARY 12.
+
+In some respects I consider this climate has been rather over-praised.
+Of course it is a great deal--a very great deal--better than our English
+one, but that, after all, is not saying much in its praise. Then we must
+remember that in England we have the fear and dread of the climate ever
+before our eyes, and consequently are always, so to speak, on our guard
+against it. Here, and in other places where civilization is in its
+infancy, we are at the mercy of dust and sun, wind and rain, and all the
+eccentric elements which go to make up weather. Consequently, when the
+balance of comfort and convenience has to be struck, it is surprising
+how small an advantage a really better climate gives when you take away
+watering-carts and shady streets for hot weather, and sheltered
+railway-stations and hansom cabs for wet weather, and roads and servants
+and civility and general convenience everywhere. This particular climate
+is both depressing and trying in spite of the sunny skies we are ever
+boasting about, because it has a strong tinge of the tropical element in
+it; and yet people live in much the same kind of houses (only that they
+are very small), and wear much the same sort of clothes (only that they
+are very ugly), and lead much the same sort of lives (only that it is a
+thousand times duller than the dullest country village), as they do in
+England. Some small concession is made to the thermometer in the matter
+of puggeries and matted floors, but even then carpets are used wherever
+it is practicable, because this matting never looks clean and nice after
+the first week it is put down. All the houses are built on the ground
+floor, with the utmost economy of building material and labor, and
+consequently there are no passages: every room is, in fact, a passage
+and leads to its neighbor. So the perpetually dirty bare feet, or, still
+worse, boots fresh from the mud or dust of the streets, soon wear out
+the matting. Few houses are at all prettily decorated or furnished,
+partly from the difficulty of procuring anything pretty here, the cost
+and risk of its carriage up from D'Urban if you send to England for it,
+and partly from the want of servants accustomed to anything but the
+roughest and coarsest articles of household use. A lady soon begins to
+take her drawing-room ornaments _en guignon_ if she has to dust them
+herself every day in a very dusty climate. I speak feelingly and with
+authority, for that is my case at this moment, and applies to every
+other part of the house as well.
+
+I must say I like Kafir servants in some respects. They require, I
+acknowledge, constant supervision; they require to be told to do the
+same thing over and over again every day; and, what is more, besides
+telling, you have to stand by and see that they do the thing. They are
+also very slow. But still, with all these disadvantages, they are far
+better than the generality of European servants out here, who make their
+luckless employers' lives a burden to them by reason of their tempers
+and caprices. It is much better, I am convinced, to face the evil boldly
+and to make up one's mind to have none but Kafir servants. Of course one
+immediately turns into a sort of overseer and upper servant one's self;
+but at all events you feel master or mistress of your own house, and you
+have faithful and good-tempered domestics, who do their best, however
+awkwardly, to please you. Where there are children, then indeed a good
+English nurse is a great boon; and in this one respect I am fortunate.
+Kafirs are also much easier to manage when the orders come direct from
+the master or mistress, and they work far more willingly for them than
+for white servants. Tom, the nurse-boy, confided to me yesterday that he
+hoped to stop in my employment for forty moons. After that space of time
+he considered that he should be in a position to buy plenty of wives,
+who would work for him and support him for the rest of his life. But
+how Tom or Jack, or any of the boys in fact, are to save money I know
+not, for every shilling of their wages, except a small margin for coarse
+snuff, goes to their parents, who fleece them without mercy. If they are
+fined for breakages or misconduct (the only punishment a Kafir cares
+for), they have to account for the deficient money to the stern parents;
+and both Tom and Jack went through a most graphic pantomime with a stick
+of the consequences to themselves, adding that their father said both
+the beating from him and the fine from us served them right for their
+carelessness. It seemed so hard they should suffer both ways, and they
+were so good-tempered and uncomplaining about it, that I fear I shall
+find it very difficult to stop any threepenny pieces out of their wages
+in future. A Kafir servant usually gets one pound a month, his clothes
+and food. The former consists of a shirt and short trousers of coarse
+check cotton, a soldier's old great-coat for winter, and plenty of
+mealy-meal for "scoff." If he is a good servant and worth making
+comfortable, you give him a trifle every week to buy meat. Kafirs are
+very fond of going to their kraals, and you have to make them sign an
+agreement to remain with you so many months, generally six. By the time
+you have just taught them, with infinite pains and trouble, how to do
+their work, they depart, and you have to begin it all over again.
+
+I frequently see the chiefs or indunas of chiefs passing here on their
+way to some kraals which lie just over the hills. These kraals consist
+of half a dozen or more large huts, exactly like so many huge beehives,
+on the slope of a hill. There is a rude attempt at sod-fencing round
+them; a few head of cattle graze in the neighborhood; lower down, the
+hillside is roughly scratched by the women with crooked hoes to form a
+mealy-ground. (Cows and mealies are all they require except snuff or
+tobacco, which they smoke out of a cow's horn.) They seem a very gay and
+cheerful people, to judge by the laughter and jests I hear from the
+groups returning to these kraals every day by the road just outside our
+fence. Sometimes one of the party carries an umbrella; and I assure you
+the effect of a tall, stalwart Kafir, clad either in nothing at all or
+else in a sack, carefully guarding his bare head with a tattered Gamp,
+is very ridiculous. Often some one walks along playing upon a rude pipe,
+whilst the others jog before and after him, laughing and capering like
+boys let loose from school, and all chattering loudly. You never meet a
+man carrying a burden unless he is a white settler's servant. When a
+chief or the induna of a kraal passes this way, I see him, clad in a
+motley garb of red regimentals with his bare "ringed" head, riding a
+sorry nag, only the point of his great toe resting in his stirrup. He is
+followed closely and with great _empressement_ by his "tail," all
+"ringed" men also--that is, men of some substance and weight in the
+community. They carry bundles of sticks, and keep up with the ambling
+nag, and are closely followed by some of his wives bearing heavy loads
+on their heads, but stepping out bravely with beautiful erect carriage,
+shapely bare arms and legs; and some sort of coarse drapery worn across
+their bodies, covering them from shoulder to knee in folds which would
+delight an artist's eye and be the despair of a sculptor's chisel. They
+don't look either oppressed or discontented. Happy, healthy and jolly
+are the words by which they would be most truthfully described. Still,
+they are lazy, and slow to appreciate any benefit from civilization
+except the money, but then savages always seem to me as keen and sordid
+about money as the most civilized mercantile community anywhere.
+
+
+FEBRUARY 14.
+
+I am often asked by people who are thinking of coming here, or who want
+to send presents to friends here, what to bring or send. Of course it is
+difficult to say, because my experience is limited and confined to one
+spot at present: therefore I give my opinion very guardedly, and
+acknowledge it is derived in great part from the experience of others
+who have been here a long time. Amongst other wraps, I brought a
+sealskin jacket and muff which I happened to have. These, I am assured,
+will be absolutely useless, and already they are a great anxiety to me
+on account of the swarms of fish-tail moths which I see scuttling about
+in every direction if I move a box or look behind a picture. In fact,
+there are destructive moths everywhere, and every drawer is redolent of
+camphor. The only things I can venture to recommend as necessaries are
+things which no one advised me to bring, and which were only random
+shots. One was a light waterproof ulster, and the other was a lot of
+those outside blinds for windows which come, I believe, from Japan, and
+are made of grass--green, painted with gay figures. I picked up these
+latter by the merest accident at the Baker-street bazaar for a few
+shillings: they are the comfort of my life, keeping out glare and dust
+in the day and moths and insects of all kinds at night. As for the
+waterproof, I do not know what I should have done without it; and little
+G----'s has also been most useful. It is the necessary of necessaries
+here--a _real_, good substantial waterproof. A man cannot do better than
+get a regular military waterproof which will cover him from chin to heel
+on horseback; and even waterproof hats and caps are a comfort in this
+treacherous summer season, where a storm bursts over your head out of a
+blue dome of sky, and drenches you even whilst the sun is shining
+brightly.
+
+A worse climate and country for clothes of every kind and description
+cannot be imagined. When I first arrived I thought I had never seen such
+ugly toilettes in all my life; and I should have been less than woman
+(or more--which is it?) if I had not derived some secret satisfaction
+from the possession of at least prettier garments. What I was vain of in
+my secret heart was my store of cotton gowns. One can't very well wear
+cotton gowns in London; and, as I am particularly fond of them, I
+indemnify myself for going abroad by rushing wildly into extensive
+purchases in cambrics and print dresses. They are so pretty and so
+cheap, and when charmingly made, as mine _were_ (alas, they are already
+things of the past!), nothing can be so satisfactory in the way of
+summer country garb. Well, it has been precisely in the matter of cotton
+gowns that I have been punished for my vanity. For a day or two each
+gown in turn looked charming. Then came a flounce or bordering of bright
+red earth on the lower skirt and a general impression of red dust and
+dirt all over it. That was after a drive into Maritzburg along a road
+ploughed up by ox-wagons. Still, I felt no uneasiness. What is a cotton
+gown made for if not to be washed? Away it goes to the wash! What is
+this limp, discolored rag which returns to me iron-moulded, blued until
+it is nearly black, rough-dried, starched in patches, with the fringe of
+red earth only more firmly fixed than before? Behold my favorite ivory
+cotton! My white gowns are even in a worse plight, for there are no two
+yards of them the same, and the grotesque mixture of extreme yellowness,
+extreme blueness and a pervading tinge of the red mud they have been
+washed in renders them a piteous example of misplaced confidence. Other
+things fare rather better--not much--but my poor gowns are only hopeless
+wrecks, and I am reduced to some old yachting dresses of ticking and
+serge. The price of washing, as this spoiling process is pleasantly
+called, is enormous, and I exhaust my faculties in devising more
+economical arrangements. We can't wash at home, for the simple reason
+that we have no water, no proper appliances of any sort, and to build
+and buy such would cost a small fortune. But a tall, white-aproned
+Kafir, with a badge upon his arm, comes now at daylight every Monday
+morning and takes away a huge sackful of linen, which is placed, with
+sundry pieces of soap and blue in its mouth, all ready for him. He
+brings it back in the afternoon full of clean and dry linen, for which
+he receives three shillings and sixpence. But this is only the first
+stage. The things to be starched have to be sorted and sent to one
+woman, and those to be mangled to another, and both lots have to be
+fetched home again by Tom and Jack. (I have forgotten to tell you that
+Jack's real name, elicited with great difficulty, as there is a click
+somewhere in it, is "Umpashongwana," whilst the pickle Tom is known
+among his own people as "Umkabangwana." You will admit that our
+substitutes for these five-syllabled appellations are easier to
+pronounce in a hurry. Jack is a favorite name: I know half a dozen black
+Jacks myself.) To return, however, to the washing. I spend my time in
+this uncertain weather watching the clouds on the days when the clothes
+are to come home, for it would be altogether _too_ great a trial if
+one's starched garments, borne aloft on Jack's head, were to be caught
+in a thunder-shower. If the washerwoman takes pains with anything, it is
+with gentlemen's shirts, though even then she insists on ironing the
+collars into strange and fearful shapes.
+
+Let not men think, however, that they have it all their own way in the
+matter of clothes. White jackets and trousers are commonly worn here in
+summer, and it is very soothing, I am told, to try to put them on in a
+hurry when the arms and legs are firmly glued together by several pounds
+of starch. Then as to boots and shoes: they get so mildewed if laid
+aside for even a few days as to be absolutely offensive; and these, with
+hats, wear out at the most astonishing rate. The sun and dust and rain
+finish up the hats in less than no time.
+
+But I have not done with my clothes yet. A lady must keep a warm dress
+and jacket close at hand all through the most broiling summer weather,
+for a couple of hours will bring the thermometer down ten or twenty
+degrees, and I have often been gasping in a white dressing-gown at noon
+and shivering in a serge dress at three o'clock on the same day. I am
+making up my mind that serge and ticking are likely to be the most
+useful material for dresses, and, as one must have something very cool
+for these burning months, tussore or foulard, which get themselves
+better washed than my poor dear cottons. Silks are next to useless--too
+smart, too hot, too entirely out of place in such a life as this, except
+perhaps one or two of tried principles, which won't spot or fade or
+misbehave themselves in any way. One goes out of a warm, dry afternoon
+with a tulle veil on to keep off the flies, or a feather in one's hat,
+and returns with the one a limp, wet rag and the other quite out of
+curl. I only wish any milliner could see my feathers now! All straight,
+rigidly straight as a carpenter's rule, and tinged with red dust
+besides. As for tulle or crepe-lisse frilling, or any of those soft
+pretty adjuncts to a simple toilette, they are five minutes' wear--no
+more, I solemnly declare.
+
+I love telling a story against myself, and here is one. In spite of
+repeated experiences of the injurious effect of alternate damp and dust
+upon finery, the old Eve is occasionally too strong for my prudence, and
+I can't resist, on the rare occasions which offer themselves, the
+temptation of wearing pretty things. Especially weak am I in the matter
+of caps, and this is what befell me. Imagine a lovely, soft summer
+evening, broad daylight, though it is half-past seven (it will be dark
+directly, however): a dinner-party to be reached a couple of miles away.
+The little open carriage is at the door, and into this I step, swathing
+my gown carefully up in a huge shawl. This precaution is especially
+necessary, for during the afternoon there has been a terrific
+thunderstorm and a sudden sharp deluge of rain. Besides a swamp or two
+to be ploughed through as best we may, there are those two miles of deep
+red muddy road full of ruts and big stones and pitfalls of all sorts.
+The drive home in the dark will be nervous work, but now in daylight let
+us enjoy whilst we may. Of course I _ought_ to have taken my cap in a
+box or bag, or something of the sort; but that seemed too much trouble,
+especially as it was so small it needed to be firmly pinned on in its
+place. It consisted of a centre or crown of white crepe, a little frill
+of the same, and a close-fitting wreath of deep red feathers all round.
+Very neat and tidy it looked as I took my last glance at it whilst I
+hastily knotted a light black lace veil over my head by way of
+protection during my drive. When I got to my destination there was no
+looking-glass to be seen anywhere, no maid, no anything or anybody to
+warn me. Into the dining-room I marched in happy unconsciousness that
+the extreme dampness of the evening had flattened the crown of my cap,
+and that it and its frill were mere unconsidered limp rags, whilst the
+unpretending circlet of feathers had started into undue prominence, and
+struck straight out like a red nimbus all round my unconscious head. How
+my fellow-guests managed to keep their countenances I cannot tell. I am
+certain _I_ never could have sat opposite to any one with such an
+Ojibbeway Indian's head-dress on without giggling. But no one gave me
+the least hint of my misfortune, and it only burst upon me suddenly when
+I returned to my own room and my own glass. Still, there was a ray of
+hope left: it _might_ have been the dampness of the drive home which had
+worked me this woe. I rushed into F----'s dressing-room and demanded
+quite fiercely whether my cap had been like that all the time.
+
+"Why, yes," F---- admitted; adding by way of consolation, "In fact, it
+is a good deal subdued now: it was very wild all dinner-time. I can't
+say I admired it, but I supposed it was all right."
+
+Did ever any one hear such shocking apathy? In answer to my reproaches
+for not telling me, he only said, "Why, what could you have done with it
+if you _had_ known? Taken it off and put it in your pocket, or what?"
+
+I don't know, but anything would have been better than sitting at table
+with a thing only fit for a May-Day sweep on one's head. It makes me hot
+and angry with myself even to think of it now.
+
+F----'s clothes could also relate some curious experiences which they
+have had to go through, not only at the hands of his washerwoman, but at
+those of his temporary valet, Jack (I beg his pardon, Umpashongwana) the
+Zulu, whose zeal exceeds anything one can imagine. For instance, when he
+sets to work to brush F----'s clothes of a morning he is by no means
+content to brush the cloth clothes. Oh dear, no! He brushes the socks,
+putting each carefully on his hand like a glove and brushing vigorously
+away. As they are necessarily very thin socks for this hot weather, they
+are apt to melt away entirely under the process. I say nothing of his
+blacking the boots inside as well as out, or of his laboriously
+scrubbing holes in a serge coat with a scrubbing-brush, for these are
+errors of judgment dictated by a kindly heart. But when Jack puts a
+saucepan on the fire without any water and burns holes in it, or tries
+whether plates and dishes can support their own weight in the air
+without a table beneath them, then, I confess, my patience runs short.
+But Jack is so imperturbable, so perfectly and genuinely astonished at
+the untoward result of his experiments, and so grieved that the
+_inkosacasa_ (I have not an idea how the word ought to be spelt) should
+be vexed, that I am obliged to leave off shaking my head at him, which
+is the only way I have of expressing my displeasure. He keeps on saying,
+"Ja, oui, yaas," alternately, all the time, and I have to go away to
+laugh.
+
+
+FEBRUARY 16.
+
+I was much amused the other day at receiving a letter of introduction
+from a mutual friend in England, warmly recommending a newly-arrived
+bride and bridegroom to my acquaintance, and especially begging me to
+take pains to introduce the new-comers into the "best society." To
+appreciate the joke thoroughly you must understand that there is no
+society here at all--absolutely none. We are not proud, we
+Maritzburgians, nor are we inhospitable, nor exclusive, nor unsociable.
+Not a bit. We are as anxious as any community can be to have society or
+sociable gatherings, or whatever you like to call the way people manage
+to meet together; but circumstances are altogether too strong for us,
+and we all in turn are forced to abandon the attempt in despair. First
+of all, the weather is against us. It is maddeningly uncertain, and the
+best-arranged entertainment cannot be considered a success if the guests
+have to struggle through rain and tempest and streets ankle-deep in
+water and pitchy darkness to assist at it. People are hardly likely to
+make themselves pleasant at a party when their return home through storm
+and darkness is on their minds all the time: at least, I know _I_ cannot
+do so. But the weather is only one of the lets and hinderances to
+society in Natal. We are all exceedingly poor, and necessary food is
+very dear: luxuries are enormously expensive, but they are generally not
+to be had at all, so one is not tempted by them. Servants, particularly
+cooks, are few and far between, and I doubt if even any one calling
+himself a cook could send up what would be considered a fairly good dish
+elsewhere. Kafirs can be taught to do one or two things pretty well, but
+even then they could not be trusted to do them for a party. In fact, if
+I stated that there were no good servants--in the ordinary acceptation
+of the word--here at all, I should not be guilty of exaggeration. If
+there are, all I can say is, I have neither heard of nor seen them. On
+the contrary, I have been overwhelmed by lamentations on that score in
+which I can heartily join. Besides the want of means of conveyance (for
+there are no cabs, and very few _remises_) and good food and attendance,
+any one wanting to entertain would almost need to build a house, so
+impossible is it to collect more than half a dozen people inside an
+ordinary-sized house here. For my part, my verandah is the comfort of my
+life. When more than four or five people at a time chance to come to
+afternoon tea, we overflow into the verandah. It runs round three sides
+of the four rooms called a house, and is at once my day-nursery, my
+lumber-room, my summer-parlor, my place of exercise--everything, in
+fact. And it is an incessant occupation to train the creepers and wage
+war against the legions of brilliantly-colored grasshoppers which infest
+and devour the honeysuckles and roses. Never was there such a place for
+insects! They eat up everything in the kitchen-garden, devour every leaf
+off my peach and orange trees, scarring and spoiling the fruit as well.
+It is no comfort whatever that they are wonderfully beautiful
+creatures, striped and ringed with a thousand colors in a thousand
+various ways: one has only to see the riddled appearance of every leaf
+and flower to harden one's heart. Just now they have cleared off every
+blossom out of the garden except my zinnias, which grow magnificently
+and make the devastated flower-bed still gay with every hue and tint a
+zinnia can put on--salmon-color, rose, scarlet, pink, maroon, and fifty
+shades besides. On the veldt too the flowers have passed by, but their
+place is taken by the grasses, which are all in seed. People say the
+grass is rank and poor, and of not much account as food for stock, but
+it has an astonishing variety of beautiful seeds. In one patch it is
+like miniature pampas-grass, only a couple of inches long each seed-pod,
+but white and fluffy. Again, there will be tall stems laden with rich
+purple grains or delicate tufts of rose-colored seed. One of the
+prettiest, however, is like wee green harebells hanging all down a tall
+and slender stalk, and hiding within their cups the seed. Unfortunately,
+the weeds and burs seed just as freely, and there is one especial
+torment to the garden in the shape of an innocent-looking little plant
+something like an alpine strawberry in leaf and blossom, bearing a most
+aggravating tuft of little black spines which lose no opportunity of
+sticking to one's petticoats in myriads. They are familiarly known as
+"blackjacks," and can hold their own as pests with any weed of my
+acquaintance.
+
+But the most beautiful tree I have seen in Natal was an _Acacia
+flamboyante_. I saw it at D'Urban, and I shall never forget the contrast
+of its vivid green, bright as the spring foliage of a young oak, and the
+crown of rich crimson flowers on its topmost branches, tossing their
+brilliant blossoms against a background of gleaming sea and sky. It was
+really splendid, like a bit of Italian coloring among the sombre tangle
+of tropical verdure. It is too cold up here for this glorious tree,
+which properly belongs to a far more tropical temperature than even
+D'Urban can mount up to.
+
+I am looking forward to next month and the following ones to make some
+little excursions into the country, or to go "trekking," as the local
+expression is. I hear on all sides how much that is interesting lies a
+little way beyond the reach of a ride, but it is difficult for the
+mistress--who is at the same time the general servant--of an
+establishment out here to get away from home for even a few days,
+especially when there is a couple of small children to be left behind.
+No one travels now who can possibly help it, for the sudden violent
+rains which come down nearly every afternoon swell the rivers and make
+even the spruits impassable; so a traveler may be detained for days
+within a few miles of his destination. Now, in winter the roads will be
+hard, and dust will be the only inconvenience. At least, that is what I
+am promised.
+
+
+
+
+OUR MONTHLY GOSSIP.
+
+THE CABS OF PARIS.
+
+
+Paris is without doubt, of all large cities, the easiest to get about
+in. Lines of omnibuses cross and recross its surface in every direction,
+and, better still, the streets swarm with cabs, in which for the small
+sum of thirty cents one can pass at will from any given point to any
+other far distant one within its limits. There are carriage-stands on
+every side and in every principal street, and unoccupied vehicles may be
+seen driven at a snail's pace, with their drivers keenly on the lookout
+for a possible fare. Yet, with all this provision, it is occasionally
+very difficult to secure a carriage in Paris. On a sunny Sunday
+afternoon, on the day of the Grand Prix de Paris, or during the
+prevalence of a sudden storm carriages are as scarce in Paris as they
+are in New York. Yet their number increases daily, thanks to the law of
+1866, by virtue of which any coachman who can pass an examination as to
+his knowledge of driving and acquaintance with the streets of Paris can,
+if he likes, purchase a vehicle of the regulation style, have his number
+painted on it and set up for himself as a public cabman, subject always
+in the matter of pace, charges, etc. to the police laws regulating all
+such details.
+
+It has taken two hundred and thirty years to bring the cab-system of
+Paris to the point of perfection to which it has now attained. In 1617
+the only public means of locomotion was afforded by a company which let
+out sedan-chairs. In 1640 a certain Nicholas Sauvage, agent for the
+stage-coaches of Amiens, formed the plan of establishing carriages,
+harnessed and ready for use at certain designated points, for the
+accommodation of the public. These vehicles were christened _fiacres_,
+but the reason for their receiving this appellation remains unknown.
+Some say it was because Sauvage occupied a house the facade of which was
+decorated with an image of St. Fiacre: another and more probable
+solution of the mystery has been found in the fact that just at that
+epoch a monk of the Petits Peres, called Fiacre, died in the odor of
+sanctity, and his portrait was placed in all the new vehicles to protect
+them against accidents. Be this as it may, the new enterprise proved
+successful, and in 1703 a law was passed compelling the numbering of all
+public carriages. In 1753 there existed in Paris twenty-eight cab-stands
+and sixty livery-stables, containing in all one hundred and seventy
+carriages. At present, Paris possesses over eight thousand cabs and
+three thousand livery-stable carriages: these last are generally very
+handsome vehicles, drawn by spirited, well-kept horses and driven by
+stylish-looking coachmen. The public vehicles of Paris, exclusive of
+the omnibuses, may be divided into three classes. First, the _voitures
+de place_, which are permitted, on payment of an annual tax of three
+hundred and sixty-five francs, to stand at one of the one hundred and
+fifty-eight points designated by the police; these bear a yellow number.
+Secondly, the _voitures mixtes_, which may at will be hired from a
+livery-stable or stand or ply upon the public highway; these bear a red
+number. And thirdly, the _voitures de remise_, which can only be hired
+from a stable, and are prohibited from appearing on the stands; these
+also are numbered in red, but in a particular style, so that a policeman
+at a glance can distinguish the difference between the voitures mixtes
+and those of the last category. To this latter class belong the stunning
+and splendid equipages which may be hired for any period, extending from
+a few hours to an indefinite number of months, and which enable the
+stranger to make as fine a display of equipages and liveries as the
+wealthiest resident of the city. The first two classes, the cabs
+properly so called, are, however, the most interesting to the transient
+visitor to Paris or to the permanent resident with a purse of moderate
+dimensions.
+
+The cabs of Paris, as a rule, are comparatively neat and comfortable,
+those belonging to the Compagnie Generale des Voitures (of which
+institution more anon) being carefully brushed and cleaned every day. In
+winter a two-seated coupe lined with dark cloth or with leather, and
+drawn by a single horse, is the usual style of vehicle offered for the
+accommodation of the public. The price of such a vehicle is thirty cents
+for a "course" or single unbroken trip, which may be from one side of
+Paris to the other, or forty cents an hour. The coachman is bound by law
+to give the person engaging him a square ticket on which is printed his
+number and the exact amount of his fare: this last, however, being
+stated as varying under certain conditions and at certain hours, is apt
+to be rather puzzling to the inexperienced traveler, particularly if he
+or she be ignorant of French. Four-seated carriages are hard to find in
+winter: they are drawn by two horses, and the fare is ten cents more on
+the course and by the hour than that of the two-seated ones. In summer
+the coupes are replaced by light, open, four-seated carriages, with a
+hood and with leather curtains, to be used in case of rain; and they are
+really pleasant and comfortable vehicles. The horses do not differ much
+from the style of cab-horses known all over the world, being thin,
+shabby and dismal-looking animals as a general thing, though exceptions
+to the rule are not uncommon.
+
+The cabmen of Paris form a distinct class, a separate society, composed
+of all sorts of elements--a turbulent, indocile, rebellious set of men,
+always in revolt against their employers and against the law, which
+holds them with an iron and inflexible grasp. Most of them are
+Communists, though many of them are men belonging to the higher classes
+of society, whom dissipation, extravagance or misfortune has driven to
+this mode of gaining a living. Thus, it is a well-known fact that the
+son of a distinguished diplomat, an ambassador to more than one foreign
+court, is now a cab-driver, and not a particularly good one. Unfrocked
+priests, unsuccessful school-teachers, small bankrupt tradesmen, swell
+the ranks, the _personnel_ of which is mainly composed of servants out
+of place or of provincials who have come to Paris to seek their fortune.
+These last come mostly from Normandy, Auvergne and Savoy; and it has
+been noticed that the Savoyards are the most sober and docile of all.
+The Parisian cabman is always under the surveillance of the police: a
+policeman stationed on every stand watches each cab as it drives off,
+and takes its number to guard as far as possible against any overcharge
+or peculation. In case of a collision and quarrel or an accident the
+ubiquitous policeman is always at hand to take the numbers of the
+vehicles whose drivers may be concerned in the affair. Complaints made
+by passengers are always attended to at once, and immediate redress is
+pretty sure to follow. The cabman is generally gruff and surly, and,
+though seldom seen drunk, in the majority of cases is addicted to
+drink--a vice which the exposed nature of his calling palliates if it
+does not wholly excuse. Some cabmen are devoted to newspaper reading,
+and may be seen engaged perusing the _Rappel_ or the _Evenement_ while
+awaiting the appearance of a fare or stationed before the door of a shop
+or a picture-gallery. Others prefer to nap away their leisure moments,
+and may be seen, half sitting, half lying on their boxes, and sound
+asleep. It is rather a curious process to pass slowly along the line of
+a Parisian cab-stand and observe the faces of the men. Every variety and
+type of countenance--from the Parisian "Jakey" with villainous eyes,
+sharp features and black soaplocks, to the jolly old patriarch, gray and
+stout, and somewhat stiff in the joints, who has been a cab-driver for
+over forty years perhaps--presents itself to your view. The best way to
+engage a cab is by observing the face of the driver, not the condition
+of the vehicle or that of the horse. The Parisian cabmen wear no
+uniform, the high glazed hat being the only article of attire which is
+universally adopted. Even the red waistcoat, once a distinctive mark of
+their calling, is gradually falling into disuse, and every variety of
+coat and overcoat may be seen, liveries past private service being very
+generally adopted. Any overcharge may be reclaimed by the passenger by
+the simple process of making a complaint before the nearest chef de
+police. In past days the coachman thus complained against was forced to
+go in person to the complainant to beg his or her pardon, and to pay
+over the extra sum demanded. A frightful catastrophe which occurred some
+twenty years ago put an end to this form of retribution. On the 16th of
+September, 1855, M. Juge, director of the normal school at Douai, took a
+cab in the Place de la Concorde and went for a drive in the Bois de
+Boulogne. The driver, one Collignon, insisted on being paid more than
+his legal fare, and M. Juge forwarded his complaint to the prefecture of
+police the next day. Collignon was condemned to make restitution in
+person to M. Juge. He sold his furniture, purchased a pair of pistols
+and went on the appointed day to the house of M. Juge in the Rue
+d'Enfer. No hard words passed between them, but while the gentleman was
+in the act of signing the receipt the coachman drew out one of his
+pistols and shot him through the head, killing him instantly. Collignon
+was at once arrested: he was tried and condemned to death, and expiated
+his crime on the scaffold on the 6th of December following. Since that
+event another system of restitution has been followed, the sum exacted
+in excess of the legal fare being deposited at the prefecture of police,
+whither the traveler is compelled to go in quest of it.
+
+At the prefecture of police is likewise situated the storehouse of
+articles forgotten or left behind in public carriages. According to the
+law, every coachman is commanded to inspect carefully his carriage after
+the occupant has departed, and to deposit every article left therein,
+were it but an odd glove, in the storehouse above mentioned. Each object
+is inscribed in a register and bears a particular number, and the number
+of the cab in which it was left as well. These articles fill a large
+room, whereof the contents are ever changing, and which is always full.
+Umbrellas, muffs, opera-glasses, pocket-books (sometimes containing
+thousands of francs) are among the most usual deposits. In one year
+there were found in the cabs of Paris over twenty thousand objects,
+among which were six thousand five hundred umbrellas. Should the article
+bear the address of the owner, he is at once apprised by letter of its
+whereabouts; otherwise, it is kept till called for, and if never claimed
+it becomes the property of the city at the end of three years, and is
+sold at auction. A vast row of underground apartments is appropriated to
+the unclaimed articles--dim cellar-rooms, lighted with gas. There may be
+seen umbrellas by the hundred or the thousand, strapped together in
+bundles and stacked up like fagots. Everything is registered, numbered
+and catalogued, and if returned to the owner his address and the date
+of delivery are carefully noted. The strict surveillance of the police
+contributes greatly toward keeping the Parisian cabman honest. Instances
+are on record where costly sets of jewels, bags of napoleons and
+pocket-books crammed with bank-notes have been faithfully deposited at
+the prefecture by their finders. On the other hand, an anecdote is told
+of a cab-driver in whose vehicle a gentleman chanced to leave his
+pocket-book, containing fifty thousand francs which he had just won at
+play. He traced his cabman to the stable, where he was in the act of
+feeding his horse, opened the carriage-door, and found his pocket-book
+lying untouched upon the floor. On learning what a prize he had missed
+the coachman incontinently hung himself.
+
+The great source of supply for public vehicles in Paris is the Compagnie
+Generale des Voitures, one of the most gigantic of the great enterprises
+of Paris. It possesses five thousand cabs and over two thousand handsome
+and stylish voitures de remise. It furnishes every style; of carriage
+for hire, from the superb private-looking barouche or landau, with
+servants in gorgeous livery and splendid blooded horses, or the showy
+pony-phaeton and low victoria of the _cocotte du grand monde_, down to
+the humble one-horse cab. This beneficent company will furnish you, if
+desired, with a princely equipage, with armorial bearings, family
+liveries, etc., all complete and got up specially to suit the ideas of
+the hirer. Nine-tenths of the elegant turnouts in Paris are supplied in
+this manner. There is a regular tariff for everything: each additional
+footman costs so much, there is a fixed charge for powder, for
+postilions, for a _chasseur_ decked with feathers and gold lace. You can
+be as elegant as you please without purchasing a single accessory of
+your equipage.
+
+The cab-horses of the Compagnie Generale are usually brought from
+Normandy, and belong to a specially hardy race, such a one being needed
+to endure the privations and trials to which a Parisian cab-horse is
+exposed. Each horse has to be gradually initiated into the duties of
+his new calling: he has to be trained to eat at irregular hours, to
+sleep standing, and to endure the fatigues of the Parisian streets. Were
+the country-bred horse to be put at once to full city work, he would die
+in a week. He is first sent out for a quarter of a day; then after a
+week or two for half a day; then for a whole day; and when accustomed to
+that he is considered fit for night-work. The horses of the Compagnie
+Generale remain in the stable one day out of every three. If well fed,
+well kept and well looked after, the life of a Paris cab-horse may be
+prolonged from three to five years, but the latter is the extreme limit.
+
+The Compagnie Generale not only buys its own horses, but constructs its
+own carriages. Its coachmen are obliged to pass through a preliminary
+examination, not only as to their capabilities for driving, but as to
+their knowledge of the streets of Paris. But the passage of the law of
+1866 has let loose upon the community a swarm of ignorant coachmen, who,
+assuming the reins and whip, in some instances without any knowledge
+even of the great thoroughfares of Paris, will lead their unhappy hirer
+a pretty dance, particularly if he or she is a stranger on a first visit
+to the great city. I know of one instance where a lady, desirous of
+visiting the Pare Monceau, was taken to the extreme northern boundary of
+the city limits, and was only rescued by the intervention of the police.
+Then one must be very particular as to the pronunciation of the name of
+the street, as so many streets exist in Paris the names of which closely
+resemble each other when spoken, such as the Rue de Teheran and the Rue
+de Turin, the Rue du Marl and the Rue d'Aumale, etc. And if your
+coachman _can_ make a mistake, you may rest assured he will do it.
+
+The Parisian cab is not, like its London compeer, a prohibited pariah of
+a vehicle, excluded from parks or the court-yards of palaces. You can go
+to call at the Elysee or to attend a ball there in a cab if you like,
+and the Bois de Boulogne or the Pare Monceau is as free to that plebeian
+vehicle as to the landau of a prince. And if one attends a ball in
+Paris, there is no need to engage a carriage to return home in.
+Attracted by the lights, the cabmen station their vehicles in long lines
+in the neighborhood of any mansion where such a festivity is taking
+place, waiting patiently till three, four and five o'clock in the
+morning for a chance of conveying home some of the merrymakers. The only
+instance in which I ever heard of their failing to be on hand on such an
+occasion was at a large fancy ball where the German was kept up till six
+o'clock in the morning. The gay troupe issued forth into the golden
+glowing sunshine of the April morning, and found not a single cab in
+attendance; so powdered and brocaded Marquises, white-satin clad
+"Mignons," Highlanders, Turks and Leaguers were forced to walk to their
+homes, in many instances miles away, to the immense amusement of the
+street-sweepers and naughty little boys, the only Parisians astir at
+that hour of the city's universal repose.
+
+L.H.H.
+
+
+
+
+A NEW MUSEUM AT ROME.
+
+
+A new museum of sculpture at Rome! One would have thought that it could
+hardly be needed. Besides three vast collections--that of the Lateran,
+that of the Capitol, and that wondrous world of antique sculpture at the
+Vatican, itself, in fact, three museums, and each of the three alone
+matchless in the world--we have the work of the hands that lived and
+worked here a couple of thousands of years ago in every villa, in every
+garden, almost at every corner. And yet we need, and have just
+established, another museum of ancient sculpture. We are now cutting new
+lines of streets--not, as you are doing, on the surface of a soil that
+has never been moved save by the forces of Nature since first the
+Creator divided the sea from the dry land, but--among the debris of the
+successive civilizations of more than three thousand years. The laying
+of our gas- and water-pipes breaks the painting on the walls of
+banquet-halls whose last revel was disturbed by the irruption of the
+barbarian. Our "main drainage" lies among the temples of gods whose
+godlike forms are found mutilated and prostrate among the fallen
+columns and tumbled architraves and cornices of their shrines.
+
+But if no awe of the mighty past prevents the speculator and contractor
+of our day from marching his army of excavators in an undeviating and
+unyielding line impartially athwart the temples, the palaces, the
+theatres, the baths of the perished world beneath their feet, yet in
+these days of ours the work is done reverently, at least so far as not
+only to respect, but to gather up with the most scrupulous care, every
+available fragment of the art, and even of the common life, of those
+vanished generations. If the day shall come when some future people
+shall yet once again build their city on this same eternal site, and
+some future social cataclysm shall have overwhelmed the works and
+civilization of the present time, those future builders will not find
+walls constructed in great part of the fragments of statues and the
+richly-carved friezes of yet older builders and artists, as we have
+found. The Romans of the present day are, it must be admitted, fully
+alive to the inappreciable value of the wondrous heritage they possess
+in this kind; and every fragment of it is carefully and jealously
+gathered and stored. And hence is the need of a new museum, and hence
+will be the need of other new museums--who shall say how many? For truly
+this Roman soil seems inexhaustible in buried treasures. There seems no
+likelihood that the vein should be exhausted or die out. Every now and
+then the excavators come upon "a fault," as the miners say, but the vein
+is soon struck again.
+
+And so the new museum at the Capitol has been rendered necessary. It was
+inaugurated on the 25th of February in this year. It consists of twelve
+rooms or galleries, part of which occupy the site of the apartments
+which used to contain the archives, now moved to other quarters, and
+part, including a large octagonal hall, the principal feature of the new
+museum, have been newly constructed on ground which used to be the
+garden of the Conservatori, the ancient municipal officers of the city,
+so called. The entrance is by the main staircase of the palazzo of the
+Conservatori, which is the building that forms the side of the square of
+the Capitol to the right hand of the visitor as he ascends the
+magnificent flight of steps from the Via di Ara Coeli. The steep sides
+of the Capitoline Hill on either side of these steps has been recently
+turned into a very well-kept and pretty garden, among the lawns and
+shrubberies of which the attention of the stranger, as he ascends, may
+be attracted by a neatly-painted iron cage in front of the mouth of a
+little cavern in the rock, which is inhabited by a she-wolf in memorial
+of the earliest traditions of the place. Memorials, indeed, are not
+wanting at every step, and from the first window of the staircase as the
+visitor ascends to the museum on the first floor he may look down on the
+Tarpeian Rock.
+
+The public functionaries of all sorts here do so much of their work in a
+manner which gives rise to much discontentment among the Romans, and
+would by the people of better-ruled countries be deemed wholly
+intolerable, that it is a pleasure to be able to say that upon this
+occasion the municipality has done what it had to do thoroughly well.
+The galleries and rooms of the new establishment are decorated in
+admirably good taste in the Pompeian style, the walls being colored in
+panels and borders of blue and red on a buff ground. They are
+excellently well lighted, and the visitor is not hunted round the rooms
+by an attendant anxious only to get his tedious task over, but is
+allowed to wander about among the treasures around him at his own
+discretion, and to spend the whole day there, or as much of it as lies
+between 10 A.M. and 3 P.M., if he pleases. A sufficient catalogue,
+accompanied by a map of the place, is purchasable at the doors for a
+couple of francs, and the visitor is required to pay half a franc for
+his entrance. This last regulation is in accordance with a law recently
+passed by the legislature establishing an entrance-fee at the doors of
+all public galleries and museums throughout Italy. Heretofore the
+entrance to all such places was entirely free. But, seeing that the
+country really needs the assistance to be obtained from this source, it
+cannot be said to be acting otherwise than reasonably in making such a
+charge; and probably no one of the thousands who come to Italy to profit
+by her artistic treasures will ever grudge the payment of the small fee
+demanded; the only question being whether the measure is on the whole a
+profitable one financially, of which I do not feel quite sure.
+
+The first landing-place of the vast staircase and the ante-room at the
+top of it are lined with the more interesting and perfect of the pagan
+inscriptions which the recent movements of the soil have brought to
+light. Of course, the majority of these present no specialties
+distinguishing them from the thousands of similar inscriptions with
+which the world has long since been familiar. But there are some among
+them which contribute useful fragments of knowledge to the attempts of
+our antiquaries to construct a satisfactory plan of the ancient
+city--dedications of statues, showing what god or goddess inhabited such
+or such a shrine, and the like. The letters of these inscriptions have
+been rendered more easily legible by restoring the scarlet coloring of
+them, as has been done in the case of those at the Vatican.
+
+The visitor next enters a very long corridor or gallery giving access to
+the various halls and rooms, and adorned with a series of modern busts
+of the men of whom Italy has most reason to be proud. Some among them
+are of much merit.
+
+Then comes the gallery of the bronzes. In this department the late finds
+have been very numerous and extremely interesting. Among the objects
+which will immediately attract the visitor's eye as he enters the
+principal room are a litter and a biga or chariot. In both cases of
+course only fragments of the bronze remain, but they are sufficient to
+have enabled skilled antiquaries to reconstruct the entire litter and
+the entire chariot. The latter is very specially interesting. The plates
+of embossed and chiseled bronze which encased the body of the chariot
+are figured with admirably-worked subjects in basso-rilievo, many of
+them relating to the "wondrous tale of Troy." This invaluable specimen
+was the gift to the museum of that eminent and liberal archaeologist,
+Signor A. Castellani, of whose matchless collection of Etruscan jewelry
+I wrote in a former number of this Magazine. The remaining portions of
+the bronze- and iron-work of the litter, with its arrangement of poles
+for carrying it, somewhat after the fashion of a sedan-chair, though the
+whole of the apparatus is much lighter, are more fragmentary, but yet
+sufficient for the reconstruction of a specimen illustrative to the
+classical reader of many a passage in the ancient writers. Under No. 10
+the visitor will find the small statue of an hermaphrodite in bronze,
+fashioned as the bearer of a lamp--a statue of very great delicacy and
+beauty.
+
+The next room is that of the medals and coins, the number of which will
+probably surprise the visitor not a little. The gold coins and the
+better-preserved and more interesting specimens are shown single under
+cleverly-arranged glass cases. The more ordinary results of the finds
+which are almost daily being made have been consigned in promiscuous
+heaps to huge glass vases, whose tops, however, are carefully sealed
+down. The large collections of the _aes rude signatum_ of the consular
+and of the imperial families, in bronze, in silver and in gold, together
+with some mediaeval specimens, are ranged around the walls.
+
+Then we come to the sculpture, the main scope of the new museum, which
+is distributed in a large vestibule, in a noble octagonal central hall
+and in a long gallery. It was an excellent idea, adding much to the
+interest which every stranger in Rome will take in the museum, to place
+on each specimen a placard specifying the locality in which it was
+discovered and the date of the finding. And this information is
+admirably supplemented by a map hung against the wall showing in detail
+the relative positions of all the places which have yielded up these
+long-buried treasures. The number of specimens of sculpture is in all
+one hundred and thirty-three; and it is impossible, without letting this
+notice run to an immoderate length, to attempt to give an adequate
+account of the various objects, or even of the principal among them.
+There is a richly-ornamented and very characteristic head of Commodus,
+which really looks as if it might have come from the sculptor's hands
+yesterday. A colossal bust of Maecenas, also the gift of Signor
+Castellani, a bust of Tiberius, a small statue of the child Hercules, a
+Venus Anadyomene, may be, and many others might be, mentioned. The
+last-named is a very lovely statue of a young girl entirely nude. The
+archaeologists have chosen to call it a Venus, but it is to my thinking
+clear that it never was intended for the laughter-loving goddess. The
+expression of the face is perfectly and beautifully chaste, and indeed a
+little sad. I should say that it must have been a nymph coming from the
+bath, and just about to clothe herself with the drapery thrown over a
+broken column at her knee as soon as she shall have completed the
+arrangement of her tresses, with which her hands are (or, alas! were,
+for the arms are wanting) engaged.
+
+Room No. 10 contains a very extensive and most interesting collection of
+ancient pottery. There are many of the painted vases with which the
+world has become so well acquainted, and which, as being the more showy
+objects, will on his first entrance attract the eye of the visitor. But
+if he will with loving patience examine the vast numbers of utensils of
+every sort which have been with the utmost care sifted, one might almost
+say, from out of the mass of debris which the recent excavations have
+thrown up, he will find an amount of suggestive illustration of the old
+pagan life of two thousand years ago which cannot fail to interest and
+instruct him.
+
+T.A.T.
+
+
+
+
+OUR FOREIGN SURNAMES.
+
+
+It is interesting as well as amusing to read the foreign names upon the
+signs in the streets of our cities and towns, and observe the number of
+nationalities thereon represented, together with the peculiarities of
+form and meaning displayed by the names themselves.
+
+German names meet the eye everywhere, and are usually very outlandish in
+appearance, while many of them have significations which are
+conspicuously and ludicrously inappropriate. For example, a lager-beer
+saloon in one of our large cities is kept by Mr. Heiliggeist ("Holy
+Ghost"); a cigar-shop in another place belongs to Mr. Priesterjahn
+("Prester John"); while the pastor of a devout German flock in a third
+locality is the Rev. Mr. Wuestling ("low scoundrel"). The Hon. Carl
+Schurz, too, is hardly the sort of man to be named "apron," though it is
+certainly true that his name is in this country sometimes pronounced
+"Shirts."
+
+Other branches of the great Teutonic family have many representatives
+among us, and their names seem, to the uninitiated, even more fearfully
+and wonderfully constructed than those of their German cousins. It
+produces a good deal of surprise in the mind of an American to see on
+the sign of a tradesman from Belgium the familiar name of Cox spelled
+"Kockx;" and the Norwegian patronymic Trondhjemer ("Drontheimer"),
+though a very mild specimen of the language, has a formidable aspect to
+the general beholder.
+
+The German-Hebrew names display such an exuberant Eastern fancy in their
+composition as to suggest the inquiry whether they are not really but
+German translations of their possessors' original Oriental titles. It is
+not unlikely that this was the origin of names like Rosenthal ("Vale of
+Roses"), Lilienhain ("Meadow of Lilies"), Liebenstrom ("Stream of
+Love"), and Goldenberg ("Golden Mount").
+
+The Teutonic names, whether German, Scandinavian or Flemish, do not, as
+a rule, seem by any means so unpronounceable as those pertaining to
+foreigners of Slavonic race. The Russian, Polish and Bohemian
+appellations, which occur frequently in some sections of our country, so
+often begin with the extraordinary combination _cz_ that many Americans,
+believing that nothing but a convulsive sneeze could meet the
+necessities of such a case, decline trying to pronounce them at all. But
+the difficulties which these Slavonic names apparently offer would, in a
+great measure, be removed by a uniform system of orthography. The
+combination _cz_, for instance, corresponds to our _ch_, and the Polish
+cognomen Czajkowski becomes much less exasperating when spelled, as it
+would be in English, "Chycovsky." The same thing is true, to a great
+extent, of the Hungarian names, which are not rare in our larger cities.
+They, too, would be greatly simplified to us by being spelled according
+to English rules. A very frequent combination in Hungarian names, that
+of _sz_ is really the same as our _ss_; while _s_ without the _z_ is
+pronounced _sh_. The Hungarian name Szemelenyi under our system of
+spelling would therefore be "Semelenye," which is less discouraging.
+
+The foreign names in the United States that really present the most
+serious difficulties to the native citizen are unquestionably the Welsh.
+Some of the obstacles to easy pronunciation may even in their case be
+removed by adaptation to our orthography; as is shown by the name Hwg
+("hog"), which would be spelled by us "Hoog." But there are so many
+sounds in Welsh that are not only unknown, but almost inconceivable to
+English-speaking people, that the difficulties would still be very far
+from being overcome. And some of these peculiar utterances are expressed
+in Welsh by combinations of the Roman characters which in English stand
+for familiar and simple sounds; so that an attempt to reduce the two
+languages to a common system of spelling would not be at all easy. The
+combination _ll_ stands in Welsh for a terrific gurgling, gasping sound,
+which when once heard swiftly puts an end to all the romantic
+associations that the name of Llewellyn has derived from history and
+poetry.
+
+But all such foreign--or, more strictly speaking, un-English--names,
+after being in this country a generation or two, become, in a certain
+sense, "acclimated." They undergo a change in pronunciation, in
+spelling, or in both, which removes, in effect, the difficulties that
+originally characterized them. In this way the German names Schneider,
+Meyer, Kaiser, Kraemer, Schallenberger, Schwarzwaelder, and a host of
+others have become, respectively, Snyder, Myers, Keyser, Creamer,
+Shellabarger, Swartswelder, etc. Sometimes, too, an American name more
+or less similar in sound or meaning has been taken or given in place of
+the original German title; as when Loewenstein ("Lion-rock") was
+exchanged for Livingston, and Albrecht ("Albert") for Allbright.
+
+The old "Knickerbocker" names of the Middle States have, in most
+instances, retained their Dutch spelling intact, but have generally been
+subjected to a similar process of adaptation in sound. The same may be
+said of the French names in this country. Their spelling has, as a rule,
+been preserved, while their sound has been Americanized. In this way De
+Rosset has acquired the pronunciation Derrozett, and Jacques has come to
+be called either Jaquess or Jakes. Many French patronymics, such as the
+old South Carolina Huguenot name _Marion_, exhibiting nothing peculiarly
+French in their forms, are now pronounced entirely in accordance with
+our rules, and their national origin is preserved by tradition alone.
+Some French titles, however, having undergone only a partial change in
+pronunciation, survive in a hybrid form as to sound, though their
+spelling remains unaltered. Specimens of this class may be found in such
+names as _Huger_, pronounced "Huzhee;" _Fouche_, commonly called
+"Fooshee;" and _Deveraux_ or _Devereux_, now converted into "Debro" or
+"Devroo." The only very noticeable change that has taken place in the
+orthography of our French names is that the article has been joined to
+the noun in many cases where they were originally separate. In this way
+_La Ramie_, _La Rabie_, _La Reintree_, etc. are now usually spelled Laramie,
+Larabie (or, in some instances, Larrabee), Lareintree, etc.; the
+pronunciation of the newer form being Americanized in the usual way. But
+this change in form is one which might easily have occurred even in
+France.
+
+Most of these French and Dutch names have been in the country for a
+comparatively long time, and, indeed, many of them date back to the
+early colonial period. Like the Spanish-American names of Texas,
+California, Florida and Louisiana, to which the same rule generally
+applies, they belonged to members of organized foreign communities,
+proportionately large enough to preserve their names from a complete
+assimilation with the ideas of the English-American population. And in a
+lesser degree this is also true of those early German emigrants, mainly
+from the Palatinate, who settled in Pennsylvania, Western Maryland and
+the Shenandoah Valley.
+
+The tendency at the present day, however, seems to be strongly in favor
+of the process mentioned first--that of changing the sound of the names
+to suit American ears, and altering the spelling so as to conform to the
+new pronunciation. There is every indication that this will be done with
+regard to a very large majority of the foreign surnames that have been
+introduced among us within the last fifty years, or which may be brought
+into our country in the future. And as the changes so made are quite
+arbitrary, the result will be that the future student of American
+nomenclature will often be sorely puzzled by some of the surnames to
+which his attention shall be drawn.
+
+W.W.C.
+
+
+
+
+THE NEW FRENCH ACADEMICIAN.
+
+
+No institution of its kind holds so eminent a place in the esteem of a
+great country as the _Academie Francaise_. The elections are always a
+matter of interest, largely shared by the cultivated
+_Revue-des-Deux-Mondes_-reading world of both hemispheres; and the last
+election was one which excited fully as much attention as most of its
+predecessors. M. John Lemoinne, who at length summoned up courage to
+present himself as a candidate, was born in London in Waterloo year,
+1815, and has for a long period, probably thirty years, been, through
+the _Journal des Debats_, in some sort a European power. His selection
+to fill the seat of M. Jules Janin is in every way appropriate. Indeed,
+it seems strange that he should have been contented to wait until he was
+sixty-one to come forward for that distinction.
+
+The foundation of the Academy is directly traceable to the meetings of
+men of science at the house of M. Courart--who, early in the seventeenth
+century, was for forty years its first secretary--but it unquestionably
+owes to Richelieu a habitation and a name. It was formed with the
+special object of preserving accuracy in the French language, to which
+Frenchmen have been wont to pay an almost exclusive attention, but by
+the election of M. Lemoinne the Academy will have at least one member
+who is no less acquainted with another tongue.
+
+Every one will remember old Miss Crawley's rage when she found that
+Becky was trading on her connection with the democratic-aristocratic
+spinster to make her way into the Faubourg St. Germain. Too impatient to
+write in French, the old lady posted off a furious disavowal of the
+little adventuress in vigorous vernacular, but, adds the author, as
+Madame la Duchesse had only passed twenty years in England, she didn't
+understand one word. It may be hoped that the new Academician will, in
+conjunction with the new minister of public instruction, Mr. Waddington,
+who is a Rugby and Cambridge man, have some effect in arousing his
+countrymen to the study which they have heretofore so strangely
+neglected of a tongue which threatens to obliterate in time the
+inconveniences occasioned by the Tower of Babel. English is every day
+more and more spoken, and French less and less.
+
+In delivering his address of welcome to M. Lemoinne, M. Cavillier Fleury
+said: "You are one of the creators of the discussion of foreign affairs
+in the French papers: you gave them the taste for interesting themselves
+in the concerns of foreign countries. Few of us before steam had
+shortened distance really knew England. Voltaire had by turns glorified
+and ridiculed it; De Stael had shown it to us in an agreeable book; the
+witty letters of Duvergier de Hauranne had revealed the secrets of its
+electoral system. Your correspondence of 1841 completed the work." He
+might pertinently have added, "Because you are about the only French
+newspaper writer who ever thoroughly understood the English language,
+and could thus avoid ridiculous blunders."
+
+It has been observed that the _Debats_ almost exclusively supplies the
+Academy with its contingent of publicists--a circumstance accounted for
+by that journal being jealous of the purity of its language, and in
+other respects preserving a high and dignified standard. It has, indeed,
+for an unusually long period enjoyed its reputation. French and Belgian
+newspapers are very much of a mystery to an Anglo-Saxon. They seem to
+flourish under conditions impracticable to American or English journals.
+The _Independance Belge_ and the _Journal des Debats_ lie before us.
+Neither of them contains sufficient advertisements to make up three of
+our columns, yet their expenses must, we should suppose, especially in
+the case of the _Debats_, published as it is where prices are so high,
+be very large. Both these papers contain articles evidently the work of
+able hands, and in the case of the _Independance_ the foreign
+correspondence must be a very costly item, forming, as it frequently
+does, five columns of a large page. The price of each is twenty
+centimes--high, certainly, for a single sheet.
+
+It has often been observed, too, that French newspaper-men seem
+exceptionally well off. They frequent costly _cafes_, occasionally
+indulge in _petits soupers_ in _cabinets particuliers_, and, altogether,
+taking prices into account, appear to be in the enjoyment of larger
+means than their brethren of the pen elsewhere. Of course, the success
+of a French newspaper is, even in the absence of advertisements,
+intelligible in the case of the _Figaro_ or _Petit Journal_, with their
+circulation of 70,000 and 150,000 a day; but in the case of such papers
+as the _Debats_, whose circulation is not very large, it is difficult to
+explain.
+
+The position of a journalist in Paris seems to stand in many respects
+higher than elsewhere. Of course, the fact of contributions not being
+anonymous adds immeasurably to the writer's personal importance, if it
+also gets him into scrapes. Elsewhere, _editors_ are men of mark, and
+certainly no one in the journalistic world can possibly be made more of
+than Mr. Delane in London. But the editorial writers in his paper, who
+would in Paris be men of nearly as much mark as rising members of
+Parliament in England, are completely "left out in the cold," gaining no
+reputation even among acquaintance, since they are required to preserve
+the strictest secrecy as to their connection with the paper. Altogether,
+we are disposed to believe that Paris--official "warnings," press
+prosecutions and possible duels notwithstanding--must be accepted as the
+journalist's paradise. To be courted, caressed and feared is as much as
+any reasonable newspaper writer can expect, and a great deal more than
+he is likely to get out of his work elsewhere.
+
+R.W.
+
+
+
+
+LITERATURE OF THE DAY.
+
+Cities of Northern and Central Italy. By Augustus J.C. Hare. New York:
+George Routledge & Sons.
+
+
+Those who know Mr. Hare's _Walks in Rome_ and _Days near Rome_ will
+welcome another series of Italian itineraries from the same pen. These
+volumes are primarily guide-books; they tell us the best hotels, the
+price of cabs, the distances by rail or high-road. But the parts of
+traveler and manual are inverted: whereas you take your _Murray_ or
+_Baedeker_ in your hand and carry it whither you list, Mr. Hare takes
+you by the hand, leads you in the way you should go, makes you pause the
+requisite time before the things you are to look at, points to every
+view, lets you miss no effect, does not force his own opinions upon you,
+except now and then when he loses his temper a little on the debatable
+ground between religion and politics, repeats that quotation you are
+vainly trying to recall, or delights you by the beauty and aptness of a
+new one. He gives to a course of systematic sight-seeing the freedom and
+variety of a ramble with a cultivated and sympathetic companion. We
+would not be ungrateful to that inestimable impersonality, Murray, for
+all are his debtors, even Mr. Hare for the plan of his books; but,
+remembering how, with the latest edition in hand, we have panted up four
+or more flights of stairs in a Roman or Venetian palace in search of a
+picture removed years before, we are not sorry to find him here taken to
+task for leaving uncorrected statements which had ceased to be true.
+Moreover, Murray is no guide in matters of art; his authorities are
+often captains of the British Philistines; while Mr. Hare generally
+gives all that has been said by competent judges, sometimes
+imperturbably recording two conflicting opinions, and leaving the reader
+to decide. The range of quotation is indeed remarkable, from Dean Milman
+to Ouida, including many writers too little known in this country, such
+as Burckhardt, Ampere and Street.
+
+But it is not to the actual traveler only that these volumes will be of
+use and give pleasure. They are not bad preparatory reading for those
+who are going abroad, suggesting what should be studied beforehand; they
+will be dear to those who sit within the blank limits of a home in this
+raw New World trying to revive the fading outlines and colors of scenes
+which, though unforgotten, tend to mingle with the visions of Dreamland;
+and they are capital wishing-carpets for those who can travel only in
+fancy. In the introduction there is an excellent passage on the
+distinctive differences between the great Italian cities: "Each has its
+own individual sovereignty; its own chronicles; its own politics,
+domestic and foreign; its own saints, peculiarly to be revered--patrons
+in peace and protectors in war; its own phase of architecture; its own
+passion in architectural material, brick or stone, marble or
+terra-cotta; ...its own proverbs, its own superstitions and its own
+ballads." Mr. Hare contrives to convey much of the characteristic
+impression of each town. Pretty little wood-cuts are called in to his
+aid, but the best illustrations of his text are the poetical quotations
+and exquisite prose-bits from Ruskin, Swinburne, Symonds and others
+whose pens sometimes turn into the pencil of a great painter. The
+author's own descriptions are extremely faithful and charming. To those
+who have made the journey from Florence to Rome a single fine page of
+the introduction brings back a thrill of that long ecstasy. In these few
+quiet words he spreads Thrasymene before us: "It has a soft, still
+beauty especially its own. Upon the vast expanse of shallow pale-green
+waters, surrounded by low-lying hills, storms have scarcely any effect,
+and the birds which float over it and the fishing-boats which skim
+across its surface are reflected as in a mirror. At Passignano and
+Torricella picturesque villages, chiefly occupied by fishermen, jut out
+into the water, but otherwise the reedy shore is perfectly desolate on
+this side, though beyond the lake convents and villages crown the hills
+which rise between us and the pale violet mountains beyond
+Montepulciano." Nothing can be more lifelike than the following picture
+of the tract around Siena: "Scarcely do we pass beyond the rose-hung
+walls which encircle the fortifications than we are in an upland desert,
+piteously bleak in winter, but most lovely when spring comes to clothe
+it. The volcanic nature of the soil in these parts gives a softer tint
+than usual to the coloring. The miles upon miles of open gray-green
+country, treeless, hedgeless, houseless, swoop toward one another with
+the strangest sinuosities and rifts and knobs of volcanic earth, till at
+last they sink in faint mists, only to rise again in pink and blue
+distances, so far off, so pale and aerial, that they can scarcely be
+distinguished from the atmosphere itself. Only here and there a lonely
+convent with a few black cypress spires clustered round it, or a
+solitary cross which the peasants choose as their midday resting-place,
+cuts the pellucid sky. Here in these great uplands, where all is so
+immense, the very sky itself seems more full of space than elsewhere: it
+is not the deep blue of the South, but so soft and aerial that it looks
+as if it were indeed the very heaven itself, only very far away."
+
+The chapter on Ravenna is the best in the book: it is an admirable
+piece of work, a complete monograph. Everything is there--history,
+legends, art--and the quotations and illustrations are peculiarly
+beautiful and convincing.
+
+Mr. Hare, like many gentlemen of similar tastes and tendencies, does not
+seem to have a strong sense of humor, although now and then he
+condescends to smile as he repeats some local legend, such as that of
+the crucifix at S. Francesco delle Cariere, which awoke an overwearied
+devotee, who had fallen asleep on his knees before it, with "un
+soavissimo schiaffo," the gentlest slap, and bade him go to sleep in the
+dormitory. He speaks of an ancient custom, not mentioned by _Murray_, of
+harboring lost cats in the cloister of San Lorenzo at Florence: "The
+feeding of the cats, which takes place when the clock strikes twelve, is
+a most curious sight.... From every roof and arch and parapet-wall,
+mewing, hissing and screaming, the cats rush down to devour." It sounds
+like a wicked parody on the poetic assembling of the Venetian pigeons at
+the daily scattering of grain in the square of St. Mark's.
+
+There are a few little slips--so few that it is strange there should be
+any--among which is his mention of the "St. Christopher" of the doges'
+palace as "the only known fresco of Titian," forgetting the celebrated
+one in the Scuola del Santo at Padua, of which he has spoken in a
+previous volume. He occasionally makes an assertion to which many will
+demur; as, for instance, that "The real glory of the Italian towns
+consists not in their churches, but in their palaces." The best
+refutation of this paradox is in his own pages. Most people will be
+startled, too, by hearing of "the want of architectural power in Michael
+Angelo," although this remark is followed by a criticism which strikes
+us as extremely just on the stupendous slumberers on the monuments of
+the Medici: "The disproportionate figures are slipping off the pitiable
+pedestals which support them." Among the throng of indefinable emotions
+and sensations which beset one in the Medicean chapel of San Lorenzo, we
+have always been conscious of distinct discomfort from the attitude of
+these sleepers, who could only maintain their posture by an immense
+muscular effort incompatible with their sublime repose. As regards
+practical matters, few travelers or foreign residents in Italy will
+endorse Mr. Hare's statement that making a bargain in advance for
+lodgings or conveyances is not a necessary precaution, or his denial of
+the almost universal attempt to overcharge which is recognized and
+resisted by all natives. But Mr. Hare has illusions, and Italian probity
+is one of them. All his remarks about the present government of Italy
+(of which he speaks as "the Sardinian government" with an emphasis akin
+to the B_u_onapart_e_ of old French monarchists) are to be taken with
+the utmost reservation, as most readers will see for themselves after
+meeting his allusion to the massacre at Perugia in 1859 as in some sort a
+defensive action on the part of the papal troops. Mr. Hare's reasoning
+on all that relates to this subject is weak and illogical, sometimes
+puerile. Any one who loves what is venerable and picturesque must share
+the impatience and regret with which he sees so much beauty and
+antiquity disappearing before the besom of progress or the rage for
+improvement, especially in Rome. But we must remember that Italy is not
+the first, but the last, European country in which this has come about:
+in England, France and Germany what delights the eyes of the few has
+long been giving place to what betters the condition or serves the
+interest of the masses. Moreover, the Italians themselves, of whatever
+political complexion, black or red, are totally indifferent to these
+losses and changes which we lament so deeply. If there be a sad want of
+good taste and good sense in Cavaliere Rosa's management of the
+excavations, there is at least no lack of zeal. Formerly, next to
+nothing was done to preserve or protect the monuments, and many of the
+finest were irrecognizable and all but inaccessible from dirt and
+dilapidation. The reverence of the papal Romans for their treasures of
+either classic or Christian art is well illustrated by Retzsch's
+outline, in which a lovely statue of Apollo, broken and half buried,
+defiled by dogs and swine, serves as a seat for a loutish herd, who
+tries to copy a miserable modern Virgin and Child from a wayside shrine.
+Such a temper of mind in an intelligent, high-principled Englishman can
+only arise from a moral bias which distorts every view; but the
+discussion of these causes and effects would be out of place here, and
+we only smile in passing at the charge of "excessive cruelty" in the
+suppression of the monastery of San Vivaldo. Mr. Hare's treatment of the
+legitimate topics of his book deserves all admiration and praise. His
+style is simple, pleasant and picturesque; in future editions a few
+careless tricks should be corrected, such as the use of _from_, with
+_hence_, _thence_, _whence_, and a muddled sentence here and there, of
+which a very slight instance occurs in the pretty extract about Lake
+Thrasymene: there is a most confusing one about a girl who refused to
+kiss the emperor Otho, which reads as if she would not kiss her own
+father. It would be almost a pity to spoil a laugh by particularizing
+whether a tree or nut is meant in the story of "S. Vivaldo, who became a
+hermit and _lived in a hollow chestnut_, in which he was found dead in
+1300."
+
+
+
+
+_Books Received._
+
+
+The Little, or A, B, C, Book of German; that is, High School Primer;
+Child's Story Book and Dictionary. By Professor C.C. Schaeffer.
+Philadelphia: Charles Brothers & Co.
+
+Pocket Manual of Rules of Order for Deliberative Assemblies. By Major
+Henry M. Robert, U.S.A. Chicago: S.C. Griggs & Co.
+
+Cabin and Plantation Songs, as sung by the Hampton Students. Arranged by
+Thomas P. Fenner. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
+
+The Spectator. (Selected Papers.) By Addison and Steele. Edited by John
+Habberton. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
+
+Characteristics from the Writings of J.H. Newman. By Wm. Samuel Lilly.
+New York: D. and J. Sadlier & Co.
+
+Brief Biographies. Vol. III. French Political Leaders. By Edward King.
+New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
+
+The Life of William, Earl of Shelburne. Vol. II. By Lord Edmond
+Fitzmaurice. New York: MacMillan & Co.
+
+Jonathan: A Novel. By C.C. Fraser-Tytler. (Leisure-Hour Series.) New
+York: Henry Holt & Co.
+
+Faith and Modern Thought. By Ransom B. Welch, D.D., LL.D. New York: G.P.
+Putnam's Sons.
+
+Fetich in Theology; or, Doctrinalism Twin to Ritualism. By John Miller.
+New York: Dodd & Mead.
+
+The American Kennel and Sporting Field. By Arnold Burges. New York: J.B.
+Ford & Co.
+
+On Dangerous Ground. By Mrs. Bloomfield H. Moore. Philadelphia: Porter &
+Coates.
+
+Filth-Diseases, and their Prevention. By John Simon, M.D. Boston: James
+Campbell.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Lippincott's Magazine of Popular
+Literature and Science, by Various
+
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