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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Lippincott's Magazine of Popular Literature
+and Science, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Lippincott's Magazine of Popular Literature and Science
+       Vol. XVII, No. 102. June, 1876.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: December 12, 2004 [EBook #14333]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Kathryn Lybarger and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+[Note: The Table of Contents and the list of illustrations were added
+by the transcriber.]
+
+
+
+
+LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE OF POPULAR LITERATURE AND SCIENCE
+
+June, 1876.
+
+Vol. XVII, No. 102.
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+  ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+  THE CENTURY--ITS FRUITS AND ITS FESTIVAL.
+    VI.--THE DISPLAY--INTRODUCTORY. [Illustrated]
+
+  DOLORES by EMMA LAZARUS.
+
+  GLIMPSES OF CONSTANTINOPLE by SHEILA HALE.
+    CONCLUDING PAPER. [Illustrated]
+
+  THEE AND YOU by EDWARD KEARSLEY.
+    A STORY OF OLD PHILADELPHIA.  IN TWO PARTS.--I.
+
+  MODERN HUGUENOTS by JAMES M. BRUCE.
+
+  BLOOMING by MAURICE THOMPSON.
+
+  FELIPA by CONSTANCE FENIMORE WOOLSON.
+
+  AT CHICKAMAUGA by ROBERT LEWIS KIMBERLY.
+
+  THE ATONEMENT OF LEAM DUNDAS by MRS. E. LYNN LINTON.
+    CHAPTER XXXVII. UNWORTHY.
+    CHAPTER XXXVIII. BLOTTED OUT.
+    CHAPTER XXXIX. WINDY BROW.
+    CHAPTER XL. LOST AND NOW FOUND.
+
+  THE ITALIAN MEDI�VAL WOOD-SCULPTORS by T. ADOLPHUS TROLLOPE.
+
+  REST by CHARLOTTE F. BATES.
+
+  LETTERS FROM SOUTH AFRICA by LADY BARKER.
+
+  OUR MONTHLY GOSSIP.
+    THE CABS OF PARIS by L.H.H.
+    A NEW MUSEUM AT ROME by T.A.T.
+    OUR FOREIGN SURNAMES by W.W.C.
+    THE NEW FRENCH ACADEMICIAN by R.W.
+
+  LITERATURE OF THE DAY.
+    Books Received.
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+  FA�ADE OF THE SPANISH DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.
+  FA�ADE OF THE EGYPTIAN DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.
+  FA�ADE OF THE SWEDISH DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.
+  FA�ADE OF THE BRAZILIAN DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.
+  DOM PEDRO, EMPEROR OF BRAZIL.
+  JAPANESE CARPENTERS.
+  FA�ADE OF THE DIVISION OF THE NETHERLANDS, MAIN BUILDING.
+  THE CORLISS ENGINE, FURNISHING MOTIVE-POWER FOR MACHINERY HALL.
+  INTERIOR OF COOK'S WORLD'S TICKET-OFFICE.
+  FRENCH RESTAURANT LA FAYETTE.
+  THE MAMMOTH RODMAN GUN.
+  SCENE AT ONE OF THE ENTRANCES TO THE GROUNDS--THE TURNSTILE.
+  SCENE IN A BURIAL-GROUND.
+  THE SULTAN ABDUL-ASSIZ.
+  TURKISH COW-CARRIAGE.
+  ENTERING A MOSQUE.
+  CASTLE OF EUROPE, ON THE BOSPHORUS.
+  FORTRESS OF RIVA, AND THE BLACK SEA.
+  TURKISH QUARTER--STAMBOUL.
+  OBELISK OF THEODOSIUS.
+  SHEPHERDS.
+
+
+
+
+LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE
+
+OF
+
+_POPULAR LITERATURE AND SCIENCE_.
+
+June, 1876.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE CENTURY--ITS FRUITS AND ITS FESTIVAL.
+
+VI. THE DISPLAY--INTRODUCTORY.
+
+
+[Illustration: FA�ADE OF THE SPANISH DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.]
+
+All things being ready for their reception, how were exhibits,
+exhibitors and visitors to be brought to the grounds? To do this with
+the extreme of rapidity and cheapness was essential to a full and
+satisfactory attendance of both objects and persons. In a large majority
+of cases the first consideration with the possessor of any article
+deemed worthy of submission to the public eye was the cost and security
+of transportation. Objects of art, the most valuable and the most
+attractive portion of the display, are not usually very well adapted to
+carriage over great distances with frequent transshipments. Porcelain,
+glass and statuary are fragile, and paintings liable to injury from
+dampness and rough handling; while an antique mosaic, like the
+"Carthaginian Lion," a hundred square feet in superficies, might, after
+resuscitation from its subterranean sleep of twenty centuries with its
+minutest _tessera_ intact and every tint as fresh as the Phoenician
+artist left it, suffer irreparable damage from a moment's carelessness
+on the voyage to its temporary home in the New World. More solid things
+of a very different character, and far less valuable pecuniarily, though
+it may be quite as interesting to the promoter of human progress, exact
+more or less time and attention to collect and prepare, and that will
+not be bestowed upon them without some guarantee of their being safely
+and inexpensively transmitted. So to simplify transportation as
+practically to place the exposition buildings as nearly as possible at
+the door of each exhibitor, student and sight-seer became, therefore, a
+controlling problem.
+
+In the solution of it there is no exaggeration in saying that the
+Centennial stands more than a quarter of a century in advance of even
+the latest of its fellow expositions. At Vienna a river with a few small
+steamers below and a tow-path above represented water-carriage. Good
+railways came in from every quarter of the compass, but none of them
+brought the locomotive to the neighborhood of the grounds. In the matter
+of tram-roads for passengers the Viennese distinguished themselves over
+the Londoners and Parisians by the possession of _one_. In steam-roads
+they had no advantage and no inferiority. At each and all of these
+cities the packing-box and the passenger were both confronted by the
+vexatious interval between the station and the exposition
+building--often the most trying part of the trip. Horsepower was the one
+time-honored resource, in '73 as in '51, and in unnumbered years before.
+Under the ancient divisions of horse and foot the world and its
+_impedimenta_ moved upon Hyde Park, the Champ de Mars and the Prater,
+the umbrella and the oil-cloth tilt their only shield against Jupiter
+Pluvius, who seemed to take especial pleasure in demonstrating their
+failure, nineteen centuries after the contemptuous erasure of him from
+the calendar, to escape his power. It was reserved for the Philadelphia
+Commission to bring his reign (not the slightest intention of a pun) to
+a close. The most delicate silk or gem, and the most delicate wearer of
+the same, were enabled to pass under roof from San Francisco into the
+Main Building in Fairmount Park, and with a trifling break of twenty
+steps at the wharf might do so from the dock at Bremen, Havre or
+Liverpool. The hospitable shelter of the great pavilion was thus
+extended over the continent and either ocean. The drip of its eaves
+pattered into China, the Cape of Good Hope, Germany and Australia. Their
+spread became almost that of the welkin.
+
+Let us look somewhat more into the detail of this unique feature of the
+American fair.
+
+Within the limits of the United States the transportation question soon
+solved itself. Five-sixths of the seventy-four thousand miles of railway
+which lead, without interruption of track, to Fairmount Park are of
+either one and the same gauge, or so near it as to permit the use
+everywhere of the same car, its wheels a little broader than common.
+From the other sixth the bodies of the wagons, with their contents, are
+transferable by a change of trucks. The expected sixty or eighty
+thousand tons of building material and articles for display could thus
+be brought to their destination in a far shorter period than that
+actually allowed. Liberal arrangements were conceded by the various
+lines in regard to charges. Toll was exacted in one direction only,
+unsold articles to be returned to the shipper free. As the time for
+closing to exhibitors and opening to visitors approached the Centennial
+cars became more and more familiar to the rural watcher of the passing
+train. They aided to infect him, if free from it before, with the
+Centennial craze. Their doors, though sealed, were eloquent, for they
+bore in great black letters on staring white muslin the shibboleth of
+the day, "1776--International Exhibition--1876." The enthusiasm of those
+very hard and unimpressible entities, the railroad companies, thus
+manifesting itself in low rates and gratuitous advertising, could not
+fail to be contagious. Nor was the service done by the interior lines
+wholly domestic. Several large foreign contributions from the Pacific
+traversed the continent. The houses and the handicraft of the Mongol
+climbed the Sierra Nevada on the magnificent highway his patient labor
+had so large a share in constructing. Nineteen cars were freighted with
+the rough and unpromising chrysalis that developed into the neat and
+elaborate cottage of Japan, and others brought the Chinese display.
+Polynesia and Australia adopted the same route in part. The canal
+modestly assisted the rail, lines of inland navigation conducting to the
+grounds barges of three times the tonnage of the average sea-going craft
+of the Revolutionary era. These sluggish and smooth-going vehicles were
+employed for the carriage of some of the large plants and trees which
+enrich the horticultural department, eight boats being required to
+transport from New York a thousand specimens of the Cuban flora sent by
+a single exhibitor, M. Lachaume of Havana. Those moisture-loving shrubs,
+the brilliant rhododendra collected by English nurserymen from our own
+Alleghanies and returned to us wonderfully improved by civilization,
+might have been expected also to affect the canal, but they chose, with
+British taste, the more rapid rail. They had, in fact, no time to lose,
+for their blooming season was close at hand, and their roots must needs
+hasten to test the juices of American soil. Japan's miniature garden of
+miniature plants, interesting far beyond the proportions of its
+dimensions, was perforce dependent on the same means of conveyance.
+
+[Illustration: FA�ADE OF THE EGYPTIAN DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.]
+
+The locomotive was summoned to the aid of foreign exhibitors on the
+Atlantic as on the Pacific side, though to a less striking extent, the
+largest steamships being able to lie within three miles of the
+exposition buildings. It stood ready on the wharves of the Delaware to
+welcome these stately guests from afar, indifferent whether they came in
+squadrons or alone. It received on one day, in this vestibule of the
+exposition, the Labrador from France and the Donati from Brazil. Dom
+Pedro's coffee, sugar and tobacco and the marbles and canvases of the
+Soci�t� des Beaux-Arts were whisked off in amicable companionship to
+their final destination. The solidarity of the nations is in some sort
+promoted by this shaking down together of their goods and chattels. It
+gives a truly international look to the exposition to see one of
+Vernet's battle-pieces or Meissonier's microscopic gems of color jostled
+by a package of hides from the Parana or a bale of India-rubber.
+
+Yet more expressive was the medley upon the covered platforms for the
+reception of freight. Eleven of these, each one hundred and sixty by
+twenty-four feet, admitted of the unloading of fifty-five freight-cars
+at once. At this rate there was not left the least room for anxiety as
+to the ability of the Commission and its employ�s to dispose, so far as
+their responsibility was concerned, of everything presented for
+exhibition within a very few days. The movements of the custom-house
+officials, and the arrangements of goods after the passing of that
+ordeal, were less rapid, and there seemed some ground for anxiety when
+it was found that in the last days of March scarce a tenth of the
+catalogued exhibits were on the ground, and for the closing ten days of
+the period fixed for the receipt of goods an average of one car-load per
+minute of the working hours was the calculated draft on the resources of
+the unloading sheds. Home exhibitors, by reason of the very completeness
+of their facilities of transport, were the most dilatory. The United
+States held back until her guests were served, confident in the abundant
+efficiency of the preparations made for bringing the entertainers to
+their side. Better thus than that foreigners should have been behind
+time.
+
+When the gates of the enclosure were at last shut upon the steam-horse,
+a broader and more congenial field of duty opened before him. From the
+r�le of dray-horse he passed to that of courser. Marvels from the ends
+of the earth he had, with many a pant and heave, forward pull and
+backward push, brought together and dumped in their allotted places. Now
+it became his task to bear the fiery cross over hill and dale and
+gather the clans, men, women and children. The London exhibition of
+1851 had 6,170,000 visitors, and that of 1862 had 6,211,103. Paris in
+1855 had 4,533,464, and in 1867, 10,200,000. Vienna's exhibition drew
+7,254,867. The attendance at London on either occasion was barely double
+the number of her population. So it was with Paris at her first display,
+though she did much better subsequently. Vienna's was the greatest
+success of all, according to this test. The least of all, if we may take
+it into the list, was that of New York in 1853. Her people numbered
+about the same with the visitors to her Crystal Palace--600,000.
+Philadelphia's calculations went far beyond any of these figures, and
+she laid her plans accordingly.
+
+Some trainbands from Northern and Southern cities might give their
+patriotic furor the bizarre form of a march across country, but the
+millions, if they came at all, must come by rail, and the problem was to
+multiply the facilities far beyond any previous experience, while
+reconciling the maximum of safety, comfort and speed with a reduction of
+fares. The arrangements are still to be tested, and are no doubt open to
+modification. On one point, however, and this an essential one, we
+apprehend no grounds of complaint. There will be no crowding. The train
+is practically endless, the word _terminus_ being a misnomer for the
+circular system of tracks to which the station (six hundred and fifty by
+one hundred feet) at the main entrance of the grounds forms a tangent.
+The line of tourists is reeled off like their thread in the hands of
+Clotho, the iron shears that snip it at stated intervals being
+represented by the unmythical steam-engine. The same modern minister of
+the Fates has another shrine not far from the dome of Memorial Hall,
+where his acolytes are the officials of the Reading Railroad Company.
+
+Care for the visitor's comfortable locomotion does not end with
+depositing him under the reception-verandah. The Commission did not
+forget that a pedestrian excursion over fifteen or twenty miles of
+aisles might sufficiently fatigue him without the additional trudge from
+hall to hall over a surface of four hundred acres under a sun which the
+century has certainly not deprived of any mentionable portion of its
+heat. Hence, the belt railway, three and a half miles long, with trains
+running by incessant schedule--a boon only to be justly appreciated by
+those who attended the European expositions or any one of them. His
+umbrella and goloshes pocketed in the form of a D.P.C. check, the
+visitor, more fortunate than Brummel or Bonaparte, cannot be stopped by
+the elements.
+
+[Illustration: FA�ADE OF THE SWEDISH DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.]
+
+We shall have amply disposed of the subject of transportation when we
+add that the neighborhood or city supply to the thirteen entrance-gates
+is provided for by steam-roads capable of carrying twenty-four thousand
+persons hourly, and tram-roads seating seven thousand, besides an
+irregular militia or voltigeur force of light wagons, small steamers and
+omnibuses equal to a demand of two or three thousand more in the same
+time. It was not deemed likely that Philadelphia would require
+conveyance for half of her population every day. Should that supposition
+prove erroneous, the excess can fall back upon the safe and inexpensive
+vehicle of 1776, 1851, 1867 and 1873--sole leather.
+
+Let us return to our packing-cases, and see where they go. To watch the
+gradual dispersal of a congregation to their several places of abode is
+always interesting. Especially is it so when those places of retreat
+bear the names and fly the flags of the several nations of the globe.
+This stout cube of deal, triple-bound with iron, disappears under the
+asp and winged sphere of the Pharaohs. That other, big with rich velvets
+and broideries, seeks the tricolor of France. Yonder, a wealth of silks
+and lacquer finds a resting-place in the carved black-walnut _�tag�res_
+of Japan. Here go, cased in the spoils of the fjelds, toward a pavilion
+seventy-five paces long and twenty wide, the bulky contributions of the
+Norsemen. Swedish carpentry in perfection offers to a deposit separate
+from that of the sister-kingdom a distinct receptacle. Close at hand
+stand the antipodes in the pavilion of Chili, that opens its graceful
+portal to bales sprinkled mayhap with the ashes of Aconcagua. There
+"crashes a sturdy _box_ of stout John Bull;" and Russia, Tunis and
+Canada roll into close neighborhood with him and each other. A queer and
+not, let us hope, altogether transitory show of international comity is
+this. Many a high-sounding, much-heralded and more-debating Peace
+Congress has been held with less effect than that conducted by these
+humble porters, carpenters and decorators. This one has solidity. Its
+elements are palpable. The peoples not only bring their choicest
+possessions, but they also set up around them their local habitations.
+It is a cosmopolitan town that has sprung into being beneath the great
+roof and glitters in the rays of our republican sun. In its
+rectangularly-planned streets, alleys and plazas every style of
+architecture is represented--domestic, state and ecclesiastical,
+ancient, medi�val and modern. The spirit and taste of most of the races
+and climes find expression, giving thus the Sydenham and the Hyde Park
+palaces in one. The reproductions at the former place were the work of
+English hands: those before us are executed, for the most part, by
+workmen to whom the originals are native and familiar. In this feature
+of the interior of the Main Building we are amply compensated for the
+breaking up of the _coup d'oeil_ by a multiplicity of discordant forms.
+The space is still so vast as to maintain the effect of unity; and this
+notwithstanding the considerable height of some of the national stalls,
+that of Spain, for example, sending aloft its trophy of Moorish shields
+and its effigy of the world-seeking Genoese to an elevation of forty-six
+feet. The Moorish colonnade of the Brazilian pavilion lifts its head in
+graceful rivalry of the lofty front reared by the other branch of the
+Iberian race. In so vast an expanse this friendly competition of
+Spaniards and Portuguese becomes, to the eye, a union of their
+pretensions; and a single family of thirty-three millions in Europe and
+America combines to present us with two of the handsomest structures in
+the hall.
+
+[Illustration: FA�ADE OF THE BRAZILIAN DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.]
+
+A moderate dip into statistics can no longer be evaded. We must map out
+the microcosm, and allot to each sovereign power its quota of the
+surface. The great European states which have assumed within the century
+the supreme direction of human affairs are assigned a prominent central
+position in the Main Building. Great Britain and her Asiatic possessions
+occupy just eighty-three feet less than a hundred thousand; her other
+colonies, including Canada, 48,150; France and her colonies, 43,314;
+Germany, 27,975; Austria, 24,070; Russia, 11,002; Spain, 11,253; Sweden
+and Belgium, each 15,358; Norway, 6897; Italy, 8167; Japan, 16,566;
+Switzerland, 6646; China, 7504; Brazil, 6397; Egypt, 5146; Mexico, 6504;
+Turkey, 4805; Denmark, 1462; and Tunis, 2015. These, with minor
+apportionments to Venezuela, the Argentine Confederation, Chili, Peru
+and the Orange Free State of South Africa, cover the original area of
+the structure, deducting the reservation of 187,705 feet for the United
+States, and excluding thirty-eight thousand square feet in the annexes.
+France must be credited, in explanation of her comparatively limited
+territory under the main roof, with her external pavilions devoted to
+bronzes, glass, perfumery and (chief of all) to her magnificent
+government exhibit of technical plans, drawings and models in
+engineering, civil and military, and architecture. These outside
+contributions constitute a link between her more substantial displays
+and the five hundred paintings, fifty statues, etc. she places in
+Memorial Hall.
+
+In Machinery and Agricultural Halls, respectively, Great Britain has
+37,125 and 18,745 feet; Germany, 10,757 and 4875; France, 10,139 and
+15,574; Belgium, 9375 and 1851; Canada, 4300 and 10,094; Brazil, 4000
+and 4657; Sweden, 3168 and 2603; Spain, 2248 and 5005; Russia, 1500 and
+6785; Chili, 480 and 2493; Norway, 360 and 1590. Austria occupies 1536
+feet in Mechanical Hall; and in that of Agriculture are the following
+additional allotments: Netherlands, 4276; Denmark, 836; Japan, 1665;
+Peru, 1632; Liberia, 1536; Siam, 1220; Portugal, 1020.
+
+The foreign contributions in the department of machinery are, it will be
+seen, hardly so large as might have been anticipated. When the spacious
+annexes are added to the floor of the main hall, the great preponderance
+of home exhibitors--five to one in the latter--is shown to be still more
+marked. In Agricultural Hall the United States claim less than
+two-thirds. The unexpected interest taken in this branch by foreigners
+will enhance its prominence and value among the attractions of the
+exposition. The collection of tropical products for food and
+manufacturing is very complete. The development of the equatorial
+regions of the globe has barely commenced. Even our acquaintance with
+their natural resources remains but superficial. The country which takes
+the lead in utilizing them in its trade and manufactures will gain a
+great advantage over its fellows. England's commercial supremacy never
+rested more largely on that foundation than now. Brazil, the great power
+of South--as the Union is of North--America, possesses nearly half of
+the accessible virgin territory of the tropics. Our interest joins hers
+in retaining this vast endowment as far as possible for the benefit of
+the Western World. A perception of this fact is shown in the exceptional
+efforts made by Brazil to be fully represented in all departments of the
+exposition, and in the visit to it of her chief magistrate, as we may
+properly term her emperor, the only embodiment of hereditary power and
+the monarchical principle in a country that enjoys--and has for the half
+century since its erection into an independent state maintained--free
+institutions.
+
+[Illustration: DOM PEDRO, EMPEROR OF BRAZIL.]
+
+In art domestic exhibits utterly lose their preponderance. Our artists
+content themselves with a small fraction of the wall- and floor-space in
+Memorial Hall and its northern annex. In extent of both "hanging" and
+standing ground they but equal England and France, each occupying
+something over twenty thousand square feet. Italy in the �sthetic combat
+selects the chisel as her weapon, and takes the floor with a superb
+array of marble eloquence, some three hundred pieces of statuary being
+contributed by her sculptors. She might in addition set up a colorable
+claim to the works executed on her soil or under the teaching of her
+schools by artists of other nativities, and thus make, for example, a
+sweeping raid into American territory. But she generously leaves to that
+division the spoils swept from her coasts by the U.S. ship Franklin,
+together with the works bearing her imprint in other sections, satisfied
+with the wealth undoubtedly her own, itself but a faint adumbration of
+the vast hoard she retains at home. Italy does not view the occasion
+from a fine-art standpoint alone. Of her nine hundred and twenty-six
+exhibitors, only one-sixth are in this department.
+
+[Illustration: JAPANESE CARPENTERS.]
+
+Nor, on the art side of our own country, must we overlook the Historical
+division, the perfecting of which has been a labor of love with Mr.
+Etting. He allots space among the old Thirteen, and reserves a place at
+the feast of reunion to the mother of that rebellious sisterhood.
+
+Forty acres of "floor-space" _sub Jove_ remained to be awarded to
+foreign and domestic claimants. Gardening is one of the fine arts.
+Certainly nothing in Memorial Hall can excel its productions in
+richness, variety and harmony of color and form. Flower, leaf and tree
+are the models of the palette and the crayon. Their marvelous
+improvement in variety and splendor is one of the most striking triumphs
+of human ingenuity. A few hundred species have been expanded into many
+thousand forms, each finer than the parent. It is a new flora created by
+civilization, undreamed of by the savage, and voluminous in proportion
+to the mental advancement of the races among whom it has sprung up.
+Progress writes its record in flowers, and scrawls the autographs of the
+nations all over Lansdowne hill. No need of gilded show-cases to set off
+the German and Germantown roses, the thirty thousand hyacinths in
+another compartment, or the plot of seven hundred and fifty kinds of
+trees and shrubs planted by a single American contributor. The Moorish
+Kiosque, however, comes in well. The material is genuine Morocco, the
+building having been brought over in pieces from the realm of the
+Saracens, of "gul in its bloom" and of "Larry O'Rourke"--as Rogers
+punned down the poem of his Irish friend.
+
+The nations comfortably installed, we must sketch the tactical system
+under which they are drawn up for peaceful contest. The classification
+of subjects adopted by the Commission embraces seven departments. Of
+these, the Main Building is devoted to I. _Mining and Metallurgy_; II.
+_Manufactures_; III. _Education and Science_; Memorial Hall and its
+appendages, to IV. _Art_; Machinery Hall, to V. _Machinery_;
+Agricultural Hall, to VI. _Agriculture_; and Horticultural Hall and its
+parterres, to VII. _Horticulture_. These habitats have, as we have
+heretofore seen, proved too contracted for the august and expansive
+inmates assigned them. All of the latter have overflowed; mining, for
+instance, into the mineral annex of thirty-two thousand square feet and
+the great pavilion (a hundred and thirty-five feet square) of Colorado
+and Kansas; education into the Swedish and Pennsylvania school-houses
+and others already noted; manufactures into breweries, glass-houses,
+etc.; and so on with an infinity of irrepressible outgrowths.
+
+[Illustration: FA�ADE OF THE DIVISION OF THE NETHERLANDS, MAIN
+BUILDING.]
+
+Department I. is subdivided into classes numbered from 100 to 129, and
+embracing the products of mines and the means of extracting and reducing
+them. II. extends from Class 200 to Class 296--chemical manufactures,
+ceramics, furniture, woven goods of all kinds, jewelry, paper,
+stationery, weapons, medical appliances, hardware, vehicles and their
+accessories. III. deals with the high province of educational systems,
+methods and libraries; institutions and organizations; scientific and
+philosophical instruments and methods; engineering, architecture in its
+technical and non-�sthetic aspect, maps; physical, moral and social
+condition of man. Fifty classes, 300 to 349 inclusive, fence in this
+field of pure reason. Department IV., Classes 400-459, covers sculpture,
+painting, photography, engraving and lithography, industrial and
+architectural designs, ceramic decorations, mosaics, etc. V., Classes
+509-599, takes charge of machines and tools for mining, chemistry,
+weaving, sewing, printing, working metal, wood and stone; motors;
+hydraulic and pneumatic apparatus; railway stock or "plant;" machinery
+for preparing agricultural products; "a�rial, pneumatic and water
+transportation," and "machinery and apparatus especially adapted to the
+requirements of the exhibition." VI., Classes 600-699, assembles
+arboriculture and forest products, pomology, agricultural products, land
+and marine animals, pisciculture and its apparatus, "animal and
+vegetable products," textile substances, machines, implements and
+products of manufacture, agricultural engineering and administration,
+tillage and general management. Under Department VII., Classes 700-739,
+come ornamental trees, shrubs and flowers, hothouses and conservatories,
+garden tools and contrivances, garden designing, construction and
+management.
+
+The accumulated experience of past expositions, seconded by the judgment
+and systematic thoroughness apparent in the preparations for the present
+one, makes this a good "working" classification. It has done away with
+confusion to an extent hardly to have been hoped for, and all the
+thousands of objects and subjects have dropped into their places in the
+exhibition with the precision of machinery, little adapted as some of
+them are to such treatment. Very impalpable and elusive things had to
+submit themselves to inspection and analysis, and have their elements
+tabulated like a tax bill or a grocery account. All human concerns were
+called on to be listed on the muster-roll and stand shoulder to shoulder
+on the drill-ground. Some curious comrades appear side by side in the
+long line. For example, we read: Class 286, brushes; 295, sleighs; 300,
+elementary instruction; 301, academies and high schools, colleges and
+universities; 305, libraries, history, etc.; 306, school-books, general
+and miscellaneous literature, encyclop�dias, newspapers; 311, learned
+and scientific associations, artistic, biological, zoological and
+medical schools, astronomical observatories; 313, music and the drama.
+Then we find, closely sandwiched between, 335--topographical maps,
+etc.--and 400--figures in stone, metal, clay or plaster--340, physical
+development and condition (of the young of the genus _Homo_); 345,
+government and law; 346, benevolence, beginning with hospitals of all
+kinds and ending with--in the order we give them--emigrant-aid
+societies, treatment of aborigines and prevention of cruelty to animals!
+In the last-named subdivision the visitor will be stared out of
+countenance by Mr. Bergh's tremendous exposure of "various instruments
+used by persons in breaking the law relative to cruelty to animals," the
+glittering banner of the S.P.C.A., and its big trophy, eight yards
+square, that illuminates the east end of the north avenue of the Main
+Building, in opposition to the trophy at the other end of the same
+avenue illustrating the history of the American flag. But he will look
+in vain for selected specimens of the emigrant-runner, the luxuries of
+the steerage and Castle Garden, or for photographs of the well-fed
+post-trader and Indian agent, agricultural products from Captain Jack's
+lava-bed reservation and jars of semi-putrescent treaty-beef. He will
+alight, next door to the penniless immigrant, the red man and the
+omnibus-horse, on Class 348, religious organizations and systems,
+embracing everything that grows out of man's sense of responsibility to
+his Maker. It will perhaps occur to the observer that, though the
+juxtaposition is well enough, religion ought to have come in a little
+before. His surprise at the power of condensation shown in compressing
+eternity into a single class will not be lessened when he passes on to
+Class 632, sheep; 634, swine; and 636, dogs and cats!
+
+A glance over the classification-list assists us in recognizing the
+advantages of the system of awards framed by the Commission and adopted
+after patient study and discussion. It discards the plan--if plan it
+could be called--of scattering diplomas and medals of gold, silver and
+bronze right and left, after the fashion of largesse at a medi�val
+coronation, heretofore followed at international expositions. These
+prizes were decided on and assigned by juries whose impartiality--by
+reason of the imperfect representation upon them of the nations which
+exhibited little in mass or little in certain classes, and also of their
+failure to make written reports and thus secure their
+responsibility--could not be assured, and whose action, therefore, was
+defective in real weight and value. The juries were badly constituted:
+they had too much to do of an illusory and useless description, and they
+had too little to do that was solid and instructive. Special mentions,
+diplomas, half a dozen grades of medals and other honors, formed a
+programme too large and complicated to be discriminatingly carried out.
+So it happened that to exhibit and to get a distinction of some kind
+came, at Vienna, to be almost convertible expressions; and who excelled
+in the competition in any of the classes, or who had contributed anything
+substantial to the stock of human knowledge or well-being, remained quite
+undetermined. What instruction the display could impart was confined to
+spectators who studied its specialties for themselves and used their
+deductions for their individual advantage, and to those who read the
+sufficiently general and cursory reports made to their several
+governments by the national commissions. The official awards and reports
+of the exposition authorities amounted to little or nothing.
+
+[Illustration: THE CORLISS ENGINE, FURNISHING MOTIVE-POWER FOR MACHINERY
+HALL.]
+
+A sharp departure from this practice was decided on at the Centennial.
+Two hundred judges, of undoubted character and intelligence and entire
+familiarity with the departments assigned to them, were chosen--half by
+the foreign bureaus and half by the U.S. Commission. These were made
+officers of the exposition itself, and thus separated from external
+influences. They were given a reasonable and fixed compensation of one
+thousand dollars each for their time and personal expenses. An equal
+division of the number of judges between the domestic and foreign sides
+gives the latter an excess, measured by the comparative extent of the
+display from the two sources. But this is favorable to us, as we shall
+be the better for an outside judgment on the merits of both our own and
+foreign exhibits. Were it otherwise, the excess of private observers
+from this country would counterbalance our deficit in judges. The
+foreign jurors have to see for the millions they represent. Our own will
+have vast numbers of their constituents on the ground.
+
+Written reports are drawn up by these selected examiners and signed by
+the authors. The reports must be "based upon inherent and comparative
+merit. The elements of merit shall be held to include considerations
+relating to originality, invention, discovery, utility, quality, skill,
+workmanship, fitness for the purpose intended, adaptation to public
+wants, economy and cost." Each report, upon its completion, is delivered
+to the Centennial Commission for award and publication. The award comes
+in the shape of a diploma with a bronze medal and a special report of
+the judges upon its subject. This report may be published by the
+exhibitor if he choose. It will also be used by the Commission in such
+manner as may best promote the objects of the exposition. These
+documents, well edited and put in popular form, will constitute the most
+valuable publication that has been produced by any international
+exhibition. To this we may add the special reports to be made by the
+State and foreign commissions. These ought, with the light gained by
+time, to be at least not inferior to the similar papers scattered
+through the bulky records of previous exhibitions. Let us hope that
+brevity will rule in the style of all the reports, regular and
+irregular. There is a core to every subject, every group of subjects and
+every group of groups, however numerous and complex: let all the scribes
+labor to find it for us. When we recall the disposition of all
+committees to select the member most fecund of words to prepare their
+report, we are seized with misgivings--a feeling that becomes oppressive
+as we further reflect that the local committee which deliberately
+collected and sent for exhibition eighty thousand manuscripts written by
+the school-children of a Western city is at large on the exposition
+grounds.
+
+The passion for independent effort characteristic of the American people
+led to the supplementing of the official list by sundry volunteer
+prizes. These are offered by associations, and in some cases
+individuals. They are not all, like the regular awards, purely honorary.
+They lean to the pecuniary form, those particularly which are offered in
+different branches of agriculture. Competition among poultry-growers,
+manufacturers of butter, reaping-and threshing-machines,
+cotton-planters, etc. is stimulated by money-prizes reaching in all some
+six or eight thousand dollars. Agricultural machinery needs the open
+field for its proper testing, and cannot operate satisfactorily in
+Machinery Hall. Without a sight of our harvest-fields and
+threshing-floors foreigners would carry away an incomplete impression of
+our industrial methods, the farm being our great factory. The oar, the
+rifle and the racer are as impatient of walls as the plough and its
+new-fangled allies. They demand elbow-room for the display of their
+powers, and the Commission was fain to let their votaries tempt it to
+pass the confines of its territory. The lusty undergraduates of both
+sides of Anglo-Saxondom escort it unresistingly down from its airy halls
+to the blue bosom of the Schuylkill, while "teams" picked from eighty
+English-speaking millions beckon it across the Jerseys to Creedmoor. And
+the horse--is he to call in vain? Is a strait-laced negative from the
+Commission to echo back his neigh? Is the blood of Eclipse and Godolphin
+to stagnate under a ticket in "Class 630, horses, asses and mules"? Why,
+the very ponies in front of Memorial Hall pull with extra vim against
+their virago jockeys and flap their little brass wings in indignation at
+the thought. The thoroughbred will be heard from, and the judges that
+sit on him will be "experts in their department."
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR OF COOK'S WORLD'S TICKET-OFFICE.]
+
+Another specimen of the desert-born, the Western Indian, forms an
+exhibit as little suited as the improved Arab horse to discussion and
+award at a session fraught with that "calm contemplation and poetic
+ease" which ought to mark the deliberations of the judges. How are the
+representatives of fifty-three tribes to be put through their paces?
+These poor fragments of the ancient population of the Union have, if we
+exclude the Cherokees and Choctaws and two or three of the Gila tribes,
+literally nothing to show. The latter can present us with a faint trace
+of the long-faded civilization of their Aztec kindred, while the former
+have only borrowed a few of the rudest arts of the white, and are
+protected from extinction merely by the barrier of a frontier more and
+more violently assailed each year by the speculator and the settler, and
+already passed by the railway. If we cannot exactly say that the Indian,
+alone of all the throng at the exhibition, goes home uninformed and
+unenlightened, what ideas may reach his mind will be soon smothered out
+by the conditions which surround him on the Plains. It is singular that
+a population of three or four hundred thousand, far from contemptible
+in intellectual power, and belonging to a race which has shown itself
+capable of a degree of civilization many of the tribes of the Eastern
+continents have never approached, should be so absolutely an industrial
+cipher. The African even exports mats, palm-oil and peanuts, but the
+Indian exports nothing and produces nothing. He lacks the sense of
+property, and has no object of acquisition but scalps. Can the assembled
+ingenuity of the nineteenth century, in presence of this mass of waste
+human material, devise no means of utilizing it? There stands its
+Frankenstein, ready made, perfect in thews and sinews, perfect also in
+many of its nobler parts. It is not a creation that is demanded--simply
+a remodeling or expansion. For success in this achievement the United
+States can afford to offer a pecuniary prize that will throw into the
+shade all the other prizes put together. The cost of the Indian bureau
+for 1875-76 reached eight millions of dollars. The commission appointed
+to treat for the purchase of the Black Hills reports that the feeding
+and clothing of the Sioux cost the government thirteen millions during
+the past seven years; and that without the smallest benefit to those
+spirited savages. Says the report: "They have made no advancement
+whatever, but have done absolutely nothing but eat, drink, smoke and
+sleep."
+
+Social and political questions like this point to a vast field of
+inquiry. For its proper cultivation the exposition provides data
+additional to those heretofore available. They should be used as far as
+possible upon the spot. At least, they can be examined, collated and
+prepared for full employment. To this end, meetings and discussions held
+by men qualified by intellect and study to deal with them are the
+obvious resort. There is room among the two hundred judges for some such
+men, but the juries are little more numerous than is required for the
+examination of and report on objects. For more abstract inquiries they
+will need recruits. These should be supplied by the leading
+philosophical associations of this country and Europe. The governments
+have all an interest in enlisting their aid, and the Centennial
+Commission has done what in it lay to promote their action. Ethnic
+characteristics, history, literature, education, crime, statistics as a
+science, hygiene and medicine generally are among the broad themes which
+are not apt to be adequately treated by the average committee of
+inspection. So with the whole range of the natural sciences.
+Dissertations based on the jury reports will doubtless be abundant after
+a while, but those reports themselves, being limited in scope, will not
+be as satisfactory material as that which philosophic specialists would
+themselves extract from direct observation and debate upon the ground.
+
+For the study of the commanding subject of education the provision made
+at the present exhibition is exceptionally great. In bulk, and probably
+in completeness, it is immeasurably beyond the display made on any
+preceding occasion. The building erected by the single State of
+Pennsylvania for her educational department covers ten or eleven
+thousand square feet, and other States of the Union make corresponding
+efforts to show well in the same line. The European nations all manifest
+a new interest in this branch, and give it a much more prominent place
+in their exhibit than ever before. The school-systems of most of them
+are of very recent birth, and do not date back so far as 1851. The
+kingdom of Italy did not exist at that time or for many years after, yet
+we now see it pressing for a foremost place in the race of popular
+education, and multiplying its public schools in the face of all the
+troubles attendant upon the erection and organization of a new state.
+
+The historian will find aliment less abundant. A century or two of
+Caucasian life in America is but a thing of yesterday to him, and,
+though far from uninstructive, is but an offshoot from modern European
+annals. For all that, he finds himself on our soil in presence of an
+antiquity which remains to be explored, and which clamors to be rescued
+from the domain of the pre-historic. It has no literary records beyond
+the scant remains of Mexico. It writes itself, nevertheless, strongly
+and deeply on the face of the land--in mounds, fortifications and tombs
+as distinct, if not so elaborate, as those of Etruria and Cyprus. These
+remains show the hand of several successive races. Who they were, what
+their traits, whence they came, what their relations with the now
+civilized Chinese and Japanese--whom, physically, their descendants so
+nearly resemble--are legitimate queries for the historian. Geologically,
+America is older than Europe, and was fitted for the home of the red man
+before the latter ceased to be the home of the whale. The investigation
+of its past, if impossible to be conducted in the light of its own
+records or even traditions, is capable of aiding in the verification of
+conclusions drawn from those of the Old World. If History, however,
+contemptuously relegates the Moundbuilders to the mattock of the
+antiquarian, she is still "Philosophy teaching by example." As thus
+allied with Philosophy, she finds something to look into at the
+Centennial, even though she look obliquely, after the fashion of the
+observant Hollanders, who have stuck the reflecting glasses of the Dutch
+street-windows into the sides of their compartment in the Main Building,
+and squint, without a change of position, upon the United States, Spain,
+South America, Egypt, Great Britain and several other countries.
+
+Religion and philanthropy find the field inviting, and their
+representatives, individual and associated, are busy in preparing to
+till it. The enthusiasm of the leading religious societies took the
+concrete shape of statuary. Hence the Catholic Fountain, heretofore
+noticed; the Hebrew statue to Religious Liberty, as established in a
+land that never had a Ghetto or a Judenstrasse; the Presbyterian figure
+of Witherspoon; an Episcopalian of Bishop White; and others under way or
+proposed. The temperance movement, too, embodies itself in a fountain
+that runs ice-water instead of claret. The less tangible but perhaps
+more fruitful form of reunions and discussions must in a greater or less
+degree enhance the power for good of these organizations. They are led
+by men of mind and energy, seldom averse to enlightenment, and all
+professing to seek nothing else. When men of these qualities, aiming at
+the same or a like object, meet to compare their respective
+admeasurements of its parallax made from as many different points, they
+cannot fail to approach accuracy. Faith is a first element in all great
+undertakings. It removes mountains at Mont Cenis, as it walked the waves
+with Columbus. In our century even faith is progressive, and does not
+shrink from elbowing its way through what Bunyan would have styled
+Vanity Fair.
+
+Modestly in the rear of the moral reformers, yet not wholly and
+uniformly unaggressive, nor guiltless altogether of isms and schisms,
+step forward the literary men. As a rule, they do not affect
+expositions, or exhibitions of any kind. But one general meeting, with
+some minor and informal ones, is on the programme for them. This is
+well. The world and the fullness thereof belongs to them, and they may
+care to come forward to scan this schedule of their inheritance. We do
+not hear of their having combined to put up a pavilion of their own,
+like the dairymen and the brewers, "to show the different processes of
+manufacture." The pen will be at work here, nevertheless, and has been
+from the beginning, before the foundations of the Corliss engine were
+laid or the granite of Memorial Hall left the quarry. Without this first
+of implements none of the other machinery would ever have moved. The pen
+is mightier than the piston. It is the invisible steam that impels all.
+
+[Illustration: FRENCH RESTAURANT LA FAYETTE.]
+
+In a visible form also it is here. The publishers of the London _Punch_
+have selected as the most comprehensive motto for the case in which they
+exhibit copies of their various publications a sentence from Shakspeare:
+"Come and take choice of all my library, and so beguile thy sorrow." We
+do not know that to dull his sorrows is all that can be done for man.
+Literature assumes to do more than make him forget. The lotos-eater is
+not its one hero. School-books, piled aloft "in numbers without number
+numberless," may to the man be suggestive of hours without thought and
+void of grief, but they certainly are not to the boy. Blue books, ground
+out in a thousand bureaus, and contributed in like profusion, may be
+pronounced a weariness to the adult flesh, however sweet their ultimate
+uses. Unhappy those who wade through them for increasing the happiness
+of others! These humble but portly representatives of political
+literature are the log-books of the ship of state. They chart and
+chronicle the currents and winds along its course, so that from the mass
+of chaff a grain of guidance may be painfully winnowed out for the
+benefit of its next voyage, or for the voyages of other craft
+floundering on the same perilous and baffling sea. Everything comes pat
+to a log-book. As endless is the medley of memoranda in blue-books. They
+deal, like government itself, with everything. They take up the citizen
+on his entry into the cradle, and do not quite drop him at the grave.
+How to educate, clothe, feed and doctor him; how to keep him out of
+jail, and how, once there, to get him out again with the least possible
+moral detriment; how to adjust as lightly as possible to his shoulders
+the burden of taxation; how to economize him as food for powder; and how
+to free him from the miasm of crowded cities,--are but a small part of
+their contents. And the index is growing, if possible, larger, as the
+apparatus of government becomes more and more intricate. With such
+contributions and credentials do the rulers of the nations enroll
+themselves in the guild of authorship. They are proud of them, and
+exhibit them in profusion, in whole libraries, rich with gold and the
+primary colors.
+
+Expositions, as we have before remarked, come into the same worshipful
+guild by right of a special literature they have brought into being.
+They come, moreover, into the blue-book range by their bearing upon
+certain topics generally assigned to it. It is found, for example, that,
+like other great gatherings, they are apt to be followed by a temporary
+local increase of crime. The police-records of London show that the
+arrests in 1851 outnumbered those of the previous year by 1570, and that
+in 1862 the aggregate exceeded by 5043 that of 1861. It will at once
+occur that the population of the city was greatly increased on each
+occasion, and that the influx of thieves and lawbreakers generally must
+have thinned out that class elsewhere, and in that way very probably
+reduced, rather than added to, the sum-total of crime, the preventive
+arrangements in London having been exceptionally thorough. The drawback
+that would consist in an increase of crime is therefore only an apparent
+result. An opposite effect cannot but result, if only from the evidence
+that so vast and heterogeneous an assemblage can be held without marked
+disorder. The police as well as the criminals and the savants of all
+nations come together, compare notes and enjoy a common improvement.
+
+[Illustration: THE MAMMOTH RODMAN GUN.]
+
+This is the first opportunity the physicians of Europe have had to
+become fully acquainted with the advances in surgery and pathology their
+American brethren have the credit of having made within the past few
+years. They will find it illustrated in the government buildings and
+elsewhere; and they have an ample _quid pro quo_ to offer from their own
+researches. The balancing of opinions at the proposed medical congress
+and in private intercourse must tend to free medical science from what
+remnants of empiricism still disfigure it, to perfect diagnosis and to
+trace with precision the operation of all remedial agents. Means remain
+to be found of administering the _coup de gr�ce_ to the few epidemics
+which have not yet been extirpated, but linger in a crippled condition.
+This will be aided by the illustrations afforded of processes of
+draining, ventilation, etc.
+
+Man's health rests in that of his stomach. The food question is a
+concern of the physician as well as of the publicist. The race began
+life on a vegetable diet, and to that it reverts when compelled by
+enfeebled digestion or by the increasing difficulty of providing animal
+food for a dense population. But it likes flesh when able to assimilate
+it or to procure it, and demands at least the compromise of fish. Hence,
+the revived attention to fish-breeding, an art wellnigh forgotten since
+the Reformation emptied the carp-ponds of the monks. Maryland, New York
+and other States illustrate this device for enhancing the food-supply,
+and the aquaria at Agricultural Hall, containing twelve or fifteen
+thousand gallons of salt and fresh water, present a congress of the
+leaders, gastronomically speaking, of the finny people. The shad remains
+not only to be naturalized in Europe, but to be reintroduced to the
+water-side dwellers above tide, who once met him regularly at table. He
+is joined by delegates from the mountain, the great lakes and the
+Pacific coast in the trout, the salmon and the whitefish, and by that
+quiet, silent and slow-going cousin of the fraternity, the oyster, most
+valuable of all, as possessors of those qualities not unfrequently are.
+Europe does not dream, and we ourselves do not realize until we come
+carefully to think of it, what the oyster does for us. He sustains the
+hardiest part of our coasting marine, paves our best roads, fertilizes
+our sands, enlivens all our festivities, and supports an army of
+packers, can-makers, etc., cased in whose panoply of tin he traverses
+the globe like a mail-clad knight-errant in the cause of commerce and
+good eating. Yet he needs protection. All this burden is greater than he
+can bear, and it is growing. System and science are invoked to his
+rescue ere he go the way of the inland shad and the salmon that became a
+drug to the Pilgrim Fathers. It is not easy to frame a medal or diploma
+for the fostering of the oyster. More effective is a consideration of
+the impending penalty for neglecting to do so. _Ostrea edulis_ is one of
+the grand things before which prizes sink into nothingness.
+
+Another of them is that triumph of pure reason, chess, an unadulterated
+product of the brain--i.e., of phosphorus--i.e., of fish. Nobody stakes
+money on chess or offers a prize to the best player. Honor at that board
+is its own reward. So when we are told of the Centennial Chess
+Tournament we recognize at once the fitness of the word borrowed from
+the chivalric joust. It is the culmination of human strife. The thought,
+labor and ardor spread over three hundred and fifty acres sums itself in
+that black and white board the size of your handkerchief. War and
+statecraft condense themselves into it. Armies and nations move with the
+chessman. Sally, leaguer, feint, flank-march, triumphant charge are one
+after another rehearsed. There, too, moves the game of politics in plot
+and counterplot. It is the climax of the subjective. From those lists
+the trumpet-blare, the crowd, the glitter, the banners, "the boast of
+heraldry and pomp of power," melt utterly away. To the world-champions
+who bend above the little board the big glass houses and all the
+treasures stared at by admiring thousands are as naught.
+
+[Illustration: SCENE AT ONE OF THE ENTRANCES TO THE GROUNDS--THE
+TURNSTILE.]
+
+But man is an animal, and not by any means of intellect all compact. The
+average mortal confesses to a craving for the stimulus of great shows,
+of material purposes, substantial objects of study and palpable prizes.
+It is so in 1876, as it was in 1776, and as it will be in a long series
+of Seventy-sixes.
+
+It is the concrete rather than the abstract which draws him in through
+the turnstiles of the exposition enclosure. Separated by the divisions
+of those ingeniously-contrived gates into taxed and untaxed spectators,
+the masses stream in with small thought of the philosophers or the
+chess-players. Their minds are reached, but reached through the eye, and
+the first appeal is to that. Each visitor constitutes himself a jury of
+one to consider and compare what he sees. The hundreds of thousands of
+verdicts so reached will be published only by word of mouth, if
+published at all. Their value will be none the less indubitable, though
+far from being in all cases the same. The proportion of intelligent
+observers will be greater than on like occasions heretofore. So will,
+perhaps, be that of solid matter for study, although in some specialties
+there may be default. He who enters with the design of self-education
+will find the text-books in most branches abundant, wide open before him
+and printed in the clearest characters. What shortcomings there may have
+been in the selection and arrangement of them he will have, if he can,
+himself to remedy. There stands the school, founded and furnished with
+great labor. The would-be scholar can only be invited to use it. The
+centennial that is to turn out scholars ready-made has not yet rolled
+round.
+
+
+
+
+DOLORES.
+
+    A light at her feet and a light at her head,
+      How fast asleep my Dolores lies!
+    Awaken, my love, for to-morrow we wed--
+      Uplift the lids of thy beautiful eyes.
+
+    Too soon art thou clad in white, my spouse:
+      Who placed that garland above thy heart
+    Which shall wreathe to-morrow thy bridal brows?
+      How quiet and mute and strange thou art!
+
+    And hearest thou not my voice that speaks?
+      And feelest thou not my hot tears flow
+    As I kiss thine eyes and thy lips and thy cheeks?
+      Do they not warm thee, my bride of snow?
+
+    Thou knowest no grief, though thy love may weep.
+      A phantom smile, with a faint, wan beam,
+    Is fixed on thy features sealed in sleep:
+      Oh tell me the secret bliss of thy dream.
+
+    Does it lead to fair meadows with flowering trees,
+      Where thy sister-angels hail thee their own?
+    Was not my love to thee dearer than these?
+      Thine was my world and my heaven in one.
+
+    I dare not call thee aloud, nor cry,
+      Thou art so solemn, so rapt in rest,
+    But I will whisper: Dolores, 'tis I:
+      My heart is breaking within my breast.
+
+    Never ere now did I speak thy name,
+      Itself a caress, but the lovelight leapt
+    Into thine eyes with a kindling flame,
+      And a ripple of rose o'er thy soft cheek crept.
+
+    But now wilt thou stir not for passion or prayer,
+      And makest no sign of the lips or the eyes,
+    With a nun's strait band o'er thy bright black hair--
+      Blind to mine anguish and deaf to my cries.
+
+    I stand no more in the waxen-lit room:
+      I see thee again as I saw thee that day,
+    In a world of sunshine and springtide bloom,
+      'Midst the green and white of the budding May.
+
+    Now shadow, now shine, as the branches ope,
+      Flickereth over my love the while:
+    From her sunny eyes gleams the May-time hope,
+      And her pure lips dawn in a wistful smile.
+
+    As one who waiteth I see her stand,
+      Who waits though she knows not what nor whom,
+    With a lilac spray in her slim soft hand:
+      All the air is sweet with its spicy bloom.
+
+    I knew not her secret, though she held mine:
+      In that golden hour did we each confess;
+    And her low voice murmured, Yea, I am thine,
+      And the large world rang with my happiness.
+
+    To-morrow shall be the blessedest day
+      That ever the all-seeing sun espied:
+    Though thou sleep till the morning's earliest ray,
+      Yet then thou must waken to be my bride.
+
+    Yea, waken, my love, for to-morrow we wed:
+      Uplift the lids of thy beautiful eyes.
+    A light at her feet and a light at her head,
+      How fast asleep my Dolores lies!
+
+EMMA LAZARUS.
+
+
+
+
+GLIMPSES OF CONSTANTINOPLE.
+
+CONCLUDING PAPER.
+
+
+[Illustration: SCENE IN A BURIAL-GROUND.]
+
+There is a continuous fascination about this old city. The guide-book
+says, "A week or ten days are required to see the sights," but though we
+make daily expeditions we seem in no danger of exhausting them. Neither
+does one have to go far to seek amusement. I never look down into the
+street below my windows without being attracted by some object of
+interest. The little donkeys with their great panniers of long slim
+loaves of bread (oh, tell it not, but I once saw the driver use one as a
+stick to belabor the lazy animal with, and then leave it, with two or
+three other loaves, at the opposite house, where a pretty Armenian, that
+I afterward saw taking the air on the roof with her bright-eyed little
+girl, perhaps had it for her breakfast!); the fierce, lawless Turkish
+soldiers stalking along, their officers mounted, and looking much better
+in their baggy trousers and frock-coats on their fine horses than on
+foot; Greek and Armenian ladies in gay European costumes; veiled Turkish
+women in their quiet street-dress; close carriages with
+gorgeously-dressed beauties from the sultan's harem followed by black
+eunuchs on horseback,--these and similar groups in every variety of
+costume form a constant stream of strange and picturesque sights.
+
+One morning, attracted by an unusual noise, I looked out and found it
+proceeded from a funeral procession. First came a man carrying the lid
+of the coffin; then several Greek priests; after them boys in white
+robes with lighted candles, followed by choir-boys in similar dresses
+who chanted as they walked along. Such sounds! Greek chanting is a
+horrible nasal caterwauling. Get a dozen boys to hold their noses, and
+then in a high key imitate the gamut performed by several festive cats
+as they prowl over the housetops on a quiet night, and you have Greek,
+Armenian or Turkish chanting and singing to perfection. There is not the
+first conception of music in the souls of these barbarians. Behind this
+choir came four men carrying the open coffin. The corpse was that of a
+middle-aged man dressed in black clothes, with a red fez cap on the head
+and yellow, red and white flowers scattered over the body. The hot sun
+shone full on the pinched and shriveled features, and the sight was most
+revolting. Several mourners followed the coffin, the ladies in black
+clothes, with black lace veils on their heads and their hair much
+dressed. The Greeks are obliged to carry their dead in this way,
+uncovered, because concealed arms were at one time conveyed in coffins
+to their churches, and then used in an uprising against the government.
+We witnessed a still more dreadful funeral outside the walls. A party,
+evidently of poor people, were approaching an unenclosed cemetery, and
+we waited to see the interment. The body, in its usual clothes, was
+carried on a board covered by a sheet. When they reached the grave the
+women shrieked, wept and kissed the face of the dead man: then his
+clothes were taken off, the body wrapped in the sheet and laid in the
+grave, which was only two feet deep. The priest broke a bottle of wine
+over the head, the earth was loosely thrown in, and the party went away.
+There is no more melancholy spot to me than a Turkish cemetery. The
+graves are squeezed tightly together, and the headstones, generally in a
+tumble-down state, are shaped like a coffin standing on end, or like a
+round hitching-post with a fez cap carved on the top. Weeds and rank
+wild-flowers cover the ground, and over all sway the dark, stiff
+cypresses.
+
+A little way down the street is a Turkish pastry-shop. Lecturers and
+writers have from time to time held forth on the enormities of
+pie-eating, and given the American people "particular fits" for their
+addiction to it. Now, while I fully endorse all I ever heard said on the
+subject, I beg leave to remark that the Americans are not the _worst_
+offenders in this way. If you want to see pastry, come to
+Constantinople: _seeing_ will satisfy you--you won't risk a taste.
+Mutton is largely eaten, and the mutton fat is used with flour to make
+the crust, which is so rich that the grease fairly oozes out and
+"smells to Heaven." Meat-pies are in great demand. The crust is baked
+alone in a round flat piece, and laid out on a counter, which is soon
+very greasy, ready to be filled. A large dish of hash is also ready, and
+when a customer calls the requisite amount of meat is clapped on one
+side of the paste, the other half doubled over it, and he departs eating
+his halfmoon-shaped pie. On the counters you see displayed large
+egg-shaped forms of what look like layers of tallow and cooked meat,
+cheesy-looking cakes of many kinds and an endless variety of
+confectionery. The sweetmeats are perfection, the fresh Turkish paste
+with almonds in it melts in your mouth, and the sherbet, compounded of
+the juice of many fruits and flowers and cooled with snow, is the most
+delicious drink I ever tasted. There are also many kinds of nice
+sweet-cakes; but, on the whole, I should prefer not to board in a
+Turkish family or employ a Turkish cook. No wonder the women are pale
+and sallow if they indulge much in such food!
+
+Being anxious to see a good display of Turkish rugs, and our party
+having some commissions to execute, we sallied forth one afternoon on
+this errand. If you intend to visit a Turkish carpet warehouse, and your
+purse or your judgment counsels you not to purchase, put yourself under
+bonds to that effect before you go; for, unless you possess remarkable
+strength of character, the beautiful rugs displayed will prove
+irresistible temptations. Near the bazaar in Stamboul is a massive
+square stone house, looking like a fortress compared with the buildings
+around it. Mosses and weeds crop out of every uneven part of its walls.
+A heavy door that might stand a siege admitted us to a small vestibule,
+and from this we passed into a paved court with a moss-grown fountain in
+the centre. Around this court ran a gallery, its heavy arches and
+columns supporting a second, to which we ascended by a broad flight of
+steps. A double door admitted us to the wareroom, where, tolerably
+secure from fire (the doors alone were of wood), were stored Turkish and
+Persian rugs of all sizes and colors. The Turkish were far handsomer
+than the Persian, and the colors more brilliant than those I have
+usually seen. The attendants unrolled one that they said was a hundred
+years old. It had a dusty, faded look, as if it had been in the
+warehouse quite that length of time, and made the modern ones seem
+brighter by contrast. Several rugs having been selected, we returned to
+the office, where a carpet was spread and we were invited to seat
+ourselves on it. Coffee was passed around, and we proceeded to bargain
+for our goods through our interpreter. The merchant, as usual, asked an
+exorbitant price to start with, and we offered what was equally
+ridiculous the other way; and so we gradually approached the final
+price--he coming gracefully down, and we as affably ascending in the
+scale, till a happy medium was reached, and we departed with our
+purchases following us on the back of an ammale.
+
+[Illustration: THE SULTAN ABDUL ASSIZ.]
+
+Three days of each week are observed as holy days. Friday is the Turkish
+Sabbath, Saturday the Jewish, and the Greeks and Armenians keep Sunday.
+The indolent government officials, glad of an excuse to be idle, keep
+all three--that is, they refrain from business--so there are only four
+days out of the seven in which anything is accomplished.
+
+One of the great sights is to see the sultan go to the mosque; so one
+Friday we took a ca�que and were rowed up the Bosphorus to Dolma Backt�,
+and waited on the water opposite the palace. The sultan's ca�que was at
+the principal entrance on the water-side of the palace, and the steps
+and marble pavement were carpeted from the ca�que to the door. Presently
+all the richly-dressed officers of the household, who were loitering
+around, formed on either side the steps, and, bending nearly double,
+remained so while the sultan passed down to his ca�que. Abdul Assiz is
+quite stout and rather short, with a pleasant face and closely-cut
+beard. He was dressed in a plain black uniform, his breast covered with
+orders. The sultan's ca�que was a magnificent barge--white, profusely
+ornamented with gilt, and rowed by twenty-four oarsmen dressed in white,
+who rose to their feet with each stroke, bowed low, and settled back in
+their seats as the stroke was expended. The sultan and grand vizier
+seated themselves under the plum-colored velvet canopy, and the ca�que
+proceeded swiftly toward the mosque, followed by three other ca�ques
+with his attendants. A gun from an iron-clad opposite the palace
+announced that the sultan had started. The shore from the palace to the
+mosque was lined with soldiers; the bands played; the people cheered;
+the ships ran up their flags; all the war-vessels were gay with bunting,
+had their yards manned and fired salutes, which were answered by the
+shore-batteries. The mosque selected for that day's devotions was in
+Tophaneh, near the water. Several regiments were drawn up to receive the
+sultan, and an elegant carriage and a superb Arab saddle-horse were in
+waiting, so that His Majesty might return to the palace as best suited
+his fancy. After an hour spent in devotion the sultan reappeared, and
+entering his carriage was driven away. We saw him again on our way
+home, when he stopped to call on an Austrian prince staying at the
+legation. The street leading up to the embassy was too narrow and steep
+for a carriage, so, mounting his horse at the foot, he rode up, passing
+very close to us.
+
+[Illustration: TURKISH COW-CARRIAGE.]
+
+In the afternoon we drove to the "Sweet Waters of Europe" to see the
+Turkish ladies, who in pleasant weather always go out there in carriages
+or by water in ca�ques. Compared with our parks, with their lovely lakes
+and streams and beautiful lawns, the far-famed Sweet Waters of Europe
+are only fields with a canal running through them; but here, where this
+is the only stream of fresh water near the city, and in a country
+destitute of trees, it is a charming place. The stream has been walled
+up to the top of its banks, which are from three to six feet above the
+water, and there are sunny meadows and fine large trees on each side.
+The sultan has a summer palace here with a pretty garden, and the stream
+has been dammed up by blocks of white marble cut in scallops like
+shells, over which the water falls in a cascade. The road to the Sweet
+Waters, with one or two others, was made after the sultan's return from
+his European trip, and in anticipation of the empress Eug�nie's visit.
+European carriages were also introduced at that time. The ladies of the
+sultan's harem drive out in very handsome coup�s, with coachmen wearing
+the sultan's livery, but you more frequently see the queer one-horse
+Turkish carriage, and sometimes a "cow-carriage." This last is drawn by
+cows or oxen: it is an open wagon, with a white cloth awning ornamented
+with gay fringes and tassels. Many people go in ca�ques, and all carry
+bright-colored rugs, which they spread on the grass. There they sit for
+several hours and gossip with each other, or take their luncheons and
+spend the afternoon. A Turkish woman is never seen to better advantage
+than when "made up" for such an excursion. Her house-dress is always
+hidden by a large cloak, which comes down to the ground and has loose
+sleeves and a cape. The cloak is left open at the neck to show the lace
+and necklace worn under it, and is generally made of silk, often of
+exquisite shades of pink, blue, purple or any color to suit the taste of
+the wearer. A small silk cap, like the low turbans our ladies wore eight
+or nine years ago, covers the head, and on it are fastened the most
+brilliant jewels--diamond pins, rubies, anything that will flash. The
+wearer's complexion is heightened to great brilliancy by toilet arts,
+and over all, covering deficiencies, is the yashmak or thin white veil,
+which conceals only in part and greatly enhances her beauty. You think
+your "dream of fair women" realized, and go home and read _Lalla Rookh_
+and rave of Eastern peris. Should some female friend who has visited a
+harem and seen these radiant beauties face to face mildly suggest that
+paint, powder and the enchantment of distance have in a measure deluded
+you, you dismiss the unwelcome information as an invention of the
+"green-eyed monster," and, remembering the brilliant beauties who
+reclined beside the Sweet Waters or floated by you on the Golden Horn,
+cherish the recollection as that of one of the brightest scenes of the
+Orient.
+
+These I have spoken of are the upper classes from the harems of the
+sultan and rich pashas, but those you see constantly on foot in the
+streets are the middle and lower classes, and not so attractive. They
+have fine eyes, but the yashmaks are thicker, and you feel there is less
+beauty hidden under them. The higher the rank the thinner the yashmak is
+the rule. They also wear the long cloak, but it is made of black or
+colored alpaca or a similar material. Gray is most worn, but black,
+brown, yellow, green, blue and scarlet are often seen. The negresses
+dress like their mistresses in the street, and if you see a pair of
+bright yellow boots under a brilliant scarlet ferraja and an unusually
+white yashmak, you will generally find the wearer is a jet-black
+negress. Sitting so much in the house _� la Turque_ is not conducive to
+grace of motion, nor are loose slippers to well-shaped feet, and I must
+confess that a Turkish woman walks like a _goose_, and the size of her
+"fairy feet" would rejoice the heart of a leather-dealer.
+
+[Illustration: ENTERING A MOSQUE.]
+
+We have been to see the Howling Dervishes, and I will endeavor to give
+you some idea of their performances. Crossing to Scutari in the steam
+ferryboat, we walked some distance till we reached the mosque, where the
+services were just commencing. The attendant who admitted us intimated
+that we must remove our boots and put on the slippers provided. N----
+did so, but I objected, and the man was satisfied with my wearing them
+over my boots. We were conducted up a steep, ladder-like staircase to a
+small gallery, with a low front only a foot high, with no seats but
+sheepskins on the floor, where we were expected to curl ourselves up in
+Turkish fashion. Both my slippers came off during my climb up stairs,
+and were rescued in their downward career by N----, who by dint of much
+shuffling managed to keep his on. Below us were seated some thirty or
+forty dervishes. The leader repeated portions of the Koran, in which
+exercise others occasionally took part in a quiet manner. After a while
+they knelt in line opposite their leader and began to chant in louder
+tones, occasionally bowing forward full length. Matters down below
+progressed slowly at first, and were getting monotonous. One of my feet,
+unaccustomed to its novel position, had gone to sleep, and I was in a
+cramped state generally. Moreover, we were not the sole occupants of the
+gallery: the sheepskins were full of them, and I began to think that if
+the dervishes did not soon begin to howl, _I_ should. Some traveler has
+said that on the coast of Syria the Arabs have a proverb that the
+"sultan of _fleas_ holds his court in Jaffa, and the grand vizier in
+Cairo." Certainly some very high dignitary of the realm presides over
+Constantinople, and makes his head-quarters in the mosque of the Howling
+Dervishes.
+
+[Illustration: CASTLE OF EUROPE, ON THE BOSPHORUS.]
+
+The dervishes now stood up in line, taking hold of hands, and swayed
+backward, forward and sideways, with perfect uniformity, wildly
+chanting, or rather howling, verses of the Koran, and keeping time with
+their movements. They commenced slowly, and increased the rapidity of
+their gymnastics as they became more excited and devout. The whole
+performance lasted an hour or more, and at the end they naturally seemed
+quite exhausted. Then little children were brought in, laid on the
+floor, and the head-dervish stepped on their bodies. I suppose he
+stepped in such a manner as not to hurt them, as they did not utter a
+sound. Perhaps the breath was so squeezed out of them that they could
+not. One child was quite a baby, and on this he rested his foot lightly,
+leaning his weight on a man's shoulder. I could not find out exactly
+what this ceremony signified, but was told it was considered a cure for
+sickness, and also a preventive.
+
+We concluded to _do_ the dervishes, and so next day went to see the
+spinning ones. They have a much larger and handsomer mosque than their
+howling brethren. First they chanted, then they indulged in a "walk
+around." Every time they passed the leader, who kept his place at the
+head of the room, they bowed profoundly to him, then passed before him,
+and, turning on the other side, bowed again. After this interchange of
+courtesies had lasted a while, they sailed off around the room, spinning
+with the smooth, even motion of a top--arms folded, head on one side and
+eyes shut. Sometimes this would be varied by the head being thrown back
+and the arms extended. The rapid whirling caused their long green
+dresses to spread out like a half-open Japanese umbrella, supposing the
+man to be the stick, and they kept it up about thirty minutes to the
+inspiring music of what sounded like a drum, horn and tin pan. We
+remained to witness the _first set:_ whether they had any more and wound
+up with the German, I cannot say. We were tired and went home, satisfied
+with what we had seen. I should think they corresponded somewhat with
+our Shakers at home, as far as their "muscular Christianity" goes, and
+are rather ahead on the dancing question.
+
+One of the prominent objects of interest on the Bosphorus is Roberts
+College. It stands on a high hill three hundred feet above the water,
+and commands an extensive view up and down the Bosphorus. For seven
+years Dr. Hamlin vainly endeavored to obtain permission to build it, and
+the order was not given till Farragut's visit. The gallant admiral,
+while breakfasting with the grand vizier, inquired what was the reason
+the government did not allow Dr. Hamlin to build the college, when the
+grand vizier hastily assured him that all obstacles had been removed,
+and that the order was even then as good as given. Americans may well be
+proud of so fine and well-arranged a building and the able corps of
+professors. We visited it in company with Dr. Wood and his agreeable
+wife, who are so well known to all who take any interest in our foreign
+missions. After going over the college and listening to very creditable
+declamations in English from some of the students, we were hospitably
+entertained at luncheon by Professor Washburn, who is in charge of the
+institution, and his accomplished wife. Within a short distance of the
+college is the Castle of Europe, and on the opposite side of the
+Bosphorus the Castle of Asia. They were built by Mohammed II. in 1451,
+and the Castle of Europe is still in good preservation. It consists of
+two large towers and several small ones connected by walls, and is built
+of a rough white stone, to which the ivy clings luxuriantly.
+
+A pleasant excursion is to take a little steamer, which runs up the
+Bosphorus and back, touching at Beicos (Bey Kos), and visit the Giant
+Mountain, from which is a magnificent view of the Black Sea and nearly
+the whole length of the Bosphorus. We breakfasted early, but when ready
+to start found our guide had disappointed us, and his place was not to
+be supplied. The day was perfect, and rather than give up our trip we
+determined to go by ourselves, trusting that the success which had
+attended similar expeditions without a _commissionnaire_ would not
+desert us on this occasion. The sail up on the steamer was charming.
+There are many villages on the shores of the Bosphorus, and between
+them are scattered palaces and summer residences, the latter often
+reminding us of Venetian houses, built directly on the shore with steps
+down to the water, and ca�ques moored at the doors, as the gondolas are
+in Venice. The houses are surrounded by beautiful gardens, with a
+profusion of flowers blooming on the very edge of the shore, their gay
+colors reflected in the waves beneath.
+
+We learned from the captain of the steamer that Giant Mountain was two
+and a half miles from the village, with no very well-defined road
+leading to it; so on landing at Bey Kos we made inquiries for a guide,
+and this time were successful. Horses were also forthcoming, but no
+side-saddle. I respectfully declined to follow the example of my Turkish
+sisters and mount a gentleman's saddle; neither was I anxious to ride my
+Arab steed bareback, so we concluded to try a cow-carriage, and
+despatched our guide to hire the only one the place afforded. This
+stylish establishment was not to be had; so, having wasted half an hour
+in trying to find some conveyance, we gave it up and started on foot;
+and were glad afterward that we did so. The road was shaded to the base
+of the mountain, and led through a beautiful valley, the fields covered
+with wild-flowers. I have never seen such masses of color--an acre
+perhaps of bright yellow, perfectly dazzling in the sunlight, then as
+large a mass of purple, next to that an immense patch of white daisies,
+so thick they looked like snow. The effect of these gay masses, with
+intervals of green grass and grain, was very gorgeous. We passed two of
+the sultan's palaces, one built in Swiss style. The ascent of Giant
+Mountain from the inland side is gradual, while it descends very
+abruptly on the water-side. On the top of the mountain are the ruins of
+the church of St. Pantaleon, built by Justinian, also a mosque and the
+tomb of Joshua: so the Turks affirm. From a rocky platform just below
+the mosque there is a magnificent view. Toward the north you look off on
+the Black Sea and the old fortress of Riva, which commands the entrance
+to the Bosphorus. In front and to the south winds the beautiful
+Bosphorus for sixteen miles till it reaches the Sea of Marmora, which
+you see far in the distance glittering in the sunlight. You look down on
+the decks of the passing vessels, and the large steamers seem like toy
+boats as they pass below you. Near the mosque is a remarkable well of
+cool water. Shrubs and a few small trees grow on the mountain, and the
+ground is covered with quantities of heather, wild-flowers and ivy. We
+picked long spikes of white heather in full bloom, and pansies,
+polyanthus, the blue iris and many others of our garden flowers. The
+country all around Constantinople is very destitute of trees. The woods
+were cut down long ago, and the multitudes of sheep, which you see in
+large flocks everywhere, crop the young sprouts so they cannot grow up
+again.
+
+[Illustration: FORTRESS OF RIVA, AND THE BLACK SEA.]
+
+Returning to Constantinople, our steamer ran close to the European
+shore, stopping at the villages on that side. Most of the officers of
+these boats are Turks, but they find it necessary to employ European
+(generally English) engineers, as the Turks are fatalists and not
+reliable. It is said they pay but little attention to their machinery
+and boilers, reasoning that if it is the will of Allah that the boiler
+blow up, it will certainly do so; if not, all will go right, and why
+trouble one's self? Laughable stories are told of the Turkish navy;
+e.g., that a certain captain was ordered to take his vessel to Crete,
+and after cruising about some time returned, not being able to find the
+island. Another captain stopped an English vessel one fine day to ask
+where he was, as he had lost his reckoning, although the weather had
+been perfectly clear for some time. In the Golden Horn lies an old
+four-decker which during the Crimean war was run broadside under a
+formidable battery by her awkward crew, who were unable to manage her,
+and began in their fright to jump overboard. A French tugboat went to
+the rescue and towed her off.
+
+On our way to the hotel we saw the sultan's son, a boy of fifteen. He
+was driving in a fine open carriage drawn by a very handsome span of bay
+horses, and preceded by four outriders mounted on fine Arabian horses.
+Coachman, footman and outriders, in the black livery of the sultan, were
+resplendent in gold lace. The harness was of red leather and the
+carriage painted of the same bright color. The cushions were of white
+silk embroidered with scarlet flowers. It was a dashing equipage, but
+seemed better suited to a harem beauty than the dark, Jewish-looking boy
+in the awkward uniform of a Turkish general who was its sole occupant.
+
+[Illustration: TURKISH QUARTER--STAMBOUL.]
+
+Yesterday we took our last stroll in Constantinople, crossing the Golden
+Horn by the new bridge to Stamboul. This bridge is a busy spot, for
+besides the constant throngs that cross and recross, it is the favorite
+resort of beggars and dealers in small wares. Many of the ferryboats
+also start from here, so that, although long and wide, it is crowded
+most of the day. An Englishman who is an officer in the Turkish army
+told us of an amusing adventure of his in crossing the bridge. He had
+been at the war department, and was told he could have the six months'
+pay which was due him if he would take it in piasters. Thankful to get
+it, and fearing if he did not take it then in that shape he might have
+to wait a good while, he accepted, and the piasters (which are large
+copper coins worth about four cents of our money) were placed in bags on
+the backs of porters to be taken to a European bank at Pera. As they
+were crossing the bridge one of the bags burst open with the weight of
+the coins, and a quantity of them were scattered. Of course a first
+class scramble ensued, in which the beggars, who are always on hand, and
+others reaped quite a harvest, and when the officer got the hole tied
+up the ammale found the bag considerably lighter to carry.
+
+Reaching Stamboul, we made our way through the crowded streets, past the
+Seraglio gardens and St. Sophia, till we reached the old Hippodrome,
+which was modeled after the Circus at Rome. Little remains of its
+ancient glory, for the Crusaders carried off most of its works of art.
+The granite obelisk of Theodosius and the pillar of Constantine, which
+the vandal Turks stripped of its bronze when they first captured the
+city, are still left, but the stones are continually falling, and it
+will soon be a ruin. The serpentine column consists of three serpents
+twisted together: the heads are gone, Mohammed II. having knocked off
+one with his battle-axe. A little Turk was taking his riding-lesson on
+the level ground of the Hippodrome, and his frisky little black pony
+gave the old fellow in attendance plenty of occupation. We watched the
+boy for a while, and then, passing on toward the Marmora, took a look at
+the "Cistern of the Thousand Columns." A broad flight of steps leads
+down to it, and the many tall slender columns of Byzantine architecture
+make a perfect wilderness of pillars. Wherever we stood, we seemed
+always the centre from which long aisles of columns radiated till they
+lost themselves in the darkness. The cistern has long been empty, and is
+used as a ropewalk.
+
+The great fire swept a large district of the city here, which has been
+but little rebuilt, and the view of the Marmora is very fine. On the
+opposite Asiatic shore Mount Olympus, with its snow-crowned summit,
+fades away into the blue of the heavens. This is a glorious atmosphere,
+at least at this season, the air clear and bracing, the sky a beautiful
+blue and the sunsets golden. In winter it is cold, muddy and cheerless,
+and in midsummer the simoom which sweeps up the Marmora from Africa and
+the Syrian coast renders it very unhealthy for Europeans to remain in
+the city. The simoom is exceedingly enervating in its effects, and all
+who can spend the summer months on the upper Bosphorus, where the
+prevailing winds are from the Black Sea and the air is cool and
+healthful. Nearly all the foreign legations except our own have summer
+residences there and beautiful grounds.
+
+[Illustration: OBELISK OF THEODOSIUS.]
+
+Following the old aqueduct built by the emperor Hadrian, which still
+supplies Stamboul with water, and is exceedingly picturesque with its
+high dripping arches covered with luxuriant ivy, we reached the walls
+which protected the city on the land-side, and then, threading our way
+through the narrow, dirty streets, we returned to the Golden Horn. I do
+not wonder, after what I have seen of this part of Stamboul, that the
+cholera made such ravages here a few years since. I should think it
+would remain a constant scourge. Calling a ca�que, we were rowed up the
+Golden Horn to the Sweet Waters, but its tide floated only our own boat,
+and the banks lacked the attraction of the gay groups which render the
+place so lively on Fridays. We were served with coffee by a Turk who
+with his little brasier of coals was waiting under a wide-spreading tree
+for any chance visitor, and after a short stroll on the bank opposite
+the sultan's pretty palace we floated gently down the stream till we
+reached the Golden Horn again. On a large meadow near the mouth of the
+Sweet Waters some Arabs were camped with an immense flock of sheep. They
+had brought them there to shear and wash the wool in the fresh water,
+and the ground was covered with large quantities of beautiful long
+fleece. The shepherds in their strange mantles and head-dresses looked
+very picturesque as they spread the wool and tended their flocks. Our
+_ca�quegee_, as the oarsman of a ca�que is called, ought not to be
+overlooked. His costume was in keeping with his pretty ca�que, which was
+painted a delicate straw-color and had white linen cushions. He was a
+tall, finely-built fellow, a Cretan or Bulgarian I should think, for he
+looked too wide awake for a Turk. The sun had burned his olive
+complexion to the deepest brown, and his black eyes and white teeth when
+he smiled lighted up his intelligent face, making him very handsome. He
+wore a turban, loose shirt with hanging sleeves and voluminous trousers,
+all of snowy whiteness. A blue jacket embroidered with gilt braid was in
+readiness to put on when he stopped rowing. It must have taken a ruinous
+amount of material to make those trousers. They were full at the waist
+and knee, and before seating himself to his oars he gracefully threw the
+extra amount of the fullness which drooped behind over the wide seat as
+a lady spreads out her overskirt.
+
+[Illustration: SHEPHERDS.]
+
+Last night we bade farewell to the strange old city with its picturesque
+sights, its glorious views and the many points of interest we had grown
+so familiar with. Our adieus were said, the ammales had taken our
+baggage to the steamer, which lay at anchor off Seraglio Point, and
+before dark we went on board, ready to sail at an early hour.
+
+The bustle of getting underway at daylight this morning woke me, and I
+went on deck in time to take a farewell look. The first rays of the sun
+were just touching the top of the Galata Tower and lighting up the dark
+cypresses in the palace-grounds above us. The tall minarets and the blue
+waves of the Bosphorus caught the golden light, while around Olympus the
+rosy tint had not yet faded and the morning mists looked golden in the
+sunlight. We rounded Seraglio Point and steamed down the Marmora, passed
+the Seven Towers, and slowly the beautiful city faded from our view.
+
+SHEILA HALE.
+
+
+
+
+THEE AND YOU.
+
+A STORY OF OLD PHILADELPHIA. IN TWO PARTS.--I.
+
+
+Once on a time I was leaning over a book of the costumes of forty years
+before, when a little lady said to me, "How ever could they have loved
+one another in such queer bonnets?" And now that since then long years
+have sped away, and the little critic is, alas! no longer young, haply
+her children, looking up at her picture by Sully in a turban and short
+waist; may have wondered to hear how in such disguise she too was fatal
+to many hearts, and set men by the ears, and was a toast at suppers in
+days when the waltz was coming in and the solemn grace of the minuet
+lingered in men's manners.
+
+And so it is, that, calling up anew the soft September mornings of which
+I would draw a picture before they fade away, with me also, from men's
+minds, it is the quaintness of dress which first comes back to me, and I
+find myself wondering that in nankeen breeches and swallow-tailed blue
+coats with buttons of brass once lived men who, despite gnarled-rimmed
+beavers and much wealth of many-folded cravats, loved and were loved as
+well and earnestly as we.
+
+I had been brought up in the austere quiet of a small New England town,
+where life was sad and manners grave, and when about eighteen served for
+a while in the portion of our army then acting in the North. The life of
+adventure dissatisfied me with my too quiet home, and when the war ended
+I was glad to accept the offer of an uncle in China to enter his
+business house. To prepare for this it was decided that I should spend
+six months with one of the great East India firms. For this purpose I
+came to Philadelphia, and by and by found myself a boarder in an up-town
+street, in a curious household ruled over by a lady of the better class
+of the people called Friends.
+
+For many days I was a lonely man among the eight or ten people who came
+down one by one at early hours to our breakfast-table and ate somewhat
+silently and went their several ways. Mostly, we were clerks in the
+India houses which founded so many Philadelphia fortunes, but there were
+also two or three of whom we knew little, and who went and came as they
+liked.
+
+It was a quiet lodging-house, where, because of being on the outskirts
+and away from the fashion and stir of the better streets, chiefly those
+came who could pay but little, and among them some of the luckless ones
+who are always to be found in such groups--stranded folks, who for the
+most part have lost hope in life. The quiet, pretty woman who kept the
+house was of an ancient Quaker stock which had come over long ago in a
+sombre Quaker Mayflower, and had by and by gone to decay, as the best of
+families will. When I first saw her and some of her inmates it was on a
+pleasant afternoon early in September, and I recall even now the simple
+and quiet picture of the little back parlor where I sat down among them
+as a new guest. I had been tranquilly greeted, and had slipped away into
+a corner behind a table, whence I looked out with some curiosity on the
+room and on the dwellers with whom my lot was to be cast for a long
+while to come. I was a youth shy with the shyness of my age, but, having
+had a share of rough, hardy life, ruddy of visage and full of that
+intense desire to know things and people that springs up quickly in
+those who have lived in country hamlets far from the stir and bustle of
+city life.
+
+The room I looked upon was strange, the people strange. On the floor was
+India matting, red and white in little squares. A panel of painted white
+wood-work ran around an octagonal chamber, into which stole silently the
+evening twilight through open windows and across a long brick-walled
+garden-space full of roses and Virginia creepers and odorless
+wisterias. Between the windows sat a silent, somewhat stately female,
+dressed in gray silk, with a plain frilled cap about the face, and with
+long and rather slim arms tightly clad in silk. Her fingers played at
+hide-and-seek among some marvelous lace stitches--evidently a woman
+whose age had fallen heir to the deft ways of her youth. Over her
+against the wall hung a portrait of a girl of twenty, somewhat sober in
+dress, with what we should call a Martha Washington cap. It was a
+pleasant face, unstirred by any touch of fate, with calm blue eyes
+awaiting the future.
+
+The hostess saw, I fancied, my set gaze, and rising came toward me as if
+minded to put at ease the new-comer. "Thee does not know our friends?"
+she said. "Let me make thee known to them."
+
+I rose quickly and said, "I shall be most glad."
+
+We went over toward the dame between the windows. "Mother," she said,
+raising her voice, "this is our new friend, Henry Shelburne, from New
+England."
+
+As she spoke I saw the old lady stir and move, and after a moment she
+said, "Has he a four-leaved clover?"
+
+"Always that is what she says. Thee will get used to it in time."
+
+"We all do," said a voice at my elbow; and turning I saw a man of about
+thirty years, dressed in the plainest-cut Quaker clothes, but with a
+contradiction to every tenet of Fox written on his face, where a brow of
+gravity for ever read the riot act to eyes that twinkled with
+ill-repressed mirth. When I came to know him well, and saw the
+preternatural calm of his too quiet lips, I used to imagine that unseen
+little demons of ready laughter were for ever twitching at their
+corners.
+
+"Mother is very old," said my hostess.
+
+"Awfully old," said my male friend, whose name proved to be Richard
+Wholesome.
+
+"Thee might think it sad to see one whose whole language has come to be
+just these words, but sometimes she will be glad and say, 'Has thee a
+four-leaved clover?' and sometimes she will be ready to cry, and will
+say only the same words. But if thee were to say, 'Have a cup of
+coffee?' she would but answer, 'Has thee a four-leaved clover?' Does it
+not seem strange to thee, and sad? We are used to it, as it might
+be--quite used to it. And that above her is her picture as a girl."
+
+"Saves her a deal of talking," said Mr. Wholesome, "and thinking. Any
+words would serve her as well. Might have said, 'Topsail halyards,' all
+the same."
+
+"Richard!" said Mistress White. Mistress Priscilla White was her name.
+
+"Perchance thee would pardon me," said Mr. Wholesome.
+
+"I wonder," said a third voice in the window, "does the nice old dame
+know what color has the clover? and does she remember fields of
+clover--pink among the green?"
+
+"Has thee a four-leaved clover?" re-echoed the voice feebly from between
+the windows.
+
+The man who was curious as to the dame's remembrances was a small stout
+person whose arms and legs did not seem to belong to him, and whose face
+was strangely gnarled, like the odd face a boy might carve on a
+hickory-nut, but withal a visage pleasant and ruddy.
+
+"That," said Mistress White as he moved away, "is Mr. Schmidt--an old
+boarder with some odd ways of his own which we mostly forgive. A good
+man if it were not for his pipe," she added demurely--"altogether a good
+man."
+
+"With or without his pipe," said Mr. Wholesome.
+
+"Richard!" returned our hostess, with a half smile.
+
+"Without his pipe," he added; and the unseen demons twitched at the
+corners of his mouth anew.
+
+Altogether, these seemed to me droll people, they said so little, and,
+saving the small German, were so serenely grave. I suppose that first
+evening must have made a deep mark on my memory, for to this day I
+recall it with the clearness of a picture still before my eyes. Between
+the windows sat the old dame with hands quiet on her lap now that the
+twilight had grown deeper--a silent, gray Quaker sphinx, with one only
+remembrance out of all her seventy years of life. In the open window sat
+as in a frame the daughter, a woman of some twenty-five years, rosy yet
+as only a Quakeress can be when rebel Nature flaunts on the soft cheek
+the colors its owner may not wear on her gray dress. The outline was of
+a face clearly cut and noble, as if copied from a Greek gem--a face
+filled with a look of constant patience too great perhaps for one
+woman's share, with a certain weariness in it also at times, yet
+cheerful too, and even almost merry at times--the face of one more
+thoughtful of others than herself, and, despite toil and sordid cares, a
+gentlewoman, as was plain to see. The shaft of light from the window in
+which she sat broadened into the room, and faded to shadow in far
+corners among chairs with claw toes and shining mahogany tables--the
+furniture of that day, with a certain flavor about it of elegance,
+reflecting the primness and solidness of the owners. I wonder if to-day
+our furniture represents us too in any wise? At least it will not
+through the generations to follow us: of that we may be sure. In the
+little garden, with red graveled walks between rows of box, walked to
+and fro Mr. Schmidt, smoking his meerschaum--a rare sight in those days,
+and almost enough to ensure your being known as odd. He walked about ten
+paces, and went and came on the same path, while on the wall above a
+large gray cat followed his motions to and fro, as if having some
+personal interest in his movements. Against an apricot tree leaned Mr.
+Wholesome, watching with gleams of amusement the cat and the man, and
+now and then filliping at her a bit of plaster which he pulled from the
+wall. Then the cat would start up alert, and the man's face would get to
+be quizzically unconscious; after which the cat would settle down and
+the game begin anew. By and by I was struck with the broad shoulders and
+easy way in which Wholesome carried his head, and the idea came to me
+that he had more strength than was needed by a member of the Society of
+Friends, or than could well have been acquired with no greater exercise
+of the limbs than is sanctioned by its usages. In the garden were also
+three elderly men, all of them quiet and clerkly, who sat on and about
+the steps of the other window and chatted of the India ships and
+cargoes, their talk having a flavor of the spices of Borneo and of
+well-sunned madeira. These were servants of the great India houses when
+commerce had its nobles and lines were sharply drawn in social life.
+
+I was early in bed, and rising betimes went down to breakfast, which was
+a brief meal, this being, as Mr. Wholesome said to me, the short end of
+the day. I should here explain that Mr. Wholesome was a junior partner
+in the house in which I was to learn the business before going to China.
+Thus he was the greatest person by far in our little household, although
+on this he did not presume, but seemed to me greatly moved toward jest
+and merriment, and to sway to and fro between gayety and sadness, or at
+the least gravity, but more toward the latter when Mistress White was
+near, she seeming always to be a checking conscience to his mirth.
+
+On this morning, as often after, he desired me to walk with him to our
+place of business, of which I was most glad, as I felt shy and lonely.
+Walking down Arch street, I was amazed at its cleanliness, and surprised
+at the many trees and the unfamiliar figures in Quaker dresses walking
+leisurely. But what seemed to me most curious of all were the plain
+square meeting-houses of the Friends, looking like the toy houses of
+children. I was more painfully impressed by the appearance of the
+graves, one so like another, without mark or number, or anything in the
+disposition of them to indicate the strength of those ties of kinship
+and affection which death had severed. Yet I grew to like this quiet
+highway, and when years after I was in Amsterdam the resemblance of its
+streets to those of the Friends here at home overcame me with a crowd of
+swift-rushing memories. As I walked down of a morning to my work, I
+often stopped as I crossed Fifth street to admire the arch of lindens
+that barred the view to the westward, or to gaze at the inscription on
+the 'Prentices' Library, still plain to see, telling that the building
+was erected in the eighth year of the Empire.
+
+One morning Wholesome and I found open the iron grating of Christ Church
+graveyard, and passing through its wall of red and black glazed brick,
+he turned sharply to the right, and coming to a corner bade me look down
+where under a gray plain slab of worn stone rests the body of the
+greatest man, as I have ever thought, whom we have been able to claim as
+ours. Now a bit of the wall is gone, and through a railing the busy or
+idle or curious, as they go by, may look in and see the spot without
+entering.
+
+Sometimes, too, we came home together, Wholesome and I, and then I found
+he liked to wander and zigzag, not going very far along a street, and
+showing fondness for lanes and byways. Often he would turn with me a
+moment into the gateway of the University Grammar School on Fourth
+street, south of Arch, and had, I thought, great pleasure in seeing the
+rough play of the lads. Or often, as we came home at noon, he liked to
+turn into Paradise alley, out of Market street, and did this, indeed, so
+often that I came to wonder at it, and the more because in an open space
+between this alley and Commerce street was the spot where almost every
+day the grammar-school boys settled their disputes in the way more
+common then than now. When first we chanced on one of these encounters I
+was surprised to see Mr. Wholesome look about him as if to be sure that
+no one else was near, and then begin to watch the combat with a strange
+interest. Indeed, on one occasion he utterly astonished me by taking by
+the hand a small boy who had been worsted and leading him with us, as if
+he knew the lad, which may well have been. But presently he said,
+"Reuben thee said was thy name?"--"Yes, sir," said the lad.--"Well,"
+said Mr. Wholesome, after buying him a large and very brown horse
+gingerbread, two doughnuts and a small pie, "when you think it worth
+while to hit a fellow, never slap his face, because then he will strike
+you hard with his fist, which hurts, Reuben. Now, mind: next thee
+strikes first with thee fist, my lad, and hard, too." If I had seen our
+good Bishop White playing at taws, I could not have been more overcome,
+and I dare say my face may have shown it, for, glancing at me, he said
+demurely, "Thee has seen in thy lifetime how hard it is to get rid of
+what thee liked in thy days of boyhood." After which he added no more in
+the way of explanation, but walked along with swift strides and a dark
+and troubled face, silent and thoughtful.
+
+Sometimes in the early morning I walked to my place of business with Mr.
+Schmidt, who was a man so altogether unlike those about him that I found
+in him a new and varied interest. He was a German, and spoke English
+with a certain quaintness and with the purity of speech of one who has
+learned the tongue from books rather than from men. I learned after a
+while that this guess of mine was a good one, and that, having been bred
+an artist, he had been put in prison for some political offence, and had
+in two years of loneliness learned English from our older authors. When
+at last he was set free he took his little property and came away with a
+bitter heart to our freer land, where, with what he had and with the
+lessons he gave in drawing, he was well able to live the life he liked
+in quiet ease and comfort. He was a kindly man in his ways, and in his
+talk gently cynical; so that, although you might be quite sure as to
+what he would do, you were never as safe as to what he would say;
+wherefore to know him a little was to dislike him, but to know him well
+was to love him. There was a liking between him and Wholesome, but each
+was more or less a source of wonderment to the other. Nor was it long
+before I saw that both these men in their way were patient lovers of the
+quiet and pretty Quaker dame who ruled over our little household, though
+to the elder man, Mr. Schmidt, she was a being at whose feet he laid a
+homage which he felt to be hopeless of result, while he was schooled by
+sorrowful fortunes to accept the position as one which he hardly even
+wished to change.
+
+It was on a warm sunny morning very early, for we were up and away
+betimes, that Mr. Schmidt and I and Wholesome took our first walk
+together through the old market-sheds. We turned into Market street at
+Fourth street, whence the sheds ran downward to the Delaware. The
+pictures they gave me to store away in my mind are all of them vivid
+enough, but none more so than that which I saw with my two friends on
+the first morning when we wandered through them together.
+
+On either side of the street the farmers' wagons stood backed up against
+the sidewalk, each making a cheap shop, by which stood the sturdy owners
+under the trees, laughing and chaffering with their customers. We
+ourselves turned aside and walked down the centre of the street under
+the sheds. On either side at the entry of the market odd business was
+being plied, the traders being mostly colored women with bright chintz
+dresses and richly-colored bandanna handkerchiefs coiled turban-like
+above their dark faces. There were rows of roses in red pots, and
+venders of marsh calamus, and "Hot corn, sah, smokin' hot," and
+"Pepperpot, bery nice," and sellers of horse-radish and
+snapping-turtles, and of doughnuts dear to grammar-school lads. Within
+the market was a crowd of gentlefolks, followed by their black servants
+with baskets--the elderly men in white or gray stockings, with
+knee-buckles, the younger in very tight nankeen breeches and pumps,
+frilled shirts and ample cravats and long blue swallow-tailed coats with
+brass buttons. Ladies whose grandchildren go no more to market were
+there in gowns with strangely short waists and broad gypsy-bonnets, with
+the flaps tied down by wide ribbons over the ears. It was a busy and
+good-humored throng.
+
+"Ah," said Schmidt, "what color!" and he stood quite wrapped in the joy
+it gave him looking at the piles of fruit, where the level morning
+sunlight, broken by the moving crowd, fell on great heaps of dark-green
+watermelons and rough cantaloupes, and warmed the wealth of peaches
+piled on trays backed by red rows of what were then called love-apples,
+and are now known as tomatoes; while below the royal yellow of vast
+overgrown pumpkins seemed to have set the long summer sunshine in their
+golden tints.
+
+"If these were mine," said Schmidt, "I could not for ever sell them.
+What pleasure to see them grow and steal to themselves such sweet colors
+out of the rainbow which is in the light!"
+
+"Thee would make a poor gardener," said Wholesome, "sitting on thee
+fence in the sun and watching thee pumpkins--damn nasty things anyhow!"
+
+I looked up amazed at the oath, but Schmidt did not seem to remark it,
+and went on with us, lingering here and there to please himself with the
+lovely contrasts of the autumn fruit.
+
+"Curious man is Schmidt," remarked Wholesome as we passed along. "I
+could wish thee had seen him when we took him this way first. Old Betsey
+yonder sells magnolia flowers in June, and also pond-lilies, which thee
+may know as reasonably pleasant things to thee or me; but of a sudden I
+find our friend Schmidt kneeling on the pavement with his head over a
+tub of these flowers, and every one around much amazed."
+
+"Was it not seemly?" said Schmidt, joining us. "There are who like
+music, but to me what music is there like the great attunement of color?
+and mayhap no race can in this rise over our black artists hereabout the
+market-ends."
+
+"Thee is crazed of many colors," said Wholesome laughing--"a bull of but
+one."
+
+Schmidt stopped short in the crowd, to Wholesome's disgust. "What," said
+he, quite forgetful of the crowd, "is more cordial than color? This he
+recalleth was a woman black as night, with a red turban and a lapful of
+magnolias, and to one side red crabs in a basket, and to one side a
+tubful of lilies. Moss all about, I remember."
+
+"Come along," said Wholesome. "The man is cracked, and in sunny weather
+the crack widens."
+
+And so we went away down street to our several tasks, chatting and
+amused.
+
+Those were most happy days for me, and I found at evening one of my
+greatest pleasures when Schmidt called for me after our early tea and we
+would stroll together down to the Delaware, where the great India ships
+lay at wharves covered with casks of madeira and boxes of tea and
+spices. Then we would put out in his little rowboat and pull away toward
+Jersey, and, after a plunge in the river at Cooper's Point, would lazily
+row back again while the spire of Christ Church grew dim against the
+fading sunset, and the lights would begin to show here and there in the
+long line of sombre houses. By this time we had grown to be sure
+friends, and a little help from me at a moment when I chanced to guess
+that he wanted money had made the bond yet stronger. So it came that he
+talked to me, though I was but a lad, with a curious freedom, which very
+soon opened to me a full knowledge of those with whom I lived.
+
+One evening, when we had been drifting silently with the tide, he
+suddenly said aloud, "A lion in the fleece of the sheep."
+
+"What?" said I, laughing.
+
+"I was thinking of Wholesome," he replied. "But you do not know him. Yet
+he has that in his countenance which would betray a more cunning
+creature."
+
+"How so?" I urged, being eager to know more of the man who wore the garb
+and tongue of Penn, and could swear roundly when moved.
+
+"If it will amuse," said the German, "I will tell you what it befell me
+to hear to-day, being come into the parlor when Mistress White and
+Wholesome were in the garden, of themselves lonely."
+
+"Do you mean," said I, "that you listened when they did not know of your
+being there?"
+
+"And why not?" he replied. "It did interest me, and to them only good
+might come."
+
+"But," said I, "it was not--"
+
+"Well?" he added as I paused. "--'Was not honor,' you were going to say
+to me. And why not? I obey my nature, which is more curious than stocked
+with honor. I did listen."
+
+"And what did you hear?" said I.
+
+"Ah, hear!" he answered. "What better is the receiver than is the thief?
+Well, then, if you will share my stolen goods, you shall know, and I
+will tell you as I heard, my memory being good."
+
+"But--" said I.
+
+"Too late you stop me," he added: "you must hear now."
+
+The scene which he went on to sketch was to me strange and curious, nor
+could I have thought he could give so perfect a rendering of the
+language, and even the accent, of the two speakers. It was a curious
+revelation of the man himself, and he seemed to enjoy his power, and yet
+to suffer in the telling, without perhaps being fully conscious of it.
+The oars dropped from his hands and fell in against the thwarts of the
+boat, and he clasped his knees and looked up as he talked, not regarding
+at all his single silent listener.
+
+"When this is to be put upon the stage there shall be a garden and two
+personages."
+
+"Also," said I, "a jealous listener behind the scenes."
+
+"If you please," he said promptly, and plunged at once into the dialogue
+he had overheard:
+
+"'Richard, thee may never again say the words which thee has said to me
+to-night. There is, thee knows, that between us which is builded up like
+as a wall to keep us the one from the other.'
+
+"'But men and women change, and a wall crumbles, or thee knows it may be
+made to. Years have gone away, and the man who stole from thee thy
+promise may be dead, for all thee knows.'
+
+"'Hush! thee makes me to see him, and though the dead rise not here, I
+am some way assured he is not yet dead, and may come and say to me,
+"'Cilla"--that is what he called me--"thee remembers the night and thy
+promise, and the lightning all around us, and who took thee to shore
+from the wrecked packet on the Bulkhead Bar." The life he saved I
+promised.'
+
+"Well, and thee knows--By Heaven! you well enough know who tortured the
+life he gave--who robbed you--who grew to be a mean sot, and went away
+and left you; and to such you hold, with such keep faith, and wear out
+the sweetness of life waiting for him!'
+
+"'Richard!'
+
+"'Have I also not waited, and given up for thee a life, a career--little
+to give. I hope thee knows I feel that. Has thee no limit, Priscilla?
+Thee knows--God help me! how well you know--I love you. The world, the
+old world of war and venture, pulls at me always. Will not you find it
+worth while to put out a hand of help? Would it not be God taking your
+hand and putting it in mine?'
+
+"'Thee knows I love thee.'
+
+"'And if the devil sent him back to curse you anew--'
+
+"'Shame, Richard! I would say, God, who layeth out for each his way, has
+pointed mine.'
+
+"'And I?'
+
+"'Thee would continue in goodness, loving me as a sister hardly tried.'
+
+"'By God! I should go away to sea.'
+
+"'Richard!'
+
+"Which is the last word of this scene," added Schmidt. "You mayhap have
+about you punk and flint and steel."
+
+I struck alight in silence, feeling moved by the story of the hurt
+hearts of these good people, and wondering at the man and his tale. Then
+I said, "Was that all?"
+
+"Could you, if not a boy, ask me to say more of it? Light thy pipe and
+hold thy peace. Happy those who think not of women. I, who have for a
+hearth-side only the fire of an honest pipe--'Way there, my lad! pull us
+in and forget what a loose tongue and a soft summer night have given
+thee to hear from a silly old German who is grown weak of head and sore
+at soul. How the lights twinkle!"
+
+Had I felt any doubt at all of the truth of his narration I should have
+ceased to do so when for the next few days I watched Mr. Wholesome, and
+saw him, while off his guard, looking at Mistress White askance with a
+certain wistful sadness, as of a great honest dog somehow hurt and
+stricken.
+
+When an India ship came in, the great casks of madeira, southside, grape
+juice, bual and what not were rolled away into the deep cellars of the
+India houses on the wharves, and left to purge their vinous consciences
+of such perilous stuff as was shaken up from their depths during the
+long homeward voyage. Then, when a couple of months had gone by, it was
+a custom for the merchant to summon a few old gentlemen to a solemn
+tasting of the wines old and new. Of this, Mr. Wholesome told me one
+day, and thought I had better remain to go through the cellars and drive
+out the bungs and drop in the testers, and the like. "I will also stay
+with thee," he added, "knowing perhaps better than thee the prices."
+
+I learned afterward that Wholesome always stayed on these occasions, and
+I had reason to be glad that I too was asked to stay, for, as it
+chanced, it gave me a further insight into the character of my friend
+the junior partner.
+
+I recall well the long cellar running far back under Water street, with
+its rows of great casks, of which Wholesome and I started the bungs
+while awaiting the new-comers. Presently came slowly down the
+cellar-steps our senior partner in nankeen shanks, silk stockings and
+pumps--a frosty-visaged old man, with a nose which had fully earned the
+right to be called bottle. Behind him limped our old porter in a blue
+check apron. He went round the cellar, and at every second cask, having
+lighted a candle, he held it upside down until the grease had fallen
+thick on the cask, and then turning the candle stuck it fast in its
+little pile of tallow, so that by and by the cellar was pretty well
+lighted. Presently, in groups or singly, came old and middle-aged
+gentlemen, and with the last our friend Schmidt, who wandered off to a
+corner and sat on a barrel-head watching the effects of the mingling of
+daylight and candlelight, and amused in his quiet way at the scene and
+the intense interest of the chief actors in it, which, like other things
+he did not comprehend, had for him the charm of oddness. I went over
+and stood by him while the porter dropped the tester-glass into the cool
+depths of cask after cask, and solemn counsel was held and grave
+decisions reached. I was enchanted with one meagre, little old gentleman
+of frail and refined figure, who bent over his wine with closed eyes, as
+if to shut out all the sense-impressions he did not need, while the rest
+waited to hear what he had to say.
+
+"Needs a milk fining," muttered the old gentleman, with eyes shut as if
+in prayer.
+
+"Wants its back broke with a good lot of eggshell," said a short, stout
+man with a snuff-colored coat, the collar well up the back of his head.
+
+"Ach!" murmured Schmidt. "The back to be hurt with eggshell! What hath
+he of meaning?"
+
+"Pshaw!" said a third: "give it a little rest, and then the white of an
+egg to every five gallons. Is it bual?"
+
+"Is it gruel?" said our senior sarcastically.
+
+"Wants age. A good wine for one's grandchildren," murmured my old friend
+with shut eyes.
+
+"What is it he calls gruel?" whispered Schmidt. "How nice is a picture
+he makes when he shuts his eyes and the light of the candle comes
+through the wine, all bright ruby, in the dark here! And ah, what is
+that?" for Wholesome, who had been taking his wine in a kindly way, and
+having his say with that sense of being always sure which an old taster
+affects, glancing out of one of the little barred cellar-windows which
+looked out over the wharf, said abruptly, "Ha! ha! that won't do!"
+
+Turning, I saw under the broad-brimmed hat in the clear gray eyes a
+sudden sparkle of excitement as he ran hastily up the cellar-stairs.
+Seeing that something unusual was afloat, I followed him quickly out on
+to the wharf, where presently the cause of his movement was made plain.
+
+Beside the wharf was a large ship, with two planks running down from her
+decks to the wharf. Just at the top of the farther one from us a large
+black-haired, swarthy man was brutally kicking an aged negro, who was
+hastily moving downward, clinging to the hand-rail. Colored folks were
+then apt to be old servants--that is to say, friends--and this was our
+pensioned porter, Old Tom. I was close behind Wholesome at the door of
+the counting-house. I am almost sure he said "Damnation!" At all events,
+he threw down his hat, and in a moment was away up the nearer plank to
+the ship's deck, followed by me. Meanwhile, however, the black, followed
+by his pursuer, had reached the wharf, where the negro, stumbling and
+still clinging to the rail, was seized by the man who had struck him. In
+the short struggle which ensued the plank was pulled away from the
+ship's side, and fell just as Wholesome was about to move down it. He
+uttered an oath, caught at a loose rope which hung from a yard, tried it
+to see if it was fast, went up it hand over hand a few feet, set a foot
+on the bulwarks, and swung himself fiercely back across the ship, and
+then, with the force thus gained, flew far in air above the wharf, and
+dropping lightly on to a pile of hogs-heads, leapt without a word to the
+ground, and struck out with easy power at the man he sought, who fell as
+if a butcher's mallet had stunned him--fell, and lay as one dead. The
+whole action would have been amazing in any man, but to see a Quaker
+thus suddenly shed his false skin and come out the true man he was, was
+altogether bewildering--the more so for the easy grace with which the
+feat was done. Everybody ran forward, while Wholesome stood a strange
+picture, his eyes wide open and his pupils dilated, his face flushed and
+lips a little apart, showing his set white teeth while he awaited his
+foe. Then, as the man rallied and sat up, staring widely, Wholesome ran
+forward and looked at him, waving the crowd aside. In a moment, as the
+man rose still bewildered, his gaze fell on Wholesome, and, growing
+suddenly white, he sat down on a bundle of staves, saying faintly, "Take
+him away! Don't let him come near!"
+
+"Coward!" said I: "one might have guessed that."
+
+"There is to him," said Schmidt at my elbow, "some great mortal fear;
+the soul is struck."
+
+"Yes," said Wholesome, "the soul is struck. Some one help him"--for the
+man had fallen over in something like a fit--and so saying strode away,
+thoughtful and disturbed in face, as one who had seen a ghost.
+
+As he entered the counting-house through the group of dignified old
+merchants, who had come out to see what it all meant, one of them said,
+"Pretty well for a Quaker, friend Richard!"
+
+Wholesome did not seem to hear him, but walked in, drank a glass of wine
+which stood on a table, and sat down silently.
+
+"Not the first feat of that kind he has done," said the elder of the
+wine-tasters.
+
+"No," said a sea-captain near by. "He boarded the Penelope in that
+fashion during the war, and as he lit on her deck cleared a space with
+his cutlass till the boarding-party joined him."
+
+"With his cutlass?" said I. "Then he was not always a Quaker?"
+
+"No," said our senior: "they don't learn these gymnastics at Fourth and
+Arch, though perchance the committee may have a word to say about it."
+
+"Quaker or not," said the wine-taster, "I wish any of you had legs as
+good or a heart as sound. Very good body, not too old, and none the
+worse for a Quaker fining."
+
+"That's the longest sentence I ever heard Wilton speak," said a young
+fellow aside to me; "and, by Jove! he is right."
+
+I went back into the counting-house, and was struck with the grim
+sadness of face of our junior partner. He had taken up a paper and
+affected to be reading, but, as I saw, was staring into space. Our
+senior said something to him about Old Tom, but he answered in an absent
+way, as one who half hears or half heeds. In a few moments he looked up
+at the clock, which was on the stroke of twelve, and seeing me ready,
+hat in hand, to return home for our one-o'clock dinner, he gathered
+himself up, as it were, limb by limb, and taking his wide-brimmed hat
+brushed it absently with his sleeve. Then he looked at it a moment with
+a half smile, put it on decisively and went out and away up Arch street
+with swifter and swifter strides. By and by he said, "You do not walk as
+well as usual."
+
+"But," said I, "no one could keep up with you."
+
+"Do not try to: leave a sore man to nurse his hurts. I suppose you saw
+my folly on the wharf--saw how I forgot myself?"
+
+"Ach!" said Schmidt, who had toiled after us hot and red, and who now
+slipped his quaint form in between us--"Ach! 'You forgot yourself.' This
+say you. I do think you did remember your true self for a time this
+morning."
+
+"Hush! I am a man ashamed. Let us talk no more of it. I have ill kept my
+faith," returned Wholesome impatiently.
+
+"You may believe God doth not honor an honest man," said Schmidt; "which
+is perhaps a God Quaker, not the God I see to myself."
+
+I had so far kept my peace, noting the bitter self-reproach of
+Wholesome, and having a lad's shyness before an older man's calamity;
+but now I said indignantly, "If it be Friends' creed to see the poor and
+old and feeble hurt without raising a hand, let us pray to be saved from
+such religion."
+
+"But," said Wholesome, "I should have spoken to him in kindness first.
+Now I have only made of him a worse beast, and taught him more hatred.
+And he of all men!"
+
+"There is much salvation in some mistakes," said Schmidt smiling.
+
+Just then we were stopped by two middle-aged Friends in drab of orthodox
+tint, from which now-a-days Friends have much fallen away into gay
+browns and blacks. They asked a question or two about an insurance on
+one of our ships; and then the elder said, "Thee hand seems bleeding,
+friend Richard;" which was true: he had cut his knuckles on his
+opponent's teeth, and around them had wrapped hastily a handkerchief
+which showed stains of blood here and there.
+
+"Ach!" said Schmidt, hastening to save his friend annoyance. "He ran
+against something.--And how late is it! Let us go."
+
+But Wholesome, who would have no man lie ever so little for his benefit,
+said quietly, "I hurt it knocking a man down;" and now for the first
+time to-day I observed the old amused look steal over his handsome face
+and set it a-twitching with some sense of humor as he saw the shock
+which went over the faces of the two elders when we bade them
+good-morning and turned away.
+
+Wholesome walked on ahead quickly, and as it seemed plain that he would
+be alone, we dropped behind.
+
+"What is all this?" said I. "Does a man grieve thus because he chastises
+a scoundrel?"
+
+"No," said Schmidt. "The Friend Wholesome was, as you may never yet
+know, an officer of the navy, and when your war being done he comes
+here. There is a beautiful woman whom he must fall to loving, and this
+with some men being a grave disorder, he must go and spoil a good
+natural man with the clothes of a Quaker, seeing that what the woman did
+was good in his sight."
+
+"But," said I, "I don't understand."
+
+"No," said he; "yet you have read of Eve and Adam. Sometimes they give
+us good apples and sometimes bad. This was a russet, as it were, and at
+times the apple disagrees with him for that with the new apple he got
+not a new stomach."
+
+I laughed a little, but said, "This is not all. There was something
+between him and the man he struck which we do not yet know. Did you see
+him?"
+
+"Yes, and before this--last week some time in the market-place. He was
+looking at old Dinah's tub of white lilies when I noticed him, and to me
+came a curious thinking of how he was so unlike them, many people having
+for me flower-likeness, and this man, being of a yellow swarthiness and
+squat-browed, 'minded me soon of the toadstool you call a corpse-light."
+
+"Perhaps we shall know some time; but here is home, and will he speak of
+it to Mistress White, do you think?"
+
+"Not ever, I suppose," said Schmidt; and we went in.
+
+The sight we saw troubled me. In the little back parlor, at a round
+mahogany table with scrolled edges and claw toes, sat facing the light
+Mistress White. She was clad in a gray silk with tight sleeves, and her
+profusion of rich chestnut hair, with its willful curliness that forbade
+it to be smooth on her temples, was coiled in a great knot at the back
+of her head. Its double tints and strange changefulness, and the smooth
+creamy cheeks with their moving islets of roses that would come and go
+at a word, were pretty protests of Nature, I used to think, against the
+demure tints of her pearl-gray silken gown. She was looking out into the
+garden, quite heedless of the older dame, who sat as her wont was
+between the windows, and chirruped now and then, mechanically, "Has thee
+a four-leaved clover?" As I learned some time after, one of our older
+clerks, perhaps with a little malice of self-comfort at the fall of his
+senior's principles, had, on coming home, told her laughingly all the
+story of the morning. Perhaps one should be a woman and a Friend to
+enter into her feelings. She was tied by a promise and by a sense of
+personal pledge to a low and disgraced man, and then coming to love
+another despite herself she had grown greatly to honor him. She might
+reason as she would that only a sense of right and a yearning for the
+fullness of a righteous life had made him give up his profession and
+fellows and turn aside to follow the harder creed of Fox, but she well
+knew with a woman's keenness of view that she herself had gone for
+something in this change; and now, as sometimes before, she reproached
+herself with his failures. As we came in she hastily dried her eyes and
+went out of the room. At dinner little was said, but in the afternoon
+there was a scene of which I came to know all a good while later.
+
+Some of us had gone back to the afternoon work when Mr. Wholesome, who
+had lingered behind, strayed thoughtfully into the little back garden.
+There under a thin-leaved apricot tree sat Mistress White, very pretty,
+with her long fair fingers clasped over a book which lay face down on
+her lap. Presently she was aware of Richard Wholesome walking to and fro
+and smoking a long-stemmed clay pipe, then, as yet in England, called a
+churchwarden. These were two more than commonly good-looking persons,
+come of sturdy English breeds, fined down by that in this climate which
+has taken the coarseness of line and feature out of so many of our
+broods, and has made more than one English painter regret that the
+Vandyke faces had crossed the ocean to return no more.
+
+Schmidt and I looked out a moment into the long vista where, between the
+rose-boughs bending from either wall under the apricot, we could see the
+gray silvery shimmer of the woman's dress, and beyond it, passing to and
+fro, the broad shoulders of the ex-captain.
+
+"Come," I said, "walk down with me to the wharf."
+
+"Yet leave me," he returned. "I shall wisely do to sit here on the step
+over the council-fire of my pipe. Besides, when there are not markets
+and flowers, and only a straight-down, early-afternoon sun, I shall find
+it a more noble usage of time to see of my drama another scene. The
+actors are good;" and he pointed with his pipe-stem down to the garden.
+"And this," he said, "is the mute chorus of the play," indicating a
+kitten which had made prey of the grand-dame's ball of worsted, and was
+rolling it here and there with delight.
+
+"But," I answered, "it is not right or decent to spy upon others'
+actions."
+
+"For right!" he said. "Ach! what I find right to me is my right; and for
+decent, I understand you not. But if I tell you what is true, I find my
+pleasure to sit here and see the maiden when at times the winds pull up
+the curtain of the leaves."
+
+"Well! well!" said I, for most of the time he was not altogether plain
+as to what he meant, as when he spoke of the cat as a chorus--"Well!
+well! you will go out with me on the water at sundown?"
+
+"That may be," he answered; and I went away.
+
+I have observed since then, in the long life I have lived, that the
+passion called love, when it is a hopeless one, acts on men as ferments
+do on fluids after their kind--turning some to honest wine and some to
+vinegar. With our stout little German all trials seemed to be of the
+former use, so that he took no ill from those hurts and bruises which
+leave other men sore and tender. Indeed, he talked of Mistress White to
+me, or even to Wholesome, whom he much embarrassed, in a calm,
+half-amused way, as of a venture which he had made, and, having failed,
+found it pleasant to look back upon as an experience not altogether to
+be regretted. We none of us knew until much later that it was more than
+a mere fancy for a woman who was altogether so sweet and winsome that no
+man needed an excuse for loving her. When by and by I also came to love
+a good woman, I used to try myself by the measure of this man's lack of
+self-love, and wonder how he could have seen with good-will the woman he
+cared for come to like another man better. This utter sweetness of soul
+has ever been to me a riddle.
+
+An hour passed by, when Schmidt heard a footfall in the room behind him,
+and rising saw an old member of the Society of Friends who came at times
+to our house, and was indeed trustee for a small estate which belonged
+to Mistress White. Nicholas Oldmixon was an overseer in the Fourth
+street meeting, and much looked up to among Friends as a prompt and
+vigilant guardian of their discipline. Perhaps he would have been
+surprised to be told that he had that in his nature which made the post
+of official fault-finder agreeable; but so it was, I fancy, and he was
+here on such an errand. The asceticism of Friends in those days, and the
+extent to which Mr. Oldmixon, like the more strict of his sect, carried
+their views as to gravity of manner and the absence of color in dress
+and furniture, were especially hateful to Schmidt, who lived and was
+happy in a region of color and sentiment and gayety. Both, I doubt not,
+were good men, but each was by nature and training altogether unable to
+sympathize with the other.
+
+"Good-evening!" said Schmidt, keeping his seat in the low window-sill.
+
+Mr. Oldmixon returned, "Thee is well, I trust?"
+
+"Ach! with such a sun and the last roses, which seem the most sweet, and
+these most lovely of fall-flowers, and a good book and a pipe," said
+Schmidt, "who will not be well? Have you the honest blessing of being a
+smoker?"
+
+"Nay," said the Quaker, with evident guarding of his words. "Thee will
+not take it amiss should I say it is a vain waste of time?"
+
+"But," answered Schmidt, "time hath many uses. The one is to be wasted;
+and this a pipe mightily helps. I did think once, when I went to
+meeting, how much more solemn it would be for each man to have a pipe to
+excuse his silence."
+
+"Thee jests idly, I fear," said the Friend, coloring and evidently
+holding himself in check. "Is that friend Wholesome in the garden? I
+have need to see him."
+
+"Yea," said Schmidt, with a broad smile, "he is yonder under a tree,
+like Adam in the garden. Let us take a peep at Paradise."
+
+Mr. Oldmixon held his peace, and walked quietly out of the window and
+down the graveled path. There were some who surmised that his years and
+his remembrance of the three wives he had outlived did not altogether
+suffice to put away from him a strong sentiment of the sweetness of his
+ward. Perhaps it was this notion which lit up with mirth the ruddy face
+of the German as he walked down the garden behind the slim ascetic
+figure of the overseer of meeting in his broad hat and drab clothes. On
+the way the German plucked a dozen scarlet roses, a late geranium or two
+and a few leaves of motley Poinsetta.
+
+Wholesome paused a moment to greet quietly the new-comer, and
+straightway betook himself absently to his walk again to and fro across
+the garden. Mistress White would have had the old overseer take her
+seat, but this he would not do. He stood a moment near her, as if
+irresolute, while Schmidt threw himself down on the sward, and, half
+turning over, tossed roses into the gray lap of Mistress White, saying,
+"How prettily the God of heaven has dressed them!"
+
+Mistress White took up the flowers, not answering the challenge, but
+glancing under her long lashes at the ex-captain, to whom presently the
+overseer turned, saying, "Would thee give me a word or two with thee by
+ourselves, Richard?"
+
+"There are none in the parlor," said Priscilla, "if thee will talk
+there."
+
+"If," said Wholesome, "it be of business, let it wait till to-morrow,
+and I will call upon thee: I am not altogether myself to-day."
+
+"Nay," said Nicholas, gathering himself up a little, "thee must know
+theeself that I would not come to thee here for business: thee knows my
+exactness in such matters."
+
+"And for what, then, are you come?" said Wholesome with unusual
+abruptness.
+
+"For speech of that in thee conduct which were better, as between an
+elder friend and a younger, to be talked over alone," said Mr. Oldmixon
+severely.
+
+Now, Wholesome, though disgusted by his lack of power to keep the silent
+pledges he had given when he entered the Society of Friends, was not
+dissatisfied with his conduct as he judged it by his own standard of
+right. Moreover, like many warm-hearted people, he was quick of temper,
+as we have seen. His face flushed, and he paused beside the overseer:
+"There are none here who do not know most of what passed this morning;
+but as you do not know all, let me advise you to hold your peace and go
+your ways, and leave me to such reproach as God may send me."
+
+"If that God send thee any," muttered Schmidt.
+
+But Nicholas Oldmixon was like a war-horse smelling the battle afar off,
+and anything like resistance to an overseer in the way of duty roused
+him into the sternness which by no means belonged to the office, but
+rather to the man. "If," he said, "any in membership with us do
+countenance or promote tumults, they shall be dealt with as disorderly
+persons. Wherefore did thee give way to rash violence this morning?"
+
+Priscilla grew pale, I think. She said, "Friend Nicholas, thee forgets
+the Christian courtesy of our people one to another. Let it rest a
+while: friend Richard may come to think better of it by and by."
+
+"And that I trust he may never," muttered Schmidt.
+
+But the overseer was not to be stayed. "Thee would do better to mind the
+things of thy house and leave us," he said. "The ways of this young man
+have been more than once a scandal, and are like to come before the
+preparative meeting to be dealt with."
+
+"Sir," returned Wholesome, approaching him and quite forgetting his
+plain speech to make it plainer, "your manners do little credit to your
+age or your place. Listen: I told you to speak no more of this matter;"
+and he seized him by the lappel of his coat and drew him aside a few
+paces. "For your own sake, I mean. Let it die out, with no more of talk
+or nonsense."
+
+"For my sake!" exclaimed the overseer; "and why? Most surely thee
+forgets theeself."
+
+"For your own sake," said Wholesome, drawing him still farther away, and
+bending toward him, so that his words were lost to Schmidt and
+Priscilla, "and for your son John's. It was he I struck to-day."
+
+Mr. Oldmixon grew white and staggered as if stricken. "Why did thee not
+come and tell me?" he said. "It had been kinder; and where is that
+unhappy man?"
+
+"I do not know," returned Wholesome.
+
+"Nevertheless, be it he or another, thee was in the wrong, and I have
+done my duty,--God help us all! and is my son yet alive?" and so saying,
+he turned away, and without other words walked through the house with
+uncertain steps and went down the street, while Wholesome, with softened
+face, watched him from the doorstep. Then he went back quietly into the
+garden, and turning to Schmidt, said, "Will you oblige me by leaving me
+with Mistress White? I will explain to thee by and by."
+
+Schmidt looked up surprised, but seeing how pale and stern he looked,
+rose and went into the house. The woman looked up expectant.
+
+"Priscilla, the time has come when thee must choose between me and him."
+
+"He has come back? I knew always he would come."
+
+"Yes, he has come back: I saw him to-day," said Wholesome, "and the John
+Oldmixon of to-day is more than ever cruel and brutal. Will thee trust
+me to make thee believe that?"
+
+"I believe thee," she returned; "but because he is this and worse, shall
+I forget my word or turn aside from that which, if bitter for me, may
+save his soul alive?"
+
+"And yet you love me?"
+
+"Have I said so?" she murmured with a half smile.
+
+The young man came closer and seized both hands in his: "Will it not be
+a greater sin, loving me, to marry him?"
+
+"But he may never ask me, and then I shall wait, for I had better die
+fit in soul to be yours than come to you unworthy of a good man's love."
+
+He dropped her hands and moved slowly away, she watching him with full
+eyes. Then he turned and said, "But should he fall--fall as he must--and
+come to be what his life will surely make him, a felon whom no woman
+could marry--"
+
+"Thee makes duty hard for me, Richard," she answered. "Do not make me
+think thee cruel. When in God's good time he shall send me back the
+words of promise I wrote when he went away a disgraced man, to whom,
+nevertheless I owed my life, then--Oh, Richard, I love thee! Do not hurt
+me. Pray for me and him."
+
+"God help us!" he said. "We have great need, to be helped;" and suddenly
+leaning over he kissed her forehead for the first time, and went away up
+the garden and into the house.
+
+EDWARD KEARSLEY.
+
+
+
+
+MODERN HUGUENOTS.
+
+
+It demands a good deal of energy, and it involves a little hardship, to
+see the Protestant communities of the High Alps of France, but the
+picturesque and historic interests of the journey furnish a sufficient
+motive and make ample amends. I can think of no route so entirely
+unhackneyed to recommend to blas� tourists. The point of departure is
+Grenoble, reached in an hour or so from Chamb�ry, and in itself well
+worth turning aside from the Mont Cenis thoroughfare to visit. As far as
+Corps the way lies over the beaten track of the Salette pilgrims, of
+which the charms are recorded in many a devout description.
+
+It happened to us, however, to get a preliminary glimpse of French
+Protestantism in a characteristic, although wholly modern, development
+before leaving Grenoble. We applied to the Protestant clergyman there
+for information respecting the details of our proposed tour. Pleased
+with our project, he told us the story of a mission which he had
+established under circumstances altogether unique, and invited us to
+join him in paying it a visit. The scene of his enterprise was a sunny
+little village lying high among vineyarded hills, and bearing the name
+of Notre Dame des Commiers. Owing to its remoteness and insignificance,
+the Roman Catholic authorities had never replaced its last priest, who
+withdrew during the turmoils of the Revolution. For all their
+ecclesiastical needs the people were obliged to descend to the next
+village, the cur� of which gave them little pastoral care beyond the
+thrifty collection of his dues. Learning these facts, our Grenoble
+friend determined to take advantage of the situation. He presented
+himself in the village and told the people he was willing to become
+their pastor. He only asked them to acknowledge the validity of baptism
+and marriage performed by him, and to pledge him their support in the
+struggle with the priests that would probably ensue. Later, he said, he
+hoped to convince them that he taught a better religion than that at the
+hands of whose ministers they had suffered such neglect. A majority of
+the villagers accepted his proposal, and by a formal act constituted
+themselves a Protestant commune. By so doing they were able to secure
+recognition by the government as belonging to the National Protestant
+Church of France. It was not long before the parishioners grew warmly
+attached to their new pastor. His position of assistant at Grenoble
+enabled him to assume the sole charge of the enterprise. Week after week
+he made the tedious stage-coach journey, walking up the two-mile hill at
+the foot of which he had to quit the highway. Often in winter he toiled
+for hours through deep snow and faced violent storms in making the
+ascent. In the worst weather it sometimes happened that the whole
+journey from Grenoble had to be made on foot. For two years he carried
+on the work unaided, holding his services in such rude quarters as he
+was able to secure. The village is now, after an interval of seven years
+since the missionary's first visit, adorned with a pretty chapel and
+school-house and provided with a resident minister.
+
+In talking with the people we found abundant proof that their Protestant
+faith is both intelligent and practical. Such of them as were not busy
+in the fields surrounded their old pastor with greetings that touchingly
+expressed their affection and gratitude, and we, as his friends, had a
+share in the demonstration. One stalwart, clear-eyed old woman obliged
+us to sit down in front of her chalet, cheerfully explaining that she
+had just been burned out, and that the shed in which she had found a
+shelter was not fit for us to enter. She would take no refusal of her
+offer to fetch us grapes, and ran all the way to and from her vineyard
+on the opposite hillside, returning in an incredibly short time,
+scarcely out of breath, and carrying a basket heavy with great white
+and purple clusters. As she stood watching with delight our appreciation
+of her produce--the only sweet and luscious grapes, by the way, that we
+found throughout the autumn in that land of vines--she talked frankly of
+her religious vicissitudes, summing up as follows: "The priests used to
+say to me that I had turned Protestant because that is an easier
+religion than the Roman Catholic. But I have not found it so at all. _Il
+est beaucoup plus facile de me confesser que de me corriger._" Presently
+another woman came up the hill, bending painfully under the weight of
+two water-pails hanging from the ends of a yoke that rested on her
+shoulders. "Ah," said our hostess, "if they would but let us build the
+aqueduct, we should not have that ugly work to do." And then we learned
+that among the small minority of Roman Catholics left in the village, to
+care for whom, as soon as it was found a wolf had entered the fold, a
+priest arrived promptly enough, there prevail the wildest superstitions
+concerning the Protestants. Among many improvements introduced by the
+latter an aqueduct had been planned to furnish the hamlet with wholesome
+water. The project was defeated by the opposition of the Roman
+Catholics, who considered it a scheme for poisoning them _en masse_. It
+was here that we heard for the first time the epithet Huguenots applied
+as a term of reproach and derision to the Protestants. Afterward, in
+regions where Protestants have a history of centuries, we found it
+commonly used in the same way.
+
+Our visit to Notre Dame des Commiers was like reading a living page of
+early Reformation history, and the whole neighborhood made a fitting
+stage for such a reproduction. Some six or seven miles from Grenoble we
+passed the restored but still, in parts at least, historic ch�teau of
+Lesdigui�res at Vizille. Nearer our mountain-village we stopped to
+admire an ivy-covered bit of tower-ruin, associated by a grim tradition
+with the same Dauphin� hero. A prisoner confined here by the apostate
+constable had, says the legend, a lady true who came every night and
+clasped her lover's hand stretched out to her between the bars of his
+dungeon window. Lesdigui�res discovered the rendezvous, and the spot is
+still pointed out where his soldier was stationed one fatal night to
+chop off the hand that sought its accustomed pledge. The historical
+associations of our excursion were, indeed, somewhat confused, but a
+fresh feature was added to its interest by the departure, which we
+chanced to witness, of Monsieur Thiers from the Ch�teau de Vizille, now
+occupied by Casimir Perier, whom the ex-president had been visiting.
+
+The two days' diligence journey from Grenoble to the d�partement des
+Hautes-Alpes was over one of those broad macadamized highways which make
+driving a luxury in many parts of Europe. If we were more huddled than
+in the less-antiquated Swiss diligences, we had the compensation of far
+more original fellow-travelers than one is apt to find among the
+tourists that monopolize those vehicles. There were generally two or
+three priests, half a dozen merry peasants, and a sprinkling of small
+officers and country-townspeople, who respectively lost no time in
+establishing a pleasant intimacy with their neighbors. The unflagging
+chatter, in which all joined vivaciously, and often all at once, was in
+striking contrast with the silent gloom which would have enshrouded a
+similar party of English or American travelers. It was impossible to
+resist the contagion of cheerfulness or to refuse to mingle more or less
+in the talk.
+
+On the second evening, having trusted to the map and the very meagre
+information supplied by _Murray_, we found ourselves deposited at an
+isolated wayside cabaret. It presently transpired that St. Bonnet, where
+we expected to pass the Sunday, was some half mile or more off the
+high-road on which this was the nearest station. While we waited in a
+long, low, dimly-lighted room for the guide we had bespoken, two
+gendarmes and a peasant sat listening to, or rather looking at, a vivid
+account of some shooting adventure given in extraordinary pantomime by
+a deaf and dumb huntsman. In time a withered gnome trundling a
+wheelbarrow took possession of us and our light belongings, and led us
+forth into the night. We traversed the valley, mounted the hill on the
+other side, and at last entered the deeper night of a lampless village,
+and began to thread its steep, black streets. The only gleam of light
+was at what seemed to be the central fountain. Many women were gathered
+there, chatting as they filled their pails or stood with the replenished
+vessels poised on their heads. The inn was of a piece with all those at
+which we lodged in Dauphin�, deficient in everything for which an inn
+exists. The feature of these inns which I remember, I think, with the
+least relish was the condition of the floors. It is literally true that
+they are never washed. A daily sprinkling is the only cleansing process
+they undergo: its effect is to soften the wood until it begins to absorb
+a large proportion of the rubbish which is often but never thoroughly
+swept up, and grows black and evil-odored. This result is most manifest,
+of course, and most offensive in the dining-rooms.
+
+St. Bonnet offered even less than we anticipated of interest. On the
+Sunday morning we gladly drove away in such an equipage as the place
+afforded to the not very distant village of St. Laurent en Champsaur.
+Here we reached our first point in what was fifty years ago the parish
+of Felix Neff, and has been for centuries a refuge of Protestantism. It
+is a hamlet of stone cottages, lying on a kind of plateau and
+overlooking a wide and fertile valley. The surrounding hills, though
+mostly bare, were broken and beautified on that still autumn morning
+with dim clefts of shadow. The sun was not yet high, and broad masses of
+purple fell here and there across the plain and the brawling stream that
+divides it, still the Drac, which we had seen an almost stately river
+near Grenoble.
+
+Having already learned something of the local habits, we bade our driver
+take us to the _temple_. That is the distinctive name of a Protestant
+church in these Roman Catholic lands. The morning service was in
+progress when we entered the square and austere little chapel. Every pew
+was occupied, the men and women taking different sides of the one
+stone-paved aisle. A gentle-looking old man was reading from a book with
+much clearness and expression, and in a singularly pleasant voice, what
+we soon found to be an excellent sermon. At its close a quaint, slow
+hymn was sung, and the congregation was dismissed. To our amusement, the
+simple folk formed a double line outside the door to inspect us as we
+emerged. It was easy to imagine their interest in an apparition so
+unusual as foreign visitors, and we submitted to their curious but
+entirely respectful scrutiny, wishing that our aspect might give them
+half the satisfaction we had in watching their eager faces and noting
+their droll costumes. Ludicrously high stocks and "swallow-tail" coats
+of brown homespun made the dress of the men different from that of
+corresponding rustics in America. The chief peculiarity in the women's
+attire was a straw hat, of which the towering crown, decked with huge
+bows, and the vast flapping brim, were like an extravagant caricature of
+the poke-bonnets of our grandmothers.
+
+As we stood demurely in the midst of the group, the old man who had
+read, and who proved to be the schoolmaster, hastened out to greet us.
+It was his habit, he said, in the pastor's absence, to conduct the
+service. For more than thirty years, although the parish had repeatedly
+been for months without a minister, he had not allowed the temple to
+remain closed a single Sunday. His wife appeared directly, and both
+insisted, with apologies for their peasant fare, that we should stop to
+dinner at their house, a few yards from the church. We were in truth
+nothing loath to accept the invitation, and found little to excuse in
+the savory soup, the fresh-laid eggs and the fruit that composed the
+simple feast, while we were scarcely less regaled with the neatness of
+the rooms and the spectacle of well-washed floors and spotless though
+coarsely-woven linen. But most of all to be enjoyed and remembered was
+the peep we got into this good old man's life and history. From his
+youth he had been schoolmaster at St. Laurent, and it seemed never to
+have occurred to him that he might claim a more distinguished post.
+Unconscious of any special self-sacrifice, he told us about his work,
+heroic through its quiet faithfulness, in that obscure hamlet. He
+enumerated with pride the various pastors and teachers who had been his
+scholars--among the former his eldest son, among the latter two of his
+daughters. Listening to his talk, we understood the intelligence of
+expression in many faces and the large proportion of young men at the
+service of the morning.
+
+In our walks about the village after dinner the schoolmaster took us to
+see an ancient woman who in her youth had been a catechumen of Felix
+Neff. It is curious to find that term, which was applied by the early
+Church to candidates for admission, in use now among the Protestants of
+France and Italy. With tears in her eyes and an enthusiasm that made her
+speech almost incoherent, the grandame talked of "Monsieur Neff," his
+courage, his friendliness, how he went among his people like one of
+themselves, and what good words he always spoke. As we left St. Laurent
+our host and his wife bore us company to the brow of a little hill
+whither we had sent on our chaise, and stood there to wave us an adieu
+as we descended on the other side. Then we saw them turn back toward the
+group of thatched and moss-grown cottages which was all their world.
+
+That evening we reached Gap, the capital of the department of the High
+Alps, and once an important Protestant centre. Farel, the French
+Reformer of the sixteenth century, was born and for a time preached
+here. But since the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes until very
+lately--during a period, that is, of nearly two hundred years--no
+Protestant pastor has been tolerated in the town, and the once numerous
+flock was long since dispersed. A Swiss society undertook two or three
+years ago a Protestant mission at Gap, and a friend in Geneva had given
+us the name of the present evangelist. A humbler or more thankless
+charge could scarcely be imagined than such a work in such a place.
+There is no nucleus of hereditary Protestants, as in the
+mountain-parishes of the department, and at the same time the little
+city is so isolated that its people have retained the superstitions and
+religious animosities of the Dark Ages. It was therefore with much
+compassionate thought of his pitiful case that we sought the
+evangelist's house. He was not, however, a man toward whom one could
+maintain for a moment that frame of mind. Brisk, cheerful, polished in
+manner and with an unsought elegance of dress and carriage, he had not
+in the least the air of a despised heretic struggling hopelessly against
+social as well as ecclesiastical contempt. Six avowed converts were the
+definite results of his work for more than two years. During much of
+that time he had been hampered by insuperable difficulties in finding a
+place for his service or even a lodging for his family. The latter was
+at last provided, as a daring defiance of popular prejudice, by a
+landlord who prided himself upon being a _libre penseur_. For his chapel
+he secured a disused shop in the front of a bath-house. The proprietress
+of the establishment was punished by the priests for her unrighteous
+thrift by being refused the sacrament. Her business, too, was for a
+while endangered. One instance out of many of the kind of prejudice she
+provoked was that of two wealthy and educated ladies, who, as they
+entered the bath one day, heard music in the _chapelle �vang�lique_ and
+instantly beat a hurried retreat. They only stopped to explain that all
+the world knows the object of Protestant worship is the devil, and they
+dare not stay within hearing of the sacrilegious rites. In spite of
+multiform discouragements like these, the evangelist and his wife, a
+motherly woman of much quiet strength, whose gentleness made sweet a
+very homely face, talked of their work and prospects with a
+matter-of-course hopefulness which it was not easy to share. Nothing in
+their habits, they told us, had more amazed their Roman Catholic
+neighbors at first than their lavish use of water. But in that
+particular, at least, suspicion had been allayed, their perseverance had
+proved the practice harmless, and their example was beginning to find a
+few timid imitators.
+
+Our first night after leaving Gap was spent at Embrun. As we approached
+the town, which surmounts an extraordinary platform of rock, its walls
+looking like part of the smooth, brown tufa precipice that rises
+abruptly out of the valley, we seemed to see in its picturesque and
+impressive aspect something of the grandeur and gloom of its long
+history. The cathedral where so many archbishops have ministered
+preserves little trace of its former splendors: even architecturally it
+is without attraction.
+
+For the next two days our route continued to lie through the valley,
+which we entered upon leaving Gap, of the Durance. It is an apparently
+insignificant but treacherous stream, which by repeated floods has
+spread ugly devastation over a hill-girdled country that ought to be
+smiling with peace and plenty. At Guillestre we came in sight of the
+jagged double peak of Mont Pelvoux, and got a magnificent vista toward
+the south, ending in the white slopes of some giant of the Cottian Alps.
+The Mont Pelvoux and the Pointe des �crins, the greatest of those
+mountains from which the department takes its name, although they appear
+on none of the ordinary maps, stand, I believe, only twelfth and
+thirteenth in the scale of height among the mountains of Europe. The
+explorations of Whymper have introduced them to his readers, but they
+still remain almost untrodden by other climbers.
+
+On the second afternoon we reached the lateral valley of Fressini�re,
+the climax of our journey. There was refreshment for soul as well as
+body in the daintily-clean, bare-floored rooms, redolent of apples set
+out to dry, into which we were welcomed by Pastor Charpiot and his wife
+at Pallons. The village is a mere group of Alpine huts, and the only
+chance of shelter was at the presbytery. So much we had little doubt of
+finding there, but we counted as little upon the warm and graceful
+hospitality which greeted our application. And when our nationality
+transpired it added new zest to the good-will of our host and hostess.
+We were their first Transatlantic guests.
+
+The valley of Fressini�re, at the entrance of which Pallons lies, is the
+centre of those special interests which first prompted the pilgrimage I
+am recording. With it are specially associated the earliest traditions
+of Protestantism in France, and here Felix Neff spent the larger part of
+his brief but memorable career as pastor in the High Alps. I suppose the
+exact antiquity of the Protestants of Dauphin� is one of the historical
+problems that still await their final solution. The older chronicles
+provide them with what seems an unbroken line of descent from the second
+century, when Iren�us preached in Lyons and Vienne. Christian fugitives
+from those cities during the persecution of Marcus Aurelius may, it is
+alleged, have taken refuge in the not distant Dauphin� mountains, and
+have transmitted to their descendants the primitive faith they had
+received. But modern criticism has so seriously undermined, as
+practically to have demolished, this imposing genealogical structure. It
+is not denied that voices of more or less emphatic protest against Rome
+made themselves heard among these mountains and the neighboring Cottian
+Alps during the earlier centuries. Can such voices be held to represent
+any definitely-organized dissentient body of more remote origin than the
+Poor Men of Lyons, led by Peter Waldo in 1172? The latest researches
+give an apparently final negative answer to this question. At least,
+however, it is beyond dispute that long before the Reformation the
+valleys of the High Alps were a retreat for persecuted schismatics whose
+opposition to the Romish Church anticipated Protestantism. As early as
+the fifteenth century a papal bull denounced as _inveterate_ the
+heretics of Dauphin� and Provence, and about the middle of the next
+century delegates from those provinces appeared at the first national
+Protestant synod in France with the following declaration: "We consent
+to merge in the common cause, but we require no Reformation, for our
+forefathers and ourselves have ever disclaimed the corruptions of the
+churches in communion with Rome." Enough is therefore certain as to the
+antecedents of these Protestant mountaineers to surround them with an
+entirely peculiar interest. The saddest feature, perhaps, of all their
+history is the stunting of mind and character that has resulted from
+centuries of oppression. After the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
+they were subject to fresh persecution, and until within the present
+century they have been denied the privileges of citizenship and forced
+to look upon themselves as outcasts. One can only wonder at the degree
+of individuality and force which they have still preserved.
+
+Felix Neff, while still a _proposant_, or candidate for the ministry, at
+Geneva, was sent to Dauphin� in response to the appeal of two pastors
+there for an assistant. Two years later, at the beginning of 1824, in
+the twenty-sixth year of his age, he became pastor of the Protestant
+churches in the Arvieux section of the High Alps. This was the larger
+and by far the more arduous of the two parishes into which the
+department was at that time divided. In seventeen or eighteen
+widely-scattered villages Neff found the little groups of "Huguenots"
+which composed his charge. His official residence, the presbytery, was
+at La Chalp, a hamlet above the village of Arvieux and near the border
+of Italy. From this point to St. Laurent, the western limit of his
+parish, is a journey of sixty miles, including the passage of a
+dangerous gorge and the crossing of a difficult snow-pass. St. V�ran on
+the east was the least remote of his boundaries, but even this is
+separated from La Chalp by twelve miles of steep descent and rough
+climbing. On the north and the south the extreme points were distant
+respectively thirty-three and twenty-miles, and the routes are of the
+same character as in the other directions.
+
+These disadvantages, instead of daunting the young pastor, seemed only
+to stimulate his ardor. "I am always dreaming of the High Alps," he had
+written in 1823, after visiting them for the first time. "I had rather
+be stationed there than in places which are under the beautiful sky of
+Languedoc. The country bears a strong resemblance to the Alps of
+Switzerland. It has their advantages, and even their beauties. It has,
+above all, an energetic race of people--intelligent, active, hardy and
+patient under fatigue--who offer a better soil for the gospel than the
+wealthy and corrupt inhabitants of the plains of the South." The
+illusions that mingled with these early impressions were doubtless soon
+dispelled. He shows later a perfectly clear perception of the degenerate
+condition of his parishioners, but his eagerness to serve them waxes
+with his sense of their need. Neff was in modern times their first
+regularly-appointed pastor. A son of Oberlin, whose short but devoted
+life shows him to have inherited his father's spirit, had once
+undertaken the provisional charge of the parish, but only for a few
+months. In general, it had had no ministry beyond occasional visits from
+the pastor of Orpierre, the other section of the department.
+
+The valley of Fressini�re at once attracted Neff's peculiar regard. It
+was the part of his parish most difficult of access and most cut off
+from any chance of material prosperity. The climate is such that in
+unfavorable seasons even rye will not ripen, and the patches of potatoes
+straggling forlornly among the rocks often fail to reach maturity. No
+other grain or vegetable can be raised. Mould quickly attacks the flour
+in this mountain-air, and the year's baking is accordingly done in the
+autumn as soon as the rye comes back from the mill. The coarse black
+loaves grow perfectly hard in a few weeks, and have to be chopped into
+pieces and soaked in hot water before they can be eaten. It is only at
+the head of the valley, above the hamlet of Dourmillouse, that any
+pastures are found, and many of those are inaccessible to cattle and
+scarcely safe for sheep. They are besides so meagre that in dry summers
+no hay can be made, and the peasants are forced to sell their beasts at
+a loss or else see them die for want of food. The addition of a little
+salted meat to the half-grown potatoes and the stony bread is a luxury
+of only the most prosperous years. The bald mountain-slopes furnish no
+fuel, and it is of course only in the smallest quantities that the
+people can afford to buy wood in the valley of the Durance. Their
+resource against the winter's cold is moving into their stables, where,
+huddled together in a corner cleared for the purpose, they pass four or
+five months. The smoky and confined air is a welcome change from the icy
+winds outside, and the steaming cattle are a source of grateful warmth.
+"This village," Neff writes, about the middle of September, from the
+smallest and most destitute of the hamlets of Fressini�re, "is squeezed
+up in the very narrowest gorge of the valley, and is now buried in snow,
+and without the hope of seeing the sun during the rest of the winter.
+The houses are low, dark and dirty, and the people themselves seem to be
+stupefied with the utter misery of their condition."
+
+Besides the strong appeal thus made to his sympathy, the young pastor
+nowhere else felt as in this valley the inspiration of his parish's
+history. Dourmillouse especially he regarded as the most staunchly
+Protestant of all the villages to which he ministered. "It is
+celebrated," he writes, "for the resistance which its inhabitants have
+opposed for more than six hundred years to the Church of Rome. They
+never bowed their knee before an idol, even when all the inhabitants of
+the valley of Queyras" (on the opposite side of the Durance, and
+embracing Arvieux, St. V�ran and other villages) "dissembled their
+faith. The aspect of this desert, both terrible and sublime, which
+served as the asylum of truth when almost all the world lay in darkness;
+the recollection of the faithful martyrs of old; the deep caverns into
+which they withdrew to read the Bible in secret and to worship the
+Father of Light in spirit and in truth,--everything tends to elevate my
+soul." He spent here the whole of one winter and large portions of
+another, and it was here that he gathered his most important schools.
+
+The rest of the field was not, however, neglected. Neff allowed himself
+twenty-one days for traversing his parish from end to end, and during
+much of the year his rounds succeeded each other with little interval.
+He was continually passing from the extreme of heat in sunny valleys to
+the arctic cold of snows and glaciers. His lodging on these journeys was
+in the huts of the peasants. He shared their coarse and unwholesome
+food, often cooked in ill-cleansed copper vessels. He slept in small,
+unventilated hovels, a dozen other persons often dividing with him the
+scanty space. He did not shrink from even the stables in winter. However
+exhausted he might be by hours of toilsome walking, his elastic spirit
+quickly revived: all thought of refreshment for himself was secondary to
+the spiritual wants he sought to meet in others.
+
+Nor was he content without trying to ameliorate the temporal condition
+of his parishioners. By the care of his own garden he sought to teach
+them more intelligent and productive methods of agriculture than the
+rude processes to which they were accustomed. In the valley of
+Fressini�re he built an aqueduct for purposes of irrigation, overcoming
+prejudice and opposition by beginning the work with his own hands. The
+example of Oberlin was constantly before him, and he often expresses his
+ambition to be to his people such a guide and helper as the pastor of
+Ban de la Roche had been to the peasants of the Vosges.
+
+Neff was not long in discovering that his work must begin with the most
+elementary instruction. Generally, the people were ignorant of any
+language but their native patois. Up to this period their schoolmasters,
+paid at the rate of twenty-five francs a year, had been peasants like
+themselves. Their only time for study was such of the year as was not
+needed for the tilling of the niggardly soil or spent in the care of the
+flocks. And even the little they were able to learn was easily lost on
+account of the scarcity of books. Neff first addressed himself to
+learning the patois, and then, as he went from village to village, made
+ordinary teaching a part of his pastoral functions. At the beginning of
+his second winter he resolved to undertake the training of teachers. "I
+foresaw," he writes, "that the truth which I had been permitted to
+preach would not only not spread, but might even be lost, unless
+something should be done to promote its continuance." Accordingly, for
+five months he relinquished the more congenial general work of his
+parish and devoted himself to a normal school at Dourmillouse. One
+reason for planting it there was the inaccessibility of the place and
+its consequent freedom from distraction. More than twenty young men from
+other villages cheerfully submitted to the long confinement in this
+ice-bound fastness, and the people of Dourmillouse were glad to make
+room in their huts for the new-comers, and to add to the supplies
+brought by them their own scanty stores.
+
+The following winter, his third in the High Alps, Neff again opened this
+school, dividing its care, however, with one of his most capable pupils
+of the previous year, and paying occasional visits to other parts of his
+parish. But now his health, never robust, began to give way under the
+incessant strain to which it was subjected. Early in the spring of 1829
+he was forced to go to Geneva with the hope of recruiting. There, after
+two years of suffering, the details of which are painful beyond
+expression, he died at the age of thirty-one.
+
+With our minds full of these memories we set out on the morning after
+our arrival at Pallons, with Pastor Charpiot as guide, to explore the
+valley of Fressini�re and ascend to Dourmillouse. The immediate vicinity
+of Pallons is fair and fertile, but a short walk up the course of an
+impetuous torrent brought us to a narrow gorge, beyond which we found a
+totally different region. Bare slopes of rock that looked grim even in
+the sunny morning, and a waste valley-bottom, here of considerable
+width, but sterile and bleak, made up the landscape. Its dreariness was
+only increased by an occasional chalet standing beside a patch of limp
+and discolored potato-vines. As we went on the scene grew more and more
+gloomy. The tillage is in cleared spots not so large as the heaps of
+stones that surround them, or on bits of practicable soil left by
+land-slides in the midst of their hideous d�bris. The only trees are
+dwarfish pollards, reduced to bare trunks with thin tufts of green atop
+by the practice of stripping off the sprouts every two or three years to
+make fodder for the goats. Midway up the valley we passed the village of
+Violins. It seemed mournfully empty, and many of the houses were in
+reality deserted. A shy, bright-faced fellow opened the little _temple_
+for our inspection, and Pastor Charpiot reminded us how its interior was
+not only planned by Neff, but in large measure his actual handiwork.
+Half an hour further on our path led us through the hamlet of Minsas,
+now entirely abandoned and in ruins. The desolation of the valley here
+becomes appalling. On either hand sheer precipices of crumbling rock
+rise above steep slopes of gravel and loose stones. The ground is strewn
+thick with great boulders, many of which had left traces of their
+furious descent before settling, sometimes close beside the path, or
+even after crossing it in a final bound. The precipices from which they
+had detached themselves are composed of strangely-twisted strata, and
+frequently recurring streaks of lurid red give them a fierce and ghastly
+aspect. Landslips and torrents of stones are so frequent of late years
+that no more attempts are made to clear away the rubbish thus deposited.
+Where these scourges have not fallen the sullen stream has carried
+devastation. Floods occur every year. That of 1856 wrought a ruin from
+which the villages have never rallied. In the whole upper half of the
+valley of Fressini�re there is not, I suppose, an acre of land capable
+of cultivation. In the time of Neff, wretched as its condition must
+always have been, the poverty of this region was not so utterly hopeless
+as it has since become. The failure of all resources is literally
+driving away its inhabitants. Those who remain, as in such cases a
+certain proportion cannot help doing, sometimes in bad years pass
+three, six, and even nine, months without bread. Their small stock of
+potatoes is often exhausted long before it can be replenished. "I am at
+a loss," said the pastor, "when we are no longer able to give them aid,
+to know how they live. The only semblance of food left to them is soup,
+for which, perhaps, they haven't even salt, much less meat or
+vegetables. Turbid water--_de l'eau trouble, rien de plus!_"
+
+The valley terminates abruptly at what seems an impassable wall of rock.
+Upon nearer approach a zigzag path up its face is discovered. Not far
+from the top the narrow way creeps by a ledge which barely affords
+foothold across a thread of sparkling foam slipping down a perpendicular
+precipice. In winter this passage is sheeted in dangerously unstable
+ice, and makes Dourmillouse inaccessible for weeks. Neff gives a
+spirited account in his journal of leading out a party of young peasants
+by torchlight, armed with axes, to cut a path here on the evening before
+some service in which he wished the people of the upper and lower
+valleys to unite. Dourmillouse lies on a slope above this difficult
+ascent. It is a mere group of rude chalets, like the other villages, but
+it has a less miserable air. The land-slides are mostly confined to the
+lower valley, and here the scanty Alpine pastures and steep patches of
+rye are out of reach of the floods. The people are seldom reduced to
+actual want of food, and are esteemed prosperous by their more destitute
+neighbors below.
+
+Our first visit was to the old priory in which Neff held his winter
+schools. A row of half a dozen trees planted by him in front of the
+house now shuts off a good deal of much-needed sunshine, but is
+nevertheless carefully cherished as a memorial. Beside the priory stands
+the _temple_, once a Roman Catholic church, in which, before the
+Revolution, a priest is said to have ministered for twenty-five years
+without making a single convert, his own servant constituting his flock.
+Presently we went to rest and eat the lunch Pastor Charpiot had brought,
+at the house of the local _ancien_, or elder. His wife, a sturdy,
+smiling young woman, gave us an eager welcome. Two round-cheeked boys
+frisked about their old friend the pastor, and a baby--its spirits quite
+unclouded by its austere surroundings--crowed lustily from the cradle in
+which, after the fashion of the country, it was tightly strapped. It was
+a low, grimy room, with one square bit of a window, and far from clean.
+Dr. Gilly, the prim English biographer of Neff, quaintly says:
+"Cleanliness is not a virtue which distinguishes any of the people in
+these mountains; and, with such a nice sense of moral perception as they
+display, and with such strict attention to the duties of religion, it is
+astonishing that they have not yet learnt those ablutions in their
+persons or habitations which are as necessary to comfort as to health."
+I suspect, however, that the nicest "sense of moral perception" in the
+world would excuse the omission of a good many "ablutions" in a place
+where all the water that is used has to be carried more than a quarter
+of a mile up a steep and rough mountain-path from the nearest stream.
+And there was one refinement in the rude chalet not always present in
+regions far less removed from the centres of civilization: besides the
+cloth--so coarse as to be a curiosity--which the woman laid for us over
+an end of the unscoured table, she put at each of our places, as a
+matter of course, a fresh napkin of the same rude stuff.
+
+I could not sufficiently admire the brave cheerfulness of these simple
+folk. Many of the villagers were busy gathering their little stock of
+potatoes, and all had something bright to say about their good fortune
+in getting them so well grown and safely stored before the frosts. It
+was the last week in September, and they thought the winter already
+close at hand. There was, too, in spite of a shrinking from strangers
+painfully suggestive of tendencies inherited from generations of
+persecuted ancestors, a degree of intelligence and self-respect often
+wanting among peasants far more favorably circumstanced. And it seemed
+to me worthy of remark that in all our walk--notwithstanding the
+valley's unexampled poverty--we did not encounter a single beggar.
+Before we left Dourmillouse the "elder" appeared, a stalwart young
+mountaineer with his gun slung across his shoulder. He had finished his
+morning's work in some distant field, and was off for a chamois-hunt
+among the rocks and glaciers. As a relic of our visit he gave us a block
+of rye bread twenty-two months old, which he chopped off the loaf with a
+hatchet.
+
+We had frequent evidence in the course of our excursion that Pastor
+Charpiot is a real shepherd to his needy flock. Indeed, he gave to the
+walk an intimate and peculiar interest quite apart from its historical
+associations. Here he bade us go slowly on while he looked in upon a
+sick man, explaining that he had to be doctor as well as minister. Again
+he asked us to stop and share with him some of the grapes which a stout
+young peasant-woman was bringing on her donkey from the Durance
+vineyards, and which had no sweetness save in the good-will that offered
+them. For all whom we met he had a cheery greeting or an affectionate
+inquiry that showed familiar acquaintance with their concerns; and
+occasionally a word or two suggested a truth or hope, aptly illustrated
+in some passing incident, no matter how trifling or homely.
+
+A storm was gathering in the mountains as we made our way back to
+Pallons through the deepening shadows of the autumn afternoon. Before we
+emerged from the desolate valley its gloom had grown almost intolerable;
+and yet this was but a suggestion of the winter horrors which the
+white-haired pastor at our side had faced for years in his regular
+ministrations at the different hamlets we had visited. Speaking of the
+five pastors now distributed over the field of which Neff assumed the
+whole charge, he said with a modesty that was quite unaffected, "All
+five together, we are not worth him alone" (_nous ne le valons pas_).
+What we had seen that day convinced us that so far at least as concerned
+himself his deprecation was unfounded, but in expressing it he echoed
+the tone that seemed universal in the High Alps in reference to the
+illustrious young pastor. Neff could not, of course, in his short career
+accomplish the permanent revolution which he dreamed of and longed for.
+At the same time, it cannot be said that his work has perished while not
+only pastors but people feel so strongly the inspiration of that heroic
+life.
+
+JAMES M. BRUCE.
+
+
+
+
+BLOOMING.
+
+    A little seed lay underneath the ground,
+      While from the south a mild wind-current blew,
+      And from the tropics to the northward flew
+    Long, angular lines of wild-fowl with a sound
+    Of silken wings. About that time the sun
+      Put forth a shining finger, and did stir
+    The sleeping soil to effort; whereupon
+      The seed made roots like webs of gossamer,
+    Shot up a stem, and flourished leaf and flower.
+      Now look, O sweet! see what your eyes have done
+    With just one ray of their mysterious power
+      Upon the germ of my heart's passion thrown!
+    Through all my frame steal roots of pure desire:
+    My dreams are blooms that shake and shine like fire.
+
+MAURICE THOMPSON
+
+
+
+
+FELIPA.
+
+
+Christine and I found her there. She was a small, dark-skinned,
+yellow-eyed child, the offspring of the ocean and the heats, tawny,
+lithe and wild, shy yet fearless--not unlike one of the little brown
+deer that bounded through the open reaches of the pine barren behind the
+house. She did not come to us--we came to her: we loomed into her life
+like genii from another world, and she was partly afraid and partly
+proud of us. For were we not her guests?--proud thought!--and, better
+still, were we not women? "I have only seen three women in all my life,"
+said Felipa, inspecting us gravely, "and I like women. I am a woman too,
+although these clothes of the son of Pedro make me appear as a boy: I
+wear them on account of the boat and the hauling in of the fish. The son
+of Pedro being dead at a convenient age, and his clothes fitting me,
+what would you have? It was manifestly a chance not to be despised. But
+when I am grown I shall wear robes long and beautiful like the
+se�ora's." The little creature was dressed in a boy's suit of dark-blue
+linen, much the worse for wear, and torn.
+
+"If you are a girl, why do you not mend your clothes?" I said.
+
+"Do you mend, se�ora?"
+
+"Certainly: all women sew and mend."
+
+"The other lady?"
+
+Christine laughed as she lay at ease upon the brown carpet of pine
+needles, warm and aromatic after the tropic day's sunshine. "The child
+has divined me already, Catherine," she said.
+
+Christine was a tall, lissome maid, with an unusually long stretch of
+arm, long sloping shoulders and a long fair throat: her straight hair
+fell to her knees when unbound, and its clear flaxen hue had not one
+shade of gold, as her clear gray eyes had not one shade of blue. Her
+small, straight, rose-leaf lips parted over small, dazzlingly white
+teeth, and the outline of her face in profile reminded you of an etching
+in its distinctness, although it was by no means perfect according to
+the rules of art. Still, what a comfort it was, after the blurred
+outlines and smudged profiles many of us possess--seen to best
+advantage, I think, in church on Sundays, crowned with flower-decked
+bonnets, listening calmly serene to favorite ministers, unconscious of
+noses! When Christine had finished her laugh--and she never hurried
+anything, but took the full taste of it--she stretched out her arm
+carelessly and patted Felipa's curly head. The child caught the
+descending hand and kissed the long white fingers.
+
+It was a wild place where we were, yet not new or crude--the coast of
+Florida, that old-new land, with its deserted plantations, its skies of
+Paradise, and its broad wastes open to the changeless sunshine. The old
+house stood on the edge of the dry land, where the pine barren ended and
+the salt marsh began: in front curved the tide-water river that seemed
+ever trying to come up close to the barren and make its acquaintance,
+but could not quite succeed, since it must always turn and flee at a
+fixed hour, like Cinderella at the ball, leaving not a silver slipper,
+but purple driftwood and bright sea-weeds, brought in from the Gulf
+Stream outside. A planked platform ran out into the marsh from the edge
+of the barren, and at its end the boats were moored; for although at
+high tide the river was at our feet, at low tide it was far away out in
+the green waste somewhere, and if we wanted it we must go and seek it.
+We did not want it, however: we let it glide up to us twice a day with
+its fresh salt odors and flotsam of the ocean, and the rest of the time
+we wandered over the barrens or lay under the trees looking up into the
+wonderful blue above, listening to the winds as they rushed across from
+sea to sea. I was an artist, poor and painstaking: Christine was my kind
+friend. She had brought me South because my cough was troublesome, and
+here because Edward Bowne recommended the place. He and three
+fellow-sportsmen were down at the Madre Lagoon, farther south; I thought
+it probable we should see him, without his three fellow-sportsmen,
+before very long.
+
+"Who were the three women you have seen, Felipa?" said Christine.
+
+"The grandmother, an Indian woman of the Seminoles who comes sometimes
+with baskets, and the wife of Miguel of the island. But they are all
+old, and their skins are curled: I like better the silver skin of the
+se�ora."
+
+Poor little Felipa lived on the edge of the great salt marsh alone with
+her grand-parents, for her mother was dead. The yellow old couple were
+slow-witted Minorcans, part pagan, part Catholic, and wholly ignorant:
+their minds rarely rose above the level of their orange trees and their
+fish-nets. Felipa's father was a Spanish sailor, and as he had died only
+the year before, the child's Spanish was fairly correct, and we could
+converse with her readily, although we were slow to comprehend the
+patois of the old people, which seemed to borrow as much from the
+Italian tongue and the Greek as from its mother Spanish. "I know a great
+deal," Felipa remarked confidently, "for my father taught me. He had
+sailed on the ocean out of sight of land, and he knew many things. These
+he taught to me. Do the gracious ladies think there is anything else to
+know?"
+
+One of the gracious ladies thought not, decidedly: in answer to my
+remonstrance, expressed in English, she said, "Teach a child like that,
+and you ruin her."
+
+"Ruin her?"
+
+"Ruin her happiness--the same thing."
+
+Felipa had a dog, a second self--a great gaunt yellow creature of
+unknown breed, with crooked legs, big feet and the name Drollo. What
+Drollo meant, or whether it was an abbreviation, we never knew, but
+there was a certain satisfaction in it, for the dog was droll: the fact
+that the Minorcan title, whatever it was, meant nothing of that kind,
+made it all the better. We never saw Felipa without Drollo. "They look
+a good deal alike," observed Christine--"the same coloring."
+
+"For shame!" I said.
+
+But it was true. The child's bronzed yellow skin and soft eyes were not
+unlike the dog's, but her head was crowned with a mass of short black
+curls, while Drollo had only his two great flapping ears and his low
+smooth head. Give him an inch or two more of skull, and what a creature
+a dog would be! For love and faithfulness even now what man can match
+him? But, although ugly, Felipa was a picturesque little object always,
+whether attired in boy's clothes or in her own forlorn bodice and skirt.
+Olive-hued and meagre-faced, lithe and thin, she flew over the pine
+barrens like a creature of air, laughing to feel her short curls toss
+and her thin childish arms buoyed up on the breeze as she ran, with
+Drollo barking behind. For she loved the winds, and always knew when
+they were coming--whether down from the north, in from the ocean, or
+across from the Gulf of Mexico: she watched for them, sitting in the
+doorway, where she could feel their first breath, and she taught us the
+signal of the clouds. She was a queer little thing: we used to find her
+sometimes dancing alone out on the barren in a circle she had marked out
+with pine-cones, and once she confided to us that she talked to the
+trees. "They hear," she said in a whisper: "you should see how knowing
+they look, and how their leaves listen."
+
+Once we came upon her most secret lair in a dense thicket of
+thorn-myrtle and wild smilax, a little bower she had made, where was
+hidden a horrible-looking image formed of the rough pieces of
+saw-palmetto grubbed up by old Bartolo from his garden. She must have
+dragged these fragments thither one by one, and with infinite pains
+bound them together with her rude withes of strong marsh-grass, until at
+last she had formed a rough trunk with crooked arms and a sort of a
+head, the red hairy surface of the palmetto looking not unlike the skin
+of some beast, and making the creature all the more grotesque. This
+fetich was kept crowned with flowers, and after this we often saw the
+child stealing away with Drollo to carry to it portions of her meals or
+a new-found treasure--a sea-shell, a broken saucer, or a fragment of
+ribbon. The food always mysteriously disappeared, and my suspicion is
+that Drollo used to go back secretly in the night and devour it, asking
+no questions and telling no lies: it fitted in nicely, however, Drollo
+merely performing the ancient part of the priests of Jupiter, men who
+have been much admired. "What a little pagan she is!" I said.
+
+"Oh no, it is only her doll," replied Christine.
+
+I tried several times to paint Felipa during these first weeks, but
+those eyes of hers always evaded me. They were, as I have said before,
+yellow--that is, they were brown with yellow lights--and they stared at
+you with the most inflexible openness. The child had the full-curved,
+half-open mouth of the tropics, and a low Greek forehead. "Why isn't she
+pretty?" I said.
+
+"She is hideous," replied Christine: "look at her elbows."
+
+Now, Felipa's arms _were_ unpleasant; they were brown and lean,
+scratched and stained, and they terminated in a pair of determined
+little paws that could hold on like grim Death. I shall never forget
+coming upon a tableau one day out on the barren--a little Florida cow
+and Felipa, she holding on by the horns, and the beast with its small
+fore feet stubbornly set in the sand; girl pulling one way, cow the
+other; both silent and determined. It was a hard contest, but the girl
+won.
+
+"And if you pass over her elbows, there are her feet," continued
+Christine languidly. For she was a sybaritic lover of the fine linens of
+life, that friend of mine--a pre-Raphaelite lady with clinging draperies
+and a medi�val clasp on her belt. Her whole being rebelled against
+ugliness, and the mere sight of a sharp-nosed, light-eyed woman on a
+cold day made her uncomfortable for hours.
+
+"Have we not feet, too?" I replied sharply.
+
+But I knew what she meant. Bare feet are not pleasant to the eye
+now-a-days, whatever they may have been in the days of the ancient
+Greeks; and Felipa's little brown insteps were half the time torn or
+bruised by the thorns of the chapparal. Besides, there was always the
+disagreeable idea that she might step upon something cold and squirming
+when she prowled through the thickets knee-deep in the matted grasses.
+Snakes abounded, although we never saw them; but Felipa went up to their
+very doors, as it were, and rang the bell defiantly.
+
+One day old Grandfather Bartolo took the child with him down to the
+coast: she was always wild to go to the beach, where she could gather
+shells and sea-beans, and chase the little ocean-birds that ran along
+close to the waves with that swift gliding motion of theirs, and where
+she could listen to the roar of the breakers. We were several miles up
+the river, and to go down to the ocean was quite a voyage to Felipa. She
+bade us good-bye joyously; then ran back to hug Christine a second time,
+then to the boat again; then back.
+
+"I thought you wanted to go, child?" I said, a little impatiently, for I
+was reading aloud, and these small irruptions were disturbing.
+
+"Yes," said Felipa, "I want to go; and still--Perhaps if the gracious
+se�ora would kiss me again--"
+
+Christine only patted her cheek and told her to run away: she obeyed,
+but there was a wistful look in her eyes, and even after the boat had
+started her face, watching us from the stern, haunted me.
+
+"Now that the little monkey has gone, I may be able at last to catch and
+fix a likeness of her," I said: "in this case a recollection is better
+than the changing quicksilver reality."
+
+"You take it as a study of ugliness, I suppose?"
+
+"Do not be so hard upon the child, Christine."
+
+"Hard? Why, she adores me," said my friend, going off to her hammock
+under the tree.
+
+Several days passed, and the boat returned not. I accomplished a fine
+amount of work, and Christine a fine amount of swinging in the hammock
+and dreaming. At length one afternoon I gave my final touch, and carried
+my sketch over to the pre-Raphaelite lady for criticism. "What do you
+see?" I said.
+
+"I see a wild-looking child with yellow eyes, a mat of curly black hair,
+a lank little bodice, her two thin brown arms embracing a gaunt old dog
+with crooked legs, big feet and turned-in toes."
+
+"Is that all?"
+
+"All."
+
+"You do not see latent beauty, proud courage, and a possible great gulf
+of love in that poor wild little face?"
+
+"Nothing of the kind," replied Christine decidedly. "I see an ugly
+little girl: that is all."
+
+The next day the boat returned, and brought back five persons--the old
+grandfather, Felipa, Drollo, Miguel of the island and--Edward Bowne.
+
+"Already?" I said.
+
+"Tired of the Madre, Kitty: thought I would come up here and see you for
+a while. I knew you must be pining for me."
+
+"Certainly," I replied: "do you not see how I have wasted away?"
+
+He drew my arm through his and raced me down the plank-walk toward the
+shore, where I arrived laughing and out of breath.
+
+"Where is Christine?" he asked.
+
+I came back into the traces at once: "Over there in the hammock. You
+wish to go to the house first, I suppose?"
+
+"Of course not."
+
+"But she did not come to meet you, Edward, although she knew you had
+landed."
+
+"Of course not, also."
+
+"I do not understand you two."
+
+"And of course not, a third time," said Edward, looking down at me with
+a smile. "What do quiet, peaceful little artists know about war?"
+
+"Is it war?"
+
+"Something very like it, Kitty. What is that you are carrying?"
+
+"Oh! my new sketch. What do you think of it?"
+
+"Good, very good. Some little girl about here, I suppose?"
+
+"Why, it is Felipa!"
+
+"And who is Felipa? Seems to me I have seen that old dog, though."
+
+"Of course you have: he was in the boat with you, and so was Felipa, but
+she was dressed in boy's clothes, and that gives her a different look."
+
+"Oh! that boy? I remember him. His name is Philip. He is a funny little
+fellow," said Edward calmly.
+
+"Her name is Felipa, and she is not a boy or a funny little fellow at
+all," I replied.
+
+"Isn't she? I thought she was both," replied Ned carelessly, and then he
+went off toward the hammock. I turned away after noting Christine's cool
+greeting, and went back to the boat.
+
+Felipa came bounding to meet me. "What is his name?" she demanded.
+
+"Bowne."
+
+"Buon--Buona: I cannot say it."
+
+"Bowne, child--Edward Bowne."
+
+"Oh! Eduardo: I know that. Eduardo--Eduardo--a name of honey."
+
+She flew off singing the name, followed by Drollo carrying his
+mistress's palmetto basket in his big patient mouth; but when I passed
+the house a few moments afterward she was singing, or rather talking
+volubly of, another name--"Miguel," and "the wife of Miguel," who were
+apparently important personages on the canvas of her life. As it
+happened, I never really saw that wife of Miguel, who seemingly had no
+name of her own; but I imagined her. She lived on a sandbar in the ocean
+not far from the mouth of our river; she drove pelicans like ducks with
+a long switch, and she had a tame eagle; she had an old horse also, who
+dragged the driftwood across the sand on a sledge, and this old horse
+seemed like a giant horse always, outlined as he ever was against the
+flat bar and the sky. She went out at dawn, and she went out at sunset,
+but during the middle of the burning day she sat at home and polished
+sea-beans, for which she obtained untold sums: she was very tall, she
+was very yellow, and she had but one eye. These items, one by one, had
+been dropped by Felipa at various times, and it was with curiosity that
+I gazed upon the original Miguel, the possessor of this remarkable
+spouse. He was a grave-eyed, yellow man, who said little and thought
+less, applying _cui bono?_ to mental much as the city man applies it to
+bodily exertion, and therefore achieving, I think, a finer degree of
+inanition. The tame eagle, the pelicans, were nothing to him, and when I
+saw his lethargic, gentle countenance my own curiosity about them seemed
+to die away in haze, as though I had breathed in an invisible opiate. He
+came, he went, and that was all: exit Miguel.
+
+Felipa was constantly with us now. She and Drollo followed the three of
+us wherever we went--followed the two also whenever I stayed behind to
+sketch, as I often stayed, for in those days I was trying to catch the
+secret of the barrens: a hopeless effort, I know it now. "Stay with me,
+Felipa," I said; for it was natural to suppose that the lovers might
+like to be alone. (I call them lovers for want of a better name, but
+they were more like haters: however, in such cases it is nearly the same
+thing.) And then Christine, hearing this, would immediately call
+"Felipa!" and the child would dart after them, happy as a bird. She wore
+her boy's suit now all the time, because the se�ora had said she "looked
+well in it." What the se�ora really said was, that in boy's clothes she
+looked less like a grasshopper. But this had been translated as above by
+Edward Bowne when Felipa suddenly descended upon him one day and
+demanded to be instantly told what the gracious lady was saying about
+her; for she seemed to know by intuition when we spoke of her, although
+we talked in English and mentioned no names. When told, her small face
+beamed, and she kissed Christine's hand joyfully and bounded away.
+Christine took out her beautiful handkerchief and wiped the spot.
+
+"Christine," I said, "do you remember the fate of the proud girl who
+walked upon bread?"
+
+"You think that I may starve for kisses some time?" said my friend,
+going on with the wiping.
+
+"Not while I am alive," called out Edward from behind. His style of
+courtship _was_ of the sledge-hammer sort sometimes. But he did not get
+much for it on that day; only lofty tolerance, which seemed to amuse him
+greatly.
+
+Edward played with Felipa very much as if she was a rubber toy or a
+trapeze performer. He held her out at arm's length in mid-air, he poised
+her on his shoulder, he tossed her up into the low myrtle trees, and
+dangled her by her little belt over the claret-colored pools on the
+barren; but he could not frighten her: she only laughed and grew wilder
+and wilder, like a squirrel. "She has muscles and nerves of steel," he
+said admiringly.
+
+"Do put her down: she is too excitable for such games," I said in
+French, for Felipa seemed to divine our English now. "See the color she
+has."
+
+For there was a trail of dark red over the child's thin oval cheeks
+which made her look strangely unlike herself. As she caught our eyes
+fixed upon her she suddenly stopped her climbing and came and sat at
+Christine's feet. "Some day I shall wear robes like the se�ora's," she
+said, passing her hand over the soft fabric; "and I think," she added
+after some slow consideration, "that my face will be like the se�ora's
+too."
+
+Edward burst out laughing. The little creature stopped abruptly and
+scanned his face.
+
+"Do not tease her," I said.
+
+Quick as a flash she veered around upon me. "He does not tease me," she
+said angrily in Spanish; "and, besides, what if he does? I like it." She
+looked at me with gleaming eyes and stamped her foot.
+
+"What a little tempest!" said Christine.
+
+Then Edward, man-like, began to explain. "You could not look much like
+this lady, Felipa," he said, "because you are so dark, you know."
+
+"Am I dark?"
+
+"Very dark; but many people are dark, of course; and for my part I
+always liked dark eyes," said this mendacious person.
+
+"Do you like my eyes?" asked Felipa anxiously.
+
+"Indeed I do: they are like the eyes of a dear little calf I once owned
+when I was a boy."
+
+The child was satisfied, and went back to her place beside Christine.
+"Yes, I shall wear robes like this," she said dreamily, drawing the
+flowing drapery over her knees clad in the little linen trousers, and
+scanning the effect: "they would trail behind me--so." Her bare feet
+peeped out below the hem, and again we all laughed, the little brown
+toes looked so comical coming out from the silk and the snowy
+embroideries. She came down to reality at once, looked at us, looked at
+herself, and for the first time seemed to comprehend the difference.
+Then suddenly she threw herself down on the ground like a little animal,
+and buried her head in her arms. She would not speak, she would not look
+up: she only relaxed one arm a little to take in Drollo, and then lay
+motionless. Drollo looked at us out of one eye solemnly from his
+uncomfortable position, as much as to say, "No use: leave her to me." So
+after a while we went away and left them there.
+
+That evening I heard a low knock at my door. "Come in," I said, and
+Felipa entered. I hardly knew her. She was dressed in a flowered muslin
+gown which had probably belonged to her mother, and she wore her
+grandmother's stockings and large baggy slippers: on her mat of curly
+hair was perched a high-crowned, stiff white cap adorned with a ribbon
+streamer, and her lank little neck, coming out of the big gown, was
+decked with a chain of large sea-beans, like exaggerated lockets. She
+carried a Cuban fan in her hand which was as large as a parasol, and
+Drollo, walking behind, fairly clanked with the chain of sea-shells
+which she had wound around him from head to tail. The droll tableau and
+the supreme pride on Felipa's countenance overcame me, and I laughed
+aloud. A sudden cloud of rage and disappointment came over the poor
+child's face: she threw her cap on the floor and stamped on it; she tore
+off her necklace and writhed herself out of her big flowered gown, and
+running to Drollo, nearly strangled him in her fierce efforts to drag
+off his shell chains. Then, a half-dressed, wild little phantom, she
+seized me by the skirts and dragged me toward the looking-glass. "You
+are not pretty either," she cried. "Look at yourself! look at yourself!"
+
+"I did not mean to laugh at you, Felipa," I said gently: "I would not
+laugh at any one; and it is true I am not pretty, as you say. I can
+never be pretty, child; but if you will try to be more gentle, I could
+teach you how to dress yourself so that no one would laugh at you again.
+I could make you a little bright-barred skirt and a scarlet bodice: you
+could help, and that would teach you to sew. But a little girl who wants
+all this done for her must be quiet and good."
+
+"I am good," said Felipa--"as good as everything."
+
+The tears still stood in her eyes, but her anger was forgotten: she
+improvised a sort of dance around my room, followed by Drollo dragging
+his twisted chain, stepping on it with his big feet, and finally winding
+himself up into a knot around the chair-legs.
+
+"Couldn't we make Drollo something too? dear old Drollo!" said Felipa,
+going to him and squeezing him in an enthusiastic embrace. I used to
+wonder how his poor ribs stood it: Felipa used him as a safety-valve for
+her impetuous feelings.
+
+She kissed me good-night and then asked for "the other lady."
+
+"Go to bed, child," I said: "I will give her your good-night."
+
+"But I want to kiss her too," said Felipa.
+
+She lingered at the door and would not go; she played with the latch,
+and made me nervous with its clicking; at last I ordered her out. But on
+opening my door half an hour afterward there she was sitting on the
+floor outside in the darkness, she and Drollo, patiently waiting.
+Annoyed, but unable to reprove her, I wrapped the child in my shawl and
+carried her out into the moonlight, where Christine and Edward were
+strolling to and fro under the pines. "She will not go to bed,
+Christine, without kissing you," I explained.
+
+"Funny little monkey!" said my lily friend, passively allowing the
+embrace.
+
+"Me too," said Edward, bending down. Then I carried my bundle back
+satisfied.
+
+The next day Felipa and I in secret began our labors: hers consisted in
+worrying me out of my life and spoiling material--mine in keeping my
+temper and trying to sew. The result, however, was satisfactory, never
+mind how we got there. I led Christine out one afternoon: Edward
+followed. "Do you like tableaux?" I said. "There is one I have arranged
+for you."
+
+Felipa sat on the edge of the low, square-curbed Spanish well, and
+Drollo stood behind her, his great yellow body and solemn head serving
+as a background. She wore a brown petticoat barred with bright colors,
+and a little scarlet bodice fitting her slender waist closely; a
+chemisette of soft cream-color with loose sleeves covered her neck and
+arms, and set off the dark hues of her cheeks and eyes; and around her
+curly hair a red scarf was twisted, its fringed edges forming a drapery
+at the back of the head, which, more than anything else, seemed to bring
+out the latent character of her face. Brown moccasins, red stockings and
+a quantity of bright beads completed her costume.
+
+"By Jove!" cried Edward, "the little thing is almost pretty."
+
+Felipa understood this, and a great light came into her face: forgetting
+her pose, she bounded forward to Christine's side. "I am pretty, then?"
+she said with exultation: "I _am_ pretty, then, after all? For now you
+yourself have said it--have said it."
+
+"No, Felipa," I interposed, "the gentleman said it." For the child had a
+curious habit of confounding the two identities which puzzled me then as
+now. But this afternoon, this happy afternoon, she was content, for she
+was allowed to sit at Christine's feet and look up into her fair face
+unmolested. I was forgotten, as usual.
+
+"It is always so," I said to myself. But cynicism, as Mr. Aldrich says,
+is a small brass field-piece that eventually bursts and kills the
+artilleryman. I knew this, having been blown up myself more than once;
+so I went back to my painting and forgot the world. Our world down there
+on the edge of the salt marsh, however, was a small one: when two
+persons went out of it there was a vacuum at once.
+
+One morning Felipa came sadly to my side. "They have gone away,'" she
+said.
+
+"Yes, child."
+
+"Down to the beach to spend all the day."
+
+"Yes, I know it."
+
+"And without me!"
+
+This was the climax. I looked up. The child's eyes were dry, but there
+was a hollow look of disappointment in her face that made her seem old:
+it was as though for an instant you caught what her old-woman face would
+be half a century on.
+
+"Why did they not take me?" she said. "I am pretty now: she herself said
+it."
+
+"They cannot always take you, Felipa," I replied, giving up the point as
+to who had said it.
+
+"Why not? I am pretty now: she herself said it," persisted the child.
+"In these clothes, you know: she herself said it. The clothes of the son
+of Pedro you will never see more: they are burned."
+
+"Burned?"
+
+"Yes, burned," replied Felipa composedly. "I carried them out on the
+barren and burned them. Drollo singed his paw. They burned quite nicely.
+But they are gone, and I am pretty now, and yet they did not take me!
+What shall I do?"
+
+"Take these colors and make me a picture," I suggested. Generally, this
+was a prized privilege, but to-day it did not attract: she turned away,
+and a few moments after I saw her going down to the end of the plank
+walk, where she stood gazing wistfully toward the ocean. There she
+stayed all day, going into camp with Drollo, and refusing to come to
+dinner in spite of old Dominga's calls and beckonings. At last the
+patient old grandmother went down herself to the end of the long plank
+walk where they were with some bread and venison on a plate. Felipa ate
+but little, but Drollo, after waiting politely until she had finished,
+devoured everything that was left in his calmly hungry way, and then sat
+back on his haunches with one paw on the plate, as though for the sake
+of memory. Drollo's hunger was of the chronic kind: it seemed impossible
+either to assuage it or to fill him. There was a gaunt leanness about
+him which I am satisfied no amount of food could ever fatten. I think he
+knew it too, and that accounted for his resignation. At length, just
+before sunset, the boat returned, floating up the river with the tide,
+old Bartolo steering and managing the brown sails. Felipa sprang up
+joyfully: I thought she would spring into the boat in her eagerness.
+What did she receive for her long vigil? A short word or two: that was
+all. Christine and Edward had quarreled.
+
+How do lovers quarrel ordinarily? But I should not ask that, for these
+were no ordinary lovers: they were decidedly extraordinary.
+
+"You should not submit to her caprices so readily," I said the next day
+while strolling on the barren with Edward. (He was not so much cast
+down, however, as he might have been.)
+
+"I adore the very ground her foot touches, Kitty."
+
+"I know it. But how will it end?"
+
+"I will tell you: some of these days I shall win her, and then--she will
+adore me."
+
+Here Felipa came running after us, and Edward immediately challenged her
+to a race: a game of romps began. If Christine had been looking from her
+window, she might have thought he was not especially disconsolate over
+her absence; but she was not looking. She was never looking out of
+anything or for anybody. She was always serenely content where she was.
+Edward and Felipa strayed off among the pine trees, and gradually I lost
+sight of them. But as I sat sketching an hour afterward Edward came into
+view, carrying the child in his arms. I hurried to meet them.
+
+"I shall never forgive myself," he said: "the little thing has fallen
+and injured her foot badly, I fear."
+
+"I do not care at all," said Felipa: "I like to have it hurt. It is _my_
+foot, isn't it?"
+
+These remarks she threw at me defiantly, as though I had laid claim to
+the member in question. I could not help laughing.
+
+"The other lady will not laugh," said the child proudly. And in truth
+Christine, most unexpectedly, took up the r�le of nurse. She carried
+Felipa to her own room--for we each had a little cell opening out of the
+main apartment--and as white-robed Charity she shone with new radiance.
+"Shone" is the proper word, for through the open door of the dim cell,
+with the dark little face of Felipa on her shoulder, her white robe and
+skin seemed fairly to shine, as white lilies shine on a dark night. The
+old grandmother left the child in our care and watched our proceedings
+wistfully, very much as a dog watches the human hands that extract the
+thorn from the swollen foot of her puppy. She was grateful and asked no
+questions; in fact, thought was not one of her mental processes. She did
+not think much: she only felt. As for Felipa, the child lived in rapture
+during those days in spite of her suffering. She scarcely slept at
+all--she was too happy: I heard her voice rippling on through the night,
+and Christine's low replies. She adored her beautiful nurse.
+
+The fourth day came: Edward Bowne walked into the cell. "Go out and
+breathe the fresh air for an hour or two," he said in the tone more of a
+command than a request.
+
+"But the child will never consent," replied Christine sweetly.
+
+"Oh yes, she will: I will stay with her," said the young man, lifting
+the feverish little head on his arm and passing his hand softly over the
+bright eyes.
+
+"Felipa, do you not want me?" said Christine, bending down.
+
+"He stays: it is all the same," murmured the child.
+
+"So it is. Go, Christine," said Edward with a little smile of triumph.
+
+Without a word Christine left the cell. But she did not go to walk: she
+came to my room, and throwing herself on my bed fell in a moment into a
+deep sleep, the reaction after her three nights of wakefulness. When she
+awoke it was long after dark, and I had relieved Edward in his watch.
+
+"You will have to give it up," he said as our lily came forth at last
+with sleep-flushed cheeks and starry eyes shielded from the light. "The
+spell is broken: we have all been taking care of Felipa, and she likes
+one as well as the other."
+
+Which was not true, in my case at least, since Felipa had openly derided
+my small strength when I lifted her, and beat off the sponge with which
+I attempted to bathe her hot face. "They" used no sponges, she said,
+only their nice cool hands; and she wished "they" would come and take
+care of her again. But Christine had resigned in toto. If Felipa did not
+prefer her to all others, then Felipa could not have her: she was not a
+common nurse. And indeed she was not. Her fair beauty, ideal grace,
+cooing voice and the strength of her long arms and flexible hands were
+like magic to the sick, and--distraction to the well; the well in this
+case being Edward Bowne looking in at the door.
+
+"You love them very much, do you not, Felipa?" I said one day when the
+child was sitting up for the first time in a cushioned chair.
+
+"Ah, yes: it is so delicious when they carry me," she replied. But it
+was Edward who carried her.
+
+"He is very strong," I said.
+
+"Yes, and their long soft hair, with the smell of roses in it too," said
+Felipa dreamily. But the hair was Christine's.
+
+"I shall love them for ever, and they will love me for ever," continued
+the child. "Drollo too." She patted the dog's head as she spoke, and
+then concluded to kiss him on his little inch of forehead: next she
+offered him all her medicines and lotions in turn, and he smelled at
+them grimly. "He likes to know what I am taking," she explained.
+
+I went on: "You love them, Felipa, and they are fond of you. They will
+always remember you, no doubt."
+
+"Remember!" cried Felipa, starting up from her cushions like a
+Jack-in-the-box. "They are not going away? Never! never!"
+
+"But of course they must go some time, for--"
+
+But Felipa was gone. Before I could divine her intent she had flung
+herself out of her chair down on to the floor, and was crawling on her
+hands and knees toward the outer room. I ran after her, but she reached
+the door before me, and, dragging her bandaged foot behind her, drew
+herself, toward Christine. "You are _not_ going away! You are not! you
+are not!" she sobbed, clinging to her skirts.
+
+Christine was reading tranquilly: Edward stood at the outer door mending
+his fishing-tackle. The coolness between them remained unwarmed by so
+much as a breath. "Run away, child: you disturb me," said Christine,
+turning over a leaf. She did not even look at the pathetic little bundle
+at her feet. Pathetic little bundles must be taught some time what
+ingratitude deserves.
+
+"How can she run, lame as she is?" said Edward from the doorway.
+
+"You are not going away, are you? Tell me you are not," sobbed Felipa in
+a passion of tears, beating on the floor with one hand, and with the
+other clinging to Christine.
+
+"I am not going," said Edward. "Do not sob so, you poor little thing!"
+
+She crawled to him, and he took her up in his arms and soothed her into
+stillness again: then he carried her out on to the barren for a breath
+of fresh air.
+
+"It is a most extraordinary thing how that child confounds you two," I
+said. "It is a case of color-blindness, as it were--supposing you two
+were colors."
+
+"Which we are not," replied Christine carelessly. "Do not stray off into
+mysticism, Catherine."
+
+"It is not mysticism: it is a study of character--"
+
+"Where there is no character," replied my friend.
+
+I gave it up, but I said to myself, "Fate, in the next world make me
+one of those long, lithe, light-haired women, will you? I want to see
+how it feels."
+
+Felipa's foot was well again, and spring had come. Soon we must leave
+our lodge on the edge of the pine barren, our outlook over the salt
+marsh, our river sweeping up twice a day, bringing in the briny odors of
+the ocean: soon we should see no more the eagles far above us or hear
+the night-cry of the great owls, and we must go without the little fairy
+flowers of the barren, so small that a hundred of them scarcely made a
+tangible bouquet, yet what beauty! what sweetness! In my portfolio were
+sketches and studies of the barrens, and in my heart were hopes.
+Somebody says somewhere, "Hope is more than a blessing: it is a duty and
+a virtue." But I fail to appreciate preserved hope--hope put up in cans
+and served out in seasons of depression. I like it fresh from the tree.
+And so when I hope it _is_ hope, and not that well-dried, monotonous
+cheerfulness which makes one long to throw the persistent smilers out of
+the window. Felipa danced no more on the barrens; her illness had toned
+her excitable nature; she seemed content to sit at our feet while we
+talked, looking up dreamily into our faces, but no longer eagerly
+endeavoring to comprehend. We were there: that was enough.
+
+"She is growing like a reed," I said: "her illness has left her weak."
+
+"-Minded," suggested Christine, smiling.
+
+At this moment Felipa stroked the lady's white hand tenderly and laid
+her brown cheek against it.
+
+"Do you not feel reproached," I said.
+
+"Why? Must we give our love to whoever loves us? A fine parcel of
+paupers we should all be, wasting our inheritance in pitiful small
+change! Shall I give a thousand beggars a half hour's happiness, or
+shall I make one soul rich his whole life long?"
+
+"The latter," remarked Edward, who had come up unobserved.
+
+They gazed at each other unflinchingly. They had come to open battle
+during those last days, and I knew that the end was near. Their words
+had been cold as ice, cutting as steel, and I said to myself, "At any
+moment." There would be a deadly struggle, and then Christine would
+yield. Even I comprehended something of what that yielding would be.
+There are beautiful velvety panthers in the Asian forests, and in real
+life too, sometimes.
+
+"Why do they hate each other so?" Felipa said to me sadly.
+
+"Do they hate each other?"
+
+"Yes, for I feel it here," she answered, touching her breast with a
+dramatic little gesture.
+
+"Nonsense! Go and play with your doll, child." For I had made her a
+respectable, orderly doll to take the place of the ungainly fetich out
+on the barren.
+
+Felipa gave me a look and walked away. A moment afterward she brought
+the doll out of the house before my very eyes, and, going down to the
+end of the dock, deliberately threw it into the water: the tide was
+flowing out, and away went my toy-woman out of sight, out to sea.
+
+"Well!" I said to myself. "What next?"
+
+I had not told Felipa we were going: I thought it best to let it take
+her by surprise. I had various small articles of finery ready as
+farewell gifts which should act as sponges to absorb her tears. But Fate
+took the whole matter out of my hands. This is how it happened. One
+evening in the jessamine arbor, in the fragrant darkness of the warm
+spring night, the end came: Christine was won. She glided in like a
+wraith, and I, divining at once what had happened, followed her into her
+little room, where I found her lying on her bed, her hands clasped on
+her breast, her eyes open and veiled in soft shadows, her white robe
+drenched with dew. I kissed her fondly--I never could help loving her
+then or now--and next I went out to find Edward. He had been kind to me
+all my poor gray life: should I not go to him now? He was still in the
+arbor, and I sat down by his side quietly: I knew that the words would
+come in time. They came: what a flood! English was not enough for him.
+He poured forth his love in the rich-voweled Spanish tongue also: it
+has sounded doubly sweet to me ever since.
+
+    "Have you felt the wool of the beaver?
+    Or swan's down ever?
+    Or have smelt the bud o' the brier?
+    Or the nard in the fire?
+    Or ha' tasted the bag o' the bee?
+    Oh so white, oh so soft, oh so sweet is she!"
+
+said the young lover again and again; and I, listening there in the dark
+fragrant night, with the dew heavy upon me, felt glad that the old
+simple-hearted love was not entirely gone from our tired metallic world.
+
+It was late when we returned to the house. After reaching my room I
+found that I had left my cloak in the arbor. It was a strong fabric: the
+dew could not hurt it, but it could hurt my sketching materials and
+various trifles in the wide inside pockets--_objets de luxe_ to me,
+souvenirs of happy times, little artistic properties that I hang on the
+walls of my poor studio when in the city. I went softly out into the
+darkness again and sought the arbor: groping on the ground I found, not
+the cloak, but--Felipa! She was crouched under the foliage, face
+downward: she would not move or answer.
+
+"What is the matter, child?" I said, but she would not speak. I tried to
+draw her from her lair, but she tangled herself stubbornly still farther
+among the thorny vines, and I could not move her. I touched her neck: it
+was cold. Frightened, I ran back to the house for a candle.
+
+"Go away," she said in a low hoarse voice when I flashed the light over
+her. "I know all, and I am going to die. I have eaten the poison things
+in your box, and just now a snake came on my neck and I let him. He has
+bitten me, I suppose, and I am glad. Go away: I am going to die."
+
+I looked around: there was my color-case rifled and empty, and the other
+articles were scattered on the ground. "Good Heavens, child!" I cried,
+"what have you eaten?"
+
+"Enough," replied Felipa gloomily. "I knew they were poisons: you told
+me so. And I let the snake stay."
+
+By this time the household, aroused by my hurried exit with the candle,
+came toward the arbor. The moment Edward appeared Felipa rolled herself
+up like a hedgehog again and refused to speak. But the old grandmother
+knelt down and drew the little crouching figure into her arms with
+gentle tenderness, smoothing its hair and murmuring loving words in her
+soft dialect.
+
+"What is it?" said Edward; but even then his eyes were devouring
+Christine, who stood in the dark, vine-wreathed doorway like a picture
+in a frame. I explained.
+
+Christine smiled softly. "Jealousy," she said in a low voice. "I am not
+surprised." And of her own accord she gave back to Edward one of his
+looks.
+
+But at the first sound of her voice Felipa had started up: she too saw
+the look, and wrenching herself free from old Dominga's arms, she threw
+herself at Christine's feet. "Look at _me_ so," she cried--"me too: do
+not look at him. He has forgotten poor Felipa: he does not love her any
+more. But _you_ do not forget, se�ora: _you_ love me--_you_ love me. Say
+you do or I shall die!"
+
+We were all shocked by the pallor and the wild hungry look of her
+uplifted face. Edward bent down and tried to lift her in his arms, but
+when she saw him a sudden fierceness came into her eyes: they shot out
+yellow light and seemed to narrow to a point of flame. Before we knew it
+she had turned, seized something and plunged it into his encircling arm.
+It was my little Venetian dagger.
+
+We sprang forward; our dresses were spotted with the fast-flowing blood;
+but Edward did not relax his hold on the writhing wild little body he
+held until it lay exhausted in his arms. "I am glad I did it," said the
+child, looking up into his face with her inflexible eyes. "Put me
+down--put me down, I say, by the gracious se�ora, that I may die with
+the trailing of her white robe over me." And the old grandmother with
+trembling hands received her and laid her down mutely at Christine's
+feet.
+
+ ������* ������* ������* ������* ������*
+
+Ah, well! Felipa did not die. The poisons wracked but did not kill her,
+and the snake must have spared the little thin brown neck so
+despairingly offered to him. We went away: there was nothing for us to
+do but to go away as quickly as possible and leave her to her kind. To
+the silent old grandfather I said, "It will pass: she is but a child."
+
+"She is nearly twelve, se�ora. Her mother was married at thirteen."
+
+"But she loved them both alike, Bartolo. It is nothing: she does not
+know."
+
+"You are right, lady: she does not know," replied the old man slowly;
+"but _I_ know. It was two loves, and the stronger thrust the knife."
+
+CONSTANCE FENIMORE WOOLSON.
+
+
+
+
+AT CHICKAMAUGA.
+
+
+It was the cream of army life in Southern Tennessee that we left to go
+to Chickamauga. Our brigade had been detached, and lay for some days at
+the foot of Waldron's Ridge, which runs parallel to the broad Tennessee
+River, and a few miles north of Chattanooga, then the objective point of
+the campaign of the Army of the Cumberland under Rosecrans. Of course we
+knew that when the movements in progress in the country below were
+sufficiently advanced there would probably be lively work in effecting a
+passage of the river in the face of the formidable force which was
+guarding the ford two or three miles in our front. In fact, for some
+days we had been preparing for the effort, and up in a sluggish bayou
+the best of our mechanics were industriously at work fashioning a rude
+scow out of such material as axes could get from the native forests. In
+this craft, if it could be made to float, a select party was to cross
+the river some foggy morning, while the enemy were intently watching the
+ford below, and then, while the chosen few were being gloriously shot on
+the other side, the rest of us were to attempt the waist-deep, crooked
+ford.
+
+For the time we were, however, as has been said, enjoying the cream of
+army life. The nights were chilly, though the days were hot and the clay
+roads dusty. The mornings were glorious with their bracing fresh air,
+their blue mists clinging about far-off Lookout Mountain, and even
+hiding the top of Waldron's Ridge at our backs, and their bright
+sunshine, which came flooding over the distant heights of Georgia and
+North Carolina. The wagon-tracks winding among the low, mound-like hills
+which filled the valley from the base of the ridge to the river were as
+smooth and gravelly as a well-kept private roadway, and an
+ambulance-ride along their tortuous courses was a most enjoyable
+recreation in those fine September days of 1863. A gallop twenty miles
+up the valley to where Minty kept watch and ward upon our flank with his
+trusty horsemen; a dinner at that hospitable mess-table, furnished maybe
+with a pig which had strayed from its home not wholly through natural
+perversity; and then a lively ride back in the early evening,--this,
+indeed, was pleasure.
+
+The charm of campaigning is its rapidly-succeeding surprises. The
+general of the army may be proceeding regularly in the path he marked
+out months before. The corps commanders, and even the chiefs of
+division, may sometimes be able to foresee the movements from day to
+day. But to their subordinates everything is a surprise: they lie down
+at night in delightful uncertainty as to where the next sunset will find
+them, and they sit down to a breakfast of hard bread and bacon, relieved
+by a little foraging from the country, not sure that their coffee will
+cool before the bugle sounds a signal to pack and be off, to Heaven
+knows where. We found this charm of surprise, as we had hundreds of
+times before in other places, at our camp in the valley of the
+Tennessee. The alternating quick and droning notes of "the general" made
+us spring up from the mess-table one morning, and in a moment the lazy
+encampment was all hurry and bustle. An aide leaped upon his horse at
+head-quarters and dashed off on the road to the river, and we saw that
+the servants of General Hazen, our brigade commander, were stripping his
+baggage of the small impedimenta which accumulate so rapidly even in a
+few days of rest, but are abandoned when the army starts on an active
+campaign. It was not to be a mere change of camp, evidently, but a final
+adieu to the locality and a dash over the Tennessee--if we could make
+it.
+
+While some of us were yet sipping our hot coffee, saved out of the
+general wreck in packing up, the bugles called "the assembly," and in
+ten minutes the brigade was stretching out at a lively rate on the road
+the aide had taken. At the river was the detail of mechanics who had
+been at work on the scow in the bayou. Their task had been suddenly
+abandoned. It was useless: the enemy had left the opposite bank and
+fallen back from Chattanooga. The crossing was made, and the brigade
+struck out into the country toward Ringgold and the Georgia line. We
+belonged to Palmer's division of Crittenden's corps, but we had no idea
+where our comrades were. Passing over the uninviting country, and by the
+cornfields wasted by Bragg's men that we might not gather the grain, the
+brigade fell in with the rest of its division near a lonely grist-mill
+at a junction of cross-roads, where a battalion of Southern cavalry had
+just galloped in upon an infantry regiment lying under its stacked arms
+by the wayside. So the enemy was not entirely out of the country, it
+appeared. Still, we saw nothing of him, save in a trifling skirmish the
+next day on the road from Ringgold to Gordon's Mills. Near this place,
+however, we fell in with General Thomas J. Wood, who had had a little
+encounter which convinced him that Bragg's infantry was in force near
+by. The gallant old soldier was in something of a passion because the
+theories of his superiors did not coincide with his demonstrations, and
+of course the demonstrations had to give way in that case.
+
+Passing Gordon's Mills, our division stretched away on the road toward
+La Fayette, and after a day's march bivouacked in a wilderness of wood
+and on a sluggish stream different enough from the sparkling waters
+which came down by the old camp below Waldron's Ridge. McCook's corps,
+they said, having crossed the Tennessee below Chattanooga and advanced
+southward on the western side of the Lookout range, was to come through
+a gap opposite our present position and join us. Then the army, being
+together once more, and having gained Chattanooga by McCook's flank
+movement, would return to that point. To get Chattanooga was the object
+of the campaign, and the movements since we crossed the river were
+simply to assure the safe reunion of the several corps.
+
+The idle days wore on until the afternoon of the 18th of September. Then
+"the general" was suddenly sounded from brigade head-quarters, the
+regimental buglers took up the signal, and in twenty minutes we were on
+the road and moving back toward Gordon's Mills and Chattanooga. No
+leisurely march this time, however, but a race which tasked even the
+legs of the veterans. Two hours of this brought the command to the crest
+of a ridge from which, away to the right, a wide expanse of country lay
+in view. There was a broad valley running parallel to the road we were
+traveling and covered by a dense growth of low oaks, which effectually
+hid roads, streams, and even the few lonely habitations of the people.
+But, looking from our eminence over the unbroken expanse of tree-tops,
+we could see a light yellow snake-like line stretching down the valley.
+It was dust from the road on which Bragg's army was hurrying toward the
+Rossville Pass, through which was the way to Chattanooga and all our
+communications and supplies. The line of dust extended miles down the
+valley, far in advance of the point we had reached. The rest of our army
+might be ahead of us and ahead of Bragg, or it might be on our left, or
+even behind us, for aught we knew, but it was plain enough why we were
+making such haste back toward Chattanooga.
+
+The afternoon passed: darkness came, and still the march continued. Late
+in the evening we came upon a group of tents by the roadside--Rosecrans's
+head-quarters, with Rosecrans himself, and not in the best of humors, as
+some of us discovered on riding up to see friends on his staff. In his
+petulance and excitability the commanding general forgot to be gentlemanly,
+some of them said; and they left him not at all relieved of any doubts they
+had concerning our sudden and forced march.
+
+It was long after midnight when we reached Gordon's Mills. Here the road
+was full of ambulances, wagons, artillery and infantry, while in the
+thickets on the left were heard the confused noises of the bivouac.
+There were no fires, which showed that we were supposed to be in the
+immediate presence of the enemy, and that our commander did not want his
+position revealed by camp-fires. At some distance past the mills
+Palmer's division was halted in the road, and the troops were massed by
+regiments, and moved some yards into the thicket to pass the few hours
+before daylight.
+
+In the morning it was said that Bragg had indeed beaten in the race the
+day before, and had halted at night, if he halted at all, much nearer to
+the Rossville Pass than we were. The Chickamauga River was supposed to
+be between the two armies, but it is a stream which is easily fordable
+in many places, and a mile or two below where we lay was a bridge over
+which Bragg could cross rapidly with his artillery and trains, and then
+strike our road to Rossville ahead of us. A division moved out early in
+the day and went off toward this bridge. Soon after there was lively
+musketry and some cannonading in that direction. Word came back that the
+enemy had crossed the river in force too heavy to be successfully
+encountered by our reconnoitering division. Another division followed in
+the path of the first, and there was more firing. Finally, General
+Palmer moved his division out upon the road, and along it for some
+distance toward Rossville, approaching the firing down by the bridge.
+Halting near the Widow Glenn's cottage, about which were a little cloud
+of cavalry and many officers, we saw that Rosecrans was there, directing
+the movements in person. Palmer got his orders quickly. He was to move
+down the road toward Rossville to an indicated point, then form his
+division _en �chelon_ by brigade from the left, and move off the road to
+the right and attack. When he struck the enemy's left flank he was to
+envelop and crush it. The formation _en �chelon_ was to facilitate this
+enveloping and crushing.
+
+Moving off the road as ordered, the division passed through several
+hundred yards of forest, and came upon a wide open field of lower
+ground, through the centre of which ran, parallel to our front, a narrow
+belt of timber. The skirmishers passed through this belt and a few yards
+beyond, and were then driven back by an overpowering fire from the
+enemy's skirmishers. Our main line came up to the timber and passed
+through it to the farther side; and then the edge of the forest beyond,
+in front, on the right and on the left, was suddenly fringed with a line
+of flashing fire, above which rose a thin white smoke. The tremendous
+crash of musketry was measured by the deep thunder of artillery farther
+back, and soon columns of dense white smoke rising above the tree-tops
+indicated the positions of several swift-working batteries. A storm of
+bullets whizzed through the ranks of the attacking �chelons, while
+shrieking shells filled the air with a horrid din, and, bursting
+overhead, sent their ragged fragments hurtling down in every direction.
+In an instant a hundred gaps were opened in the firm ranks as the men
+sank to the ground beneath the smiting lead and iron. In an instant the
+gaps were closed, and in another a hundred more were opened. Every yard
+of the advance was costing the assailants a full company of men--every
+rod at least half a regiment. They wavered, halted and fell back to the
+shelter of the narrow belt of timber. The attack had failed, the flank
+of the enemy had not been struck.
+
+But the other divisions of the army? Sent in as ours had been, some one
+of them must surely strike the opposing flank, unless Bragg's whole army
+had crossed the river and was in position before Rosecrans moved.
+Palmer's division held its place, fired its sixty rounds of cartridges
+into the wood where the unseen foe was, and waited for the attack of the
+succeeding division which should strike Bragg's flank. But we waited in
+vain. When Rosecrans's last division was forming its �chelons it was
+itself enveloped on its outer flank by the active foe. Rosecrans's line,
+as he formed it a division at a time, had been constantly outflanked.
+
+The battle was a failure thus far. We could all see that, and some of us
+saw how nearly it became an irretrievable disaster. Hazen's brigade had
+been withdrawn to replenish its ammunition after the attack, and was
+lying along the Rossville road. The men were filling their
+cartridge-boxes, and the captains were counting their diminished ranks
+and noting who were dead and who but wounded. Out at the front the fight
+still went on, but in a desultory way. Suddenly there was an ominous
+sound in front of Van Cleve's division, which was in the main line next
+on the right of Palmer.
+
+Hazen leaped upon his horse. "Now Van Cleve is in for it!" he exclaimed.
+"They're coming for him!"
+
+Quickly getting the men under arms, Hazen moved his brigade behind Van
+Cleve to act as a support, and awaited the coming attack. It came like a
+whirlwind, and Van Cleve's lines were scattered like fallen leaves. On
+came the triumphant enemy in heavy masses, while Van Cleve's disordered
+horde swept back with it Hazen's supporting regiments. All but one.
+Colonel Aquila Wiley of the Forty-first Ohio Infantry, seeing the coming
+avalanche of fugitives, broke his line to the rear by companies and
+allowed the flying mass to pass through the intervals. Then instantly
+reforming his line, Wiley delivered a volley by battalion upon the
+advancing foe. The latter, his ranks loose, as usual in a headlong
+pursuit, was staggered and stopped in Wiley's front, but pressed forward
+on his right, and had got well to his rear in that direction before the
+guns of the Forty-first were reloaded. At a double-quick step Wiley
+changed front to the rear on his left company, and sent another volley
+among the swarming enemy on his right. Twice he repeated this manoeuvre,
+and, gaining ground to the rear with each change of front, kept back the
+enemy from front and flank until he could take his place in good order
+upon a new line on a ridge to the rear.
+
+Meantime, Hazen was not idle. Seeing the inevitable result when Van
+Cleve's lines wavered, he dashed down the road to some unemployed
+batteries. These he got quickly into position to enfilade the enemy as
+he passed over Van Cleve's abandoned ground, and while Wiley with his
+Forty-first was striking in front and flank to clear himself of the
+surrounding foes, Hazen's batteries were pouring shells at short range
+into the well-ordered supporting troops which the enemy was hurrying
+forward to improve the success he had gained. Bragg had actually crossed
+the Rossville road and cut the Army of the Cumberland in two, with
+nothing in the gap but one regiment of three hundred men. But the
+enfilading artillery smote asunder the solid ranks which were to follow
+up the victory and left their advantage a barren triumph. Night fell and
+ended there the first day's battle.
+
+The blessed night! better for the Army of the Cumberland then than
+thirty thousand fresh men. Under its sheltering mantle a thousand
+necessary things were done. We knew well enough that the struggle must
+be renewed in the morning, but we hoped that it would not be taken up on
+our side under such disadvantages as had been against us in the day just
+closed. So when, some time after dark, an order came to move down the
+road to the left, it was gladly obeyed. We were going into position, it
+was evident, though where and how none of us could tell in the darkness.
+The road and the woods on each side of it were full of troops,
+ambulances, ammunition and head-quarter wagons, artillery, and, lastly,
+stragglers hunting for their regiments. Now and then a wounded man,
+whose hurt did not prevent his walking, came along inquiring for the
+hospitals. There were not many of these, however, for the hospital
+service was pretty efficient, and the surgeons were located near the
+ground where the fighting had been.
+
+Winding about through such surroundings for what seemed a long time, so
+slow was the movement and so frequent the halts to allow the
+staff-officer who was directing the march to verify the route, Palmer's
+division at length stacked arms on a slightly rising ground not many
+hundred yards in front of the Rossville road. There were troops to the
+left of us, and soon after we halted troops came up on our right. We
+knew by this that we were in the main line of battle as it was being
+formed for the next day's fight. There were sounds occasionally from the
+forest in front which told us that the enemy also was making his
+preparations for the morning, and there was moving of troops, wagons,
+artillery, stragglers and mounted officers in rear of us almost all
+night. Even our troops in line, tired as they were, were not quite
+still. The men lay upon the ground and talked of the events of the day.
+Company commanders were inquiring the fate of their missing men, and
+some of them were even counting up the guns lost by killed and wounded
+men, and wondering how they could account for them on their next
+ordnance returns. Waking and sleeping by turns, officers and men passed
+the chilly night as best they could until it was near the time when the
+first gray streaks of dawn should come. Then those who were sleeping
+were quietly aroused; the ranks were noiselessly formed; the stacks of
+arms were broken; the first sergeants passed along the fronts of their
+companies to verify the attendance; and then the men were allowed to
+sit down, guns in hand, to await the daybreak and be in instant
+readiness for an attack if the enemy should attempt an early surprise.
+
+Daylight came, however, on the memorable 20th of September, and no
+attack had been made. The first thought, naturally, after apprehension
+of an early attack had gone, was to appease hunger and thirst. But there
+was little in the haversacks, and nothing in the canteens. Details of
+men were sent for water, and never returned. The enemy had possession of
+the springs we had used the day before, and our details walked
+unconsciously into his hands. There was not a drop of water on the whole
+field, and men and officers resigned themselves to the torments of
+thirst, a thousand times worse than the gnawings of hunger. But with
+daylight we could at least get some idea of our position. In front was a
+dense forest, in which nothing was to be seen except our own skirmishers
+a few yards in advance. Just behind us was an oblong open field, three
+hundred yards wide and thrice as long. On the other side of this field
+ran the Rossville road. Beyond our division, to the left, was Johnson's,
+and then Baird's division, the latter forming the extreme left of the
+army, and extending off into the woods beyond the lower end of the open
+field. To our right--though this we could not see, the line being in a
+dense forest--was the division of Reynolds; beyond him was Brannan, and
+then came Wood; and so on to the right of the army, in what further
+order we did not know. It was evident that the line had been hastily
+formed: the divisions had been placed just as they were picked up in the
+confusion of the night. No corps was together in the line, but it was
+made up of a division from one corps, then a division from another, and
+then one from a third corps, and so on. Thus it happened that the four
+divisions on the left of the line had with them no corps commander.
+
+In the idle hour after daylight our brigade commander directed the
+construction of a barricade of rails and logs, a little more than
+knee-high, along the front of his command. Some of the troops on the
+left and the right followed the example. The supposition was that the
+game would be changed this day, and that we should stand for attack as
+the enemy had done the day before. There was no little satisfaction in
+thinking that Bragg's men would have a chance to walk up to a fire at
+least as murderous as we had faced when attacking them. If the
+haversacks were empty and the canteens had gone for water never to
+return, the cartridge-boxes were full, and each man had about him an
+extra package or two of cartridges.
+
+The morning wore slowly away, and on our part of the line everything was
+remarkably quiet. There was some skirmishing toward the right between
+eight and nine o'clock, but evidently nothing serious. The barricade was
+finished, and there was nothing to do but to lie behind it and wish for
+water as the day grew warmer and thirst became more intense.--But what
+is that?
+
+There was a sharp rattle of Springfield rifles from Baird's skirmishers,
+a third of a mile to our left and hidden from sight by the woods. In a
+moment came a crash of musketry which brought every man to his feet.
+Baird's skirmishers had been driven in, and his main line had hurled its
+thousands of bullets as the attacking enemy came into view. Instantly
+the answering fire was given, and then followed the continuous rattling
+roar of a fierce general engagement. Wounded men began to come out of
+the wood where Baird was as they made their way alone toward the
+hospitals or were carried off by the hospital corps. Suddenly, a hundred
+men with arms in their hands emerged from the woods into the open field
+behind Baird, straggling and without order. These were not wounded men.
+No: it was too plain that Baird's division was giving way. A moment
+more, and the lower end of the open field was filled with a dense mass
+of men as Baird's disordered lines poured forth out of the woods, which
+were swarming with the exultant enemy. Through and behind the retreating
+mass the mounted officers rode furiously, their swinging sabres
+flashing in the sun as they alternately commanded and exhorted their men
+to rally and breast the storm of lead which the enemy was hurling upon
+them. Then Johnson, whose division was next to Baird's, wheeled a
+regiment or two backward and opened fire on the enemy engaged with
+Baird. The troops of the latter were not running, but falling back,
+firing as they went. Suddenly, one of their colonels seized his
+regimental standard from the color-bearer and faced his horse toward the
+enemy, holding the flag high above his head. The men began to rally
+around this flag, and in a moment an imperfect line had been formed. The
+enemy's success was at an end. A moment more, and with a wild cheer
+Baird's men dashed forward and drove the enemy from their front.
+
+Meanwhile, we were not idle spectators of all this. At the moment when
+Baird's men had been forced into the open field, and it seemed
+impossible to re-form them under the fire they were receiving, the
+skirmishers in front of Johnson's and Palmer's divisions broke out into
+a lively fire and came in at a run. Close behind them were the
+rapidly-advancing skirmishers of the enemy. As these came in sight of
+our position they took shelter behind trees and waited for their main
+force to come up. Soon the woods behind them were filled with the long,
+sweeping lines of Bragg's infantry, moving swiftly and steadily up to
+the attack. They reached their skirmishers, and as the latter fell in
+with the main body the whole broke into the peculiar shrill and fitful
+yell of the Southern soldiery, and rushed impetuously upon our line.
+From behind its barricade Hazen's brigade gave the yelling assailants
+two volleys, by front and rear rank, and then, as the enemy staggered
+under the regular blows, the command "Load and fire at will!" rang along
+the line. Out burst a swift storm of lead, before which the wasting
+ranks of the assailants first wavered, and then stopped to open a rapid
+but wild and diminishing fire against the barricade. For a moment or two
+their colors waved defiantly at their front as their officers rode
+among them in the vain endeavor to hold them to the hopeless effort; and
+then they turned and vanished into the deep recesses of the forest
+whence they came. Not as they came, however, but as a flying multitude
+of panic-stricken men, insensible to authority, conscious only of their
+defeat and their peril.
+
+Ah! but this was quite different from yesterday's work, thought the men
+of Hazen's brigade. It is one thing to march up to an enemy waiting to
+receive you on his chosen ground, and another to lie quietly in position
+and let your enemy feel his way up until he is within fair range. This
+was the thought after the successful defence: before the fight it is a
+question whether it does not require greater steadiness of nerve to wait
+inactive for an attack than to rush forward in an onslaught. Officers
+and men in Palmer's division were in excellent spirits. They saw that
+their comrades on the right and the left had met with equally good
+fortune. Johnson's division on one side and Reynolds's on the other
+remained as steady as rocks.
+
+It was nearly eleven o'clock, and all had prospered with us thus far.
+The enemy was getting his share of bloody repulses, of which we had had
+more than enough the day before. The attacks upon our line had begun
+upon the left, and were traveling toward our right. The two armies were
+thus brought together gradually, something after the manner of
+scissor-blades when they are slowly closed. The four divisions on the
+left had already successfully withstood the shock, which it was to be
+supposed the enemy had made as heavy as possible at that point, since
+the left was the vital point of the whole line. Success there would give
+him the line of retreat to Chattanooga, with Rosecrans's entire army
+shut out. Besides, we knew that the line was stronger toward the right,
+where at least two divisions were in reserve. No one apprehended
+disaster, therefore, when a long and rapid roll of musketry far to the
+right told that the enemy was attacking there. "Brannan and Wood are
+attending to 'em now!" said General Palmer, standing in a group of
+officers in rear of Hazen's brigade. The talk went on as before--about
+the successful defences of the morning, the barricade, Baird's splendid
+recovery, etc. But soon everybody was listening anxiously to the sounds
+of the battle on the right. The roar of musketry had worked round until
+it was behind our right shoulders as we stood facing to our front. There
+could be no doubt about it: the line had given way somewhere on the
+right, and the enemy was following up. It was not long before stray
+bullets were singing behind and among us, flying in a direction parallel
+to our line. Then, all in a moment, a battery far to the right and rear
+opened a rapid fire, and some of its shells came shrieking into the rear
+of Palmer's and Johnson's divisions. Meanwhile, the crash and roar of
+battle came nearer and nearer, until the attack struck Reynolds on the
+flank and in rear. But he had been forewarned, and his line was swung
+backward, at right angles with his original position, to face the attack
+from the new direction. Even then he was forced backward until his men
+were stretched across the open field in rear of Palmer's division, and
+the battle was going on directly behind us. Something--a shell
+perhaps--set fire to a log house at the upper end of this field, not
+three hundred yards from our brigade. This house had been taken for a
+hospital the night before. It was filled with wounded men, too badly
+hurt to be taken farther away in the ambulances, and the regular
+hospital flag floated above it. This unfortunate house, with its maimed
+occupants, was brought between Reynolds's men and the attacking enemy
+when the former were driven into the open field; and, despite the
+non-combatant flag flying from the gable, it was riddled with shells
+from the Southern batteries. I do not charge upon those gunners a
+knowledge of the facts here given: their batteries were some distance
+away through the forest. However, whether they saw the house and the
+flag or not, their fire swept mercilessly through the house, while many
+a stout-hearted soldier, knowing what was there, wished that if he were
+to be hit at all, he might be struck dead at once, and so avoid such
+sickening horrors.
+
+For the second time on that memorable day it looked for a few moments as
+if Palmer would have to face his men about and fight to the rear.
+Preparations to do this were made on the right of the division, but,
+fortunately, the appalling disaster which seemed imminent in the
+complete encompassing of the four divisions of the left was averted. The
+enemy yielded at last to the stubborn resistance, and Reynolds
+re-established his line--not upon the old ground entirely, but to
+conform to the altered situation. He was now the right of the army upon
+the original field, and four divisions comprised all that was left of
+the Army of the Cumberland in the position of the morning.
+
+The divisions of the centre and the right--where were they? Brannan, and
+Wood, and Negley, and Davis, and Van Cleve, and gallant Sheridan, who
+held stubbornly his division even amid the panic at Stone River--where
+were they? And Rosecrans, commander of the army; Thomas, the hero in
+every fight; rash McCook and unfortunate Crittenden, chiefs of corps?
+Gone with the centre and the right of the army; gone with the reserves
+and the artillery; gone with the ammunition-trains; gone with everything
+that belonged to the Army of the Cumberland except four divisions of
+unconquered soldiers with half-filled cartridge-boxes and with hearts
+that knew no fear.
+
+All gone? No! In the hush which came after Reynolds's desperate defence,
+and while hearts were yet beating fast from watching the doubtful fight,
+there arose far off to the right and rear a roar of musketry, telling
+that somewhere in the distance the flags of the Army of the Cumberland
+still waved before the foe, as they did with us. Long afterward we knew
+that this was Thomas--he who would not leave the field amid the wreck
+which surrounded him--Thomas, with his fragments, posted on a commanding
+ridge and bravely beating off the thickening foes about him.
+
+The story of the disaster is an old one. It is hardly necessary to tell
+how Wood, in the main line on the right of Brannan, received an order
+from Rosecrans to support Reynolds, the second division in line to the
+left of Wood; how the gallant soldier hesitated to obey an order from
+which such disaster might come; how McCook, chief of corps, told Wood
+the order was imperative, and promised to put a reserve division into
+the line to take his place; how Wood withdrew from the line, as ordered,
+at the fatal moment when the enemy was preparing to attack; how the
+furious foe pressed through the gap, cut the army in two, struck the
+lines to right and left in flank and rear, swept the centre, the right
+wing and the reserves off the field, and doubled up and crushed the left
+wing as far as Reynolds's division, whose fortune has been told. All
+this is familiar enough now, but those who remained on the field in the
+four divisions of the left knew nothing of it then. They only knew that
+the line was broken beyond Reynolds, and that, although somewhere in the
+distance was a force which had not yet fled nor surrendered, they were
+left to bear alone the battle against Bragg's victorious army. The odds
+were five or six to one--perhaps more, maybe less. It did not matter to
+be precise: Bragg had men enough to put a double line of troops entirely
+around the four divisions. That was enough.
+
+It was after midday when the disaster was complete and the divisions of
+Baird, Johnson, Palmer and Reynolds were able to understand the
+situation. I need not recount in detail the repeated attempts of the
+enemy to crush the line of the four divisions at one point and another.
+If the reader can recall the description of the first attack on Palmer's
+division, he will have a very fair example of the work which busied us
+at intervals during those long hours. The enemy was, of course, not
+unaware of his great success in dividing the army and driving off the
+greater part of it; nor was he lacking in efforts to improve the
+advantage by destroying the divisions which yet confronted him. Every
+attack, however, resulted in failure, and the assailants retired each
+time with heavy losses. At length it was evident to us that it had
+become difficult to bring even Longstreet's boasted troops up to attacks
+which met such sure and bloody repulses. There were but four divisions
+against an army, but the four would not be taken or driven.
+
+With hands and faces blackened by the smoke and dust of battle those men
+stood devotedly to their posts, their ranks thinned by every assault,
+but their aim as fatal as ever. But one dread possessed them: ammunition
+ran short, and there were no supplies. In the intervals between the
+enemy's assaults the cartridge-boxes of dead comrades along the line and
+in the open field, where were the fierce struggles of the morning, were
+emptied of their contents to replenish the failing stock of the
+survivors. More precious than food and water, though they were sorely
+needed, were these inheritances from the dead.
+
+The long afternoon wore slowly away. Night could not come too soon, but
+it seemed that never before was it so tardy. Officers and men were
+tortured by thirst. Their tongues were swollen and their lips black and
+distended, often to bursting. Speech became difficult or absolutely
+impossible. Officers mumbled their commands, and prayed silently for
+darkness to save them from enforced surrender or flight when the last
+cartridge should be spent.
+
+Meantime, the relentless but cautious foe was carefully feeling his way
+around the flanks, apparently unwilling to venture boldly into the rear
+of the little army which he could not move by attack in front. A group
+of officers stood by their horses in rear of Hazen's brigade when the
+crack of an Enfield rifle was heard from the woods in rear across the
+open field. A bullet came whizzing into the group and killed a colonel's
+horse. Other shots followed from the same direction. The woods behind us
+were evidently occupied by the enemy's skirmishers. A captain
+volunteered to take his company and clear the woods, but ammunition was
+too scarce to waste on sharpshooters.
+
+Word came at last, in some way, that Thomas, whose firing we heard far
+to the right and rear, was sorely pressed. A consultation was held by
+the four division generals. They needed a commander, but who should it
+be? Who would take command of that beleaguered force and undertake to
+extricate it from its surrounding peril or deliver it over to Thomas?
+Would Palmer? No. Would Reynolds? No. The stern duty of fighting their
+divisions until they could fight no longer, and doing then whatever
+desperate thing might be possible--that they would not fail in; but that
+responsibility was as great as they cared to assume. Up came Hazen then.
+"I'll take my brigade across that interval," said he, "and find Thomas
+if he's there." Palmer objected: it would make a gap in his line; it
+would expose one of his brigades to a thousand chances of
+destruction--for who could tell what forces of the enemy were in that
+interval or watching it?--and finally, it would take away the brigade
+which had most ammunition, for Hazen had husbanded his store. But
+something must be done. If the four divisions could hold out until
+night, somebody must command them and take them out if it could be done.
+Thomas was the proper commander, and he was needed. It was agreed that
+Hazen should make the attempt.
+
+The brigade was withdrawn from the line which it had faithfully held all
+day, and some disposition made to fill the gap. Hazen formed his
+regiments in close masses, faced them to the right and rear, covered his
+front with a trusty battalion as skirmishers, waved an adieu to the
+comrades left behind, and plunged into the unknown forest in the
+direction of Thomas's firing. On and on went the brigade and came nearer
+and nearer to the ridge which Thomas held. Suddenly, the skirmishers
+strike obliquely an opposing line. They brush it away in an instant, but
+the warning is not lost. Keep more to the rear: no fighting now, though
+you should whip three to one. The fate of the four divisions rests upon
+that. With quick and steady tread the regiments move on. They clear the
+wood at last, climb the end of a ridge through a field of standing
+corn, and burst into an open field at the summit amid the wild cheers of
+Thomas's exhausted men, while Thomas himself, beloved of all the army,
+rides down to take Hazen by the hand. And not a moment too soon.
+
+Almost at the very instant Thomas's skirmishers along the front of the
+ridge broke out into a rattling fire, and were seen falling back. The
+enemy was about to make his final effort, and it was to be against the
+flank where now lay Hazen's brigade. Quickly deploying his regiments,
+Hazen placed them in four lines, closed one upon another, and the men
+lay flat upon their faces. The yell of the enemy was heard in the wood
+below, and in a moment the declivity in front was covered with the heavy
+lines of the assailants. Then the first of Hazen's regiments was brought
+to its feet and poured its volley straight into the faces of the
+oncoming foe. The next regiment, and the next, and then the last,
+followed in quick succession. The echoes of the last volley had hardly
+died away before the enemy, who came on so confident and so strong, had
+disappeared, crushed and broken, into the forest, leaving the hillside
+strewn with his dead and wounded.
+
+So ended the fighting. Night came down and shrouded the fierce
+combatants from each other's sight.
+
+The dusky ranks take up the unfamiliar march with faces from the foe.
+Their drums are silent, and their bugles voice-less as the spirit-horns
+which marshal their heroic dead upon the farther shore. The shadowy
+ranks pass on into the night. Bearing their close-furled banners and
+their empty guns, they pass on into the sad and silent night of
+Chickamauga to await the glorious sun of Mission Ridge.
+
+ROBERT LEWIS KIMBERLY.
+
+
+    NOTE.--The writer is aware that this narrative of the battle of
+    Chickamauga differs so materially from the commonly-received
+    impressions of that event that it ought to be supported by more
+    than his own authority. The reader will observe that the main
+    narrative is made up of the experiences of one command, that to
+    which the writer belonged, and of which he can therefore speak
+    as of things which he saw. For the statements of the general
+    battle reference is made to official reports, as follows: (1) In
+    regard to the first day's battle, see report of General W.S.
+    Rosecrans, which may be found in vol. vii. of Putnam's
+    _Rebellion Record_, p. 222 and following pages. (2) In regard to
+    the complete isolation of the four divisions of the left during
+    the second day, and the final opening of communication with
+    General Thomas, see General W.B. Hazen's official report on p.
+    238 of the volume above quoted.
+
+    The writer also quotes, by permission, from letters from
+    Generals Hazen and Thomas J. Wood, addressed to him within the
+    present year. General Hazen says: "Do not forget about the
+    length of time Thomas was cut off from us--how we could hear
+    nothing from him; how neither Reynolds nor Palmer would assume
+    command," etc. General Wood says, in reference to the great
+    disaster on the second day: "About 11 A.M. I received the
+    following order from General Rosecrans: 'The commanding general
+    directs that you close up on Reynolds as fast as possible, and
+    support him.' As there was an entire division (Brannan's)
+    between my division and Reynolds, I could only close upon the
+    latter and support him by withdrawing my division from line and
+    passing in rear of Brannan to the rear of Reynolds. This I did.
+    Of course I knew it was an order involving perhaps the most
+    momentous consequences, but General McCook concurred with me
+    that it was so emphatic and positive as to demand instant
+    obedience. I write you stubborn facts, and you can use them as
+    such."
+
+    General Wood has been so severely criticised for his obedience
+    to this fatal order that perhaps I should add this further
+    explanation, contained in the letter from which I have quoted
+    above: "After the battle was over, and it was apparent that
+    Rosecrans's ill-considered order had led to a disaster, he
+    offered as an explanation of it the statement that some
+    staff-officer had reported to him that Brannan was out of line,
+    and that he intended I should close to the left on Reynolds, and
+    that I overlooked this direction to close to the left on
+    Reynolds. Certainly, I overlooked it, or rather I did not see
+    it, for it was not there to be seen. On the contrary, I was
+    ordered to close up on Reynolds, and for a purpose--viz., to
+    support him. I remark also that it was impossible for any man,
+    on reading Rosecrans's order to me, to even remotely conjecture
+    that it was based on the supposition that Brannan was out of
+    line. He had previously ordered me to rest my left on Brannan's
+    right, and I had reported to him that I had done so. Colonel
+    Starling (of Crittenden's staff) testified before the
+    McCook-Crittenden court of inquiry that he was with Rosecrans at
+    the time the latter directed the order to be sent to me, and
+    told him that Brannan was not out of line."
+
+
+
+
+THE ATONEMENT OF LEAM DUNDAS.
+
+BY MRS. E. LYNN LINTON, AUTHOR OF "PATRICIA KEMBALL."
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVII.
+
+UNWORTHY.
+
+The storm had passed with the night, and the day was bright and
+joyful--almost hard in its brightness and cruel in its joy; for while
+the sun was shining overhead and the air was musical with the hum of
+insects and the song of birds, the flowers were broken, the tender
+plants destroyed, the uncut corn was laid as if a troop of horse had
+trampled down the crops, and the woods, like the gardens and the fields,
+were wrecked and spoiled. But of all the mourners sighing between earth
+and sky, Nature is the one that never repents, and the sun shines out
+over the saddest ruin as it shines out over the richest growth, as
+careless of the one as of the other.
+
+Edgar came down from the Hill in the sunshine, handsome, strong, jocund
+as the day. As he rode through the famous double avenue of chestnuts he
+thought, What a glorious day! how clear and full of life after the
+storm! but he noted the wreckage too, and was concerned to see how the
+trees and fields had suffered. Still, the one would put forth new
+branches and fresh leaves next year; and if the other had been roughly
+handled, there was yet a salvage to be garnered. The ruin was not
+irreparable, and he was in the mood to make the best of things. Do not
+the first days of a happy love ever give the happiest kind of philosophy
+for man and woman to go on?
+
+And he was happy in his love. Who more so? He was on his way now to Ford
+House as a man going to his own, serene and confident of his possession.
+He had left his treasure overnight, and he went to take it up again,
+sure to find it where he had laid it down. He had no thought of the
+thief who might have stolen it in the dark hours, of the rust that might
+have cankered it in the chill of the gray morning. He only pictured to
+himself its beauty, its sweetness and undimmed radiance--only remembered
+that this treasure was his, his own and his only, unshared by any, and
+known in its excellence by none before him.
+
+He rode up to the door glad, dominant, assured. Life was very pleasant
+to the strong man and ardent lover--the English gentleman with his
+happiness in his own keeping, and his future marked out in a clear broad
+pathway before him. There was no cloud in his sky, no shadow on his sea:
+it was all sunshine and serenity--man the master of his own fate and the
+ruler of circumstance--man the supreme over all things, a woman's past
+included.
+
+Not seeing Leam in the garden, Edgar rang the bells and was shown into
+the drawing-room, where she was sitting alone. The down-drawn blinds had
+darkened the room to a pleasant gloom for eyes somewhat overpowered by
+the blazing sunshine and the dazzling white clouds flung like heaps of
+snow against the hard bright blue of the sky; yet something struck more
+chill than restful on the lover as he came through the doorway, little
+fanciful or sentimental as he was.
+
+Leam, who had not been in bed through the night, was sitting on the sofa
+in the remotest and darkest part of the room. She rose as he
+entered--rose only, not coming forward to meet him, but standing in her
+place silent, pale, yet calm and collected. She did not look at him, but
+neither did she blush nor tremble. There was something statuesque,
+almost dead, about her--something that was not the same Leam whom he had
+known from the first.
+
+He went up to her, both hands held out. She shrank back and folded hers
+in each other, still not looking at him.
+
+"Why, Leam, what is it?" he cried in amazement, pained, shocked at her
+action. Was she in her right mind? Had she heard of his former
+attentions to Adelaide, divined their ultimate meaning, and been seized
+with a mad idea of sacrifice and generosity? It must be with Adelaide,
+he thought, rapidly reviewing his past. He was absolutely safe about
+Violet Cray, who had never known his name; and those later Indian
+affairs were dead and as good as buried. What, then, did it mean?
+
+"No, not till you have heard me," said Leam in a low voice. "And never
+after."
+
+"My darling! what is it?" he repeated.
+
+"You must not call me dear names: I am unworthy," said Leam. "No,"
+checking him as he would have spoken, smiling with a sense of relief
+that her craze--if it was a craze--went to the visionary side of her own
+unworthiness, and was not due to any knowledge of his misdemeanors, as
+she might think them. "Do not speak. I have to tell you. I had forgotten
+it," she went on to say in the same tense, compressed manner--the manner
+of one who has a task to get through, and has gathered all her strength
+for the effort, leaving none to be squandered in emotion--"I was so
+happy in these last days I had forgotten it. Now I have remembered, and
+we must part."
+
+Edgar was grieved to see her in such deadly trouble, for it was easy to
+see her pain beneath her still exterior, but he was confident, and if
+grieved not afraid. Leam's little life, so innocent and uneventful as it
+must have been, could hold no such tremendous evil, could have been
+smirched with no such damning stain, as that at which she seemed to
+hint. Grant even that there had been something more between her and
+Alick Corfield than he would quite like to hear--which was his first
+thought--still, that more must needs be very little, could but be very
+simple. His wife must be spotless--that he knew, and he would marry none
+whose past was not as unsullied as new-fallen snow, as unsullied as must
+be her future--absolute purity--the unruffled emotions of a maidenhood
+undisturbed until now even by dreams, even by visions. He owed it to
+himself and his position that his wife, man of many loves as he was,
+should be this; but at the worst the childish affection of brother and
+sister, which was all that could possibly have been between Leam and
+that awkward young gangrel Alick Corfield, could have nothing in it that
+he ought to take to heart or that should influence him. Yes, he might
+smile and not be afraid. And indeed her delicate conscience was another
+grace in his eyes. He loved her more than ever for the honesty that must
+confess all its little sins. Sweet Leam! Leam having to confess! Leam!
+she who was almost too modest for an ordinary lover's comfort, needing
+to be tamed out of her savage bashfulness, not to be reproved for
+transgressing the proper reticence of an English maid. It was a pretty
+play, but it was only a play.
+
+"Come and sit by me and make full confession, my darling," he said
+lovingly.
+
+"I will stand where I am. You sit," said Leam, without looking at him.
+
+He seated himself on the sofa. "And now what has my little culprit to
+say for herself?" he asked pleasantly, putting on a playful magisterial
+air.
+
+"It is over," said Leam, her hands pressed in each other with so tight a
+clasp that the strained knuckles were white and started. "You must not
+love me: I cannot be your wife."
+
+"Why?" He showed his square white teeth beneath the golden sweep of his
+moustache, his moist red lips parted, always smiling.
+
+"I have done a great crime," said Leam in a low, monotonous voice.
+
+"A crime! That is a large word for a small peccadillo--larger than any
+sin of yours merits, my sweetheart."
+
+"You do not know," said Leam with a despairing gesture. "How can you
+know when you have not heard?"
+
+"Well, what may be its name?" he asked, willing to humor her.
+
+She paused for a moment: then with a visible effort, drawing in her
+breath, she said, in a voice that was unnaturally calm and low, "I
+killed madame."
+
+"Leam!" cried Edgar, "how can you talk such nonsense? The thing is
+growing beyond a joke. Unsay your words; they are a wrong done to _me_."
+
+He had started to his feet while he spoke, and now stood before her
+with a strangely scared and startled face. Naturally, as such a man
+would, he was resolute not to accept such a terrible confession, and one
+so unlikely, so impossible; but something in the girl's voice and
+manner, something in its sad, still reality, seemed to overpower his
+determination to find this simply a bad joke which she was playing off
+on his credulity. And then the thing fitted only too well. He had heard
+half a dozen times of Madame de Montfort's sudden death, and how very
+strange it was that the draught which she had taken so often with
+impunity before should have been found so laden with prussic acid on the
+first night of her homecoming as to kill her in an instant--how strange,
+too, that not the strictest search or inquiry could come upon a trace of
+such poison bought or possessed by any member of the family, for what
+police-officer would look to find a sixty-minim bottle of prussic acid
+concealed among the coils of a young girl's hair? And when Leam said in
+that quiet if desperate manner that it was she who had killed madame,
+her words made the whole mystery clear and solved the as yet unsolved
+problem.
+
+Nevertheless, he would not believe her, but said again, passionately,
+"Unsay your words, Leam: they offend me."
+
+"I cannot," said Leam.
+
+He laughed scornfully. "Kill Madame de Montfort. Absurd! You could not.
+It was impossible for a girl like you to kill any one," he cried in
+broken sentences. "How could you do such a thing, Leam, and not be found
+out? Silly child! you are raving."
+
+"I put poison into the bottle, and she died," said Leam in a half
+whisper.
+
+"Leam! you a murderess!"
+
+She quivered at the word, at the tone of loathing, of abhorrence, of
+almost terror, in which he said it, but she held her terrible ground.
+She had begun her martyrdom, her agony of atonement for the sake of
+truth and love, and she must go through now to the end. "Yes," she said,
+"I am a murderess. Now you know all, and why you must not love me."
+
+"I cannot believe you," he pleaded helplessly. "It is too horrible. My
+darling, say that you have told me this to try me--that it is not true,
+and that you are still my own, my very own, my pure and sinless Leam."
+
+He knelt at her feet, clasping her waist. He was not of those who, like
+Alick, could bear the sin of the beloved as the sacrifice of pride, of
+self, of soul to that love. He himself might be stained from head to
+heel with the soil of sin, but his wife must be, as has been said,
+without flaw or blemish, immaculate and free from fault. Any lapse,
+involving the loss of repute should it ever be made public, would have
+been the death-knell of his hopes, the requiem of his love; but such an
+infamy as this! If true it was only too final.
+
+"Oh, no! no! do not do that," cried Leam, trying to unclasp his hands.
+"Do not kneel to me. I ought to kneel to you," she added with a little
+cry that struck with more than pity to Edgar's heart, and that nearly
+broke her down for so much relaxing of the strain, so much yielding to
+her grief, as it included.
+
+"Leam, tell me you are joking--tell me that you did not do this awful
+thing," he cried again, his handsome face, blanched and drawn, upturned
+to her in agony.
+
+She put her hands over her eyes. "I cannot lie to you," she said. "And I
+must not degrade you. Do not touch me: I am not good enough to be
+touched by you."
+
+He loosened his arms, and she shrank from him almost as if she faded
+away.
+
+"Why did you deceive me?" he groaned. "You should not have let me love
+you, knowing the truth."
+
+"I did not know that you loved me, or that I loved you, till that
+night," she pleaded piteously. "If I had known I would have prevented
+it. I have told you as soon as I remembered."
+
+"You have broken my heart," he cried, flinging himself on the sofa, his
+face buried in the cushions. And then, strong man as he was, a brave
+soldier and an English country gentleman, he burst into a passion of
+tears that shook him as the storm had shaken the earth last
+night--tears that were the culmination of his agony, not its relief.
+
+Leam stood by him as pale as the shattered lilies in the garden. What
+could she do? How could she comfort him? Tainted and dishonored, she
+dared not even lay her hand on his--her infamous and murderous hand, and
+he so pure and noble! Neither could she pray for him, nor yet for
+herself. Pray? to whom? To God? God had turned His face away from her,
+even as her lover had now turned away his: He was angry with her, and
+still unappeased. She dared not pray to Him, and He would not hear her
+if she did. The saints were no longer the familiar and parental deities,
+grave and helpful, to whom she could refer all her sorrows and
+perplexities, as in earlier times, sure of speedy succor. The teaching
+of the later days had destroyed the simple fetichism of childhood; and
+now--afraid of God, by whom she was unforgiven; the saints swept out of
+her spiritual life like those mist-wreaths of morning which were once
+taken for solid towers and impregnable fortresses; the Holy Mother
+vanished with the rest; all spiritual help a myth, all spiritual
+consolation gone--how could she pray? Lonely as her life had been since
+mamma died, it had never been so lonely as now, when she felt that God
+had abandoned her, and that she had sacrificed her lover to her sense of
+truth and honor and what was due to his nobility.
+
+She stood by him and watched his passionate outburst with anguish
+infinitely more intense than his own. To have caused him this sorrow was
+worse than to have endured it for herself. There was no sacrifice of
+self that she could not have made for his good. Spaniard as she was, she
+would have been above jealousy if another woman would have made him
+happier than she; and if her death would have given him gain or joy, she
+would have died for him as another would have lived. Yet it was she, and
+she only, who was causing him this pain, who was destroying his
+happiness and breaking his heart.
+
+She dared not speak nor move. It took all the strength she drew from
+silence to keep her from breaking into a more terrible storm of grief
+than even that into which he had fallen. She dared not make a sign, but
+simply stood there, doing her best to bear her heavy burden to the end.
+The only feeling that she had for herself was that it was cruel not to
+let her die, and why did not mute anguish kill her?
+
+For the rest, she knew that she had done the thing that was right,
+however hard. It was not fitting that she should be his wife; and it was
+better that he should suffer for the moment than be degraded for all
+time by association with one so shameful, so dishonored, as herself.
+
+Presently, Edgar cleared his eyes and lifted up his face. He was angry
+with himself for this unmanly burst of feeling, and because angry with
+himself disposed for the moment to be hard on her. She was standing
+there in exactly the same spot and just the same attitude as before, her
+head a little bent, her hands twined in each other, her eyes with the
+pleading, frightened look of confession turned timidly to him; but as he
+raised himself from the sofa, pushing back his hair and striding to the
+window as if to hide the fact of his having shed tears, she turned her
+eyes to the floor. She was beginning to feel now that she must not even
+look at him. The gulf that separated them, dug by her own ineffaceable
+crime, was so deep, the distance so wide!
+
+A painful silence fell between them: then Edgar, not looking at her,
+said in a constrained voice, "I will keep your dreadful secret, Leam,
+sacredly for ever. You feel sure of that, I hope. But, as you say, we
+must part. I do not pretend to be better than other men, but I could not
+take as my wife one who had been guilty of such an awful crime as this."
+
+"No," said Leam, her parched lips scarcely able to form a word at all.
+
+"Your secret will be safe with me," he repeated.
+
+She did not reply. In giving up himself she had given up all that made
+life lovely, and the refuse might as well go as not.
+
+"But we must part."
+
+"Yes," said Leam.
+
+He turned back to the window, desperately troubled. He did really love
+her, passionately, sincerely. He longed at this very moment to take her
+in his arms and tell her that he would accept her crime if only he might
+have herself. Had he not been the master of the Hill and a Harrowby he
+would have done so, but the master of the Hill and the head of the house
+of Harrowby had a character to maintain and a social ideal to keep pure.
+He could not bring into such a home as his, present to his mother as her
+daughter, to his sisters as their sister, a girl who by her own
+confession was a murderess--a girl who, if the law had its due, would be
+hanged by the neck in the precincts of the county jail till she was
+dead. He might have been sinful enough in his own life, in the ordinary
+way of men--and truly there were passages in his past that would
+scarcely bear the light--but what were the worst of his misdemeanors
+compared with this awful crime? No: he must resolutely crush the last
+lingering impulse of tenderness, and leave her to work through her own
+tribulation, as he also must work through his.
+
+"But we must part," he said for a third time.
+
+Her lips quivered. She did not answer, only bent her head in sign of
+acquiescence.
+
+"It is hard to say it, harder still to do; and I who loved you so
+dearly!" cried Edgar with the angry despair of a man forced against
+himself to give up his desire.
+
+She put up her hands. "Don't!" she said with a sharp cry. "I cannot bear
+to hear about your love."
+
+He gave a sudden sob. Her love for him was very precious to him--his for
+her very strong.
+
+"Why did you tell me?" he then said. "And yet you did the right thing to
+tell me: I was wrong to say that. It was good of you, Leam--noble, like
+yourself."
+
+"I love you. That is not being noble," she answered slowly and with
+infinite pathos. "I could not have deceived you after I remembered."
+
+"You are too noble to deceive," he said, holding out his hand.
+
+Leam turned away. "I am not fit to touch your hand," she said, the very
+pride of contrition in her voice--pride for him, if humiliation for
+herself.
+
+"For this once," he pleaded.
+
+"I am unworthy," she answered.
+
+At this moment little Fina came jumping into the room. She had in her
+hand a rose-colored scarf that had once been poor madame's, and which
+the nurse, turning out an old box of hers, had found and given to the
+child.
+
+After she had kissed Edgar, played with his _br�loques_, looked at the
+works of his watch, plaited his beard into three strings, and done all
+that she generally did in the way of welcome, she shook out the gauze
+scarf over her dress.
+
+"This was mamma's--my own mamma's," she said. "Leam will never tell me
+about mamma: you tell me, Major Harrowby," coaxingly.
+
+"I cannot: I did not know her," said Edgar in an altered voice, while
+Leam looked as if her judgment had come, but bore it as she had borne
+all the rest, resolutely.
+
+"I want to hear about mamma, and who killed her," pouted Fina.
+
+"Hush, Fina," said Leam in an agony: "you must not talk."
+
+"You always say that, Leam, when I want to hear about mamma," was the
+child's petulant reply.
+
+"Go away now, dear little Fina," said Edgar, who felt all that Leam must
+feel at these inopportune words, and who, moreover, weak as he was in
+this direction, was longing for one last caress.
+
+"I will go and send her nurse," said Leam, half staggering to the door.
+
+Had anything been wanting to show her the impossibility of their
+marriage, this incident of Fina's random but incisive words would have
+been enough.
+
+"Leam! not one word more?" he asked as he stood against the door,
+holding the handle in his hand.
+
+"No," she said hopelessly. "What words can we have together?"
+
+"And we are parting like this, and for ever?"
+
+"For ever. Yes, it has to be for ever," she answered almost
+mechanically.
+
+"Leam, why did you love me?" he cried, taking her hands in his and
+keeping them.
+
+"How could I help it? Who would not love you?" she answered.
+
+Again he gave a sudden heavy sob, and again the poor pale, tortured face
+reflected the pain it witnessed.
+
+"Good-bye!" she then said, drawing her hands from his. "Remember only,
+when you blame me, that I told you, not to let you be degraded. And
+forgive me before I die, for I loved you--ah, better than my own life!"
+
+With a sudden impulse she stooped forward, took back his right hand in
+both of hers, pressed it to her bosom, kissed it passionately again and
+again, then turned with one faint, half-suppressed moan, and left him.
+And as he heard her light feet cross the hall, wearily, heavily, as the
+feet of a mourner dragging by the grave of the beloved, he knew that his
+dream of love was over. But, with the strange satire of the senses in
+moments of sorrow, noting ever the most trivial things, Edgar noted
+specially the powerful perfume of a spray of lemon-plant which she
+bruised as she pressed his hand against her breast.
+
+That evening Edgar Harrowby went down to the rectory. He was strong
+enough in physique and in some phases of will, but he was not strong all
+through, and he had never been able to face unassisted the first
+desolation of a love-disappointment.
+
+Adelaide, in a picturesque dress and her most becoming mood, welcomed
+him with careful cordiality as a prodigal whose husks, clinging about
+his coat, were to be handled tenderly as if they were pearls. She saw
+that something was gravely wrong, and she grasped the line of connection
+if she did not understand the issue; but, mindful of the doctrine of
+letting well alone--also of that of catching a heart at the rebound--she
+made no allusion in the beginning, but let her curiosity gnaw her like
+the Spartan boy's fox without making a sign. At last, however, her
+curiosity became impatience, and her impatience conquered her reserve.
+She was clever in her generation and fairly self-controlled, but she was
+only a woman, after all.
+
+"And when did you see that eccentric little lady, Miss Leam?" she asked
+with a smile--not a bitter smile, merely one of careless amusement, as
+if Leam was acknowledged to be a comical subject of conversation and one
+naturally provoking a smile.
+
+"Dear Adelaide," said Edgar, not looking at her, but speaking with
+unusual earnestness, "do not speak ill of Leam Dundas--neither to me nor
+to any one else. I ask it as a favor."
+
+Adelaide turned pale. "Tell me only one thing, Edgar: are you going to
+marry her?" she asked, her manner as earnest as his own, but with a
+different meaning.
+
+"No. Marry her? Good God, no!" was his vehement reply. Then more
+tenderly: "But for all that do not speak ill of her. Will you promise,
+dear, good friend?"
+
+"Yes, I will promise," she answered with what was for her fervor and a
+sudden look of intense relief. "I never will again, Edgar; and I am
+sorry if I have hurt you at any time by what I may have said. I did not
+mean to do so."
+
+"No, I know you did not. I can appreciate your motives, and they were
+good," Edgar answered with emotion; and then their two pairs of fine
+blue eyes met, and both pairs were moist.
+
+This was just at the moment when Leam, pale, rigid as a statue, thickly
+veiled, and holding a box in her hand, met Mr. Gryce in Steel's Wood, he
+having gone to catch such rare specimens of sleeping lepidoptera as the
+place afforded and his eyes could discern.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVIII.
+
+BLOTTED OUT.
+
+Gone! no one knew where. Gone in the night like a falling star, like a
+passing cloud--gone and left no trace, vanished like the sunshine of
+yesterday or the flowers of last spring! No one knew what had become of
+her, and no one knew where to look for her; for the sole information
+gathered by the scared neighbors was, that Leam Dundas was missing and
+no one had seen her go.
+
+She was thought by some to have simply run away after the manner of
+undisciplined youth aiming at mock heroism; but where, or with whom?
+for, said the keen-eyed women and large-mouthed men, incredulous of
+maiden meditation fancy free, a pretty young thing of nineteen would
+never have left her comfortable home, her father, friends and good name,
+without some lover stirring in the matter. And this lover was just the
+missing link not to be found anywhere. Others said she had drowned
+herself; but here, again, Why? Young girls do not give up their precious
+freight of hope in love and present joy in youth for a trifling ailment
+or a temporary annoyance. And nothing worse than either could have
+befallen Leam, said the reasoners, putting their little twos and twos
+together and totting up the items with the serene accuracy of spiritual
+arithmeticians, dealing with human emotion as if it was a sum in long
+division which any schoolboy could calculate.
+
+Edgar Harrowby, however, who came forward manfully enough to say when
+and where--if not how--he had last seen Miss Dundas, leant to the side
+of the believers in suicide, and on his own responsibility ordered the
+Broad to be dragged. Which looked ugly, said a few of the rasher spirits
+in the village, cherishing suspicion of their betters as the birthright
+which had never had a chance of being bartered for a mess of pottage;
+while the more contemptuous, critical after the event, gave it as their
+opinion that the major had a bee in his bonnet somewhere, for what
+gentleman in his seven sane senses would have looked for such a mare's
+nest as Miss Leam Dundas lying among the bulrushes of the Broad? Drowned
+herself? No: it was no drowning of herself that had come to little miss,
+be sure of that.
+
+What, however, had come to her no one knew. The fact only was certain:
+she had gone, and no one had met her coming or seen her going, and for
+all trace left she might as well have melted into air like one of the
+fairy women of romance. To be sure, the servants had heard her in her
+room in the early evening, and she had refused the tea which they had
+brought her, and told them, through the closed door, that she wanted
+nothing more that night. So they left her to herself, supposing her to
+be in one of her queer moods, to which they were used to give but scant
+heed, and not thinking more about her. The next morning she was missing,
+but when she had gone was as dark as where.
+
+The discovery, later in the day, that certain effects, such as her
+mother's dressing-case and a few personal necessities of daily use, were
+gone too, seemed to dispose effectually of the theory of suicide; though
+what remained, a lover, companion of her flight, being wanting? It was a
+strange thing altogether, and the country was alive with wild theories
+and wild reports. But in a few days a letter from Mr. Dundas to the
+rector, and another to Edgar, set the question of self-destruction at
+rest, though also they gave loose to other energies of conjecture, for
+in both he said, "No harm has come to her, and I am content to let her
+remain where she has elected to place herself."
+
+As it was just this _where_ which tormented the folk with the sense of
+mystery and made them eager for news, the father's meagre
+explanation--which, in point of fact, was no explanation at all--was not
+found very satisfactory, and a few hard words were said of Mr. Dundas,
+his reserve to the world being taken for the same thing as indifference
+to his daughter, and resented as an offence. But for the third time in
+his life Sebastian was found capable of maintaining this impenetrable
+reserve. Pepita's true status in her own country--madame's suspicious
+debts and those damaging letters from London--Leam's hiding-place: he
+had had strength enough to keep his own counsel about the first two
+unbroken, and now he betrayed no more about this last. It may as well be
+said that for this he had sufficient reason. Leam, who had confessed
+her crime, and announced her intention of flight and of hiding herself
+where no one should find her again, had not told him more than these
+bare bones of the story. And he did not care to know more. The skeleton
+was horrible enough as it stood: he was by no means inclined to clothe
+it with the flesh of detail, still less to follow his erring child to
+her place of exile. He was content that she should be blotted out. It
+was the sole reparation that she could make.
+
+This sudden disappearance ended the foreign tour which had been
+Josephine's sweetest anticipations of the honeymoon, for Mr. Dundas
+turned back for home at once, intending to put up Ford House for sale
+and leave the place for ever. He was ashamed to live at North Aston, he
+said, after Leam's extraordinary conduct, her shameful, shameless
+_esclandre_, which--said Josephine to her own people, weeping--she
+supposed was due to her, the poor little thing not liking her for a
+stepmother.
+
+"Though, indeed, she need not have been afraid," said the good creature
+effusively, "for I had intended to be kindness itself to the poor dear
+girl."
+
+And when she said this, Mrs. Harrowby who never failed an opportunity
+for moral cautery, remarked dryly, "In all probability it is as well as
+it is, Josephine. You would have been very uncomfortable with her, and
+would have been sure to have spoiled her. And, as Adelaide Birkett
+always says, very sensibly, she is odd enough already. She need not be
+made more so."
+
+Maria threw out a doubt as to whether Mr. Dundas had heard from Leam at
+all. It was not like Sebastian to be so close, she said; but Josephine
+assured her that he had, and bridled a little at the vapory insinuation
+that Sebastian was not perfect. She detailed the whole circumstance with
+all the facts fully fringed and feathered. He had received the letter
+just as they were preparing to go to the Louvre, but he had not shown it
+to her, and she had not asked to see it. She saw, though, that he was
+much agitated when he read it, but he had put it in his pocket, and
+when she looked for it it was not there. All that he had said was, "Leam
+has left home, Josephine, and we must go back at once." Of course she
+had not asked questions, she said with a pleasant little assumption of
+wifely submission. Her search in her husband's pockets was only what
+might have been expected from the average woman, but the wifely
+submission was special.
+
+For this curtailment of their sister's enjoyment Maria and Fanny judged
+Leam almost more severely than for any other delinquency involved in her
+flight. They spoke as if she had planned it purposely to vex her father
+and his bride in their honeymoon and deprive them of their lawful
+pleasure; but Josephine never blamed her as they did, and when they were
+most bitter cast in her little words of soothing and excused her with
+more zeal than evidence--excused her sometimes to the point of making
+her sisters angry with her and inclined to accuse her of her old
+failing, meek-spiritedness carried to the verge of self-abasement.
+
+But the one who suffered most of all those left to lament or to wonder
+was poor Alick Corfield. It was a misery to see him with his hollow
+cheeks and haggard eyes, like an animal that has been hunted into lone
+places, terrified and looking for a way of escape, or like a dog that
+has lost its master. He tried every method known to him to gain
+information of her directly or indirectly, but Mr. Dundas, ignorant
+himself, had only to guard that ignorance from breaking out. As for
+knowledge, he could not give what he did not possess, and the terrible
+thing that he did know he was not likely to let appear.
+
+One day when the poor fellow broke down, as was not unusual with him
+when asking about Leam--and Mr. Dundas read him like a book, all save
+that one black page where the beloved name stood inscribed in letters of
+his own heart's blood between the words "crime" and "murder"--with a
+woman's liking for saying pleasant things which soothed those who heard
+them, and did no hurt to those who said them save for the insignificant
+manner in which falsehood hurts the soul, Sebastian, laying his hand
+kindly on the poor fellow's angular shoulder, said, "I am sorry to know
+as much as I do, Alick. There is no one to whom I would have given her
+so readily as to you, my dear boy. Indeed, it was always one of my hopes
+for the future, poor misguided child! and I can see that it was yours
+too. Ah, how I grieve that it is impossible!"
+
+"Why impossible?" asked Alick, who had the faculty of faith, his pale
+face flushing.
+
+Mr. Dundas turned white. A look not so much of pain as of abhorrence
+came into his face. "Impossible!" he said vehemently. "I would not curse
+my greatest enemy with my daughter's hand."
+
+Alick felt his blood run cold. What did he mean? Did he know all, or was
+he speaking only with the angry feeling of a man who had been
+disappointed and annoyed? There was a short pause. Then said Alick,
+looking straight into Sebastian's eyes and speaking very slowly, but
+with not too much emphasis, "I would hold myself blessed with her as my
+wife had she even committed murder."
+
+Mr. Dundas started perceptibly. "Oh," he answered after a moment's
+hesitation, with a forced and sickly kind of smile, "a silly girl's
+wrong-headedness does not reach quite so far as that. She has done
+wrong, miserably wrong, but between withdrawing herself from her
+father's house and committing such a crime as murder there is rather a
+wide difference. All the same, I am disgraced by her folly," angrily,
+"and I will not let any one--not even you, Alick--know where she is."
+
+"That is cruel to those who love her," pleaded Alick, his eyes filling
+with tears.
+
+"If cruel it is necessary," said Mr. Dundas.
+
+"But she must need friends about her now more than she ever did," urged
+Alick. "Tell me at least where to find her, that I may do what I can to
+console her."
+
+Mr. Dundas shook his head. "No," he said sternly, "She is dead to me,
+and shall be dead to my friends. She is blotted out from my love, and I
+will blot her out from my memory; and no one's persuasions can bring
+back what is effaced. Now, my dear boy, let us understand one another. I
+have surprised your secret: you love my daughter, and had she been
+worthy of you I would have given her to you more willingly than to any
+one I know. But she herself has fixed the gulf between us, which I will
+not pass nor help any one else to pass. Learn to look on her as dead,
+for she is dead to me, to you, to the world."
+
+"Never to me," cried Alick. "While she lives she must be always to me
+what she has been from the first day I saw her. Whatever she has done, I
+shall always love her as much as I do now."
+
+"You are faithful," replied Sebastian, "but trust me, boy, no woman that
+ever lived was worth so much fidelity. I will protect you against your
+own wish, and be your friend in spite of yourself. You shall not know
+where she is, and you shall not throw yourself away on her. As she has
+elected to be effaced, she shall be effaced--blotted out for ever."
+
+"Then I will consecrate my life to finding her," cried Alick warmly.
+
+Mr. Dundas shrugged his shoulders. "Who can persuade a willful man
+against his folly?" he said coldly. "You are following a marsh-light, my
+boy, and if you do find it you will only be landed in a bog."
+
+"If I find her I shall have found my reward," Alick answered with boyish
+fervor. "It will be happiness enough for me if I can bring back one
+smile to her face or lighten one hour of its sorrow."
+
+"Let well alone," said Mr. Dundas; but Alick answered, "Not till it is
+well; and God will help me."
+
+Whereupon the interview ended, and Alick left the house, feeling
+something as one of the knights of old might have felt when he had vowed
+himself to the quest of the Holy Grail.
+
+When Mr. Dundas came home, naturally the families called, as in duty
+bound and by inclination led. Excitement concerning Ford House was at
+its height, for there were two things to keep it alive--the one to see
+how the bride and bridegroom looked, the other to try and pick up
+something definite about Leam. And among the rest came Mr. Gryce, with
+his floating white locks falling about his bland cherubic face, his mild
+blue eyes with their trick of turning red on small provocation, and his
+lisping manner of speech, ingenuous, interrogatory, and knowing nothing
+when interrogated in his turn--somehow gleaning full ears wherever he
+passed, and dropping not even a solitary stalk of straw in return. He
+expressed his sorrow that he had not seen lately his young friend, Miss
+Dundas.
+
+"In my secluded life," he said, his eyelids reddening, "she is like a
+beautiful bird that flashes through the dull sky for a moment, but
+leaves the atmosphere brighter than before." He glanced round the room
+as if looking for her. "I hope she is well?" he added, not attempting to
+conceal a certain accent of disappointment at her absence.
+
+"Quite well when I heard from her," answered Mr. Dundas, doing his best
+to speak without embarrassment.
+
+Mr. Gryce turned his face in frank astonishment on the speaker. "Ah! She
+is from home, then?" he asked.
+
+"Yes," said Mr. Dundas curtly.
+
+"I had not heard," lisped the tenant of Lionnet. "But I myself have been
+from home for a few days, and have just returned. Though, indeed,
+present or absent, I know very little of my neighbors' doings, as you
+may see. I did not even know that Miss Dundas was from home."
+
+"Yet it was pretty widely talked about," said Mr. Dundas, with a certain
+suspicious glance at the cherubic face smiling innocently into his.
+
+"Doubtless the absence of Miss Dundas must have caused a gap," replied
+Mr. Gryce, "but you see, as I said, I have been away myself, and when I
+am at home I do not gossip."
+
+"Have--Where have you been?" asked Mr. Dundas abruptly, with that sudden
+glance as suddenly withdrawn which tells of a half-formed suspicion
+neither dwelt on nor clearly made out.
+
+"To Paris," said Mr. Gryce demurely. "I went to see--"
+
+"Oh! you went to see Notre Dame and La Madeleine of course," interrupted
+Sebastian satirically.
+
+"No," answered Mr. Gryce with a cherubic smile. "Strange to say, I had
+business connected with that odd drama of _Le Sphinx_."
+
+There was not much more talk after this, and Mr. Gryce soon took his
+leave, desiring to be most respectfully remembered to Miss Dundas when
+her father next wrote, and to say that he was keeping some pretty
+specimens of moths for her on her return; both of which messages
+Sebastian promised to convey at the earliest opportunity, improvising a
+counter-remark of Leam's which he was sorry he could not remember
+accurately, but it was something about butterflies and Mr. Gryce, though
+what it was he could not positively say.
+
+"Never mind: I will take the will for the deed," said the naturalist as
+he smiled himself through the doorway.
+
+And when he had gone Josephine declared that she did not care if he
+never came again: there was something she did not like about him. Pushed
+for a reason by her husband, who always assumed a logical and masculine
+tone to her, she had not one to produce, but she stumbled as if by
+chance on the word "sinister," which was just what Mr. Gryce was not. So
+Sebastian made her go into the library for the dictionary and hunt up
+the word through all its derivations, and thus proved to her
+incontestably that she was ignorant of the English language and of human
+nature in about equal proportions.
+
+It was soon remarked at the post-office that no letter addressed to Miss
+Dundas ever left North Aston, and that none came to Mr. Dundas or any
+one else in the queer, cramped handwriting which experience had taught
+Mrs. Pepper, post-mistress as well as the keeper of the village general
+shop, carried the sentiments of Leam Dundas. This caused a curious
+little buzz in the lower parts of the hive when Mrs. Pepper mentioned
+it to her friends and gossips; but as no fire can live without fresh
+fuel, and as nothing whatever was heard of Leam to stimulate curiosity
+or set new tales afloat, by degrees her name dropped out of the daily
+discussions of the place, and she was no longer interesting, because she
+had become used up and talked out.
+
+Only, Mr. Gryce wrote more frequently than had been his wont to Miss
+Gryce at Windy Brow in Cumberland--conjectured to be his sister; and
+only, Alick never ceased in his attempts to discover where his lost
+queen was hidden, though these attempts had hitherto been hopelessly
+baffled, partly because he had not an inch of foothold whence to make
+his first spring, nor the thinnest clew to tell him which path to take.
+
+And as a purchaser, the final cause of whose existence seemed to have
+been the unquestioning possession of Ford House, came suddenly on the
+scene and took the whole thing as it stood, Sebastian and his wife left
+the place, taking Fina with them, and migrated to Paris to finish their
+interrupted honeymoon. So now it was supposed that the last link
+connecting Leam with North Aston was broken, and that she was indeed
+blotted out and for ever.
+
+True love is faithful, and Alick Corfield's love was true. Had all the
+world forsaken her, he would have remained immovable in his old place
+and attitude of devotion--the one fixed idea always possessing him to
+find her in her retreat and restore her to self-respect and happiness by
+his undying love. But how to find her? All sorts of mad projects passed
+through his brain, but mad projects need some methods, and methods in
+harmony with existing conditions, if they are to bring success; and
+Alick's vague resolves to go out and look for her had no more meaning in
+them than the random moves of a bad chessplayer.
+
+Had Sir Lancelot lived at the present time, he would have gone to
+Camelot by express, like meaner souls; and had Sir Galahad set out on
+his quest in the latter half of the nineteenth century, he would have
+either advertised in the newspapers or have employed a detective for
+the first part of his undertaking. So, had Alick gone to Scotland Yard
+and taken the police into his confidence, Leam would have been found in
+less than a week; but as he shrank from bringing her into contact with
+the force mainly associated with crime, he was left to his own devices
+unassisted, and these devices ended only in constantly-recurring
+disappointment, and consequent increase of sorrow.
+
+His sorrow indeed was so great, and told on him so heavily, that every
+one said he was going to die. He had been left thin and gaunt enough by
+his illness, but distress of mind, coupled with weakness of body,
+reduced him to a kind of sketchy likeness of Don Quixote--his pure soul
+and honest nature the only beautiful things about him--while his
+mother's heart was as nearly broken as his own.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIX.
+
+WINDY BROW.
+
+
+While North Aston was employing its time in wondering, and Alick
+Corfield was breaking his heart in sorrowing, Leam was doing battle with
+her despair and distress at Windy Brow--doing the best she could to keep
+her senses clear and to live through the penance which she had inflicted
+on herself.
+
+So far, Mrs. Pepper's conclusions, based on a badly-gummed envelope,
+were right: Miss Gryce of Windy Brow was the sister of Mr. Gryce of
+Lionnet, though even Mrs. Pepper did not know that Leam Dundas, under
+the name of Leonora Darley, was living with her.
+
+It is not the most obvious agents that are the most influential. The
+greatest things in Nature are the work of the smallest creatures, and
+our lives are manipulated far more by unseen influences, known only to
+ourselves, than by those patent to the world. In all North Aston, Mr.
+Gryce was the man who had apparently the least hold on the place and the
+slightest connection with the people. He had come there by accident and
+by choice lived in retirement, though also by choice he had not been
+there a month before he knew all there was to be known of every
+individual for miles round. The merest chances had made him personally
+acquainted with Sebastian Dundas--those chances his tenancy of Lionnet
+and the slight attack of fever which called forth his landlord's
+sentiment and pity. Through the father he came to know the daughter,
+when the prying curiosity of his nature, his liking for secret influence
+and concealed action, together with the kind heart at bottom, and his
+real affection for the girl whose confidence he had partly forced and
+partly won, threw the whole secret into his hands and made him master of
+the situation--the keeper of the seal set against the writings whom no
+one suspected of complicity. This was exactly the kind of thing he
+liked, and the kind of thing that suited him, human mole, born detective
+and conspirator as he was.
+
+When Leam met him in the wood on the evening of her confession to Edgar,
+she met him with the deliberate intention of confessing her fearful
+secret to him too, and of asking him to help her to escape, like the
+friend which he had promised he would be. She knew that it was
+impossible for her now to live at North Aston, and the sole desire she
+had was to be blotted out, as she had been.
+
+There was no excitement about her, no feverish exaltation that would
+burn itself cold before twenty-four hours were over--only the dead
+dreariness of heartbreak, the tenacious resolution of despair. She
+neither wept nor wrung her hands, but quiet, pale, rigid, she told her
+terrible story in the low and level tones in which a Greek Fate might
+have spoken, as sad and as immutable. She had sinned, and now had made
+such atonement as she could by confession--to her lover to save him from
+pollution, to her father to cancel his obligations to her, to her friend
+to be helped in her lifelong penance. This done, she had strengthened
+herself to bear all that might come to her with that resignation of
+remorse which demands no rights and inherits no joys. She was not one of
+those emotional half-hearted creatures who resolve one day, break down
+the next, and drift always. For good and evil alike she had the power to
+hold where she had gripped and to maintain what she had undertaken; and
+even her life at Windy Brow did not shake her.
+
+And that life might well have shaken both a stronger mind and even a
+more resolute will than hers.
+
+A square stone house of eight rooms, set on a bleak fell-side where the
+sun never shone, where no fruits ripened, no flowers bloomed and no
+trees grew, save here and there a dwarfed and twisted thorn covered with
+pale gray lichen and bent by the wind into painful deformity of
+growth--a house which had no garden, only a strip of rank, coarse grass
+before the windows, with a potato-patch and kail-yard to the side; where
+was no adornment within or without, no beauty of color, no softness of
+line, merely a rugged, lonesome, square stone tent set up on a
+mountain-spur, as it would seem for the express reception of tortured
+penitents not seeking to soften sorrow,--this was Windy Brow, the
+patrimony of the Gryces, where Keziah, Emmanuel's eldest sister, lived
+and had lived these sixty years and more.
+
+The house stood alone. Monk Grange, the hamlet to which it
+geographically belonged--a place as bleak and bare as itself, and which
+seemed to have been flung against the fell-foot as if a brick-layer's
+hodman had pitched the hovels at haphazard anyhow--was two good miles
+away, and the market-town, to be got at only by crossing a dangerous
+moor, was nine miles off--as far as Sherrington from North Aston.
+
+The few poor dwellers in Monk Grange had little to do with the
+market-town. They lived mostly on what they managed to raise and rear
+among themselves--holding braxy mutton good enough for feast-days, and
+oatmeal porridge all the year round the finest food for men and bairns
+alike. As for the gudewives' household necessaries, they were got by the
+carrier who passed once a fortnight on their road; and for the rest, if
+aught was wanting more than that which they had, they did without, and,
+according to the local saying, "want was t' master."
+
+Society of a cultured kind there was none. The clergyman was an old man
+little if it all superior to the flock to which he ministered. He was a
+St. Bees man, the son of a handloom weaver, speaking broad Cumberland
+and hopelessly "dished" by a hard word in the Bible. He was fond of his
+glass, and was to be found every day of his life from three to nine at
+the Blucher, smoking a clay pipe and drinking rum and milk. He had never
+married, but he was by no means an ascetic in his morals, as more than
+one buxom wench in his parish had proved; and in all respects he was an
+anachronism, the like of which is rare now among the fells and dales,
+though at one time it was the normal type for the clergy of the remoter
+North Country districts.
+
+This old sinner--Priest Wilson as he was called--and Miss Gryce of Windy
+Brow represented the wealth and intellect of a place which was at the
+back of everything, out of the highway of life and untouched by the
+progress of history or science. And the one was not very much superior
+to the other save in moral cleanliness; which, however, counts for
+something.
+
+If North Aston had said with a sniff that Mr. Gryce was not
+thoroughbred, what would have been its verdict on Sister Keziah? He at
+least had rubbed off some of the native fell-side mould by rolling about
+foreign parts, gathering experience if not moss, and becoming rich in
+knowledge if not in guineas; but Keziah, who had spent the last twenty
+years of her life in close attendance on a paralytic old mother, had
+stiffened as she stood, and the local mould encrusting her was very
+thick. Nevertheless, she too had a good heart if a rough hand, and,
+though eccentric almost to insanity, as one so often finds with people
+living out of the line and influence of public opinion, yet was as sound
+at the core as she was rude and odd in the husk.
+
+She was a small woman, lean, wrinkled, and with a curious mixture of
+primness and slovenliness in her dress. She wore a false front, which
+she called a topknot, the small, crimped, deep-brown mohair curls of
+which were bound about her forehead with a bit of black velvet ribbon,
+while gray hairs straggled from underneath to make the patent sham more
+transparent still; and over her topknot she wore a rusty black cap that
+enclosed the keen monkeyish face like a ruff. Her every-day gown was one
+of coarse brown camlet, any number of years old, darned and patched till
+it was like a Joseph's coat; and the Rob Roy tartan shawl which she
+pinned across her bosom hid a state of dilapidation which even she did
+not care should be seen. She wore a black stuff apron full of fine tones
+from fruit-stains and fire-scorchings; and she took snuff.
+
+She was reputed to be worth a mort of money, and she had saved a goodly
+sum. It would have been more had she had the courage to invest it; but
+she had a profound distrust of all financial speculations--had not
+Emmanuel lost his share by playing at knucklebones with it in the
+City?--and she was not the fool to follow my leader into the mire. For
+her part, she put her trust in teapots and stockings, with richer hoards
+wrapped in rags and sewn up in the mattress, and here a few odd pounds
+under the rice and there a few hidden in the coffee. That was her idea
+of a banking account, and she held it to be the best there was.
+
+"Don't lend your hat," she used to say, "and then you'll not have to go
+bareheaded." And sometimes, talking of loans on securities, she would
+take a pinch of snuff and say she "reckoned nowt of that man who locked
+his own granary door and gave another man the key."
+
+To all appearance, she lived only to scrape and hoard, moidering away
+her loveless life on the futile energies and sordid aims of a miser's
+wretched pleasures. But every now and then she had risen up out of the
+slough into which she had gradually sunk, and had done some grand things
+that marked her name with so many white stones. While she gloried in her
+skill in filching from the pig what would serve the chickens, in making
+Jenny go short to save to-day's baking of havre-bread, in skimping Tim's
+bowl of porridge--his appetite being a burden on her estate which she
+often declared would break her--she had more than once given a hundred
+pounds at a blow to build a raft for a poor drowning wretch who must
+otherwise have sunk. In fact, she was one of those people who are small
+with the small things of life and great with the great--who will grudge
+a daily dole of a few threshed-out stalks of straw, but who sometimes,
+when rightly touched, will shower down with both hands full sheaves of
+golden grain. That is, she had mean aims, a bad temper, no imagination,
+but the capacity for pity and generosity on occasions.
+
+Above all things, she hated to be put out of the way or intruded on.
+When her brother Emmanuel came down on her without a word of warning,
+bringing a girl with eyes that, as she said, made her feel foolish to
+look at, and a manner part scared, part stony, and wholly unconformable,
+telling her to keep this precious-bit madam like a bale of goods till
+called for, and to do the best with it she could, she was justified, she
+said, in splurging against his thoughtlessness and want of
+consideration, taking a body like that all of a heap, without With your
+leave or By your leave, or giving one a chance of saying Yes I will, or
+No I won't.
+
+But though she splurged she gave way; and after she had fumed and
+fussed, heckled the maid and harried the man, said she didn't see as how
+she could, and she didn't think as how she would, sworn there was no
+bedding fit to use, and that she had no place for the things--apples and
+onions chiefly--that were in the spare room if she gave it up for the
+young lass's use, she seemed to quiet down, and going over to Leam,
+standing mutely by the black-boarded fireplace, put on her spectacles,
+peered up into her face, and said in shrill tones, rasping as a saw,
+though she meant to be kind, "Ah, well! I suppose it must be; so go your
+ways up stairs with Jenny, bairn, and make yourself at home. It's little
+I have for a fine young miss like you to play with, but what I have
+you're welcome to; so make no bones about it: d'ye hear?"
+
+"But I am in your way," said Leam, not moving. "You do not want me?"
+
+Miss Gryce laughed. "Want ye?" she shouted. "Want ye, do you say? Nay,
+nay, honey, it was no wanting of you or your marras that would ever have
+given me a headache, I'll ensure ye. But now that you are here you can
+bide as long as you've a mind; and you're welcome kindly. And Emmanuel
+there knows that my word is as good as my bond, and what I say I mean."
+
+"Am I to stay?" asked Leam, turning to Mr. Gryce with a certain forced
+humility which showed how much it cost her to submit.
+
+"Yes," he answered, less cheerfully and more authoritatively than was
+his manner at North Aston, speaking without a lisp and with a full
+Cumberland accent. "It is the best thing I can do for you--all I have to
+offer."
+
+To which Leam bent her sad head with pathetic patience--pathetic indeed
+to those who knew the proud spirit that it reported broken and humbled
+for ever. Following the red-armed, touzled, ragged maid to the dingy
+cabin that was to be her room, she left her friend to explain to his
+sister, so far as he chose and could, the necessity under which he found
+himself of leaving his adopted daughter, Leonora Darley, in her care for
+a week or two, until such time as he should return and claim her.
+
+"Your adopted daughter? God bless my soul, man! but you are the daftest
+donnet I ever saw on two legs!" cried Keziah, snatching up the coarse
+gray knitting which was the sole unanchored circumstance in the room and
+casting off her heel viciously. "What call had you to adopt a
+daughter--you with never a wife to mother her nor a house of your own to
+take her to? For I reckon nowt of your furnished houses here and your
+beggarly apartments there, as you know. And now you can do nothing
+better than bring her here to fash the life out of me before the week's
+over! But that's always the way with you men. You talk precious big, but
+it's mighty little you put your hands to; and when you hack out yokes
+for which you get a deal of praise, you take care not to bear them on
+your own backs. It's us women who have to do that."
+
+"One would have supposed you would have liked a pretty young thing like
+that in the house. You are lonesome enough here, and it makes a little
+life," said Emmanuel quietly.
+
+He knew his sister Keziah, and that she must have her head when the
+talking fit was on her.
+
+"'A pretty young thing like that!'" she repeated scornfully. "Lord love
+you, born cuddy as you are! What's her good looks to me, I wonder, but a
+pound spent on a looking-glass, and Jenny taken off her work to make
+cakes and butter-sops for her dainty teeth? We'll have all the men-folk
+too havering round to see which of 'em may have the honor of ruining
+himself for my fine lady. And I'll not have it, I tell ye. I'll not have
+my house turned into a fair, with madam there as the show. Life! what do
+I want with 'life' about me, or you either, Emmanuel? I've got my right
+foot in the grave, and I reckon yours is not far off; and what we've
+both got to do now is to see that we make a good ending for our souls."
+
+"At all events, you don't refuse to take her for a week or two?" asked
+Emmanuel innocently.
+
+"Did I say I refused? Did I send her up stairs as the nighest road to
+the street-door?" retorted his sister with disdain. "Did I not tell you,
+as plain as tongue could speak, that she is welcome to her bit and sup,
+and I'll pass the time away for her in the best way I can, though bad is
+the best, I reckon?"
+
+"Well, well, you are a good body," said her brother.
+
+"Ay," she answered, "I am good enough when I jump your way. But tell me,
+Emmanuel," changing from the disdain of the superior creature holding
+forth on high matters to the inferior to the familiar gossip of the
+natural woman, "what's to do with her? It's as plain as a pike-staff
+that something is troubling her, and maybe it will be some of your love
+nonsense? for it's mainly that as fashes the lasses. Good Lord! I'm
+thankful I was never hindered that way."
+
+"Yes," said Mr. Gryce, "she has had what you women call a
+disappointment; and," speaking with unusual energy, "the man was a fool
+and a coward, and she has had a lucky escape."
+
+"Say ye? If so, then there is no call for her to carry on," said Keziah
+philosophically. "But the poor bairn's looking wantle enough now, though
+I warrant me the fell-side air will brisk her up in no time."
+
+"I hope it will," said her brother.
+
+"What does she eat, now? You see, now I've got the lass on my hands, I
+cannot hunger her," said Keziah. "Not that I can give her dainties and
+messes," she added hastily, the miser's cloak suddenly covering the
+woman's heart. "She'll have to take what we get, and be thankful for her
+meat. Still, it's as well to know what a body's been accustomed to when
+they come like this, all of a heap."
+
+"Don't fash yourself about her," answered Emmanuel. "Do what you
+can--that you will, I know--but leave her to herself: that's the way for
+her. She's an odd little body, and the least said the soonest mended
+with Leam."
+
+"With who, d'ye say?" asked Keziah sharply.
+
+"Lean--Leonora," said Emmanuel cherubically.
+
+"Well, I wouldn't call a daughter of mine after old Pharaoh's kine,"
+snapped Keziah with supreme scorn; and at that moment Leam came into the
+room, and Keziah bustled out of it to tig after Jenny and ding at Tim,
+as these two faithful servitors were wont to express the way of their
+mistress toward them.
+
+"My dear, I did not know that things were so miserable here for you, but
+you must just bide here till the scent grows cold, and then I'll come
+for you and put you where you'll be better off," said Mr. Gryce kindly
+when he was alone with Leam.
+
+"This will do," said Leam, suppressing a shudder as she looked round
+the little room, where what had originally been a rhubarb-colored
+paper--chosen because it was a good wearing color--was patched here and
+there with scraps of newspapers or bits of other patterned papers; where
+the huge family Bible and a few musty and torn odd volumes of the
+_Spectator_ and the _Tatler_ comprised the sole library; and where the
+only ornaments on the chimneypiece were three or four bits of lead ore
+from the Roughton Gill mines, above Caldbeck.
+
+"You have been used to something far different," said Emmanuel,
+compassionately.
+
+"My past is over," she answered in a low voice.
+
+"But you'll come to a better future," he cried, his mild blue eyes
+watery and red.
+
+"Shall I? When I die?" was her reply as she passed her hand wearily over
+her forehead, and wished--ah, how ardently!--that the question might
+answer itself now at once.
+
+But the young live against their will, and Leam, though bruised and
+broken, had still the grand vitality of youth to support her. Of the
+stuff of which in a good cause martyrs, in a bad criminals, are made,
+she accepted her position at Windy Brow with the very heroism of
+resignation. She never complained, though every circumstance, every
+condition, was simply torture; and so soon as she saw what she was
+expected to do, she did it without remonstrance or reluctance. Her life
+there was like a lesson in a foreign language which she had undertaken
+to learn by heart, and she gave herself to her task loyally. But it was
+suffering beyond even what Emmanuel Gryce supposed or Keziah ever
+dreamed of. She, with the sun of the South in her veins, her dreams of
+pomegranates and orange-groves, of music and color and bright blue
+skies, of women as beautiful as mamma, of that one man--not of the
+South, but fit to have been the godlike son of Spain--suddenly
+translated from soft and leafy North Aston to a bleak fell-side in the
+most desolate corner of Cumberland--where for lush hedges were cold,
+grim gray stone walls, and the sole flowers to be seen gorse which she
+could not gather, and heather which had no perfume--to a house set so
+far under the shadow that it saw the sun only for three months in the
+year, and where her sole companion was old Keziah Gryce, ill-favored in
+person, rough of mood if true of soul, or creatures even worse than
+herself;--she, with that tenacious loyalty, that pride and concentrated
+passion, that dry reserve and want of general benevolence characteristic
+of her, to be suddenly cast among uncouth strangers whose ways she must
+adopt, and who were physically loathsome to her; dead to the only man
+she loved, his love for her killed by her own hand, herself by her own
+confession accursed; and to bear it all in silent patience,--was it not
+heroic? Had she been more plastic than she was, the effort would not
+have been so great. Being what she was, it was grand; and made as it was
+for penitence, it had in it the essential spirit of saintliness. For
+saintliness comes in small things as well as great, and George Herbert's
+swept room is a true image. There was saintliness in the docility with
+which she rose at six and went to bed at nine; saintliness in the quiet
+asceticism with which she ate porridge for breakfast and porridge for
+supper--at the first honestly believing it either a joke or an insult,
+and that they had given her pigs' food to try her temper; saintliness in
+the silence with which she accepted her dinners, maybe a piece of fried
+bacon and potatoes, or a huge mess of apple-pudding on washing-days, or
+a plate of poached eggs cooked in a pan not over clean; saintliness in
+the enforced attention which she gave to Keziah's rambling stories of
+her pigs and her chickens, her mother's ailments, Jenny's shortcomings
+in the matter of sweepings and savings, Tim's wastefulness in the garden
+over the kailrunts, and the hardships of life on a lone woman left with
+only a huzzy to look after her; saintliness in the repression of that
+proud, fastidious self to which Keziah's familiarity and snuff, Jenny's
+familiarity and disorder, the smell of the peat--which was the only fuel
+they burnt--reeking through the house, and the utter ugliness and
+barren discomfort of everything about, were hourly miseries which she
+would once have repudiated with her most cutting scorn; saintliness in
+the repression of that self indeed at all four corners, and the resolute
+submission to her burden because it was her fitting punishment.
+
+So the sad days wore on, and the fell-side air had not yet brisked up
+Emmanuel's adopted daughter as his sister prophesied. Indeed, she seemed
+slighter and paler than ever, and if possible more submissive to her lot
+and more taciturn. And as her intense quietude of bearing suited Miss
+Gryce, who could not bear to be fussed, and time proved her douce and
+not fashious, she became quite a favorite with her rough-grained
+hostess, who wondered more and more where Emmanuel had picked her up,
+and whose bairn she really was.
+
+Her only pleasure was in wandering over the fells, whence she could see
+the tops of the Derwentwater mountains, and from some points a glimpse
+of blue Bassanthwaite flowing out into the open; where mountain-tarns,
+lying like silver plates in the purple distance, were her magic shows,
+seen only in certain lights, and more often lost than found; whence she
+could look over the broad Carlisle plain and dream of that day on the
+North Aston moor when she first met Edgar Harrowby; and whence the
+glittering strip of the Solway against the horizon made her yearn to be
+in one of the ships which she could dimly discern passing up and down,
+so that she might leave England for ever and lay down the burden of her
+life and her sorrow in mamma's dear land.
+
+So the hours passed, dreary as Mariana's, and hopeless as those wherein
+we stand round the grave and know that the end of all things has come.
+And while North Aston wondered, and Alick mourned, and Edgar repented of
+his past folly with his handsome head in Adelaide's lap, Leam Dundas
+moved slowly through the shadow to the light, and from her chastisement
+gathered that sweet grace of patience which redeemed her soul and raised
+her from sin to sanctity.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XL.
+
+LOST AND NOW FOUND.
+
+
+In bringing up Alick tied tight to her apron-strings, feeding him on
+moral pap, putting his mind into petticoats, and seeking to make him
+more of a woman than a man, Mrs. Corfield had defeated her design and
+destroyed her own influence. During his early growth the boy had yielded
+to her without revolt, because he was more modest than
+self-assertive--had no solid point of resistance and no definite purpose
+for which to resist; but after his college career he developed on an
+independent line, and his soul escaped altogether from his mother's
+hold. Had she let him ripen into manhood in the freedom of natural
+development, she would have been his chosen friend and confidante to the
+end: having invaded the most secret chambers of his mind, and sought to
+mould every thought according to the pattern which she held best, when
+the reaction set in the pendulum swung back in proportion to its first
+beat; and as a protest against his former thraldom he now made her a
+stranger to his inner life and shut her out inexorably from the holy
+place of his sorrow.
+
+The mother felt her son's mind slipping from her, but what could she do?
+Who can set time backward or reanimate the dead? Day by day found him
+more silent and more suffering, the poor little woman nearly as
+miserable as himself. But the name of Leam, standing as the spectre
+between them, was never mentioned after Mrs. Corfield's first outburst
+of indignation at her flight--indignation not because she was really
+angry with Leam, but because Alick was unhappy.
+
+After Alick's stern rejoinder, "Mother, the next time you speak ill of
+Leam Dundas I will leave your house for ever," the subject dropped by
+mutual consent, but it was none the less a living barrier between them
+because raised and maintained in silence.
+
+"Oh, these girls! these wicked girls!" Mrs. Corfield had said with a
+mother's irrational anger when speaking of the circumstance to her
+husband. "We bring up our boys only for them to take from us. As soon
+as they begin to be some kind of comfort and to repay the anxiety of
+their early days, then a wretched little huzzy steps in and makes one's
+life in vain."
+
+"Just so, my dear," said Dr. Corfield quietly. "These were the identical
+words which my mother said to me when I told her I was going to marry
+you."
+
+"Your mother never liked me, and I did like Leam," said Mrs. Corfield
+tartly.
+
+"As Leam Dundas, maybe; but as Leam the wife of your son, I doubt it."
+
+"If Alick had liked it--" said Mrs. Corfield, half in tears.
+
+"You would have been jealous," returned her husband. "No: all girls are
+only daughters of Heth to the mothers of Jacobs, and I never knew one
+whom a mother thought good enough for her boy."
+
+"You need not discredit your own flesh and blood for a stranger," cried
+Mrs. Corfield crossly; and the mute man with an aggravating smile
+suddenly seemed to repent of his unusual loquacity, and gradually
+subsided into himself and his calculations, from which he was so rarely
+aroused.
+
+Alick, ceasing to make a confidante of his mother, began to make a
+friend of Mr. Gryce. Perhaps it ought rather to be said that Mr. Gryce
+began to make a friend of him. The old philosopher, with that corkscrew
+mind of his, knew well enough what was amiss with the poor lank-visaged
+curate. Being of the order of the benevolent busybodies fond of playing
+Providence, how mole-like soever his method, he had marked out a little
+plan of his own by which he thought he could make all the crooked roads
+run straight and discord flow into harmony. But he too fell into the
+mistake common to busybodies, benevolent and otherwise--treating souls
+as if they were machines to be wound up and kept going by the clockwork
+of an extraneous will and neatly manipulated by well-arranged
+circumstance.
+
+One day he joined Alick in his walk to an outlying cottage of the
+parish, where the husband was sick and the wife and children short of
+food, and the Church sent its prayer-book and ministers as the best
+substitute it knew for a wholesome dwelling and sufficient wages.
+Theology was not much in the way of an old heathen who reduced all
+religions save Mohammedanism to the transmuted presentation of the
+archaic solar myth, and who thought Buddhism far ahead of every other
+creed; but he liked the man Alick, if the parson bored him, and he was
+caressing a plan which he had in his pocket.
+
+"You find your life here satisfying, I suppose?" he began, his blue eyes
+looking into the wayside banks for creatures.
+
+"Is any life?" answered Alick, his eyes turned to the vague distance.
+
+"Not fully: the spirit of progress, working by discontent, forbids the
+social stagnation of rest and thankfulness; but we can come to something
+that suffices for our daily wants if it does not satisfy all our
+longings. Work in harmony with our nature, and doing good here and there
+when we can, both these help us on. But the work must be harmonious and
+the good we do manifest."
+
+"So far as that goes, Church-work is pleasant to me--all, indeed, I care
+for or am fit for; but North Aston is stony ground," said Alick.
+
+"Can you wonder? When the husbandman-in-chief is such a man as Mr.
+Birkett, you must make your account with stones and weeds. The spiritual
+cannot flourish under the hand of the unspiritual; and, considering the
+pastor, the flock is far from bad."
+
+"That may be, but we do not like to live only in comparatives," said
+Alick. "I confess I should be happier in a cure where I was more of one
+mind with my rector than I am here, and not decried or ridiculed on
+account of every scheme for good that I might propose. Parish-work here
+is shamefully neglected, but Mr. Birkett will not let me do anything to
+mend it."
+
+"Ah!" said Mr. Gryce, catching a luckless curculio by the way, "that is
+bad. A more harmonious one would certainly be, as you say, far more
+agreeable. Or a little parish of your own--a parish, however small,
+which would be all your own, and you not under the control of any one
+below your diocesan? How would that do? That would be my affair if I
+were in the Church."
+
+Alick's face lightened. "Yes," he said, "that is my dream--at least one
+of them. I would not care how small the place might be, if I had supreme
+control and might work unhindered in my own way."
+
+"It will come," said Mr. Gryce cheerily. "All things come in time to him
+who knows how to wait."
+
+"Ah, if I could believe that!" sighed Alick, thinking of Leam.
+
+"Take my word for it," returned Mr. Gryce. "It will do you no harm to
+have a dash of rose-color in your rather sombre life; and Hope, if it
+tells flattering tales, does not always tell untrue ones."
+
+"I fear my hope has flattered me untruly," said Alick, his faithful
+heart still on Leam.
+
+Mr. Gryce captured a caterpillar wandering across the road. "Conduct is
+fate," he said. "If this poor fellow had not been troubled with a fit of
+restlessness, but had been content to lie safely hidden among the
+grass-roots where he was born, he would not have been caught. Yes,
+conduct is fate for a captive caterpillar as well as for man."
+
+"And yet who can foresee?" said Alick. "We all walk in the dark
+blindfold."
+
+"As you say, who can foresee? That makes perhaps the hardship of it, but
+it does not alter the fact. Blindly walking or with our eyes wide open,
+our steps determine our destiny, and our goal is reached by our own
+endeavors. We ourselves are the artificers of our lives, and mould them
+according to our own pattern."
+
+"But that part of our lives which is under the influence of another? How
+can we manipulate that?" said Alick. "Love and loss are twin powers
+which create or crush without our co-operation."
+
+"I only know one irreparable manner of loss--that by death," said Mr.
+Gryce steadfastly. "For all others while there is life there is hope,
+and I hold nothing, beyond the power of the will to remedy."
+
+"I wish I could believe that," Alick sighed again; and again Mr. Gryce
+said cheerily, "Then take that too on trust, and believe me if you do
+not believe in your own inborn elasticity, your own power of doing and
+undoing."
+
+"There are some things which can never come right when they have once
+gone wrong," said Alick.
+
+"You think so? I know very few," his companion answered in the hearty,
+inspiriting manner which he had used all through the interview, talking
+with a broader accent and lisping less than usual, looking altogether
+more manly and less cherubic than his wont. "I am a believer myself in
+the power of the will and holding on." After a pause he added suddenly,
+"You would be really glad of a small living, no matter where situated,
+nor how desolate and unimportant, where you would be sole master?"
+
+"Yes," said Alick. "If I could win over one soul to the higher life, I
+should count myself repaid for all my exertions. We must all have our
+small beginnings."
+
+"I am an odd old fellow, as you know, Mr. Corfield," laughed Emmanuel
+Gryce. "Give me your hand: I can sometimes see a good deal of the future
+in the hand."
+
+Alick blushed and looked awkward, but he gave his bony, ill-shaped hand
+all the same.
+
+After a little while, during which Mr. Gryce had bent this finger this
+way and that finger another way, had counted the lines made by the
+bended wrist, and had talked half to himself of the line of Jupiter and
+the line of Saturn, the line of life and that of Venus, he said quietly,
+"You will have your wish, and soon. I see a most important change of
+residence at about this time, which in conjunction with this," pointing
+to a small cross at the root of the fourth finger, "will be certainly to
+your advantage."
+
+"How strange!" said Alick. "One scarcely knows whether to laugh at it
+all as old wives' fables or to believe in the mysterious forewarnings of
+fate, the foremarkings of the future."
+
+"There are more things in heaven and earth--" said Mr. Gryce. "And we
+know so little we may well believe a trifle more."
+
+The fact was, all this was founded on these circumstances: He had at
+this moment a letter in his pocket from his sister Keziah telling him
+that old Priest Wilson had been found dead in his bed last night; the
+bishop's chaplain was a friend of his, both having been at the same
+station in India; and the perpetual curacy of Monk Grange was one which,
+if offices went according to their ratio of unpleasantness, a man should
+have been paid a large income to take. Hence there was no chance of a
+rush for the preferment, and the bishop would be grateful for any
+intimation of a willing martyr. Through all of which chinks whereby to
+discover the future Mr. Gryce founded his prophecy; and through them,
+too, it came about that he proved a true prophet. In three days' time
+from this the post brought a letter to Alick Corfield from the bishop
+offering him the perpetual curacy of Monk Grange, income seventy pounds
+a year and a house.
+
+Before speaking even to his mother, Alick rushed off with this letter to
+Mr. Gryce. The old leaven of superstition which works more or less in
+all of us--even those few who think proof a desirable basis for belief,
+and who require an examination conducted on scientific principles before
+they accept supernaturalism as "only another law coming in to modify
+those already known"--that superstition which belongs to most men, and
+to Alick with the rest, made this letter a matter of tremendous
+excitement to him. He saw in it the hand of God and the finger of Fate.
+It was impossible that Mr. Gryce, living at North Aston, should know
+anything of a small country incumbency in the North. It was all that
+study made of his poor parched and knuckly hand. And what had been seen
+there was manifestly the thing ruled for him by Providence and destiny.
+
+"How could you possibly tell?" he cried, looking at his own hand as if
+he could read it as his clever friend had done.
+
+"That is my secret," said Emmanuel, smiling at the credulity on which he
+traded. Then, thinking a flutter outward of the corners of his cards the
+best policy in the circumstances about them at the moment, he added,
+"And when you get there you will understand more than you do now. For
+you will go?"
+
+"Surely," said Alick: "it would be unfaithful in me to refuse."
+
+"But see if you cannot make arrangements to take the place on trial for
+a few months. I know very little of your ecclesiastical law, but grant
+even that it is as devoid of common sense as I should suppose--seeing
+who are the men who make, administer and obey it--still, I should think
+that a temporary incumbency might be arranged."
+
+"I should think so, and I will take your advice," said Alick, over whom
+Emmanuel Gryce was fast establishing the power which belongs to the
+stronger over the weaker, to the more astute over the more dense.
+
+"You will find an adopted daughter of mine in the neighborhood," then
+said Mr. Gryce with the most amiable indifference. "She lives with my
+sister at our old home on the fell-side: Windy Brow the place is called.
+You must tell me how she looks and what you think of her altogether when
+you write to me, as I suppose you will do, or when you come home, if you
+elect not to take the cure even on trial."
+
+"I am not much in the way of criticising young ladies," said Alick
+sadly.
+
+"She is rather a remarkable girl, all things considered," returned Mr.
+Gryce quietly. "Her name is Leonora Darley. You will remember--Leonora
+Darley. Ask for her when you go up to Windy Brow: Leonora Darley," for
+the third time.
+
+"All right: Miss Leonora Darley," repeated Alick, suspecting nothing;
+and again Mr. Gryce smiled as he dug his fingers into the earth of a
+chrysalis-box. How pleasant it was to pull the strings and see his
+puppets dance!
+
+Of course, Mr. Birkett's consent was a necessary preliminary to Alick's
+departure, but there was no difficulty about it. The military rector was
+tired to death, so he used to say, of his zealous young aide-de-camp,
+and hailed the prospect of getting rid of him handsomely with a frank
+pleasure not flattering to poor Alick's self-love. "Certainly, my dear
+boy, certainly," he said. "It will be better for you to have a place of
+your own, where you can carry out your new ideas. You see I am an old
+man now, and have learnt the value of letting well alone. You are in all
+the fever-time of zeal, and believe that vice and ignorance are like the
+walls of Jericho, to fall down when you blow your trump. I do not. But
+on the whole, it is as well that you should learn the realities of life
+for yourself, and carry your energies where they may be useful."
+
+"Then you do not mind?" asked Alick boyishly.
+
+The rector gave a loud clear laugh. "Mind! a thousand times no," he
+said, rubbing his plump white hands. "I can manage well enough alone,
+and if I cannot there are dozens of young eligibles ready to jump at the
+place. Mind! no. Go in Heaven's name, and may you be blessed in your
+undertaking!"
+
+The last words came in as grace-lines, and with them Alick felt himself
+dismissed.
+
+If the rector had been facile to deal with, Mrs. Corfield was not. When
+she heard of the proposed arrangement, and that she was to lose her boy
+for the second time out of her daily life, and more permanently than
+before, her grief was as intense as if she had been told of his
+approaching death. She wept bitterly, and even bent herself to entreaty;
+but Alick, to whom North Aston had become a dungeon of pain since Leam
+went, held pertinaciously to his plan--not without sorrow, but surely
+without yielding. He was fascinated by the idea of a cure where he might
+be sole master, not checked by rectorial ridicule when he wished to
+establish night schools or clothing clubs, penny savings banks, or any
+other of the schemes in vogue for the good of the poor; thinking too,
+not unwisely, that the best heal-all for his sorrow was to be found in
+change of scene and more arduous work together. Also, he thought that if
+his vague tentative advertisements in the papers, which he dared not
+make too evident, had as yet brought nothing, some more satisfactory
+way of discovering Leam's hiding-place might shape itself when he was
+alone, freer to act as he thought best. On all of which accounts he
+resisted his mother's grief, and his own at seeing her grieve, and
+decided on going down to Monk Grange the next day.
+
+Had not Dr. Corfield been ailing at this time, the mother would have
+accompanied her son. The possibility of damp sheets weighed heavy on her
+mind; and landladies who filch from the tea-caddy, with landladies'
+girls, pert and familiar, preparing insidious gruel and seductive cups
+of coffee, were the lions which her imagination conjured up as prowling
+for her Alick through the fastnesses of Monk Grange. Circumstances,
+however, were stronger than her desire; and, happily for Alick, she was
+perforce obliged to remain at home while her darling went out from the
+paternal nest to shake those limp wings of his, and bear himself up
+unassisted in a new atmosphere in the best way he could.
+
+It was on the cold and rainy evening of a cold and rainy summer's day
+that Alick arrived at Monk Grange--an evening without a sunset or a
+moon, stars or a landscape; painful, mournful, as those who dwell in the
+North Country know only too well as the tears on its face of beauty. He
+had driven in a crazy old gig from Wigton, and the nine miles which lay
+between that not too brilliant town and the desolate fell-side hamlet
+which he had been so fain to make his own spiritual domain had not been
+such as disposed him to a cheerful view of things. The rain had fallen
+in a steady, pitiless downpour, which seemed to soak through every outer
+covering and to penetrate the very flesh and marrow of the tired
+traveler as it pattered noisily on the umbrella and streamed over the
+leather apron; and the splash of the horse's hoofs through the liquid
+mud and broad tracts of standing water was as dreary as the "splash,
+splash" of B�rger's ballad. And when all this was over, and they drew up
+at the Blucher, with its handful of desolate gray hovels round it, the
+heart of the man sank at the gloomy surroundings into the midst of which
+he had flung himself. But the zeal of the churchman was as good a tonic
+for him as the best common sense, and he waited until to-morrow and
+broad daylight before he allowed himself to even acknowledge an
+impression. The warm fireside at the Blucher cheered him too, and his
+supper of eggs and bacon and fresh crisp havre-bread satisfied such of
+his physical cravings as, unsatisfied, make a man's spiritual
+perceptions very gaunt.
+
+He went to bed, slept, and the next day woke up to a glory of sun and
+sky, a brilliancy of coloring, a photographic sharpness and clearness of
+form, a suggestion of beauty beyond that which was seen, which
+transformed the place as if an angel had passed through it in the night.
+As he tramped about the sordid hamlet he forgot the rude uncouthness of
+men and place for a kind of ecstasy at the loveliness about him. Every
+jutting rock of granite shone in the sun like polished jasper, and the
+numberless little rills trickling down the fell-sides were as threads of
+silver, now concealed in the gold of the gorse, and now whitening the
+purple of the heather. The air was full of blithesome sounds. Overhead
+the sky-larks sang in jocund rivalry, mounting higher and higher as if
+they would have beaten their wings against the sun: the bees made the
+heather and the thyme musical as they flew from flower to flower, and
+the tinkling of the running rills was like the symphony to a changeful
+theme. It was in real truth a transformation, and the new-comer into the
+fitful, seductive, disappointing North felt all its beauty, all its
+meaning, and gave himself up to his delight as if such a day as
+yesterday had never been.
+
+After he had done what he wished to do in the village, he went up the
+fell-side road to Windy Brow, and, obeying his instructions, asked when
+he got there "if Miss Leonora Darley was at home."
+
+"Na, she bain't," said Jenny, eying poor innocent Alick as a colley
+might eye a wolf sniffing about the fold. "T' auld mistress is."
+
+"Say Mr. Corfield, please," said Alick; and Jenny, telling him to "gang
+intilt parlor," scuffled off to Keziah, pottering over some pickled red
+cabbage, which made the house smell like a vinegar-cask.
+
+"I've heard tell of you," said Miss Gryce as she came in wiping her
+hands on a serviceable and by no means luxurious cloth: "Emmanuel wrote
+me a letter about you. You're kindly welcome to Monk Grange, but you're
+only a haverel to look at. Take a seat, and tell me--how's Emmanuel, my
+brother?"
+
+"He was well when I saw him the day before yesterday: at least he said
+nothing to the contrary," answered Alick with his conscientious
+literalness.
+
+"I like that," said Keziah, also eying him, but as a colley might have
+eyed a strange sheep, not a wolf. "A random rory would have made no
+difference between now and two days back, and believing and being. You
+cannot be over-particular in the truth, I take it."
+
+Alick blushed, shifted his place and looked uneasy. And again, as so
+often before, it came across him: had he done right, judged by the
+highest law, to conceal the truth as he knew it about Leam?
+
+"Hoot, man! there's no call for you to sit on pins and needles in that
+fashion," said Keziah. "It's a daft body that cannot hear a word of
+praise without turning as red as a turkey-cock and fidging like a
+parched pea on a drum-head. I've not turned much of you over yet, and
+maybe I'll come to what I'll have no mind to praise; so keep your fidges
+till you are touched up with the other end of the stick. And so you are
+to be our new priest, are you?"
+
+"I am going to offer myself for a time," said Alick.
+
+"For a time? That's a thing as has two sides to it. If you are not to
+our minds, that's its good side: if you are, and we are not to yours,
+that's its bad. I doubt if our folk will care to be played Jumping Joan
+with in that fashion."
+
+"I will be guided by the will of the Lord," said Alick reverently.
+
+"Humph! I like the words better nor the chances in them," returned
+Keziah, taking a pinch of snuff. "But maybe things'll work round as one
+would have them; and whether you stay or you do not, the Lord's will be
+done, amen! and His grace follow you, young man!"
+
+"Thank you," said Alick with emotion, getting up and shaking the
+pickle-stained and snuff-discolored hand.
+
+"I have a message for Miss Leonora Darley," he then said after a pause.
+"Mr. Gryce told me I was to be sure and tell him how she was looking."
+
+"Eh, poor bairn! she is not very first-rate," the old woman answered
+tenderly. At least it was tenderness in her: in another person her voice
+and manner might have been taken for crabbedness and impatience. "She's
+up by there, on the fell somewhere. She a'most lives on the fell-side,
+but it don't make her look as brisk as I should like. Have you seen the
+view from our brow-top? It is a real bonny one; and you'll maybe find
+Leonora not far off. I don't think she wanders far."
+
+"I should like to see it," said Alick. "The country altogether looks
+splendid to-day."
+
+"Ay, it's a bonny day enough if it would but last. Come your ways with
+me and I'll set you out by the back door. You can come in again the same
+road if you've a mind."
+
+On which she bustled up, and Alick, escorted by her, went through the
+house and on to the fell-side.
+
+It was, if possible, grander now than it had been in the earlier part of
+the day. The hot sun had cleared away the lingering mist, and the
+cloudless sky was like one large perfect opal, while the earth beneath
+shone and glistened as if it were a jewel set with various-colored gems.
+There was not a mean or sordid thing about. Touched by the splendid
+alchemy of the sun, the smallest circumstance was noble, the poorest
+color glorious. Alick stood on the fell-brow entranced: then turning, he
+saw slowly coming across the pathless green a young slight figure
+dressed in gray. He looked as it came near, and his heart beat with a
+force that took all power from him. It was absurd, he knew, but there
+was such a strange look of Leam about that girl! He stood and watched
+her coming along with that slow, graceful, undulating step which was
+Leam's birthright. Was he mad? Was he dreaming? What was this mocking
+trick of eyesight that was perplexing him? Surely it was madness; and
+yet--no, it could be no one else. Supreme, beloved, who else could
+personate her so as to cheat him?
+
+She came on, her eyes always fixed on the distance, seeing nothing of
+Alick standing dark against the sky. She came nearer, nearer, till he
+saw the glory of her eyes, the curve of her lip, and could count the
+curling tresses on her brow. Then he came down from the height and
+strode across the space between them.
+
+She lifted up her eyes and saw him. For an instant the sadness cleared
+out of them as the mists had cleared from the sky: her pathetic mouth
+broke into a smile, and she held out both her hands. "Alick, dear Alick!
+my good Alick!" she cried in a voice of exquisite tenderness.
+
+"My queen!" he said kneeling, his honest upturned face wet with tears.
+"Lost and now found!"
+
+[TO BE CONTINUED.]
+
+
+
+
+THE ITALIAN MEDI�VAL WOOD-SCULPTORS.
+
+More or less during the whole of this century, and ever more during the
+recent years of it, the love of art, especially in what have been called
+the "industrial" manifestations of it, has been becoming a passion in
+Germany and in France, as well as in England and America. Museums for
+the collection and preservation of the works produced by the artists of
+those centuries which were the palmy days of art have been established
+in all these countries, and private amateurs have vied with them in
+enriching their respective countries with specimens of all the many
+kinds of art-industry which remain to us from those times when religion
+encouraged and surrounded itself with the beautiful and the cultivation
+of the beautiful was a religion. And it is mainly--indeed, almost
+entirely--to Italy that the lovers and admirers of medi�val art come in
+search of those remains of it which, it is hoped, will be (or rather are
+being) the means of producing a second art _renaissance_. The quantity
+of objects, more or less genuinely representing the medi�val art in all
+its many branches, which has been carried out of Italy within the last
+quarter of a century is something perfectly astounding, and far exceeds
+what any one would believe who has not remained in Italy long enough to
+observe the process. A considerable portion, no doubt, of the articles
+thus carried home with them by the lovers of art has consisted of modern
+imitations of ancient workmanship, but the quantity of genuine medi�val
+articles--pottery in its various kinds, furniture, carving in wood, in
+marble, in stone and in ivory, lace, bronzes, embroidery, metal-work,
+brocaded stuffs, etc.--has been so enormous as to reveal in a very
+striking manner the extraordinary wealth of the country in the days when
+it was the mistress of Europe in civilization, and the all-pervading
+love of the beautiful which caused so very large a portion of that
+wealth to be expended for the gratification of a refined taste.
+
+Before proceeding to the more special subject of this article--certain
+interesting and recently-discovered notices of some of the most famous
+of the old carvers in wood--it may be well to say a word or two on the
+subject of the commerce in imitations of the medi�val works so
+extensively carried on in Italy. Of course, a trade based on deception
+is in every way to be condemned and regretted. It is not only immoral,
+but it generates demoralization. But it is to be observed that in very
+many cases--especially in those branches where art-industry approaches
+the most nearly to art proper--the artist or artisan who produced the
+works in question has neither co-operated with the fraud we are speaking
+of, nor has worked with any view to the perpetration of such by others.
+In the next place, it is to be noted that the mortification and
+humiliation which many purchasers are conscious of when it is brought
+home to them that they have been taken in, and have purchased as old
+that which is in truth of recent production, may well be spared to them.
+I do not mean, of course, as regards the money they may have been
+cheated of, but as regards the slight put upon their own
+connoisseurship. The art of imitating the old works in question has been
+brought to such a pitch of perfection that it needs a very special
+education of the eye and large practice to detect the imposture. A
+circumstance occurred a few years ago at Florence which curiously
+illustrates both the facts I have mentioned--the frequent innocence of
+the producer of the imitation and the extreme difficulty of detecting
+the modern origin of the work. The facts are very little known, because
+it was the interest of many persons to misrepresent and conceal them.
+They ought, nevertheless, to be known, and I do not see any good reason
+why I should not tell them here.
+
+A young man at Florence of the name of Bastianini--it must be at least
+ten years ago now, or perhaps more--of very humble origin had shown a
+remarkable talent for modeling busts in terra-cotta. Having formed his
+taste for himself, not by means of any academical teaching, but by
+imbuing his mind with the examples of medi�val art which meet the eye on
+all sides in his native city, his works assumed quite naturally the
+manner and style of the artists who (in more or less direct line) were
+his ancestors. One day it happened to him to see a man--he was a common
+workman in the tobacco manufactory--whose head struck him as specially
+marked by the old Florentine medi�val type and as a remarkably good
+subject for a characteristic bust. From this man he made a terra-cotta
+bust which few could have pronounced to be other than a _cinque-cento_
+work, and a very fine one. Bastianini, then quite unknown and much in
+need of wherewithal to live, sold this bust as the work of his hands to
+a speculative dealer for, if I remember rightly, five hundred francs.
+The man who bought it carried it to a dealer in antiquities--a very
+well-known man in Florence whose name I could give were it of any
+interest to do so--and proposed to sell it to him for a large sum.
+Eventually, a bargain was struck on this basis: The dealer, with perfect
+knowledge of the origin and authorship of the work, was to pay one
+thousand francs for the bust, and to pay the seller another thousand if
+and whenever he, the dealer, should succeed in reselling it for more
+than a certain price named. Thereupon, in accordance with the usual
+practice in such cases, the bust disappeared from sight. It was stored
+in the secret repositories of the _antiquario_ till the circumstances
+attending its creation should be a little forgotten, and dust and dirt
+should have corrected the brand-new rawness of its surface, ready to be
+produced with much mystery as a recent _trouvaille_ when a likely
+purchaser should loom over the Apennine which encircles "gentile
+Firenze." In due time, one of the largest and brightest of those comets
+whose return is so accurately calculated and eagerly expected by the
+Florentine dealers in ancient art made his appearance in the Tuscan
+sky--no less than a buyer for the Louvre. Those were the halcyon days of
+the Empire, and money was plenty. Poor Bastianini's bust was brought out
+with all due mystery, duly admired by the infallible French connoisseur,
+and eventually purchased by him for the imperial collection for, I
+think, five thousand francs--at all events, for a sum sufficiently large
+to give the man who had bought the bust from the poor artist the right
+to demand his supplementary payment. He did so. But the greed of the
+dealer prevailed over his prudence, and he refused to give his
+accomplice in the fraud the promised share in the plunder. Of course
+that ensued which might have been expected. The defrauded rogue "split."
+The bust sold to the Frenchman was easily identified with that which
+Bastianini had made, and which had been known to all artistic Florence,
+and the authorities at the Louvre were duly certified by many a
+loud-tongued informer that they had been gulled. The information, as is
+usually the case with information of the kind, came too late to be of
+service to the buyers, but not too late to give them serious annoyance.
+The bust had been exhibited at the Louvre in a prominent place; it had
+excited considerable notice; none of the savants presiding over that
+establishment had conceived the smallest suspicion of its genuineness;
+and it was excessively disagreeable to have to admit that they had all
+been deceived by a work made the other day by an unknown Florentine
+artist. It was so disagreeable that the gentlemen in question had not
+the courage to face the truth. They pooh-poohed their informants,
+professed to adhere without a doubt to their own first opinions, and the
+bust, to the great amusement of all the Florentine art-world, remained
+in its place of honor at the Louvre, exhibited as a cinque-cento
+terra-cotta for a long time after all Florence was perfectly cognizant
+of its real history, and after the young artist had produced three or
+four other busts all equally marked by unmistakable cinque-cento
+characteristics. One of these was a really remarkable bust of
+Savonarola, which may be seen any day in the (now public) gallery of St.
+Mark's at Florence. The original _teterrima causa belli_ has, I believe,
+disappeared from the Louvre Gallery. Poor Bastianini died shortly
+afterward, and it is due to his memory and undoubtedly great talent that
+it should be distinctly understood that from first to last he was no
+party to or profiter by the frauds to which his special talent had given
+rise.
+
+To return, however, to what I was saying about that large portion of the
+works of art and art-industry every year exported from Italy, mainly by
+individual buyers for the gratification of their own taste, which
+consists of _imitations_. It may be remarked, especially as regards the
+objects belonging to the latter category, that these imitations, if
+bought as such, are not undesirable purchases. In many instances,
+particularly in those of iron- and bronze-work, intarsia, and carving in
+wood, the modern Italian artists, who began as imitators, have attained
+a degree of excellence which entitles them to take rank as the founders
+of a new artistic _renaissance_, while their familiarity with
+cinque-cento art and the loving study of it have led them to produce
+work in each of the above-named branches which is calculated to improve
+the taste of both workers and purchasers in countries beyond the Alps.
+As regards metal-work, whether in iron or bronze, avowedly modern, but
+of the true cinque-cento type and style, the amateur would do well to
+visit the foundries and workshops of Venice; for intarsia he may go to
+Milan; for wood-carving to Florence, Siena and Perugia; to the last also
+for intarsia. He will find in Perugia work both in carving and intarsia
+on which he might spend his money very much more advantageously than in
+buying second-rate bits of really old wood-work, or indeed any such bits
+as he is at all likely to meet with. And it is not surprising that the
+little Umbrian hill-city should have become a special home for this
+particular branch of art; for it contains some of the most remarkable
+works of the kind extant, the product of some of the most renowned
+masters of the craft in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. It is a
+mistake to suppose, as many persons do, that the fine works of this kind
+which we still admire were the product of men who were considered in
+their day as mere artisans, and whose names were not known beyond the
+boundaries of their native provinces. They were recognized as true
+artists, whose names were known from one end of the Peninsula to the
+other, and who were sent for from distant cities to execute works of
+importance. In many cases their names have perished: in more they are
+unknown to the present generation of art-lovers--_caruerunt quia vate
+sacro_. And in some cases--as a very notable instance, to be mentioned
+presently, will show in a remarkable manner--the higher portion of the
+merit which was wholly their own--the conception of their designs, with
+all the grace of fancy and cultured knowledge of the principles of the
+beautiful which it implies--has been assigned to others to whom the
+modern world has exclusively given the title of artists. But the
+increased and still increasing attention which the world is paying to
+all the details and all the branches of cinque-cento art--to good
+purpose, for it is due to it that we have emerged or are emerging from
+the eighteenth-century depths of ugliness in all our surroundings--has
+induced the useful Dryasdusts, whose nature and function it is to burrow
+in corporation and conventual muniment-rooms and the like promising
+covers, to search out with a very considerable degree of success a mass
+of facts, not only as to the real authorship of the work in question,
+but curiously illustrative of the status these artists held and the
+manner in which they lived and worked. Among the principal of these
+archive-hunters is the learned Professor Adam Rossi, the corporation
+librarian at Perugia, and it is mainly to his researches that the facts
+I am about to lay before the reader are due.
+
+One of the finest specimens of cinque-cento wood-work extant in
+Italy--perhaps I might safely say the finest--is the choir of the
+monastic church of St. Peter at Perugia. The monks of St. Peter were
+Benedictines of Monte Cassino, and, like most of the families of that
+order, they were very wealthy and were liberal patrons of art. On the
+9th of April, 1525, having determined to refit the choir of their church
+in a magnificent manner, they came to an agreement with a
+master-carpenter of Perugia for the execution of the work, and a
+detailed contract was signed by the parties. (I have called this
+cinque-cento work, and it will be observed that it was executed in the
+sixteenth century. It may be necessary, therefore, to explain to those
+who are unacquainted with the Italian mode of speaking in this respect
+that the Italians always speak of what we should call the fourteenth
+century as the "trecento," what we should call the fifteenth, as the
+"quattrecento," and so on. The period at which art in all its branches
+culminated in Italy was, in our language, the sixteenth century.)
+
+Maestro Bernardino di Luca, the artist with whom the convent contracted
+for the fitting of the choir, is styled in the instrument _legnaiuolo_
+(a "carpenter"). And no doubt Maestro Bernardino--or "Bino," for short,
+as he is called in the instrument when once at the beginning he has been
+named formally at full length--practiced all the more ordinary business
+of his trade. But there must have been carpenters _and_ carpenters, as
+to the present day there are painters _and_ painters, the same word
+indicating the calling of a Landseer and of a house-painter. This simple
+modesty of designation was a characteristic of the epoch. We find
+sculptors whose works are to the present day admired and studied as
+masterpieces styling themselves simply "stone-cutters." The contract is
+a long document, consisting of twenty-one clauses, the greater number of
+which are occupied with the most minute and detailed specification of
+the work to be done. It is to be executed "according to the model made
+by the said Bino, changing it or keeping it as it is according to the
+will of the fathers" (the monks of St. Peter's), "so as not to change
+the form and substance of the model." The prices agreed to be paid for
+each stall in the choir, with its arch above it, is ten golden ducats,
+which, allowing for the change in the value of the precious metals, may
+be considered to be about equal to three hundred and seventy-five
+dollars at the present day. The price does not seem by any means a small
+one. But Signor Rossi's researches have elsewhere shown that it is a
+mistake to suppose that the renowned professors of any branch of art
+were poorly paid in those days. The very reverse was the case. It would
+not be interesting to the reader to give him the details of the work
+which Maestro Bino bound himself to execute, but some of the
+stipulations must be mentioned, because they curiously illustrate the
+life of the times. The convent is to furnish all the wood--that which is
+required for the work itself, as well as all that may be needed, planks,
+scaffolding and the like, for the putting of it in its place. "_Item._
+We give him rooms to work in and to sleep in and to cook in, as well as
+beds furnished with bedclothes. _Item._ Maestro Bino binds himself not
+to undertake any other work till the choir is wholly finished and put
+up, and he engages to do all the work within the walls of the convent.
+He is bound to keep four men at work under him, and more if necessary."
+The work is to be completed within two years should no impediment
+intervene by death or grave and manifest illness. The convent undertakes
+to furnish money from time to time as needed for the pay of the
+journeymen, and fifty ducats beforehand for the hiring of assistants and
+other necessary expenses.
+
+Maestro Bino went to work at once, and on the 15th of that same April
+had from the convent what seems the very large sum of ten florins and
+eight soldi for glue. But, after all, this Maestro Bernardino di Luca
+was not the author of the exquisite carvings which people go to Perugia
+to look at at the present day. A very "grave and manifest infirmity" did
+intervene to prevent the execution of the work, for on the 19th of the
+following August, Maestro Bino discharged his workmen on account of the
+plague, which had begun to devastate Perugia; and there is reason to
+think that the maestro himself perished by it, for after that last entry
+the name of Bernardino di Luca vanishes into the abyss of darkness, and
+is no more heard of, and shortly afterward we find the convent entering
+into a new bargain with another maestro for the execution of the work.
+This was Maestro Stefano de Antoniolo da Zambelli of Bergamo, who agreed
+with the monks in July, 1533, to execute the required works in the choir
+for the price of thirty golden crowns each stall. It will be observed
+that this price is about fifty per cent. higher than that for which
+Maestro Bino had contracted to do the work, which is an indication of
+the then rapidly-falling value of the precious metals. But this
+increased price was still insufficient, for on the 17th of July, 1534,
+the monks enter into an amended contract with Maestro Stefano, in which
+the terms of the original contract are rehearsed, and it is then
+declared that Maestro Stefano having shown and proved to the abbot's
+satisfaction that those terms could not stand, and that he should be
+greatly the loser by the bargain, and it being by no means the wish of
+the fathers that Maestro Stefano should be deprived of a fair reward for
+his work, but rather that he should make a suitable profit by the job,
+it was now agreed that the maestro should undertake to labor
+uninterruptedly and with all possible diligence, that the convent should
+find all materials and tools, and should maintain Maestro Stefano and
+his wife and a journeyman, and should pay sixty golden crowns a year as
+long as the work was in progress. Further, the convent undertakes to pay
+half a golden crown monthly to the wife of the said Maestro Stefano, "on
+the understanding that the said wife of the maestro shall serve and cook
+and wash clothes for all the family engaged on the work of the choir;"
+and further, half a golden crown monthly to the journeyman. Under this
+arrangement it was of course the interest of the convent that the work
+should be completed as quickly as possible. And we find, accordingly,
+the abbot commissioning Antonio of Florence to carve six of the backs
+of the stalls; Battista of Bologna and Ambrose, a Frenchman, to carve
+the reading-desk; and Fra Damiano of Bergamo, who was then at Bologna,
+to execute the four sculptures in bas-relief which adorn the door. This
+Fra Damiano, who signs himself on his work "Fr. Damianus de Bergamo,
+Ordinis Predicatorum," seems to have been a brother of the principal
+artist, Maestro Stefano. But a curious peep at the manners of that time
+is afforded by the fact of a professed monk working for hire as a
+wood-carver. The main portion of the work, however, and the general
+design, were due to Maestro Stefano da Zambelli of Bergamo, and just two
+years and half from the signing of the contract the work was completed
+and signed in intarsia, as we see it to this day, "Hoc opus fecit M^{r.}
+Stephanus di Bergamo."
+
+For a long time it was supposed that the very beautiful designs for the
+entirety and for each detail of this noble work was due to Raphael. The
+guide-books all copied the statement one after the other; and they were
+indeed excusable in doing so, for the large and magnificent folio which
+was published at Rome by the abbot and monks in 1845, containing
+engravings of every detail of the celebrated carvings, declares on the
+title-page that the work was executed "by Stefano da Bergamo after the
+designs of Raffaelle Santi di Urbino." The celebrated and learned
+Montfaucon, who was a member of the same order, seems to have been the
+first who made this mistaken statement. Once made on such authority, it
+was accepted and repeated without further investigation till the
+undeniable evidence of the archives of the convent, dragged to light
+from under the dust of centuries by the industry of Professor Rossi,
+showed that in truth the conception and design, as well as the
+execution, of this beautiful masterpiece, which has for so long been
+thought worthy of Raphael, was the work of the "carpenter, Maestro
+Stefano da Bergamo."
+
+I do not believe that it is any longer possible to obtain a complete
+copy of the above-mentioned work. Many years ago I found the separate
+sheets of it lying about in the sacristy in a manner which gave one a
+vivid idea of the reckless carelessness which is so marked a
+characteristic of Italians. Bundles of the different plates, some
+containing forty or fifty copies, some twenty or so, and some not more
+than four or five, were thrust into cupboards with wax candles for the
+altar, tattered choir-books and old candlesticks. And here was the whole
+remaining stock of the work! I was at that time able, by the exercise of
+much patience, trouble and persuasion with the old sacristan--who seemed
+to consider the sale of the plates a very insufficient recompense for
+the trouble of looking for them--to get together a complete copy of the
+work; but when I was there the other day not more than twenty of the
+plates out of nearly twice that number were to be found. In the mean
+time, however, a complete set of photographs of every portion of the
+sculpture has been made in a smaller size, but sufficiently large to
+give a very satisfactory representation of the extreme beauty and
+elegance of the work. It is indeed impossible to doubt that this Master
+Stephen of Bergamo, the carpenter, whose wife was to have half a crown a
+month for doing the washing and cooking for all the family living in the
+rooms assigned to them in the monastery for a workshop and living-rooms,
+was a man of education and culture, and in every sense of the word an
+_artist_. The difference between his social position and that of any
+artist of corresponding eminence in our day would seem to consist wholly
+in that greater degree of personal and material luxury which
+civilization and increased wealth have brought with them. The payment
+which he was to receive for his year's work, besides having been
+maintained, lodged and fed at the cost of the monastery during the time,
+may, I take it, be considered equivalent to about twenty-two thousand
+five hundred dollars.
+
+In 1494, on the 5th of April, Maestro Mariotto di Paola, "called
+Torzuolo," contracts with the canons of the cathedral to make a range of
+cupboards in the sacristy. Such masses of wood-work, very frequently
+richly carved and ornamented, are found in the sacristies of most of the
+larger churches in Italy. They generally consist of a range of deep
+drawers below, up to about the height of an ordinary table, and above
+this a series of cupboards reaching to the ceiling of the apartment, so
+much less deep than the drawers as to leave a large space of table on
+the top of the latter. The drawers are used mainly for the keeping of
+the sacred vestments; the table for the spreading out of such of these
+as are about to be or have just been used; and the cupboards above for
+the holding of all the treasures of the church--chalices for the altar,
+monstrances for the exposition of the sacrament, reliquaries of all
+sorts of shapes and sizes for the preservation of the relics of saints,
+ornamental candlesticks, and such like. In the richer and more important
+churches these objects are generally of the precious metals, and
+frequently richly adorned with gems, so that the amount of treasure
+stored in these repositories is often very considerable. Sometimes such
+a range of wood-work as has been described will be found filling one
+side only of the sacristy, but in many cases it runs round the whole
+apartment. And this piece of ecclesiastical furniture therefore
+presented a great field for the taste and ingenuity of the old _maestri_
+in wood-carving to exhibit their skill both in design and in execution.
+At the Benedictine monastery of St. Peter, of the choir of which we have
+been speaking, this fitting up of the sacristy had been done previously;
+and it is accordingly much less rich in carving than the work in the
+choir. But some of the doors of the cupboards are still more preciously
+ornamented by some very finely-painted heads from the hand of the great
+Perugino.
+
+Such as it is, however, this sacristy at St. Peter's was handsome enough
+to excite the emulation of the canons of the cathedral, for the contract
+made with Maestro Mariotto--who was nicknamed Torzuolo--specifies that
+the work is to be entirely of walnut wood, after the fashion of the
+sacristy at St. Peter's, and is to be executed "in the manner of a
+good, loyal and expert master." It is to be all done by his own hand, or
+at least in his presence and under his superintendence. The work is to
+be completed in one year, and the canons are to pay for it at the rate
+of ten florins every square braccio, Florentine measure. This was in
+1494; and it will here again be observed that the price, as compared
+with that to be paid to Maestro Stefano by the monks of St. Peter's for
+their choir, even fully allowing for the greater richness of the latter,
+indicates the very rapid alteration in the value of money which took
+place at the beginning of the sixteenth century. But the canons, it
+would seem, were very careful hands at a bargain, for we find that it is
+provided in the contract that when the work shall have been completed it
+shall be examined by two experts, and that if it shall be found to be
+worth less than the price named, Maestro Torzuolo shall receive so much
+less; but that if it shall be found by the said experts and appraisers
+to be worth more, the maestro shall stand to his bargain and not receive
+more than the price named--an agreement which is frequently found in the
+contracts made about that period. When the work was completed it was
+accordingly examined and appraised by Maestro Mattia of Reggio and
+Maestro Pietro of Florence. The latter was brought from Citt� di
+Castello, a little city in the Apennines some twenty-five miles distant,
+express for the purpose. We do not find any statement of their award.
+But it would seem that Maestro Torzuolo did not keep to his contract in
+one respect, but was as unpunctual as the carpenters of the present
+generation, for the above experts were not called to appraise the work
+till the year 1497.
+
+Maestro Pietro of Florence was evidently a man at the head of his
+profession, for at Citt� di Castello, when he was summoned to Perugia to
+appraise the work of Maestro Torzuolo, he was engaged in making for the
+canons there a wooden ceiling for the nave of their church, which was,
+by a contract dated 1499, to be ornamented with large roses similar to
+the ornamentation of the ceiling of the council-hall in the Palazzo
+Vecchio at Florence; giving us thus another indication of the degree of
+general interest and attention which these works excited in those days.
+The communication between city and city was difficult and comparatively
+unfrequent, yet the fame of any fine work of the sort we are talking of
+evidently not only reached far and wide among other cities, but
+forthwith excited their rivalry and led to the production of other
+_chefs-d'oeuvre_. Maestro Pietro was to receive for the ceiling of the
+nave at Citt� di Castello no less a sum than five hundred golden ducats,
+equal to at least seventeen thousand five hundred dollars at the present
+day. We find him also employed as architect to direct the construction
+of a cupola of the church of Calcinaio. This carpenter was, then, an
+architect also; and Professor Rossi remarks that it is by no means the
+only case of the kind.
+
+Maestro Mattia, the other expert called to appraise the work done by
+Maestro Torzuolo for the canons of the cathedral of Perugia, was already
+well and favorably known in that city, for he had been employed in 1495
+to appraise some work which had been done for the choir of the monks of
+St. Lorenzo; in that same year we find him executing some very elaborate
+work for the convent of St. Augustine; and on the 20th of December there
+was read at a meeting of the municipal council a petition from Maestro
+Mattia to be admitted to the freedom of the city of Perugia; which
+request the masters of the guilds, "taking into consideration the
+industry, the mode of life and the moral character" of the petitioner,
+were pleased to grant, on the condition that he, together with two other
+persons admitted to citizenship at the same time, should make a present
+to the corporation of a silver dish and forty pounds' weight of copper
+money, and, further, that he should give the masters and treasurers of
+his own guild a dinner.
+
+The notices which Professor Rossi has collected from the various
+collections of archives explored by him show in a remarkable manner how
+much the best patron of art and artists in those days was the Church.
+By far the greatest number of the contracts cited are made by
+ecclesiastics, either monks or collegiate bodies of canons or the like,
+for the ornamentation of their churches and sacristies. The next best
+patrons are the different trade-guilds of the cities. Each of these had
+its place of meeting for the _priori_--masters or wardens, as we should
+say, of the company--and many of them a contiguous chapel. The sort of
+furniture needed for these places was generally a range of seats running
+round the principal room, a back of wainscoting behind them, a kind of
+pulpit for those who addressed the meeting, a raised and prominent seat
+for the "consuls" of the guild, and a large table or writing-desk for
+the transaction of business. All this, as will be readily perceived,
+afforded fine opportunities for the display of rich carvings and
+intarsia; and there was much rivalry between the guilds in the splendor
+and adornment of their places of meeting. Some of these works still
+remain intact, as in the case of the meeting-room and chapel of the
+company of exchange-brokers, which is celebrated wherever art is valued
+for the magnificent frescoes by Perugino which adorn the upper part of
+the walls above the wood-work. I think, however, that the Church was
+more liberal and magnificent in her orders. I have seen much fine
+wood-work in the different guild-halls and town-halls in various cities
+of Italy, but in no lay building, not even in wealthy and magnificent
+Venice itself, with all the splendor of its ducal palace and its Scuole,
+have I ever seen anything of the kind at all comparable to the wood-work
+in the choirs of the monastery of St. Peter at Perugia and of the
+cathedral at Siena. There is in the cathedral of Bergamo some intarsia,
+perhaps the finest things extant in that special description of work,
+but for carving the choirs I have mentioned are pre-eminent.
+
+But there are a great number of beautiful works of this sort lurking in
+places where the traveler, however eager a lover of art, would hardly
+think of looking for them. The central districts of Italy are full of
+such. There is in the mountains to the south of Perugia, overhanging
+the valley of the Tiber, a little city, the very name of which will
+probably be new to many even of those who have traveled much in Italy.
+Still less likely is it that they have ever been at Todi, for that is
+the name of the place I am alluding to. It lies high and bleak among the
+Apennines, and possesses nothing to attract the wanderer save some
+notable remains of medi�val art which strikingly show how universal, how
+ubiquitous, art and artists were in those halcyon days. Todi has,
+moreover, the misfortune of being situated on no line of railway, and of
+not being on the way to any of the great modern centres. It is,
+therefore, completely out of the modern world, and nobody knows anything
+about it save a few lovers of ancient art, who will not be beat in their
+explorations by want of communications and bad hostelries. But the
+little hill-city possesses two churches, whose choirs well deserve a
+visit by the admirers of cinque-cento wood-work, I have mentioned it
+here, however, mainly because one of these, the choir of the cathedral,
+offers not so much in what may still be seen there, as in its records, a
+very curious example of the spirit of anti-ecclesiastical freethinking
+which was widely spread at that time through the artist-world, whose
+best patron was the Church. I mentioned some months ago, in the pages of
+this Magazine, some curious facts showing the real sentiments of the
+great Perugino on this subject while he was painting Madonnas and
+miracles for his ecclesiastical patrons. And the following singular
+extract from the archives of the cathedral church of Todi may be added
+to what was there written as a proof of the somewhat unexpected fact.
+The wood-work of the choir was begun by Maestro Antonio Bencivieni of
+Mercatello, in the duchy of Urbino, and was completed in 1530 by his son
+Sebastian, who finished his work by inserting in it a singularly haughty
+inscription in intarsia. The Latin of the original may be Englished
+thus: "Begun by the art and genius of Ant^{o} Bencivieni of Mercatello.
+This work was finished by his son Sebastian. Having kept faith and
+maintained his honor, he did enough." The worthy canons, however,
+discovered just one and forty years afterward that Maestro Sebastiano
+had done somewhat too much. For he had on the fourth stall, counting
+from the bishop's seat, on the right-hand side of the choir, inserted
+amid the ornamentation certain Latin words, inscribed over a carving of
+three vases intended to represent reliquaries, which may be translated
+thus: Over the first vase, "The shadow of the ass ridden by our Lord;"
+over the second, "The feet of the Blessed Virgin as she ascended into
+heaven;" over the third, "Relics of the Holy Trinity." These strange
+inscriptions remained where Maestro Sebastiano had so audaciously placed
+them till the May of 1571. At that date we find a record in the
+cathedral archives which, after rehearsing the words in question, and
+describing the position of them, proceeds: "Which words, placed there
+and written scandalously, and in a certain sort derisive of the
+veneration for holy relics, and in contempt of the Christian religion,
+the very reverend canons" (So-and-So--names rehearsed) "ordered to be
+removed and entirely canceled, so that they should no longer be seen or
+read." Can it be supposed that this very extraordinary inscription in a
+choir frequented daily by the canons of the church had entirely escaped
+notice for more than forty years? Surely this is impossible. Should we
+not rather see in the fact that the chapter of 1530 noticed the mocking
+words with probably a shrug and a smile, whereas the chapter of 1571
+took care that they were removed, an interesting and curious commentary
+on the change which the intervening years had brought about in the
+spirit of the Church, and another unexpected indication of the
+difference between the Church of the worldly, pagan-minded Clement VII.
+and that of the energetic, earnest bigot Pius IV. That such a difference
+existed we know full well, but this passage of the Todi archives is a
+very curious proof of it.
+
+T. ADOLPHUS TROLLOPE.
+
+
+
+
+REST.
+
+    In deepest weariness I lay so still
+      One might have thought it death,
+    For hush of motion and a sleep of will
+      Gave me but soundless breath.
+
+    And yet I slept not; only knew that Rest
+      Held me all close to her:
+    Softly but firmly fettered to her breast,
+      I had no wish to stir.
+
+    "Oh, if," I thought, "death would but be like this!--
+      Neither to sleep nor wake,
+    But have for ages just this _conscious_ bliss,
+      That perfect rest I take."
+
+    The soul grows often weary, like the flesh:
+      May rest pervade her long,
+    While she shall _feel_ the joy of growing fresh
+      For heavenly work and song!
+
+CHARLOTTE F. BATES.
+
+
+
+
+LETTERS FROM SOUTH AFRICA.
+
+BY LADY BARKER.
+
+
+MARITZBURG, February 10, 1876.
+
+In the South African calendar this is set down as the first of the
+autumnal months, but the half dozen hours about mid-day are still quite
+as close and oppressive as any we have had. I am, however, bound to say
+that the nights--at all events, up here--are cooler, and I begin even to
+think of a light shawl for my solitary walks in the verandah just before
+bedtime. When the moon shines these walks are pleasant enough, but when
+only the "common people of the skies" are trying to filter down their
+feebler light through the misty atmosphere, I have a lurking fear and
+distrust of the reptiles and bugs who may also have a fancy for
+promenading at the same time and in the same place. I say nothing of
+bats, frogs and toads, mantis or even huge moths: to these we are quite
+accustomed. But although I have never seen a live snake in this country
+myself, still one hears such unpleasant stories about them that it is
+just as well to what the Scotch call "mak siccar" with a candle before
+beginning a constitutional in the dark.
+
+It is not a week ago since a lady of my acquaintance, being surprised at
+her little dog's refusal to follow her into her bedroom one night,
+instituted a search for the reason of the poor little creature's terror
+and dismay, and discovered a snake coiled up under her chest of drawers.
+At this moment, too, the local papers are full of recipes for the
+prevention and cure of snake-bites, public attention being much
+attracted to the subject on account of an Englishman having been bitten
+by a black "mamba" (a very venomous adder) a short time since, and
+having died of the wound in a few hours. In his case, poor man! there
+does not seem to have been a chance from the first, for he was obliged
+to walk some distance to the nearest house, and as they had no proper
+remedies there, he had to be taken on a farther journey of some miles to
+a hospital. All this exercise and motion caused the poison to circulate
+freely through the veins, and was the worst possible thing for him. The
+doctors here seem agreed that the treatment of ammonia and brandy is the
+safest, and many instances are adduced to show how successful it has
+been, though one party of practitioners admits the ammonia, but denies
+the brandy. On the other hand, one hears of a child bitten by a snake
+and swallowing half a large bottle of raw brandy in half an hour without
+its head being at all affected, and, what is more, recovering from the
+bite and living happy ever after. I keep quantities of both remedies
+close at hand, for three or four venomous snakes have been killed within
+a dozen yards of the house, and little G---- is perpetually exploring
+the long grass all around or hunting for a stray cricket-ball or a
+pegtop in one of those beautiful fern-filled ditches whose tangle of
+creepers and plumy ferns is exactly the favorite haunt of snakes. As yet
+he has brought back from these forbidden raids nothing more than a few
+ticks and millions of burs.
+
+As for the ticks, I am getting over my horror at having to dislodge them
+from among the baby's soft curls by means of a sharp needle, and even
+G---- only shouts with laughter at discovering a great swollen monster
+hanging on by its forceps to his leg. They torment the poor horses and
+dogs dreadfully; and if the said horses were not the very quietest,
+meekest, most underbred and depressed animals in the world, we should
+certainly hear of more accidents. As it is, they confine their efforts
+to get rid of their tormentors to rubbing all the hair off their tails
+and sides in patches against the stable walls or the trunk of a tree.
+Indeed, the clever way G----'s miserable little Basuto pony actually
+climbs inside a good-sized bush, and sways himself about in it with his
+legs off the ground until the whole thing comes with a crash to the
+ground, is edifying to behold to every one except the owner of the tree.
+Tom, the Kafir boy, tried hard to persuade me the other day that the
+pony was to blame for the destruction of a peach tree, but as the only
+broken-down branches were those which had been laden with fruit, I am
+inclined to acquit the pony. Carbolic soap is an excellent thing to wash
+both dogs and horses with, as it not only keeps away flies and ticks
+from the skin, which, is constantly rubbed off by incessant scratching,
+but helps to heal the tendency to a sore place. Indeed, nothing
+frightened me so much as what I heard when I first arrived about Natal
+sores and Natal boils. Everybody told me that ever so slight a cut or
+abrasion went on slowly festering, and that sores on children's faces
+were quite common. This sounded very dreadful, but I am beginning to
+hope it was an exaggeration, for whenever G---- cuts or knocks himself
+(which is every day or so), or scratches an insect's bite into a bad
+place, I wash the part with a little carbolic soap (there are two
+sorts--one for animals and a more refined preparation for the human
+skin), and it is quite well the next day. We have all had a threatening
+of those horrid boils, but they have passed off.
+
+In town the mosquitoes are plentiful and lively, devoting their
+attentions chiefly to new-comers, but up here--I write as though we were
+five thousand feet instead of only fifty above Maritzburg--it is rare to
+see one. I think "fillies" are more in our line, and that in spite of
+every floor in the house being scrubbed daily with strong soda and
+water. "Fillies," you must know, is our black groom's (Charlie's) way of
+pronouncing _fleas_, and I find it ever so much prettier. Charlie and I
+are having a daily discussion just now touching sundry moneys he
+expended during my week's absence at D'Urban for the kittens' food.
+Charlie calls them the "lil' catties," and declares that the two small
+animals consumed three shillings and ninepence worth of meat in a week.
+I laughingly say, "But, Charlie, that would be nearly nine pounds of
+meat in six days, and they couldn't eat that, you know." Charlie grins
+and shows all his beautiful even white teeth: then he bashfully turns
+his head aside and says, "I doan know, ma': I buy six' meat dree time."
+"Very well, Charlie, that would be one shilling and sixpence." "I doan
+know, ma';" and we've not got any further than that yet.
+
+But G---- and I are picking up many words of Kafir, and it is quite
+mortifying to see how much more easily the little monkey learns than I
+do. I forget my phrases or confuse them, whereas when he learns two or
+three sentences he appears to remember them always. It is a very
+melodious and beautiful language, and, except for the clicks, not very
+difficult to learn. Almost everybody here speaks it a little, and it is
+the first thing necessary for a new-comer to endeavor to acquire; only,
+unfortunately, there are no teachers, as in India, and consequently you
+pick up a wretched, debased kind of patois, interlarded with Dutch
+phrases. Indeed, I am assured there are two words, _el hashi_ ("the
+horse"), of unmistakable Moorish origin, though no one knows how they
+got into the language. Many of the Kafirs about town speak a little
+English, and they are exceedingly sharp, when they choose, about
+understanding what is meant, even if they do not quite catch the meaning
+of the words used. There is one genius of my acquaintance, called
+"Sixpence," who is not only a capital cook, but an accomplished English
+scholar, having spent some months in England. Generally, to Cape Town
+and back is the extent of their journeyings, for they are a home-loving
+people; but Sixpence went to England with his master, and brought back a
+shivering recollection of an English winter and a deep-rooted amazement
+at the boys of the Shoe Brigade, who wanted to clean his boots. That
+astonished him more than anything else, he says.
+
+The Kafirs are very fond of attending their own schools and church
+services, of which there are several in the town; and I find one of my
+greatest difficulties in living out here consists in getting Kafirs to
+come out of town, for by doing so they miss their regular attendance at
+chapel and school. A few Sundays ago I went to one of these Kafir
+schools, and was much struck by the intently-absorbed air of the pupils,
+almost all of whom were youths about twenty years of age. They were
+learning to read the Bible in Kafir during my visit, sitting in couples,
+and helping each other on with immense diligence and earnestness. No
+looking about, no wandering, inattentive glances, did I see. I might as
+well have "had the receipt of fern-seed and walked invisible" for all
+the attention I excited. Presently the pupil-teacher, a young black man,
+who had charge of this class, asked me if I would like to hear them sing
+a hymn, and on my assenting he read out a verse of "Hold the Fort," and
+they all stood up and sang it, or rather its Kafir translation, lustily
+and with good courage, though without much tune. The chorus was
+especially fine, the words "Inkanye kanye" ringing through the room with
+great fervor. This is not a literal translation of the words "Hold the
+Fort," but it is difficult, as the teacher explained to me, for the
+translator to avail himself of the usual word for "hold," as it conveys
+more the idea of "take hold," "seize," and the young Kafir missionary
+thoroughly understood all the nicety of the idiom. There was another
+class for women and children, but it was a small one. Certainly, the
+young men seemed much in earnest, and the rapt expression of their faces
+was most striking, especially during the short prayer which followed the
+hymn and ended the school for the afternoon.
+
+I have had constantly impressed upon my mind since my arrival the advice
+_not_ to take Christian Kafirs into my service, but I am at a loss to
+know in what way the prejudice against them can have arisen. "Take a
+Kafir green from his kraal if you wish to have a good servant," is what
+every one tells me. It so happens that we have two of each--two
+Christians and two heathens--about the place, and there is no doubt
+whatever which is the best. Indeed, I have sometimes conversations with
+the one who speaks English, and I can assure you we might all learn from
+him with advantage. His simple creed is just what came from the
+Saviour's lips two thousand years ago, and comprises His teaching of the
+whole duty of man--to love God, the great "En' Kos," and his neighbor as
+himself. He speaks always with real delight of his privileges, and is
+very anxious to go to Cape Town to attend some school there of which he
+talks a great deal, and where he says he should learn to read the Bible
+in English. At present he is spelling it out with great difficulty in
+Kafir. This man often talks to me in the most respectful and civil
+manner imaginable about the customs of his tribe, and he constantly
+alludes to the narrow escape he had of being murdered directly after his
+birth for the crime of being a twin. His people have a fixed belief that
+unless one of a pair of babies be killed at once, either the father or
+mother will die within the year; and they argue that as in any case one
+child will be sure to die in its infancy, twins being proverbially
+difficult to rear, it is only both kind and natural to kill the weakly
+one at once. This young man is very small and quiet and gentle, with an
+ugly face, but a sweet, intelligent expression and a very nice manner. I
+find him and the other Christian in our employment very trustworthy and
+reliable. If they tell me anything which has occurred, I know I can
+believe their version of it, and they are absolutely honest. Now, the
+other lads have very loose ideas on the subject of sugar, and make
+shifty excuses for everything, from the cat breaking a heavy stone
+filter up to half the marketing being dropped on the road.
+
+I don't think I have made it sufficiently clear that besides the
+Sunday-schools and services I have mentioned there are night-schools
+every evening in the week, which are fully attended by Kafir servants,
+and where they are first taught to read their own language, which is an
+enormous difficulty to them. They always tell me it is so much easier to
+learn to read English than Kafir; and if one studies the two languages,
+it is plain to see how much simpler the new tongue must appear to a
+learner than the intricate construction, the varying patois and the
+necessarily phonetic spelling of a language compounded of so many
+dialects as the Zulu-Kafir.
+
+
+FEBRUARY 12.
+
+In some respects I consider this climate has been rather over-praised.
+Of course it is a great deal--a very great deal--better than our English
+one, but that, after all, is not saying much in its praise. Then we must
+remember that in England we have the fear and dread of the climate ever
+before our eyes, and consequently are always, so to speak, on our guard
+against it. Here, and in other places where civilization is in its
+infancy, we are at the mercy of dust and sun, wind and rain, and all the
+eccentric elements which go to make up weather. Consequently, when the
+balance of comfort and convenience has to be struck, it is surprising
+how small an advantage a really better climate gives when you take away
+watering-carts and shady streets for hot weather, and sheltered
+railway-stations and hansom cabs for wet weather, and roads and servants
+and civility and general convenience everywhere. This particular climate
+is both depressing and trying in spite of the sunny skies we are ever
+boasting about, because it has a strong tinge of the tropical element in
+it; and yet people live in much the same kind of houses (only that they
+are very small), and wear much the same sort of clothes (only that they
+are very ugly), and lead much the same sort of lives (only that it is a
+thousand times duller than the dullest country village), as they do in
+England. Some small concession is made to the thermometer in the matter
+of puggeries and matted floors, but even then carpets are used wherever
+it is practicable, because this matting never looks clean and nice after
+the first week it is put down. All the houses are built on the ground
+floor, with the utmost economy of building material and labor, and
+consequently there are no passages: every room is, in fact, a passage
+and leads to its neighbor. So the perpetually dirty bare feet, or, still
+worse, boots fresh from the mud or dust of the streets, soon wear out
+the matting. Few houses are at all prettily decorated or furnished,
+partly from the difficulty of procuring anything pretty here, the cost
+and risk of its carriage up from D'Urban if you send to England for it,
+and partly from the want of servants accustomed to anything but the
+roughest and coarsest articles of household use. A lady soon begins to
+take her drawing-room ornaments _en guignon_ if she has to dust them
+herself every day in a very dusty climate. I speak feelingly and with
+authority, for that is my case at this moment, and applies to every
+other part of the house as well.
+
+I must say I like Kafir servants in some respects. They require, I
+acknowledge, constant supervision; they require to be told to do the
+same thing over and over again every day; and, what is more, besides
+telling, you have to stand by and see that they do the thing. They are
+also very slow. But still, with all these disadvantages, they are far
+better than the generality of European servants out here, who make their
+luckless employers' lives a burden to them by reason of their tempers
+and caprices. It is much better, I am convinced, to face the evil boldly
+and to make up one's mind to have none but Kafir servants. Of course one
+immediately turns into a sort of overseer and upper servant one's self;
+but at all events you feel master or mistress of your own house, and you
+have faithful and good-tempered domestics, who do their best, however
+awkwardly, to please you. Where there are children, then indeed a good
+English nurse is a great boon; and in this one respect I am fortunate.
+Kafirs are also much easier to manage when the orders come direct from
+the master or mistress, and they work far more willingly for them than
+for white servants. Tom, the nurse-boy, confided to me yesterday that he
+hoped to stop in my employment for forty moons. After that space of time
+he considered that he should be in a position to buy plenty of wives,
+who would work for him and support him for the rest of his life. But
+how Tom or Jack, or any of the boys in fact, are to save money I know
+not, for every shilling of their wages, except a small margin for coarse
+snuff, goes to their parents, who fleece them without mercy. If they are
+fined for breakages or misconduct (the only punishment a Kafir cares
+for), they have to account for the deficient money to the stern parents;
+and both Tom and Jack went through a most graphic pantomime with a stick
+of the consequences to themselves, adding that their father said both
+the beating from him and the fine from us served them right for their
+carelessness. It seemed so hard they should suffer both ways, and they
+were so good-tempered and uncomplaining about it, that I fear I shall
+find it very difficult to stop any threepenny pieces out of their wages
+in future. A Kafir servant usually gets one pound a month, his clothes
+and food. The former consists of a shirt and short trousers of coarse
+check cotton, a soldier's old great-coat for winter, and plenty of
+mealy-meal for "scoff." If he is a good servant and worth making
+comfortable, you give him a trifle every week to buy meat. Kafirs are
+very fond of going to their kraals, and you have to make them sign an
+agreement to remain with you so many months, generally six. By the time
+you have just taught them, with infinite pains and trouble, how to do
+their work, they depart, and you have to begin it all over again.
+
+I frequently see the chiefs or indunas of chiefs passing here on their
+way to some kraals which lie just over the hills. These kraals consist
+of half a dozen or more large huts, exactly like so many huge beehives,
+on the slope of a hill. There is a rude attempt at sod-fencing round
+them; a few head of cattle graze in the neighborhood; lower down, the
+hillside is roughly scratched by the women with crooked hoes to form a
+mealy-ground. (Cows and mealies are all they require except snuff or
+tobacco, which they smoke out of a cow's horn.) They seem a very gay and
+cheerful people, to judge by the laughter and jests I hear from the
+groups returning to these kraals every day by the road just outside our
+fence. Sometimes one of the party carries an umbrella; and I assure you
+the effect of a tall, stalwart Kafir, clad either in nothing at all or
+else in a sack, carefully guarding his bare head with a tattered Gamp,
+is very ridiculous. Often some one walks along playing upon a rude pipe,
+whilst the others jog before and after him, laughing and capering like
+boys let loose from school, and all chattering loudly. You never meet a
+man carrying a burden unless he is a white settler's servant. When a
+chief or the induna of a kraal passes this way, I see him, clad in a
+motley garb of red regimentals with his bare "ringed" head, riding a
+sorry nag, only the point of his great toe resting in his stirrup. He is
+followed closely and with great _empressement_ by his "tail," all
+"ringed" men also--that is, men of some substance and weight in the
+community. They carry bundles of sticks, and keep up with the ambling
+nag, and are closely followed by some of his wives bearing heavy loads
+on their heads, but stepping out bravely with beautiful erect carriage,
+shapely bare arms and legs; and some sort of coarse drapery worn across
+their bodies, covering them from shoulder to knee in folds which would
+delight an artist's eye and be the despair of a sculptor's chisel. They
+don't look either oppressed or discontented. Happy, healthy and jolly
+are the words by which they would be most truthfully described. Still,
+they are lazy, and slow to appreciate any benefit from civilization
+except the money, but then savages always seem to me as keen and sordid
+about money as the most civilized mercantile community anywhere.
+
+
+FEBRUARY 14.
+
+I am often asked by people who are thinking of coming here, or who want
+to send presents to friends here, what to bring or send. Of course it is
+difficult to say, because my experience is limited and confined to one
+spot at present: therefore I give my opinion very guardedly, and
+acknowledge it is derived in great part from the experience of others
+who have been here a long time. Amongst other wraps, I brought a
+sealskin jacket and muff which I happened to have. These, I am assured,
+will be absolutely useless, and already they are a great anxiety to me
+on account of the swarms of fish-tail moths which I see scuttling about
+in every direction if I move a box or look behind a picture. In fact,
+there are destructive moths everywhere, and every drawer is redolent of
+camphor. The only things I can venture to recommend as necessaries are
+things which no one advised me to bring, and which were only random
+shots. One was a light waterproof ulster, and the other was a lot of
+those outside blinds for windows which come, I believe, from Japan, and
+are made of grass--green, painted with gay figures. I picked up these
+latter by the merest accident at the Baker-street bazaar for a few
+shillings: they are the comfort of my life, keeping out glare and dust
+in the day and moths and insects of all kinds at night. As for the
+waterproof, I do not know what I should have done without it; and little
+G----'s has also been most useful. It is the necessary of necessaries
+here--a _real_, good substantial waterproof. A man cannot do better than
+get a regular military waterproof which will cover him from chin to heel
+on horseback; and even waterproof hats and caps are a comfort in this
+treacherous summer season, where a storm bursts over your head out of a
+blue dome of sky, and drenches you even whilst the sun is shining
+brightly.
+
+A worse climate and country for clothes of every kind and description
+cannot be imagined. When I first arrived I thought I had never seen such
+ugly toilettes in all my life; and I should have been less than woman
+(or more--which is it?) if I had not derived some secret satisfaction
+from the possession of at least prettier garments. What I was vain of in
+my secret heart was my store of cotton gowns. One can't very well wear
+cotton gowns in London; and, as I am particularly fond of them, I
+indemnify myself for going abroad by rushing wildly into extensive
+purchases in cambrics and print dresses. They are so pretty and so
+cheap, and when charmingly made, as mine _were_ (alas, they are already
+things of the past!), nothing can be so satisfactory in the way of
+summer country garb. Well, it has been precisely in the matter of cotton
+gowns that I have been punished for my vanity. For a day or two each
+gown in turn looked charming. Then came a flounce or bordering of bright
+red earth on the lower skirt and a general impression of red dust and
+dirt all over it. That was after a drive into Maritzburg along a road
+ploughed up by ox-wagons. Still, I felt no uneasiness. What is a cotton
+gown made for if not to be washed? Away it goes to the wash! What is
+this limp, discolored rag which returns to me iron-moulded, blued until
+it is nearly black, rough-dried, starched in patches, with the fringe of
+red earth only more firmly fixed than before? Behold my favorite ivory
+cotton! My white gowns are even in a worse plight, for there are no two
+yards of them the same, and the grotesque mixture of extreme yellowness,
+extreme blueness and a pervading tinge of the red mud they have been
+washed in renders them a piteous example of misplaced confidence. Other
+things fare rather better--not much--but my poor gowns are only hopeless
+wrecks, and I am reduced to some old yachting dresses of ticking and
+serge. The price of washing, as this spoiling process is pleasantly
+called, is enormous, and I exhaust my faculties in devising more
+economical arrangements. We can't wash at home, for the simple reason
+that we have no water, no proper appliances of any sort, and to build
+and buy such would cost a small fortune. But a tall, white-aproned
+Kafir, with a badge upon his arm, comes now at daylight every Monday
+morning and takes away a huge sackful of linen, which is placed, with
+sundry pieces of soap and blue in its mouth, all ready for him. He
+brings it back in the afternoon full of clean and dry linen, for which
+he receives three shillings and sixpence. But this is only the first
+stage. The things to be starched have to be sorted and sent to one
+woman, and those to be mangled to another, and both lots have to be
+fetched home again by Tom and Jack. (I have forgotten to tell you that
+Jack's real name, elicited with great difficulty, as there is a click
+somewhere in it, is "Umpashongwana," whilst the pickle Tom is known
+among his own people as "Umkabangwana." You will admit that our
+substitutes for these five-syllabled appellations are easier to
+pronounce in a hurry. Jack is a favorite name: I know half a dozen black
+Jacks myself.) To return, however, to the washing. I spend my time in
+this uncertain weather watching the clouds on the days when the clothes
+are to come home, for it would be altogether _too_ great a trial if
+one's starched garments, borne aloft on Jack's head, were to be caught
+in a thunder-shower. If the washerwoman takes pains with anything, it is
+with gentlemen's shirts, though even then she insists on ironing the
+collars into strange and fearful shapes.
+
+Let not men think, however, that they have it all their own way in the
+matter of clothes. White jackets and trousers are commonly worn here in
+summer, and it is very soothing, I am told, to try to put them on in a
+hurry when the arms and legs are firmly glued together by several pounds
+of starch. Then as to boots and shoes: they get so mildewed if laid
+aside for even a few days as to be absolutely offensive; and these, with
+hats, wear out at the most astonishing rate. The sun and dust and rain
+finish up the hats in less than no time.
+
+But I have not done with my clothes yet. A lady must keep a warm dress
+and jacket close at hand all through the most broiling summer weather,
+for a couple of hours will bring the thermometer down ten or twenty
+degrees, and I have often been gasping in a white dressing-gown at noon
+and shivering in a serge dress at three o'clock on the same day. I am
+making up my mind that serge and ticking are likely to be the most
+useful material for dresses, and, as one must have something very cool
+for these burning months, tussore or foulard, which get themselves
+better washed than my poor dear cottons. Silks are next to useless--too
+smart, too hot, too entirely out of place in such a life as this, except
+perhaps one or two of tried principles, which won't spot or fade or
+misbehave themselves in any way. One goes out of a warm, dry afternoon
+with a tulle veil on to keep off the flies, or a feather in one's hat,
+and returns with the one a limp, wet rag and the other quite out of
+curl. I only wish any milliner could see my feathers now! All straight,
+rigidly straight as a carpenter's rule, and tinged with red dust
+besides. As for tulle or cr�pe-lisse frilling, or any of those soft
+pretty adjuncts to a simple toilette, they are five minutes' wear--no
+more, I solemnly declare.
+
+I love telling a story against myself, and here is one. In spite of
+repeated experiences of the injurious effect of alternate damp and dust
+upon finery, the old Eve is occasionally too strong for my prudence, and
+I can't resist, on the rare occasions which offer themselves, the
+temptation of wearing pretty things. Especially weak am I in the matter
+of caps, and this is what befell me. Imagine a lovely, soft summer
+evening, broad daylight, though it is half-past seven (it will be dark
+directly, however): a dinner-party to be reached a couple of miles away.
+The little open carriage is at the door, and into this I step, swathing
+my gown carefully up in a huge shawl. This precaution is especially
+necessary, for during the afternoon there has been a terrific
+thunderstorm and a sudden sharp deluge of rain. Besides a swamp or two
+to be ploughed through as best we may, there are those two miles of deep
+red muddy road full of ruts and big stones and pitfalls of all sorts.
+The drive home in the dark will be nervous work, but now in daylight let
+us enjoy whilst we may. Of course I _ought_ to have taken my cap in a
+box or bag, or something of the sort; but that seemed too much trouble,
+especially as it was so small it needed to be firmly pinned on in its
+place. It consisted of a centre or crown of white cr�pe, a little frill
+of the same, and a close-fitting wreath of deep red feathers all round.
+Very neat and tidy it looked as I took my last glance at it whilst I
+hastily knotted a light black lace veil over my head by way of
+protection during my drive. When I got to my destination there was no
+looking-glass to be seen anywhere, no maid, no anything or anybody to
+warn me. Into the dining-room I marched in happy unconsciousness that
+the extreme dampness of the evening had flattened the crown of my cap,
+and that it and its frill were mere unconsidered limp rags, whilst the
+unpretending circlet of feathers had started into undue prominence, and
+struck straight out like a red nimbus all round my unconscious head. How
+my fellow-guests managed to keep their countenances I cannot tell. I am
+certain _I_ never could have sat opposite to any one with such an
+Ojibbeway Indian's head-dress on without giggling. But no one gave me
+the least hint of my misfortune, and it only burst upon me suddenly when
+I returned to my own room and my own glass. Still, there was a ray of
+hope left: it _might_ have been the dampness of the drive home which had
+worked me this woe. I rushed into F----'s dressing-room and demanded
+quite fiercely whether my cap had been like that all the time.
+
+"Why, yes," F---- admitted; adding by way of consolation, "In fact, it
+is a good deal subdued now: it was very wild all dinner-time. I can't
+say I admired it, but I supposed it was all right."
+
+Did ever any one hear such shocking apathy? In answer to my reproaches
+for not telling me, he only said, "Why, what could you have done with it
+if you _had_ known? Taken it off and put it in your pocket, or what?"
+
+I don't know, but anything would have been better than sitting at table
+with a thing only fit for a May-Day sweep on one's head. It makes me hot
+and angry with myself even to think of it now.
+
+F----'s clothes could also relate some curious experiences which they
+have had to go through, not only at the hands of his washerwoman, but at
+those of his temporary valet, Jack (I beg his pardon, Umpashongwana) the
+Zulu, whose zeal exceeds anything one can imagine. For instance, when he
+sets to work to brush F----'s clothes of a morning he is by no means
+content to brush the cloth clothes. Oh dear, no! He brushes the socks,
+putting each carefully on his hand like a glove and brushing vigorously
+away. As they are necessarily very thin socks for this hot weather, they
+are apt to melt away entirely under the process. I say nothing of his
+blacking the boots inside as well as out, or of his laboriously
+scrubbing holes in a serge coat with a scrubbing-brush, for these are
+errors of judgment dictated by a kindly heart. But when Jack puts a
+saucepan on the fire without any water and burns holes in it, or tries
+whether plates and dishes can support their own weight in the air
+without a table beneath them, then, I confess, my patience runs short.
+But Jack is so imperturbable, so perfectly and genuinely astonished at
+the untoward result of his experiments, and so grieved that the
+_inkosacasa_ (I have not an idea how the word ought to be spelt) should
+be vexed, that I am obliged to leave off shaking my head at him, which
+is the only way I have of expressing my displeasure. He keeps on saying,
+"Ja, oui, yaas," alternately, all the time, and I have to go away to
+laugh.
+
+
+FEBRUARY 16.
+
+I was much amused the other day at receiving a letter of introduction
+from a mutual friend in England, warmly recommending a newly-arrived
+bride and bridegroom to my acquaintance, and especially begging me to
+take pains to introduce the new-comers into the "best society." To
+appreciate the joke thoroughly you must understand that there is no
+society here at all--absolutely none. We are not proud, we
+Maritzburgians, nor are we inhospitable, nor exclusive, nor unsociable.
+Not a bit. We are as anxious as any community can be to have society or
+sociable gatherings, or whatever you like to call the way people manage
+to meet together; but circumstances are altogether too strong for us,
+and we all in turn are forced to abandon the attempt in despair. First
+of all, the weather is against us. It is maddeningly uncertain, and the
+best-arranged entertainment cannot be considered a success if the guests
+have to struggle through rain and tempest and streets ankle-deep in
+water and pitchy darkness to assist at it. People are hardly likely to
+make themselves pleasant at a party when their return home through storm
+and darkness is on their minds all the time: at least, I know _I_ cannot
+do so. But the weather is only one of the lets and hinderances to
+society in Natal. We are all exceedingly poor, and necessary food is
+very dear: luxuries are enormously expensive, but they are generally not
+to be had at all, so one is not tempted by them. Servants, particularly
+cooks, are few and far between, and I doubt if even any one calling
+himself a cook could send up what would be considered a fairly good dish
+elsewhere. Kafirs can be taught to do one or two things pretty well, but
+even then they could not be trusted to do them for a party. In fact, if
+I stated that there were no good servants--in the ordinary acceptation
+of the word--here at all, I should not be guilty of exaggeration. If
+there are, all I can say is, I have neither heard of nor seen them. On
+the contrary, I have been overwhelmed by lamentations on that score in
+which I can heartily join. Besides the want of means of conveyance (for
+there are no cabs, and very few _remises_) and good food and attendance,
+any one wanting to entertain would almost need to build a house, so
+impossible is it to collect more than half a dozen people inside an
+ordinary-sized house here. For my part, my verandah is the comfort of my
+life. When more than four or five people at a time chance to come to
+afternoon tea, we overflow into the verandah. It runs round three sides
+of the four rooms called a house, and is at once my day-nursery, my
+lumber-room, my summer-parlor, my place of exercise--everything, in
+fact. And it is an incessant occupation to train the creepers and wage
+war against the legions of brilliantly-colored grasshoppers which infest
+and devour the honeysuckles and roses. Never was there such a place for
+insects! They eat up everything in the kitchen-garden, devour every leaf
+off my peach and orange trees, scarring and spoiling the fruit as well.
+It is no comfort whatever that they are wonderfully beautiful
+creatures, striped and ringed with a thousand colors in a thousand
+various ways: one has only to see the riddled appearance of every leaf
+and flower to harden one's heart. Just now they have cleared off every
+blossom out of the garden except my zinnias, which grow magnificently
+and make the devastated flower-bed still gay with every hue and tint a
+zinnia can put on--salmon-color, rose, scarlet, pink, maroon, and fifty
+shades besides. On the veldt too the flowers have passed by, but their
+place is taken by the grasses, which are all in seed. People say the
+grass is rank and poor, and of not much account as food for stock, but
+it has an astonishing variety of beautiful seeds. In one patch it is
+like miniature pampas-grass, only a couple of inches long each seed-pod,
+but white and fluffy. Again, there will be tall stems laden with rich
+purple grains or delicate tufts of rose-colored seed. One of the
+prettiest, however, is like wee green harebells hanging all down a tall
+and slender stalk, and hiding within their cups the seed. Unfortunately,
+the weeds and burs seed just as freely, and there is one especial
+torment to the garden in the shape of an innocent-looking little plant
+something like an alpine strawberry in leaf and blossom, bearing a most
+aggravating tuft of little black spines which lose no opportunity of
+sticking to one's petticoats in myriads. They are familiarly known as
+"blackjacks," and can hold their own as pests with any weed of my
+acquaintance.
+
+But the most beautiful tree I have seen in Natal was an _Acacia
+flamboyante_. I saw it at D'Urban, and I shall never forget the contrast
+of its vivid green, bright as the spring foliage of a young oak, and the
+crown of rich crimson flowers on its topmost branches, tossing their
+brilliant blossoms against a background of gleaming sea and sky. It was
+really splendid, like a bit of Italian coloring among the sombre tangle
+of tropical verdure. It is too cold up here for this glorious tree,
+which properly belongs to a far more tropical temperature than even
+D'Urban can mount up to.
+
+I am looking forward to next month and the following ones to make some
+little excursions into the country, or to go "trekking," as the local
+expression is. I hear on all sides how much that is interesting lies a
+little way beyond the reach of a ride, but it is difficult for the
+mistress--who is at the same time the general servant--of an
+establishment out here to get away from home for even a few days,
+especially when there is a couple of small children to be left behind.
+No one travels now who can possibly help it, for the sudden violent
+rains which come down nearly every afternoon swell the rivers and make
+even the spruits impassable; so a traveler may be detained for days
+within a few miles of his destination. Now, in winter the roads will be
+hard, and dust will be the only inconvenience. At least, that is what I
+am promised.
+
+
+
+
+OUR MONTHLY GOSSIP.
+
+THE CABS OF PARIS.
+
+
+Paris is without doubt, of all large cities, the easiest to get about
+in. Lines of omnibuses cross and recross its surface in every direction,
+and, better still, the streets swarm with cabs, in which for the small
+sum of thirty cents one can pass at will from any given point to any
+other far distant one within its limits. There are carriage-stands on
+every side and in every principal street, and unoccupied vehicles may be
+seen driven at a snail's pace, with their drivers keenly on the lookout
+for a possible fare. Yet, with all this provision, it is occasionally
+very difficult to secure a carriage in Paris. On a sunny Sunday
+afternoon, on the day of the Grand Prix de Paris, or during the
+prevalence of a sudden storm carriages are as scarce in Paris as they
+are in New York. Yet their number increases daily, thanks to the law of
+1866, by virtue of which any coachman who can pass an examination as to
+his knowledge of driving and acquaintance with the streets of Paris can,
+if he likes, purchase a vehicle of the regulation style, have his number
+painted on it and set up for himself as a public cabman, subject always
+in the matter of pace, charges, etc. to the police laws regulating all
+such details.
+
+It has taken two hundred and thirty years to bring the cab-system of
+Paris to the point of perfection to which it has now attained. In 1617
+the only public means of locomotion was afforded by a company which let
+out sedan-chairs. In 1640 a certain Nicholas Sauvage, agent for the
+stage-coaches of Amiens, formed the plan of establishing carriages,
+harnessed and ready for use at certain designated points, for the
+accommodation of the public. These vehicles were christened _fiacres_,
+but the reason for their receiving this appellation remains unknown.
+Some say it was because Sauvage occupied a house the fa�ade of which was
+decorated with an image of St. Fiacre: another and more probable
+solution of the mystery has been found in the fact that just at that
+epoch a monk of the Petits P�res, called Fiacre, died in the odor of
+sanctity, and his portrait was placed in all the new vehicles to protect
+them against accidents. Be this as it may, the new enterprise proved
+successful, and in 1703 a law was passed compelling the numbering of all
+public carriages. In 1753 there existed in Paris twenty-eight cab-stands
+and sixty livery-stables, containing in all one hundred and seventy
+carriages. At present, Paris possesses over eight thousand cabs and
+three thousand livery-stable carriages: these last are generally very
+handsome vehicles, drawn by spirited, well-kept horses and driven by
+stylish-looking coachmen. The public vehicles of Paris, exclusive of
+the omnibuses, may be divided into three classes. First, the _voitures
+de place_, which are permitted, on payment of an annual tax of three
+hundred and sixty-five francs, to stand at one of the one hundred and
+fifty-eight points designated by the police; these bear a yellow number.
+Secondly, the _voitures mixtes_, which may at will be hired from a
+livery-stable or stand or ply upon the public highway; these bear a red
+number. And thirdly, the _voitures de remise_, which can only be hired
+from a stable, and are prohibited from appearing on the stands; these
+also are numbered in red, but in a particular style, so that a policeman
+at a glance can distinguish the difference between the voitures mixtes
+and those of the last category. To this latter class belong the stunning
+and splendid equipages which may be hired for any period, extending from
+a few hours to an indefinite number of months, and which enable the
+stranger to make as fine a display of equipages and liveries as the
+wealthiest resident of the city. The first two classes, the cabs
+properly so called, are, however, the most interesting to the transient
+visitor to Paris or to the permanent resident with a purse of moderate
+dimensions.
+
+The cabs of Paris, as a rule, are comparatively neat and comfortable,
+those belonging to the Compagnie G�n�rale des Voitures (of which
+institution more anon) being carefully brushed and cleaned every day. In
+winter a two-seated coup� lined with dark cloth or with leather, and
+drawn by a single horse, is the usual style of vehicle offered for the
+accommodation of the public. The price of such a vehicle is thirty cents
+for a "course" or single unbroken trip, which may be from one side of
+Paris to the other, or forty cents an hour. The coachman is bound by law
+to give the person engaging him a square ticket on which is printed his
+number and the exact amount of his fare: this last, however, being
+stated as varying under certain conditions and at certain hours, is apt
+to be rather puzzling to the inexperienced traveler, particularly if he
+or she be ignorant of French. Four-seated carriages are hard to find in
+winter: they are drawn by two horses, and the fare is ten cents more on
+the course and by the hour than that of the two-seated ones. In summer
+the coup�s are replaced by light, open, four-seated carriages, with a
+hood and with leather curtains, to be used in case of rain; and they are
+really pleasant and comfortable vehicles. The horses do not differ much
+from the style of cab-horses known all over the world, being thin,
+shabby and dismal-looking animals as a general thing, though exceptions
+to the rule are not uncommon.
+
+The cabmen of Paris form a distinct class, a separate society, composed
+of all sorts of elements--a turbulent, indocile, rebellious set of men,
+always in revolt against their employers and against the law, which
+holds them with an iron and inflexible grasp. Most of them are
+Communists, though many of them are men belonging to the higher classes
+of society, whom dissipation, extravagance or misfortune has driven to
+this mode of gaining a living. Thus, it is a well-known fact that the
+son of a distinguished diplomat, an ambassador to more than one foreign
+court, is now a cab-driver, and not a particularly good one. Unfrocked
+priests, unsuccessful school-teachers, small bankrupt tradesmen, swell
+the ranks, the _personnel_ of which is mainly composed of servants out
+of place or of provincials who have come to Paris to seek their fortune.
+These last come mostly from Normandy, Auvergne and Savoy; and it has
+been noticed that the Savoyards are the most sober and docile of all.
+The Parisian cabman is always under the surveillance of the police: a
+policeman stationed on every stand watches each cab as it drives off,
+and takes its number to guard as far as possible against any overcharge
+or peculation. In case of a collision and quarrel or an accident the
+ubiquitous policeman is always at hand to take the numbers of the
+vehicles whose drivers may be concerned in the affair. Complaints made
+by passengers are always attended to at once, and immediate redress is
+pretty sure to follow. The cabman is generally gruff and surly, and,
+though seldom seen drunk, in the majority of cases is addicted to
+drink--a vice which the exposed nature of his calling palliates if it
+does not wholly excuse. Some cabmen are devoted to newspaper reading,
+and may be seen engaged perusing the _Rappel_ or the _�v�nement_ while
+awaiting the appearance of a fare or stationed before the door of a shop
+or a picture-gallery. Others prefer to nap away their leisure moments,
+and may be seen, half sitting, half lying on their boxes, and sound
+asleep. It is rather a curious process to pass slowly along the line of
+a Parisian cab-stand and observe the faces of the men. Every variety and
+type of countenance--from the Parisian "Jakey" with villainous eyes,
+sharp features and black soaplocks, to the jolly old patriarch, gray and
+stout, and somewhat stiff in the joints, who has been a cab-driver for
+over forty years perhaps--presents itself to your view. The best way to
+engage a cab is by observing the face of the driver, not the condition
+of the vehicle or that of the horse. The Parisian cabmen wear no
+uniform, the high glazed hat being the only article of attire which is
+universally adopted. Even the red waistcoat, once a distinctive mark of
+their calling, is gradually falling into disuse, and every variety of
+coat and overcoat may be seen, liveries past private service being very
+generally adopted. Any overcharge may be reclaimed by the passenger by
+the simple process of making a complaint before the nearest chef de
+police. In past days the coachman thus complained against was forced to
+go in person to the complainant to beg his or her pardon, and to pay
+over the extra sum demanded. A frightful catastrophe which occurred some
+twenty years ago put an end to this form of retribution. On the 16th of
+September, 1855, M. Juge, director of the normal school at Douai, took a
+cab in the Place de la Concorde and went for a drive in the Bois de
+Boulogne. The driver, one Collignon, insisted on being paid more than
+his legal fare, and M. Juge forwarded his complaint to the prefecture of
+police the next day. Collignon was condemned to make restitution in
+person to M. Juge. He sold his furniture, purchased a pair of pistols
+and went on the appointed day to the house of M. Juge in the Rue
+d'Enfer. No hard words passed between them, but while the gentleman was
+in the act of signing the receipt the coachman drew out one of his
+pistols and shot him through the head, killing him instantly. Collignon
+was at once arrested: he was tried and condemned to death, and expiated
+his crime on the scaffold on the 6th of December following. Since that
+event another system of restitution has been followed, the sum exacted
+in excess of the legal fare being deposited at the prefecture of police,
+whither the traveler is compelled to go in quest of it.
+
+At the prefecture of police is likewise situated the storehouse of
+articles forgotten or left behind in public carriages. According to the
+law, every coachman is commanded to inspect carefully his carriage after
+the occupant has departed, and to deposit every article left therein,
+were it but an odd glove, in the storehouse above mentioned. Each object
+is inscribed in a register and bears a particular number, and the number
+of the cab in which it was left as well. These articles fill a large
+room, whereof the contents are ever changing, and which is always full.
+Umbrellas, muffs, opera-glasses, pocket-books (sometimes containing
+thousands of francs) are among the most usual deposits. In one year
+there were found in the cabs of Paris over twenty thousand objects,
+among which were six thousand five hundred umbrellas. Should the article
+bear the address of the owner, he is at once apprised by letter of its
+whereabouts; otherwise, it is kept till called for, and if never claimed
+it becomes the property of the city at the end of three years, and is
+sold at auction. A vast row of underground apartments is appropriated to
+the unclaimed articles--dim cellar-rooms, lighted with gas. There may be
+seen umbrellas by the hundred or the thousand, strapped together in
+bundles and stacked up like fagots. Everything is registered, numbered
+and catalogued, and if returned to the owner his address and the date
+of delivery are carefully noted. The strict surveillance of the police
+contributes greatly toward keeping the Parisian cabman honest. Instances
+are on record where costly sets of jewels, bags of napoleons and
+pocket-books crammed with bank-notes have been faithfully deposited at
+the prefecture by their finders. On the other hand, an anecdote is told
+of a cab-driver in whose vehicle a gentleman chanced to leave his
+pocket-book, containing fifty thousand francs which he had just won at
+play. He traced his cabman to the stable, where he was in the act of
+feeding his horse, opened the carriage-door, and found his pocket-book
+lying untouched upon the floor. On learning what a prize he had missed
+the coachman incontinently hung himself.
+
+The great source of supply for public vehicles in Paris is the Compagnie
+G�n�rale des Voitures, one of the most gigantic of the great enterprises
+of Paris. It possesses five thousand cabs and over two thousand handsome
+and stylish voitures de remise. It furnishes every style; of carriage
+for hire, from the superb private-looking barouche or landau, with
+servants in gorgeous livery and splendid blooded horses, or the showy
+pony-phaeton and low victoria of the _cocotte du grand monde_, down to
+the humble one-horse cab. This beneficent company will furnish you, if
+desired, with a princely equipage, with armorial bearings, family
+liveries, etc., all complete and got up specially to suit the ideas of
+the hirer. Nine-tenths of the elegant turnouts in Paris are supplied in
+this manner. There is a regular tariff for everything: each additional
+footman costs so much, there is a fixed charge for powder, for
+postilions, for a _chasseur_ decked with feathers and gold lace. You can
+be as elegant as you please without purchasing a single accessory of
+your equipage.
+
+The cab-horses of the Compagnie G�n�rale are usually brought from
+Normandy, and belong to a specially hardy race, such a one being needed
+to endure the privations and trials to which a Parisian cab-horse is
+exposed. Each horse has to be gradually initiated into the duties of
+his new calling: he has to be trained to eat at irregular hours, to
+sleep standing, and to endure the fatigues of the Parisian streets. Were
+the country-bred horse to be put at once to full city work, he would die
+in a week. He is first sent out for a quarter of a day; then after a
+week or two for half a day; then for a whole day; and when accustomed to
+that he is considered fit for night-work. The horses of the Compagnie
+G�n�rale remain in the stable one day out of every three. If well fed,
+well kept and well looked after, the life of a Paris cab-horse may be
+prolonged from three to five years, but the latter is the extreme limit.
+
+The Compagnie G�n�rale not only buys its own horses, but constructs its
+own carriages. Its coachmen are obliged to pass through a preliminary
+examination, not only as to their capabilities for driving, but as to
+their knowledge of the streets of Paris. But the passage of the law of
+1866 has let loose upon the community a swarm of ignorant coachmen, who,
+assuming the reins and whip, in some instances without any knowledge
+even of the great thoroughfares of Paris, will lead their unhappy hirer
+a pretty dance, particularly if he or she is a stranger on a first visit
+to the great city. I know of one instance where a lady, desirous of
+visiting the Pare Monceau, was taken to the extreme northern boundary of
+the city limits, and was only rescued by the intervention of the police.
+Then one must be very particular as to the pronunciation of the name of
+the street, as so many streets exist in Paris the names of which closely
+resemble each other when spoken, such as the Rue de T�h�ran and the Rue
+de Turin, the Rue du Marl and the Rue d'Aumale, etc. And if your
+coachman _can_ make a mistake, you may rest assured he will do it.
+
+The Parisian cab is not, like its London compeer, a prohibited pariah of
+a vehicle, excluded from parks or the court-yards of palaces. You can go
+to call at the �lys�e or to attend a ball there in a cab if you like,
+and the Bois de Boulogne or the Pare Monceau is as free to that plebeian
+vehicle as to the landau of a prince. And if one attends a ball in
+Paris, there is no need to engage a carriage to return home in.
+Attracted by the lights, the cabmen station their vehicles in long lines
+in the neighborhood of any mansion where such a festivity is taking
+place, waiting patiently till three, four and five o'clock in the
+morning for a chance of conveying home some of the merrymakers. The only
+instance in which I ever heard of their failing to be on hand on such an
+occasion was at a large fancy ball where the German was kept up till six
+o'clock in the morning. The gay troupe issued forth into the golden
+glowing sunshine of the April morning, and found not a single cab in
+attendance; so powdered and brocaded Marquises, white-satin clad
+"Mignons," Highlanders, Turks and Leaguers were forced to walk to their
+homes, in many instances miles away, to the immense amusement of the
+street-sweepers and naughty little boys, the only Parisians astir at
+that hour of the city's universal repose.
+
+L.H.H.
+
+
+
+
+A NEW MUSEUM AT ROME.
+
+
+A new museum of sculpture at Rome! One would have thought that it could
+hardly be needed. Besides three vast collections--that of the Lateran,
+that of the Capitol, and that wondrous world of antique sculpture at the
+Vatican, itself, in fact, three museums, and each of the three alone
+matchless in the world--we have the work of the hands that lived and
+worked here a couple of thousands of years ago in every villa, in every
+garden, almost at every corner. And yet we need, and have just
+established, another museum of ancient sculpture. We are now cutting new
+lines of streets--not, as you are doing, on the surface of a soil that
+has never been moved save by the forces of Nature since first the
+Creator divided the sea from the dry land, but--among the d�bris of the
+successive civilizations of more than three thousand years. The laying
+of our gas- and water-pipes breaks the painting on the walls of
+banquet-halls whose last revel was disturbed by the irruption of the
+barbarian. Our "main drainage" lies among the temples of gods whose
+godlike forms are found mutilated and prostrate among the fallen
+columns and tumbled architraves and cornices of their shrines.
+
+But if no awe of the mighty past prevents the speculator and contractor
+of our day from marching his army of excavators in an undeviating and
+unyielding line impartially athwart the temples, the palaces, the
+theatres, the baths of the perished world beneath their feet, yet in
+these days of ours the work is done reverently, at least so far as not
+only to respect, but to gather up with the most scrupulous care, every
+available fragment of the art, and even of the common life, of those
+vanished generations. If the day shall come when some future people
+shall yet once again build their city on this same eternal site, and
+some future social cataclysm shall have overwhelmed the works and
+civilization of the present time, those future builders will not find
+walls constructed in great part of the fragments of statues and the
+richly-carved friezes of yet older builders and artists, as we have
+found. The Romans of the present day are, it must be admitted, fully
+alive to the inappreciable value of the wondrous heritage they possess
+in this kind; and every fragment of it is carefully and jealously
+gathered and stored. And hence is the need of a new museum, and hence
+will be the need of other new museums--who shall say how many? For truly
+this Roman soil seems inexhaustible in buried treasures. There seems no
+likelihood that the vein should be exhausted or die out. Every now and
+then the excavators come upon "a fault," as the miners say, but the vein
+is soon struck again.
+
+And so the new museum at the Capitol has been rendered necessary. It was
+inaugurated on the 25th of February in this year. It consists of twelve
+rooms or galleries, part of which occupy the site of the apartments
+which used to contain the archives, now moved to other quarters, and
+part, including a large octagonal hall, the principal feature of the new
+museum, have been newly constructed on ground which used to be the
+garden of the Conservatori, the ancient municipal officers of the city,
+so called. The entrance is by the main staircase of the palazzo of the
+Conservatori, which is the building that forms the side of the square of
+the Capitol to the right hand of the visitor as he ascends the
+magnificent flight of steps from the Via di Ara Coeli. The steep sides
+of the Capitoline Hill on either side of these steps has been recently
+turned into a very well-kept and pretty garden, among the lawns and
+shrubberies of which the attention of the stranger, as he ascends, may
+be attracted by a neatly-painted iron cage in front of the mouth of a
+little cavern in the rock, which is inhabited by a she-wolf in memorial
+of the earliest traditions of the place. Memorials, indeed, are not
+wanting at every step, and from the first window of the staircase as the
+visitor ascends to the museum on the first floor he may look down on the
+Tarpeian Rock.
+
+The public functionaries of all sorts here do so much of their work in a
+manner which gives rise to much discontentment among the Romans, and
+would by the people of better-ruled countries be deemed wholly
+intolerable, that it is a pleasure to be able to say that upon this
+occasion the municipality has done what it had to do thoroughly well.
+The galleries and rooms of the new establishment are decorated in
+admirably good taste in the Pompeian style, the walls being colored in
+panels and borders of blue and red on a buff ground. They are
+excellently well lighted, and the visitor is not hunted round the rooms
+by an attendant anxious only to get his tedious task over, but is
+allowed to wander about among the treasures around him at his own
+discretion, and to spend the whole day there, or as much of it as lies
+between 10 A.M. and 3 P.M., if he pleases. A sufficient catalogue,
+accompanied by a map of the place, is purchasable at the doors for a
+couple of francs, and the visitor is required to pay half a franc for
+his entrance. This last regulation is in accordance with a law recently
+passed by the legislature establishing an entrance-fee at the doors of
+all public galleries and museums throughout Italy. Heretofore the
+entrance to all such places was entirely free. But, seeing that the
+country really needs the assistance to be obtained from this source, it
+cannot be said to be acting otherwise than reasonably in making such a
+charge; and probably no one of the thousands who come to Italy to profit
+by her artistic treasures will ever grudge the payment of the small fee
+demanded; the only question being whether the measure is on the whole a
+profitable one financially, of which I do not feel quite sure.
+
+The first landing-place of the vast staircase and the ante-room at the
+top of it are lined with the more interesting and perfect of the pagan
+inscriptions which the recent movements of the soil have brought to
+light. Of course, the majority of these present no specialties
+distinguishing them from the thousands of similar inscriptions with
+which the world has long since been familiar. But there are some among
+them which contribute useful fragments of knowledge to the attempts of
+our antiquaries to construct a satisfactory plan of the ancient
+city--dedications of statues, showing what god or goddess inhabited such
+or such a shrine, and the like. The letters of these inscriptions have
+been rendered more easily legible by restoring the scarlet coloring of
+them, as has been done in the case of those at the Vatican.
+
+The visitor next enters a very long corridor or gallery giving access to
+the various halls and rooms, and adorned with a series of modern busts
+of the men of whom Italy has most reason to be proud. Some among them
+are of much merit.
+
+Then comes the gallery of the bronzes. In this department the late finds
+have been very numerous and extremely interesting. Among the objects
+which will immediately attract the visitor's eye as he enters the
+principal room are a litter and a biga or chariot. In both cases of
+course only fragments of the bronze remain, but they are sufficient to
+have enabled skilled antiquaries to reconstruct the entire litter and
+the entire chariot. The latter is very specially interesting. The plates
+of embossed and chiseled bronze which encased the body of the chariot
+are figured with admirably-worked subjects in basso-rilievo, many of
+them relating to the "wondrous tale of Troy." This invaluable specimen
+was the gift to the museum of that eminent and liberal arch�ologist,
+Signor A. Castellani, of whose matchless collection of Etruscan jewelry
+I wrote in a former number of this Magazine. The remaining portions of
+the bronze- and iron-work of the litter, with its arrangement of poles
+for carrying it, somewhat after the fashion of a sedan-chair, though the
+whole of the apparatus is much lighter, are more fragmentary, but yet
+sufficient for the reconstruction of a specimen illustrative to the
+classical reader of many a passage in the ancient writers. Under No. 10
+the visitor will find the small statue of an hermaphrodite in bronze,
+fashioned as the bearer of a lamp--a statue of very great delicacy and
+beauty.
+
+The next room is that of the medals and coins, the number of which will
+probably surprise the visitor not a little. The gold coins and the
+better-preserved and more interesting specimens are shown single under
+cleverly-arranged glass cases. The more ordinary results of the finds
+which are almost daily being made have been consigned in promiscuous
+heaps to huge glass vases, whose tops, however, are carefully sealed
+down. The large collections of the _�s rude signatum_ of the consular
+and of the imperial families, in bronze, in silver and in gold, together
+with some medi�val specimens, are ranged around the walls.
+
+Then we come to the sculpture, the main scope of the new museum, which
+is distributed in a large vestibule, in a noble octagonal central hall
+and in a long gallery. It was an excellent idea, adding much to the
+interest which every stranger in Rome will take in the museum, to place
+on each specimen a placard specifying the locality in which it was
+discovered and the date of the finding. And this information is
+admirably supplemented by a map hung against the wall showing in detail
+the relative positions of all the places which have yielded up these
+long-buried treasures. The number of specimens of sculpture is in all
+one hundred and thirty-three; and it is impossible, without letting this
+notice run to an immoderate length, to attempt to give an adequate
+account of the various objects, or even of the principal among them.
+There is a richly-ornamented and very characteristic head of Commodus,
+which really looks as if it might have come from the sculptor's hands
+yesterday. A colossal bust of M�cenas, also the gift of Signor
+Castellani, a bust of Tiberius, a small statue of the child Hercules, a
+Venus Anadyomene, may be, and many others might be, mentioned. The
+last-named is a very lovely statue of a young girl entirely nude. The
+arch�ologists have chosen to call it a Venus, but it is to my thinking
+clear that it never was intended for the laughter-loving goddess. The
+expression of the face is perfectly and beautifully chaste, and indeed a
+little sad. I should say that it must have been a nymph coming from the
+bath, and just about to clothe herself with the drapery thrown over a
+broken column at her knee as soon as she shall have completed the
+arrangement of her tresses, with which her hands are (or, alas! were,
+for the arms are wanting) engaged.
+
+Room No. 10 contains a very extensive and most interesting collection of
+ancient pottery. There are many of the painted vases with which the
+world has become so well acquainted, and which, as being the more showy
+objects, will on his first entrance attract the eye of the visitor. But
+if he will with loving patience examine the vast numbers of utensils of
+every sort which have been with the utmost care sifted, one might almost
+say, from out of the mass of d�bris which the recent excavations have
+thrown up, he will find an amount of suggestive illustration of the old
+pagan life of two thousand years ago which cannot fail to interest and
+instruct him.
+
+T.A.T.
+
+
+
+
+OUR FOREIGN SURNAMES.
+
+
+It is interesting as well as amusing to read the foreign names upon the
+signs in the streets of our cities and towns, and observe the number of
+nationalities thereon represented, together with the peculiarities of
+form and meaning displayed by the names themselves.
+
+German names meet the eye everywhere, and are usually very outlandish in
+appearance, while many of them have significations which are
+conspicuously and ludicrously inappropriate. For example, a lager-beer
+saloon in one of our large cities is kept by Mr. Heiliggeist ("Holy
+Ghost"); a cigar-shop in another place belongs to Mr. Priesterjahn
+("Prester John"); while the pastor of a devout German flock in a third
+locality is the Rev. Mr. Wuestling ("low scoundrel"). The Hon. Carl
+Schurz, too, is hardly the sort of man to be named "apron," though it is
+certainly true that his name is in this country sometimes pronounced
+"Shirts."
+
+Other branches of the great Teutonic family have many representatives
+among us, and their names seem, to the uninitiated, even more fearfully
+and wonderfully constructed than those of their German cousins. It
+produces a good deal of surprise in the mind of an American to see on
+the sign of a tradesman from Belgium the familiar name of Cox spelled
+"Kockx;" and the Norwegian patronymic Trondhjemer ("Drontheimer"),
+though a very mild specimen of the language, has a formidable aspect to
+the general beholder.
+
+The German-Hebrew names display such an exuberant Eastern fancy in their
+composition as to suggest the inquiry whether they are not really but
+German translations of their possessors' original Oriental titles. It is
+not unlikely that this was the origin of names like Rosenthal ("Vale of
+Roses"), Lilienhain ("Meadow of Lilies"), Liebenstrom ("Stream of
+Love"), and Goldenberg ("Golden Mount").
+
+The Teutonic names, whether German, Scandinavian or Flemish, do not, as
+a rule, seem by any means so unpronounceable as those pertaining to
+foreigners of Slavonic race. The Russian, Polish and Bohemian
+appellations, which occur frequently in some sections of our country, so
+often begin with the extraordinary combination _cz_ that many Americans,
+believing that nothing but a convulsive sneeze could meet the
+necessities of such a case, decline trying to pronounce them at all. But
+the difficulties which these Slavonic names apparently offer would, in a
+great measure, be removed by a uniform system of orthography. The
+combination _cz_, for instance, corresponds to our _ch_, and the Polish
+cognomen Czajkowski becomes much less exasperating when spelled, as it
+would be in English, "Chycovsky." The same thing is true, to a great
+extent, of the Hungarian names, which are not rare in our larger cities.
+They, too, would be greatly simplified to us by being spelled according
+to English rules. A very frequent combination in Hungarian names, that
+of _sz_ is really the same as our _ss_; while _s_ without the _z_ is
+pronounced _sh_. The Hungarian name Szemelenyi under our system of
+spelling would therefore be "Semelenye," which is less discouraging.
+
+The foreign names in the United States that really present the most
+serious difficulties to the native citizen are unquestionably the Welsh.
+Some of the obstacles to easy pronunciation may even in their case be
+removed by adaptation to our orthography; as is shown by the name Hwg
+("hog"), which would be spelled by us "Hoog." But there are so many
+sounds in Welsh that are not only unknown, but almost inconceivable to
+English-speaking people, that the difficulties would still be very far
+from being overcome. And some of these peculiar utterances are expressed
+in Welsh by combinations of the Roman characters which in English stand
+for familiar and simple sounds; so that an attempt to reduce the two
+languages to a common system of spelling would not be at all easy. The
+combination _ll_ stands in Welsh for a terrific gurgling, gasping sound,
+which when once heard swiftly puts an end to all the romantic
+associations that the name of Llewellyn has derived from history and
+poetry.
+
+But all such foreign--or, more strictly speaking, un-English--names,
+after being in this country a generation or two, become, in a certain
+sense, "acclimated." They undergo a change in pronunciation, in
+spelling, or in both, which removes, in effect, the difficulties that
+originally characterized them. In this way the German names Schneider,
+Meyer, Kaiser, Kraemer, Schallenberger, Schwarzwaelder, and a host of
+others have become, respectively, Snyder, Myers, Keyser, Creamer,
+Shellabarger, Swartswelder, etc. Sometimes, too, an American name more
+or less similar in sound or meaning has been taken or given in place of
+the original German title; as when Loewenstein ("Lion-rock") was
+exchanged for Livingston, and Albrecht ("Albert") for Allbright.
+
+The old "Knickerbocker" names of the Middle States have, in most
+instances, retained their Dutch spelling intact, but have generally been
+subjected to a similar process of adaptation in sound. The same may be
+said of the French names in this country. Their spelling has, as a rule,
+been preserved, while their sound has been Americanized. In this way De
+Rosset has acquired the pronunciation Derrozett, and Jacques has come to
+be called either Jaquess or Jakes. Many French patronymics, such as the
+old South Carolina Huguenot name _Marion_, exhibiting nothing peculiarly
+French in their forms, are now pronounced entirely in accordance with
+our rules, and their national origin is preserved by tradition alone.
+Some French titles, however, having undergone only a partial change in
+pronunciation, survive in a hybrid form as to sound, though their
+spelling remains unaltered. Specimens of this class may be found in such
+names as _Huger_, pronounced "Huzh�e;" _Fouch�_, commonly called
+"Foosh�e;" and _Deveraux_ or _Devereux_, now converted into "D�bro" or
+"D�vroo." The only very noticeable change that has taken place in the
+orthography of our French names is that the article has been joined to
+the noun in many cases where they were originally separate. In this way
+_La Ramie_, _La Rabie_, _La Reintr�e_, etc. are now usually spelled Laramie,
+Larabie (or, in some instances, Larrabee), Lareintree, etc.; the
+pronunciation of the newer form being Americanized in the usual way. But
+this change in form is one which might easily have occurred even in
+France.
+
+Most of these French and Dutch names have been in the country for a
+comparatively long time, and, indeed, many of them date back to the
+early colonial period. Like the Spanish-American names of Texas,
+California, Florida and Louisiana, to which the same rule generally
+applies, they belonged to members of organized foreign communities,
+proportionately large enough to preserve their names from a complete
+assimilation with the ideas of the English-American population. And in a
+lesser degree this is also true of those early German emigrants, mainly
+from the Palatinate, who settled in Pennsylvania, Western Maryland and
+the Shenandoah Valley.
+
+The tendency at the present day, however, seems to be strongly in favor
+of the process mentioned first--that of changing the sound of the names
+to suit American ears, and altering the spelling so as to conform to the
+new pronunciation. There is every indication that this will be done with
+regard to a very large majority of the foreign surnames that have been
+introduced among us within the last fifty years, or which may be brought
+into our country in the future. And as the changes so made are quite
+arbitrary, the result will be that the future student of American
+nomenclature will often be sorely puzzled by some of the surnames to
+which his attention shall be drawn.
+
+W.W.C.
+
+
+
+
+THE NEW FRENCH ACADEMICIAN.
+
+
+No institution of its kind holds so eminent a place in the esteem of a
+great country as the _Acad�mie Fran�aise_. The elections are always a
+matter of interest, largely shared by the cultivated
+_Revue-des-Deux-Mondes_-reading world of both hemispheres; and the last
+election was one which excited fully as much attention as most of its
+predecessors. M. John Lemoinne, who at length summoned up courage to
+present himself as a candidate, was born in London in Waterloo year,
+1815, and has for a long period, probably thirty years, been, through
+the _Journal des D�bats_, in some sort a European power. His selection
+to fill the seat of M. Jules Janin is in every way appropriate. Indeed,
+it seems strange that he should have been contented to wait until he was
+sixty-one to come forward for that distinction.
+
+The foundation of the Academy is directly traceable to the meetings of
+men of science at the house of M. Courart--who, early in the seventeenth
+century, was for forty years its first secretary--but it unquestionably
+owes to Richelieu a habitation and a name. It was formed with the
+special object of preserving accuracy in the French language, to which
+Frenchmen have been wont to pay an almost exclusive attention, but by
+the election of M. Lemoinne the Academy will have at least one member
+who is no less acquainted with another tongue.
+
+Every one will remember old Miss Crawley's rage when she found that
+Becky was trading on her connection with the democratic-aristocratic
+spinster to make her way into the Faubourg St. Germain. Too impatient to
+write in French, the old lady posted off a furious disavowal of the
+little adventuress in vigorous vernacular, but, adds the author, as
+Madame la Duchesse had only passed twenty years in England, she didn't
+understand one word. It may be hoped that the new Academician will, in
+conjunction with the new minister of public instruction, Mr. Waddington,
+who is a Rugby and Cambridge man, have some effect in arousing his
+countrymen to the study which they have heretofore so strangely
+neglected of a tongue which threatens to obliterate in time the
+inconveniences occasioned by the Tower of Babel. English is every day
+more and more spoken, and French less and less.
+
+In delivering his address of welcome to M. Lemoinne, M. Cavillier Fleury
+said: "You are one of the creators of the discussion of foreign affairs
+in the French papers: you gave them the taste for interesting themselves
+in the concerns of foreign countries. Few of us before steam had
+shortened distance really knew England. Voltaire had by turns glorified
+and ridiculed it; De Sta�l had shown it to us in an agreeable book; the
+witty letters of Duvergier de Hauranne had revealed the secrets of its
+electoral system. Your correspondence of 1841 completed the work." He
+might pertinently have added, "Because you are about the only French
+newspaper writer who ever thoroughly understood the English language,
+and could thus avoid ridiculous blunders."
+
+It has been observed that the _D�bats_ almost exclusively supplies the
+Academy with its contingent of publicists--a circumstance accounted for
+by that journal being jealous of the purity of its language, and in
+other respects preserving a high and dignified standard. It has, indeed,
+for an unusually long period enjoyed its reputation. French and Belgian
+newspapers are very much of a mystery to an Anglo-Saxon. They seem to
+flourish under conditions impracticable to American or English journals.
+The _Ind�pendance Belge_ and the _Journal des D�bats_ lie before us.
+Neither of them contains sufficient advertisements to make up three of
+our columns, yet their expenses must, we should suppose, especially in
+the case of the _D�bats_, published as it is where prices are so high,
+be very large. Both these papers contain articles evidently the work of
+able hands, and in the case of the _Ind�pendance_ the foreign
+correspondence must be a very costly item, forming, as it frequently
+does, five columns of a large page. The price of each is twenty
+centimes--high, certainly, for a single sheet.
+
+It has often been observed, too, that French newspaper-men seem
+exceptionally well off. They frequent costly _caf�s_, occasionally
+indulge in _petits soupers_ in _cabinets particuliers_, and, altogether,
+taking prices into account, appear to be in the enjoyment of larger
+means than their brethren of the pen elsewhere. Of course, the success
+of a French newspaper is, even in the absence of advertisements,
+intelligible in the case of the _Figaro_ or _Petit Journal_, with their
+circulation of 70,000 and 150,000 a day; but in the case of such papers
+as the _D�bats_, whose circulation is not very large, it is difficult to
+explain.
+
+The position of a journalist in Paris seems to stand in many respects
+higher than elsewhere. Of course, the fact of contributions not being
+anonymous adds immeasurably to the writer's personal importance, if it
+also gets him into scrapes. Elsewhere, _editors_ are men of mark, and
+certainly no one in the journalistic world can possibly be made more of
+than Mr. Delane in London. But the editorial writers in his paper, who
+would in Paris be men of nearly as much mark as rising members of
+Parliament in England, are completely "left out in the cold," gaining no
+reputation even among acquaintance, since they are required to preserve
+the strictest secrecy as to their connection with the paper. Altogether,
+we are disposed to believe that Paris--official "warnings," press
+prosecutions and possible duels notwithstanding--must be accepted as the
+journalist's paradise. To be courted, caressed and feared is as much as
+any reasonable newspaper writer can expect, and a great deal more than
+he is likely to get out of his work elsewhere.
+
+R.W.
+
+
+
+
+LITERATURE OF THE DAY.
+
+Cities of Northern and Central Italy. By Augustus J.C. Hare. New York:
+George Routledge & Sons.
+
+
+Those who know Mr. Hare's _Walks in Rome_ and _Days near Rome_ will
+welcome another series of Italian itineraries from the same pen. These
+volumes are primarily guide-books; they tell us the best hotels, the
+price of cabs, the distances by rail or high-road. But the parts of
+traveler and manual are inverted: whereas you take your _Murray_ or
+_Baedeker_ in your hand and carry it whither you list, Mr. Hare takes
+you by the hand, leads you in the way you should go, makes you pause the
+requisite time before the things you are to look at, points to every
+view, lets you miss no effect, does not force his own opinions upon you,
+except now and then when he loses his temper a little on the debatable
+ground between religion and politics, repeats that quotation you are
+vainly trying to recall, or delights you by the beauty and aptness of a
+new one. He gives to a course of systematic sight-seeing the freedom and
+variety of a ramble with a cultivated and sympathetic companion. We
+would not be ungrateful to that inestimable impersonality, Murray, for
+all are his debtors, even Mr. Hare for the plan of his books; but,
+remembering how, with the latest edition in hand, we have panted up four
+or more flights of stairs in a Roman or Venetian palace in search of a
+picture removed years before, we are not sorry to find him here taken to
+task for leaving uncorrected statements which had ceased to be true.
+Moreover, Murray is no guide in matters of art; his authorities are
+often captains of the British Philistines; while Mr. Hare generally
+gives all that has been said by competent judges, sometimes
+imperturbably recording two conflicting opinions, and leaving the reader
+to decide. The range of quotation is indeed remarkable, from Dean Milman
+to Ouida, including many writers too little known in this country, such
+as Burckhardt, Amp�re and Street.
+
+But it is not to the actual traveler only that these volumes will be of
+use and give pleasure. They are not bad preparatory reading for those
+who are going abroad, suggesting what should be studied beforehand; they
+will be dear to those who sit within the blank limits of a home in this
+raw New World trying to revive the fading outlines and colors of scenes
+which, though unforgotten, tend to mingle with the visions of Dreamland;
+and they are capital wishing-carpets for those who can travel only in
+fancy. In the introduction there is an excellent passage on the
+distinctive differences between the great Italian cities: "Each has its
+own individual sovereignty; its own chronicles; its own politics,
+domestic and foreign; its own saints, peculiarly to be revered--patrons
+in peace and protectors in war; its own phase of architecture; its own
+passion in architectural material, brick or stone, marble or
+terra-cotta; ...its own proverbs, its own superstitions and its own
+ballads." Mr. Hare contrives to convey much of the characteristic
+impression of each town. Pretty little wood-cuts are called in to his
+aid, but the best illustrations of his text are the poetical quotations
+and exquisite prose-bits from Ruskin, Swinburne, Symonds and others
+whose pens sometimes turn into the pencil of a great painter. The
+author's own descriptions are extremely faithful and charming. To those
+who have made the journey from Florence to Rome a single fine page of
+the introduction brings back a thrill of that long ecstasy. In these few
+quiet words he spreads Thrasymene before us: "It has a soft, still
+beauty especially its own. Upon the vast expanse of shallow pale-green
+waters, surrounded by low-lying hills, storms have scarcely any effect,
+and the birds which float over it and the fishing-boats which skim
+across its surface are reflected as in a mirror. At Passignano and
+Torricella picturesque villages, chiefly occupied by fishermen, jut out
+into the water, but otherwise the reedy shore is perfectly desolate on
+this side, though beyond the lake convents and villages crown the hills
+which rise between us and the pale violet mountains beyond
+Montepulciano." Nothing can be more lifelike than the following picture
+of the tract around Siena: "Scarcely do we pass beyond the rose-hung
+walls which encircle the fortifications than we are in an upland desert,
+piteously bleak in winter, but most lovely when spring comes to clothe
+it. The volcanic nature of the soil in these parts gives a softer tint
+than usual to the coloring. The miles upon miles of open gray-green
+country, treeless, hedgeless, houseless, swoop toward one another with
+the strangest sinuosities and rifts and knobs of volcanic earth, till at
+last they sink in faint mists, only to rise again in pink and blue
+distances, so far off, so pale and a�rial, that they can scarcely be
+distinguished from the atmosphere itself. Only here and there a lonely
+convent with a few black cypress spires clustered round it, or a
+solitary cross which the peasants choose as their midday resting-place,
+cuts the pellucid sky. Here in these great uplands, where all is so
+immense, the very sky itself seems more full of space than elsewhere: it
+is not the deep blue of the South, but so soft and a�rial that it looks
+as if it were indeed the very heaven itself, only very far away."
+
+The chapter on Ravenna is the best in the book: it is an admirable
+piece of work, a complete monograph. Everything is there--history,
+legends, art--and the quotations and illustrations are peculiarly
+beautiful and convincing.
+
+Mr. Hare, like many gentlemen of similar tastes and tendencies, does not
+seem to have a strong sense of humor, although now and then he
+condescends to smile as he repeats some local legend, such as that of
+the crucifix at S. Francesco delle Cariere, which awoke an overwearied
+devotee, who had fallen asleep on his knees before it, with "un
+soavissimo schiaffo," the gentlest slap, and bade him go to sleep in the
+dormitory. He speaks of an ancient custom, not mentioned by _Murray_, of
+harboring lost cats in the cloister of San Lorenzo at Florence: "The
+feeding of the cats, which takes place when the clock strikes twelve, is
+a most curious sight.... From every roof and arch and parapet-wall,
+mewing, hissing and screaming, the cats rush down to devour." It sounds
+like a wicked parody on the poetic assembling of the Venetian pigeons at
+the daily scattering of grain in the square of St. Mark's.
+
+There are a few little slips--so few that it is strange there should be
+any--among which is his mention of the "St. Christopher" of the doges'
+palace as "the only known fresco of Titian," forgetting the celebrated
+one in the Scuola del Santo at Padua, of which he has spoken in a
+previous volume. He occasionally makes an assertion to which many will
+demur; as, for instance, that "The real glory of the Italian towns
+consists not in their churches, but in their palaces." The best
+refutation of this paradox is in his own pages. Most people will be
+startled, too, by hearing of "the want of architectural power in Michael
+Angelo," although this remark is followed by a criticism which strikes
+us as extremely just on the stupendous slumberers on the monuments of
+the Medici: "The disproportionate figures are slipping off the pitiable
+pedestals which support them." Among the throng of indefinable emotions
+and sensations which beset one in the Medicean chapel of San Lorenzo, we
+have always been conscious of distinct discomfort from the attitude of
+these sleepers, who could only maintain their posture by an immense
+muscular effort incompatible with their sublime repose. As regards
+practical matters, few travelers or foreign residents in Italy will
+endorse Mr. Hare's statement that making a bargain in advance for
+lodgings or conveyances is not a necessary precaution, or his denial of
+the almost universal attempt to overcharge which is recognized and
+resisted by all natives. But Mr. Hare has illusions, and Italian probity
+is one of them. All his remarks about the present government of Italy
+(of which he speaks as "the Sardinian government" with an emphasis akin
+to the B_u_onapart_e_ of old French monarchists) are to be taken with
+the utmost reservation, as most readers will see for themselves after
+meeting his allusion to the massacre at Perugia in 1859 as in some sort a
+defensive action on the part of the papal troops. Mr. Hare's reasoning
+on all that relates to this subject is weak and illogical, sometimes
+puerile. Any one who loves what is venerable and picturesque must share
+the impatience and regret with which he sees so much beauty and
+antiquity disappearing before the besom of progress or the rage for
+improvement, especially in Rome. But we must remember that Italy is not
+the first, but the last, European country in which this has come about:
+in England, France and Germany what delights the eyes of the few has
+long been giving place to what betters the condition or serves the
+interest of the masses. Moreover, the Italians themselves, of whatever
+political complexion, black or red, are totally indifferent to these
+losses and changes which we lament so deeply. If there be a sad want of
+good taste and good sense in Cavaliere Rosa's management of the
+excavations, there is at least no lack of zeal. Formerly, next to
+nothing was done to preserve or protect the monuments, and many of the
+finest were irrecognizable and all but inaccessible from dirt and
+dilapidation. The reverence of the papal Romans for their treasures of
+either classic or Christian art is well illustrated by Retzsch's
+outline, in which a lovely statue of Apollo, broken and half buried,
+defiled by dogs and swine, serves as a seat for a loutish herd, who
+tries to copy a miserable modern Virgin and Child from a wayside shrine.
+Such a temper of mind in an intelligent, high-principled Englishman can
+only arise from a moral bias which distorts every view; but the
+discussion of these causes and effects would be out of place here, and
+we only smile in passing at the charge of "excessive cruelty" in the
+suppression of the monastery of San Vivaldo. Mr. Hare's treatment of the
+legitimate topics of his book deserves all admiration and praise. His
+style is simple, pleasant and picturesque; in future editions a few
+careless tricks should be corrected, such as the use of _from_, with
+_hence_, _thence_, _whence_, and a muddled sentence here and there, of
+which a very slight instance occurs in the pretty extract about Lake
+Thrasymene: there is a most confusing one about a girl who refused to
+kiss the emperor Otho, which reads as if she would not kiss her own
+father. It would be almost a pity to spoil a laugh by particularizing
+whether a tree or nut is meant in the story of "S. Vivaldo, who became a
+hermit and _lived in a hollow chestnut_, in which he was found dead in
+1300."
+
+
+
+
+_Books Received._
+
+
+The Little, or A, B, C, Book of German; that is, High School Primer;
+Child's Story Book and Dictionary. By Professor C.C. Schaeffer.
+Philadelphia: Charles Brothers & Co.
+
+Pocket Manual of Rules of Order for Deliberative Assemblies. By Major
+Henry M. Robert, U.S.A. Chicago: S.C. Griggs & Co.
+
+Cabin and Plantation Songs, as sung by the Hampton Students. Arranged by
+Thomas P. Fenner. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
+
+The Spectator. (Selected Papers.) By Addison and Steele. Edited by John
+Habberton. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
+
+Characteristics from the Writings of J.H. Newman. By Wm. Samuel Lilly.
+New York: D. and J. Sadlier & Co.
+
+Brief Biographies. Vol. III. French Political Leaders. By Edward King.
+New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
+
+The Life of William, Earl of Shelburne. Vol. II. By Lord Edmond
+Fitzmaurice. New York: MacMillan & Co.
+
+Jonathan: A Novel. By C.C. Fraser-Tytler. (Leisure-Hour Series.) New
+York: Henry Holt & Co.
+
+Faith and Modern Thought. By Ransom B. Welch, D.D., LL.D. New York: G.P.
+Putnam's Sons.
+
+Fetich in Theology; or, Doctrinalism Twin to Ritualism. By John Miller.
+New York: Dodd & Mead.
+
+The American Kennel and Sporting Field. By Arnold Burges. New York: J.B.
+Ford & Co.
+
+On Dangerous Ground. By Mrs. Bloomfield H. Moore. Philadelphia: Porter &
+Coates.
+
+Filth-Diseases, and their Prevention. By John Simon, M.D. Boston: James
+Campbell.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Lippincott's Magazine of Popular
+Literature and Science, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE ***
+
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+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
+          content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
+
+    <title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Lippincott's Magazine of
+    Popular Literature and Science, Vol. XVII, No. 102, June,
+    1876.</title>
+    <style type="text/css">
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Lippincott's Magazine of Popular Literature
+and Science, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Lippincott's Magazine of Popular Literature and Science
+       Vol. XVII, No. 102. June, 1876.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: December 12, 2004 [EBook #14333]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Kathryn Lybarger and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+    <div class="trans-note">
+        Transcriber's Note: The Table of Contents and the list of
+        illustrations were added by the transcriber.
+    </div>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h1>LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE</h1>
+
+    <h3>OF</h3>
+
+    <h2><i>POPULAR LITERATURE AND SCIENCE</i>.</h2>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h4>June, 1876.<br />
+     Vol. XVII, No. 102.</h4>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>TABLE OF CONTENTS</h3>
+
+    <div class="toc">
+        <p><a href="#illustrations">ILLUSTRATIONS</a></p>
+
+        <p>THE CENTURY&mdash;ITS FRUITS AND ITS FESTIVAL.</p>
+
+        <p class="i4">VI.&mdash;THE DISPLAY&mdash;INTRODUCTORY.
+        <a href="#THE_CENTURYmdashITS_FRUITS_AND_ITS_FESTIVAL">649</a></p>
+
+        <p>DOLORES by EMMA LAZARUS.<a href="#DOLORES">666</a></p>
+
+        <p>GLIMPSES OF CONSTANTINOPLE by SHEILA HALE.</p>
+
+        <p class="i4">CONCLUDING PAPER.
+        <a href="#GLIMPSES_OF_CONSTANTINOPLE">668</a></p>
+
+        <p>THEE AND YOU by EDWARD KEARSLEY.</p>
+
+        <p class="i4">A STORY OF OLD PHILADELPHIA. IN TWO
+        PARTS&mdash;I. <a href="#THEE_AND_YOU">679</a></p>
+
+        <p>MODERN HUGUENOTS by JAMES M. BRUCE.
+        <a href="#MODERN_HUGUENOTS">692</a></p>
+
+        <p>BLOOMING by MAURICE THOMPSON.
+        <a href="#BLOOMING">701</a></p>
+
+        <p>FELIPA by CONSTANCE FENIMORE WOOLSON.
+        <a href="#FELIPA">702</a></p>
+
+        <p>AT CHICKAMAUGA by ROBERT LEWIS KIMBERLY.
+        <a href="#AT_CHICKAMAUGA">713</a></p>
+
+        <p>THE ATONEMENT OF LEAM DUNDAS by MRS. E. LYNN LINTON.</p>
+
+        <p class="i4">CHAPTER XXXVII. UNWORTHY.
+        <a href="#THE_ATONEMENT_OF_LEAM_DUNDAS">723</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">CHAPTER XXXVIII. BLOTTED OUT.
+        <a href="#CHAPTER_XXXVIII">728</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">CHAPTER XXXIX. WINDY BROW.
+        <a href="#CHAPTER_XXXIX">733</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">CHAPTER XL. LOST AND NOW FOUND.
+        <a href="#CHAPTER_XL">739</a></p>
+
+        <p>THE ITALIAN MEDI&AElig;VAL WOOD-SCULPTORS by T. ADOLPHUS
+        TROLLOPE.
+        <a href="#THE_ITALIAN_MEDIAEVAL_WOOD_SCULPTORS">746</a></p>
+
+        <p>REST by CHARLOTTE F. BATES. <a href="#REST">754</a></p>
+
+        <p>LETTERS FROM SOUTH AFRICA by LADY BARKER.
+        <a href="#LETTERS_FROM_SOUTH_AFRICA">755</a></p>
+
+        <p>OUR MONTHLY GOSSIP.</p>
+
+        <p class="i4">THE CABS OF PARIS by L.H.H.
+        <a href="#OUR_MONTHLY_GOSSIP">764</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">A NEW MUSEUM AT ROME by T.A.T.
+        <a href="#A_NEW_MUSEUM_AT_ROME">768</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">OUR FOREIGN SURNAMES by W.W.C.
+        <a href="#OUR_FOREIGN_SURNAMES">770</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">THE NEW FRENCH ACADEMICIAN by R.W.
+        <a href="#THE_NEW_FRENCH_ACADEMICIAN">772</a></p>
+
+        <p>LITERATURE OF THE DAY.
+        <a href="#LITERATURE_OF_THE_DAY">774</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">BOOKS RECEIVED.
+        <a href="#Books_Received">776</a></p>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="illustrations"
+          id="illustrations"></a>
+
+    <h4>ILLUSTRATIONS</h4>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig649">FA&Ccedil;ADE OF THE
+    SPANISH DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig651">FA&Ccedil;ADE OF THE
+    EGYPTION DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig653">FA&Ccedil;ADE OF THE
+    SWEDISH DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig654">FA&Ccedil;ADE OF THE
+    BRAZILIAN DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig655">DOM PEDRO, EMPEROR
+    OF BRAZIL.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig656">JAPANESE
+    CARPENTERS.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig657">FA&Ccedil;ADE OF THE
+    DIVISION OF THE NETHERLANDS, MAIN BUILDING.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig659">THE CORLISS ENGINE,
+    FURNISHING MOTIVE-POWER FOR MACHINERY HALL.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig661">INTERIOR OF COOK'S
+    WORLD'S TICKET OFFICE.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig663">FRENCH RESTAURANT LA
+    FAYETTE.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig664">THE MAMMOTH RODMAN
+    GUN.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig665">SCENE AT ONE OF THE
+    ENTRANCES TO THE GROUNDS&mdash;THE TURNSTILE.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig668">SCENE IN A BURIAL
+    GROUND.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig670">THE SULTAN ABDUL
+    ASSIZ.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig671">TURKISH
+    COW-CARRIAGE.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig672">ENTERING A
+    MOSQUE.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig673">CASTLE OF EUROPE, ON
+    THE BOSPHORUS.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig675">FORTRESS OF RIVA,
+    AND THE BLACK SEA.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig676">TURKISH
+    QUARTER&mdash;STAMBOUL.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig677">OBELISK OF
+    THEODOSIUS.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig678">SHEPHERDS.</a></p>
+    <hr />
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 649]</span>
+    <a name='THE_CENTURYmdashITS_FRUITS_AND_ITS_FESTIVAL'
+          id="THE_CENTURYmdashITS_FRUITS_AND_ITS_FESTIVAL"></a>
+
+    <h2>THE CENTURY&mdash;ITS FRUITS AND ITS FESTIVAL.</h2>
+
+    <h3>VI. THE DISPLAY&mdash;INTRODUCTORY.</h3><br />
+     <!--
+    <p>[Illustration: FA&Ccedil;ADE OF THE SPANISH DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.]</p>
+    -->
+
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:100%;">
+        <a name="fig649"
+             id="fig649"></a>
+             <a href="images/Illus-0001-1.jpg"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/Illus-0001-1_sm.jpg"
+             alt="FA&Ccedil;ADE OF THE SPANISH DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING." />
+        </a><br />
+         FA&Ccedil;ADE OF THE SPANISH DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.
+    </div>
+
+    <p>All things being ready for their reception, how were
+    exhibits, exhibitors and visitors to be brought to the grounds?
+    To do this with the extreme of rapidity and cheapness was
+    essential to a full and satisfactory attendance of both objects
+    and persons. In a large majority of cases the first
+    consideration with the possessor of any article deemed worthy
+    of submission to the public eye was the cost and security of
+    transportation. Objects of art, the most valuable and the most
+    attractive portion of the display, are not usually very well
+    adapted to carriage over great distances with frequent
+    transshipments. Porcelain, glass and statuary are fragile, and
+    paintings liable to injury from dampness and rough handling;
+    while an antique mosaic, like the <span class="pagenum">[pg
+    650]</span> "Carthaginian Lion," a hundred square feet in
+    superficies, might, after resuscitation from its subterranean
+    sleep of twenty centuries with its minutest <i>tessera</i>
+    intact and every tint as fresh as the Phoenician artist left
+    it, suffer irreparable damage from a moment's carelessness on
+    the voyage to its temporary home in the New World. More solid
+    things of a very different character, and far less valuable
+    pecuniarily, though it may be quite as interesting to the
+    promoter of human progress, exact more or less time and
+    attention to collect and prepare, and that will not be bestowed
+    upon them without some guarantee of their being safely and
+    inexpensively transmitted. So to simplify transportation as
+    practically to place the exposition buildings as nearly as
+    possible at the door of each exhibitor, student and sight-seer
+    became, therefore, a controlling problem.</p>
+
+    <p>In the solution of it there is no exaggeration in saying
+    that the Centennial stands more than a quarter of a century in
+    advance of even the latest of its fellow expositions. At Vienna
+    a river with a few small steamers below and a tow-path above
+    represented water-carriage. Good railways came in from every
+    quarter of the compass, but none of them brought the locomotive
+    to the neighborhood of the grounds. In the matter of tram-roads
+    for passengers the Viennese distinguished themselves over the
+    Londoners and Parisians by the possession of <i>one</i>. In
+    steam-roads they had no advantage and no inferiority. At each
+    and all of these cities the packing-box and the passenger were
+    both confronted by the vexatious interval between the station
+    and the exposition building&mdash;often the most trying part of
+    the trip. Horsepower was the one time-honored resource, in '73
+    as in '51, and in unnumbered years before. Under the ancient
+    divisions of horse and foot the world and its
+    <i>impedimenta</i> moved upon Hyde Park, the Champ de Mars and
+    the Prater, the umbrella and the oil-cloth tilt their only
+    shield against Jupiter Pluvius, who seemed to take especial
+    pleasure in demonstrating their failure, nineteen centuries
+    after the contemptuous erasure of him from the calendar, to
+    escape his power. It was reserved for the Philadelphia
+    Commission to bring his reign (not the slightest intention of a
+    pun) to a close. The most delicate silk or gem, and the most
+    delicate wearer of the same, were enabled to pass under roof
+    from San Francisco into the Main Building in Fairmount Park,
+    and with a trifling break of twenty steps at the wharf might do
+    so from the dock at Bremen, Havre or Liverpool. The hospitable
+    shelter of the great pavilion was thus extended over the
+    continent and either ocean. The drip of its eaves pattered into
+    China, the Cape of Good Hope, Germany and Australia. Their
+    spread became almost that of the welkin.</p>
+
+    <p>Let us look somewhat more into the detail of this unique
+    feature of the American fair.</p>
+
+    <p>Within the limits of the United States the transportation
+    question soon solved itself. Five-sixths of the seventy-four
+    thousand miles of railway which lead, without interruption of
+    track, to Fairmount Park are of either one and the same gauge,
+    or so near it as to permit the use everywhere of the same car,
+    its wheels a little broader than common. From the other sixth
+    the bodies of the wagons, with their contents, are transferable
+    by a change of trucks. The expected sixty or eighty thousand
+    tons of building material and articles for display could thus
+    be brought to their destination in a far shorter period than
+    that actually allowed. Liberal arrangements were conceded by
+    the various lines in regard to charges. Toll was exacted in one
+    direction only, unsold articles to be returned to the shipper
+    free. As the time for closing to exhibitors and opening to
+    visitors approached the Centennial cars became more and more
+    familiar to the rural watcher of the passing train. They aided
+    to infect him, if free from it before, with the Centennial
+    craze. Their doors, though sealed, were eloquent, for they bore
+    in great black letters on staring white muslin the shibboleth
+    of the day, "1776&mdash;International Exhibition&mdash;1876."
+    The enthusiasm of those very hard and unimpressible entities,
+    the railroad companies, thus <span class="pagenum">[pg
+    651]</span> manifesting itself in low rates and gratuitous
+    advertising, could not fail to be contagious. Nor was the
+    service done by the interior lines wholly domestic. Several
+    large foreign contributions from the Pacific traversed the
+    continent. The houses and the handicraft of the Mongol climbed
+    the Sierra Nevada on the magnificent highway his patient labor
+    had so large a share in constructing. Nineteen cars were
+    freighted with the rough and unpromising chrysalis that
+    developed into the neat and elaborate cottage of Japan, and
+    others brought the Chinese display. Polynesia and Australia
+    adopted the same route in part. The canal modestly assisted the
+    rail, lines of inland navigation conducting to the grounds
+    barges of three times the tonnage of the average sea-going
+    craft of the Revolutionary era. These sluggish and smooth-going
+    vehicles were employed for the carriage of some of the large
+    plants and trees which enrich the horticultural department,
+    eight boats being required to transport from New York a
+    thousand specimens of the Cuban flora sent by a single
+    exhibitor, M. Lachaume of Havana. Those moisture-loving shrubs,
+    the brilliant rhododendra collected by English nurserymen from
+    our own Alleghanies and returned to us wonderfully improved by
+    civilization, might have been expected also to affect the
+    canal, but they chose, with British taste, the more rapid rail.
+    They had, in fact, no time to lose, for their blooming season
+    was close at hand, and their roots must needs hasten to test
+    the juices of American soil. Japan's miniature garden of
+    miniature plants, interesting far beyond the proportions of its
+    dimensions, was perforce dependent on the same means of
+    conveyance.</p><!--
+    <p>[Illustration: FA&Ccedil;ADE OF THE EGYPTIAN DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.]</p>
+    -->
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:100%;">
+        <a name="fig651"
+             id="fig651"></a>
+             <a href="images/Illus-0004-1.jpg"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/Illus-0004-1_sm.jpg"
+             alt="FA&Ccedil;ADE OF THE EGYPTIAN DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING." />
+        </a><br />
+         FA&Ccedil;ADE OF THE EGYPTIAN DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The locomotive was summoned to the aid of foreign exhibitors
+    on the Atlantic as on the Pacific side, though to a less
+    striking extent, the largest steamships being able to lie
+    within three miles of the exposition buildings. It stood ready
+    on the wharves of the Delaware to welcome these stately guests
+    from afar, indifferent whether they came in squadrons or alone.
+    It received on one day, in this vestibule of the exposition,
+    the Labrador from France and the Donati from Brazil. Dom
+    Pedro's coffee, sugar and tobacco and the marbles and canvases
+    of the Soci&eacute;t&eacute; des Beaux-Arts
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 652]</span> were whisked off in
+    amicable companionship to their final destination. The
+    solidarity of the nations is in some sort promoted by this
+    shaking down together of their goods and chattels. It gives a
+    truly international look to the exposition to see one of
+    Vernet's battle-pieces or Meissonier's microscopic gems of
+    color jostled by a package of hides from the Parana or a bale
+    of India-rubber.</p>
+
+    <p>Yet more expressive was the medley upon the covered
+    platforms for the reception of freight. Eleven of these, each
+    one hundred and sixty by twenty-four feet, admitted of the
+    unloading of fifty-five freight-cars at once. At this rate
+    there was not left the least room for anxiety as to the ability
+    of the Commission and its employ&eacute;s to dispose, so far as
+    their responsibility was concerned, of everything presented for
+    exhibition within a very few days. The movements of the
+    custom-house officials, and the arrangements of goods after the
+    passing of that ordeal, were less rapid, and there seemed some
+    ground for anxiety when it was found that in the last days of
+    March scarce a tenth of the catalogued exhibits were on the
+    ground, and for the closing ten days of the period fixed for
+    the receipt of goods an average of one car-load per minute of
+    the working hours was the calculated draft on the resources of
+    the unloading sheds. Home exhibitors, by reason of the very
+    completeness of their facilities of transport, were the most
+    dilatory. The United States held back until her guests were
+    served, confident in the abundant efficiency of the
+    preparations made for bringing the entertainers to their side.
+    Better thus than that foreigners should have been behind
+    time.</p>
+
+    <p>When the gates of the enclosure were at last shut upon the
+    steam-horse, a broader and more congenial field of duty opened
+    before him. From the r&ocirc;le of dray-horse he passed to that
+    of courser. Marvels from the ends of the earth he had, with
+    many a pant and heave, forward pull and backward push, brought
+    together and dumped in their allotted places. Now it became his
+    task to bear the fiery cross over hill and dale and gather the
+    clans, men, women and children. The London exhibition of 1851
+    had 6,170,000 visitors, and that of 1862 had 6,211,103. Paris
+    in 1855 had 4,533,464, and in 1867, 10,200,000. Vienna's
+    exhibition drew 7,254,867. The attendance at London on either
+    occasion was barely double the number of her population. So it
+    was with Paris at her first display, though she did much better
+    subsequently. Vienna's was the greatest success of all,
+    according to this test. The least of all, if we may take it
+    into the list, was that of New York in 1853. Her people
+    numbered about the same with the visitors to her Crystal
+    Palace&mdash;600,000. Philadelphia's calculations went far
+    beyond any of these figures, and she laid her plans
+    accordingly.</p>
+
+    <p>Some trainbands from Northern and Southern cities might give
+    their patriotic furor the bizarre form of a march across
+    country, but the millions, if they came at all, must come by
+    rail, and the problem was to multiply the facilities far beyond
+    any previous experience, while reconciling the maximum of
+    safety, comfort and speed with a reduction of fares. The
+    arrangements are still to be tested, and are no doubt open to
+    modification. On one point, however, and this an essential one,
+    we apprehend no grounds of complaint. There will be no
+    crowding. The train is practically endless, the word
+    <i>terminus</i> being a misnomer for the circular system of
+    tracks to which the station (six hundred and fifty by one
+    hundred feet) at the main entrance of the grounds forms a
+    tangent. The line of tourists is reeled off like their thread
+    in the hands of Clotho, the iron shears that snip it at stated
+    intervals being represented by the unmythical steam-engine. The
+    same modern minister of the Fates has another shrine not far
+    from the dome of Memorial Hall, where his acolytes are the
+    officials of the Reading Railroad Company.</p>
+
+    <p>Care for the visitor's comfortable locomotion does not end
+    with depositing him under the reception-verandah. The
+    Commission did not forget that a pedestrian excursion over
+    fifteen or twenty miles of aisles might sufficiently fatigue
+    him without the additional trudge from hall to hall
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 653]</span> over a surface of four
+    hundred acres under a sun which the century has certainly not
+    deprived of any mentionable portion of its heat. Hence, the
+    belt railway, three and a half miles long, with trains running
+    by incessant schedule&mdash;a boon only to be justly
+    appreciated by those who attended the European expositions or
+    any one of them. His umbrella and goloshes pocketed in the form
+    of a D.P.C. check, the visitor, more fortunate than Brummel or
+    Bonaparte, cannot be stopped by the elements.</p><!--
+    <p>[Illustration: FA&Ccedil;ADE OF THE SWEDISH DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.]</p>
+    -->
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:100%;">
+        <a name="fig653"
+             id="fig653"></a>
+             <a href="images/Illus-0007-1.jpg"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/Illus-0007-1_sm.jpg"
+             alt="FA&Ccedil;ADE OF THE SWEDISH DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING." />
+        </a><br />
+         FA&Ccedil;ADE OF THE SWEDISH DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.
+    </div>
+
+    <p>We shall have amply disposed of the subject of
+    transportation when we add that the neighborhood or city supply
+    to the thirteen entrance-gates is provided for by steam-roads
+    capable of carrying twenty-four thousand persons hourly, and
+    tram-roads seating seven thousand, besides an irregular militia
+    or voltigeur force of light wagons, small steamers and
+    omnibuses equal to a demand of two or three thousand more in
+    the same time. It was not deemed likely that Philadelphia would
+    require conveyance for half of her population every day. Should
+    that supposition prove erroneous, the excess can fall back upon
+    the safe and inexpensive vehicle of 1776, 1851, 1867 and
+    1873&mdash;sole leather.</p>
+
+    <p>Let us return to our packing-cases, and see where they go.
+    To watch the gradual dispersal of a congregation to their
+    several places of abode is always interesting. Especially is it
+    so when those places of retreat bear the names and fly the
+    flags of the several nations of the globe. This stout cube of
+    deal, triple-bound with iron, disappears under the asp and
+    winged sphere of the Pharaohs. That other, big with rich
+    velvets and broideries, seeks the tricolor of France. Yonder, a
+    wealth of silks and lacquer finds a resting-place in the carved
+    black-walnut <i>&eacute;tag&egrave;res</i> of Japan. Here go,
+    cased in the spoils of the fjelds, toward a pavilion
+    seventy-five paces long and twenty wide, the bulky
+    contributions of the Norsemen. Swedish carpentry in perfection
+    offers to a deposit separate from that of the sister-kingdom a
+    distinct receptacle. Close at hand stand the antipodes in the
+    pavilion of Chili, that opens its graceful portal to bales
+    sprinkled mayhap with the ashes of Aconcagua. There "crashes a
+    sturdy <i>box</i> of stout John Bull;" and Russia, Tunis and
+    Canada roll into close neighborhood with him and each other. A
+    queer and not, let us hope, altogether transitory show of
+    international comity is this. Many a high-sounding,
+    much-heralded and more-debating Peace Congress has been held
+    with less effect <span class="pagenum">[pg 654]</span> than
+    that conducted by these humble porters, carpenters and
+    decorators. This one has solidity. Its elements are palpable.
+    The peoples not only bring their choicest possessions, but they
+    also set up around them their local habitations. It is a
+    cosmopolitan town that has sprung into being beneath the great
+    roof and glitters in the rays of our republican sun. In its
+    rectangularly-planned streets, alleys and plazas every style of
+    architecture is represented&mdash;domestic, state and
+    ecclesiastical, ancient, medi&aelig;val and modern. The spirit
+    and taste of most of the races and climes find expression,
+    giving thus the Sydenham and the Hyde Park palaces in one. The
+    reproductions at the former place were the work of English
+    hands: those before us are executed, for the most part, by
+    workmen to whom the originals are native and familiar. In this
+    feature of the interior of the Main Building we are amply
+    compensated for the breaking up of the <i>coup d'oeil</i> by a
+    multiplicity of discordant forms. The space is still so vast as
+    to maintain the effect of unity; and this notwithstanding the
+    considerable height of some of the national stalls, that of
+    Spain, for example, sending aloft its trophy of Moorish shields
+    and its effigy of the world-seeking Genoese to an elevation of
+    forty-six feet. The Moorish colonnade of the Brazilian pavilion
+    lifts its head in graceful rivalry of the lofty front reared by
+    the other branch of the Iberian race. In so vast an expanse
+    this friendly competition of Spaniards and Portuguese becomes,
+    to the eye, a union of their pretensions; and a single family
+    of thirty-three millions in Europe and America combines to
+    present us with two of the handsomest structures in the
+    hall.</p><!--
+    <p>[Illustration: FA&Ccedil;ADE OF THE BRAZILIAN DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.]</p>
+    -->
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:100%;">
+        <a name="fig654"
+             id="fig654"></a>
+             <a href="images/Illus-0008-1.jpg"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/Illus-0008-1_sm.jpg"
+             alt="FA&Ccedil;ADE OF THE BRAZILIAN DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING." />
+        </a><br />
+         FA&Ccedil;ADE OF THE BRAZILIAN DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.
+    </div>
+
+    <p>A moderate dip into statistics can no longer be evaded. We
+    must map out the microcosm, and allot to each sovereign power
+    its quota of the surface. The great European states which have
+    assumed within the century the supreme direction of human
+    affairs are assigned a prominent central position in the Main
+    Building. Great Britain and her Asiatic possessions occupy just
+    eighty-three feet less than a hundred thousand; her other
+    colonies, including Canada, 48,150; <span class="pagenum">[pg
+    655]</span> France and her colonies, 43,314; Germany, 27,975;
+    Austria, 24,070; Russia, 11,002; Spain, 11,253; Sweden and
+    Belgium, each 15,358; Norway, 6897; Italy, 8167; Japan, 16,566;
+    Switzerland, 6646; China, 7504; Brazil, 6397; Egypt, 5146;
+    Mexico, 6504; Turkey, 4805; Denmark, 1462; and Tunis, 2015.
+    These, with minor apportionments to Venezuela, the Argentine
+    Confederation, Chili, Peru and the Orange Free State of South
+    Africa, cover the original area of the structure, deducting the
+    reservation of 187,705 feet for the United States, and
+    excluding thirty-eight thousand square feet in the annexes.
+    France must be credited, in explanation of her comparatively
+    limited territory under the main roof, with her external
+    pavilions devoted to bronzes, glass, perfumery and (chief of
+    all) to her magnificent government exhibit of technical plans,
+    drawings and models in engineering, civil and military, and
+    architecture. These outside contributions constitute a link
+    between her more substantial displays and the five hundred
+    paintings, fifty statues, etc. she places in Memorial Hall.</p>
+
+    <p>In Machinery and Agricultural Halls, respectively, Great
+    Britain has 37,125 and 18,745 feet; Germany, 10,757 and 4875;
+    France, 10,139 and 15,574; Belgium, 9375 and 1851; Canada, 4300
+    and 10,094; Brazil, 4000 and 4657; Sweden, 3168 and 2603;
+    Spain, 2248 and 5005; Russia, 1500 and 6785; Chili, 480 and
+    2493; Norway, 360 and 1590. Austria occupies 1536 feet in
+    Mechanical Hall; and in that of Agriculture are the following
+    additional allotments: Netherlands, 4276; Denmark, 836; Japan,
+    1665; Peru, 1632; Liberia, 1536; Siam, 1220; Portugal,
+    1020.</p><a name="fig655"
+          id="fig655"></a> <!--
+    <p>[Illustration: DOM PEDRO, EMPEROR OF BRAZIL.]</p>
+    -->
+
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:50%;">
+        <a href="images/Illus-0010-1.jpg"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/Illus-0010-1_sm.jpg"
+             alt="DOM PEDRO, EMPEROR OF BRAZIL." /></a><br />
+         DOM PEDRO, EMPEROR OF BRAZIL.
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The foreign contributions in the department of machinery
+    are, it will be seen, hardly so large as might have been
+    anticipated. When the spacious annexes are added to the floor
+    of the main hall, the great preponderance of home
+    exhibitors&mdash;five to one in the latter&mdash;is shown to be
+    still more marked. In Agricultural Hall the United States claim
+    less than two-thirds. The unexpected interest taken in this
+    branch by foreigners will enhance its prominence and value
+    among the attractions of the exposition. The collection of
+    tropical products for food and manufacturing is very complete.
+    The development of the equatorial regions of the globe has
+    barely commenced. Even our acquaintance with their natural
+    resources remains but superficial. The country which takes the
+    lead in utilizing them in its trade and manufactures will gain
+    a great advantage over its fellows. England's commercial
+    supremacy never rested more largely on that foundation than
+    now. Brazil, the great power of South&mdash;as the Union is of
+    North&mdash;America, possesses nearly half of the accessible
+    virgin territory of the tropics. Our interest joins hers in
+    retaining this vast endowment as far as possible for the
+    benefit of the Western World. A perception of this fact is
+    shown in the exceptional efforts made by Brazil to be fully
+    represented in all departments of the exposition, and in the
+    visit to it of her chief magistrate, as we may properly term
+    her emperor, the only embodiment of hereditary power and the
+    monarchical principle in a country that enjoys&mdash;and has
+    for the half century since its erection into an independent
+    state maintained&mdash;free institutions.</p>
+
+    <p>In art domestic exhibits utterly lose
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 656]</span> their preponderance. Our
+    artists content themselves with a small fraction of the wall-
+    and floor-space in Memorial Hall and its northern annex. In
+    extent of both "hanging" and standing ground they but equal
+    England and France, each occupying something over twenty
+    thousand square feet. Italy in the &aelig;sthetic combat
+    selects the chisel as her weapon, and takes the floor with a
+    superb array of marble eloquence, some three hundred pieces of
+    statuary being contributed by her sculptors. She might in
+    addition set up a colorable claim to the works executed on her
+    soil or under the teaching of her schools by artists of other
+    nativities, and thus make, for example, a sweeping raid into
+    American territory. But she generously leaves to that division
+    the spoils swept from her coasts by the U.S. ship Franklin,
+    together with the works bearing her imprint in other sections,
+    satisfied with the wealth undoubtedly her own, itself but a
+    faint adumbration of the vast hoard she retains at home. Italy
+    does not view the occasion from a fine-art standpoint alone. Of
+    her nine hundred and twenty-six exhibitors, only one-sixth are
+    in this department.</p><a name="fig656"
+          id="fig656"></a> <!--
+    <p>[Illustration: JAPANESE CARPENTERS.]</p>
+    -->
+
+
+    <div class="figleft"
+         style="width:70%;">
+        <a href="images/Illus-0011-1.jpg"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/Illus-0011-1_sm.jpg"
+             alt="JAPANESE CARPENTERS." /></a><br />
+         JAPANESE CARPENTERS.
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Nor, on the art side of our own country, must we overlook
+    the Historical division, the perfecting of which has been a
+    labor of love with Mr. Etting. He allots space among the old
+    Thirteen, and reserves a place at the feast of reunion to the
+    mother of that rebellious sisterhood.</p>
+
+    <p>Forty acres of "floor-space" <i>sub Jove</i> remained to be
+    awarded to foreign and domestic claimants. Gardening is one of
+    the fine arts. Certainly nothing in Memorial Hall can excel its
+    productions in richness, variety and harmony of color and form.
+    Flower, leaf and tree are the models of the palette and the
+    crayon. Their marvelous improvement in variety and splendor is
+    one of the most striking triumphs of human ingenuity. A few
+    hundred species have been expanded into many thousand forms,
+    each finer than the parent. It is a new flora created by
+    civilization, undreamed of by the savage, and voluminous in
+    proportion to the mental advancement of the races among whom it
+    has sprung up. Progress writes its record in flowers, and
+    scrawls the autographs of the nations all over Lansdowne hill.
+    No need of gilded show-cases to set off the German and
+    Germantown roses, the thirty thousand hyacinths in another
+    compartment, or the plot of seven hundred and fifty kinds of
+    trees and shrubs planted by a single American contributor. The
+    Moorish Kiosque, however, comes in well. The material is
+    genuine Morocco, the building having been brought over in
+    pieces from the realm of the Saracens, of "gul in its bloom"
+    and of "Larry O'Rourke"&mdash;as Rogers punned down the poem of
+    his Irish friend.</p>
+
+    <p>The nations comfortably installed, we must sketch the
+    tactical system under which they are drawn up for peaceful
+    contest. The classification of subjects adopted by the
+    Commission embraces seven departments. Of these, the Main
+    Building is devoted to I. <i>Mining and Metallurgy</i>; II.
+    <i>Manufactures</i>; III. <i>Education and Science</i>;
+    Memorial Hall and its appendages, to IV. <i>Art</i>; Machinery
+    Hall, to V. <i>Machinery</i>; Agricultural Hall, to VI.
+    <i>Agriculture</i>; and Horticultural Hall and its parterres,
+    to VII. <i>Horticulture</i>. These habitats have, as we have
+    heretofore seen, proved too contracted for the august and
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 657]</span> expansive inmates
+    assigned them. All of the latter have overflowed; mining, for
+    instance, into the mineral annex of thirty-two thousand square
+    feet and the great pavilion (a hundred and thirty-five feet
+    square) of Colorado and Kansas; education into the Swedish and
+    Pennsylvania school-houses and others already noted;
+    manufactures into breweries, glass-houses, etc.; and so on with
+    an infinity of irrepressible outgrowths.</p><!--
+    <p>[Illustration: FA&Ccedil;ADE OF THE DIVISION OF THE NETHERLANDS, MAIN
+    BUILDING.]</p>
+    -->
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:100%;">
+        <a name="fig657"
+             id="fig657"></a>
+             <a href="images/Illus-0012-1.jpg"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/Illus-0012-1_sm.jpg"
+             alt="FA&Ccedil;ADE OF THE DIVISION OF THE NETHERLANDS, MAIN BUILDING." />
+        </a><br />
+         FA&Ccedil;ADE OF THE DIVISION OF THE NETHERLANDS, MAIN
+        BUILDING.
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Department I. is subdivided into classes numbered from 100
+    to 129, and embracing the products of mines and the means of
+    extracting and reducing them. II. extends from Class 200 to
+    Class 296&mdash;chemical manufactures, ceramics, furniture,
+    woven goods of all kinds, jewelry, paper, stationery, weapons,
+    medical appliances, hardware, vehicles and their accessories.
+    III. deals with the high province of educational systems,
+    methods and libraries; institutions and organizations;
+    scientific and philosophical instruments and methods;
+    engineering, architecture in its technical and
+    non-&aelig;sthetic aspect, maps; physical, moral and social
+    condition of man. Fifty classes, 300 to 349 inclusive, fence in
+    this field of pure reason. Department IV., Classes 400-459,
+    covers sculpture, painting, photography, engraving and
+    lithography, industrial and architectural designs, ceramic
+    decorations, mosaics, etc. V., Classes 509-599, takes charge of
+    machines and tools for mining, chemistry, weaving, sewing,
+    printing, working metal, wood and stone; motors; hydraulic and
+    pneumatic apparatus; railway stock or "plant;" machinery for
+    preparing agricultural products; "a&euml;rial, pneumatic and
+    water transportation," and "machinery and apparatus especially
+    adapted to the requirements of the exhibition." VI., Classes
+    600-699, assembles arboriculture and forest products, pomology,
+    agricultural products, land and marine animals, pisciculture
+    and its apparatus, "animal and vegetable products," textile
+    substances, machines, implements and products of manufacture,
+    agricultural engineering and administration, tillage and
+    general management. Under Department VII., Classes 700-739,
+    come ornamental trees, shrubs and flowers, hothouses and
+    conservatories, garden tools and contrivances, garden
+    designing, construction and management.</p>
+
+    <p>The accumulated experience of past expositions, seconded by
+    the judgment and systematic thoroughness apparent in the
+    preparations for the present one, makes this a good "working"
+    classification. It has done away with confusion to an extent
+    hardly to have been hoped for, and all the thousands of objects
+    and subjects have dropped into their places in the exhibition
+    with the precision <span class="pagenum">[pg 658]</span> of
+    machinery, little adapted as some of them are to such
+    treatment. Very impalpable and elusive things had to submit
+    themselves to inspection and analysis, and have their elements
+    tabulated like a tax bill or a grocery account. All human
+    concerns were called on to be listed on the muster-roll and
+    stand shoulder to shoulder on the drill-ground. Some curious
+    comrades appear side by side in the long line. For example, we
+    read: Class 286, brushes; 295, sleighs; 300, elementary
+    instruction; 301, academies and high schools, colleges and
+    universities; 305, libraries, history, etc.; 306, school-books,
+    general and miscellaneous literature, encyclop&aelig;dias,
+    newspapers; 311, learned and scientific associations, artistic,
+    biological, zoological and medical schools, astronomical
+    observatories; 313, music and the drama. Then we find, closely
+    sandwiched between, 335&mdash;topographical maps,
+    etc.&mdash;and 400&mdash;figures in stone, metal, clay or
+    plaster&mdash;340, physical development and condition (of the
+    young of the genus <i>Homo</i>); 345, government and law; 346,
+    benevolence, beginning with hospitals of all kinds and ending
+    with&mdash;in the order we give them&mdash;emigrant-aid
+    societies, treatment of aborigines and prevention of cruelty to
+    animals! In the last-named subdivision the visitor will be
+    stared out of countenance by Mr. Bergh's tremendous exposure of
+    "various instruments used by persons in breaking the law
+    relative to cruelty to animals," the glittering banner of the
+    S.P.C.A., and its big trophy, eight yards square, that
+    illuminates the east end of the north avenue of the Main
+    Building, in opposition to the trophy at the other end of the
+    same avenue illustrating the history of the American flag. But
+    he will look in vain for selected specimens of the
+    emigrant-runner, the luxuries of the steerage and Castle
+    Garden, or for photographs of the well-fed post-trader and
+    Indian agent, agricultural products from Captain Jack's
+    lava-bed reservation and jars of semi-putrescent treaty-beef.
+    He will alight, next door to the penniless immigrant, the red
+    man and the omnibus-horse, on Class 348, religious
+    organizations and systems, embracing everything that grows out
+    of man's sense of responsibility to his Maker. It will perhaps
+    occur to the observer that, though the juxtaposition is well
+    enough, religion ought to have come in a little before. His
+    surprise at the power of condensation shown in compressing
+    eternity into a single class will not be lessened when he
+    passes on to Class 632, sheep; 634, swine; and 636, dogs and
+    cats!</p>
+
+    <p>A glance over the classification-list assists us in
+    recognizing the advantages of the system of awards framed by
+    the Commission and adopted after patient study and discussion.
+    It discards the plan&mdash;if plan it could be called&mdash;of
+    scattering diplomas and medals of gold, silver and bronze right
+    and left, after the fashion of largesse at a medi&aelig;val
+    coronation, heretofore followed at international expositions.
+    These prizes were decided on and assigned by juries whose
+    impartiality&mdash;by reason of the imperfect representation
+    upon them of the nations which exhibited little in mass or
+    little in certain classes, and also of their failure to make
+    written reports and thus secure their
+    responsibility&mdash;could not be assured, and whose action,
+    therefore, was defective in real weight and value. The juries
+    were badly constituted: they had too much to do of an illusory
+    and useless description, and they had too little to do that was
+    solid and instructive. Special mentions, diplomas, half a dozen
+    grades of medals and other honors, formed a programme too large
+    and complicated to be discriminatingly carried out. So it
+    happened that to exhibit and to get a distinction of some kind
+    came, at Vienna, to be almost convertible expressions; and who
+    excelled in the competition in any of the classes, or who had
+    contributed anything substantial to the stock of human
+    knowledge or well-being, remained quite undetermined. What
+    instruction the display could impart was confined to spectators
+    who studied its specialties for themselves and used their
+    deductions for their individual advantage, and to those who
+    read the sufficiently general and cursory reports made to their
+    several governments by the national commissions. The official
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 659]</span> awards and reports of the
+    exposition authorities amounted to little or nothing.</p><!--
+    <p>[Illustration: THE CORLISS ENGINE, FURNISHING MOTIVE-POWER FOR MACHINERY
+    HALL.]</p>
+    -->
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:100%;">
+        <a name="fig659"
+             id="fig659"></a>
+             <a href="images/Illus-0015-1.jpg"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/Illus-0015-1_sm.jpg"
+             alt="THE CORLISS ENGINE, FURNISHING MOTIVE-POWER FOR MACHINERY HALL." />
+        </a><br />
+         THE CORLISS ENGINE, FURNISHING MOTIVE-POWER FOR MACHINERY
+        HALL.
+    </div>
+
+    <p>A sharp departure from this practice was decided on at the
+    Centennial. Two hundred judges, of undoubted character and
+    intelligence and entire familiarity with the departments
+    assigned to them, were chosen&mdash;half by the foreign bureaus
+    and half by the U.S. Commission. These were made officers of
+    the exposition itself, and thus separated from external
+    influences. They were given a reasonable and fixed compensation
+    of one thousand dollars each for their time and personal
+    expenses. An equal division of the number of judges between the
+    domestic and foreign sides gives the latter an excess, measured
+    by the comparative extent of the display from the two sources.
+    But this is favorable to us, as we shall be the better for an
+    outside judgment on the merits of both our own and foreign
+    exhibits. Were it otherwise, the excess of private observers
+    from this country would counterbalance our deficit in judges.
+    The foreign jurors have to see for the millions they represent.
+    Our own will have vast numbers of their constituents on the
+    ground.</p>
+
+    <p>Written reports are drawn up by these selected examiners and
+    signed by the authors. The reports must be "based upon inherent
+    and comparative merit. The elements of merit shall be held to
+    include considerations relating to originality, invention,
+    discovery, utility, quality, skill, workmanship, fitness for
+    the purpose intended, adaptation to public wants, economy and
+    cost." Each report, upon its completion, is delivered to the
+    Centennial Commission for award and publication. The award
+    comes in the shape of a diploma with a bronze medal and a
+    special report of the judges <span class="pagenum">[pg
+    660]</span> upon its subject. This report may be published by
+    the exhibitor if he choose. It will also be used by the
+    Commission in such manner as may best promote the objects of
+    the exposition. These documents, well edited and put in popular
+    form, will constitute the most valuable publication that has
+    been produced by any international exhibition. To this we may
+    add the special reports to be made by the State and foreign
+    commissions. These ought, with the light gained by time, to be
+    at least not inferior to the similar papers scattered through
+    the bulky records of previous exhibitions. Let us hope that
+    brevity will rule in the style of all the reports, regular and
+    irregular. There is a core to every subject, every group of
+    subjects and every group of groups, however numerous and
+    complex: let all the scribes labor to find it for us. When we
+    recall the disposition of all committees to select the member
+    most fecund of words to prepare their report, we are seized
+    with misgivings&mdash;a feeling that becomes oppressive as we
+    further reflect that the local committee which deliberately
+    collected and sent for exhibition eighty thousand manuscripts
+    written by the school-children of a Western city is at large on
+    the exposition grounds.</p>
+
+    <p>The passion for independent effort characteristic of the
+    American people led to the supplementing of the official list
+    by sundry volunteer prizes. These are offered by associations,
+    and in some cases individuals. They are not all, like the
+    regular awards, purely honorary. They lean to the pecuniary
+    form, those particularly which are offered in different
+    branches of agriculture. Competition among poultry-growers,
+    manufacturers of butter, reaping-and threshing-machines,
+    cotton-planters, etc. is stimulated by money-prizes reaching in
+    all some six or eight thousand dollars. Agricultural machinery
+    needs the open field for its proper testing, and cannot operate
+    satisfactorily in Machinery Hall. Without a sight of our
+    harvest-fields and threshing-floors foreigners would carry away
+    an incomplete impression of our industrial methods, the farm
+    being our great factory. The oar, the rifle and the racer are
+    as impatient of walls as the plough and its new-fangled allies.
+    They demand elbow-room for the display of their powers, and the
+    Commission was fain to let their votaries tempt it to pass the
+    confines of its territory. The lusty undergraduates of both
+    sides of Anglo-Saxondom escort it unresistingly down from its
+    airy halls to the blue bosom of the Schuylkill, while "teams"
+    picked from eighty English-speaking millions beckon it across
+    the Jerseys to Creedmoor. And the horse&mdash;is he to call in
+    vain? Is a strait-laced negative from the Commission to echo
+    back his neigh? Is the blood of Eclipse and Godolphin to
+    stagnate under a ticket in "Class 630, horses, asses and
+    mules"? Why, the very ponies in front of Memorial Hall pull
+    with extra vim against their virago jockeys and flap their
+    little brass wings in indignation at the thought. The
+    thoroughbred will be heard from, and the judges that sit on him
+    will be "experts in their department."</p>
+
+    <p>Another specimen of the desert-born, the Western Indian,
+    forms an exhibit as little suited as the improved Arab horse to
+    discussion and award at a session fraught with that "calm
+    contemplation and poetic ease" which ought to mark the
+    deliberations of the judges. How are the representatives of
+    fifty-three tribes to be put through their paces? These poor
+    fragments of the ancient population of the Union have, if we
+    exclude the Cherokees and Choctaws and two or three of the Gila
+    tribes, literally nothing to show. The latter can present us
+    with a faint trace of the long-faded civilization of their
+    Aztec kindred, while the former have only borrowed a few of the
+    rudest arts of the white, and are protected from extinction
+    merely by the barrier of a frontier more and more violently
+    assailed each year by the speculator and the settler, and
+    already passed by the railway. If we cannot exactly say that
+    the Indian, alone of all the throng at the exhibition, goes
+    home uninformed and unenlightened, what ideas may reach his
+    mind will be soon smothered out by the conditions which
+    surround him on the Plains. It is singular that a population of
+    three <span class="pagenum">[pg 661]</span> or four hundred
+    thousand, far from contemptible in intellectual power, and
+    belonging to a race which has shown itself capable of a degree
+    of civilization many of the tribes of the Eastern continents
+    have never approached, should be so absolutely an industrial
+    cipher. The African even exports mats, palm-oil and peanuts,
+    but the Indian exports nothing and produces nothing. He lacks
+    the sense of property, and has no object of acquisition but
+    scalps. Can the assembled ingenuity of the nineteenth century,
+    in presence of this mass of waste human material, devise no
+    means of utilizing it? There stands its Frankenstein, ready
+    made, perfect in thews and sinews, perfect also in many of its
+    nobler parts. It is not a creation that is
+    demanded&mdash;simply a remodeling or expansion. For success in
+    this achievement the United States can afford to offer a
+    pecuniary prize that will throw into the shade all the other
+    prizes put together. The cost of the Indian bureau for 1875-76
+    reached eight millions of dollars. The commission appointed to
+    treat for the purchase of the Black Hills reports that the
+    feeding and clothing of the Sioux cost the government thirteen
+    millions during the past seven years; and that without the
+    smallest benefit to those spirited savages. Says the report:
+    "They have made no advancement whatever, but have done
+    absolutely nothing but eat, drink, smoke and sleep."</p><!--
+    <p>[Illustration: INTERIOR OF COOK'S WORLD'S TICKET-OFFICE.]</p>
+    -->
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:100%;">
+        <a name="fig661"
+             id="fig661"></a>
+             <a href="images/Illus-0018-1.jpg"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/Illus-0018-1_sm.jpg"
+             alt="INTERIOR OF COOK'S WORLD'S TICKET-OFFICE." /></a><br />
+
+         INTERIOR OF COOK'S WORLD'S TICKET-OFFICE.
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Social and political questions like this point to a vast
+    field of inquiry. For its proper cultivation the exposition
+    provides data additional to those heretofore available. They
+    should be used as far as possible upon the spot. At least, they
+    can be examined, collated and prepared for full employment. To
+    this end, meetings and discussions held by men qualified by
+    intellect and study to deal with them are the obvious resort.
+    There is room among the two hundred judges for some such men,
+    but the juries are little more numerous than is required for
+    the examination of and report on objects. For more abstract
+    inquiries they will need recruits. These should be supplied by
+    the leading philosophical associations of this country and
+    Europe. The governments have all an interest in enlisting their
+    aid, and the Centennial Commission has done what in it lay to
+    promote their action. Ethnic <span class="pagenum">[pg
+    662]</span> characteristics, history, literature, education,
+    crime, statistics as a science, hygiene and medicine generally
+    are among the broad themes which are not apt to be adequately
+    treated by the average committee of inspection. So with the
+    whole range of the natural sciences. Dissertations based on the
+    jury reports will doubtless be abundant after a while, but
+    those reports themselves, being limited in scope, will not be
+    as satisfactory material as that which philosophic specialists
+    would themselves extract from direct observation and debate
+    upon the ground.</p>
+
+    <p>For the study of the commanding subject of education the
+    provision made at the present exhibition is exceptionally
+    great. In bulk, and probably in completeness, it is
+    immeasurably beyond the display made on any preceding occasion.
+    The building erected by the single State of Pennsylvania for
+    her educational department covers ten or eleven thousand square
+    feet, and other States of the Union make corresponding efforts
+    to show well in the same line. The European nations all
+    manifest a new interest in this branch, and give it a much more
+    prominent place in their exhibit than ever before. The
+    school-systems of most of them are of very recent birth, and do
+    not date back so far as 1851. The kingdom of Italy did not
+    exist at that time or for many years after, yet we now see it
+    pressing for a foremost place in the race of popular education,
+    and multiplying its public schools in the face of all the
+    troubles attendant upon the erection and organization of a new
+    state.</p>
+
+    <p>The historian will find aliment less abundant. A century or
+    two of Caucasian life in America is but a thing of yesterday to
+    him, and, though far from uninstructive, is but an offshoot
+    from modern European annals. For all that, he finds himself on
+    our soil in presence of an antiquity which remains to be
+    explored, and which clamors to be rescued from the domain of
+    the pre-historic. It has no literary records beyond the scant
+    remains of Mexico. It writes itself, nevertheless, strongly and
+    deeply on the face of the land&mdash;in mounds, fortifications
+    and tombs as distinct, if not so elaborate, as those of Etruria
+    and Cyprus. These remains show the hand of several successive
+    races. Who they were, what their traits, whence they came, what
+    their relations with the now civilized Chinese and
+    Japanese&mdash;whom, physically, their descendants so nearly
+    resemble&mdash;are legitimate queries for the historian.
+    Geologically, America is older than Europe, and was fitted for
+    the home of the red man before the latter ceased to be the home
+    of the whale. The investigation of its past, if impossible to
+    be conducted in the light of its own records or even
+    traditions, is capable of aiding in the verification of
+    conclusions drawn from those of the Old World. If History,
+    however, contemptuously relegates the Moundbuilders to the
+    mattock of the antiquarian, she is still "Philosophy teaching
+    by example." As thus allied with Philosophy, she finds
+    something to look into at the Centennial, even though she look
+    obliquely, after the fashion of the observant Hollanders, who
+    have stuck the reflecting glasses of the Dutch street-windows
+    into the sides of their compartment in the Main Building, and
+    squint, without a change of position, upon the United States,
+    Spain, South America, Egypt, Great Britain and several other
+    countries.</p>
+
+    <p>Religion and philanthropy find the field inviting, and their
+    representatives, individual and associated, are busy in
+    preparing to till it. The enthusiasm of the leading religious
+    societies took the concrete shape of statuary. Hence the
+    Catholic Fountain, heretofore noticed; the Hebrew statue to
+    Religious Liberty, as established in a land that never had a
+    Ghetto or a Judenstrasse; the Presbyterian figure of
+    Witherspoon; an Episcopalian of Bishop White; and others under
+    way or proposed. The temperance movement, too, embodies itself
+    in a fountain that runs ice-water instead of claret. The less
+    tangible but perhaps more fruitful form of reunions and
+    discussions must in a greater or less degree enhance the power
+    for good of these organizations. They are led by men of mind
+    and energy, seldom averse to enlightenment, and all professing
+    to seek nothing else. <span class="pagenum">[pg 663]</span>
+    When men of these qualities, aiming at the same or a like
+    object, meet to compare their respective admeasurements of its
+    parallax made from as many different points, they cannot fail
+    to approach accuracy. Faith is a first element in all great
+    undertakings. It removes mountains at Mont Cenis, as it walked
+    the waves with Columbus. In our century even faith is
+    progressive, and does not shrink from elbowing its way through
+    what Bunyan would have styled Vanity Fair.</p>
+
+    <p>Modestly in the rear of the moral reformers, yet not wholly
+    and uniformly unaggressive, nor guiltless altogether of isms
+    and schisms, step forward the literary men. As a rule, they do
+    not affect expositions, or exhibitions of any kind. But one
+    general meeting, with some minor and informal ones, is on the
+    programme for them. This is well. The world and the fullness
+    thereof belongs to them, and they may care to come forward to
+    scan this schedule of their inheritance. We do not hear of
+    their having combined to put up a pavilion of their own, like
+    the dairymen and the brewers, "to show the different processes
+    of manufacture." The pen will be at work here, nevertheless,
+    and has been from the beginning, before the foundations of the
+    Corliss engine were laid or the granite of Memorial Hall left
+    the quarry. Without this first of implements none of the other
+    machinery would ever have moved. The pen is mightier than the
+    piston. It is the invisible steam that impels
+    all.</p><a name="fig663"
+          id="fig663"></a> <!--
+    <p>[Illustration: FRENCH RESTAURANT LA FAYETTE.]</p>
+    -->
+
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:60%;">
+        <a href="images/Illus-0021-1.jpg"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/Illus-0021-1_sm.jpg"
+             alt="FRENCH RESTAURANT LA FAYETTE." /></a><br />
+         FRENCH RESTAURANT LA FAYETTE.
+    </div>
+
+    <p>In a visible form also it is here. The publishers of the
+    London <i>Punch</i> have selected as the most comprehensive
+    motto for the case in which they exhibit copies of their
+    various publications a sentence from Shakspeare: "Come and take
+    choice of all my library, and so beguile thy sorrow." We do not
+    know that to dull his sorrows is all that can be done for man.
+    Literature assumes to do more than make him forget. The
+    lotos-eater is not its one hero. School-books, piled aloft "in
+    numbers without number numberless," may to the man be
+    suggestive of hours without thought and void of grief, but they
+    certainly are not to the boy. Blue books, ground out in a
+    thousand bureaus, and contributed in like profusion, may be
+    pronounced a weariness to the adult flesh, however sweet their
+    ultimate uses. Unhappy those who wade through them for
+    increasing the happiness of others! These humble but portly
+    representatives of political literature are the log-books of
+    the ship of state. They chart and chronicle the currents and
+    winds along its course, so that from the mass of chaff a grain
+    of guidance may be painfully winnowed out for the benefit of
+    its next voyage, or for the voyages of other craft floundering
+    on the same perilous and baffling sea. Everything comes pat to
+    a log-book. As endless is the medley of memoranda in
+    blue-books. They deal, like government itself, with everything.
+    They take up the citizen on his entry into the cradle, and do
+    not quite drop him at the grave. How to educate, clothe, feed
+    and doctor him; how to keep him out of jail, and how, once
+    there, to get him out again with the least possible moral
+    detriment; how to adjust as lightly as possible to his
+    shoulders the burden of taxation; how to economize him as food
+    for powder; and how to free him from the miasm of crowded
+    cities,&mdash;are but a small part of their contents. And the
+    index is growing, if possible, larger, as the apparatus of
+    government becomes more and more intricate. With such
+    contributions and credentials do the rulers of the nations
+    enroll <span class="pagenum">[pg 664]</span> themselves in the
+    guild of authorship. They are proud of them, and exhibit them
+    in profusion, in whole libraries, rich with gold and the
+    primary colors.</p><a name="fig664"
+          id="fig664"></a> <!--
+    <p>[Illustration: THE MAMMOTH RODMAN GUN.]</p>
+    -->
+
+
+    <div class="figleft"
+         style="width:60%;">
+        <a href="images/Illus-0022-1.jpg"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/Illus-0022-1_sm.jpg"
+             alt="THE MAMMOTH RODMAN GUN." /></a><br />
+         THE MAMMOTH RODMAN GUN.
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Expositions, as we have before remarked, come into the same
+    worshipful guild by right of a special literature they have
+    brought into being. They come, moreover, into the blue-book
+    range by their bearing upon certain topics generally assigned
+    to it. It is found, for example, that, like other great
+    gatherings, they are apt to be followed by a temporary local
+    increase of crime. The police-records of London show that the
+    arrests in 1851 outnumbered those of the previous year by 1570,
+    and that in 1862 the aggregate exceeded by 5043 that of 1861.
+    It will at once occur that the population of the city was
+    greatly increased on each occasion, and that the influx of
+    thieves and lawbreakers generally must have thinned out that
+    class elsewhere, and in that way very probably reduced, rather
+    than added to, the sum-total of crime, the preventive
+    arrangements in London having been exceptionally thorough. The
+    drawback that would consist in an increase of crime is
+    therefore only an apparent result. An opposite effect cannot
+    but result, if only from the evidence that so vast and
+    heterogeneous an assemblage can be held without marked
+    disorder. The police as well as the criminals and the savants
+    of all nations come together, compare notes and enjoy a common
+    improvement.</p>
+
+    <p>This is the first opportunity the physicians of Europe have
+    had to become fully acquainted with the advances in surgery and
+    pathology their American brethren have the credit of having
+    made within the past few years. They will find it illustrated
+    in the government buildings and elsewhere; and they have an
+    ample <i>quid pro quo</i> to offer from their own researches.
+    The balancing of opinions at the proposed medical congress and
+    in private intercourse must tend to free medical science from
+    what remnants of empiricism still disfigure it, to perfect
+    diagnosis and to trace with precision the operation of all
+    remedial agents. Means remain to be found of administering the
+    <i>coup de gr&acirc;ce</i> to the few epidemics which have not
+    yet been extirpated, but linger in a crippled condition. This
+    will be aided by the illustrations afforded of processes of
+    draining, ventilation, etc.</p>
+
+    <p>Man's health rests in that of his stomach. The food question
+    is a concern of the physician as well as of the publicist. The
+    race began life on a vegetable diet, and to that it reverts
+    when compelled by enfeebled digestion or by the increasing
+    difficulty of providing animal food for a dense population. But
+    it likes flesh when able to assimilate it or to procure it, and
+    demands at least the compromise of fish. Hence, the revived
+    attention to fish-breeding, an art wellnigh forgotten since the
+    Reformation emptied the carp-ponds of the monks. Maryland, New
+    York and other States illustrate this device for enhancing the
+    food-supply, and the aquaria at Agricultural Hall, containing
+    twelve or fifteen thousand gallons of salt and fresh water,
+    present a congress of the leaders, gastronomically speaking, of
+    the finny people. The shad remains not only to be naturalized
+    in Europe, but to be reintroduced to the water-side dwellers
+    above tide, who <span class="pagenum">[pg 665]</span> once met
+    him regularly at table. He is joined by delegates from the
+    mountain, the great lakes and the Pacific coast in the trout,
+    the salmon and the whitefish, and by that quiet, silent and
+    slow-going cousin of the fraternity, the oyster, most valuable
+    of all, as possessors of those qualities not unfrequently are.
+    Europe does not dream, and we ourselves do not realize until we
+    come carefully to think of it, what the oyster does for us. He
+    sustains the hardiest part of our coasting marine, paves our
+    best roads, fertilizes our sands, enlivens all our festivities,
+    and supports an army of packers, can-makers, etc., cased in
+    whose panoply of tin he traverses the globe like a mail-clad
+    knight-errant in the cause of commerce and good eating. Yet he
+    needs protection. All this burden is greater than he can bear,
+    and it is growing. System and science are invoked to his rescue
+    ere he go the way of the inland shad and the salmon that became
+    a drug to the Pilgrim Fathers. It is not easy to frame a medal
+    or diploma for the fostering of the oyster. More effective is a
+    consideration of the impending penalty for neglecting to do so.
+    <i>Ostrea edulis</i> is one of the grand things before which
+    prizes sink into nothingness.</p>
+
+    <p>Another of them is that triumph of pure reason, chess, an
+    unadulterated product of the brain&mdash;i.e., of
+    phosphorus&mdash;i.e., of fish. Nobody stakes money on chess or
+    offers a prize to the best player. Honor at that board is its
+    own reward. So when we are told of the Centennial Chess
+    Tournament we recognize at once the fitness of the word
+    borrowed from the chivalric joust. It is the culmination of
+    human strife. The thought, labor and ardor spread over three
+    hundred and fifty acres sums itself in that black and white
+    board the size of your handkerchief. War and statecraft
+    condense themselves into it. Armies and nations move with the
+    chessman. Sally, leaguer, feint, flank-march, triumphant charge
+    are one after another rehearsed. There, too, moves the game of
+    politics in plot and counterplot. It is the climax of the
+    subjective. From those lists the trumpet-blare, the crowd, the
+    glitter, the banners, "the boast of heraldry and pomp of
+    power," melt utterly away. To the world-champions who bend
+    above the little board the big glass houses and all the
+    treasures stared at by admiring thousands are as naught.</p>
+    <!--
+    <p>[Illustration: SCENE AT ONE OF THE ENTRANCES TO THE GROUNDS&mdash;THE
+    TURNSTILE.]</p>
+    -->
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:100%;">
+        <a name="fig665"
+             id="fig665"></a>
+             <a href="images/Illus-0023-1.jpg"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/Illus-0023-1_sm.jpg"
+             alt="SCENE AT ONE OF THE ENTRANCES TO THE GROUNDS&mdash;THE TURNSTILE." />
+        </a><br />
+         SCENE AT ONE OF THE ENTRANCES TO THE GROUNDS&mdash;THE
+        TURNSTILE.
+    </div>
+
+    <p>But man is an animal, and not by any means of intellect all
+    compact. The average mortal confesses to a craving for the
+    stimulus of great shows, of material purposes, substantial
+    objects of study and palpable prizes. It is so in 1876, as it
+    was in 1776, and as it will be in a long series of
+    Seventy-sixes.</p>
+
+    <p><span class="pagenum">[pg 666]</span> It is the concrete
+    rather than the abstract which draws him in through the
+    turnstiles of the exposition enclosure. Separated by the
+    divisions of those ingeniously-contrived gates into taxed and
+    untaxed spectators, the masses stream in with small thought of
+    the philosophers or the chess-players. Their minds are reached,
+    but reached through the eye, and the first appeal is to that.
+    Each visitor constitutes himself a jury of one to consider and
+    compare what he sees. The hundreds of thousands of verdicts so
+    reached will be published only by word of mouth, if published
+    at all. Their value will be none the less indubitable, though
+    far from being in all cases the same. The proportion of
+    intelligent observers will be greater than on like occasions
+    heretofore. So will, perhaps, be that of solid matter for
+    study, although in some specialties there may be default. He
+    who enters with the design of self-education will find the
+    text-books in most branches abundant, wide open before him and
+    printed in the clearest characters. What shortcomings there may
+    have been in the selection and arrangement of them he will
+    have, if he can, himself to remedy. There stands the school,
+    founded and furnished with great labor. The would-be scholar
+    can only be invited to use it. The centennial that is to turn
+    out scholars ready-made has not yet rolled
+    round.</p><a name='DOLORES'
+          id="DOLORES"></a>
+
+    <h2>DOLORES.</h2>
+
+    <div class='poem'>
+        <div class='stanza'>
+            <p>A light at her feet and a light at her head,</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>How fast asleep my Dolores lies!</p>
+
+            <p>Awaken, my love, for to-morrow we wed&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>Uplift the lids of thy beautiful
+            eyes.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class='stanza'>
+            <p>Too soon art thou clad in white, my spouse:</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>Who placed that garland above thy
+            heart</p>
+
+            <p>Which shall wreathe to-morrow thy bridal brows?</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>How quiet and mute and strange thou
+            art!</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class='stanza'>
+            <p>And hearest thou not my voice that speaks?</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>And feelest thou not my hot tears
+            flow</p>
+
+            <p>As I kiss thine eyes and thy lips and thy
+            cheeks?</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>Do they not warm thee, my bride of
+            snow?</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class='stanza'>
+            <p>Thou knowest no grief, though thy love may weep.</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>A phantom smile, with a faint, wan
+            beam,</p>
+
+            <p>Is fixed on thy features sealed in sleep:</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>Oh tell me the secret bliss of thy
+            dream.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class='stanza'>
+            <p>Does it lead to fair meadows with flowering
+            trees,</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>Where thy sister-angels hail thee their
+            own?</p>
+
+            <p>Was not my love to thee dearer than these?</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>Thine was my world and my heaven in
+            one.</p>
+        </div><span class="pagenum">[pg 667]</span>
+
+        <div class='stanza'>
+            <p>I dare not call thee aloud, nor cry,</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>Thou art so solemn, so rapt in rest,</p>
+
+            <p>But I will whisper: Dolores, 'tis I:</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>My heart is breaking within my
+            breast.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class='stanza'>
+            <p>Never ere now did I speak thy name,</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>Itself a caress, but the lovelight
+            leapt</p>
+
+            <p>Into thine eyes with a kindling flame,</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>And a ripple of rose o'er thy soft cheek
+            crept.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class='stanza'>
+            <p>But now wilt thou stir not for passion or
+            prayer,</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>And makest no sign of the lips or the
+            eyes,</p>
+
+            <p>With a nun's strait band o'er thy bright black
+            hair&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>Blind to mine anguish and deaf to my
+            cries.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class='stanza'>
+            <p>I stand no more in the waxen-lit room:</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>I see thee again as I saw thee that
+            day,</p>
+
+            <p>In a world of sunshine and springtide bloom,</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>'Midst the green and white of the budding
+            May.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class='stanza'>
+            <p>Now shadow, now shine, as the branches ope,</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>Flickereth over my love the while:</p>
+
+            <p>From her sunny eyes gleams the May-time hope,</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>And her pure lips dawn in a wistful
+            smile.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class='stanza'>
+            <p>As one who waiteth I see her stand,</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>Who waits though she knows not what nor
+            whom,</p>
+
+            <p>With a lilac spray in her slim soft hand:</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>All the air is sweet with its spicy
+            bloom.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class='stanza'>
+            <p>I knew not her secret, though she held mine:</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>In that golden hour did we each
+            confess;</p>
+
+            <p>And her low voice murmured, Yea, I am thine,</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>And the large world rang with my
+            happiness.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class='stanza'>
+            <p>To-morrow shall be the blessedest day</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>That ever the all-seeing sun espied:</p>
+
+            <p>Though thou sleep till the morning's earliest
+            ray,</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>Yet then thou must waken to be my
+            bride.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class='stanza'>
+            <p>Yea, waken, my love, for to-morrow we wed:</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>Uplift the lids of thy beautiful
+            eyes.</p>
+
+            <p>A light at her feet and a light at her head,</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>How fast asleep my Dolores lies!</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class="author">EMMA
+    LAZARUS.</p><a name='GLIMPSES_OF_CONSTANTINOPLE'
+          id="GLIMPSES_OF_CONSTANTINOPLE"></a>
+          <span class="pagenum">[pg 668]</span>
+
+    <h2>GLIMPSES OF CONSTANTINOPLE.</h2>
+
+    <h3>CONCLUDING PAPER.</h3><!--
+    <p>[Illustration: SCENE IN A BURIAL-GROUND.]</p>
+    -->
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:100%;">
+        <a name="fig668"
+             id="fig668"></a>
+             <a href="images/Illus-0027-1.jpg"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/Illus-0027-1_sm.jpg"
+             alt="SCENE IN A BURIAL-GROUND." /></a><br />
+         SCENE IN A BURIAL-GROUND.
+    </div>
+
+    <p>There is a continuous fascination about this old city. The
+    guide-book says, "A week or ten days are required to see the
+    sights," but though we make daily expeditions we seem in no
+    danger of exhausting them. Neither does one have to go far to
+    seek amusement. I never look down into the street below my
+    windows without being attracted by some object of interest. The
+    little donkeys with their great panniers of long slim loaves of
+    bread (oh, tell it not, but I once saw the driver use one as a
+    stick to belabor the lazy animal with, and then leave it, with
+    two or three other loaves, at the opposite house, where a
+    pretty Armenian, that I afterward saw taking the air on the
+    roof with her bright-eyed little girl, perhaps had it for her
+    breakfast!); the fierce, lawless Turkish soldiers stalking
+    along, their officers mounted, and looking much better in their
+    baggy trousers and frock-coats on their fine horses than on
+    foot; Greek and Armenian ladies in gay European costumes;
+    veiled Turkish women in their quiet street-dress; close
+    carriages with gorgeously-dressed beauties from the sultan's
+    harem followed by black eunuchs on horseback,&mdash;these and
+    similar groups in every variety of costume form a constant
+    stream of strange and picturesque sights.</p>
+
+    <p>One morning, attracted by an unusual noise, I looked out and
+    found it proceeded from a funeral procession. First came a man
+    carrying the lid of the coffin; then several Greek priests;
+    after them boys in white robes with lighted candles, followed
+    by choir-boys in similar dresses who chanted as they walked
+    along. Such sounds! Greek chanting is a horrible nasal
+    caterwauling. Get a dozen boys to hold their noses, and then in
+    a high key imitate the gamut performed by several festive cats
+    as they prowl over the housetops on a quiet night, and you have
+    Greek, Armenian or Turkish chanting and singing to perfection.
+    There is not the first conception of music in the souls of
+    these barbarians. Behind this choir came four
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 669]</span>men carrying the open
+    coffin. The corpse was that of a middle-aged man dressed in
+    black clothes, with a red fez cap on the head and yellow, red
+    and white flowers scattered over the body. The hot sun shone
+    full on the pinched and shriveled features, and the sight was
+    most revolting. Several mourners followed the coffin, the
+    ladies in black clothes, with black lace veils on their heads
+    and their hair much dressed. The Greeks are obliged to carry
+    their dead in this way, uncovered, because concealed arms were
+    at one time conveyed in coffins to their churches, and then
+    used in an uprising against the government. We witnessed a
+    still more dreadful funeral outside the walls. A party,
+    evidently of poor people, were approaching an unenclosed
+    cemetery, and we waited to see the interment. The body, in its
+    usual clothes, was carried on a board covered by a sheet. When
+    they reached the grave the women shrieked, wept and kissed the
+    face of the dead man: then his clothes were taken off, the body
+    wrapped in the sheet and laid in the grave, which was only two
+    feet deep. The priest broke a bottle of wine over the head, the
+    earth was loosely thrown in, and the party went away. There is
+    no more melancholy spot to me than a Turkish cemetery. The
+    graves are squeezed tightly together, and the headstones,
+    generally in a tumble-down state, are shaped like a coffin
+    standing on end, or like a round hitching-post with a fez cap
+    carved on the top. Weeds and rank wild-flowers cover the
+    ground, and over all sway the dark, stiff cypresses.</p>
+
+    <p>A little way down the street is a Turkish pastry-shop.
+    Lecturers and writers have from time to time held forth on the
+    enormities of pie-eating, and given the American people
+    "particular fits" for their addiction to it. Now, while I fully
+    endorse all I ever heard said on the subject, I beg leave to
+    remark that the Americans are not the <i>worst</i> offenders in
+    this way. If you want to see pastry, come to Constantinople:
+    <i>seeing</i> will satisfy you&mdash;you won't risk a taste.
+    Mutton is largely eaten, and the mutton fat is used with flour
+    to make the crust, which is so rich that the grease fairly
+    oozes out and "smells to Heaven." Meat-pies are in great
+    demand. The crust is baked alone in a round flat piece, and
+    laid out on a counter, which is soon very greasy, ready to be
+    filled. A large dish of hash is also ready, and when a customer
+    calls the requisite amount of meat is clapped on one side of
+    the paste, the other half doubled over it, and he departs
+    eating his halfmoon-shaped pie. On the counters you see
+    displayed large egg-shaped forms of what look like layers of
+    tallow and cooked meat, cheesy-looking cakes of many kinds and
+    an endless variety of confectionery. The sweetmeats are
+    perfection, the fresh Turkish paste with almonds in it melts in
+    your mouth, and the sherbet, compounded of the juice of many
+    fruits and flowers and cooled with snow, is the most delicious
+    drink I ever tasted. There are also many kinds of nice
+    sweet-cakes; but, on the whole, I should prefer not to board in
+    a Turkish family or employ a Turkish cook. No wonder the women
+    are pale and sallow if they indulge much in such
+    food!</p><a name="fig670"
+          id="fig670"></a> <!--
+    <p>[Illustration: THE SULTAN ABDUL ASSIZ.]</p>
+    -->
+
+
+    <div class="figleft"
+         style="width:60%;">
+        <a href="images/Illus-0030-1.jpg"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/Illus-0030-1_sm.jpg"
+             alt="THE SULTAN ABDUL ASSIZ." /></a><br />
+         THE SULTAN ABDUL ASSIZ.
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Being anxious to see a good display of Turkish rugs, and our
+    party having some commissions to execute, we sallied forth one
+    afternoon on this errand. If you intend to visit a Turkish
+    carpet warehouse, and your purse or your judgment counsels you
+    not to purchase, put yourself under bonds to that effect before
+    you go; for, unless you possess remarkable strength of
+    character, the beautiful rugs displayed will prove irresistible
+    temptations. Near the bazaar in Stamboul is a massive square
+    stone house, looking like a fortress compared with the
+    buildings around it. Mosses and weeds crop out of every uneven
+    part of its walls. A heavy door that might stand a siege
+    admitted us to a small vestibule, and from this we passed into
+    a paved court with a moss-grown fountain in the centre. Around
+    this court ran a gallery, its heavy arches and columns
+    supporting a second, to which we ascended by a broad flight of
+    steps. A double door admitted us to the wareroom, where,
+    tolerably secure from fire (the doors alone were of wood), were
+    stored Turkish and Persian rugs of all
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 670]</span> sizes and colors. The
+    Turkish were far handsomer than the Persian, and the colors
+    more brilliant than those I have usually seen. The attendants
+    unrolled one that they said was a hundred years old. It had a
+    dusty, faded look, as if it had been in the warehouse quite
+    that length of time, and made the modern ones seem brighter by
+    contrast. Several rugs having been selected, we returned to the
+    office, where a carpet was spread and we were invited to seat
+    ourselves on it. Coffee was passed around, and we proceeded to
+    bargain for our goods through our interpreter. The merchant, as
+    usual, asked an exorbitant price to start with, and we offered
+    what was equally ridiculous the other way; and so we gradually
+    approached the final price&mdash;he coming gracefully down, and
+    we as affably ascending in the scale, till a happy medium was
+    reached, and we departed with our purchases following us on the
+    back of an ammale.</p>
+
+    <p>Three days of each week are observed as holy days. Friday is
+    the Turkish Sabbath, Saturday the Jewish, and the Greeks and
+    Armenians keep Sunday. The indolent government officials, glad
+    of an excuse to be idle, keep all three&mdash;that is, they
+    refrain from business&mdash;so there are only four days out of
+    the seven in which anything is accomplished.</p>
+
+    <p>One of the great sights is to see the sultan go to the
+    mosque; so one Friday we took a ca&iuml;que and were rowed up
+    the Bosphorus to Dolma Backt&eacute;, and waited on the water
+    opposite the palace. The sultan's ca&iuml;que was at the
+    principal entrance on the water-side of the palace, and the
+    steps and marble pavement were carpeted from the ca&iuml;que to
+    the door. Presently all the richly-dressed officers of the
+    household, who were loitering around, formed on either side the
+    steps, and, bending nearly double, remained so while the sultan
+    passed down to his ca&iuml;que. Abdul Assiz is quite stout and
+    rather short, with a pleasant face and closely-cut beard. He
+    was dressed in a plain black uniform, his breast covered with
+    orders. The sultan's ca&iuml;que was a magnificent
+    barge&mdash;white, profusely ornamented with gilt, and rowed by
+    twenty-four oarsmen dressed in white, who rose to their feet
+    with each stroke, bowed low, and settled back in their seats as
+    the stroke was expended. The sultan and grand vizier seated
+    themselves under the plum-colored velvet canopy, and the
+    ca&iuml;que proceeded swiftly toward the mosque, followed by
+    three other ca&iuml;ques with his attendants. A gun from an
+    iron-clad opposite the palace announced that the sultan had
+    started. The shore from the palace to the mosque was lined with
+    soldiers; the bands played; the people cheered; the ships ran
+    up their flags; all the war-vessels were gay with bunting, had
+    their yards manned and fired salutes, which were answered by
+    the shore-batteries. The mosque selected for that day's
+    devotions was in Tophaneh, near the water. Several regiments
+    were drawn up to receive the sultan, and an elegant carriage
+    and a superb Arab saddle-horse were in waiting, so that His
+    Majesty might return to the palace as best suited his fancy.
+    After an hour spent in devotion the sultan reappeared, and
+    entering his carriage was driven away. We saw
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 671]</span> him again on our way
+    home, when he stopped to call on an Austrian prince staying at
+    the legation. The street leading up to the embassy was too
+    narrow and steep for a carriage, so, mounting his horse at the
+    foot, he rode up, passing very close to us.</p><a name="fig671"
+          id="fig671"></a> <!--
+    <p>[Illustration: TURKISH COW-CARRIAGE.]</p>
+    -->
+
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:60%;">
+        <a href="images/Illus-0032-1.jpg"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/Illus-0032-1_sm.jpg"
+             alt="TURKISH COW-CARRIAGE." /></a><br />
+         TURKISH COW-CARRIAGE.
+    </div>
+
+    <p>In the afternoon we drove to the "Sweet Waters of Europe" to
+    see the Turkish ladies, who in pleasant weather always go out
+    there in carriages or by water in ca&iuml;ques. Compared with
+    our parks, with their lovely lakes and streams and beautiful
+    lawns, the far-famed Sweet Waters of Europe are only fields
+    with a canal running through them; but here, where this is the
+    only stream of fresh water near the city, and in a country
+    destitute of trees, it is a charming place. The stream has been
+    walled up to the top of its banks, which are from three to six
+    feet above the water, and there are sunny meadows and fine
+    large trees on each side. The sultan has a summer palace here
+    with a pretty garden, and the stream has been dammed up by
+    blocks of white marble cut in scallops like shells, over which
+    the water falls in a cascade. The road to the Sweet Waters,
+    with one or two others, was made after the sultan's return from
+    his European trip, and in anticipation of the empress
+    Eug&eacute;nie's visit. European carriages were also introduced
+    at that time. The ladies of the sultan's harem drive out in
+    very handsome coup&eacute;s, with coachmen wearing the sultan's
+    livery, but you more frequently see the queer one-horse Turkish
+    carriage, and sometimes a "cow-carriage." This last is drawn by
+    cows or oxen: it is an open wagon, with a white cloth awning
+    ornamented with gay fringes and tassels. Many people go in
+    ca&iuml;ques, and all carry bright-colored rugs, which they
+    spread on the grass. There they sit for several hours and
+    gossip with each other, or take their luncheons and spend the
+    afternoon. A Turkish woman is never seen to better advantage
+    than when "made up" for such an excursion. Her house-dress is
+    always hidden by a large cloak, which comes down to the ground
+    and has loose sleeves and a cape. The cloak is left open at the
+    neck to show the lace and necklace worn under it, and is
+    generally made of silk, often of exquisite shades of pink,
+    blue, purple or any color to suit the taste of the wearer. A
+    small silk cap, like the low turbans our ladies wore eight or
+    nine years ago, covers the head, and on it are fastened the
+    most brilliant jewels&mdash;diamond pins, rubies, anything that
+    will flash. The wearer's complexion is heightened to great
+    brilliancy by toilet arts, and over all, covering deficiencies,
+    is the yashmak or thin white veil, which conceals only in part
+    and greatly enhances her beauty. You think your "dream of fair
+    women" realized, and go home and read <i>Lalla Rookh</i> and
+    rave of Eastern peris. Should some female friend who has
+    visited a harem and seen these radiant beauties face to face
+    mildly suggest that paint, powder and the enchantment of
+    distance have in a measure deluded you, you dismiss the
+    unwelcome information as an invention of the "green-eyed
+    monster," and, remembering the brilliant beauties who reclined
+    beside the Sweet Waters or floated by you on the Golden Horn,
+    cherish the recollection as that of one of the brightest scenes
+    of the Orient.</p><span class="pagenum">[pg 672]</span>
+    <a name="fig672"
+          id="fig672"></a> <!--
+    <p>[Illustration: ENTERING A MOSQUE.]</p>
+    -->
+
+
+    <div class="figleft"
+         style="width:60%;">
+        <a href="images/Illus-0033-1.jpg"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/Illus-0033-1_sm.jpg"
+             alt="ENTERING A MOSQUE." /></a><br />
+         ENTERING A MOSQUE.
+    </div>
+
+    <p>These I have spoken of are the upper classes from the harems
+    of the sultan and rich pashas, but those you see constantly on
+    foot in the streets are the middle and lower classes, and not
+    so attractive. They have fine eyes, but the yashmaks are
+    thicker, and you feel there is less beauty hidden under them.
+    The higher the rank the thinner the yashmak is the rule. They
+    also wear the long cloak, but it is made of black or colored
+    alpaca or a similar material. Gray is most worn, but black,
+    brown, yellow, green, blue and scarlet are often seen. The
+    negresses dress like their mistresses in the street, and if you
+    see a pair of bright yellow boots under a brilliant scarlet
+    ferraja and an unusually white yashmak, you will generally find
+    the wearer is a jet-black negress. Sitting so much in the house
+    <i>&agrave; la Turque</i> is not conducive to grace of motion,
+    nor are loose slippers to well-shaped feet, and I must confess
+    that a Turkish woman walks like a <i>goose</i>, and the size of
+    her "fairy feet" would rejoice the heart of a
+    leather-dealer.</p>
+
+    <p>We have been to see the Howling Dervishes, and I will
+    endeavor to give you some idea of their performances. Crossing
+    to Scutari in the steam ferryboat, we walked some distance till
+    we reached the mosque, where the services were just commencing.
+    The attendant who admitted us intimated that we must remove our
+    boots and put on the slippers provided. N&mdash;&mdash; did so,
+    but I objected, and the man was satisfied with my wearing them
+    over my boots. We were conducted up a steep, ladder-like
+    staircase to a small gallery, with a low front only a foot
+    high, with no seats but sheepskins on the floor, where we were
+    expected to curl ourselves up in Turkish fashion. Both my
+    slippers came off during my climb up stairs, and were rescued
+    in their downward career by N&mdash;&mdash;, who by dint of
+    much shuffling managed to keep his on. Below us were seated
+    some thirty or forty dervishes. The leader repeated portions of
+    the Koran, in which exercise others occasionally took part in a
+    quiet manner. After a while they knelt in line opposite their
+    leader and began to chant in louder tones, occasionally bowing
+    forward full length. Matters down below progressed slowly at
+    first, and were getting monotonous. One of my feet,
+    unaccustomed to its novel position, had gone to sleep, and I
+    was in a cramped state generally. Moreover, we were not the
+    sole occupants of the gallery: the sheepskins were full of
+    them, and I began to think that if the dervishes did not soon
+    begin to howl, <i>I</i> should. Some traveler has said that on
+    the coast of Syria the Arabs have a proverb that the "sultan of
+    <i>fleas</i> holds his court in Jaffa, and the grand vizier in
+    Cairo." Certainly some very <span class="pagenum">[pg
+    673]</span> high dignitary of the realm presides over
+    Constantinople, and makes his head-quarters in the mosque of
+    the Howling Dervishes.</p><!--
+    <p>[Illustration: CASTLE OF EUROPE, ON THE BOSPHORUS.]</p>
+    -->
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:100%;">
+        <a name="fig673"
+             id="fig673"></a>
+             <a href="images/Illus-0034-1.jpg"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/Illus-0034-1_sm.jpg"
+             alt="CASTLE OF EUROPE, ON THE BOSPHORUS." /></a><br />
+         CASTLE OF EUROPE, ON THE BOSPHORUS.
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The dervishes now stood up in line, taking hold of hands,
+    and swayed backward, forward and sideways, with perfect
+    uniformity, wildly chanting, or rather howling, verses of the
+    Koran, and keeping time with their movements. They commenced
+    slowly, and increased the rapidity of their gymnastics as they
+    became more excited and devout. The whole performance lasted an
+    hour or more, and at the end they naturally seemed quite
+    exhausted. Then little children were brought in, laid on the
+    floor, and the head-dervish stepped on their bodies. I suppose
+    he stepped in such a manner as not to hurt them, as they did
+    not utter a sound. Perhaps the breath was so squeezed out of
+    them that they could not. One child was quite a baby, and on
+    this he rested his foot lightly, leaning his weight on a man's
+    shoulder. I could not find out exactly what this ceremony
+    signified, but was told it was considered a cure for sickness,
+    and also a preventive.</p>
+
+    <p>We concluded to <i>do</i> the dervishes, and so next day
+    went to see the spinning ones. They have a much larger and
+    handsomer mosque than their howling brethren. First they
+    chanted, then they indulged in a "walk around." Every time they
+    passed the leader, who kept his place at the head of the room,
+    they bowed profoundly to him, then passed before him, and,
+    turning on the other side, bowed again. After this interchange
+    of courtesies had lasted a while, they sailed off around the
+    room, spinning with the smooth, even motion of a top&mdash;arms
+    folded, head on one side and eyes shut. Sometimes this would be
+    varied by the head being thrown back and the arms extended. The
+    rapid whirling caused their long green dresses to spread out
+    like a half-open Japanese umbrella, supposing the man to be the
+    stick, and they kept it up about thirty minutes to the
+    inspiring music of what sounded like a drum, horn and tin pan.
+    We remained to witness the <i>first set:</i> whether they had
+    any more and wound up with the German, I cannot say. We were
+    tired and went home, satisfied with what we had seen. I should
+    think they corresponded somewhat with our Shakers at home, as
+    far as their "muscular Christianity" goes, and are rather ahead
+    on the dancing question.</p>
+
+    <p><span class="pagenum">[pg 674]</span> One of the prominent
+    objects of interest on the Bosphorus is Roberts College. It
+    stands on a high hill three hundred feet above the water, and
+    commands an extensive view up and down the Bosphorus. For seven
+    years Dr. Hamlin vainly endeavored to obtain permission to
+    build it, and the order was not given till Farragut's visit.
+    The gallant admiral, while breakfasting with the grand vizier,
+    inquired what was the reason the government did not allow Dr.
+    Hamlin to build the college, when the grand vizier hastily
+    assured him that all obstacles had been removed, and that the
+    order was even then as good as given. Americans may well be
+    proud of so fine and well-arranged a building and the able
+    corps of professors. We visited it in company with Dr. Wood and
+    his agreeable wife, who are so well known to all who take any
+    interest in our foreign missions. After going over the college
+    and listening to very creditable declamations in English from
+    some of the students, we were hospitably entertained at
+    luncheon by Professor Washburn, who is in charge of the
+    institution, and his accomplished wife. Within a short distance
+    of the college is the Castle of Europe, and on the opposite
+    side of the Bosphorus the Castle of Asia. They were built by
+    Mohammed II. in 1451, and the Castle of Europe is still in good
+    preservation. It consists of two large towers and several small
+    ones connected by walls, and is built of a rough white stone,
+    to which the ivy clings luxuriantly.</p>
+
+    <p>A pleasant excursion is to take a little steamer, which runs
+    up the Bosphorus and back, touching at Beicos (Bey Kos), and
+    visit the Giant Mountain, from which is a magnificent view of
+    the Black Sea and nearly the whole length of the Bosphorus. We
+    breakfasted early, but when ready to start found our guide had
+    disappointed us, and his place was not to be supplied. The day
+    was perfect, and rather than give up our trip we determined to
+    go by ourselves, trusting that the success which had attended
+    similar expeditions without a <i>commissionnaire</i> would not
+    desert us on this occasion. The sail up on the steamer was
+    charming. There are many villages on the shores of the
+    Bosphorus, and between them are scattered palaces and summer
+    residences, the latter often reminding us of Venetian houses,
+    built directly on the shore with steps down to the water, and
+    ca&iuml;ques moored at the doors, as the gondolas are in
+    Venice. The houses are surrounded by beautiful gardens, with a
+    profusion of flowers blooming on the very edge of the shore,
+    their gay colors reflected in the waves beneath.</p>
+
+    <p>We learned from the captain of the steamer that Giant
+    Mountain was two and a half miles from the village, with no
+    very well-defined road leading to it; so on landing at Bey Kos
+    we made inquiries for a guide, and this time were successful.
+    Horses were also forthcoming, but no side-saddle. I
+    respectfully declined to follow the example of my Turkish
+    sisters and mount a gentleman's saddle; neither was I anxious
+    to ride my Arab steed bareback, so we concluded to try a
+    cow-carriage, and despatched our guide to hire the only one the
+    place afforded. This stylish establishment was not to be had;
+    so, having wasted half an hour in trying to find some
+    conveyance, we gave it up and started on foot; and were glad
+    afterward that we did so. The road was shaded to the base of
+    the mountain, and led through a beautiful valley, the fields
+    covered with wild-flowers. I have never seen such masses of
+    color&mdash;an acre perhaps of bright yellow, perfectly
+    dazzling in the sunlight, then as large a mass of purple, next
+    to that an immense patch of white daisies, so thick they looked
+    like snow. The effect of these gay masses, with intervals of
+    green grass and grain, was very gorgeous. We passed two of the
+    sultan's palaces, one built in Swiss style. The ascent of Giant
+    Mountain from the inland side is gradual, while it descends
+    very abruptly on the water-side. On the top of the mountain are
+    the ruins of the church of St. Pantaleon, built by Justinian,
+    also a mosque and the tomb of Joshua: so the Turks affirm. From
+    a rocky platform just below the mosque there is a magnificent
+    view. Toward the north you look off on the Black Sea and the
+    old fortress of <span class="pagenum">[pg 675]</span> Riva,
+    which commands the entrance to the Bosphorus. In front and to
+    the south winds the beautiful Bosphorus for sixteen miles till
+    it reaches the Sea of Marmora, which you see far in the
+    distance glittering in the sunlight. You look down on the decks
+    of the passing vessels, and the large steamers seem like toy
+    boats as they pass below you. Near the mosque is a remarkable
+    well of cool water. Shrubs and a few small trees grow on the
+    mountain, and the ground is covered with quantities of heather,
+    wild-flowers and ivy. We picked long spikes of white heather in
+    full bloom, and pansies, polyanthus, the blue iris and many
+    others of our garden flowers. The country all around
+    Constantinople is very destitute of trees. The woods were cut
+    down long ago, and the multitudes of sheep, which you see in
+    large flocks everywhere, crop the young sprouts so they cannot
+    grow up again.</p><!--
+    <p>[Illustration: FORTRESS OF RIVA, AND THE BLACK SEA.]</p>
+    -->
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:100%;">
+        <a name="fig675"
+             id="fig675"></a>
+             <a href="images/Illus-0037-1.jpg"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/Illus-0037-1_sm.jpg"
+             alt="FORTRESS OF RIVA, AND THE BLACK SEA." /></a><br />
+         FORTRESS OF RIVA, AND THE BLACK SEA.
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Returning to Constantinople, our steamer ran close to the
+    European shore, stopping at the villages on that side. Most of
+    the officers of these boats are Turks, but they find it
+    necessary to employ European (generally English) engineers, as
+    the Turks are fatalists and not reliable. It is said they pay
+    but little attention to their machinery and boilers, reasoning
+    that if it is the will of Allah that the boiler blow up, it
+    will certainly do so; <span class="pagenum">[pg 676]</span> if
+    not, all will go right, and why trouble one's self? Laughable
+    stories are told of the Turkish navy; e.g., that a certain
+    captain was ordered to take his vessel to Crete, and after
+    cruising about some time returned, not being able to find the
+    island. Another captain stopped an English vessel one fine day
+    to ask where he was, as he had lost his reckoning, although the
+    weather had been perfectly clear for some time. In the Golden
+    Horn lies an old four-decker which during the Crimean war was
+    run broadside under a formidable battery by her awkward crew,
+    who were unable to manage her, and began in their fright to
+    jump overboard. A French tugboat went to the rescue and towed
+    her off.</p>
+
+    <p>On our way to the hotel we saw the sultan's son, a boy of
+    fifteen. He was driving in a fine open carriage drawn by a very
+    handsome span of bay horses, and preceded by four outriders
+    mounted on fine Arabian horses. Coachman, footman and
+    outriders, in the black livery of the sultan, were resplendent
+    in gold lace. The harness was of red leather and the carriage
+    painted of the same bright color. The cushions were of white
+    silk embroidered with scarlet flowers. It was a dashing
+    equipage, but seemed better suited to a harem beauty than the
+    dark, Jewish-looking boy in the awkward uniform of a Turkish
+    general who was its sole occupant.</p><!--
+    <p>[Illustration: TURKISH QUARTER&mdash;STAMBOUL.]</p>
+    -->
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:100%;">
+        <a name="fig676"
+             id="fig676"></a>
+             <a href="images/Illus-0038-1.jpg"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/Illus-0038-1_sm.jpg"
+             alt="TURKISH QUARTER&mdash;STAMBOUL." /></a><br />
+         TURKISH QUARTER&mdash;STAMBOUL.
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Yesterday we took our last stroll in Constantinople,
+    crossing the Golden Horn by the new bridge to Stamboul. This
+    bridge is a busy spot, for besides the constant throngs that
+    cross and recross, it is the favorite resort of beggars and
+    dealers in small wares. Many of the ferryboats also start from
+    here, so that, although long and wide, it is crowded most of
+    the day. An Englishman who is an officer in the Turkish army
+    told us of an amusing adventure of his in crossing the bridge.
+    He had been at the war department, and was told he could have
+    the six months' pay which was due him if he would take it in
+    piasters. Thankful to get it, and fearing if he did not take it
+    then in that shape he might have to wait a good while, he
+    accepted, and the piasters (which are large copper coins worth
+    about four cents of our money) were placed in bags on the backs
+    of porters to be taken to a European bank at Pera. As they were
+    crossing the bridge one of the bags burst open with the weight
+    of the coins, and a quantity of them were scattered. Of course
+    a first class scramble ensued, in which the beggars, who are
+    always on hand, and <span class="pagenum">[pg 677]</span>
+    others reaped quite a harvest, and when the officer got the
+    hole tied up the ammale found the bag considerably lighter to
+    carry.</p>
+
+    <p>Reaching Stamboul, we made our way through the crowded
+    streets, past the Seraglio gardens and St. Sophia, till we
+    reached the old Hippodrome, which was modeled after the Circus
+    at Rome. Little remains of its ancient glory, for the Crusaders
+    carried off most of its works of art. The granite obelisk of
+    Theodosius and the pillar of Constantine, which the vandal
+    Turks stripped of its bronze when they first captured the city,
+    are still left, but the stones are continually falling, and it
+    will soon be a ruin. The serpentine column consists of three
+    serpents twisted together: the heads are gone, Mohammed II.
+    having knocked off one with his battle-axe. A little Turk was
+    taking his riding-lesson on the level ground of the Hippodrome,
+    and his frisky little black pony gave the old fellow in
+    attendance plenty of occupation. We watched the boy for a
+    while, and then, passing on toward the Marmora, took a look at
+    the "Cistern of the Thousand Columns." A broad flight of steps
+    leads down to it, and the many tall slender columns of
+    Byzantine architecture make a perfect wilderness of pillars.
+    Wherever we stood, we seemed always the centre from which long
+    aisles of columns radiated till they lost themselves in the
+    darkness. The cistern has long been empty, and is used as a
+    ropewalk.</p>
+
+    <p>The great fire swept a large district of the city here,
+    which has been but little rebuilt, and the view of the Marmora
+    is very fine. On the opposite Asiatic shore Mount Olympus, with
+    its snow-crowned summit, fades away into the blue of the
+    heavens. This is a glorious atmosphere, at least at this
+    season, the air clear and bracing, the sky a beautiful blue and
+    the sunsets golden. In winter it is cold, muddy and cheerless,
+    and in midsummer the simoom which sweeps up the Marmora from
+    Africa and the Syrian coast renders it very unhealthy for
+    Europeans to remain in the city. The simoom is exceedingly
+    enervating in its effects, and all who can spend the summer
+    months on the upper Bosphorus, where the prevailing winds are
+    from the Black Sea and the air is cool and healthful. Nearly
+    all the foreign legations except our own have summer residences
+    there and beautiful grounds.</p><a name="fig677"
+          id="fig677"></a> <!--
+    <p>[Illustration: OBELISK OF THEODOSIUS.]</p>
+    -->
+
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:60%;">
+        <a href="images/Illus-0039-1.jpg"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/Illus-0039-1_sm.jpg"
+             alt="OBELISK OF THEODOSIUS." /></a><br />
+         OBELISK OF THEODOSIUS.
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Following the old aqueduct built by the emperor Hadrian,
+    which still supplies Stamboul with water, and is exceedingly
+    picturesque with its high dripping arches covered with
+    luxuriant ivy, we reached the walls which protected the city on
+    the land-side, and then, threading our way through the narrow,
+    dirty streets, we returned to the Golden Horn. I do not wonder,
+    after what I have seen of this part of Stamboul, that the
+    cholera made such ravages here a few years since. I should
+    think it would remain a constant scourge. Calling a
+    ca&iuml;que, we were rowed up the Golden Horn to the Sweet
+    Waters, but its tide floated only our own boat, and the banks
+    lacked the attraction of the gay groups which render the place
+    so lively on Fridays. We were served with coffee by a Turk who
+    with his little brasier of coals was waiting under a
+    wide-spreading tree for any chance <span class="pagenum">[pg
+    678]</span> visitor, and after a short stroll on the bank
+    opposite the sultan's pretty palace we floated gently down the
+    stream till we reached the Golden Horn again. On a large meadow
+    near the mouth of the Sweet Waters some Arabs were camped with
+    an immense flock of sheep. They had brought them there to shear
+    and wash the wool in the fresh water, and the ground was
+    covered with large quantities of beautiful long fleece. The
+    shepherds in their strange mantles and head-dresses looked very
+    picturesque as they spread the wool and tended their flocks.
+    Our <i>ca&iuml;quegee</i>, as the oarsman of a ca&iuml;que is
+    called, ought not to be overlooked. His costume was in keeping
+    with his pretty ca&iuml;que, which was painted a delicate
+    straw-color and had white linen cushions. He was a tall,
+    finely-built fellow, a Cretan or Bulgarian I should think, for
+    he looked too wide awake for a Turk. The sun had burned his
+    olive complexion to the deepest brown, and his black eyes and
+    white teeth when he smiled lighted up his intelligent face,
+    making him very handsome. He wore a turban, loose shirt with
+    hanging sleeves and voluminous trousers, all of snowy
+    whiteness. A blue jacket embroidered with gilt braid was in
+    readiness to put on when he stopped rowing. It must have taken
+    a ruinous amount of material to make those trousers. They were
+    full at the waist and knee, and before seating himself to his
+    oars he gracefully threw the extra amount of the fullness which
+    drooped behind over the wide seat as a lady spreads out her
+    overskirt.</p><!--
+    <p>[Illustration: SHEPHERDS.]</p>
+    -->
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:100%;">
+        <a name="fig678"
+             id="fig678"></a>
+             <a href="images/Illus-0040-1.jpg"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/Illus-0040-1_sm.jpg"
+             alt="SHEPHERDS." /></a><br />
+         SHEPHERDS.
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Last night we bade farewell to the strange old city with its
+    picturesque sights, its glorious views and the many points of
+    interest we had grown so familiar with. Our adieus were said,
+    the ammales had taken our baggage to the steamer, which lay at
+    anchor off Seraglio Point, and before dark we went on board,
+    ready to sail at an early hour.</p>
+
+    <p>The bustle of getting underway at daylight this morning woke
+    me, and I went on deck in time to take a farewell look. The
+    first rays of the sun were just touching the top of the Galata
+    Tower and lighting up the dark cypresses in the palace-grounds
+    above us. The tall minarets and the blue waves of the Bosphorus
+    caught the golden light, while around Olympus the rosy tint had
+    not yet faded and the morning mists looked golden in the
+    sunlight. We rounded Seraglio Point and steamed down the
+    Marmora, passed the Seven Towers, and slowly the beautiful city
+    faded from our view.</p>
+
+    <p class="author">SHEILA HALE.</p><a name='THEE_AND_YOU'
+          id="THEE_AND_YOU"></a> <span class="pagenum">[pg
+          679]</span>
+
+    <h2>THEE AND YOU.</h2>
+
+    <h3>A STORY OF OLD PHILADELPHIA. IN TWO
+    PARTS.&mdash;I.</h3><br />
+
+
+    <p>Once on a time I was leaning over a book of the costumes of
+    forty years before, when a little lady said to me, "How ever
+    could they have loved one another in such queer bonnets?" And
+    now that since then long years have sped away, and the little
+    critic is, alas! no longer young, haply her children, looking
+    up at her picture by Sully in a turban and short waist; may
+    have wondered to hear how in such disguise she too was fatal to
+    many hearts, and set men by the ears, and was a toast at
+    suppers in days when the waltz was coming in and the solemn
+    grace of the minuet lingered in men's manners.</p>
+
+    <p>And so it is, that, calling up anew the soft September
+    mornings of which I would draw a picture before they fade away,
+    with me also, from men's minds, it is the quaintness of dress
+    which first comes back to me, and I find myself wondering that
+    in nankeen breeches and swallow-tailed blue coats with buttons
+    of brass once lived men who, despite gnarled-rimmed beavers and
+    much wealth of many-folded cravats, loved and were loved as
+    well and earnestly as we.</p>
+
+    <p>I had been brought up in the austere quiet of a small New
+    England town, where life was sad and manners grave, and when
+    about eighteen served for a while in the portion of our army
+    then acting in the North. The life of adventure dissatisfied me
+    with my too quiet home, and when the war ended I was glad to
+    accept the offer of an uncle in China to enter his business
+    house. To prepare for this it was decided that I should spend
+    six months with one of the great East India firms. For this
+    purpose I came to Philadelphia, and by and by found myself a
+    boarder in an up-town street, in a curious household ruled over
+    by a lady of the better class of the people called Friends.</p>
+
+    <p>For many days I was a lonely man among the eight or ten
+    people who came down one by one at early hours to our
+    breakfast-table and ate somewhat silently and went their
+    several ways. Mostly, we were clerks in the India houses which
+    founded so many Philadelphia fortunes, but there were also two
+    or three of whom we knew little, and who went and came as they
+    liked.</p>
+
+    <p>It was a quiet lodging-house, where, because of being on the
+    outskirts and away from the fashion and stir of the better
+    streets, chiefly those came who could pay but little, and among
+    them some of the luckless ones who are always to be found in
+    such groups&mdash;stranded folks, who for the most part have
+    lost hope in life. The quiet, pretty woman who kept the house
+    was of an ancient Quaker stock which had come over long ago in
+    a sombre Quaker Mayflower, and had by and by gone to decay, as
+    the best of families will. When I first saw her and some of her
+    inmates it was on a pleasant afternoon early in September, and
+    I recall even now the simple and quiet picture of the little
+    back parlor where I sat down among them as a new guest. I had
+    been tranquilly greeted, and had slipped away into a corner
+    behind a table, whence I looked out with some curiosity on the
+    room and on the dwellers with whom my lot was to be cast for a
+    long while to come. I was a youth shy with the shyness of my
+    age, but, having had a share of rough, hardy life, ruddy of
+    visage and full of that intense desire to know things and
+    people that springs up quickly in those who have lived in
+    country hamlets far from the stir and bustle of city life.</p>
+
+    <p>The room I looked upon was strange, the people strange. On
+    the floor was India matting, red and white in little squares. A
+    panel of painted white wood-work ran around an octagonal
+    chamber, into which stole silently the evening twilight through
+    open windows and across a long brick-walled garden-space full
+    of <span class="pagenum">[pg 680]</span> roses and Virginia
+    creepers and odorless wisterias. Between the windows sat a
+    silent, somewhat stately female, dressed in gray silk, with a
+    plain frilled cap about the face, and with long and rather slim
+    arms tightly clad in silk. Her fingers played at hide-and-seek
+    among some marvelous lace stitches&mdash;evidently a woman
+    whose age had fallen heir to the deft ways of her youth. Over
+    her against the wall hung a portrait of a girl of twenty,
+    somewhat sober in dress, with what we should call a Martha
+    Washington cap. It was a pleasant face, unstirred by any touch
+    of fate, with calm blue eyes awaiting the future.</p>
+
+    <p>The hostess saw, I fancied, my set gaze, and rising came
+    toward me as if minded to put at ease the new-comer. "Thee does
+    not know our friends?" she said. "Let me make thee known to
+    them."</p>
+
+    <p>I rose quickly and said, "I shall be most glad."</p>
+
+    <p>We went over toward the dame between the windows. "Mother,"
+    she said, raising her voice, "this is our new friend, Henry
+    Shelburne, from New England."</p>
+
+    <p>As she spoke I saw the old lady stir and move, and after a
+    moment she said, "Has he a four-leaved clover?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Always that is what she says. Thee will get used to it in
+    time."</p>
+
+    <p>"We all do," said a voice at my elbow; and turning I saw a
+    man of about thirty years, dressed in the plainest-cut Quaker
+    clothes, but with a contradiction to every tenet of Fox written
+    on his face, where a brow of gravity for ever read the riot act
+    to eyes that twinkled with ill-repressed mirth. When I came to
+    know him well, and saw the preternatural calm of his too quiet
+    lips, I used to imagine that unseen little demons of ready
+    laughter were for ever twitching at their corners.</p>
+
+    <p>"Mother is very old," said my hostess.</p>
+
+    <p>"Awfully old," said my male friend, whose name proved to be
+    Richard Wholesome.</p>
+
+    <p>"Thee might think it sad to see one whose whole language has
+    come to be just these words, but sometimes she will be glad and
+    say, 'Has thee a four-leaved clover?' and sometimes she will be
+    ready to cry, and will say only the same words. But if thee
+    were to say, 'Have a cup of coffee?' she would but answer, 'Has
+    thee a four-leaved clover?' Does it not seem strange to thee,
+    and sad? We are used to it, as it might be&mdash;quite used to
+    it. And that above her is her picture as a girl."</p>
+
+    <p>"Saves her a deal of talking," said Mr. Wholesome, "and
+    thinking. Any words would serve her as well. Might have said,
+    'Topsail halyards,' all the same."</p>
+
+    <p>"Richard!" said Mistress White. Mistress Priscilla White was
+    her name.</p>
+
+    <p>"Perchance thee would pardon me," said Mr. Wholesome.</p>
+
+    <p>"I wonder," said a third voice in the window, "does the nice
+    old dame know what color has the clover? and does she remember
+    fields of clover&mdash;pink among the green?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Has thee a four-leaved clover?" re-echoed the voice feebly
+    from between the windows.</p>
+
+    <p>The man who was curious as to the dame's remembrances was a
+    small stout person whose arms and legs did not seem to belong
+    to him, and whose face was strangely gnarled, like the odd face
+    a boy might carve on a hickory-nut, but withal a visage
+    pleasant and ruddy.</p>
+
+    <p>"That," said Mistress White as he moved away, "is Mr.
+    Schmidt&mdash;an old boarder with some odd ways of his own
+    which we mostly forgive. A good man if it were not for his
+    pipe," she added demurely&mdash;"altogether a good man."</p>
+
+    <p>"With or without his pipe," said Mr. Wholesome.</p>
+
+    <p>"Richard!" returned our hostess, with a half smile.</p>
+
+    <p>"Without his pipe," he added; and the unseen demons twitched
+    at the corners of his mouth anew.</p>
+
+    <p>Altogether, these seemed to me droll people, they said so
+    little, and, saving the small German, were so serenely grave. I
+    suppose that first evening must have made a deep mark on my
+    memory, for to this day I recall it with the clearness of a
+    picture still before my eyes. Between the windows sat the old
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 681]</span> dame with hands quiet on
+    her lap now that the twilight had grown deeper&mdash;a silent,
+    gray Quaker sphinx, with one only remembrance out of all her
+    seventy years of life. In the open window sat as in a frame the
+    daughter, a woman of some twenty-five years, rosy yet as only a
+    Quakeress can be when rebel Nature flaunts on the soft cheek
+    the colors its owner may not wear on her gray dress. The
+    outline was of a face clearly cut and noble, as if copied from
+    a Greek gem&mdash;a face filled with a look of constant
+    patience too great perhaps for one woman's share, with a
+    certain weariness in it also at times, yet cheerful too, and
+    even almost merry at times&mdash;the face of one more
+    thoughtful of others than herself, and, despite toil and sordid
+    cares, a gentlewoman, as was plain to see. The shaft of light
+    from the window in which she sat broadened into the room, and
+    faded to shadow in far corners among chairs with claw toes and
+    shining mahogany tables&mdash;the furniture of that day, with a
+    certain flavor about it of elegance, reflecting the primness
+    and solidness of the owners. I wonder if to-day our furniture
+    represents us too in any wise? At least it will not through the
+    generations to follow us: of that we may be sure. In the little
+    garden, with red graveled walks between rows of box, walked to
+    and fro Mr. Schmidt, smoking his meerschaum&mdash;a rare sight
+    in those days, and almost enough to ensure your being known as
+    odd. He walked about ten paces, and went and came on the same
+    path, while on the wall above a large gray cat followed his
+    motions to and fro, as if having some personal interest in his
+    movements. Against an apricot tree leaned Mr. Wholesome,
+    watching with gleams of amusement the cat and the man, and now
+    and then filliping at her a bit of plaster which he pulled from
+    the wall. Then the cat would start up alert, and the man's face
+    would get to be quizzically unconscious; after which the cat
+    would settle down and the game begin anew. By and by I was
+    struck with the broad shoulders and easy way in which Wholesome
+    carried his head, and the idea came to me that he had more
+    strength than was needed by a member of the Society of Friends,
+    or than could well have been acquired with no greater exercise
+    of the limbs than is sanctioned by its usages. In the garden
+    were also three elderly men, all of them quiet and clerkly, who
+    sat on and about the steps of the other window and chatted of
+    the India ships and cargoes, their talk having a flavor of the
+    spices of Borneo and of well-sunned madeira. These were
+    servants of the great India houses when commerce had its nobles
+    and lines were sharply drawn in social life.</p>
+
+    <p>I was early in bed, and rising betimes went down to
+    breakfast, which was a brief meal, this being, as Mr. Wholesome
+    said to me, the short end of the day. I should here explain
+    that Mr. Wholesome was a junior partner in the house in which I
+    was to learn the business before going to China. Thus he was
+    the greatest person by far in our little household, although on
+    this he did not presume, but seemed to me greatly moved toward
+    jest and merriment, and to sway to and fro between gayety and
+    sadness, or at the least gravity, but more toward the latter
+    when Mistress White was near, she seeming always to be a
+    checking conscience to his mirth.</p>
+
+    <p>On this morning, as often after, he desired me to walk with
+    him to our place of business, of which I was most glad, as I
+    felt shy and lonely. Walking down Arch street, I was amazed at
+    its cleanliness, and surprised at the many trees and the
+    unfamiliar figures in Quaker dresses walking leisurely. But
+    what seemed to me most curious of all were the plain square
+    meeting-houses of the Friends, looking like the toy houses of
+    children. I was more painfully impressed by the appearance of
+    the graves, one so like another, without mark or number, or
+    anything in the disposition of them to indicate the strength of
+    those ties of kinship and affection which death had severed.
+    Yet I grew to like this quiet highway, and when years after I
+    was in Amsterdam the resemblance of its streets to those of the
+    Friends here at home overcame me with a crowd of swift-rushing
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 682]</span> memories. As I walked
+    down of a morning to my work, I often stopped as I crossed
+    Fifth street to admire the arch of lindens that barred the view
+    to the westward, or to gaze at the inscription on the
+    'Prentices' Library, still plain to see, telling that the
+    building was erected in the eighth year of the Empire.</p>
+
+    <p>One morning Wholesome and I found open the iron grating of
+    Christ Church graveyard, and passing through its wall of red
+    and black glazed brick, he turned sharply to the right, and
+    coming to a corner bade me look down where under a gray plain
+    slab of worn stone rests the body of the greatest man, as I
+    have ever thought, whom we have been able to claim as ours. Now
+    a bit of the wall is gone, and through a railing the busy or
+    idle or curious, as they go by, may look in and see the spot
+    without entering.</p>
+
+    <p>Sometimes, too, we came home together, Wholesome and I, and
+    then I found he liked to wander and zigzag, not going very far
+    along a street, and showing fondness for lanes and byways.
+    Often he would turn with me a moment into the gateway of the
+    University Grammar School on Fourth street, south of Arch, and
+    had, I thought, great pleasure in seeing the rough play of the
+    lads. Or often, as we came home at noon, he liked to turn into
+    Paradise alley, out of Market street, and did this, indeed, so
+    often that I came to wonder at it, and the more because in an
+    open space between this alley and Commerce street was the spot
+    where almost every day the grammar-school boys settled their
+    disputes in the way more common then than now. When first we
+    chanced on one of these encounters I was surprised to see Mr.
+    Wholesome look about him as if to be sure that no one else was
+    near, and then begin to watch the combat with a strange
+    interest. Indeed, on one occasion he utterly astonished me by
+    taking by the hand a small boy who had been worsted and leading
+    him with us, as if he knew the lad, which may well have been.
+    But presently he said, "Reuben thee said was thy
+    name?"&mdash;"Yes, sir," said the lad.&mdash;"Well," said Mr.
+    Wholesome, after buying him a large and very brown horse
+    gingerbread, two doughnuts and a small pie, "when you think it
+    worth while to hit a fellow, never slap his face, because then
+    he will strike you hard with his fist, which hurts, Reuben.
+    Now, mind: next thee strikes first with thee fist, my lad, and
+    hard, too." If I had seen our good Bishop White playing at
+    taws, I could not have been more overcome, and I dare say my
+    face may have shown it, for, glancing at me, he said demurely,
+    "Thee has seen in thy lifetime how hard it is to get rid of
+    what thee liked in thy days of boyhood." After which he added
+    no more in the way of explanation, but walked along with swift
+    strides and a dark and troubled face, silent and
+    thoughtful.</p>
+
+    <p>Sometimes in the early morning I walked to my place of
+    business with Mr. Schmidt, who was a man so altogether unlike
+    those about him that I found in him a new and varied interest.
+    He was a German, and spoke English with a certain quaintness
+    and with the purity of speech of one who has learned the tongue
+    from books rather than from men. I learned after a while that
+    this guess of mine was a good one, and that, having been bred
+    an artist, he had been put in prison for some political
+    offence, and had in two years of loneliness learned English
+    from our older authors. When at last he was set free he took
+    his little property and came away with a bitter heart to our
+    freer land, where, with what he had and with the lessons he
+    gave in drawing, he was well able to live the life he liked in
+    quiet ease and comfort. He was a kindly man in his ways, and in
+    his talk gently cynical; so that, although you might be quite
+    sure as to what he would do, you were never as safe as to what
+    he would say; wherefore to know him a little was to dislike
+    him, but to know him well was to love him. There was a liking
+    between him and Wholesome, but each was more or less a source
+    of wonderment to the other. Nor was it long before I saw that
+    both these men in their way were patient lovers of the quiet
+    and pretty Quaker dame who ruled over our little household,
+    though to the elder man, Mr. Schmidt, she was a being
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 683]</span> at whose feet he laid a
+    homage which he felt to be hopeless of result, while he was
+    schooled by sorrowful fortunes to accept the position as one
+    which he hardly even wished to change.</p>
+
+    <p>It was on a warm sunny morning very early, for we were up
+    and away betimes, that Mr. Schmidt and I and Wholesome took our
+    first walk together through the old market-sheds. We turned
+    into Market street at Fourth street, whence the sheds ran
+    downward to the Delaware. The pictures they gave me to store
+    away in my mind are all of them vivid enough, but none more so
+    than that which I saw with my two friends on the first morning
+    when we wandered through them together.</p>
+
+    <p>On either side of the street the farmers' wagons stood
+    backed up against the sidewalk, each making a cheap shop, by
+    which stood the sturdy owners under the trees, laughing and
+    chaffering with their customers. We ourselves turned aside and
+    walked down the centre of the street under the sheds. On either
+    side at the entry of the market odd business was being plied,
+    the traders being mostly colored women with bright chintz
+    dresses and richly-colored bandanna handkerchiefs coiled
+    turban-like above their dark faces. There were rows of roses in
+    red pots, and venders of marsh calamus, and "Hot corn, sah,
+    smokin' hot," and "Pepperpot, bery nice," and sellers of
+    horse-radish and snapping-turtles, and of doughnuts dear to
+    grammar-school lads. Within the market was a crowd of
+    gentlefolks, followed by their black servants with
+    baskets&mdash;the elderly men in white or gray stockings, with
+    knee-buckles, the younger in very tight nankeen breeches and
+    pumps, frilled shirts and ample cravats and long blue
+    swallow-tailed coats with brass buttons. Ladies whose
+    grandchildren go no more to market were there in gowns with
+    strangely short waists and broad gypsy-bonnets, with the flaps
+    tied down by wide ribbons over the ears. It was a busy and
+    good-humored throng.</p>
+
+    <p>"Ah," said Schmidt, "what color!" and he stood quite wrapped
+    in the joy it gave him looking at the piles of fruit, where the
+    level morning sunlight, broken by the moving crowd, fell on
+    great heaps of dark-green watermelons and rough cantaloupes,
+    and warmed the wealth of peaches piled on trays backed by red
+    rows of what were then called love-apples, and are now known as
+    tomatoes; while below the royal yellow of vast overgrown
+    pumpkins seemed to have set the long summer sunshine in their
+    golden tints.</p>
+
+    <p>"If these were mine," said Schmidt, "I could not for ever
+    sell them. What pleasure to see them grow and steal to
+    themselves such sweet colors out of the rainbow which is in the
+    light!"</p>
+
+    <p>"Thee would make a poor gardener," said Wholesome, "sitting
+    on thee fence in the sun and watching thee pumpkins&mdash;damn
+    nasty things anyhow!"</p>
+
+    <p>I looked up amazed at the oath, but Schmidt did not seem to
+    remark it, and went on with us, lingering here and there to
+    please himself with the lovely contrasts of the autumn
+    fruit.</p>
+
+    <p>"Curious man is Schmidt," remarked Wholesome as we passed
+    along. "I could wish thee had seen him when we took him this
+    way first. Old Betsey yonder sells magnolia flowers in June,
+    and also pond-lilies, which thee may know as reasonably
+    pleasant things to thee or me; but of a sudden I find our
+    friend Schmidt kneeling on the pavement with his head over a
+    tub of these flowers, and every one around much amazed."</p>
+
+    <p>"Was it not seemly?" said Schmidt, joining us. "There are
+    who like music, but to me what music is there like the great
+    attunement of color? and mayhap no race can in this rise over
+    our black artists hereabout the market-ends."</p>
+
+    <p>"Thee is crazed of many colors," said Wholesome
+    laughing&mdash;"a bull of but one."</p>
+
+    <p>Schmidt stopped short in the crowd, to Wholesome's disgust.
+    "What," said he, quite forgetful of the crowd, "is more cordial
+    than color? This he recalleth was a woman black as night, with
+    a red turban and a lapful of magnolias, and to one side red
+    crabs in a basket, and to one side a tubful of lilies. Moss all
+    about, I remember."</p><span class="pagenum">[pg 684]</span>
+
+    <p>"Come along," said Wholesome. "The man is cracked, and in
+    sunny weather the crack widens."</p>
+
+    <p>And so we went away down street to our several tasks,
+    chatting and amused.</p>
+
+    <p>Those were most happy days for me, and I found at evening
+    one of my greatest pleasures when Schmidt called for me after
+    our early tea and we would stroll together down to the
+    Delaware, where the great India ships lay at wharves covered
+    with casks of madeira and boxes of tea and spices. Then we
+    would put out in his little rowboat and pull away toward
+    Jersey, and, after a plunge in the river at Cooper's Point,
+    would lazily row back again while the spire of Christ Church
+    grew dim against the fading sunset, and the lights would begin
+    to show here and there in the long line of sombre houses. By
+    this time we had grown to be sure friends, and a little help
+    from me at a moment when I chanced to guess that he wanted
+    money had made the bond yet stronger. So it came that he talked
+    to me, though I was but a lad, with a curious freedom, which
+    very soon opened to me a full knowledge of those with whom I
+    lived.</p>
+
+    <p>One evening, when we had been drifting silently with the
+    tide, he suddenly said aloud, "A lion in the fleece of the
+    sheep."</p>
+
+    <p>"What?" said I, laughing.</p>
+
+    <p>"I was thinking of Wholesome," he replied. "But you do not
+    know him. Yet he has that in his countenance which would betray
+    a more cunning creature."</p>
+
+    <p>"How so?" I urged, being eager to know more of the man who
+    wore the garb and tongue of Penn, and could swear roundly when
+    moved.</p>
+
+    <p>"If it will amuse," said the German, "I will tell you what
+    it befell me to hear to-day, being come into the parlor when
+    Mistress White and Wholesome were in the garden, of themselves
+    lonely."</p>
+
+    <p>"Do you mean," said I, "that you listened when they did not
+    know of your being there?"</p>
+
+    <p>"And why not?" he replied. "It did interest me, and to them
+    only good might come."</p>
+
+    <p>"But," said I, "it was not&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"Well?" he added as I paused. "&mdash;'Was not honor,' you
+    were going to say to me. And why not? I obey my nature, which
+    is more curious than stocked with honor. I did listen."</p>
+
+    <p>"And what did you hear?" said I.</p>
+
+    <p>"Ah, hear!" he answered. "What better is the receiver than
+    is the thief? Well, then, if you will share my stolen goods,
+    you shall know, and I will tell you as I heard, my memory being
+    good."</p>
+
+    <p>"But&mdash;" said I.</p>
+
+    <p>"Too late you stop me," he added: "you must hear now."</p>
+
+    <p>The scene which he went on to sketch was to me strange and
+    curious, nor could I have thought he could give so perfect a
+    rendering of the language, and even the accent, of the two
+    speakers. It was a curious revelation of the man himself, and
+    he seemed to enjoy his power, and yet to suffer in the telling,
+    without perhaps being fully conscious of it. The oars dropped
+    from his hands and fell in against the thwarts of the boat, and
+    he clasped his knees and looked up as he talked, not regarding
+    at all his single silent listener.</p>
+
+    <p>"When this is to be put upon the stage there shall be a
+    garden and two personages."</p>
+
+    <p>"Also," said I, "a jealous listener behind the scenes."</p>
+
+    <p>"If you please," he said promptly, and plunged at once into
+    the dialogue he had overheard:</p>
+
+    <p>"'Richard, thee may never again say the words which thee has
+    said to me to-night. There is, thee knows, that between us
+    which is builded up like as a wall to keep us the one from the
+    other.'</p>
+
+    <p>"'But men and women change, and a wall crumbles, or thee
+    knows it may be made to. Years have gone away, and the man who
+    stole from thee thy promise may be dead, for all thee
+    knows.'</p>
+
+    <p>"'Hush! thee makes me to see him, and though the dead rise
+    not here, I am some way assured he is not yet dead, and may
+    come and say to me, "'Cilla"&mdash;that is what he called
+    me&mdash;"thee remembers the night and thy promise, and the
+    lightning all around us, and who took thee to shore from the
+    wrecked packet on the Bulkhead Bar." The life he saved I
+    promised.'</p><span class="pagenum">[pg 685]</span>
+
+    <p>"Well, and thee knows&mdash;By Heaven! you well enough know
+    who tortured the life he gave&mdash;who robbed you&mdash;who
+    grew to be a mean sot, and went away and left you; and to such
+    you hold, with such keep faith, and wear out the sweetness of
+    life waiting for him!'</p>
+
+    <p>"'Richard!'</p>
+
+    <p>"'Have I also not waited, and given up for thee a life, a
+    career&mdash;little to give. I hope thee knows I feel that. Has
+    thee no limit, Priscilla? Thee knows&mdash;God help me! how
+    well you know&mdash;I love you. The world, the old world of war
+    and venture, pulls at me always. Will not you find it worth
+    while to put out a hand of help? Would it not be God taking
+    your hand and putting it in mine?'</p>
+
+    <p>"'Thee knows I love thee.'</p>
+
+    <p>"'And if the devil sent him back to curse you
+    anew&mdash;'</p>
+
+    <p>"'Shame, Richard! I would say, God, who layeth out for each
+    his way, has pointed mine.'</p>
+
+    <p>"'And I?'</p>
+
+    <p>"'Thee would continue in goodness, loving me as a sister
+    hardly tried.'</p>
+
+    <p>"'By God! I should go away to sea.'</p>
+
+    <p>"'Richard!'</p>
+
+    <p>"Which is the last word of this scene," added Schmidt. "You
+    mayhap have about you punk and flint and steel."</p>
+
+    <p>I struck alight in silence, feeling moved by the story of
+    the hurt hearts of these good people, and wondering at the man
+    and his tale. Then I said, "Was that all?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Could you, if not a boy, ask me to say more of it? Light
+    thy pipe and hold thy peace. Happy those who think not of
+    women. I, who have for a hearth-side only the fire of an honest
+    pipe&mdash;'Way there, my lad! pull us in and forget what a
+    loose tongue and a soft summer night have given thee to hear
+    from a silly old German who is grown weak of head and sore at
+    soul. How the lights twinkle!"</p>
+
+    <p>Had I felt any doubt at all of the truth of his narration I
+    should have ceased to do so when for the next few days I
+    watched Mr. Wholesome, and saw him, while off his guard,
+    looking at Mistress White askance with a certain wistful
+    sadness, as of a great honest dog somehow hurt and
+    stricken.</p>
+
+    <p>When an India ship came in, the great casks of madeira,
+    southside, grape juice, bual and what not were rolled away into
+    the deep cellars of the India houses on the wharves, and left
+    to purge their vinous consciences of such perilous stuff as was
+    shaken up from their depths during the long homeward voyage.
+    Then, when a couple of months had gone by, it was a custom for
+    the merchant to summon a few old gentlemen to a solemn tasting
+    of the wines old and new. Of this, Mr. Wholesome told me one
+    day, and thought I had better remain to go through the cellars
+    and drive out the bungs and drop in the testers, and the like.
+    "I will also stay with thee," he added, "knowing perhaps better
+    than thee the prices."</p>
+
+    <p>I learned afterward that Wholesome always stayed on these
+    occasions, and I had reason to be glad that I too was asked to
+    stay, for, as it chanced, it gave me a further insight into the
+    character of my friend the junior partner.</p>
+
+    <p>I recall well the long cellar running far back under Water
+    street, with its rows of great casks, of which Wholesome and I
+    started the bungs while awaiting the new-comers. Presently came
+    slowly down the cellar-steps our senior partner in nankeen
+    shanks, silk stockings and pumps&mdash;a frosty-visaged old
+    man, with a nose which had fully earned the right to be called
+    bottle. Behind him limped our old porter in a blue check apron.
+    He went round the cellar, and at every second cask, having
+    lighted a candle, he held it upside down until the grease had
+    fallen thick on the cask, and then turning the candle stuck it
+    fast in its little pile of tallow, so that by and by the cellar
+    was pretty well lighted. Presently, in groups or singly, came
+    old and middle-aged gentlemen, and with the last our friend
+    Schmidt, who wandered off to a corner and sat on a barrel-head
+    watching the effects of the mingling of daylight and
+    candlelight, and amused in his quiet way at the scene and the
+    intense interest of the chief actors in it, which, like other
+    things he did not comprehend, had for him the charm of odd
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 686]</span> ness. I went over and
+    stood by him while the porter dropped the tester-glass into the
+    cool depths of cask after cask, and solemn counsel was held and
+    grave decisions reached. I was enchanted with one meagre,
+    little old gentleman of frail and refined figure, who bent over
+    his wine with closed eyes, as if to shut out all the
+    sense-impressions he did not need, while the rest waited to
+    hear what he had to say.</p>
+
+    <p>"Needs a milk fining," muttered the old gentleman, with eyes
+    shut as if in prayer.</p>
+
+    <p>"Wants its back broke with a good lot of eggshell," said a
+    short, stout man with a snuff-colored coat, the collar well up
+    the back of his head.</p>
+
+    <p>"Ach!" murmured Schmidt. "The back to be hurt with eggshell!
+    What hath he of meaning?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Pshaw!" said a third: "give it a little rest, and then the
+    white of an egg to every five gallons. Is it bual?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Is it gruel?" said our senior sarcastically.</p>
+
+    <p>"Wants age. A good wine for one's grandchildren," murmured
+    my old friend with shut eyes.</p>
+
+    <p>"What is it he calls gruel?" whispered Schmidt. "How nice is
+    a picture he makes when he shuts his eyes and the light of the
+    candle comes through the wine, all bright ruby, in the dark
+    here! And ah, what is that?" for Wholesome, who had been taking
+    his wine in a kindly way, and having his say with that sense of
+    being always sure which an old taster affects, glancing out of
+    one of the little barred cellar-windows which looked out over
+    the wharf, said abruptly, "Ha! ha! that won't do!"</p>
+
+    <p>Turning, I saw under the broad-brimmed hat in the clear gray
+    eyes a sudden sparkle of excitement as he ran hastily up the
+    cellar-stairs. Seeing that something unusual was afloat, I
+    followed him quickly out on to the wharf, where presently the
+    cause of his movement was made plain.</p>
+
+    <p>Beside the wharf was a large ship, with two planks running
+    down from her decks to the wharf. Just at the top of the
+    farther one from us a large black-haired, swarthy man was
+    brutally kicking an aged negro, who was hastily moving
+    downward, clinging to the hand-rail. Colored folks were then
+    apt to be old servants&mdash;that is to say, friends&mdash;and
+    this was our pensioned porter, Old Tom. I was close behind
+    Wholesome at the door of the counting-house. I am almost sure
+    he said "Damnation!" At all events, he threw down his hat, and
+    in a moment was away up the nearer plank to the ship's deck,
+    followed by me. Meanwhile, however, the black, followed by his
+    pursuer, had reached the wharf, where the negro, stumbling and
+    still clinging to the rail, was seized by the man who had
+    struck him. In the short struggle which ensued the plank was
+    pulled away from the ship's side, and fell just as Wholesome
+    was about to move down it. He uttered an oath, caught at a
+    loose rope which hung from a yard, tried it to see if it was
+    fast, went up it hand over hand a few feet, set a foot on the
+    bulwarks, and swung himself fiercely back across the ship, and
+    then, with the force thus gained, flew far in air above the
+    wharf, and dropping lightly on to a pile of hogs-heads, leapt
+    without a word to the ground, and struck out with easy power at
+    the man he sought, who fell as if a butcher's mallet had
+    stunned him&mdash;fell, and lay as one dead. The whole action
+    would have been amazing in any man, but to see a Quaker thus
+    suddenly shed his false skin and come out the true man he was,
+    was altogether bewildering&mdash;the more so for the easy grace
+    with which the feat was done. Everybody ran forward, while
+    Wholesome stood a strange picture, his eyes wide open and his
+    pupils dilated, his face flushed and lips a little apart,
+    showing his set white teeth while he awaited his foe. Then, as
+    the man rallied and sat up, staring widely, Wholesome ran
+    forward and looked at him, waving the crowd aside. In a moment,
+    as the man rose still bewildered, his gaze fell on Wholesome,
+    and, growing suddenly white, he sat down on a bundle of staves,
+    saying faintly, "Take him away! Don't let him come near!"</p>
+
+    <p>"Coward!" said I: "one might have guessed that."</p>
+
+    <p>"There is to him," said Schmidt at <span class="pagenum">[pg
+    687]</span> my elbow, "some great mortal fear; the soul is
+    struck."</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes," said Wholesome, "the soul is struck. Some one help
+    him"&mdash;for the man had fallen over in something like a
+    fit&mdash;and so saying strode away, thoughtful and disturbed
+    in face, as one who had seen a ghost.</p>
+
+    <p>As he entered the counting-house through the group of
+    dignified old merchants, who had come out to see what it all
+    meant, one of them said, "Pretty well for a Quaker, friend
+    Richard!"</p>
+
+    <p>Wholesome did not seem to hear him, but walked in, drank a
+    glass of wine which stood on a table, and sat down
+    silently.</p>
+
+    <p>"Not the first feat of that kind he has done," said the
+    elder of the wine-tasters.</p>
+
+    <p>"No," said a sea-captain near by. "He boarded the Penelope
+    in that fashion during the war, and as he lit on her deck
+    cleared a space with his cutlass till the boarding-party joined
+    him."</p>
+
+    <p>"With his cutlass?" said I. "Then he was not always a
+    Quaker?"</p>
+
+    <p>"No," said our senior: "they don't learn these gymnastics at
+    Fourth and Arch, though perchance the committee may have a word
+    to say about it."</p>
+
+    <p>"Quaker or not," said the wine-taster, "I wish any of you
+    had legs as good or a heart as sound. Very good body, not too
+    old, and none the worse for a Quaker fining."</p>
+
+    <p>"That's the longest sentence I ever heard Wilton speak,"
+    said a young fellow aside to me; "and, by Jove! he is
+    right."</p>
+
+    <p>I went back into the counting-house, and was struck with the
+    grim sadness of face of our junior partner. He had taken up a
+    paper and affected to be reading, but, as I saw, was staring
+    into space. Our senior said something to him about Old Tom, but
+    he answered in an absent way, as one who half hears or half
+    heeds. In a few moments he looked up at the clock, which was on
+    the stroke of twelve, and seeing me ready, hat in hand, to
+    return home for our one-o'clock dinner, he gathered himself up,
+    as it were, limb by limb, and taking his wide-brimmed hat
+    brushed it absently with his sleeve. Then he looked at it a
+    moment with a half smile, put it on decisively and went out and
+    away up Arch street with swifter and swifter strides. By and by
+    he said, "You do not walk as well as usual."</p>
+
+    <p>"But," said I, "no one could keep up with you."</p>
+
+    <p>"Do not try to: leave a sore man to nurse his hurts. I
+    suppose you saw my folly on the wharf&mdash;saw how I forgot
+    myself?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Ach!" said Schmidt, who had toiled after us hot and red,
+    and who now slipped his quaint form in between us&mdash;"Ach!
+    'You forgot yourself.' This say you. I do think you did
+    remember your true self for a time this morning."</p>
+
+    <p>"Hush! I am a man ashamed. Let us talk no more of it. I have
+    ill kept my faith," returned Wholesome impatiently.</p>
+
+    <p>"You may believe God doth not honor an honest man," said
+    Schmidt; "which is perhaps a God Quaker, not the God I see to
+    myself."</p>
+
+    <p>I had so far kept my peace, noting the bitter self-reproach
+    of Wholesome, and having a lad's shyness before an older man's
+    calamity; but now I said indignantly, "If it be Friends' creed
+    to see the poor and old and feeble hurt without raising a hand,
+    let us pray to be saved from such religion."</p>
+
+    <p>"But," said Wholesome, "I should have spoken to him in
+    kindness first. Now I have only made of him a worse beast, and
+    taught him more hatred. And he of all men!"</p>
+
+    <p>"There is much salvation in some mistakes," said Schmidt
+    smiling.</p>
+
+    <p>Just then we were stopped by two middle-aged Friends in drab
+    of orthodox tint, from which now-a-days Friends have much
+    fallen away into gay browns and blacks. They asked a question
+    or two about an insurance on one of our ships; and then the
+    elder said, "Thee hand seems bleeding, friend Richard;" which
+    was true: he had cut his knuckles on his opponent's teeth, and
+    around them had wrapped hastily a handkerchief which showed
+    stains of blood here and there.</p>
+
+    <p>"Ach!" said Schmidt, hastening to save his friend annoyance.
+    "He ran against <span class="pagenum">[pg 688]</span>
+    something.&mdash;And how late is it! Let us go."</p>
+
+    <p>But Wholesome, who would have no man lie ever so little for
+    his benefit, said quietly, "I hurt it knocking a man down;" and
+    now for the first time to-day I observed the old amused look
+    steal over his handsome face and set it a-twitching with some
+    sense of humor as he saw the shock which went over the faces of
+    the two elders when we bade them good-morning and turned
+    away.</p>
+
+    <p>Wholesome walked on ahead quickly, and as it seemed plain
+    that he would be alone, we dropped behind.</p>
+
+    <p>"What is all this?" said I. "Does a man grieve thus because
+    he chastises a scoundrel?"</p>
+
+    <p>"No," said Schmidt. "The Friend Wholesome was, as you may
+    never yet know, an officer of the navy, and when your war being
+    done he comes here. There is a beautiful woman whom he must
+    fall to loving, and this with some men being a grave disorder,
+    he must go and spoil a good natural man with the clothes of a
+    Quaker, seeing that what the woman did was good in his
+    sight."</p>
+
+    <p>"But," said I, "I don't understand."</p>
+
+    <p>"No," said he; "yet you have read of Eve and Adam. Sometimes
+    they give us good apples and sometimes bad. This was a russet,
+    as it were, and at times the apple disagrees with him for that
+    with the new apple he got not a new stomach."</p>
+
+    <p>I laughed a little, but said, "This is not all. There was
+    something between him and the man he struck which we do not yet
+    know. Did you see him?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, and before this&mdash;last week some time in the
+    market-place. He was looking at old Dinah's tub of white lilies
+    when I noticed him, and to me came a curious thinking of how he
+    was so unlike them, many people having for me flower-likeness,
+    and this man, being of a yellow swarthiness and squat-browed,
+    'minded me soon of the toadstool you call a corpse-light."</p>
+
+    <p>"Perhaps we shall know some time; but here is home, and will
+    he speak of it to Mistress White, do you think?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Not ever, I suppose," said Schmidt; and we went in.</p>
+
+    <p>The sight we saw troubled me. In the little back parlor, at
+    a round mahogany table with scrolled edges and claw toes, sat
+    facing the light Mistress White. She was clad in a gray silk
+    with tight sleeves, and her profusion of rich chestnut hair,
+    with its willful curliness that forbade it to be smooth on her
+    temples, was coiled in a great knot at the back of her head.
+    Its double tints and strange changefulness, and the smooth
+    creamy cheeks with their moving islets of roses that would come
+    and go at a word, were pretty protests of Nature, I used to
+    think, against the demure tints of her pearl-gray silken gown.
+    She was looking out into the garden, quite heedless of the
+    older dame, who sat as her wont was between the windows, and
+    chirruped now and then, mechanically, "Has thee a four-leaved
+    clover?" As I learned some time after, one of our older clerks,
+    perhaps with a little malice of self-comfort at the fall of his
+    senior's principles, had, on coming home, told her laughingly
+    all the story of the morning. Perhaps one should be a woman and
+    a Friend to enter into her feelings. She was tied by a promise
+    and by a sense of personal pledge to a low and disgraced man,
+    and then coming to love another despite herself she had grown
+    greatly to honor him. She might reason as she would that only a
+    sense of right and a yearning for the fullness of a righteous
+    life had made him give up his profession and fellows and turn
+    aside to follow the harder creed of Fox, but she well knew with
+    a woman's keenness of view that she herself had gone for
+    something in this change; and now, as sometimes before, she
+    reproached herself with his failures. As we came in she hastily
+    dried her eyes and went out of the room. At dinner little was
+    said, but in the afternoon there was a scene of which I came to
+    know all a good while later.</p>
+
+    <p>Some of us had gone back to the afternoon work when Mr.
+    Wholesome, who had lingered behind, strayed thoughtfully into
+    the little back garden. There under a thin-leaved apricot tree
+    sat Mistress White, very pretty, with her long fair fingers
+    clasped over a book which lay <span class="pagenum">[pg
+    689]</span> face down on her lap. Presently she was aware of
+    Richard Wholesome walking to and fro and smoking a long-stemmed
+    clay pipe, then, as yet in England, called a churchwarden.
+    These were two more than commonly good-looking persons, come of
+    sturdy English breeds, fined down by that in this climate which
+    has taken the coarseness of line and feature out of so many of
+    our broods, and has made more than one English painter regret
+    that the Vandyke faces had crossed the ocean to return no
+    more.</p>
+
+    <p>Schmidt and I looked out a moment into the long vista where,
+    between the rose-boughs bending from either wall under the
+    apricot, we could see the gray silvery shimmer of the woman's
+    dress, and beyond it, passing to and fro, the broad shoulders
+    of the ex-captain.</p>
+
+    <p>"Come," I said, "walk down with me to the wharf."</p>
+
+    <p>"Yet leave me," he returned. "I shall wisely do to sit here
+    on the step over the council-fire of my pipe. Besides, when
+    there are not markets and flowers, and only a straight-down,
+    early-afternoon sun, I shall find it a more noble usage of time
+    to see of my drama another scene. The actors are good;" and he
+    pointed with his pipe-stem down to the garden. "And this," he
+    said, "is the mute chorus of the play," indicating a kitten
+    which had made prey of the grand-dame's ball of worsted, and
+    was rolling it here and there with delight.</p>
+
+    <p>"But," I answered, "it is not right or decent to spy upon
+    others' actions."</p>
+
+    <p>"For right!" he said. "Ach! what I find right to me is my
+    right; and for decent, I understand you not. But if I tell you
+    what is true, I find my pleasure to sit here and see the maiden
+    when at times the winds pull up the curtain of the leaves."</p>
+
+    <p>"Well! well!" said I, for most of the time he was not
+    altogether plain as to what he meant, as when he spoke of the
+    cat as a chorus&mdash;"Well! well! you will go out with me on
+    the water at sundown?"</p>
+
+    <p>"That may be," he answered; and I went away.</p>
+
+    <p>I have observed since then, in the long life I have lived,
+    that the passion called love, when it is a hopeless one, acts
+    on men as ferments do on fluids after their kind&mdash;turning
+    some to honest wine and some to vinegar. With our stout little
+    German all trials seemed to be of the former use, so that he
+    took no ill from those hurts and bruises which leave other men
+    sore and tender. Indeed, he talked of Mistress White to me, or
+    even to Wholesome, whom he much embarrassed, in a calm,
+    half-amused way, as of a venture which he had made, and, having
+    failed, found it pleasant to look back upon as an experience
+    not altogether to be regretted. We none of us knew until much
+    later that it was more than a mere fancy for a woman who was
+    altogether so sweet and winsome that no man needed an excuse
+    for loving her. When by and by I also came to love a good
+    woman, I used to try myself by the measure of this man's lack
+    of self-love, and wonder how he could have seen with good-will
+    the woman he cared for come to like another man better. This
+    utter sweetness of soul has ever been to me a riddle.</p>
+
+    <p>An hour passed by, when Schmidt heard a footfall in the room
+    behind him, and rising saw an old member of the Society of
+    Friends who came at times to our house, and was indeed trustee
+    for a small estate which belonged to Mistress White. Nicholas
+    Oldmixon was an overseer in the Fourth street meeting, and much
+    looked up to among Friends as a prompt and vigilant guardian of
+    their discipline. Perhaps he would have been surprised to be
+    told that he had that in his nature which made the post of
+    official fault-finder agreeable; but so it was, I fancy, and he
+    was here on such an errand. The asceticism of Friends in those
+    days, and the extent to which Mr. Oldmixon, like the more
+    strict of his sect, carried their views as to gravity of manner
+    and the absence of color in dress and furniture, were
+    especially hateful to Schmidt, who lived and was happy in a
+    region of color and sentiment and gayety. Both, I doubt not,
+    were good men, but each was by nature and training altogether
+    unable to sympathize with the
+    other.</p><span class="pagenum">[pg 690]</span>
+
+    <p>"Good-evening!" said Schmidt, keeping his seat in the low
+    window-sill.</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. Oldmixon returned, "Thee is well, I trust?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Ach! with such a sun and the last roses, which seem the
+    most sweet, and these most lovely of fall-flowers, and a good
+    book and a pipe," said Schmidt, "who will not be well? Have you
+    the honest blessing of being a smoker?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Nay," said the Quaker, with evident guarding of his words.
+    "Thee will not take it amiss should I say it is a vain waste of
+    time?"</p>
+
+    <p>"But," answered Schmidt, "time hath many uses. The one is to
+    be wasted; and this a pipe mightily helps. I did think once,
+    when I went to meeting, how much more solemn it would be for
+    each man to have a pipe to excuse his silence."</p>
+
+    <p>"Thee jests idly, I fear," said the Friend, coloring and
+    evidently holding himself in check. "Is that friend Wholesome
+    in the garden? I have need to see him."</p>
+
+    <p>"Yea," said Schmidt, with a broad smile, "he is yonder under
+    a tree, like Adam in the garden. Let us take a peep at
+    Paradise."</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. Oldmixon held his peace, and walked quietly out of the
+    window and down the graveled path. There were some who surmised
+    that his years and his remembrance of the three wives he had
+    outlived did not altogether suffice to put away from him a
+    strong sentiment of the sweetness of his ward. Perhaps it was
+    this notion which lit up with mirth the ruddy face of the
+    German as he walked down the garden behind the slim ascetic
+    figure of the overseer of meeting in his broad hat and drab
+    clothes. On the way the German plucked a dozen scarlet roses, a
+    late geranium or two and a few leaves of motley Poinsetta.</p>
+
+    <p>Wholesome paused a moment to greet quietly the new-comer,
+    and straightway betook himself absently to his walk again to
+    and fro across the garden. Mistress White would have had the
+    old overseer take her seat, but this he would not do. He stood
+    a moment near her, as if irresolute, while Schmidt threw
+    himself down on the sward, and, half turning over, tossed roses
+    into the gray lap of Mistress White, saying, "How prettily the
+    God of heaven has dressed them!"</p>
+
+    <p>Mistress White took up the flowers, not answering the
+    challenge, but glancing under her long lashes at the
+    ex-captain, to whom presently the overseer turned, saying,
+    "Would thee give me a word or two with thee by ourselves,
+    Richard?"</p>
+
+    <p>"There are none in the parlor," said Priscilla, "if thee
+    will talk there."</p>
+
+    <p>"If," said Wholesome, "it be of business, let it wait till
+    to-morrow, and I will call upon thee: I am not altogether
+    myself to-day."</p>
+
+    <p>"Nay," said Nicholas, gathering himself up a little, "thee
+    must know theeself that I would not come to thee here for
+    business: thee knows my exactness in such matters."</p>
+
+    <p>"And for what, then, are you come?" said Wholesome with
+    unusual abruptness.</p>
+
+    <p>"For speech of that in thee conduct which were better, as
+    between an elder friend and a younger, to be talked over
+    alone," said Mr. Oldmixon severely.</p>
+
+    <p>Now, Wholesome, though disgusted by his lack of power to
+    keep the silent pledges he had given when he entered the
+    Society of Friends, was not dissatisfied with his conduct as he
+    judged it by his own standard of right. Moreover, like many
+    warm-hearted people, he was quick of temper, as we have seen.
+    His face flushed, and he paused beside the overseer: "There are
+    none here who do not know most of what passed this morning; but
+    as you do not know all, let me advise you to hold your peace
+    and go your ways, and leave me to such reproach as God may send
+    me."</p>
+
+    <p>"If that God send thee any," muttered Schmidt.</p>
+
+    <p>But Nicholas Oldmixon was like a war-horse smelling the
+    battle afar off, and anything like resistance to an overseer in
+    the way of duty roused him into the sternness which by no means
+    belonged to the office, but rather to the man. "If," he said,
+    "any in membership with us do countenance or promote tumults,
+    they shall be dealt with as disorderly persons. Wherefore did
+    thee give way to rash violence this morning?"</p>
+
+    <p><span class="pagenum">[pg 691]</span> Priscilla grew pale, I
+    think. She said, "Friend Nicholas, thee forgets the Christian
+    courtesy of our people one to another. Let it rest a while:
+    friend Richard may come to think better of it by and by."</p>
+
+    <p>"And that I trust he may never," muttered Schmidt.</p>
+
+    <p>But the overseer was not to be stayed. "Thee would do better
+    to mind the things of thy house and leave us," he said. "The
+    ways of this young man have been more than once a scandal, and
+    are like to come before the preparative meeting to be dealt
+    with."</p>
+
+    <p>"Sir," returned Wholesome, approaching him and quite
+    forgetting his plain speech to make it plainer, "your manners
+    do little credit to your age or your place. Listen: I told you
+    to speak no more of this matter;" and he seized him by the
+    lappel of his coat and drew him aside a few paces. "For your
+    own sake, I mean. Let it die out, with no more of talk or
+    nonsense."</p>
+
+    <p>"For my sake!" exclaimed the overseer; "and why? Most surely
+    thee forgets theeself."</p>
+
+    <p>"For your own sake," said Wholesome, drawing him still
+    farther away, and bending toward him, so that his words were
+    lost to Schmidt and Priscilla, "and for your son John's. It was
+    he I struck to-day."</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. Oldmixon grew white and staggered as if stricken. "Why
+    did thee not come and tell me?" he said. "It had been kinder;
+    and where is that unhappy man?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I do not know," returned Wholesome.</p>
+
+    <p>"Nevertheless, be it he or another, thee was in the wrong,
+    and I have done my duty,&mdash;God help us all! and is my son
+    yet alive?" and so saying, he turned away, and without other
+    words walked through the house with uncertain steps and went
+    down the street, while Wholesome, with softened face, watched
+    him from the doorstep. Then he went back quietly into the
+    garden, and turning to Schmidt, said, "Will you oblige me by
+    leaving me with Mistress White? I will explain to thee by and
+    by."</p>
+
+    <p>Schmidt looked up surprised, but seeing how pale and stern
+    he looked, rose and went into the house. The woman looked up
+    expectant.</p>
+
+    <p>"Priscilla, the time has come when thee must choose between
+    me and him."</p>
+
+    <p>"He has come back? I knew always he would come."</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, he has come back: I saw him to-day," said Wholesome,
+    "and the John Oldmixon of to-day is more than ever cruel and
+    brutal. Will thee trust me to make thee believe that?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I believe thee," she returned; "but because he is this and
+    worse, shall I forget my word or turn aside from that which, if
+    bitter for me, may save his soul alive?"</p>
+
+    <p>"And yet you love me?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Have I said so?" she murmured with a half smile.</p>
+
+    <p>The young man came closer and seized both hands in his:
+    "Will it not be a greater sin, loving me, to marry him?"</p>
+
+    <p>"But he may never ask me, and then I shall wait, for I had
+    better die fit in soul to be yours than come to you unworthy of
+    a good man's love."</p>
+
+    <p>He dropped her hands and moved slowly away, she watching him
+    with full eyes. Then he turned and said, "But should he
+    fall&mdash;fall as he must&mdash;and come to be what his life
+    will surely make him, a felon whom no woman could
+    marry&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"Thee makes duty hard for me, Richard," she answered. "Do
+    not make me think thee cruel. When in God's good time he shall
+    send me back the words of promise I wrote when he went away a
+    disgraced man, to whom, nevertheless I owed my life,
+    then&mdash;Oh, Richard, I love thee! Do not hurt me. Pray for
+    me and him."</p>
+
+    <p>"God help us!" he said. "We have great need, to be helped;"
+    and suddenly leaning over he kissed her forehead for the first
+    time, and went away up the garden and into the house.</p>
+
+    <p class="author">EDWARD
+    KEARSLEY.</p><a name='MODERN_HUGUENOTS'
+          id="MODERN_HUGUENOTS"></a> <span class="pagenum">[pg
+          692]</span>
+
+    <h2>MODERN HUGUENOTS.</h2><br />
+
+
+    <p>It demands a good deal of energy, and it involves a little
+    hardship, to see the Protestant communities of the High Alps of
+    France, but the picturesque and historic interests of the
+    journey furnish a sufficient motive and make ample amends. I
+    can think of no route so entirely unhackneyed to recommend to
+    blas&eacute; tourists. The point of departure is Grenoble,
+    reached in an hour or so from Chamb&eacute;ry, and in itself
+    well worth turning aside from the Mont Cenis thoroughfare to
+    visit. As far as Corps the way lies over the beaten track of
+    the Salette pilgrims, of which the charms are recorded in many
+    a devout description.</p>
+
+    <p>It happened to us, however, to get a preliminary glimpse of
+    French Protestantism in a characteristic, although wholly
+    modern, development before leaving Grenoble. We applied to the
+    Protestant clergyman there for information respecting the
+    details of our proposed tour. Pleased with our project, he told
+    us the story of a mission which he had established under
+    circumstances altogether unique, and invited us to join him in
+    paying it a visit. The scene of his enterprise was a sunny
+    little village lying high among vineyarded hills, and bearing
+    the name of Notre Dame des Commiers. Owing to its remoteness
+    and insignificance, the Roman Catholic authorities had never
+    replaced its last priest, who withdrew during the turmoils of
+    the Revolution. For all their ecclesiastical needs the people
+    were obliged to descend to the next village, the cur&eacute; of
+    which gave them little pastoral care beyond the thrifty
+    collection of his dues. Learning these facts, our Grenoble
+    friend determined to take advantage of the situation. He
+    presented himself in the village and told the people he was
+    willing to become their pastor. He only asked them to
+    acknowledge the validity of baptism and marriage performed by
+    him, and to pledge him their support in the struggle with the
+    priests that would probably ensue. Later, he said, he hoped to
+    convince them that he taught a better religion than that at the
+    hands of whose ministers they had suffered such neglect. A
+    majority of the villagers accepted his proposal, and by a
+    formal act constituted themselves a Protestant commune. By so
+    doing they were able to secure recognition by the government as
+    belonging to the National Protestant Church of France. It was
+    not long before the parishioners grew warmly attached to their
+    new pastor. His position of assistant at Grenoble enabled him
+    to assume the sole charge of the enterprise. Week after week he
+    made the tedious stage-coach journey, walking up the two-mile
+    hill at the foot of which he had to quit the highway. Often in
+    winter he toiled for hours through deep snow and faced violent
+    storms in making the ascent. In the worst weather it sometimes
+    happened that the whole journey from Grenoble had to be made on
+    foot. For two years he carried on the work unaided, holding his
+    services in such rude quarters as he was able to secure. The
+    village is now, after an interval of seven years since the
+    missionary's first visit, adorned with a pretty chapel and
+    school-house and provided with a resident minister.</p>
+
+    <p>In talking with the people we found abundant proof that
+    their Protestant faith is both intelligent and practical. Such
+    of them as were not busy in the fields surrounded their old
+    pastor with greetings that touchingly expressed their affection
+    and gratitude, and we, as his friends, had a share in the
+    demonstration. One stalwart, clear-eyed old woman obliged us to
+    sit down in front of her chalet, cheerfully explaining that she
+    had just been burned out, and that the shed in which she had
+    found a shelter was not fit for us to enter. She would take no
+    refusal of her offer to fetch us grapes, and ran all the way to
+    and from her vineyard on the opposite hillside, returning in an
+    incredibly short time, <span class="pagenum">[pg 693]</span>
+    scarcely out of breath, and carrying a basket heavy with great
+    white and purple clusters. As she stood watching with delight
+    our appreciation of her produce&mdash;the only sweet and
+    luscious grapes, by the way, that we found throughout the
+    autumn in that land of vines&mdash;she talked frankly of her
+    religious vicissitudes, summing up as follows: "The priests
+    used to say to me that I had turned Protestant because that is
+    an easier religion than the Roman Catholic. But I have not
+    found it so at all. <i>Il est beaucoup plus facile de me
+    confesser que de me corriger.</i>" Presently another woman came
+    up the hill, bending painfully under the weight of two
+    water-pails hanging from the ends of a yoke that rested on her
+    shoulders. "Ah," said our hostess, "if they would but let us
+    build the aqueduct, we should not have that ugly work to do."
+    And then we learned that among the small minority of Roman
+    Catholics left in the village, to care for whom, as soon as it
+    was found a wolf had entered the fold, a priest arrived
+    promptly enough, there prevail the wildest superstitions
+    concerning the Protestants. Among many improvements introduced
+    by the latter an aqueduct had been planned to furnish the
+    hamlet with wholesome water. The project was defeated by the
+    opposition of the Roman Catholics, who considered it a scheme
+    for poisoning them <i>en masse</i>. It was here that we heard
+    for the first time the epithet Huguenots applied as a term of
+    reproach and derision to the Protestants. Afterward, in regions
+    where Protestants have a history of centuries, we found it
+    commonly used in the same way.</p>
+
+    <p>Our visit to Notre Dame des Commiers was like reading a
+    living page of early Reformation history, and the whole
+    neighborhood made a fitting stage for such a reproduction. Some
+    six or seven miles from Grenoble we passed the restored but
+    still, in parts at least, historic ch&acirc;teau of
+    Lesdigui&egrave;res at Vizille. Nearer our mountain-village we
+    stopped to admire an ivy-covered bit of tower-ruin, associated
+    by a grim tradition with the same Dauphin&eacute; hero. A
+    prisoner confined here by the apostate constable had, says the
+    legend, a lady true who came every night and clasped her
+    lover's hand stretched out to her between the bars of his
+    dungeon window. Lesdigui&egrave;res discovered the rendezvous,
+    and the spot is still pointed out where his soldier was
+    stationed one fatal night to chop off the hand that sought its
+    accustomed pledge. The historical associations of our excursion
+    were, indeed, somewhat confused, but a fresh feature was added
+    to its interest by the departure, which we chanced to witness,
+    of Monsieur Thiers from the Ch&acirc;teau de Vizille, now
+    occupied by Casimir Perier, whom the ex-president had been
+    visiting.</p>
+
+    <p>The two days' diligence journey from Grenoble to the
+    d&eacute;partement des Hautes-Alpes was over one of those broad
+    macadamized highways which make driving a luxury in many parts
+    of Europe. If we were more huddled than in the less-antiquated
+    Swiss diligences, we had the compensation of far more original
+    fellow-travelers than one is apt to find among the tourists
+    that monopolize those vehicles. There were generally two or
+    three priests, half a dozen merry peasants, and a sprinkling of
+    small officers and country-townspeople, who respectively lost
+    no time in establishing a pleasant intimacy with their
+    neighbors. The unflagging chatter, in which all joined
+    vivaciously, and often all at once, was in striking contrast
+    with the silent gloom which would have enshrouded a similar
+    party of English or American travelers. It was impossible to
+    resist the contagion of cheerfulness or to refuse to mingle
+    more or less in the talk.</p>
+
+    <p>On the second evening, having trusted to the map and the
+    very meagre information supplied by <i>Murray</i>, we found
+    ourselves deposited at an isolated wayside cabaret. It
+    presently transpired that St. Bonnet, where we expected to pass
+    the Sunday, was some half mile or more off the high-road on
+    which this was the nearest station. While we waited in a long,
+    low, dimly-lighted room for the guide we had bespoken, two
+    gendarmes and a peasant sat listening to, or rather looking at,
+    a vivid account of some shooting adventure given in
+    extraordinary <span class="pagenum">[pg 694]</span> pantomime
+    by a deaf and dumb huntsman. In time a withered gnome trundling
+    a wheelbarrow took possession of us and our light belongings,
+    and led us forth into the night. We traversed the valley,
+    mounted the hill on the other side, and at last entered the
+    deeper night of a lampless village, and began to thread its
+    steep, black streets. The only gleam of light was at what
+    seemed to be the central fountain. Many women were gathered
+    there, chatting as they filled their pails or stood with the
+    replenished vessels poised on their heads. The inn was of a
+    piece with all those at which we lodged in Dauphin&eacute;,
+    deficient in everything for which an inn exists. The feature of
+    these inns which I remember, I think, with the least relish was
+    the condition of the floors. It is literally true that they are
+    never washed. A daily sprinkling is the only cleansing process
+    they undergo: its effect is to soften the wood until it begins
+    to absorb a large proportion of the rubbish which is often but
+    never thoroughly swept up, and grows black and evil-odored.
+    This result is most manifest, of course, and most offensive in
+    the dining-rooms.</p>
+
+    <p>St. Bonnet offered even less than we anticipated of
+    interest. On the Sunday morning we gladly drove away in such an
+    equipage as the place afforded to the not very distant village
+    of St. Laurent en Champsaur. Here we reached our first point in
+    what was fifty years ago the parish of Felix Neff, and has been
+    for centuries a refuge of Protestantism. It is a hamlet of
+    stone cottages, lying on a kind of plateau and overlooking a
+    wide and fertile valley. The surrounding hills, though mostly
+    bare, were broken and beautified on that still autumn morning
+    with dim clefts of shadow. The sun was not yet high, and broad
+    masses of purple fell here and there across the plain and the
+    brawling stream that divides it, still the Drac, which we had
+    seen an almost stately river near Grenoble.</p>
+
+    <p>Having already learned something of the local habits, we
+    bade our driver take us to the <i>temple</i>. That is the
+    distinctive name of a Protestant church in these Roman Catholic
+    lands. The morning service was in progress when we entered the
+    square and austere little chapel. Every pew was occupied, the
+    men and women taking different sides of the one stone-paved
+    aisle. A gentle-looking old man was reading from a book with
+    much clearness and expression, and in a singularly pleasant
+    voice, what we soon found to be an excellent sermon. At its
+    close a quaint, slow hymn was sung, and the congregation was
+    dismissed. To our amusement, the simple folk formed a double
+    line outside the door to inspect us as we emerged. It was easy
+    to imagine their interest in an apparition so unusual as
+    foreign visitors, and we submitted to their curious but
+    entirely respectful scrutiny, wishing that our aspect might
+    give them half the satisfaction we had in watching their eager
+    faces and noting their droll costumes. Ludicrously high stocks
+    and "swallow-tail" coats of brown homespun made the dress of
+    the men different from that of corresponding rustics in
+    America. The chief peculiarity in the women's attire was a
+    straw hat, of which the towering crown, decked with huge bows,
+    and the vast flapping brim, were like an extravagant caricature
+    of the poke-bonnets of our grandmothers.</p>
+
+    <p>As we stood demurely in the midst of the group, the old man
+    who had read, and who proved to be the schoolmaster, hastened
+    out to greet us. It was his habit, he said, in the pastor's
+    absence, to conduct the service. For more than thirty years,
+    although the parish had repeatedly been for months without a
+    minister, he had not allowed the temple to remain closed a
+    single Sunday. His wife appeared directly, and both insisted,
+    with apologies for their peasant fare, that we should stop to
+    dinner at their house, a few yards from the church. We were in
+    truth nothing loath to accept the invitation, and found little
+    to excuse in the savory soup, the fresh-laid eggs and the fruit
+    that composed the simple feast, while we were scarcely less
+    regaled with the neatness of the rooms and the spectacle of
+    well-washed floors and spotless though coarsely-woven linen.
+    But most of all to be enjoyed and remembered
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 695]</span> was the peep we got into
+    this good old man's life and history. From his youth he had
+    been schoolmaster at St. Laurent, and it seemed never to have
+    occurred to him that he might claim a more distinguished post.
+    Unconscious of any special self-sacrifice, he told us about his
+    work, heroic through its quiet faithfulness, in that obscure
+    hamlet. He enumerated with pride the various pastors and
+    teachers who had been his scholars&mdash;among the former his
+    eldest son, among the latter two of his daughters. Listening to
+    his talk, we understood the intelligence of expression in many
+    faces and the large proportion of young men at the service of
+    the morning.</p>
+
+    <p>In our walks about the village after dinner the schoolmaster
+    took us to see an ancient woman who in her youth had been a
+    catechumen of Felix Neff. It is curious to find that term,
+    which was applied by the early Church to candidates for
+    admission, in use now among the Protestants of France and
+    Italy. With tears in her eyes and an enthusiasm that made her
+    speech almost incoherent, the grandame talked of "Monsieur
+    Neff," his courage, his friendliness, how he went among his
+    people like one of themselves, and what good words he always
+    spoke. As we left St. Laurent our host and his wife bore us
+    company to the brow of a little hill whither we had sent on our
+    chaise, and stood there to wave us an adieu as we descended on
+    the other side. Then we saw them turn back toward the group of
+    thatched and moss-grown cottages which was all their world.</p>
+
+    <p>That evening we reached Gap, the capital of the department
+    of the High Alps, and once an important Protestant centre.
+    Farel, the French Reformer of the sixteenth century, was born
+    and for a time preached here. But since the Revocation of the
+    Edict of Nantes until very lately&mdash;during a period, that
+    is, of nearly two hundred years&mdash;no Protestant pastor has
+    been tolerated in the town, and the once numerous flock was
+    long since dispersed. A Swiss society undertook two or three
+    years ago a Protestant mission at Gap, and a friend in Geneva
+    had given us the name of the present evangelist. A humbler or
+    more thankless charge could scarcely be imagined than such a
+    work in such a place. There is no nucleus of hereditary
+    Protestants, as in the mountain-parishes of the department, and
+    at the same time the little city is so isolated that its people
+    have retained the superstitions and religious animosities of
+    the Dark Ages. It was therefore with much compassionate thought
+    of his pitiful case that we sought the evangelist's house. He
+    was not, however, a man toward whom one could maintain for a
+    moment that frame of mind. Brisk, cheerful, polished in manner
+    and with an unsought elegance of dress and carriage, he had not
+    in the least the air of a despised heretic struggling
+    hopelessly against social as well as ecclesiastical contempt.
+    Six avowed converts were the definite results of his work for
+    more than two years. During much of that time he had been
+    hampered by insuperable difficulties in finding a place for his
+    service or even a lodging for his family. The latter was at
+    last provided, as a daring defiance of popular prejudice, by a
+    landlord who prided himself upon being a <i>libre penseur</i>.
+    For his chapel he secured a disused shop in the front of a
+    bath-house. The proprietress of the establishment was punished
+    by the priests for her unrighteous thrift by being refused the
+    sacrament. Her business, too, was for a while endangered. One
+    instance out of many of the kind of prejudice she provoked was
+    that of two wealthy and educated ladies, who, as they entered
+    the bath one day, heard music in the <i>chapelle
+    &eacute;vang&eacute;lique</i> and instantly beat a hurried
+    retreat. They only stopped to explain that all the world knows
+    the object of Protestant worship is the devil, and they dare
+    not stay within hearing of the sacrilegious rites. In spite of
+    multiform discouragements like these, the evangelist and his
+    wife, a motherly woman of much quiet strength, whose gentleness
+    made sweet a very homely face, talked of their work and
+    prospects with a matter-of-course hopefulness which it was not
+    easy to share. Nothing in their habits, they told us, had
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 696]</span> more amazed their Roman
+    Catholic neighbors at first than their lavish use of water. But
+    in that particular, at least, suspicion had been allayed, their
+    perseverance had proved the practice harmless, and their
+    example was beginning to find a few timid imitators.</p>
+
+    <p>Our first night after leaving Gap was spent at Embrun. As we
+    approached the town, which surmounts an extraordinary platform
+    of rock, its walls looking like part of the smooth, brown tufa
+    precipice that rises abruptly out of the valley, we seemed to
+    see in its picturesque and impressive aspect something of the
+    grandeur and gloom of its long history. The cathedral where so
+    many archbishops have ministered preserves little trace of its
+    former splendors: even architecturally it is without
+    attraction.</p>
+
+    <p>For the next two days our route continued to lie through the
+    valley, which we entered upon leaving Gap, of the Durance. It
+    is an apparently insignificant but treacherous stream, which by
+    repeated floods has spread ugly devastation over a hill-girdled
+    country that ought to be smiling with peace and plenty. At
+    Guillestre we came in sight of the jagged double peak of Mont
+    Pelvoux, and got a magnificent vista toward the south, ending
+    in the white slopes of some giant of the Cottian Alps. The Mont
+    Pelvoux and the Pointe des &Eacute;crins, the greatest of those
+    mountains from which the department takes its name, although
+    they appear on none of the ordinary maps, stand, I believe,
+    only twelfth and thirteenth in the scale of height among the
+    mountains of Europe. The explorations of Whymper have
+    introduced them to his readers, but they still remain almost
+    untrodden by other climbers.</p>
+
+    <p>On the second afternoon we reached the lateral valley of
+    Fressini&egrave;re, the climax of our journey. There was
+    refreshment for soul as well as body in the daintily-clean,
+    bare-floored rooms, redolent of apples set out to dry, into
+    which we were welcomed by Pastor Charpiot and his wife at
+    Pallons. The village is a mere group of Alpine huts, and the
+    only chance of shelter was at the presbytery. So much we had
+    little doubt of finding there, but we counted as little upon
+    the warm and graceful hospitality which greeted our
+    application. And when our nationality transpired it added new
+    zest to the good-will of our host and hostess. We were their
+    first Transatlantic guests.</p>
+
+    <p>The valley of Fressini&egrave;re, at the entrance of which
+    Pallons lies, is the centre of those special interests which
+    first prompted the pilgrimage I am recording. With it are
+    specially associated the earliest traditions of Protestantism
+    in France, and here Felix Neff spent the larger part of his
+    brief but memorable career as pastor in the High Alps. I
+    suppose the exact antiquity of the Protestants of
+    Dauphin&eacute; is one of the historical problems that still
+    await their final solution. The older chronicles provide them
+    with what seems an unbroken line of descent from the second
+    century, when Iren&aelig;us preached in Lyons and Vienne.
+    Christian fugitives from those cities during the persecution of
+    Marcus Aurelius may, it is alleged, have taken refuge in the
+    not distant Dauphin&eacute; mountains, and have transmitted to
+    their descendants the primitive faith they had received. But
+    modern criticism has so seriously undermined, as practically to
+    have demolished, this imposing genealogical structure. It is
+    not denied that voices of more or less emphatic protest against
+    Rome made themselves heard among these mountains and the
+    neighboring Cottian Alps during the earlier centuries. Can such
+    voices be held to represent any definitely-organized
+    dissentient body of more remote origin than the Poor Men of
+    Lyons, led by Peter Waldo in 1172? The latest researches give
+    an apparently final negative answer to this question. At least,
+    however, it is beyond dispute that long before the Reformation
+    the valleys of the High Alps were a retreat for persecuted
+    schismatics whose opposition to the Romish Church anticipated
+    Protestantism. As early as the fifteenth century a papal bull
+    denounced as <i>inveterate</i> the heretics of Dauphin&eacute;
+    and Provence, and about the middle of the next century
+    delegates from those provinces appeared at the first national
+    Protestant synod in <span class="pagenum">[pg 697]</span>
+    France with the following declaration: "We consent to merge in
+    the common cause, but we require no Reformation, for our
+    forefathers and ourselves have ever disclaimed the corruptions
+    of the churches in communion with Rome." Enough is therefore
+    certain as to the antecedents of these Protestant mountaineers
+    to surround them with an entirely peculiar interest. The
+    saddest feature, perhaps, of all their history is the stunting
+    of mind and character that has resulted from centuries of
+    oppression. After the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes they
+    were subject to fresh persecution, and until within the present
+    century they have been denied the privileges of citizenship and
+    forced to look upon themselves as outcasts. One can only wonder
+    at the degree of individuality and force which they have still
+    preserved.</p>
+
+    <p>Felix Neff, while still a <i>proposant</i>, or candidate for
+    the ministry, at Geneva, was sent to Dauphin&eacute; in
+    response to the appeal of two pastors there for an assistant.
+    Two years later, at the beginning of 1824, in the twenty-sixth
+    year of his age, he became pastor of the Protestant churches in
+    the Arvieux section of the High Alps. This was the larger and
+    by far the more arduous of the two parishes into which the
+    department was at that time divided. In seventeen or eighteen
+    widely-scattered villages Neff found the little groups of
+    "Huguenots" which composed his charge. His official residence,
+    the presbytery, was at La Chalp, a hamlet above the village of
+    Arvieux and near the border of Italy. From this point to St.
+    Laurent, the western limit of his parish, is a journey of sixty
+    miles, including the passage of a dangerous gorge and the
+    crossing of a difficult snow-pass. St. V&eacute;ran on the east
+    was the least remote of his boundaries, but even this is
+    separated from La Chalp by twelve miles of steep descent and
+    rough climbing. On the north and the south the extreme points
+    were distant respectively thirty-three and twenty-miles, and
+    the routes are of the same character as in the other
+    directions.</p>
+
+    <p>These disadvantages, instead of daunting the young pastor,
+    seemed only to stimulate his ardor. "I am always dreaming of
+    the High Alps," he had written in 1823, after visiting them for
+    the first time. "I had rather be stationed there than in places
+    which are under the beautiful sky of Languedoc. The country
+    bears a strong resemblance to the Alps of Switzerland. It has
+    their advantages, and even their beauties. It has, above all,
+    an energetic race of people&mdash;intelligent, active, hardy
+    and patient under fatigue&mdash;who offer a better soil for the
+    gospel than the wealthy and corrupt inhabitants of the plains
+    of the South." The illusions that mingled with these early
+    impressions were doubtless soon dispelled. He shows later a
+    perfectly clear perception of the degenerate condition of his
+    parishioners, but his eagerness to serve them waxes with his
+    sense of their need. Neff was in modern times their first
+    regularly-appointed pastor. A son of Oberlin, whose short but
+    devoted life shows him to have inherited his father's spirit,
+    had once undertaken the provisional charge of the parish, but
+    only for a few months. In general, it had had no ministry
+    beyond occasional visits from the pastor of Orpierre, the other
+    section of the department.</p>
+
+    <p>The valley of Fressini&egrave;re at once attracted Neff's
+    peculiar regard. It was the part of his parish most difficult
+    of access and most cut off from any chance of material
+    prosperity. The climate is such that in unfavorable seasons
+    even rye will not ripen, and the patches of potatoes straggling
+    forlornly among the rocks often fail to reach maturity. No
+    other grain or vegetable can be raised. Mould quickly attacks
+    the flour in this mountain-air, and the year's baking is
+    accordingly done in the autumn as soon as the rye comes back
+    from the mill. The coarse black loaves grow perfectly hard in a
+    few weeks, and have to be chopped into pieces and soaked in hot
+    water before they can be eaten. It is only at the head of the
+    valley, above the hamlet of Dourmillouse, that any pastures are
+    found, and many of those are inaccessible to cattle and
+    scarcely safe for sheep. They are besides so meagre that in dry
+    summers no hay can be <span class="pagenum">[pg 698]</span>
+    made, and the peasants are forced to sell their beasts at a
+    loss or else see them die for want of food. The addition of a
+    little salted meat to the half-grown potatoes and the stony
+    bread is a luxury of only the most prosperous years. The bald
+    mountain-slopes furnish no fuel, and it is of course only in
+    the smallest quantities that the people can afford to buy wood
+    in the valley of the Durance. Their resource against the
+    winter's cold is moving into their stables, where, huddled
+    together in a corner cleared for the purpose, they pass four or
+    five months. The smoky and confined air is a welcome change
+    from the icy winds outside, and the steaming cattle are a
+    source of grateful warmth. "This village," Neff writes, about
+    the middle of September, from the smallest and most destitute
+    of the hamlets of Fressini&egrave;re, "is squeezed up in the
+    very narrowest gorge of the valley, and is now buried in snow,
+    and without the hope of seeing the sun during the rest of the
+    winter. The houses are low, dark and dirty, and the people
+    themselves seem to be stupefied with the utter misery of their
+    condition."</p>
+
+    <p>Besides the strong appeal thus made to his sympathy, the
+    young pastor nowhere else felt as in this valley the
+    inspiration of his parish's history. Dourmillouse especially he
+    regarded as the most staunchly Protestant of all the villages
+    to which he ministered. "It is celebrated," he writes, "for the
+    resistance which its inhabitants have opposed for more than six
+    hundred years to the Church of Rome. They never bowed their
+    knee before an idol, even when all the inhabitants of the
+    valley of Queyras" (on the opposite side of the Durance, and
+    embracing Arvieux, St. V&eacute;ran and other villages)
+    "dissembled their faith. The aspect of this desert, both
+    terrible and sublime, which served as the asylum of truth when
+    almost all the world lay in darkness; the recollection of the
+    faithful martyrs of old; the deep caverns into which they
+    withdrew to read the Bible in secret and to worship the Father
+    of Light in spirit and in truth,&mdash;everything tends to
+    elevate my soul." He spent here the whole of one winter and
+    large portions of another, and it was here that he gathered his
+    most important schools.</p>
+
+    <p>The rest of the field was not, however, neglected. Neff
+    allowed himself twenty-one days for traversing his parish from
+    end to end, and during much of the year his rounds succeeded
+    each other with little interval. He was continually passing
+    from the extreme of heat in sunny valleys to the arctic cold of
+    snows and glaciers. His lodging on these journeys was in the
+    huts of the peasants. He shared their coarse and unwholesome
+    food, often cooked in ill-cleansed copper vessels. He slept in
+    small, unventilated hovels, a dozen other persons often
+    dividing with him the scanty space. He did not shrink from even
+    the stables in winter. However exhausted he might be by hours
+    of toilsome walking, his elastic spirit quickly revived: all
+    thought of refreshment for himself was secondary to the
+    spiritual wants he sought to meet in others.</p>
+
+    <p>Nor was he content without trying to ameliorate the temporal
+    condition of his parishioners. By the care of his own garden he
+    sought to teach them more intelligent and productive methods of
+    agriculture than the rude processes to which they were
+    accustomed. In the valley of Fressini&egrave;re he built an
+    aqueduct for purposes of irrigation, overcoming prejudice and
+    opposition by beginning the work with his own hands. The
+    example of Oberlin was constantly before him, and he often
+    expresses his ambition to be to his people such a guide and
+    helper as the pastor of Ban de la Roche had been to the
+    peasants of the Vosges.</p>
+
+    <p>Neff was not long in discovering that his work must begin
+    with the most elementary instruction. Generally, the people
+    were ignorant of any language but their native patois. Up to
+    this period their schoolmasters, paid at the rate of
+    twenty-five francs a year, had been peasants like themselves.
+    Their only time for study was such of the year as was not
+    needed for the tilling of the niggardly soil or spent in the
+    care of the flocks. And even the little they were able to learn
+    was easily lost on account of the scarcity of books. Neff first
+    addressed <span class="pagenum">[pg 699]</span> himself to
+    learning the patois, and then, as he went from village to
+    village, made ordinary teaching a part of his pastoral
+    functions. At the beginning of his second winter he resolved to
+    undertake the training of teachers. "I foresaw," he writes,
+    "that the truth which I had been permitted to preach would not
+    only not spread, but might even be lost, unless something
+    should be done to promote its continuance." Accordingly, for
+    five months he relinquished the more congenial general work of
+    his parish and devoted himself to a normal school at
+    Dourmillouse. One reason for planting it there was the
+    inaccessibility of the place and its consequent freedom from
+    distraction. More than twenty young men from other villages
+    cheerfully submitted to the long confinement in this ice-bound
+    fastness, and the people of Dourmillouse were glad to make room
+    in their huts for the new-comers, and to add to the supplies
+    brought by them their own scanty stores.</p>
+
+    <p>The following winter, his third in the High Alps, Neff again
+    opened this school, dividing its care, however, with one of his
+    most capable pupils of the previous year, and paying occasional
+    visits to other parts of his parish. But now his health, never
+    robust, began to give way under the incessant strain to which
+    it was subjected. Early in the spring of 1829 he was forced to
+    go to Geneva with the hope of recruiting. There, after two
+    years of suffering, the details of which are painful beyond
+    expression, he died at the age of thirty-one.</p>
+
+    <p>With our minds full of these memories we set out on the
+    morning after our arrival at Pallons, with Pastor Charpiot as
+    guide, to explore the valley of Fressini&egrave;re and ascend
+    to Dourmillouse. The immediate vicinity of Pallons is fair and
+    fertile, but a short walk up the course of an impetuous torrent
+    brought us to a narrow gorge, beyond which we found a totally
+    different region. Bare slopes of rock that looked grim even in
+    the sunny morning, and a waste valley-bottom, here of
+    considerable width, but sterile and bleak, made up the
+    landscape. Its dreariness was only increased by an occasional
+    chalet standing beside a patch of limp and discolored
+    potato-vines. As we went on the scene grew more and more
+    gloomy. The tillage is in cleared spots not so large as the
+    heaps of stones that surround them, or on bits of practicable
+    soil left by land-slides in the midst of their hideous
+    d&eacute;bris. The only trees are dwarfish pollards, reduced to
+    bare trunks with thin tufts of green atop by the practice of
+    stripping off the sprouts every two or three years to make
+    fodder for the goats. Midway up the valley we passed the
+    village of Violins. It seemed mournfully empty, and many of the
+    houses were in reality deserted. A shy, bright-faced fellow
+    opened the little <i>temple</i> for our inspection, and Pastor
+    Charpiot reminded us how its interior was not only planned by
+    Neff, but in large measure his actual handiwork. Half an hour
+    further on our path led us through the hamlet of Minsas, now
+    entirely abandoned and in ruins. The desolation of the valley
+    here becomes appalling. On either hand sheer precipices of
+    crumbling rock rise above steep slopes of gravel and loose
+    stones. The ground is strewn thick with great boulders, many of
+    which had left traces of their furious descent before settling,
+    sometimes close beside the path, or even after crossing it in a
+    final bound. The precipices from which they had detached
+    themselves are composed of strangely-twisted strata, and
+    frequently recurring streaks of lurid red give them a fierce
+    and ghastly aspect. Landslips and torrents of stones are so
+    frequent of late years that no more attempts are made to clear
+    away the rubbish thus deposited. Where these scourges have not
+    fallen the sullen stream has carried devastation. Floods occur
+    every year. That of 1856 wrought a ruin from which the villages
+    have never rallied. In the whole upper half of the valley of
+    Fressini&egrave;re there is not, I suppose, an acre of land
+    capable of cultivation. In the time of Neff, wretched as its
+    condition must always have been, the poverty of this region was
+    not so utterly hopeless as it has since become. The failure of
+    all resources is literally driving away its inhabitants. Those
+    who remain, as in such cases a certain proportion cannot
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 700]</span> help doing, sometimes in
+    bad years pass three, six, and even nine, months without bread.
+    Their small stock of potatoes is often exhausted long before it
+    can be replenished. "I am at a loss," said the pastor, "when we
+    are no longer able to give them aid, to know how they live. The
+    only semblance of food left to them is soup, for which,
+    perhaps, they haven't even salt, much less meat or vegetables.
+    Turbid water&mdash;<i>de l'eau trouble, rien de plus!</i>"</p>
+
+    <p>The valley terminates abruptly at what seems an impassable
+    wall of rock. Upon nearer approach a zigzag path up its face is
+    discovered. Not far from the top the narrow way creeps by a
+    ledge which barely affords foothold across a thread of
+    sparkling foam slipping down a perpendicular precipice. In
+    winter this passage is sheeted in dangerously unstable ice, and
+    makes Dourmillouse inaccessible for weeks. Neff gives a
+    spirited account in his journal of leading out a party of young
+    peasants by torchlight, armed with axes, to cut a path here on
+    the evening before some service in which he wished the people
+    of the upper and lower valleys to unite. Dourmillouse lies on a
+    slope above this difficult ascent. It is a mere group of rude
+    chalets, like the other villages, but it has a less miserable
+    air. The land-slides are mostly confined to the lower valley,
+    and here the scanty Alpine pastures and steep patches of rye
+    are out of reach of the floods. The people are seldom reduced
+    to actual want of food, and are esteemed prosperous by their
+    more destitute neighbors below.</p>
+
+    <p>Our first visit was to the old priory in which Neff held his
+    winter schools. A row of half a dozen trees planted by him in
+    front of the house now shuts off a good deal of much-needed
+    sunshine, but is nevertheless carefully cherished as a
+    memorial. Beside the priory stands the <i>temple</i>, once a
+    Roman Catholic church, in which, before the Revolution, a
+    priest is said to have ministered for twenty-five years without
+    making a single convert, his own servant constituting his
+    flock. Presently we went to rest and eat the lunch Pastor
+    Charpiot had brought, at the house of the local <i>ancien</i>,
+    or elder. His wife, a sturdy, smiling young woman, gave us an
+    eager welcome. Two round-cheeked boys frisked about their old
+    friend the pastor, and a baby&mdash;its spirits quite unclouded
+    by its austere surroundings&mdash;crowed lustily from the
+    cradle in which, after the fashion of the country, it was
+    tightly strapped. It was a low, grimy room, with one square bit
+    of a window, and far from clean. Dr. Gilly, the prim English
+    biographer of Neff, quaintly says: "Cleanliness is not a virtue
+    which distinguishes any of the people in these mountains; and,
+    with such a nice sense of moral perception as they display, and
+    with such strict attention to the duties of religion, it is
+    astonishing that they have not yet learnt those ablutions in
+    their persons or habitations which are as necessary to comfort
+    as to health." I suspect, however, that the nicest "sense of
+    moral perception" in the world would excuse the omission of a
+    good many "ablutions" in a place where all the water that is
+    used has to be carried more than a quarter of a mile up a steep
+    and rough mountain-path from the nearest stream. And there was
+    one refinement in the rude chalet not always present in regions
+    far less removed from the centres of civilization: besides the
+    cloth&mdash;so coarse as to be a curiosity&mdash;which the
+    woman laid for us over an end of the unscoured table, she put
+    at each of our places, as a matter of course, a fresh napkin of
+    the same rude stuff.</p>
+
+    <p>I could not sufficiently admire the brave cheerfulness of
+    these simple folk. Many of the villagers were busy gathering
+    their little stock of potatoes, and all had something bright to
+    say about their good fortune in getting them so well grown and
+    safely stored before the frosts. It was the last week in
+    September, and they thought the winter already close at hand.
+    There was, too, in spite of a shrinking from strangers
+    painfully suggestive of tendencies inherited from generations
+    of persecuted ancestors, a degree of intelligence and
+    self-respect often wanting among peasants far more favorably
+    circumstanced. And it seemed to me worthy of remark that in all
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 701]</span> our
+    walk&mdash;notwithstanding the valley's unexampled
+    poverty&mdash;we did not encounter a single beggar. Before we
+    left Dourmillouse the "elder" appeared, a stalwart young
+    mountaineer with his gun slung across his shoulder. He had
+    finished his morning's work in some distant field, and was off
+    for a chamois-hunt among the rocks and glaciers. As a relic of
+    our visit he gave us a block of rye bread twenty-two months
+    old, which he chopped off the loaf with a hatchet.</p>
+
+    <p>We had frequent evidence in the course of our excursion that
+    Pastor Charpiot is a real shepherd to his needy flock. Indeed,
+    he gave to the walk an intimate and peculiar interest quite
+    apart from its historical associations. Here he bade us go
+    slowly on while he looked in upon a sick man, explaining that
+    he had to be doctor as well as minister. Again he asked us to
+    stop and share with him some of the grapes which a stout young
+    peasant-woman was bringing on her donkey from the Durance
+    vineyards, and which had no sweetness save in the good-will
+    that offered them. For all whom we met he had a cheery greeting
+    or an affectionate inquiry that showed familiar acquaintance
+    with their concerns; and occasionally a word or two suggested a
+    truth or hope, aptly illustrated in some passing incident, no
+    matter how trifling or homely.</p>
+
+    <p>A storm was gathering in the mountains as we made our way
+    back to Pallons through the deepening shadows of the autumn
+    afternoon. Before we emerged from the desolate valley its gloom
+    had grown almost intolerable; and yet this was but a suggestion
+    of the winter horrors which the white-haired pastor at our side
+    had faced for years in his regular ministrations at the
+    different hamlets we had visited. Speaking of the five pastors
+    now distributed over the field of which Neff assumed the whole
+    charge, he said with a modesty that was quite unaffected, "All
+    five together, we are not worth him alone" (<i>nous ne le
+    valons pas</i>). What we had seen that day convinced us that so
+    far at least as concerned himself his deprecation was
+    unfounded, but in expressing it he echoed the tone that seemed
+    universal in the High Alps in reference to the illustrious
+    young pastor. Neff could not, of course, in his short career
+    accomplish the permanent revolution which he dreamed of and
+    longed for. At the same time, it cannot be said that his work
+    has perished while not only pastors but people feel so strongly
+    the inspiration of that heroic life.</p>
+
+    <p class="author">JAMES M. BRUCE.</p><a name='BLOOMING'
+          id="BLOOMING"></a>
+
+    <h2>BLOOMING.</h2>
+
+    <div class='poem'>
+        <div class='stanza'>
+            <p>A little seed lay underneath the ground,</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>While from the south a mild wind-current
+            blew,</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>And from the tropics to the northward
+            flew</p>
+
+            <p>Long, angular lines of wild-fowl with a sound</p>
+
+            <p>Of silken wings. About that time the sun</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>Put forth a shining finger, and did
+            stir</p>
+
+            <p>The sleeping soil to effort; whereupon</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>The seed made roots like webs of
+            gossamer,</p>
+
+            <p>Shot up a stem, and flourished leaf and flower.</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>Now look, O sweet! see what your eyes
+            have done</p>
+
+            <p>With just one ray of their mysterious power</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>Upon the germ of my heart's passion
+            thrown!</p>
+
+            <p>Through all my frame steal roots of pure desire:</p>
+
+            <p>My dreams are blooms that shake and shine like
+            fire.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class="author">MAURICE THOMPSON</p><a name='FELIPA'
+          id="FELIPA"></a> <span class="pagenum">[pg 702]</span>
+
+    <h2>FELIPA.</h2><br />
+
+
+    <p>Christine and I found her there. She was a small,
+    dark-skinned, yellow-eyed child, the offspring of the ocean and
+    the heats, tawny, lithe and wild, shy yet fearless&mdash;not
+    unlike one of the little brown deer that bounded through the
+    open reaches of the pine barren behind the house. She did not
+    come to us&mdash;we came to her: we loomed into her life like
+    genii from another world, and she was partly afraid and partly
+    proud of us. For were we not her guests?&mdash;proud
+    thought!&mdash;and, better still, were we not women? "I have
+    only seen three women in all my life," said Felipa, inspecting
+    us gravely, "and I like women. I am a woman too, although these
+    clothes of the son of Pedro make me appear as a boy: I wear
+    them on account of the boat and the hauling in of the fish. The
+    son of Pedro being dead at a convenient age, and his clothes
+    fitting me, what would you have? It was manifestly a chance not
+    to be despised. But when I am grown I shall wear robes long and
+    beautiful like the se&ntilde;ora's." The little creature was
+    dressed in a boy's suit of dark-blue linen, much the worse for
+    wear, and torn.</p>
+
+    <p>"If you are a girl, why do you not mend your clothes?" I
+    said.</p>
+
+    <p>"Do you mend, se&ntilde;ora?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Certainly: all women sew and mend."</p>
+
+    <p>"The other lady?"</p>
+
+    <p>Christine laughed as she lay at ease upon the brown carpet
+    of pine needles, warm and aromatic after the tropic day's
+    sunshine. "The child has divined me already, Catherine," she
+    said.</p>
+
+    <p>Christine was a tall, lissome maid, with an unusually long
+    stretch of arm, long sloping shoulders and a long fair throat:
+    her straight hair fell to her knees when unbound, and its clear
+    flaxen hue had not one shade of gold, as her clear gray eyes
+    had not one shade of blue. Her small, straight, rose-leaf lips
+    parted over small, dazzlingly white teeth, and the outline of
+    her face in profile reminded you of an etching in its
+    distinctness, although it was by no means perfect according to
+    the rules of art. Still, what a comfort it was, after the
+    blurred outlines and smudged profiles many of us
+    possess&mdash;seen to best advantage, I think, in church on
+    Sundays, crowned with flower-decked bonnets, listening calmly
+    serene to favorite ministers, unconscious of noses! When
+    Christine had finished her laugh&mdash;and she never hurried
+    anything, but took the full taste of it&mdash;she stretched out
+    her arm carelessly and patted Felipa's curly head. The child
+    caught the descending hand and kissed the long white
+    fingers.</p>
+
+    <p>It was a wild place where we were, yet not new or
+    crude&mdash;the coast of Florida, that old-new land, with its
+    deserted plantations, its skies of Paradise, and its broad
+    wastes open to the changeless sunshine. The old house stood on
+    the edge of the dry land, where the pine barren ended and the
+    salt marsh began: in front curved the tide-water river that
+    seemed ever trying to come up close to the barren and make its
+    acquaintance, but could not quite succeed, since it must always
+    turn and flee at a fixed hour, like Cinderella at the ball,
+    leaving not a silver slipper, but purple driftwood and bright
+    sea-weeds, brought in from the Gulf Stream outside. A planked
+    platform ran out into the marsh from the edge of the barren,
+    and at its end the boats were moored; for although at high tide
+    the river was at our feet, at low tide it was far away out in
+    the green waste somewhere, and if we wanted it we must go and
+    seek it. We did not want it, however: we let it glide up to us
+    twice a day with its fresh salt odors and flotsam of the ocean,
+    and the rest of the time we wandered over the barrens or lay
+    under the trees looking up into the wonderful blue above,
+    listening to the winds as they rushed across from sea to sea. I
+    was an artist, poor and painstaking: Christine was my kind
+    friend. She <span class="pagenum">[pg 703]</span> had brought
+    me South because my cough was troublesome, and here because
+    Edward Bowne recommended the place. He and three
+    fellow-sportsmen were down at the Madre Lagoon, farther south;
+    I thought it probable we should see him, without his three
+    fellow-sportsmen, before very long.</p>
+
+    <p>"Who were the three women you have seen, Felipa?" said
+    Christine.</p>
+
+    <p>"The grandmother, an Indian woman of the Seminoles who comes
+    sometimes with baskets, and the wife of Miguel of the island.
+    But they are all old, and their skins are curled: I like better
+    the silver skin of the se&ntilde;ora."</p>
+
+    <p>Poor little Felipa lived on the edge of the great salt marsh
+    alone with her grand-parents, for her mother was dead. The
+    yellow old couple were slow-witted Minorcans, part pagan, part
+    Catholic, and wholly ignorant: their minds rarely rose above
+    the level of their orange trees and their fish-nets. Felipa's
+    father was a Spanish sailor, and as he had died only the year
+    before, the child's Spanish was fairly correct, and we could
+    converse with her readily, although we were slow to comprehend
+    the patois of the old people, which seemed to borrow as much
+    from the Italian tongue and the Greek as from its mother
+    Spanish. "I know a great deal," Felipa remarked confidently,
+    "for my father taught me. He had sailed on the ocean out of
+    sight of land, and he knew many things. These he taught to me.
+    Do the gracious ladies think there is anything else to
+    know?"</p>
+
+    <p>One of the gracious ladies thought not, decidedly: in answer
+    to my remonstrance, expressed in English, she said, "Teach a
+    child like that, and you ruin her."</p>
+
+    <p>"Ruin her?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Ruin her happiness&mdash;the same thing."</p>
+
+    <p>Felipa had a dog, a second self&mdash;a great gaunt yellow
+    creature of unknown breed, with crooked legs, big feet and the
+    name Drollo. What Drollo meant, or whether it was an
+    abbreviation, we never knew, but there was a certain
+    satisfaction in it, for the dog was droll: the fact that the
+    Minorcan title, whatever it was, meant nothing of that kind,
+    made it all the better. We never saw Felipa without Drollo.
+    "They look a good deal alike," observed Christine&mdash;"the
+    same coloring."</p>
+
+    <p>"For shame!" I said.</p>
+
+    <p>But it was true. The child's bronzed yellow skin and soft
+    eyes were not unlike the dog's, but her head was crowned with a
+    mass of short black curls, while Drollo had only his two great
+    flapping ears and his low smooth head. Give him an inch or two
+    more of skull, and what a creature a dog would be! For love and
+    faithfulness even now what man can match him? But, although
+    ugly, Felipa was a picturesque little object always, whether
+    attired in boy's clothes or in her own forlorn bodice and
+    skirt. Olive-hued and meagre-faced, lithe and thin, she flew
+    over the pine barrens like a creature of air, laughing to feel
+    her short curls toss and her thin childish arms buoyed up on
+    the breeze as she ran, with Drollo barking behind. For she
+    loved the winds, and always knew when they were
+    coming&mdash;whether down from the north, in from the ocean, or
+    across from the Gulf of Mexico: she watched for them, sitting
+    in the doorway, where she could feel their first breath, and
+    she taught us the signal of the clouds. She was a queer little
+    thing: we used to find her sometimes dancing alone out on the
+    barren in a circle she had marked out with pine-cones, and once
+    she confided to us that she talked to the trees. "They hear,"
+    she said in a whisper: "you should see how knowing they look,
+    and how their leaves listen."</p>
+
+    <p>Once we came upon her most secret lair in a dense thicket of
+    thorn-myrtle and wild smilax, a little bower she had made,
+    where was hidden a horrible-looking image formed of the rough
+    pieces of saw-palmetto grubbed up by old Bartolo from his
+    garden. She must have dragged these fragments thither one by
+    one, and with infinite pains bound them together with her rude
+    withes of strong marsh-grass, until at last she had formed a
+    rough trunk with crooked arms and a sort of a head, the red
+    hairy surface of the palmetto looking not unlike the skin of
+    some beast, and making the creature <span class="pagenum">[pg
+    704]</span> all the more grotesque. This fetich was kept
+    crowned with flowers, and after this we often saw the child
+    stealing away with Drollo to carry to it portions of her meals
+    or a new-found treasure&mdash;a sea-shell, a broken saucer, or
+    a fragment of ribbon. The food always mysteriously disappeared,
+    and my suspicion is that Drollo used to go back secretly in the
+    night and devour it, asking no questions and telling no lies:
+    it fitted in nicely, however, Drollo merely performing the
+    ancient part of the priests of Jupiter, men who have been much
+    admired. "What a little pagan she is!" I said.</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh no, it is only her doll," replied Christine.</p>
+
+    <p>I tried several times to paint Felipa during these first
+    weeks, but those eyes of hers always evaded me. They were, as I
+    have said before, yellow&mdash;that is, they were brown with
+    yellow lights&mdash;and they stared at you with the most
+    inflexible openness. The child had the full-curved, half-open
+    mouth of the tropics, and a low Greek forehead. "Why isn't she
+    pretty?" I said.</p>
+
+    <p>"She is hideous," replied Christine: "look at her
+    elbows."</p>
+
+    <p>Now, Felipa's arms <i>were</i> unpleasant; they were brown
+    and lean, scratched and stained, and they terminated in a pair
+    of determined little paws that could hold on like grim Death. I
+    shall never forget coming upon a tableau one day out on the
+    barren&mdash;a little Florida cow and Felipa, she holding on by
+    the horns, and the beast with its small fore feet stubbornly
+    set in the sand; girl pulling one way, cow the other; both
+    silent and determined. It was a hard contest, but the girl
+    won.</p>
+
+    <p>"And if you pass over her elbows, there are her feet,"
+    continued Christine languidly. For she was a sybaritic lover of
+    the fine linens of life, that friend of mine&mdash;a
+    pre-Raphaelite lady with clinging draperies and a
+    medi&aelig;val clasp on her belt. Her whole being rebelled
+    against ugliness, and the mere sight of a sharp-nosed,
+    light-eyed woman on a cold day made her uncomfortable for
+    hours.</p>
+
+    <p>"Have we not feet, too?" I replied sharply.</p>
+
+    <p>But I knew what she meant. Bare feet are not pleasant to the
+    eye now-a-days, whatever they may have been in the days of the
+    ancient Greeks; and Felipa's little brown insteps were half the
+    time torn or bruised by the thorns of the chapparal. Besides,
+    there was always the disagreeable idea that she might step upon
+    something cold and squirming when she prowled through the
+    thickets knee-deep in the matted grasses. Snakes abounded,
+    although we never saw them; but Felipa went up to their very
+    doors, as it were, and rang the bell defiantly.</p>
+
+    <p>One day old Grandfather Bartolo took the child with him down
+    to the coast: she was always wild to go to the beach, where she
+    could gather shells and sea-beans, and chase the little
+    ocean-birds that ran along close to the waves with that swift
+    gliding motion of theirs, and where she could listen to the
+    roar of the breakers. We were several miles up the river, and
+    to go down to the ocean was quite a voyage to Felipa. She bade
+    us good-bye joyously; then ran back to hug Christine a second
+    time, then to the boat again; then back.</p>
+
+    <p>"I thought you wanted to go, child?" I said, a little
+    impatiently, for I was reading aloud, and these small
+    irruptions were disturbing.</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes," said Felipa, "I want to go; and still&mdash;Perhaps
+    if the gracious se&ntilde;ora would kiss me again&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>Christine only patted her cheek and told her to run away:
+    she obeyed, but there was a wistful look in her eyes, and even
+    after the boat had started her face, watching us from the
+    stern, haunted me.</p>
+
+    <p>"Now that the little monkey has gone, I may be able at last
+    to catch and fix a likeness of her," I said: "in this case a
+    recollection is better than the changing quicksilver
+    reality."</p>
+
+    <p>"You take it as a study of ugliness, I suppose?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Do not be so hard upon the child, Christine."</p>
+
+    <p>"Hard? Why, she adores me," said my friend, going off to her
+    hammock under the tree.</p>
+
+    <p>Several days passed, and the boat returned
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 705]</span> not. I accomplished a
+    fine amount of work, and Christine a fine amount of swinging in
+    the hammock and dreaming. At length one afternoon I gave my
+    final touch, and carried my sketch over to the pre-Raphaelite
+    lady for criticism. "What do you see?" I said.</p>
+
+    <p>"I see a wild-looking child with yellow eyes, a mat of curly
+    black hair, a lank little bodice, her two thin brown arms
+    embracing a gaunt old dog with crooked legs, big feet and
+    turned-in toes."</p>
+
+    <p>"Is that all?"</p>
+
+    <p>"All."</p>
+
+    <p>"You do not see latent beauty, proud courage, and a possible
+    great gulf of love in that poor wild little face?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Nothing of the kind," replied Christine decidedly. "I see
+    an ugly little girl: that is all."</p>
+
+    <p>The next day the boat returned, and brought back five
+    persons&mdash;the old grandfather, Felipa, Drollo, Miguel of
+    the island and&mdash;Edward Bowne.</p>
+
+    <p>"Already?" I said.</p>
+
+    <p>"Tired of the Madre, Kitty: thought I would come up here and
+    see you for a while. I knew you must be pining for me."</p>
+
+    <p>"Certainly," I replied: "do you not see how I have wasted
+    away?"</p>
+
+    <p>He drew my arm through his and raced me down the plank-walk
+    toward the shore, where I arrived laughing and out of
+    breath.</p>
+
+    <p>"Where is Christine?" he asked.</p>
+
+    <p>I came back into the traces at once: "Over there in the
+    hammock. You wish to go to the house first, I suppose?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Of course not."</p>
+
+    <p>"But she did not come to meet you, Edward, although she knew
+    you had landed."</p>
+
+    <p>"Of course not, also."</p>
+
+    <p>"I do not understand you two."</p>
+
+    <p>"And of course not, a third time," said Edward, looking down
+    at me with a smile. "What do quiet, peaceful little artists
+    know about war?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Is it war?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Something very like it, Kitty. What is that you are
+    carrying?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh! my new sketch. What do you think of it?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Good, very good. Some little girl about here, I
+    suppose?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Why, it is Felipa!"</p>
+
+    <p>"And who is Felipa? Seems to me I have seen that old dog,
+    though."</p>
+
+    <p>"Of course you have: he was in the boat with you, and so was
+    Felipa, but she was dressed in boy's clothes, and that gives
+    her a different look."</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh! that boy? I remember him. His name is Philip. He is a
+    funny little fellow," said Edward calmly.</p>
+
+    <p>"Her name is Felipa, and she is not a boy or a funny little
+    fellow at all," I replied.</p>
+
+    <p>"Isn't she? I thought she was both," replied Ned carelessly,
+    and then he went off toward the hammock. I turned away after
+    noting Christine's cool greeting, and went back to the
+    boat.</p>
+
+    <p>Felipa came bounding to meet me. "What is his name?" she
+    demanded.</p>
+
+    <p>"Bowne."</p>
+
+    <p>"Buon&mdash;Buona: I cannot say it."</p>
+
+    <p>"Bowne, child&mdash;Edward Bowne."</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh! Eduardo: I know that. Eduardo&mdash;Eduardo&mdash;a
+    name of honey."</p>
+
+    <p>She flew off singing the name, followed by Drollo carrying
+    his mistress's palmetto basket in his big patient mouth; but
+    when I passed the house a few moments afterward she was
+    singing, or rather talking volubly of, another
+    name&mdash;"Miguel," and "the wife of Miguel," who were
+    apparently important personages on the canvas of her life. As
+    it happened, I never really saw that wife of Miguel, who
+    seemingly had no name of her own; but I imagined her. She lived
+    on a sandbar in the ocean not far from the mouth of our river;
+    she drove pelicans like ducks with a long switch, and she had a
+    tame eagle; she had an old horse also, who dragged the
+    driftwood across the sand on a sledge, and this old horse
+    seemed like a giant horse always, outlined as he ever was
+    against the flat bar and the sky. She went out at dawn, and she
+    went out at sunset, but during the middle of the burning day
+    she sat at home and polished sea-beans, for which she obtained
+    untold sums: she was very tall, she was very yellow, and she
+    had but one eye. These items, one by one, had been dropped
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 706]</span> by Felipa at various
+    times, and it was with curiosity that I gazed upon the original
+    Miguel, the possessor of this remarkable spouse. He was a
+    grave-eyed, yellow man, who said little and thought less,
+    applying <i>cui bono?</i> to mental much as the city man
+    applies it to bodily exertion, and therefore achieving, I
+    think, a finer degree of inanition. The tame eagle, the
+    pelicans, were nothing to him, and when I saw his lethargic,
+    gentle countenance my own curiosity about them seemed to die
+    away in haze, as though I had breathed in an invisible opiate.
+    He came, he went, and that was all: exit Miguel.</p>
+
+    <p>Felipa was constantly with us now. She and Drollo followed
+    the three of us wherever we went&mdash;followed the two also
+    whenever I stayed behind to sketch, as I often stayed, for in
+    those days I was trying to catch the secret of the barrens: a
+    hopeless effort, I know it now. "Stay with me, Felipa," I said;
+    for it was natural to suppose that the lovers might like to be
+    alone. (I call them lovers for want of a better name, but they
+    were more like haters: however, in such cases it is nearly the
+    same thing.) And then Christine, hearing this, would
+    immediately call "Felipa!" and the child would dart after them,
+    happy as a bird. She wore her boy's suit now all the time,
+    because the se&ntilde;ora had said she "looked well in it."
+    What the se&ntilde;ora really said was, that in boy's clothes
+    she looked less like a grasshopper. But this had been
+    translated as above by Edward Bowne when Felipa suddenly
+    descended upon him one day and demanded to be instantly told
+    what the gracious lady was saying about her; for she seemed to
+    know by intuition when we spoke of her, although we talked in
+    English and mentioned no names. When told, her small face
+    beamed, and she kissed Christine's hand joyfully and bounded
+    away. Christine took out her beautiful handkerchief and wiped
+    the spot.</p>
+
+    <p>"Christine," I said, "do you remember the fate of the proud
+    girl who walked upon bread?"</p>
+
+    <p>"You think that I may starve for kisses some time?" said my
+    friend, going on with the wiping.</p>
+
+    <p>"Not while I am alive," called out Edward from behind. His
+    style of courtship <i>was</i> of the sledge-hammer sort
+    sometimes. But he did not get much for it on that day; only
+    lofty tolerance, which seemed to amuse him greatly.</p>
+
+    <p>Edward played with Felipa very much as if she was a rubber
+    toy or a trapeze performer. He held her out at arm's length in
+    mid-air, he poised her on his shoulder, he tossed her up into
+    the low myrtle trees, and dangled her by her little belt over
+    the claret-colored pools on the barren; but he could not
+    frighten her: she only laughed and grew wilder and wilder, like
+    a squirrel. "She has muscles and nerves of steel," he said
+    admiringly.</p>
+
+    <p>"Do put her down: she is too excitable for such games," I
+    said in French, for Felipa seemed to divine our English now.
+    "See the color she has."</p>
+
+    <p>For there was a trail of dark red over the child's thin oval
+    cheeks which made her look strangely unlike herself. As she
+    caught our eyes fixed upon her she suddenly stopped her
+    climbing and came and sat at Christine's feet. "Some day I
+    shall wear robes like the se&ntilde;ora's," she said, passing
+    her hand over the soft fabric; "and I think," she added after
+    some slow consideration, "that my face will be like the
+    se&ntilde;ora's too."</p>
+
+    <p>Edward burst out laughing. The little creature stopped
+    abruptly and scanned his face.</p>
+
+    <p>"Do not tease her," I said.</p>
+
+    <p>Quick as a flash she veered around upon me. "He does not
+    tease me," she said angrily in Spanish; "and, besides, what if
+    he does? I like it." She looked at me with gleaming eyes and
+    stamped her foot.</p>
+
+    <p>"What a little tempest!" said Christine.</p>
+
+    <p>Then Edward, man-like, began to explain. "You could not look
+    much like this lady, Felipa," he said, "because you are so
+    dark, you know."</p>
+
+    <p>"Am I dark?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Very dark; but many people are dark, of course; and for my
+    part I always liked dark eyes," said this mendacious
+    person.</p>
+
+    <p>"Do you like my eyes?" asked Felipa anxiously.</p>
+
+    <p><span class="pagenum">[pg 707]</span> "Indeed I do: they are
+    like the eyes of a dear little calf I once owned when I was a
+    boy."</p>
+
+    <p>The child was satisfied, and went back to her place beside
+    Christine. "Yes, I shall wear robes like this," she said
+    dreamily, drawing the flowing drapery over her knees clad in
+    the little linen trousers, and scanning the effect: "they would
+    trail behind me&mdash;so." Her bare feet peeped out below the
+    hem, and again we all laughed, the little brown toes looked so
+    comical coming out from the silk and the snowy embroideries.
+    She came down to reality at once, looked at us, looked at
+    herself, and for the first time seemed to comprehend the
+    difference. Then suddenly she threw herself down on the ground
+    like a little animal, and buried her head in her arms. She
+    would not speak, she would not look up: she only relaxed one
+    arm a little to take in Drollo, and then lay motionless. Drollo
+    looked at us out of one eye solemnly from his uncomfortable
+    position, as much as to say, "No use: leave her to me." So
+    after a while we went away and left them there.</p>
+
+    <p>That evening I heard a low knock at my door. "Come in," I
+    said, and Felipa entered. I hardly knew her. She was dressed in
+    a flowered muslin gown which had probably belonged to her
+    mother, and she wore her grandmother's stockings and large
+    baggy slippers: on her mat of curly hair was perched a
+    high-crowned, stiff white cap adorned with a ribbon streamer,
+    and her lank little neck, coming out of the big gown, was
+    decked with a chain of large sea-beans, like exaggerated
+    lockets. She carried a Cuban fan in her hand which was as large
+    as a parasol, and Drollo, walking behind, fairly clanked with
+    the chain of sea-shells which she had wound around him from
+    head to tail. The droll tableau and the supreme pride on
+    Felipa's countenance overcame me, and I laughed aloud. A sudden
+    cloud of rage and disappointment came over the poor child's
+    face: she threw her cap on the floor and stamped on it; she
+    tore off her necklace and writhed herself out of her big
+    flowered gown, and running to Drollo, nearly strangled him in
+    her fierce efforts to drag off his shell chains. Then, a
+    half-dressed, wild little phantom, she seized me by the skirts
+    and dragged me toward the looking-glass. "You are not pretty
+    either," she cried. "Look at yourself! look at yourself!"</p>
+
+    <p>"I did not mean to laugh at you, Felipa," I said gently: "I
+    would not laugh at any one; and it is true I am not pretty, as
+    you say. I can never be pretty, child; but if you will try to
+    be more gentle, I could teach you how to dress yourself so that
+    no one would laugh at you again. I could make you a little
+    bright-barred skirt and a scarlet bodice: you could help, and
+    that would teach you to sew. But a little girl who wants all
+    this done for her must be quiet and good."</p>
+
+    <p>"I am good," said Felipa&mdash;"as good as everything."</p>
+
+    <p>The tears still stood in her eyes, but her anger was
+    forgotten: she improvised a sort of dance around my room,
+    followed by Drollo dragging his twisted chain, stepping on it
+    with his big feet, and finally winding himself up into a knot
+    around the chair-legs.</p>
+
+    <p>"Couldn't we make Drollo something too? dear old Drollo!"
+    said Felipa, going to him and squeezing him in an enthusiastic
+    embrace. I used to wonder how his poor ribs stood it: Felipa
+    used him as a safety-valve for her impetuous feelings.</p>
+
+    <p>She kissed me good-night and then asked for "the other
+    lady."</p>
+
+    <p>"Go to bed, child," I said: "I will give her your
+    good-night."</p>
+
+    <p>"But I want to kiss her too," said Felipa.</p>
+
+    <p>She lingered at the door and would not go; she played with
+    the latch, and made me nervous with its clicking; at last I
+    ordered her out. But on opening my door half an hour afterward
+    there she was sitting on the floor outside in the darkness, she
+    and Drollo, patiently waiting. Annoyed, but unable to reprove
+    her, I wrapped the child in my shawl and carried her out into
+    the moonlight, where Christine and Edward were strolling to and
+    fro under the pines. "She <span class="pagenum">[pg 708]</span>
+    will not go to bed, Christine, without kissing you," I
+    explained.</p>
+
+    <p>"Funny little monkey!" said my lily friend, passively
+    allowing the embrace.</p>
+
+    <p>"Me too," said Edward, bending down. Then I carried my
+    bundle back satisfied.</p>
+
+    <p>The next day Felipa and I in secret began our labors: hers
+    consisted in worrying me out of my life and spoiling
+    material&mdash;mine in keeping my temper and trying to sew. The
+    result, however, was satisfactory, never mind how we got there.
+    I led Christine out one afternoon: Edward followed. "Do you
+    like tableaux?" I said. "There is one I have arranged for
+    you."</p>
+
+    <p>Felipa sat on the edge of the low, square-curbed Spanish
+    well, and Drollo stood behind her, his great yellow body and
+    solemn head serving as a background. She wore a brown petticoat
+    barred with bright colors, and a little scarlet bodice fitting
+    her slender waist closely; a chemisette of soft cream-color
+    with loose sleeves covered her neck and arms, and set off the
+    dark hues of her cheeks and eyes; and around her curly hair a
+    red scarf was twisted, its fringed edges forming a drapery at
+    the back of the head, which, more than anything else, seemed to
+    bring out the latent character of her face. Brown moccasins,
+    red stockings and a quantity of bright beads completed her
+    costume.</p>
+
+    <p>"By Jove!" cried Edward, "the little thing is almost
+    pretty."</p>
+
+    <p>Felipa understood this, and a great light came into her
+    face: forgetting her pose, she bounded forward to Christine's
+    side. "I am pretty, then?" she said with exultation: "I
+    <i>am</i> pretty, then, after all? For now you yourself have
+    said it&mdash;have said it."</p>
+
+    <p>"No, Felipa," I interposed, "the gentleman said it." For the
+    child had a curious habit of confounding the two identities
+    which puzzled me then as now. But this afternoon, this happy
+    afternoon, she was content, for she was allowed to sit at
+    Christine's feet and look up into her fair face unmolested. I
+    was forgotten, as usual.</p>
+
+    <p>"It is always so," I said to myself. But cynicism, as Mr.
+    Aldrich says, is a small brass field-piece that eventually
+    bursts and kills the artilleryman. I knew this, having been
+    blown up myself more than once; so I went back to my painting
+    and forgot the world. Our world down there on the edge of the
+    salt marsh, however, was a small one: when two persons went out
+    of it there was a vacuum at once.</p>
+
+    <p>One morning Felipa came sadly to my side. "They have gone
+    away,'" she said.</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, child."</p>
+
+    <p>"Down to the beach to spend all the day."</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, I know it."</p>
+
+    <p>"And without me!"</p>
+
+    <p>This was the climax. I looked up. The child's eyes were dry,
+    but there was a hollow look of disappointment in her face that
+    made her seem old: it was as though for an instant you caught
+    what her old-woman face would be half a century on.</p>
+
+    <p>"Why did they not take me?" she said. "I am pretty now: she
+    herself said it."</p>
+
+    <p>"They cannot always take you, Felipa," I replied, giving up
+    the point as to who had said it.</p>
+
+    <p>"Why not? I am pretty now: she herself said it," persisted
+    the child. "In these clothes, you know: she herself said it.
+    The clothes of the son of Pedro you will never see more: they
+    are burned."</p>
+
+    <p>"Burned?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, burned," replied Felipa composedly. "I carried them
+    out on the barren and burned them. Drollo singed his paw. They
+    burned quite nicely. But they are gone, and I am pretty now,
+    and yet they did not take me! What shall I do?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Take these colors and make me a picture," I suggested.
+    Generally, this was a prized privilege, but to-day it did not
+    attract: she turned away, and a few moments after I saw her
+    going down to the end of the plank walk, where she stood gazing
+    wistfully toward the ocean. There she stayed all day, going
+    into camp with Drollo, and refusing to come to dinner in spite
+    of old Dominga's calls and beckonings. At last the patient old
+    grandmother went down herself to the <span class="pagenum">[pg
+    709]</span> end of the long plank walk where they were with
+    some bread and venison on a plate. Felipa ate but little, but
+    Drollo, after waiting politely until she had finished, devoured
+    everything that was left in his calmly hungry way, and then sat
+    back on his haunches with one paw on the plate, as though for
+    the sake of memory. Drollo's hunger was of the chronic kind: it
+    seemed impossible either to assuage it or to fill him. There
+    was a gaunt leanness about him which I am satisfied no amount
+    of food could ever fatten. I think he knew it too, and that
+    accounted for his resignation. At length, just before sunset,
+    the boat returned, floating up the river with the tide, old
+    Bartolo steering and managing the brown sails. Felipa sprang up
+    joyfully: I thought she would spring into the boat in her
+    eagerness. What did she receive for her long vigil? A short
+    word or two: that was all. Christine and Edward had
+    quarreled.</p>
+
+    <p>How do lovers quarrel ordinarily? But I should not ask that,
+    for these were no ordinary lovers: they were decidedly
+    extraordinary.</p>
+
+    <p>"You should not submit to her caprices so readily," I said
+    the next day while strolling on the barren with Edward. (He was
+    not so much cast down, however, as he might have been.)</p>
+
+    <p>"I adore the very ground her foot touches, Kitty."</p>
+
+    <p>"I know it. But how will it end?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I will tell you: some of these days I shall win her, and
+    then&mdash;she will adore me."</p>
+
+    <p>Here Felipa came running after us, and Edward immediately
+    challenged her to a race: a game of romps began. If Christine
+    had been looking from her window, she might have thought he was
+    not especially disconsolate over her absence; but she was not
+    looking. She was never looking out of anything or for anybody.
+    She was always serenely content where she was. Edward and
+    Felipa strayed off among the pine trees, and gradually I lost
+    sight of them. But as I sat sketching an hour afterward Edward
+    came into view, carrying the child in his arms. I hurried to
+    meet them.</p>
+
+    <p>"I shall never forgive myself," he said: "the little thing
+    has fallen and injured her foot badly, I fear."</p>
+
+    <p>"I do not care at all," said Felipa: "I like to have it
+    hurt. It is <i>my</i> foot, isn't it?"</p>
+
+    <p>These remarks she threw at me defiantly, as though I had
+    laid claim to the member in question. I could not help
+    laughing.</p>
+
+    <p>"The other lady will not laugh," said the child proudly. And
+    in truth Christine, most unexpectedly, took up the r&ocirc;le
+    of nurse. She carried Felipa to her own room&mdash;for we each
+    had a little cell opening out of the main apartment&mdash;and
+    as white-robed Charity she shone with new radiance. "Shone" is
+    the proper word, for through the open door of the dim cell,
+    with the dark little face of Felipa on her shoulder, her white
+    robe and skin seemed fairly to shine, as white lilies shine on
+    a dark night. The old grandmother left the child in our care
+    and watched our proceedings wistfully, very much as a dog
+    watches the human hands that extract the thorn from the swollen
+    foot of her puppy. She was grateful and asked no questions; in
+    fact, thought was not one of her mental processes. She did not
+    think much: she only felt. As for Felipa, the child lived in
+    rapture during those days in spite of her suffering. She
+    scarcely slept at all&mdash;she was too happy: I heard her
+    voice rippling on through the night, and Christine's low
+    replies. She adored her beautiful nurse.</p>
+
+    <p>The fourth day came: Edward Bowne walked into the cell. "Go
+    out and breathe the fresh air for an hour or two," he said in
+    the tone more of a command than a request.</p>
+
+    <p>"But the child will never consent," replied Christine
+    sweetly.</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh yes, she will: I will stay with her," said the young
+    man, lifting the feverish little head on his arm and passing
+    his hand softly over the bright eyes.</p>
+
+    <p>"Felipa, do you not want me?" said Christine, bending
+    down.</p>
+
+    <p>"He stays: it is all the same," murmured the child.</p>
+
+    <p>"So it is. Go, Christine," said Edward with a little smile
+    of triumph.</p>
+
+    <p><span class="pagenum">[pg 710]</span> Without a word
+    Christine left the cell. But she did not go to walk: she came
+    to my room, and throwing herself on my bed fell in a moment
+    into a deep sleep, the reaction after her three nights of
+    wakefulness. When she awoke it was long after dark, and I had
+    relieved Edward in his watch.</p>
+
+    <p>"You will have to give it up," he said as our lily came
+    forth at last with sleep-flushed cheeks and starry eyes
+    shielded from the light. "The spell is broken: we have all been
+    taking care of Felipa, and she likes one as well as the
+    other."</p>
+
+    <p>Which was not true, in my case at least, since Felipa had
+    openly derided my small strength when I lifted her, and beat
+    off the sponge with which I attempted to bathe her hot face.
+    "They" used no sponges, she said, only their nice cool hands;
+    and she wished "they" would come and take care of her again.
+    But Christine had resigned in toto. If Felipa did not prefer
+    her to all others, then Felipa could not have her: she was not
+    a common nurse. And indeed she was not. Her fair beauty, ideal
+    grace, cooing voice and the strength of her long arms and
+    flexible hands were like magic to the sick,
+    and&mdash;distraction to the well; the well in this case being
+    Edward Bowne looking in at the door.</p>
+
+    <p>"You love them very much, do you not, Felipa?" I said one
+    day when the child was sitting up for the first time in a
+    cushioned chair.</p>
+
+    <p>"Ah, yes: it is so delicious when they carry me," she
+    replied. But it was Edward who carried her.</p>
+
+    <p>"He is very strong," I said.</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, and their long soft hair, with the smell of roses in
+    it too," said Felipa dreamily. But the hair was
+    Christine's.</p>
+
+    <p>"I shall love them for ever, and they will love me for
+    ever," continued the child. "Drollo too." She patted the dog's
+    head as she spoke, and then concluded to kiss him on his little
+    inch of forehead: next she offered him all her medicines and
+    lotions in turn, and he smelled at them grimly. "He likes to
+    know what I am taking," she explained.</p>
+
+    <p>I went on: "You love them, Felipa, and they are fond of you.
+    They will always remember you, no doubt."</p>
+
+    <p>"Remember!" cried Felipa, starting up from her cushions like
+    a Jack-in-the-box. "They are not going away? Never! never!"</p>
+
+    <p>"But of course they must go some time, for&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>But Felipa was gone. Before I could divine her intent she
+    had flung herself out of her chair down on to the floor, and
+    was crawling on her hands and knees toward the outer room. I
+    ran after her, but she reached the door before me, and,
+    dragging her bandaged foot behind her, drew herself, toward
+    Christine. "You are <i>not</i> going away! You are not! you are
+    not!" she sobbed, clinging to her skirts.</p>
+
+    <p>Christine was reading tranquilly: Edward stood at the outer
+    door mending his fishing-tackle. The coolness between them
+    remained unwarmed by so much as a breath. "Run away, child: you
+    disturb me," said Christine, turning over a leaf. She did not
+    even look at the pathetic little bundle at her feet. Pathetic
+    little bundles must be taught some time what ingratitude
+    deserves.</p>
+
+    <p>"How can she run, lame as she is?" said Edward from the
+    doorway.</p>
+
+    <p>"You are not going away, are you? Tell me you are not,"
+    sobbed Felipa in a passion of tears, beating on the floor with
+    one hand, and with the other clinging to Christine.</p>
+
+    <p>"I am not going," said Edward. "Do not sob so, you poor
+    little thing!"</p>
+
+    <p>She crawled to him, and he took her up in his arms and
+    soothed her into stillness again: then he carried her out on to
+    the barren for a breath of fresh air.</p>
+
+    <p>"It is a most extraordinary thing how that child confounds
+    you two," I said. "It is a case of color-blindness, as it
+    were&mdash;supposing you two were colors."</p>
+
+    <p>"Which we are not," replied Christine carelessly. "Do not
+    stray off into mysticism, Catherine."</p>
+
+    <p>"It is not mysticism: it is a study of character&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"Where there is no character," replied my friend.</p>
+
+    <p>I gave it up, but I said to myself,
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 711]</span> "Fate, in the next world
+    make me one of those long, lithe, light-haired women, will you?
+    I want to see how it feels."</p>
+
+    <p>Felipa's foot was well again, and spring had come. Soon we
+    must leave our lodge on the edge of the pine barren, our
+    outlook over the salt marsh, our river sweeping up twice a day,
+    bringing in the briny odors of the ocean: soon we should see no
+    more the eagles far above us or hear the night-cry of the great
+    owls, and we must go without the little fairy flowers of the
+    barren, so small that a hundred of them scarcely made a
+    tangible bouquet, yet what beauty! what sweetness! In my
+    portfolio were sketches and studies of the barrens, and in my
+    heart were hopes. Somebody says somewhere, "Hope is more than a
+    blessing: it is a duty and a virtue." But I fail to appreciate
+    preserved hope&mdash;hope put up in cans and served out in
+    seasons of depression. I like it fresh from the tree. And so
+    when I hope it <i>is</i> hope, and not that well-dried,
+    monotonous cheerfulness which makes one long to throw the
+    persistent smilers out of the window. Felipa danced no more on
+    the barrens; her illness had toned her excitable nature; she
+    seemed content to sit at our feet while we talked, looking up
+    dreamily into our faces, but no longer eagerly endeavoring to
+    comprehend. We were there: that was enough.</p>
+
+    <p>"She is growing like a reed," I said: "her illness has left
+    her weak."</p>
+
+    <p>"-Minded," suggested Christine, smiling.</p>
+
+    <p>At this moment Felipa stroked the lady's white hand tenderly
+    and laid her brown cheek against it.</p>
+
+    <p>"Do you not feel reproached," I said.</p>
+
+    <p>"Why? Must we give our love to whoever loves us? A fine
+    parcel of paupers we should all be, wasting our inheritance in
+    pitiful small change! Shall I give a thousand beggars a half
+    hour's happiness, or shall I make one soul rich his whole life
+    long?"</p>
+
+    <p>"The latter," remarked Edward, who had come up
+    unobserved.</p>
+
+    <p>They gazed at each other unflinchingly. They had come to
+    open battle during those last days, and I knew that the end was
+    near. Their words had been cold as ice, cutting as steel, and I
+    said to myself, "At any moment." There would be a deadly
+    struggle, and then Christine would yield. Even I comprehended
+    something of what that yielding would be. There are beautiful
+    velvety panthers in the Asian forests, and in real life too,
+    sometimes.</p>
+
+    <p>"Why do they hate each other so?" Felipa said to me
+    sadly.</p>
+
+    <p>"Do they hate each other?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, for I feel it here," she answered, touching her breast
+    with a dramatic little gesture.</p>
+
+    <p>"Nonsense! Go and play with your doll, child." For I had
+    made her a respectable, orderly doll to take the place of the
+    ungainly fetich out on the barren.</p>
+
+    <p>Felipa gave me a look and walked away. A moment afterward
+    she brought the doll out of the house before my very eyes, and,
+    going down to the end of the dock, deliberately threw it into
+    the water: the tide was flowing out, and away went my toy-woman
+    out of sight, out to sea.</p>
+
+    <p>"Well!" I said to myself. "What next?"</p>
+
+    <p>I had not told Felipa we were going: I thought it best to
+    let it take her by surprise. I had various small articles of
+    finery ready as farewell gifts which should act as sponges to
+    absorb her tears. But Fate took the whole matter out of my
+    hands. This is how it happened. One evening in the jessamine
+    arbor, in the fragrant darkness of the warm spring night, the
+    end came: Christine was won. She glided in like a wraith, and
+    I, divining at once what had happened, followed her into her
+    little room, where I found her lying on her bed, her hands
+    clasped on her breast, her eyes open and veiled in soft
+    shadows, her white robe drenched with dew. I kissed her
+    fondly&mdash;I never could help loving her then or
+    now&mdash;and next I went out to find Edward. He had been kind
+    to me all my poor gray life: should I not go to him now? He was
+    still in the arbor, and I sat down by his side quietly: I knew
+    that the words would come in time. They came: what a flood!
+    English was not enough for him. He <span class="pagenum">[pg
+    712]</span> poured forth his love in the rich-voweled Spanish
+    tongue also: it has sounded doubly sweet to me ever since.</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p class="i2">"Have you felt the wool of the
+            beaver?</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Or swan's down ever?</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Or have smelt the bud o' the brier?</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Or the nard in the fire?</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Or ha' tasted the bag o' the bee?</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Oh so white, oh so soft, oh so sweet is
+            she!"</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>said the young lover again and again; and I, listening there
+    in the dark fragrant night, with the dew heavy upon me, felt
+    glad that the old simple-hearted love was not entirely gone
+    from our tired metallic world.</p>
+
+    <p>It was late when we returned to the house. After reaching my
+    room I found that I had left my cloak in the arbor. It was a
+    strong fabric: the dew could not hurt it, but it could hurt my
+    sketching materials and various trifles in the wide inside
+    pockets&mdash;<i>objets de luxe</i> to me, souvenirs of happy
+    times, little artistic properties that I hang on the walls of
+    my poor studio when in the city. I went softly out into the
+    darkness again and sought the arbor: groping on the ground I
+    found, not the cloak, but&mdash;Felipa! She was crouched under
+    the foliage, face downward: she would not move or answer.</p>
+
+    <p>"What is the matter, child?" I said, but she would not
+    speak. I tried to draw her from her lair, but she tangled
+    herself stubbornly still farther among the thorny vines, and I
+    could not move her. I touched her neck: it was cold.
+    Frightened, I ran back to the house for a candle.</p>
+
+    <p>"Go away," she said in a low hoarse voice when I flashed the
+    light over her. "I know all, and I am going to die. I have
+    eaten the poison things in your box, and just now a snake came
+    on my neck and I let him. He has bitten me, I suppose, and I am
+    glad. Go away: I am going to die."</p>
+
+    <p>I looked around: there was my color-case rifled and empty,
+    and the other articles were scattered on the ground. "Good
+    Heavens, child!" I cried, "what have you eaten?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Enough," replied Felipa gloomily. "I knew they were
+    poisons: you told me so. And I let the snake stay."</p>
+
+    <p>By this time the household, aroused by my hurried exit with
+    the candle, came toward the arbor. The moment Edward appeared
+    Felipa rolled herself up like a hedgehog again and refused to
+    speak. But the old grandmother knelt down and drew the little
+    crouching figure into her arms with gentle tenderness,
+    smoothing its hair and murmuring loving words in her soft
+    dialect.</p>
+
+    <p>"What is it?" said Edward; but even then his eyes were
+    devouring Christine, who stood in the dark, vine-wreathed
+    doorway like a picture in a frame. I explained.</p>
+
+    <p>Christine smiled softly. "Jealousy," she said in a low
+    voice. "I am not surprised." And of her own accord she gave
+    back to Edward one of his looks.</p>
+
+    <p>But at the first sound of her voice Felipa had started up:
+    she too saw the look, and wrenching herself free from old
+    Dominga's arms, she threw herself at Christine's feet. "Look at
+    <i>me</i> so," she cried&mdash;"me too: do not look at him. He
+    has forgotten poor Felipa: he does not love her any more. But
+    <i>you</i> do not forget, se&ntilde;ora: <i>you</i> love
+    me&mdash;<i>you</i> love me. Say you do or I shall die!"</p>
+
+    <p>We were all shocked by the pallor and the wild hungry look
+    of her uplifted face. Edward bent down and tried to lift her in
+    his arms, but when she saw him a sudden fierceness came into
+    her eyes: they shot out yellow light and seemed to narrow to a
+    point of flame. Before we knew it she had turned, seized
+    something and plunged it into his encircling arm. It was my
+    little Venetian dagger.</p>
+
+    <p>We sprang forward; our dresses were spotted with the
+    fast-flowing blood; but Edward did not relax his hold on the
+    writhing wild little body he held until it lay exhausted in his
+    arms. "I am glad I did it," said the child, looking up into his
+    face with her inflexible eyes. "Put me down&mdash;put me down,
+    I say, by the gracious se&ntilde;ora, that I may die with the
+    trailing of her white robe over me." And the old grandmother
+    with trembling hands received her and laid her down mutely at
+    Christine's feet.</p>
+    <hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+    <p>Ah, well! Felipa did not die. The <span class="pagenum">[pg
+    713]</span> poisons wracked but did not kill her, and the snake
+    must have spared the little thin brown neck so despairingly
+    offered to him. We went away: there was nothing for us to do
+    but to go away as quickly as possible and leave her to her
+    kind. To the silent old grandfather I said, "It will pass: she
+    is but a child."</p>
+
+    <p>"She is nearly twelve, se&ntilde;ora. Her mother was married
+    at thirteen."</p>
+
+    <p>"But she loved them both alike, Bartolo. It is nothing: she
+    does not know."</p>
+
+    <p>"You are right, lady: she does not know," replied the old
+    man slowly; "but <i>I</i> know. It was two loves, and the
+    stronger thrust the knife."</p>
+
+    <p class="author">CONSTANCE FENIMORE
+    WOOLSON.</p><a name='AT_CHICKAMAUGA'
+          id="AT_CHICKAMAUGA"></a>
+
+    <h2>AT CHICKAMAUGA.</h2><br />
+
+
+    <p>It was the cream of army life in Southern Tennessee that we
+    left to go to Chickamauga. Our brigade had been detached, and
+    lay for some days at the foot of Waldron's Ridge, which runs
+    parallel to the broad Tennessee River, and a few miles north of
+    Chattanooga, then the objective point of the campaign of the
+    Army of the Cumberland under Rosecrans. Of course we knew that
+    when the movements in progress in the country below were
+    sufficiently advanced there would probably be lively work in
+    effecting a passage of the river in the face of the formidable
+    force which was guarding the ford two or three miles in our
+    front. In fact, for some days we had been preparing for the
+    effort, and up in a sluggish bayou the best of our mechanics
+    were industriously at work fashioning a rude scow out of such
+    material as axes could get from the native forests. In this
+    craft, if it could be made to float, a select party was to
+    cross the river some foggy morning, while the enemy were
+    intently watching the ford below, and then, while the chosen
+    few were being gloriously shot on the other side, the rest of
+    us were to attempt the waist-deep, crooked ford.</p>
+
+    <p>For the time we were, however, as has been said, enjoying
+    the cream of army life. The nights were chilly, though the days
+    were hot and the clay roads dusty. The mornings were glorious
+    with their bracing fresh air, their blue mists clinging about
+    far-off Lookout Mountain, and even hiding the top of Waldron's
+    Ridge at our backs, and their bright sunshine, which came
+    flooding over the distant heights of Georgia and North
+    Carolina. The wagon-tracks winding among the low, mound-like
+    hills which filled the valley from the base of the ridge to the
+    river were as smooth and gravelly as a well-kept private
+    roadway, and an ambulance-ride along their tortuous courses was
+    a most enjoyable recreation in those fine September days of
+    1863. A gallop twenty miles up the valley to where Minty kept
+    watch and ward upon our flank with his trusty horsemen; a
+    dinner at that hospitable mess-table, furnished maybe with a
+    pig which had strayed from its home not wholly through natural
+    perversity; and then a lively ride back in the early
+    evening,&mdash;this, indeed, was pleasure.</p>
+
+    <p>The charm of campaigning is its rapidly-succeeding
+    surprises. The general of the army may be proceeding regularly
+    in the path he marked out months before. The corps commanders,
+    and even the chiefs of division, may sometimes be able to
+    foresee the movements from day to day. But to their
+    subordinates everything is a surprise: they lie down at night
+    in delightful uncertainty as to where the next sunset will find
+    them, and they sit down to a breakfast of hard bread and bacon,
+    relieved by a little foraging from the country, not sure that
+    their coffee will cool before the bugle sounds a signal to pack
+    and be off, to <span class="pagenum">[pg 714]</span> Heaven
+    knows where. We found this charm of surprise, as we had
+    hundreds of times before in other places, at our camp in the
+    valley of the Tennessee. The alternating quick and droning
+    notes of "the general" made us spring up from the mess-table
+    one morning, and in a moment the lazy encampment was all hurry
+    and bustle. An aide leaped upon his horse at head-quarters and
+    dashed off on the road to the river, and we saw that the
+    servants of General Hazen, our brigade commander, were
+    stripping his baggage of the small impedimenta which accumulate
+    so rapidly even in a few days of rest, but are abandoned when
+    the army starts on an active campaign. It was not to be a mere
+    change of camp, evidently, but a final adieu to the locality
+    and a dash over the Tennessee&mdash;if we could make it.</p>
+
+    <p>While some of us were yet sipping our hot coffee, saved out
+    of the general wreck in packing up, the bugles called "the
+    assembly," and in ten minutes the brigade was stretching out at
+    a lively rate on the road the aide had taken. At the river was
+    the detail of mechanics who had been at work on the scow in the
+    bayou. Their task had been suddenly abandoned. It was useless:
+    the enemy had left the opposite bank and fallen back from
+    Chattanooga. The crossing was made, and the brigade struck out
+    into the country toward Ringgold and the Georgia line. We
+    belonged to Palmer's division of Crittenden's corps, but we had
+    no idea where our comrades were. Passing over the uninviting
+    country, and by the cornfields wasted by Bragg's men that we
+    might not gather the grain, the brigade fell in with the rest
+    of its division near a lonely grist-mill at a junction of
+    cross-roads, where a battalion of Southern cavalry had just
+    galloped in upon an infantry regiment lying under its stacked
+    arms by the wayside. So the enemy was not entirely out of the
+    country, it appeared. Still, we saw nothing of him, save in a
+    trifling skirmish the next day on the road from Ringgold to
+    Gordon's Mills. Near this place, however, we fell in with
+    General Thomas J. Wood, who had had a little encounter which
+    convinced him that Bragg's infantry was in force near by. The
+    gallant old soldier was in something of a passion because the
+    theories of his superiors did not coincide with his
+    demonstrations, and of course the demonstrations had to give
+    way in that case.</p>
+
+    <p>Passing Gordon's Mills, our division stretched away on the
+    road toward La Fayette, and after a day's march bivouacked in a
+    wilderness of wood and on a sluggish stream different enough
+    from the sparkling waters which came down by the old camp below
+    Waldron's Ridge. McCook's corps, they said, having crossed the
+    Tennessee below Chattanooga and advanced southward on the
+    western side of the Lookout range, was to come through a gap
+    opposite our present position and join us. Then the army, being
+    together once more, and having gained Chattanooga by McCook's
+    flank movement, would return to that point. To get Chattanooga
+    was the object of the campaign, and the movements since we
+    crossed the river were simply to assure the safe reunion of the
+    several corps.</p>
+
+    <p>The idle days wore on until the afternoon of the 18th of
+    September. Then "the general" was suddenly sounded from brigade
+    head-quarters, the regimental buglers took up the signal, and
+    in twenty minutes we were on the road and moving back toward
+    Gordon's Mills and Chattanooga. No leisurely march this time,
+    however, but a race which tasked even the legs of the veterans.
+    Two hours of this brought the command to the crest of a ridge
+    from which, away to the right, a wide expanse of country lay in
+    view. There was a broad valley running parallel to the road we
+    were traveling and covered by a dense growth of low oaks, which
+    effectually hid roads, streams, and even the few lonely
+    habitations of the people. But, looking from our eminence over
+    the unbroken expanse of tree-tops, we could see a light yellow
+    snake-like line stretching down the valley. It was dust from
+    the road on which Bragg's army was hurrying toward the
+    Rossville Pass, through which was the way to Chattanooga and
+    all our communications and supplies. The line of dust
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 715]</span> extended miles down the
+    valley, far in advance of the point we had reached. The rest of
+    our army might be ahead of us and ahead of Bragg, or it might
+    be on our left, or even behind us, for aught we knew, but it
+    was plain enough why we were making such haste back toward
+    Chattanooga.</p>
+
+    <p>The afternoon passed: darkness came, and still the march
+    continued. Late in the evening we came upon a group of tents by
+    the roadside&mdash;Rosecrans's head-quarters, with Rosecrans
+    himself, and not in the best of humors, as some of us
+    discovered on riding up to see friends on his staff. In his
+    petulance and excitability the commanding general forgot to be
+    gentlemanly, some of them said; and they left him not at all
+    relieved of any doubts they had concerning our sudden and
+    forced march.</p>
+
+    <p>It was long after midnight when we reached Gordon's Mills.
+    Here the road was full of ambulances, wagons, artillery and
+    infantry, while in the thickets on the left were heard the
+    confused noises of the bivouac. There were no fires, which
+    showed that we were supposed to be in the immediate presence of
+    the enemy, and that our commander did not want his position
+    revealed by camp-fires. At some distance past the mills
+    Palmer's division was halted in the road, and the troops were
+    massed by regiments, and moved some yards into the thicket to
+    pass the few hours before daylight.</p>
+
+    <p>In the morning it was said that Bragg had indeed beaten in
+    the race the day before, and had halted at night, if he halted
+    at all, much nearer to the Rossville Pass than we were. The
+    Chickamauga River was supposed to be between the two armies,
+    but it is a stream which is easily fordable in many places, and
+    a mile or two below where we lay was a bridge over which Bragg
+    could cross rapidly with his artillery and trains, and then
+    strike our road to Rossville ahead of us. A division moved out
+    early in the day and went off toward this bridge. Soon after
+    there was lively musketry and some cannonading in that
+    direction. Word came back that the enemy had crossed the river
+    in force too heavy to be successfully encountered by our
+    reconnoitering division. Another division followed in the path
+    of the first, and there was more firing. Finally, General
+    Palmer moved his division out upon the road, and along it for
+    some distance toward Rossville, approaching the firing down by
+    the bridge. Halting near the Widow Glenn's cottage, about which
+    were a little cloud of cavalry and many officers, we saw that
+    Rosecrans was there, directing the movements in person. Palmer
+    got his orders quickly. He was to move down the road toward
+    Rossville to an indicated point, then form his division <i>en
+    &eacute;chelon</i> by brigade from the left, and move off the
+    road to the right and attack. When he struck the enemy's left
+    flank he was to envelop and crush it. The formation <i>en
+    &eacute;chelon</i> was to facilitate this enveloping and
+    crushing.</p>
+
+    <p>Moving off the road as ordered, the division passed through
+    several hundred yards of forest, and came upon a wide open
+    field of lower ground, through the centre of which ran,
+    parallel to our front, a narrow belt of timber. The skirmishers
+    passed through this belt and a few yards beyond, and were then
+    driven back by an overpowering fire from the enemy's
+    skirmishers. Our main line came up to the timber and passed
+    through it to the farther side; and then the edge of the forest
+    beyond, in front, on the right and on the left, was suddenly
+    fringed with a line of flashing fire, above which rose a thin
+    white smoke. The tremendous crash of musketry was measured by
+    the deep thunder of artillery farther back, and soon columns of
+    dense white smoke rising above the tree-tops indicated the
+    positions of several swift-working batteries. A storm of
+    bullets whizzed through the ranks of the attacking
+    &eacute;chelons, while shrieking shells filled the air with a
+    horrid din, and, bursting overhead, sent their ragged fragments
+    hurtling down in every direction. In an instant a hundred gaps
+    were opened in the firm ranks as the men sank to the ground
+    beneath the smiting lead and iron. In an instant the gaps were
+    closed, and in another a hundred more were opened. Every yard
+    of the advance was costing the assailants a full
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 716]</span> company of
+    men&mdash;every rod at least half a regiment. They wavered,
+    halted and fell back to the shelter of the narrow belt of
+    timber. The attack had failed, the flank of the enemy had not
+    been struck.</p>
+
+    <p>But the other divisions of the army? Sent in as ours had
+    been, some one of them must surely strike the opposing flank,
+    unless Bragg's whole army had crossed the river and was in
+    position before Rosecrans moved. Palmer's division held its
+    place, fired its sixty rounds of cartridges into the wood where
+    the unseen foe was, and waited for the attack of the succeeding
+    division which should strike Bragg's flank. But we waited in
+    vain. When Rosecrans's last division was forming its
+    &eacute;chelons it was itself enveloped on its outer flank by
+    the active foe. Rosecrans's line, as he formed it a division at
+    a time, had been constantly outflanked.</p>
+
+    <p>The battle was a failure thus far. We could all see that,
+    and some of us saw how nearly it became an irretrievable
+    disaster. Hazen's brigade had been withdrawn to replenish its
+    ammunition after the attack, and was lying along the Rossville
+    road. The men were filling their cartridge-boxes, and the
+    captains were counting their diminished ranks and noting who
+    were dead and who but wounded. Out at the front the fight still
+    went on, but in a desultory way. Suddenly there was an ominous
+    sound in front of Van Cleve's division, which was in the main
+    line next on the right of Palmer.</p>
+
+    <p>Hazen leaped upon his horse. "Now Van Cleve is in for it!"
+    he exclaimed. "They're coming for him!"</p>
+
+    <p>Quickly getting the men under arms, Hazen moved his brigade
+    behind Van Cleve to act as a support, and awaited the coming
+    attack. It came like a whirlwind, and Van Cleve's lines were
+    scattered like fallen leaves. On came the triumphant enemy in
+    heavy masses, while Van Cleve's disordered horde swept back
+    with it Hazen's supporting regiments. All but one. Colonel
+    Aquila Wiley of the Forty-first Ohio Infantry, seeing the
+    coming avalanche of fugitives, broke his line to the rear by
+    companies and allowed the flying mass to pass through the
+    intervals. Then instantly reforming his line, Wiley delivered a
+    volley by battalion upon the advancing foe. The latter, his
+    ranks loose, as usual in a headlong pursuit, was staggered and
+    stopped in Wiley's front, but pressed forward on his right, and
+    had got well to his rear in that direction before the guns of
+    the Forty-first were reloaded. At a double-quick step Wiley
+    changed front to the rear on his left company, and sent another
+    volley among the swarming enemy on his right. Twice he repeated
+    this manoeuvre, and, gaining ground to the rear with each
+    change of front, kept back the enemy from front and flank until
+    he could take his place in good order upon a new line on a
+    ridge to the rear.</p>
+
+    <p>Meantime, Hazen was not idle. Seeing the inevitable result
+    when Van Cleve's lines wavered, he dashed down the road to some
+    unemployed batteries. These he got quickly into position to
+    enfilade the enemy as he passed over Van Cleve's abandoned
+    ground, and while Wiley with his Forty-first was striking in
+    front and flank to clear himself of the surrounding foes,
+    Hazen's batteries were pouring shells at short range into the
+    well-ordered supporting troops which the enemy was hurrying
+    forward to improve the success he had gained. Bragg had
+    actually crossed the Rossville road and cut the Army of the
+    Cumberland in two, with nothing in the gap but one regiment of
+    three hundred men. But the enfilading artillery smote asunder
+    the solid ranks which were to follow up the victory and left
+    their advantage a barren triumph. Night fell and ended there
+    the first day's battle.</p>
+
+    <p>The blessed night! better for the Army of the Cumberland
+    then than thirty thousand fresh men. Under its sheltering
+    mantle a thousand necessary things were done. We knew well
+    enough that the struggle must be renewed in the morning, but we
+    hoped that it would not be taken up on our side under such
+    disadvantages as had been against us in the day just closed. So
+    when, some time after dark, an order came to move down
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 717]</span> the road to the left, it
+    was gladly obeyed. We were going into position, it was evident,
+    though where and how none of us could tell in the darkness. The
+    road and the woods on each side of it were full of troops,
+    ambulances, ammunition and head-quarter wagons, artillery, and,
+    lastly, stragglers hunting for their regiments. Now and then a
+    wounded man, whose hurt did not prevent his walking, came along
+    inquiring for the hospitals. There were not many of these,
+    however, for the hospital service was pretty efficient, and the
+    surgeons were located near the ground where the fighting had
+    been.</p>
+
+    <p>Winding about through such surroundings for what seemed a
+    long time, so slow was the movement and so frequent the halts
+    to allow the staff-officer who was directing the march to
+    verify the route, Palmer's division at length stacked arms on a
+    slightly rising ground not many hundred yards in front of the
+    Rossville road. There were troops to the left of us, and soon
+    after we halted troops came up on our right. We knew by this
+    that we were in the main line of battle as it was being formed
+    for the next day's fight. There were sounds occasionally from
+    the forest in front which told us that the enemy also was
+    making his preparations for the morning, and there was moving
+    of troops, wagons, artillery, stragglers and mounted officers
+    in rear of us almost all night. Even our troops in line, tired
+    as they were, were not quite still. The men lay upon the ground
+    and talked of the events of the day. Company commanders were
+    inquiring the fate of their missing men, and some of them were
+    even counting up the guns lost by killed and wounded men, and
+    wondering how they could account for them on their next
+    ordnance returns. Waking and sleeping by turns, officers and
+    men passed the chilly night as best they could until it was
+    near the time when the first gray streaks of dawn should come.
+    Then those who were sleeping were quietly aroused; the ranks
+    were noiselessly formed; the stacks of arms were broken; the
+    first sergeants passed along the fronts of their companies to
+    verify the attendance; and then the men were allowed to sit
+    down, guns in hand, to await the daybreak and be in instant
+    readiness for an attack if the enemy should attempt an early
+    surprise.</p>
+
+    <p>Daylight came, however, on the memorable 20th of September,
+    and no attack had been made. The first thought, naturally,
+    after apprehension of an early attack had gone, was to appease
+    hunger and thirst. But there was little in the haversacks, and
+    nothing in the canteens. Details of men were sent for water,
+    and never returned. The enemy had possession of the springs we
+    had used the day before, and our details walked unconsciously
+    into his hands. There was not a drop of water on the whole
+    field, and men and officers resigned themselves to the torments
+    of thirst, a thousand times worse than the gnawings of hunger.
+    But with daylight we could at least get some idea of our
+    position. In front was a dense forest, in which nothing was to
+    be seen except our own skirmishers a few yards in advance. Just
+    behind us was an oblong open field, three hundred yards wide
+    and thrice as long. On the other side of this field ran the
+    Rossville road. Beyond our division, to the left, was
+    Johnson's, and then Baird's division, the latter forming the
+    extreme left of the army, and extending off into the woods
+    beyond the lower end of the open field. To our
+    right&mdash;though this we could not see, the line being in a
+    dense forest&mdash;was the division of Reynolds; beyond him was
+    Brannan, and then came Wood; and so on to the right of the
+    army, in what further order we did not know. It was evident
+    that the line had been hastily formed: the divisions had been
+    placed just as they were picked up in the confusion of the
+    night. No corps was together in the line, but it was made up of
+    a division from one corps, then a division from another, and
+    then one from a third corps, and so on. Thus it happened that
+    the four divisions on the left of the line had with them no
+    corps commander.</p>
+
+    <p>In the idle hour after daylight our brigade commander
+    directed the construction of a barricade of rails and logs, a
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 718]</span> little more than
+    knee-high, along the front of his command. Some of the troops
+    on the left and the right followed the example. The supposition
+    was that the game would be changed this day, and that we should
+    stand for attack as the enemy had done the day before. There
+    was no little satisfaction in thinking that Bragg's men would
+    have a chance to walk up to a fire at least as murderous as we
+    had faced when attacking them. If the haversacks were empty and
+    the canteens had gone for water never to return, the
+    cartridge-boxes were full, and each man had about him an extra
+    package or two of cartridges.</p>
+
+    <p>The morning wore slowly away, and on our part of the line
+    everything was remarkably quiet. There was some skirmishing
+    toward the right between eight and nine o'clock, but evidently
+    nothing serious. The barricade was finished, and there was
+    nothing to do but to lie behind it and wish for water as the
+    day grew warmer and thirst became more intense.&mdash;But what
+    is that?</p>
+
+    <p>There was a sharp rattle of Springfield rifles from Baird's
+    skirmishers, a third of a mile to our left and hidden from
+    sight by the woods. In a moment came a crash of musketry which
+    brought every man to his feet. Baird's skirmishers had been
+    driven in, and his main line had hurled its thousands of
+    bullets as the attacking enemy came into view. Instantly the
+    answering fire was given, and then followed the continuous
+    rattling roar of a fierce general engagement. Wounded men began
+    to come out of the wood where Baird was as they made their way
+    alone toward the hospitals or were carried off by the hospital
+    corps. Suddenly, a hundred men with arms in their hands emerged
+    from the woods into the open field behind Baird, straggling and
+    without order. These were not wounded men. No: it was too plain
+    that Baird's division was giving way. A moment more, and the
+    lower end of the open field was filled with a dense mass of men
+    as Baird's disordered lines poured forth out of the woods,
+    which were swarming with the exultant enemy. Through and behind
+    the retreating mass the mounted officers rode furiously, their
+    swinging sabres flashing in the sun as they alternately
+    commanded and exhorted their men to rally and breast the storm
+    of lead which the enemy was hurling upon them. Then Johnson,
+    whose division was next to Baird's, wheeled a regiment or two
+    backward and opened fire on the enemy engaged with Baird. The
+    troops of the latter were not running, but falling back, firing
+    as they went. Suddenly, one of their colonels seized his
+    regimental standard from the color-bearer and faced his horse
+    toward the enemy, holding the flag high above his head. The men
+    began to rally around this flag, and in a moment an imperfect
+    line had been formed. The enemy's success was at an end. A
+    moment more, and with a wild cheer Baird's men dashed forward
+    and drove the enemy from their front.</p>
+
+    <p>Meanwhile, we were not idle spectators of all this. At the
+    moment when Baird's men had been forced into the open field,
+    and it seemed impossible to re-form them under the fire they
+    were receiving, the skirmishers in front of Johnson's and
+    Palmer's divisions broke out into a lively fire and came in at
+    a run. Close behind them were the rapidly-advancing skirmishers
+    of the enemy. As these came in sight of our position they took
+    shelter behind trees and waited for their main force to come
+    up. Soon the woods behind them were filled with the long,
+    sweeping lines of Bragg's infantry, moving swiftly and steadily
+    up to the attack. They reached their skirmishers, and as the
+    latter fell in with the main body the whole broke into the
+    peculiar shrill and fitful yell of the Southern soldiery, and
+    rushed impetuously upon our line. From behind its barricade
+    Hazen's brigade gave the yelling assailants two volleys, by
+    front and rear rank, and then, as the enemy staggered under the
+    regular blows, the command "Load and fire at will!" rang along
+    the line. Out burst a swift storm of lead, before which the
+    wasting ranks of the assailants first wavered, and then stopped
+    to open a rapid but wild and diminishing fire against the
+    barricade. For a moment or two their colors waved defiantly at
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 719]</span> their front as their
+    officers rode among them in the vain endeavor to hold them to
+    the hopeless effort; and then they turned and vanished into the
+    deep recesses of the forest whence they came. Not as they came,
+    however, but as a flying multitude of panic-stricken men,
+    insensible to authority, conscious only of their defeat and
+    their peril.</p>
+
+    <p>Ah! but this was quite different from yesterday's work,
+    thought the men of Hazen's brigade. It is one thing to march up
+    to an enemy waiting to receive you on his chosen ground, and
+    another to lie quietly in position and let your enemy feel his
+    way up until he is within fair range. This was the thought
+    after the successful defence: before the fight it is a question
+    whether it does not require greater steadiness of nerve to wait
+    inactive for an attack than to rush forward in an onslaught.
+    Officers and men in Palmer's division were in excellent
+    spirits. They saw that their comrades on the right and the left
+    had met with equally good fortune. Johnson's division on one
+    side and Reynolds's on the other remained as steady as
+    rocks.</p>
+
+    <p>It was nearly eleven o'clock, and all had prospered with us
+    thus far. The enemy was getting his share of bloody repulses,
+    of which we had had more than enough the day before. The
+    attacks upon our line had begun upon the left, and were
+    traveling toward our right. The two armies were thus brought
+    together gradually, something after the manner of
+    scissor-blades when they are slowly closed. The four divisions
+    on the left had already successfully withstood the shock, which
+    it was to be supposed the enemy had made as heavy as possible
+    at that point, since the left was the vital point of the whole
+    line. Success there would give him the line of retreat to
+    Chattanooga, with Rosecrans's entire army shut out. Besides, we
+    knew that the line was stronger toward the right, where at
+    least two divisions were in reserve. No one apprehended
+    disaster, therefore, when a long and rapid roll of musketry far
+    to the right told that the enemy was attacking there. "Brannan
+    and Wood are attending to 'em now!" said General Palmer,
+    standing in a group of officers in rear of Hazen's brigade. The
+    talk went on as before&mdash;about the successful defences of
+    the morning, the barricade, Baird's splendid recovery, etc. But
+    soon everybody was listening anxiously to the sounds of the
+    battle on the right. The roar of musketry had worked round
+    until it was behind our right shoulders as we stood facing to
+    our front. There could be no doubt about it: the line had given
+    way somewhere on the right, and the enemy was following up. It
+    was not long before stray bullets were singing behind and among
+    us, flying in a direction parallel to our line. Then, all in a
+    moment, a battery far to the right and rear opened a rapid
+    fire, and some of its shells came shrieking into the rear of
+    Palmer's and Johnson's divisions. Meanwhile, the crash and roar
+    of battle came nearer and nearer, until the attack struck
+    Reynolds on the flank and in rear. But he had been forewarned,
+    and his line was swung backward, at right angles with his
+    original position, to face the attack from the new direction.
+    Even then he was forced backward until his men were stretched
+    across the open field in rear of Palmer's division, and the
+    battle was going on directly behind us. Something&mdash;a shell
+    perhaps&mdash;set fire to a log house at the upper end of this
+    field, not three hundred yards from our brigade. This house had
+    been taken for a hospital the night before. It was filled with
+    wounded men, too badly hurt to be taken farther away in the
+    ambulances, and the regular hospital flag floated above it.
+    This unfortunate house, with its maimed occupants, was brought
+    between Reynolds's men and the attacking enemy when the former
+    were driven into the open field; and, despite the non-combatant
+    flag flying from the gable, it was riddled with shells from the
+    Southern batteries. I do not charge upon those gunners a
+    knowledge of the facts here given: their batteries were some
+    distance away through the forest. However, whether they saw the
+    house and the flag or not, their fire swept mercilessly through
+    the house, while many a stout-hearted soldier, knowing what was
+    there, wished that if <span class="pagenum">[pg 720]</span> he
+    were to be hit at all, he might be struck dead at once, and so
+    avoid such sickening horrors.</p>
+
+    <p>For the second time on that memorable day it looked for a
+    few moments as if Palmer would have to face his men about and
+    fight to the rear. Preparations to do this were made on the
+    right of the division, but, fortunately, the appalling disaster
+    which seemed imminent in the complete encompassing of the four
+    divisions of the left was averted. The enemy yielded at last to
+    the stubborn resistance, and Reynolds re-established his
+    line&mdash;not upon the old ground entirely, but to conform to
+    the altered situation. He was now the right of the army upon
+    the original field, and four divisions comprised all that was
+    left of the Army of the Cumberland in the position of the
+    morning.</p>
+
+    <p>The divisions of the centre and the right&mdash;where were
+    they? Brannan, and Wood, and Negley, and Davis, and Van Cleve,
+    and gallant Sheridan, who held stubbornly his division even
+    amid the panic at Stone River&mdash;where were they? And
+    Rosecrans, commander of the army; Thomas, the hero in every
+    fight; rash McCook and unfortunate Crittenden, chiefs of corps?
+    Gone with the centre and the right of the army; gone with the
+    reserves and the artillery; gone with the ammunition-trains;
+    gone with everything that belonged to the Army of the
+    Cumberland except four divisions of unconquered soldiers with
+    half-filled cartridge-boxes and with hearts that knew no
+    fear.</p>
+
+    <p>All gone? No! In the hush which came after Reynolds's
+    desperate defence, and while hearts were yet beating fast from
+    watching the doubtful fight, there arose far off to the right
+    and rear a roar of musketry, telling that somewhere in the
+    distance the flags of the Army of the Cumberland still waved
+    before the foe, as they did with us. Long afterward we knew
+    that this was Thomas&mdash;he who would not leave the field
+    amid the wreck which surrounded him&mdash;Thomas, with his
+    fragments, posted on a commanding ridge and bravely beating off
+    the thickening foes about him.</p>
+
+    <p>The story of the disaster is an old one. It is hardly
+    necessary to tell how Wood, in the main line on the right of
+    Brannan, received an order from Rosecrans to support Reynolds,
+    the second division in line to the left of Wood; how the
+    gallant soldier hesitated to obey an order from which such
+    disaster might come; how McCook, chief of corps, told Wood the
+    order was imperative, and promised to put a reserve division
+    into the line to take his place; how Wood withdrew from the
+    line, as ordered, at the fatal moment when the enemy was
+    preparing to attack; how the furious foe pressed through the
+    gap, cut the army in two, struck the lines to right and left in
+    flank and rear, swept the centre, the right wing and the
+    reserves off the field, and doubled up and crushed the left
+    wing as far as Reynolds's division, whose fortune has been
+    told. All this is familiar enough now, but those who remained
+    on the field in the four divisions of the left knew nothing of
+    it then. They only knew that the line was broken beyond
+    Reynolds, and that, although somewhere in the distance was a
+    force which had not yet fled nor surrendered, they were left to
+    bear alone the battle against Bragg's victorious army. The odds
+    were five or six to one&mdash;perhaps more, maybe less. It did
+    not matter to be precise: Bragg had men enough to put a double
+    line of troops entirely around the four divisions. That was
+    enough.</p>
+
+    <p>It was after midday when the disaster was complete and the
+    divisions of Baird, Johnson, Palmer and Reynolds were able to
+    understand the situation. I need not recount in detail the
+    repeated attempts of the enemy to crush the line of the four
+    divisions at one point and another. If the reader can recall
+    the description of the first attack on Palmer's division, he
+    will have a very fair example of the work which busied us at
+    intervals during those long hours. The enemy was, of course,
+    not unaware of his great success in dividing the army and
+    driving off the greater part of it; nor was he lacking in
+    efforts to improve the advantage by destroying the divisions
+    which yet confronted him. Every attack, however, resulted in
+    failure, <span class="pagenum">[pg 721]</span> and the
+    assailants retired each time with heavy losses. At length it
+    was evident to us that it had become difficult to bring even
+    Longstreet's boasted troops up to attacks which met such sure
+    and bloody repulses. There were but four divisions against an
+    army, but the four would not be taken or driven.</p>
+
+    <p>With hands and faces blackened by the smoke and dust of
+    battle those men stood devotedly to their posts, their ranks
+    thinned by every assault, but their aim as fatal as ever. But
+    one dread possessed them: ammunition ran short, and there were
+    no supplies. In the intervals between the enemy's assaults the
+    cartridge-boxes of dead comrades along the line and in the open
+    field, where were the fierce struggles of the morning, were
+    emptied of their contents to replenish the failing stock of the
+    survivors. More precious than food and water, though they were
+    sorely needed, were these inheritances from the dead.</p>
+
+    <p>The long afternoon wore slowly away. Night could not come
+    too soon, but it seemed that never before was it so tardy.
+    Officers and men were tortured by thirst. Their tongues were
+    swollen and their lips black and distended, often to bursting.
+    Speech became difficult or absolutely impossible. Officers
+    mumbled their commands, and prayed silently for darkness to
+    save them from enforced surrender or flight when the last
+    cartridge should be spent.</p>
+
+    <p>Meantime, the relentless but cautious foe was carefully
+    feeling his way around the flanks, apparently unwilling to
+    venture boldly into the rear of the little army which he could
+    not move by attack in front. A group of officers stood by their
+    horses in rear of Hazen's brigade when the crack of an Enfield
+    rifle was heard from the woods in rear across the open field. A
+    bullet came whizzing into the group and killed a colonel's
+    horse. Other shots followed from the same direction. The woods
+    behind us were evidently occupied by the enemy's skirmishers. A
+    captain volunteered to take his company and clear the woods,
+    but ammunition was too scarce to waste on sharpshooters.</p>
+
+    <p>Word came at last, in some way, that Thomas, whose firing we
+    heard far to the right and rear, was sorely pressed. A
+    consultation was held by the four division generals. They
+    needed a commander, but who should it be? Who would take
+    command of that beleaguered force and undertake to extricate it
+    from its surrounding peril or deliver it over to Thomas? Would
+    Palmer? No. Would Reynolds? No. The stern duty of fighting
+    their divisions until they could fight no longer, and doing
+    then whatever desperate thing might be possible&mdash;that they
+    would not fail in; but that responsibility was as great as they
+    cared to assume. Up came Hazen then. "I'll take my brigade
+    across that interval," said he, "and find Thomas if he's
+    there." Palmer objected: it would make a gap in his line; it
+    would expose one of his brigades to a thousand chances of
+    destruction&mdash;for who could tell what forces of the enemy
+    were in that interval or watching it?&mdash;and finally, it
+    would take away the brigade which had most ammunition, for
+    Hazen had husbanded his store. But something must be done. If
+    the four divisions could hold out until night, somebody must
+    command them and take them out if it could be done. Thomas was
+    the proper commander, and he was needed. It was agreed that
+    Hazen should make the attempt.</p>
+
+    <p>The brigade was withdrawn from the line which it had
+    faithfully held all day, and some disposition made to fill the
+    gap. Hazen formed his regiments in close masses, faced them to
+    the right and rear, covered his front with a trusty battalion
+    as skirmishers, waved an adieu to the comrades left behind, and
+    plunged into the unknown forest in the direction of Thomas's
+    firing. On and on went the brigade and came nearer and nearer
+    to the ridge which Thomas held. Suddenly, the skirmishers
+    strike obliquely an opposing line. They brush it away in an
+    instant, but the warning is not lost. Keep more to the rear: no
+    fighting now, though you should whip three to one. The fate of
+    the four divisions rests upon that. With quick and steady tread
+    the regiments move on. They clear the wood
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 722]</span> at last, climb the end of
+    a ridge through a field of standing corn, and burst into an
+    open field at the summit amid the wild cheers of Thomas's
+    exhausted men, while Thomas himself, beloved of all the army,
+    rides down to take Hazen by the hand. And not a moment too
+    soon.</p>
+
+    <p>Almost at the very instant Thomas's skirmishers along the
+    front of the ridge broke out into a rattling fire, and were
+    seen falling back. The enemy was about to make his final
+    effort, and it was to be against the flank where now lay
+    Hazen's brigade. Quickly deploying his regiments, Hazen placed
+    them in four lines, closed one upon another, and the men lay
+    flat upon their faces. The yell of the enemy was heard in the
+    wood below, and in a moment the declivity in front was covered
+    with the heavy lines of the assailants. Then the first of
+    Hazen's regiments was brought to its feet and poured its volley
+    straight into the faces of the oncoming foe. The next regiment,
+    and the next, and then the last, followed in quick succession.
+    The echoes of the last volley had hardly died away before the
+    enemy, who came on so confident and so strong, had disappeared,
+    crushed and broken, into the forest, leaving the hillside
+    strewn with his dead and wounded.</p>
+
+    <p>So ended the fighting. Night came down and shrouded the
+    fierce combatants from each other's sight.</p>
+
+    <p>The dusky ranks take up the unfamiliar march with faces from
+    the foe. Their drums are silent, and their bugles voice-less as
+    the spirit-horns which marshal their heroic dead upon the
+    farther shore. The shadowy ranks pass on into the night.
+    Bearing their close-furled banners and their empty guns, they
+    pass on into the sad and silent night of Chickamauga to await
+    the glorious sun of Mission Ridge.</p>
+
+    <p class="author">ROBERT LEWIS KIMBERLY.</p><br />
+
+    <blockquote class="note">
+        <p>NOTE.&mdash;The writer is aware that this narrative of
+        the battle of Chickamauga differs so materially from the
+        commonly-received impressions of that event that it ought
+        to be supported by more than his own authority. The reader
+        will observe that the main narrative is made up of the
+        experiences of one command, that to which the writer
+        belonged, and of which he can therefore speak as of things
+        which he saw. For the statements of the general battle
+        reference is made to official reports, as follows: (1) In
+        regard to the first day's battle, see report of General
+        W.S. Rosecrans, which may be found in vol. vii. of Putnam's
+        <i>Rebellion Record</i>, p. 222 and following pages. (2) In
+        regard to the complete isolation of the four divisions of
+        the left during the second day, and the final opening of
+        communication with General Thomas, see General W.B. Hazen's
+        official report on p. 238 of the volume above quoted.</p>
+
+        <p>The writer also quotes, by permission, from letters from
+        Generals Hazen and Thomas J. Wood, addressed to him within
+        the present year. General Hazen says: "Do not forget about
+        the length of time Thomas was cut off from us&mdash;how we
+        could hear nothing from him; how neither Reynolds nor
+        Palmer would assume command," etc. General Wood says, in
+        reference to the great disaster on the second day: "About
+        11 A.M. I received the following order from General
+        Rosecrans: 'The commanding general directs that you close
+        up on Reynolds as fast as possible, and support him.' As
+        there was an entire division (Brannan's) between my
+        division and Reynolds, I could only close upon the latter
+        and support him by withdrawing my division from line and
+        passing in rear of Brannan to the rear of Reynolds. This I
+        did. Of course I knew it was an order involving perhaps the
+        most momentous consequences, but General McCook concurred
+        with me that it was so emphatic and positive as to demand
+        instant obedience. I write you stubborn facts, and you can
+        use them as such."</p>
+
+        <p>General Wood has been so severely criticised for his
+        obedience to this fatal order that perhaps I should add
+        this further explanation, contained in the letter from
+        which I have quoted above: "After the battle was over, and
+        it was apparent that Rosecrans's ill-considered order had
+        led to a disaster, he offered as an explanation of it the
+        statement that some staff-officer had reported to him that
+        Brannan was out of line, and that he intended I should
+        close to the left on Reynolds, and that I overlooked this
+        direction to close to the left on Reynolds. Certainly, I
+        overlooked it, or rather I did not see it, for it was not
+        there to be seen. On the contrary, I was ordered to close
+        up on Reynolds, and for a purpose&mdash;viz., to support
+        him. I remark also that it was impossible for any man, on
+        reading Rosecrans's order to me, to even remotely
+        conjecture that it was based on the supposition that
+        Brannan was out of line. He had previously ordered me to
+        rest my left on Brannan's right, and I had reported to him
+        that I had done so. Colonel Starling (of Crittenden's
+        staff) testified before the McCook-Crittenden court of
+        inquiry that he was with Rosecrans at the time the latter
+        directed the order to be sent to me, and told him that
+        Brannan was not out of line."</p>
+    </blockquote><a name='THE_ATONEMENT_OF_LEAM_DUNDAS'
+          id="THE_ATONEMENT_OF_LEAM_DUNDAS"></a>
+          <span class="pagenum">[pg 723]</span>
+
+    <h2>THE ATONEMENT OF LEAM DUNDAS.</h2>
+
+    <h3>BY MRS. E. LYNN LINTON, AUTHOR OF "PATRICIA
+    KEMBALL."</h3><br />
+
+
+    <h3>CHAPTER XXXVII.</h3>
+
+    <h3>UNWORTHY.</h3>
+
+    <p>The storm had passed with the night, and the day was bright
+    and joyful&mdash;almost hard in its brightness and cruel in its
+    joy; for while the sun was shining overhead and the air was
+    musical with the hum of insects and the song of birds, the
+    flowers were broken, the tender plants destroyed, the uncut
+    corn was laid as if a troop of horse had trampled down the
+    crops, and the woods, like the gardens and the fields, were
+    wrecked and spoiled. But of all the mourners sighing between
+    earth and sky, Nature is the one that never repents, and the
+    sun shines out over the saddest ruin as it shines out over the
+    richest growth, as careless of the one as of the other.</p>
+
+    <p>Edgar came down from the Hill in the sunshine, handsome,
+    strong, jocund as the day. As he rode through the famous double
+    avenue of chestnuts he thought, What a glorious day! how clear
+    and full of life after the storm! but he noted the wreckage
+    too, and was concerned to see how the trees and fields had
+    suffered. Still, the one would put forth new branches and fresh
+    leaves next year; and if the other had been roughly handled,
+    there was yet a salvage to be garnered. The ruin was not
+    irreparable, and he was in the mood to make the best of things.
+    Do not the first days of a happy love ever give the happiest
+    kind of philosophy for man and woman to go on?</p>
+
+    <p>And he was happy in his love. Who more so? He was on his way
+    now to Ford House as a man going to his own, serene and
+    confident of his possession. He had left his treasure
+    overnight, and he went to take it up again, sure to find it
+    where he had laid it down. He had no thought of the thief who
+    might have stolen it in the dark hours, of the rust that might
+    have cankered it in the chill of the gray morning. He only
+    pictured to himself its beauty, its sweetness and undimmed
+    radiance&mdash;only remembered that this treasure was his, his
+    own and his only, unshared by any, and known in its excellence
+    by none before him.</p>
+
+    <p>He rode up to the door glad, dominant, assured. Life was
+    very pleasant to the strong man and ardent lover&mdash;the
+    English gentleman with his happiness in his own keeping, and
+    his future marked out in a clear broad pathway before him.
+    There was no cloud in his sky, no shadow on his sea: it was all
+    sunshine and serenity&mdash;man the master of his own fate and
+    the ruler of circumstance&mdash;man the supreme over all
+    things, a woman's past included.</p>
+
+    <p>Not seeing Leam in the garden, Edgar rang the bells and was
+    shown into the drawing-room, where she was sitting alone. The
+    down-drawn blinds had darkened the room to a pleasant gloom for
+    eyes somewhat overpowered by the blazing sunshine and the
+    dazzling white clouds flung like heaps of snow against the hard
+    bright blue of the sky; yet something struck more chill than
+    restful on the lover as he came through the doorway, little
+    fanciful or sentimental as he was.</p>
+
+    <p>Leam, who had not been in bed through the night, was sitting
+    on the sofa in the remotest and darkest part of the room. She
+    rose as he entered&mdash;rose only, not coming forward to meet
+    him, but standing in her place silent, pale, yet calm and
+    collected. She did not look at him, but neither did she blush
+    nor tremble. There was something statuesque, almost dead, about
+    her&mdash;something that was not the same Leam whom he had
+    known from the first.</p>
+
+    <p>He went up to her, both hands held out. She shrank back and
+    folded hers in each other, still not looking at him.</p>
+
+    <p>"Why, Leam, what is it?" he cried in amazement, pained,
+    shocked at her action. Was she in her right mind? Had
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 724]</span> she heard of his former
+    attentions to Adelaide, divined their ultimate meaning, and
+    been seized with a mad idea of sacrifice and generosity? It
+    must be with Adelaide, he thought, rapidly reviewing his past.
+    He was absolutely safe about Violet Cray, who had never known
+    his name; and those later Indian affairs were dead and as good
+    as buried. What, then, did it mean?</p>
+
+    <p>"No, not till you have heard me," said Leam in a low voice.
+    "And never after."</p>
+
+    <p>"My darling! what is it?" he repeated.</p>
+
+    <p>"You must not call me dear names: I am unworthy," said Leam.
+    "No," checking him as he would have spoken, smiling with a
+    sense of relief that her craze&mdash;if it was a
+    craze&mdash;went to the visionary side of her own unworthiness,
+    and was not due to any knowledge of his misdemeanors, as she
+    might think them. "Do not speak. I have to tell you. I had
+    forgotten it," she went on to say in the same tense, compressed
+    manner&mdash;the manner of one who has a task to get through,
+    and has gathered all her strength for the effort, leaving none
+    to be squandered in emotion&mdash;"I was so happy in these last
+    days I had forgotten it. Now I have remembered, and we must
+    part."</p>
+
+    <p>Edgar was grieved to see her in such deadly trouble, for it
+    was easy to see her pain beneath her still exterior, but he was
+    confident, and if grieved not afraid. Leam's little life, so
+    innocent and uneventful as it must have been, could hold no
+    such tremendous evil, could have been smirched with no such
+    damning stain, as that at which she seemed to hint. Grant even
+    that there had been something more between her and Alick
+    Corfield than he would quite like to hear&mdash;which was his
+    first thought&mdash;still, that more must needs be very little,
+    could but be very simple. His wife must be spotless&mdash;that
+    he knew, and he would marry none whose past was not as
+    unsullied as new-fallen snow, as unsullied as must be her
+    future&mdash;absolute purity&mdash;the unruffled emotions of a
+    maidenhood undisturbed until now even by dreams, even by
+    visions. He owed it to himself and his position that his wife,
+    man of many loves as he was, should be this; but at the worst
+    the childish affection of brother and sister, which was all
+    that could possibly have been between Leam and that awkward
+    young gangrel Alick Corfield, could have nothing in it that he
+    ought to take to heart or that should influence him. Yes, he
+    might smile and not be afraid. And indeed her delicate
+    conscience was another grace in his eyes. He loved her more
+    than ever for the honesty that must confess all its little
+    sins. Sweet Leam! Leam having to confess! Leam! she who was
+    almost too modest for an ordinary lover's comfort, needing to
+    be tamed out of her savage bashfulness, not to be reproved for
+    transgressing the proper reticence of an English maid. It was a
+    pretty play, but it was only a play.</p>
+
+    <p>"Come and sit by me and make full confession, my darling,"
+    he said lovingly.</p>
+
+    <p>"I will stand where I am. You sit," said Leam, without
+    looking at him.</p>
+
+    <p>He seated himself on the sofa. "And now what has my little
+    culprit to say for herself?" he asked pleasantly, putting on a
+    playful magisterial air.</p>
+
+    <p>"It is over," said Leam, her hands pressed in each other
+    with so tight a clasp that the strained knuckles were white and
+    started. "You must not love me: I cannot be your wife."</p>
+
+    <p>"Why?" He showed his square white teeth beneath the golden
+    sweep of his moustache, his moist red lips parted, always
+    smiling.</p>
+
+    <p>"I have done a great crime," said Leam in a low, monotonous
+    voice.</p>
+
+    <p>"A crime! That is a large word for a small
+    peccadillo&mdash;larger than any sin of yours merits, my
+    sweetheart."</p>
+
+    <p>"You do not know," said Leam with a despairing gesture. "How
+    can you know when you have not heard?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Well, what may be its name?" he asked, willing to humor
+    her.</p>
+
+    <p>She paused for a moment: then with a visible effort, drawing
+    in her breath, she said, in a voice that was unnaturally calm
+    and low, "I killed madame."</p>
+
+    <p>"Leam!" cried Edgar, "how can you talk such nonsense? The
+    thing is growing beyond a joke. Unsay your words; they are a
+    wrong done to <i>me</i>."</p>
+
+    <p><span class="pagenum">[pg 725]</span> He had started to his
+    feet while he spoke, and now stood before her with a strangely
+    scared and startled face. Naturally, as such a man would, he
+    was resolute not to accept such a terrible confession, and one
+    so unlikely, so impossible; but something in the girl's voice
+    and manner, something in its sad, still reality, seemed to
+    overpower his determination to find this simply a bad joke
+    which she was playing off on his credulity. And then the thing
+    fitted only too well. He had heard half a dozen times of Madame
+    de Montfort's sudden death, and how very strange it was that
+    the draught which she had taken so often with impunity before
+    should have been found so laden with prussic acid on the first
+    night of her homecoming as to kill her in an instant&mdash;how
+    strange, too, that not the strictest search or inquiry could
+    come upon a trace of such poison bought or possessed by any
+    member of the family, for what police-officer would look to
+    find a sixty-minim bottle of prussic acid concealed among the
+    coils of a young girl's hair? And when Leam said in that quiet
+    if desperate manner that it was she who had killed madame, her
+    words made the whole mystery clear and solved the as yet
+    unsolved problem.</p>
+
+    <p>Nevertheless, he would not believe her, but said again,
+    passionately, "Unsay your words, Leam: they offend me."</p>
+
+    <p>"I cannot," said Leam.</p>
+
+    <p>He laughed scornfully. "Kill Madame de Montfort. Absurd! You
+    could not. It was impossible for a girl like you to kill any
+    one," he cried in broken sentences. "How could you do such a
+    thing, Leam, and not be found out? Silly child! you are
+    raving."</p>
+
+    <p>"I put poison into the bottle, and she died," said Leam in a
+    half whisper.</p>
+
+    <p>"Leam! you a murderess!"</p>
+
+    <p>She quivered at the word, at the tone of loathing, of
+    abhorrence, of almost terror, in which he said it, but she held
+    her terrible ground. She had begun her martyrdom, her agony of
+    atonement for the sake of truth and love, and she must go
+    through now to the end. "Yes," she said, "I am a murderess. Now
+    you know all, and why you must not love me."</p>
+
+    <p>"I cannot believe you," he pleaded helplessly. "It is too
+    horrible. My darling, say that you have told me this to try
+    me&mdash;that it is not true, and that you are still my own, my
+    very own, my pure and sinless Leam."</p>
+
+    <p>He knelt at her feet, clasping her waist. He was not of
+    those who, like Alick, could bear the sin of the beloved as the
+    sacrifice of pride, of self, of soul to that love. He himself
+    might be stained from head to heel with the soil of sin, but
+    his wife must be, as has been said, without flaw or blemish,
+    immaculate and free from fault. Any lapse, involving the loss
+    of repute should it ever be made public, would have been the
+    death-knell of his hopes, the requiem of his love; but such an
+    infamy as this! If true it was only too final.</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, no! no! do not do that," cried Leam, trying to unclasp
+    his hands. "Do not kneel to me. I ought to kneel to you," she
+    added with a little cry that struck with more than pity to
+    Edgar's heart, and that nearly broke her down for so much
+    relaxing of the strain, so much yielding to her grief, as it
+    included.</p>
+
+    <p>"Leam, tell me you are joking&mdash;tell me that you did not
+    do this awful thing," he cried again, his handsome face,
+    blanched and drawn, upturned to her in agony.</p>
+
+    <p>She put her hands over her eyes. "I cannot lie to you," she
+    said. "And I must not degrade you. Do not touch me: I am not
+    good enough to be touched by you."</p>
+
+    <p>He loosened his arms, and she shrank from him almost as if
+    she faded away.</p>
+
+    <p>"Why did you deceive me?" he groaned. "You should not have
+    let me love you, knowing the truth."</p>
+
+    <p>"I did not know that you loved me, or that I loved you, till
+    that night," she pleaded piteously. "If I had known I would
+    have prevented it. I have told you as soon as I
+    remembered."</p>
+
+    <p>"You have broken my heart," he cried, flinging himself on
+    the sofa, his face buried in the cushions. And then, strong man
+    as he was, a brave soldier and an English country gentleman, he
+    burst into a passion of tears that shook him as the storm had
+    shaken the earth last night&mdash;tears
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 726]</span> that were the culmination
+    of his agony, not its relief.</p>
+
+    <p>Leam stood by him as pale as the shattered lilies in the
+    garden. What could she do? How could she comfort him? Tainted
+    and dishonored, she dared not even lay her hand on
+    his&mdash;her infamous and murderous hand, and he so pure and
+    noble! Neither could she pray for him, nor yet for herself.
+    Pray? to whom? To God? God had turned His face away from her,
+    even as her lover had now turned away his: He was angry with
+    her, and still unappeased. She dared not pray to Him, and He
+    would not hear her if she did. The saints were no longer the
+    familiar and parental deities, grave and helpful, to whom she
+    could refer all her sorrows and perplexities, as in earlier
+    times, sure of speedy succor. The teaching of the later days
+    had destroyed the simple fetichism of childhood; and
+    now&mdash;afraid of God, by whom she was unforgiven; the saints
+    swept out of her spiritual life like those mist-wreaths of
+    morning which were once taken for solid towers and impregnable
+    fortresses; the Holy Mother vanished with the rest; all
+    spiritual help a myth, all spiritual consolation gone&mdash;how
+    could she pray? Lonely as her life had been since mamma died,
+    it had never been so lonely as now, when she felt that God had
+    abandoned her, and that she had sacrificed her lover to her
+    sense of truth and honor and what was due to his nobility.</p>
+
+    <p>She stood by him and watched his passionate outburst with
+    anguish infinitely more intense than his own. To have caused
+    him this sorrow was worse than to have endured it for herself.
+    There was no sacrifice of self that she could not have made for
+    his good. Spaniard as she was, she would have been above
+    jealousy if another woman would have made him happier than she;
+    and if her death would have given him gain or joy, she would
+    have died for him as another would have lived. Yet it was she,
+    and she only, who was causing him this pain, who was destroying
+    his happiness and breaking his heart.</p>
+
+    <p>She dared not speak nor move. It took all the strength she
+    drew from silence to keep her from breaking into a more
+    terrible storm of grief than even that into which he had
+    fallen. She dared not make a sign, but simply stood there,
+    doing her best to bear her heavy burden to the end. The only
+    feeling that she had for herself was that it was cruel not to
+    let her die, and why did not mute anguish kill her?</p>
+
+    <p>For the rest, she knew that she had done the thing that was
+    right, however hard. It was not fitting that she should be his
+    wife; and it was better that he should suffer for the moment
+    than be degraded for all time by association with one so
+    shameful, so dishonored, as herself.</p>
+
+    <p>Presently, Edgar cleared his eyes and lifted up his face. He
+    was angry with himself for this unmanly burst of feeling, and
+    because angry with himself disposed for the moment to be hard
+    on her. She was standing there in exactly the same spot and
+    just the same attitude as before, her head a little bent, her
+    hands twined in each other, her eyes with the pleading,
+    frightened look of confession turned timidly to him; but as he
+    raised himself from the sofa, pushing back his hair and
+    striding to the window as if to hide the fact of his having
+    shed tears, she turned her eyes to the floor. She was beginning
+    to feel now that she must not even look at him. The gulf that
+    separated them, dug by her own ineffaceable crime, was so deep,
+    the distance so wide!</p>
+
+    <p>A painful silence fell between them: then Edgar, not looking
+    at her, said in a constrained voice, "I will keep your dreadful
+    secret, Leam, sacredly for ever. You feel sure of that, I hope.
+    But, as you say, we must part. I do not pretend to be better
+    than other men, but I could not take as my wife one who had
+    been guilty of such an awful crime as this."</p>
+
+    <p>"No," said Leam, her parched lips scarcely able to form a
+    word at all.</p>
+
+    <p>"Your secret will be safe with me," he repeated.</p>
+
+    <p>She did not reply. In giving up himself she had given up all
+    that made life lovely, and the refuse might as well go as
+    not.</p>
+
+    <p><span class="pagenum">[pg 727]</span> "But we must
+    part."</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes," said Leam.</p>
+
+    <p>He turned back to the window, desperately troubled. He did
+    really love her, passionately, sincerely. He longed at this
+    very moment to take her in his arms and tell her that he would
+    accept her crime if only he might have herself. Had he not been
+    the master of the Hill and a Harrowby he would have done so,
+    but the master of the Hill and the head of the house of
+    Harrowby had a character to maintain and a social ideal to keep
+    pure. He could not bring into such a home as his, present to
+    his mother as her daughter, to his sisters as their sister, a
+    girl who by her own confession was a murderess&mdash;a girl
+    who, if the law had its due, would be hanged by the neck in the
+    precincts of the county jail till she was dead. He might have
+    been sinful enough in his own life, in the ordinary way of
+    men&mdash;and truly there were passages in his past that would
+    scarcely bear the light&mdash;but what were the worst of his
+    misdemeanors compared with this awful crime? No: he must
+    resolutely crush the last lingering impulse of tenderness, and
+    leave her to work through her own tribulation, as he also must
+    work through his.</p>
+
+    <p>"But we must part," he said for a third time.</p>
+
+    <p>Her lips quivered. She did not answer, only bent her head in
+    sign of acquiescence.</p>
+
+    <p>"It is hard to say it, harder still to do; and I who loved
+    you so dearly!" cried Edgar with the angry despair of a man
+    forced against himself to give up his desire.</p>
+
+    <p>She put up her hands. "Don't!" she said with a sharp cry. "I
+    cannot bear to hear about your love."</p>
+
+    <p>He gave a sudden sob. Her love for him was very precious to
+    him&mdash;his for her very strong.</p>
+
+    <p>"Why did you tell me?" he then said. "And yet you did the
+    right thing to tell me: I was wrong to say that. It was good of
+    you, Leam&mdash;noble, like yourself."</p>
+
+    <p>"I love you. That is not being noble," she answered slowly
+    and with infinite pathos. "I could not have deceived you after
+    I remembered."</p>
+
+    <p>"You are too noble to deceive," he said, holding out his
+    hand.</p>
+
+    <p>Leam turned away. "I am not fit to touch your hand," she
+    said, the very pride of contrition in her voice&mdash;pride for
+    him, if humiliation for herself.</p>
+
+    <p>"For this once," he pleaded.</p>
+
+    <p>"I am unworthy," she answered.</p>
+
+    <p>At this moment little Fina came jumping into the room. She
+    had in her hand a rose-colored scarf that had once been poor
+    madame's, and which the nurse, turning out an old box of hers,
+    had found and given to the child.</p>
+
+    <p>After she had kissed Edgar, played with his
+    <i>br&eacute;loques</i>, looked at the works of his watch,
+    plaited his beard into three strings, and done all that she
+    generally did in the way of welcome, she shook out the gauze
+    scarf over her dress.</p>
+
+    <p>"This was mamma's&mdash;my own mamma's," she said. "Leam
+    will never tell me about mamma: you tell me, Major Harrowby,"
+    coaxingly.</p>
+
+    <p>"I cannot: I did not know her," said Edgar in an altered
+    voice, while Leam looked as if her judgment had come, but bore
+    it as she had borne all the rest, resolutely.</p>
+
+    <p>"I want to hear about mamma, and who killed her," pouted
+    Fina.</p>
+
+    <p>"Hush, Fina," said Leam in an agony: "you must not
+    talk."</p>
+
+    <p>"You always say that, Leam, when I want to hear about
+    mamma," was the child's petulant reply.</p>
+
+    <p>"Go away now, dear little Fina," said Edgar, who felt all
+    that Leam must feel at these inopportune words, and who,
+    moreover, weak as he was in this direction, was longing for one
+    last caress.</p>
+
+    <p>"I will go and send her nurse," said Leam, half staggering
+    to the door.</p>
+
+    <p>Had anything been wanting to show her the impossibility of
+    their marriage, this incident of Fina's random but incisive
+    words would have been enough.</p>
+
+    <p>"Leam! not one word more?" he asked as he stood against the
+    door, holding the handle in his hand.</p>
+
+    <p>"No," she said hopelessly. "What words can we have
+    together?"</p>
+
+    <p><span class="pagenum">[pg 728]</span> "And we are parting
+    like this, and for ever?"</p>
+
+    <p>"For ever. Yes, it has to be for ever," she answered almost
+    mechanically.</p>
+
+    <p>"Leam, why did you love me?" he cried, taking her hands in
+    his and keeping them.</p>
+
+    <p>"How could I help it? Who would not love you?" she
+    answered.</p>
+
+    <p>Again he gave a sudden heavy sob, and again the poor pale,
+    tortured face reflected the pain it witnessed.</p>
+
+    <p>"Good-bye!" she then said, drawing her hands from his.
+    "Remember only, when you blame me, that I told you, not to let
+    you be degraded. And forgive me before I die, for I loved
+    you&mdash;ah, better than my own life!"</p>
+
+    <p>With a sudden impulse she stooped forward, took back his
+    right hand in both of hers, pressed it to her bosom, kissed it
+    passionately again and again, then turned with one faint,
+    half-suppressed moan, and left him. And as he heard her light
+    feet cross the hall, wearily, heavily, as the feet of a mourner
+    dragging by the grave of the beloved, he knew that his dream of
+    love was over. But, with the strange satire of the senses in
+    moments of sorrow, noting ever the most trivial things, Edgar
+    noted specially the powerful perfume of a spray of lemon-plant
+    which she bruised as she pressed his hand against her
+    breast.</p>
+
+    <p>That evening Edgar Harrowby went down to the rectory. He was
+    strong enough in physique and in some phases of will, but he
+    was not strong all through, and he had never been able to face
+    unassisted the first desolation of a love-disappointment.</p>
+
+    <p>Adelaide, in a picturesque dress and her most becoming mood,
+    welcomed him with careful cordiality as a prodigal whose husks,
+    clinging about his coat, were to be handled tenderly as if they
+    were pearls. She saw that something was gravely wrong, and she
+    grasped the line of connection if she did not understand the
+    issue; but, mindful of the doctrine of letting well
+    alone&mdash;also of that of catching a heart at the
+    rebound&mdash;she made no allusion in the beginning, but let
+    her curiosity gnaw her like the Spartan boy's fox without
+    making a sign. At last, however, her curiosity became
+    impatience, and her impatience conquered her reserve. She was
+    clever in her generation and fairly self-controlled, but she
+    was only a woman, after all.</p>
+
+    <p>"And when did you see that eccentric little lady, Miss
+    Leam?" she asked with a smile&mdash;not a bitter smile, merely
+    one of careless amusement, as if Leam was acknowledged to be a
+    comical subject of conversation and one naturally provoking a
+    smile.</p>
+
+    <p>"Dear Adelaide," said Edgar, not looking at her, but
+    speaking with unusual earnestness, "do not speak ill of Leam
+    Dundas&mdash;neither to me nor to any one else. I ask it as a
+    favor."</p>
+
+    <p>Adelaide turned pale. "Tell me only one thing, Edgar: are
+    you going to marry her?" she asked, her manner as earnest as
+    his own, but with a different meaning.</p>
+
+    <p>"No. Marry her? Good God, no!" was his vehement reply. Then
+    more tenderly: "But for all that do not speak ill of her. Will
+    you promise, dear, good friend?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, I will promise," she answered with what was for her
+    fervor and a sudden look of intense relief. "I never will
+    again, Edgar; and I am sorry if I have hurt you at any time by
+    what I may have said. I did not mean to do so."</p>
+
+    <p>"No, I know you did not. I can appreciate your motives, and
+    they were good," Edgar answered with emotion; and then their
+    two pairs of fine blue eyes met, and both pairs were moist.</p>
+
+    <p>This was just at the moment when Leam, pale, rigid as a
+    statue, thickly veiled, and holding a box in her hand, met Mr.
+    Gryce in Steel's Wood, he having gone to catch such rare
+    specimens of sleeping lepidoptera as the place afforded and his
+    eyes could discern.</p><a name='CHAPTER_XXXVIII'
+          id="CHAPTER_XXXVIII"></a>
+
+    <h3>CHAPTER XXXVIII.</h3>
+
+    <h3>BLOTTED OUT.</h3>
+
+    <p>Gone! no one knew where. Gone in the night like a falling
+    star, like a passing cloud&mdash;gone and left no trace,
+    vanished <span class="pagenum">[pg 729]</span> like the
+    sunshine of yesterday or the flowers of last spring! No one
+    knew what had become of her, and no one knew where to look for
+    her; for the sole information gathered by the scared neighbors
+    was, that Leam Dundas was missing and no one had seen her
+    go.</p>
+
+    <p>She was thought by some to have simply run away after the
+    manner of undisciplined youth aiming at mock heroism; but
+    where, or with whom? for, said the keen-eyed women and
+    large-mouthed men, incredulous of maiden meditation fancy free,
+    a pretty young thing of nineteen would never have left her
+    comfortable home, her father, friends and good name, without
+    some lover stirring in the matter. And this lover was just the
+    missing link not to be found anywhere. Others said she had
+    drowned herself; but here, again, Why? Young girls do not give
+    up their precious freight of hope in love and present joy in
+    youth for a trifling ailment or a temporary annoyance. And
+    nothing worse than either could have befallen Leam, said the
+    reasoners, putting their little twos and twos together and
+    totting up the items with the serene accuracy of spiritual
+    arithmeticians, dealing with human emotion as if it was a sum
+    in long division which any schoolboy could calculate.</p>
+
+    <p>Edgar Harrowby, however, who came forward manfully enough to
+    say when and where&mdash;if not how&mdash;he had last seen Miss
+    Dundas, leant to the side of the believers in suicide, and on
+    his own responsibility ordered the Broad to be dragged. Which
+    looked ugly, said a few of the rasher spirits in the village,
+    cherishing suspicion of their betters as the birthright which
+    had never had a chance of being bartered for a mess of pottage;
+    while the more contemptuous, critical after the event, gave it
+    as their opinion that the major had a bee in his bonnet
+    somewhere, for what gentleman in his seven sane senses would
+    have looked for such a mare's nest as Miss Leam Dundas lying
+    among the bulrushes of the Broad? Drowned herself? No: it was
+    no drowning of herself that had come to little miss, be sure of
+    that.</p>
+
+    <p>What, however, had come to her no one knew. The fact only
+    was certain: she had gone, and no one had met her coming or
+    seen her going, and for all trace left she might as well have
+    melted into air like one of the fairy women of romance. To be
+    sure, the servants had heard her in her room in the early
+    evening, and she had refused the tea which they had brought
+    her, and told them, through the closed door, that she wanted
+    nothing more that night. So they left her to herself, supposing
+    her to be in one of her queer moods, to which they were used to
+    give but scant heed, and not thinking more about her. The next
+    morning she was missing, but when she had gone was as dark as
+    where.</p>
+
+    <p>The discovery, later in the day, that certain effects, such
+    as her mother's dressing-case and a few personal necessities of
+    daily use, were gone too, seemed to dispose effectually of the
+    theory of suicide; though what remained, a lover, companion of
+    her flight, being wanting? It was a strange thing altogether,
+    and the country was alive with wild theories and wild reports.
+    But in a few days a letter from Mr. Dundas to the rector, and
+    another to Edgar, set the question of self-destruction at rest,
+    though also they gave loose to other energies of conjecture,
+    for in both he said, "No harm has come to her, and I am content
+    to let her remain where she has elected to place herself."</p>
+
+    <p>As it was just this <i>where</i> which tormented the folk
+    with the sense of mystery and made them eager for news, the
+    father's meagre explanation&mdash;which, in point of fact, was
+    no explanation at all&mdash;was not found very satisfactory,
+    and a few hard words were said of Mr. Dundas, his reserve to
+    the world being taken for the same thing as indifference to his
+    daughter, and resented as an offence. But for the third time in
+    his life Sebastian was found capable of maintaining this
+    impenetrable reserve. Pepita's true status in her own
+    country&mdash;madame's suspicious debts and those damaging
+    letters from London&mdash;Leam's hiding-place: he had had
+    strength enough to keep his own counsel about the first two
+    unbroken, and now he betrayed no more about this last. It may
+    as well be said <span class="pagenum">[pg 730]</span> that for
+    this he had sufficient reason. Leam, who had confessed her
+    crime, and announced her intention of flight and of hiding
+    herself where no one should find her again, had not told him
+    more than these bare bones of the story. And he did not care to
+    know more. The skeleton was horrible enough as it stood: he was
+    by no means inclined to clothe it with the flesh of detail,
+    still less to follow his erring child to her place of exile. He
+    was content that she should be blotted out. It was the sole
+    reparation that she could make.</p>
+
+    <p>This sudden disappearance ended the foreign tour which had
+    been Josephine's sweetest anticipations of the honeymoon, for
+    Mr. Dundas turned back for home at once, intending to put up
+    Ford House for sale and leave the place for ever. He was
+    ashamed to live at North Aston, he said, after Leam's
+    extraordinary conduct, her shameful, shameless
+    <i>esclandre</i>, which&mdash;said Josephine to her own people,
+    weeping&mdash;she supposed was due to her, the poor little
+    thing not liking her for a stepmother.</p>
+
+    <p>"Though, indeed, she need not have been afraid," said the
+    good creature effusively, "for I had intended to be kindness
+    itself to the poor dear girl."</p>
+
+    <p>And when she said this, Mrs. Harrowby who never failed an
+    opportunity for moral cautery, remarked dryly, "In all
+    probability it is as well as it is, Josephine. You would have
+    been very uncomfortable with her, and would have been sure to
+    have spoiled her. And, as Adelaide Birkett always says, very
+    sensibly, she is odd enough already. She need not be made more
+    so."</p>
+
+    <p>Maria threw out a doubt as to whether Mr. Dundas had heard
+    from Leam at all. It was not like Sebastian to be so close, she
+    said; but Josephine assured her that he had, and bridled a
+    little at the vapory insinuation that Sebastian was not
+    perfect. She detailed the whole circumstance with all the facts
+    fully fringed and feathered. He had received the letter just as
+    they were preparing to go to the Louvre, but he had not shown
+    it to her, and she had not asked to see it. She saw, though,
+    that he was much agitated when he read it, but he had put it in
+    his pocket, and when she looked for it it was not there. All
+    that he had said was, "Leam has left home, Josephine, and we
+    must go back at once." Of course she had not asked questions,
+    she said with a pleasant little assumption of wifely
+    submission. Her search in her husband's pockets was only what
+    might have been expected from the average woman, but the wifely
+    submission was special.</p>
+
+    <p>For this curtailment of their sister's enjoyment Maria and
+    Fanny judged Leam almost more severely than for any other
+    delinquency involved in her flight. They spoke as if she had
+    planned it purposely to vex her father and his bride in their
+    honeymoon and deprive them of their lawful pleasure; but
+    Josephine never blamed her as they did, and when they were most
+    bitter cast in her little words of soothing and excused her
+    with more zeal than evidence&mdash;excused her sometimes to the
+    point of making her sisters angry with her and inclined to
+    accuse her of her old failing, meek-spiritedness carried to the
+    verge of self-abasement.</p>
+
+    <p>But the one who suffered most of all those left to lament or
+    to wonder was poor Alick Corfield. It was a misery to see him
+    with his hollow cheeks and haggard eyes, like an animal that
+    has been hunted into lone places, terrified and looking for a
+    way of escape, or like a dog that has lost its master. He tried
+    every method known to him to gain information of her directly
+    or indirectly, but Mr. Dundas, ignorant himself, had only to
+    guard that ignorance from breaking out. As for knowledge, he
+    could not give what he did not possess, and the terrible thing
+    that he did know he was not likely to let appear.</p>
+
+    <p>One day when the poor fellow broke down, as was not unusual
+    with him when asking about Leam&mdash;and Mr. Dundas read him
+    like a book, all save that one black page where the beloved
+    name stood inscribed in letters of his own heart's blood
+    between the words "crime" and "murder"&mdash;with a woman's
+    liking for saying pleasant things which soothed those who heard
+    them, and did no hurt to those who said them save for the
+    insignificant <span class="pagenum">[pg 731]</span> manner in
+    which falsehood hurts the soul, Sebastian, laying his hand
+    kindly on the poor fellow's angular shoulder, said, "I am sorry
+    to know as much as I do, Alick. There is no one to whom I would
+    have given her so readily as to you, my dear boy. Indeed, it
+    was always one of my hopes for the future, poor misguided
+    child! and I can see that it was yours too. Ah, how I grieve
+    that it is impossible!"</p>
+
+    <p>"Why impossible?" asked Alick, who had the faculty of faith,
+    his pale face flushing.</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. Dundas turned white. A look not so much of pain as of
+    abhorrence came into his face. "Impossible!" he said
+    vehemently. "I would not curse my greatest enemy with my
+    daughter's hand."</p>
+
+    <p>Alick felt his blood run cold. What did he mean? Did he know
+    all, or was he speaking only with the angry feeling of a man
+    who had been disappointed and annoyed? There was a short pause.
+    Then said Alick, looking straight into Sebastian's eyes and
+    speaking very slowly, but with not too much emphasis, "I would
+    hold myself blessed with her as my wife had she even committed
+    murder."</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. Dundas started perceptibly. "Oh," he answered after a
+    moment's hesitation, with a forced and sickly kind of smile, "a
+    silly girl's wrong-headedness does not reach quite so far as
+    that. She has done wrong, miserably wrong, but between
+    withdrawing herself from her father's house and committing such
+    a crime as murder there is rather a wide difference. All the
+    same, I am disgraced by her folly," angrily, "and I will not
+    let any one&mdash;not even you, Alick&mdash;know where she
+    is."</p>
+
+    <p>"That is cruel to those who love her," pleaded Alick, his
+    eyes filling with tears.</p>
+
+    <p>"If cruel it is necessary," said Mr. Dundas.</p>
+
+    <p>"But she must need friends about her now more than she ever
+    did," urged Alick. "Tell me at least where to find her, that I
+    may do what I can to console her."</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. Dundas shook his head. "No," he said sternly, "She is
+    dead to me, and shall be dead to my friends. She is blotted out
+    from my love, and I will blot her out from my memory; and no
+    one's persuasions can bring back what is effaced. Now, my dear
+    boy, let us understand one another. I have surprised your
+    secret: you love my daughter, and had she been worthy of you I
+    would have given her to you more willingly than to any one I
+    know. But she herself has fixed the gulf between us, which I
+    will not pass nor help any one else to pass. Learn to look on
+    her as dead, for she is dead to me, to you, to the world."</p>
+
+    <p>"Never to me," cried Alick. "While she lives she must be
+    always to me what she has been from the first day I saw her.
+    Whatever she has done, I shall always love her as much as I do
+    now."</p>
+
+    <p>"You are faithful," replied Sebastian, "but trust me, boy,
+    no woman that ever lived was worth so much fidelity. I will
+    protect you against your own wish, and be your friend in spite
+    of yourself. You shall not know where she is, and you shall not
+    throw yourself away on her. As she has elected to be effaced,
+    she shall be effaced&mdash;blotted out for ever."</p>
+
+    <p>"Then I will consecrate my life to finding her," cried Alick
+    warmly.</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. Dundas shrugged his shoulders. "Who can persuade a
+    willful man against his folly?" he said coldly. "You are
+    following a marsh-light, my boy, and if you do find it you will
+    only be landed in a bog."</p>
+
+    <p>"If I find her I shall have found my reward," Alick answered
+    with boyish fervor. "It will be happiness enough for me if I
+    can bring back one smile to her face or lighten one hour of its
+    sorrow."</p>
+
+    <p>"Let well alone," said Mr. Dundas; but Alick answered, "Not
+    till it is well; and God will help me."</p>
+
+    <p>Whereupon the interview ended, and Alick left the house,
+    feeling something as one of the knights of old might have felt
+    when he had vowed himself to the quest of the Holy Grail.</p>
+
+    <p>When Mr. Dundas came home, naturally the families called, as
+    in duty bound and by inclination led. Excitement concerning
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 732]</span> Ford House was at its
+    height, for there were two things to keep it alive&mdash;the
+    one to see how the bride and bridegroom looked, the other to
+    try and pick up something definite about Leam. And among the
+    rest came Mr. Gryce, with his floating white locks falling
+    about his bland cherubic face, his mild blue eyes with their
+    trick of turning red on small provocation, and his lisping
+    manner of speech, ingenuous, interrogatory, and knowing nothing
+    when interrogated in his turn&mdash;somehow gleaning full ears
+    wherever he passed, and dropping not even a solitary stalk of
+    straw in return. He expressed his sorrow that he had not seen
+    lately his young friend, Miss Dundas.</p>
+
+    <p>"In my secluded life," he said, his eyelids reddening, "she
+    is like a beautiful bird that flashes through the dull sky for
+    a moment, but leaves the atmosphere brighter than before." He
+    glanced round the room as if looking for her. "I hope she is
+    well?" he added, not attempting to conceal a certain accent of
+    disappointment at her absence.</p>
+
+    <p>"Quite well when I heard from her," answered Mr. Dundas,
+    doing his best to speak without embarrassment.</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. Gryce turned his face in frank astonishment on the
+    speaker. "Ah! She is from home, then?" he asked.</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes," said Mr. Dundas curtly.</p>
+
+    <p>"I had not heard," lisped the tenant of Lionnet. "But I
+    myself have been from home for a few days, and have just
+    returned. Though, indeed, present or absent, I know very little
+    of my neighbors' doings, as you may see. I did not even know
+    that Miss Dundas was from home."</p>
+
+    <p>"Yet it was pretty widely talked about," said Mr. Dundas,
+    with a certain suspicious glance at the cherubic face smiling
+    innocently into his.</p>
+
+    <p>"Doubtless the absence of Miss Dundas must have caused a
+    gap," replied Mr. Gryce, "but you see, as I said, I have been
+    away myself, and when I am at home I do not gossip."</p>
+
+    <p>"Have&mdash;Where have you been?" asked Mr. Dundas abruptly,
+    with that sudden glance as suddenly withdrawn which tells of a
+    half-formed suspicion neither dwelt on nor clearly made
+    out.</p>
+
+    <p>"To Paris," said Mr. Gryce demurely. "I went to
+    see&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh! you went to see Notre Dame and La Madeleine of course,"
+    interrupted Sebastian satirically.</p>
+
+    <p>"No," answered Mr. Gryce with a cherubic smile. "Strange to
+    say, I had business connected with that odd drama of <i>Le
+    Sphinx</i>."</p>
+
+    <p>There was not much more talk after this, and Mr. Gryce soon
+    took his leave, desiring to be most respectfully remembered to
+    Miss Dundas when her father next wrote, and to say that he was
+    keeping some pretty specimens of moths for her on her return;
+    both of which messages Sebastian promised to convey at the
+    earliest opportunity, improvising a counter-remark of Leam's
+    which he was sorry he could not remember accurately, but it was
+    something about butterflies and Mr. Gryce, though what it was
+    he could not positively say.</p>
+
+    <p>"Never mind: I will take the will for the deed," said the
+    naturalist as he smiled himself through the doorway.</p>
+
+    <p>And when he had gone Josephine declared that she did not
+    care if he never came again: there was something she did not
+    like about him. Pushed for a reason by her husband, who always
+    assumed a logical and masculine tone to her, she had not one to
+    produce, but she stumbled as if by chance on the word
+    "sinister," which was just what Mr. Gryce was not. So Sebastian
+    made her go into the library for the dictionary and hunt up the
+    word through all its derivations, and thus proved to her
+    incontestably that she was ignorant of the English language and
+    of human nature in about equal proportions.</p>
+
+    <p>It was soon remarked at the post-office that no letter
+    addressed to Miss Dundas ever left North Aston, and that none
+    came to Mr. Dundas or any one else in the queer, cramped
+    handwriting which experience had taught Mrs. Pepper,
+    post-mistress as well as the keeper of the village general
+    shop, carried the sentiments of Leam Dundas. This caused a
+    curious little buzz in the lower parts of the hive
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 733]</span> when Mrs. Pepper
+    mentioned it to her friends and gossips; but as no fire can
+    live without fresh fuel, and as nothing whatever was heard of
+    Leam to stimulate curiosity or set new tales afloat, by degrees
+    her name dropped out of the daily discussions of the place, and
+    she was no longer interesting, because she had become used up
+    and talked out.</p>
+
+    <p>Only, Mr. Gryce wrote more frequently than had been his wont
+    to Miss Gryce at Windy Brow in Cumberland&mdash;conjectured to
+    be his sister; and only, Alick never ceased in his attempts to
+    discover where his lost queen was hidden, though these attempts
+    had hitherto been hopelessly baffled, partly because he had not
+    an inch of foothold whence to make his first spring, nor the
+    thinnest clew to tell him which path to take.</p>
+
+    <p>And as a purchaser, the final cause of whose existence
+    seemed to have been the unquestioning possession of Ford House,
+    came suddenly on the scene and took the whole thing as it
+    stood, Sebastian and his wife left the place, taking Fina with
+    them, and migrated to Paris to finish their interrupted
+    honeymoon. So now it was supposed that the last link connecting
+    Leam with North Aston was broken, and that she was indeed
+    blotted out and for ever.</p>
+
+    <p>True love is faithful, and Alick Corfield's love was true.
+    Had all the world forsaken her, he would have remained
+    immovable in his old place and attitude of devotion&mdash;the
+    one fixed idea always possessing him to find her in her retreat
+    and restore her to self-respect and happiness by his undying
+    love. But how to find her? All sorts of mad projects passed
+    through his brain, but mad projects need some methods, and
+    methods in harmony with existing conditions, if they are to
+    bring success; and Alick's vague resolves to go out and look
+    for her had no more meaning in them than the random moves of a
+    bad chessplayer.</p>
+
+    <p>Had Sir Lancelot lived at the present time, he would have
+    gone to Camelot by express, like meaner souls; and had Sir
+    Galahad set out on his quest in the latter half of the
+    nineteenth century, he would have either advertised in the
+    newspapers or have employed a detective for the first part of
+    his undertaking. So, had Alick gone to Scotland Yard and taken
+    the police into his confidence, Leam would have been found in
+    less than a week; but as he shrank from bringing her into
+    contact with the force mainly associated with crime, he was
+    left to his own devices unassisted, and these devices ended
+    only in constantly-recurring disappointment, and consequent
+    increase of sorrow.</p>
+
+    <p>His sorrow indeed was so great, and told on him so heavily,
+    that every one said he was going to die. He had been left thin
+    and gaunt enough by his illness, but distress of mind, coupled
+    with weakness of body, reduced him to a kind of sketchy
+    likeness of Don Quixote&mdash;his pure soul and honest nature
+    the only beautiful things about him&mdash;while his mother's
+    heart was as nearly broken as his
+    own.</p><a name='CHAPTER_XXXIX'
+          id="CHAPTER_XXXIX"></a>
+
+    <h3>CHAPTER XXXIX.</h3>
+
+    <h3>WINDY BROW.</h3><br />
+
+
+    <p>While North Aston was employing its time in wondering, and
+    Alick Corfield was breaking his heart in sorrowing, Leam was
+    doing battle with her despair and distress at Windy
+    Brow&mdash;doing the best she could to keep her senses clear
+    and to live through the penance which she had inflicted on
+    herself.</p>
+
+    <p>So far, Mrs. Pepper's conclusions, based on a badly-gummed
+    envelope, were right: Miss Gryce of Windy Brow was the sister
+    of Mr. Gryce of Lionnet, though even Mrs. Pepper did not know
+    that Leam Dundas, under the name of Leonora Darley, was living
+    with her.</p>
+
+    <p>It is not the most obvious agents that are the most
+    influential. The greatest things in Nature are the work of the
+    smallest creatures, and our lives are manipulated far more by
+    unseen influences, known only to ourselves, than by those
+    patent to the world. In all North Aston, Mr. Gryce was the man
+    who had apparently the least hold on the place and the
+    slightest connection with the people. He had come there by
+    accident and by choice lived in retirement,
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 734]</span> though also by choice he
+    had not been there a month before he knew all there was to be
+    known of every individual for miles round. The merest chances
+    had made him personally acquainted with Sebastian
+    Dundas&mdash;those chances his tenancy of Lionnet and the
+    slight attack of fever which called forth his landlord's
+    sentiment and pity. Through the father he came to know the
+    daughter, when the prying curiosity of his nature, his liking
+    for secret influence and concealed action, together with the
+    kind heart at bottom, and his real affection for the girl whose
+    confidence he had partly forced and partly won, threw the whole
+    secret into his hands and made him master of the
+    situation&mdash;the keeper of the seal set against the writings
+    whom no one suspected of complicity. This was exactly the kind
+    of thing he liked, and the kind of thing that suited him, human
+    mole, born detective and conspirator as he was.</p>
+
+    <p>When Leam met him in the wood on the evening of her
+    confession to Edgar, she met him with the deliberate intention
+    of confessing her fearful secret to him too, and of asking him
+    to help her to escape, like the friend which he had promised he
+    would be. She knew that it was impossible for her now to live
+    at North Aston, and the sole desire she had was to be blotted
+    out, as she had been.</p>
+
+    <p>There was no excitement about her, no feverish exaltation
+    that would burn itself cold before twenty-four hours were
+    over&mdash;only the dead dreariness of heartbreak, the
+    tenacious resolution of despair. She neither wept nor wrung her
+    hands, but quiet, pale, rigid, she told her terrible story in
+    the low and level tones in which a Greek Fate might have
+    spoken, as sad and as immutable. She had sinned, and now had
+    made such atonement as she could by confession&mdash;to her
+    lover to save him from pollution, to her father to cancel his
+    obligations to her, to her friend to be helped in her lifelong
+    penance. This done, she had strengthened herself to bear all
+    that might come to her with that resignation of remorse which
+    demands no rights and inherits no joys. She was not one of
+    those emotional half-hearted creatures who resolve one day,
+    break down the next, and drift always. For good and evil alike
+    she had the power to hold where she had gripped and to maintain
+    what she had undertaken; and even her life at Windy Brow did
+    not shake her.</p>
+
+    <p>And that life might well have shaken both a stronger mind
+    and even a more resolute will than hers.</p>
+
+    <p>A square stone house of eight rooms, set on a bleak
+    fell-side where the sun never shone, where no fruits ripened,
+    no flowers bloomed and no trees grew, save here and there a
+    dwarfed and twisted thorn covered with pale gray lichen and
+    bent by the wind into painful deformity of growth&mdash;a house
+    which had no garden, only a strip of rank, coarse grass before
+    the windows, with a potato-patch and kail-yard to the side;
+    where was no adornment within or without, no beauty of color,
+    no softness of line, merely a rugged, lonesome, square stone
+    tent set up on a mountain-spur, as it would seem for the
+    express reception of tortured penitents not seeking to soften
+    sorrow,&mdash;this was Windy Brow, the patrimony of the Gryces,
+    where Keziah, Emmanuel's eldest sister, lived and had lived
+    these sixty years and more.</p>
+
+    <p>The house stood alone. Monk Grange, the hamlet to which it
+    geographically belonged&mdash;a place as bleak and bare as
+    itself, and which seemed to have been flung against the
+    fell-foot as if a brick-layer's hodman had pitched the hovels
+    at haphazard anyhow&mdash;was two good miles away, and the
+    market-town, to be got at only by crossing a dangerous moor,
+    was nine miles off&mdash;as far as Sherrington from North
+    Aston.</p>
+
+    <p>The few poor dwellers in Monk Grange had little to do with
+    the market-town. They lived mostly on what they managed to
+    raise and rear among themselves&mdash;holding braxy mutton good
+    enough for feast-days, and oatmeal porridge all the year round
+    the finest food for men and bairns alike. As for the gudewives'
+    household necessaries, they were got by the carrier who passed
+    once a fortnight on their road; and for the rest, if aught was
+    wanting more than that which they <span class="pagenum">[pg
+    735]</span> had, they did without, and, according to the local
+    saying, "want was t' master."</p>
+
+    <p>Society of a cultured kind there was none. The clergyman was
+    an old man little if it all superior to the flock to which he
+    ministered. He was a St. Bees man, the son of a handloom
+    weaver, speaking broad Cumberland and hopelessly "dished" by a
+    hard word in the Bible. He was fond of his glass, and was to be
+    found every day of his life from three to nine at the Blucher,
+    smoking a clay pipe and drinking rum and milk. He had never
+    married, but he was by no means an ascetic in his morals, as
+    more than one buxom wench in his parish had proved; and in all
+    respects he was an anachronism, the like of which is rare now
+    among the fells and dales, though at one time it was the normal
+    type for the clergy of the remoter North Country districts.</p>
+
+    <p>This old sinner&mdash;Priest Wilson as he was
+    called&mdash;and Miss Gryce of Windy Brow represented the
+    wealth and intellect of a place which was at the back of
+    everything, out of the highway of life and untouched by the
+    progress of history or science. And the one was not very much
+    superior to the other save in moral cleanliness; which,
+    however, counts for something.</p>
+
+    <p>If North Aston had said with a sniff that Mr. Gryce was not
+    thoroughbred, what would have been its verdict on Sister
+    Keziah? He at least had rubbed off some of the native fell-side
+    mould by rolling about foreign parts, gathering experience if
+    not moss, and becoming rich in knowledge if not in guineas; but
+    Keziah, who had spent the last twenty years of her life in
+    close attendance on a paralytic old mother, had stiffened as
+    she stood, and the local mould encrusting her was very thick.
+    Nevertheless, she too had a good heart if a rough hand, and,
+    though eccentric almost to insanity, as one so often finds with
+    people living out of the line and influence of public opinion,
+    yet was as sound at the core as she was rude and odd in the
+    husk.</p>
+
+    <p>She was a small woman, lean, wrinkled, and with a curious
+    mixture of primness and slovenliness in her dress. She wore a
+    false front, which she called a topknot, the small, crimped,
+    deep-brown mohair curls of which were bound about her forehead
+    with a bit of black velvet ribbon, while gray hairs straggled
+    from underneath to make the patent sham more transparent still;
+    and over her topknot she wore a rusty black cap that enclosed
+    the keen monkeyish face like a ruff. Her every-day gown was one
+    of coarse brown camlet, any number of years old, darned and
+    patched till it was like a Joseph's coat; and the Rob Roy
+    tartan shawl which she pinned across her bosom hid a state of
+    dilapidation which even she did not care should be seen. She
+    wore a black stuff apron full of fine tones from fruit-stains
+    and fire-scorchings; and she took snuff.</p>
+
+    <p>She was reputed to be worth a mort of money, and she had
+    saved a goodly sum. It would have been more had she had the
+    courage to invest it; but she had a profound distrust of all
+    financial speculations&mdash;had not Emmanuel lost his share by
+    playing at knucklebones with it in the City?&mdash;and she was
+    not the fool to follow my leader into the mire. For her part,
+    she put her trust in teapots and stockings, with richer hoards
+    wrapped in rags and sewn up in the mattress, and here a few odd
+    pounds under the rice and there a few hidden in the coffee.
+    That was her idea of a banking account, and she held it to be
+    the best there was.</p>
+
+    <p>"Don't lend your hat," she used to say, "and then you'll not
+    have to go bareheaded." And sometimes, talking of loans on
+    securities, she would take a pinch of snuff and say she
+    "reckoned nowt of that man who locked his own granary door and
+    gave another man the key."</p>
+
+    <p>To all appearance, she lived only to scrape and hoard,
+    moidering away her loveless life on the futile energies and
+    sordid aims of a miser's wretched pleasures. But every now and
+    then she had risen up out of the slough into which she had
+    gradually sunk, and had done some grand things that marked her
+    name with so many white stones. While she gloried in her skill
+    in filching from the pig what would serve the chickens, in
+    making <span class="pagenum">[pg 736]</span> Jenny go short to
+    save to-day's baking of havre-bread, in skimping Tim's bowl of
+    porridge&mdash;his appetite being a burden on her estate which
+    she often declared would break her&mdash;she had more than once
+    given a hundred pounds at a blow to build a raft for a poor
+    drowning wretch who must otherwise have sunk. In fact, she was
+    one of those people who are small with the small things of life
+    and great with the great&mdash;who will grudge a daily dole of
+    a few threshed-out stalks of straw, but who sometimes, when
+    rightly touched, will shower down with both hands full sheaves
+    of golden grain. That is, she had mean aims, a bad temper, no
+    imagination, but the capacity for pity and generosity on
+    occasions.</p>
+
+    <p>Above all things, she hated to be put out of the way or
+    intruded on. When her brother Emmanuel came down on her without
+    a word of warning, bringing a girl with eyes that, as she said,
+    made her feel foolish to look at, and a manner part scared,
+    part stony, and wholly unconformable, telling her to keep this
+    precious-bit madam like a bale of goods till called for, and to
+    do the best with it she could, she was justified, she said, in
+    splurging against his thoughtlessness and want of
+    consideration, taking a body like that all of a heap, without
+    With your leave or By your leave, or giving one a chance of
+    saying Yes I will, or No I won't.</p>
+
+    <p>But though she splurged she gave way; and after she had
+    fumed and fussed, heckled the maid and harried the man, said
+    she didn't see as how she could, and she didn't think as how
+    she would, sworn there was no bedding fit to use, and that she
+    had no place for the things&mdash;apples and onions
+    chiefly&mdash;that were in the spare room if she gave it up for
+    the young lass's use, she seemed to quiet down, and going over
+    to Leam, standing mutely by the black-boarded fireplace, put on
+    her spectacles, peered up into her face, and said in shrill
+    tones, rasping as a saw, though she meant to be kind, "Ah,
+    well! I suppose it must be; so go your ways up stairs with
+    Jenny, bairn, and make yourself at home. It's little I have for
+    a fine young miss like you to play with, but what I have you're
+    welcome to; so make no bones about it: d'ye hear?"</p>
+
+    <p>"But I am in your way," said Leam, not moving. "You do not
+    want me?"</p>
+
+    <p>Miss Gryce laughed. "Want ye?" she shouted. "Want ye, do you
+    say? Nay, nay, honey, it was no wanting of you or your marras
+    that would ever have given me a headache, I'll ensure ye. But
+    now that you are here you can bide as long as you've a mind;
+    and you're welcome kindly. And Emmanuel there knows that my
+    word is as good as my bond, and what I say I mean."</p>
+
+    <p>"Am I to stay?" asked Leam, turning to Mr. Gryce with a
+    certain forced humility which showed how much it cost her to
+    submit.</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes," he answered, less cheerfully and more authoritatively
+    than was his manner at North Aston, speaking without a lisp and
+    with a full Cumberland accent. "It is the best thing I can do
+    for you&mdash;all I have to offer."</p>
+
+    <p>To which Leam bent her sad head with pathetic
+    patience&mdash;pathetic indeed to those who knew the proud
+    spirit that it reported broken and humbled for ever. Following
+    the red-armed, touzled, ragged maid to the dingy cabin that was
+    to be her room, she left her friend to explain to his sister,
+    so far as he chose and could, the necessity under which he
+    found himself of leaving his adopted daughter, Leonora Darley,
+    in her care for a week or two, until such time as he should
+    return and claim her.</p>
+
+    <p>"Your adopted daughter? God bless my soul, man! but you are
+    the daftest donnet I ever saw on two legs!" cried Keziah,
+    snatching up the coarse gray knitting which was the sole
+    unanchored circumstance in the room and casting off her heel
+    viciously. "What call had you to adopt a daughter&mdash;you
+    with never a wife to mother her nor a house of your own to take
+    her to? For I reckon nowt of your furnished houses here and
+    your beggarly apartments there, as you know. And now you can do
+    nothing better than bring her here to fash the life out of me
+    before the week's over! But that's always the way with you men.
+    You talk precious big, but it's mighty little you put
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 737]</span> your hands to; and when
+    you hack out yokes for which you get a deal of praise, you take
+    care not to bear them on your own backs. It's us women who have
+    to do that."</p>
+
+    <p>"One would have supposed you would have liked a pretty young
+    thing like that in the house. You are lonesome enough here, and
+    it makes a little life," said Emmanuel quietly.</p>
+
+    <p>He knew his sister Keziah, and that she must have her head
+    when the talking fit was on her.</p>
+
+    <p>"'A pretty young thing like that!'" she repeated scornfully.
+    "Lord love you, born cuddy as you are! What's her good looks to
+    me, I wonder, but a pound spent on a looking-glass, and Jenny
+    taken off her work to make cakes and butter-sops for her dainty
+    teeth? We'll have all the men-folk too havering round to see
+    which of 'em may have the honor of ruining himself for my fine
+    lady. And I'll not have it, I tell ye. I'll not have my house
+    turned into a fair, with madam there as the show. Life! what do
+    I want with 'life' about me, or you either, Emmanuel? I've got
+    my right foot in the grave, and I reckon yours is not far off;
+    and what we've both got to do now is to see that we make a good
+    ending for our souls."</p>
+
+    <p>"At all events, you don't refuse to take her for a week or
+    two?" asked Emmanuel innocently.</p>
+
+    <p>"Did I say I refused? Did I send her up stairs as the
+    nighest road to the street-door?" retorted his sister with
+    disdain. "Did I not tell you, as plain as tongue could speak,
+    that she is welcome to her bit and sup, and I'll pass the time
+    away for her in the best way I can, though bad is the best, I
+    reckon?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Well, well, you are a good body," said her brother.</p>
+
+    <p>"Ay," she answered, "I am good enough when I jump your way.
+    But tell me, Emmanuel," changing from the disdain of the
+    superior creature holding forth on high matters to the inferior
+    to the familiar gossip of the natural woman, "what's to do with
+    her? It's as plain as a pike-staff that something is troubling
+    her, and maybe it will be some of your love nonsense? for it's
+    mainly that as fashes the lasses. Good Lord! I'm thankful I was
+    never hindered that way."</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes," said Mr. Gryce, "she has had what you women call a
+    disappointment; and," speaking with unusual energy, "the man
+    was a fool and a coward, and she has had a lucky escape."</p>
+
+    <p>"Say ye? If so, then there is no call for her to carry on,"
+    said Keziah philosophically. "But the poor bairn's looking
+    wantle enough now, though I warrant me the fell-side air will
+    brisk her up in no time."</p>
+
+    <p>"I hope it will," said her brother.</p>
+
+    <p>"What does she eat, now? You see, now I've got the lass on
+    my hands, I cannot hunger her," said Keziah. "Not that I can
+    give her dainties and messes," she added hastily, the miser's
+    cloak suddenly covering the woman's heart. "She'll have to take
+    what we get, and be thankful for her meat. Still, it's as well
+    to know what a body's been accustomed to when they come like
+    this, all of a heap."</p>
+
+    <p>"Don't fash yourself about her," answered Emmanuel. "Do what
+    you can&mdash;that you will, I know&mdash;but leave her to
+    herself: that's the way for her. She's an odd little body, and
+    the least said the soonest mended with Leam."</p>
+
+    <p>"With who, d'ye say?" asked Keziah sharply.</p>
+
+    <p>"Lean&mdash;Leonora," said Emmanuel cherubically.</p>
+
+    <p>"Well, I wouldn't call a daughter of mine after old
+    Pharaoh's kine," snapped Keziah with supreme scorn; and at that
+    moment Leam came into the room, and Keziah bustled out of it to
+    tig after Jenny and ding at Tim, as these two faithful
+    servitors were wont to express the way of their mistress toward
+    them.</p>
+
+    <p>"My dear, I did not know that things were so miserable here
+    for you, but you must just bide here till the scent grows cold,
+    and then I'll come for you and put you where you'll be better
+    off," said Mr. Gryce kindly when he was alone with Leam.</p>
+
+    <p>"This will do," said Leam, suppressing a shudder as she
+    looked round the little room, where what had originally
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 738]</span> been a rhubarb-colored
+    paper&mdash;chosen because it was a good wearing
+    color&mdash;was patched here and there with scraps of
+    newspapers or bits of other patterned papers; where the huge
+    family Bible and a few musty and torn odd volumes of the
+    <i>Spectator</i> and the <i>Tatler</i> comprised the sole
+    library; and where the only ornaments on the chimneypiece were
+    three or four bits of lead ore from the Roughton Gill mines,
+    above Caldbeck.</p>
+
+    <p>"You have been used to something far different," said
+    Emmanuel, compassionately.</p>
+
+    <p>"My past is over," she answered in a low voice.</p>
+
+    <p>"But you'll come to a better future," he cried, his mild
+    blue eyes watery and red.</p>
+
+    <p>"Shall I? When I die?" was her reply as she passed her hand
+    wearily over her forehead, and wished&mdash;ah, how
+    ardently!&mdash;that the question might answer itself now at
+    once.</p>
+
+    <p>But the young live against their will, and Leam, though
+    bruised and broken, had still the grand vitality of youth to
+    support her. Of the stuff of which in a good cause martyrs, in
+    a bad criminals, are made, she accepted her position at Windy
+    Brow with the very heroism of resignation. She never
+    complained, though every circumstance, every condition, was
+    simply torture; and so soon as she saw what she was expected to
+    do, she did it without remonstrance or reluctance. Her life
+    there was like a lesson in a foreign language which she had
+    undertaken to learn by heart, and she gave herself to her task
+    loyally. But it was suffering beyond even what Emmanuel Gryce
+    supposed or Keziah ever dreamed of. She, with the sun of the
+    South in her veins, her dreams of pomegranates and
+    orange-groves, of music and color and bright blue skies, of
+    women as beautiful as mamma, of that one man&mdash;not of the
+    South, but fit to have been the godlike son of
+    Spain&mdash;suddenly translated from soft and leafy North Aston
+    to a bleak fell-side in the most desolate corner of
+    Cumberland&mdash;where for lush hedges were cold, grim gray
+    stone walls, and the sole flowers to be seen gorse which she
+    could not gather, and heather which had no perfume&mdash;to a
+    house set so far under the shadow that it saw the sun only for
+    three months in the year, and where her sole companion was old
+    Keziah Gryce, ill-favored in person, rough of mood if true of
+    soul, or creatures even worse than herself;&mdash;she, with
+    that tenacious loyalty, that pride and concentrated passion,
+    that dry reserve and want of general benevolence characteristic
+    of her, to be suddenly cast among uncouth strangers whose ways
+    she must adopt, and who were physically loathsome to her; dead
+    to the only man she loved, his love for her killed by her own
+    hand, herself by her own confession accursed; and to bear it
+    all in silent patience,&mdash;was it not heroic? Had she been
+    more plastic than she was, the effort would not have been so
+    great. Being what she was, it was grand; and made as it was for
+    penitence, it had in it the essential spirit of saintliness.
+    For saintliness comes in small things as well as great, and
+    George Herbert's swept room is a true image. There was
+    saintliness in the docility with which she rose at six and went
+    to bed at nine; saintliness in the quiet asceticism with which
+    she ate porridge for breakfast and porridge for supper&mdash;at
+    the first honestly believing it either a joke or an insult, and
+    that they had given her pigs' food to try her temper;
+    saintliness in the silence with which she accepted her dinners,
+    maybe a piece of fried bacon and potatoes, or a huge mess of
+    apple-pudding on washing-days, or a plate of poached eggs
+    cooked in a pan not over clean; saintliness in the enforced
+    attention which she gave to Keziah's rambling stories of her
+    pigs and her chickens, her mother's ailments, Jenny's
+    shortcomings in the matter of sweepings and savings, Tim's
+    wastefulness in the garden over the kailrunts, and the
+    hardships of life on a lone woman left with only a huzzy to
+    look after her; saintliness in the repression of that proud,
+    fastidious self to which Keziah's familiarity and snuff,
+    Jenny's familiarity and disorder, the smell of the
+    peat&mdash;which was the only fuel they burnt&mdash;reeking
+    through the <span class="pagenum">[pg 739]</span> house, and
+    the utter ugliness and barren discomfort of everything about,
+    were hourly miseries which she would once have repudiated with
+    her most cutting scorn; saintliness in the repression of that
+    self indeed at all four corners, and the resolute submission to
+    her burden because it was her fitting punishment.</p>
+
+    <p>So the sad days wore on, and the fell-side air had not yet
+    brisked up Emmanuel's adopted daughter as his sister
+    prophesied. Indeed, she seemed slighter and paler than ever,
+    and if possible more submissive to her lot and more taciturn.
+    And as her intense quietude of bearing suited Miss Gryce, who
+    could not bear to be fussed, and time proved her douce and not
+    fashious, she became quite a favorite with her rough-grained
+    hostess, who wondered more and more where Emmanuel had picked
+    her up, and whose bairn she really was.</p>
+
+    <p>Her only pleasure was in wandering over the fells, whence
+    she could see the tops of the Derwentwater mountains, and from
+    some points a glimpse of blue Bassanthwaite flowing out into
+    the open; where mountain-tarns, lying like silver plates in the
+    purple distance, were her magic shows, seen only in certain
+    lights, and more often lost than found; whence she could look
+    over the broad Carlisle plain and dream of that day on the
+    North Aston moor when she first met Edgar Harrowby; and whence
+    the glittering strip of the Solway against the horizon made her
+    yearn to be in one of the ships which she could dimly discern
+    passing up and down, so that she might leave England for ever
+    and lay down the burden of her life and her sorrow in mamma's
+    dear land.</p>
+
+    <p>So the hours passed, dreary as Mariana's, and hopeless as
+    those wherein we stand round the grave and know that the end of
+    all things has come. And while North Aston wondered, and Alick
+    mourned, and Edgar repented of his past folly with his handsome
+    head in Adelaide's lap, Leam Dundas moved slowly through the
+    shadow to the light, and from her chastisement gathered that
+    sweet grace of patience which redeemed her soul and raised her
+    from sin to sanctity.</p><a name='CHAPTER_XL'
+          id="CHAPTER_XL"></a>
+
+    <h3>CHAPTER XL.</h3>
+
+    <h3>LOST AND NOW FOUND.</h3><br />
+
+
+    <p>In bringing up Alick tied tight to her apron-strings,
+    feeding him on moral pap, putting his mind into petticoats, and
+    seeking to make him more of a woman than a man, Mrs. Corfield
+    had defeated her design and destroyed her own influence. During
+    his early growth the boy had yielded to her without revolt,
+    because he was more modest than self-assertive&mdash;had no
+    solid point of resistance and no definite purpose for which to
+    resist; but after his college career he developed on an
+    independent line, and his soul escaped altogether from his
+    mother's hold. Had she let him ripen into manhood in the
+    freedom of natural development, she would have been his chosen
+    friend and confidante to the end: having invaded the most
+    secret chambers of his mind, and sought to mould every thought
+    according to the pattern which she held best, when the reaction
+    set in the pendulum swung back in proportion to its first beat;
+    and as a protest against his former thraldom he now made her a
+    stranger to his inner life and shut her out inexorably from the
+    holy place of his sorrow.</p>
+
+    <p>The mother felt her son's mind slipping from her, but what
+    could she do? Who can set time backward or reanimate the dead?
+    Day by day found him more silent and more suffering, the poor
+    little woman nearly as miserable as himself. But the name of
+    Leam, standing as the spectre between them, was never mentioned
+    after Mrs. Corfield's first outburst of indignation at her
+    flight&mdash;indignation not because she was really angry with
+    Leam, but because Alick was unhappy.</p>
+
+    <p>After Alick's stern rejoinder, "Mother, the next time you
+    speak ill of Leam Dundas I will leave your house for ever," the
+    subject dropped by mutual consent, but it was none the less a
+    living barrier between them because raised and maintained in
+    silence.</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, these girls! these wicked girls!" Mrs. Corfield had
+    said with a mother's irrational anger when speaking of the
+    circumstance to her husband. "We bring up our boys only for
+    them to take <span class="pagenum">[pg 740]</span> from us. As
+    soon as they begin to be some kind of comfort and to repay the
+    anxiety of their early days, then a wretched little huzzy steps
+    in and makes one's life in vain."</p>
+
+    <p>"Just so, my dear," said Dr. Corfield quietly. "These were
+    the identical words which my mother said to me when I told her
+    I was going to marry you."</p>
+
+    <p>"Your mother never liked me, and I did like Leam," said Mrs.
+    Corfield tartly.</p>
+
+    <p>"As Leam Dundas, maybe; but as Leam the wife of your son, I
+    doubt it."</p>
+
+    <p>"If Alick had liked it&mdash;" said Mrs. Corfield, half in
+    tears.</p>
+
+    <p>"You would have been jealous," returned her husband. "No:
+    all girls are only daughters of Heth to the mothers of Jacobs,
+    and I never knew one whom a mother thought good enough for her
+    boy."</p>
+
+    <p>"You need not discredit your own flesh and blood for a
+    stranger," cried Mrs. Corfield crossly; and the mute man with
+    an aggravating smile suddenly seemed to repent of his unusual
+    loquacity, and gradually subsided into himself and his
+    calculations, from which he was so rarely aroused.</p>
+
+    <p>Alick, ceasing to make a confidante of his mother, began to
+    make a friend of Mr. Gryce. Perhaps it ought rather to be said
+    that Mr. Gryce began to make a friend of him. The old
+    philosopher, with that corkscrew mind of his, knew well enough
+    what was amiss with the poor lank-visaged curate. Being of the
+    order of the benevolent busybodies fond of playing Providence,
+    how mole-like soever his method, he had marked out a little
+    plan of his own by which he thought he could make all the
+    crooked roads run straight and discord flow into harmony. But
+    he too fell into the mistake common to busybodies, benevolent
+    and otherwise&mdash;treating souls as if they were machines to
+    be wound up and kept going by the clockwork of an extraneous
+    will and neatly manipulated by well-arranged circumstance.</p>
+
+    <p>One day he joined Alick in his walk to an outlying cottage
+    of the parish, where the husband was sick and the wife and
+    children short of food, and the Church sent its prayer-book and
+    ministers as the best substitute it knew for a wholesome
+    dwelling and sufficient wages. Theology was not much in the way
+    of an old heathen who reduced all religions save Mohammedanism
+    to the transmuted presentation of the archaic solar myth, and
+    who thought Buddhism far ahead of every other creed; but he
+    liked the man Alick, if the parson bored him, and he was
+    caressing a plan which he had in his pocket.</p>
+
+    <p>"You find your life here satisfying, I suppose?" he began,
+    his blue eyes looking into the wayside banks for creatures.</p>
+
+    <p>"Is any life?" answered Alick, his eyes turned to the vague
+    distance.</p>
+
+    <p>"Not fully: the spirit of progress, working by discontent,
+    forbids the social stagnation of rest and thankfulness; but we
+    can come to something that suffices for our daily wants if it
+    does not satisfy all our longings. Work in harmony with our
+    nature, and doing good here and there when we can, both these
+    help us on. But the work must be harmonious and the good we do
+    manifest."</p>
+
+    <p>"So far as that goes, Church-work is pleasant to
+    me&mdash;all, indeed, I care for or am fit for; but North Aston
+    is stony ground," said Alick.</p>
+
+    <p>"Can you wonder? When the husbandman-in-chief is such a man
+    as Mr. Birkett, you must make your account with stones and
+    weeds. The spiritual cannot flourish under the hand of the
+    unspiritual; and, considering the pastor, the flock is far from
+    bad."</p>
+
+    <p>"That may be, but we do not like to live only in
+    comparatives," said Alick. "I confess I should be happier in a
+    cure where I was more of one mind with my rector than I am
+    here, and not decried or ridiculed on account of every scheme
+    for good that I might propose. Parish-work here is shamefully
+    neglected, but Mr. Birkett will not let me do anything to mend
+    it."</p>
+
+    <p>"Ah!" said Mr. Gryce, catching a luckless curculio by the
+    way, "that is bad. A more harmonious one would certainly be, as
+    you say, far more agreeable. Or a little parish of your
+    own&mdash;a parish, however small, which would be
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 741]</span> all your own, and you not
+    under the control of any one below your diocesan? How would
+    that do? That would be my affair if I were in the Church."</p>
+
+    <p>Alick's face lightened. "Yes," he said, "that is my
+    dream&mdash;at least one of them. I would not care how small
+    the place might be, if I had supreme control and might work
+    unhindered in my own way."</p>
+
+    <p>"It will come," said Mr. Gryce cheerily. "All things come in
+    time to him who knows how to wait."</p>
+
+    <p>"Ah, if I could believe that!" sighed Alick, thinking of
+    Leam.</p>
+
+    <p>"Take my word for it," returned Mr. Gryce. "It will do you
+    no harm to have a dash of rose-color in your rather sombre
+    life; and Hope, if it tells flattering tales, does not always
+    tell untrue ones."</p>
+
+    <p>"I fear my hope has flattered me untruly," said Alick, his
+    faithful heart still on Leam.</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. Gryce captured a caterpillar wandering across the road.
+    "Conduct is fate," he said. "If this poor fellow had not been
+    troubled with a fit of restlessness, but had been content to
+    lie safely hidden among the grass-roots where he was born, he
+    would not have been caught. Yes, conduct is fate for a captive
+    caterpillar as well as for man."</p>
+
+    <p>"And yet who can foresee?" said Alick. "We all walk in the
+    dark blindfold."</p>
+
+    <p>"As you say, who can foresee? That makes perhaps the
+    hardship of it, but it does not alter the fact. Blindly walking
+    or with our eyes wide open, our steps determine our destiny,
+    and our goal is reached by our own endeavors. We ourselves are
+    the artificers of our lives, and mould them according to our
+    own pattern."</p>
+
+    <p>"But that part of our lives which is under the influence of
+    another? How can we manipulate that?" said Alick. "Love and
+    loss are twin powers which create or crush without our
+    co-operation."</p>
+
+    <p>"I only know one irreparable manner of loss&mdash;that by
+    death," said Mr. Gryce steadfastly. "For all others while there
+    is life there is hope, and I hold nothing, beyond the power of
+    the will to remedy."</p>
+
+    <p>"I wish I could believe that," Alick sighed again; and again
+    Mr. Gryce said cheerily, "Then take that too on trust, and
+    believe me if you do not believe in your own inborn elasticity,
+    your own power of doing and undoing."</p>
+
+    <p>"There are some things which can never come right when they
+    have once gone wrong," said Alick.</p>
+
+    <p>"You think so? I know very few," his companion answered in
+    the hearty, inspiriting manner which he had used all through
+    the interview, talking with a broader accent and lisping less
+    than usual, looking altogether more manly and less cherubic
+    than his wont. "I am a believer myself in the power of the will
+    and holding on." After a pause he added suddenly, "You would be
+    really glad of a small living, no matter where situated, nor
+    how desolate and unimportant, where you would be sole
+    master?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes," said Alick. "If I could win over one soul to the
+    higher life, I should count myself repaid for all my exertions.
+    We must all have our small beginnings."</p>
+
+    <p>"I am an odd old fellow, as you know, Mr. Corfield," laughed
+    Emmanuel Gryce. "Give me your hand: I can sometimes see a good
+    deal of the future in the hand."</p>
+
+    <p>Alick blushed and looked awkward, but he gave his bony,
+    ill-shaped hand all the same.</p>
+
+    <p>After a little while, during which Mr. Gryce had bent this
+    finger this way and that finger another way, had counted the
+    lines made by the bended wrist, and had talked half to himself
+    of the line of Jupiter and the line of Saturn, the line of life
+    and that of Venus, he said quietly, "You will have your wish,
+    and soon. I see a most important change of residence at about
+    this time, which in conjunction with this," pointing to a small
+    cross at the root of the fourth finger, "will be certainly to
+    your advantage."</p>
+
+    <p>"How strange!" said Alick. "One scarcely knows whether to
+    laugh at it all as old wives' fables or to believe in the
+    mysterious forewarnings of fate, the foremarkings of the
+    future."</p>
+
+    <p>"There are more things in heaven and earth&mdash;" said Mr.
+    Gryce. "And we know so little we may well believe a trifle
+    more."</p>
+
+    <p>The fact was, all this was founded on
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 742]</span> these circumstances: He
+    had at this moment a letter in his pocket from his sister
+    Keziah telling him that old Priest Wilson had been found dead
+    in his bed last night; the bishop's chaplain was a friend of
+    his, both having been at the same station in India; and the
+    perpetual curacy of Monk Grange was one which, if offices went
+    according to their ratio of unpleasantness, a man should have
+    been paid a large income to take. Hence there was no chance of
+    a rush for the preferment, and the bishop would be grateful for
+    any intimation of a willing martyr. Through all of which chinks
+    whereby to discover the future Mr. Gryce founded his prophecy;
+    and through them, too, it came about that he proved a true
+    prophet. In three days' time from this the post brought a
+    letter to Alick Corfield from the bishop offering him the
+    perpetual curacy of Monk Grange, income seventy pounds a year
+    and a house.</p>
+
+    <p>Before speaking even to his mother, Alick rushed off with
+    this letter to Mr. Gryce. The old leaven of superstition which
+    works more or less in all of us&mdash;even those few who think
+    proof a desirable basis for belief, and who require an
+    examination conducted on scientific principles before they
+    accept supernaturalism as "only another law coming in to modify
+    those already known"&mdash;that superstition which belongs to
+    most men, and to Alick with the rest, made this letter a matter
+    of tremendous excitement to him. He saw in it the hand of God
+    and the finger of Fate. It was impossible that Mr. Gryce,
+    living at North Aston, should know anything of a small country
+    incumbency in the North. It was all that study made of his poor
+    parched and knuckly hand. And what had been seen there was
+    manifestly the thing ruled for him by Providence and
+    destiny.</p>
+
+    <p>"How could you possibly tell?" he cried, looking at his own
+    hand as if he could read it as his clever friend had done.</p>
+
+    <p>"That is my secret," said Emmanuel, smiling at the credulity
+    on which he traded. Then, thinking a flutter outward of the
+    corners of his cards the best policy in the circumstances about
+    them at the moment, he added, "And when you get there you will
+    understand more than you do now. For you will go?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Surely," said Alick: "it would be unfaithful in me to
+    refuse."</p>
+
+    <p>"But see if you cannot make arrangements to take the place
+    on trial for a few months. I know very little of your
+    ecclesiastical law, but grant even that it is as devoid of
+    common sense as I should suppose&mdash;seeing who are the men
+    who make, administer and obey it&mdash;still, I should think
+    that a temporary incumbency might be arranged."</p>
+
+    <p>"I should think so, and I will take your advice," said
+    Alick, over whom Emmanuel Gryce was fast establishing the power
+    which belongs to the stronger over the weaker, to the more
+    astute over the more dense.</p>
+
+    <p>"You will find an adopted daughter of mine in the
+    neighborhood," then said Mr. Gryce with the most amiable
+    indifference. "She lives with my sister at our old home on the
+    fell-side: Windy Brow the place is called. You must tell me how
+    she looks and what you think of her altogether when you write
+    to me, as I suppose you will do, or when you come home, if you
+    elect not to take the cure even on trial."</p>
+
+    <p>"I am not much in the way of criticising young ladies," said
+    Alick sadly.</p>
+
+    <p>"She is rather a remarkable girl, all things considered,"
+    returned Mr. Gryce quietly. "Her name is Leonora Darley. You
+    will remember&mdash;Leonora Darley. Ask for her when you go up
+    to Windy Brow: Leonora Darley," for the third time.</p>
+
+    <p>"All right: Miss Leonora Darley," repeated Alick, suspecting
+    nothing; and again Mr. Gryce smiled as he dug his fingers into
+    the earth of a chrysalis-box. How pleasant it was to pull the
+    strings and see his puppets dance!</p>
+
+    <p>Of course, Mr. Birkett's consent was a necessary preliminary
+    to Alick's departure, but there was no difficulty about it. The
+    military rector was tired to death, so he used to say, of his
+    zealous young aide-de-camp, and hailed the prospect of getting
+    rid of him handsomely with a frank pleasure not flattering to
+    poor <span class="pagenum">[pg 743]</span> Alick's self-love.
+    "Certainly, my dear boy, certainly," he said. "It will be
+    better for you to have a place of your own, where you can carry
+    out your new ideas. You see I am an old man now, and have
+    learnt the value of letting well alone. You are in all the
+    fever-time of zeal, and believe that vice and ignorance are
+    like the walls of Jericho, to fall down when you blow your
+    trump. I do not. But on the whole, it is as well that you
+    should learn the realities of life for yourself, and carry your
+    energies where they may be useful."</p>
+
+    <p>"Then you do not mind?" asked Alick boyishly.</p>
+
+    <p>The rector gave a loud clear laugh. "Mind! a thousand times
+    no," he said, rubbing his plump white hands. "I can manage well
+    enough alone, and if I cannot there are dozens of young
+    eligibles ready to jump at the place. Mind! no. Go in Heaven's
+    name, and may you be blessed in your undertaking!"</p>
+
+    <p>The last words came in as grace-lines, and with them Alick
+    felt himself dismissed.</p>
+
+    <p>If the rector had been facile to deal with, Mrs. Corfield
+    was not. When she heard of the proposed arrangement, and that
+    she was to lose her boy for the second time out of her daily
+    life, and more permanently than before, her grief was as
+    intense as if she had been told of his approaching death. She
+    wept bitterly, and even bent herself to entreaty; but Alick, to
+    whom North Aston had become a dungeon of pain since Leam went,
+    held pertinaciously to his plan&mdash;not without sorrow, but
+    surely without yielding. He was fascinated by the idea of a
+    cure where he might be sole master, not checked by rectorial
+    ridicule when he wished to establish night schools or clothing
+    clubs, penny savings banks, or any other of the schemes in
+    vogue for the good of the poor; thinking too, not unwisely,
+    that the best heal-all for his sorrow was to be found in change
+    of scene and more arduous work together. Also, he thought that
+    if his vague tentative advertisements in the papers, which he
+    dared not make too evident, had as yet brought nothing, some
+    more satisfactory way of discovering Leam's hiding-place might
+    shape itself when he was alone, freer to act as he thought
+    best. On all of which accounts he resisted his mother's grief,
+    and his own at seeing her grieve, and decided on going down to
+    Monk Grange the next day.</p>
+
+    <p>Had not Dr. Corfield been ailing at this time, the mother
+    would have accompanied her son. The possibility of damp sheets
+    weighed heavy on her mind; and landladies who filch from the
+    tea-caddy, with landladies' girls, pert and familiar, preparing
+    insidious gruel and seductive cups of coffee, were the lions
+    which her imagination conjured up as prowling for her Alick
+    through the fastnesses of Monk Grange. Circumstances, however,
+    were stronger than her desire; and, happily for Alick, she was
+    perforce obliged to remain at home while her darling went out
+    from the paternal nest to shake those limp wings of his, and
+    bear himself up unassisted in a new atmosphere in the best way
+    he could.</p>
+
+    <p>It was on the cold and rainy evening of a cold and rainy
+    summer's day that Alick arrived at Monk Grange&mdash;an evening
+    without a sunset or a moon, stars or a landscape; painful,
+    mournful, as those who dwell in the North Country know only too
+    well as the tears on its face of beauty. He had driven in a
+    crazy old gig from Wigton, and the nine miles which lay between
+    that not too brilliant town and the desolate fell-side hamlet
+    which he had been so fain to make his own spiritual domain had
+    not been such as disposed him to a cheerful view of things. The
+    rain had fallen in a steady, pitiless downpour, which seemed to
+    soak through every outer covering and to penetrate the very
+    flesh and marrow of the tired traveler as it pattered noisily
+    on the umbrella and streamed over the leather apron; and the
+    splash of the horse's hoofs through the liquid mud and broad
+    tracts of standing water was as dreary as the "splash, splash"
+    of B&uuml;rger's ballad. And when all this was over, and they
+    drew up at the Blucher, with its handful of desolate gray
+    hovels round it, the heart of the man sank at the gloomy
+    surroundings into the midst of which he had flung
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 744]</span> himself. But the zeal of
+    the churchman was as good a tonic for him as the best common
+    sense, and he waited until to-morrow and broad daylight before
+    he allowed himself to even acknowledge an impression. The warm
+    fireside at the Blucher cheered him too, and his supper of eggs
+    and bacon and fresh crisp havre-bread satisfied such of his
+    physical cravings as, unsatisfied, make a man's spiritual
+    perceptions very gaunt.</p>
+
+    <p>He went to bed, slept, and the next day woke up to a glory
+    of sun and sky, a brilliancy of coloring, a photographic
+    sharpness and clearness of form, a suggestion of beauty beyond
+    that which was seen, which transformed the place as if an angel
+    had passed through it in the night. As he tramped about the
+    sordid hamlet he forgot the rude uncouthness of men and place
+    for a kind of ecstasy at the loveliness about him. Every
+    jutting rock of granite shone in the sun like polished jasper,
+    and the numberless little rills trickling down the fell-sides
+    were as threads of silver, now concealed in the gold of the
+    gorse, and now whitening the purple of the heather. The air was
+    full of blithesome sounds. Overhead the sky-larks sang in
+    jocund rivalry, mounting higher and higher as if they would
+    have beaten their wings against the sun: the bees made the
+    heather and the thyme musical as they flew from flower to
+    flower, and the tinkling of the running rills was like the
+    symphony to a changeful theme. It was in real truth a
+    transformation, and the new-comer into the fitful, seductive,
+    disappointing North felt all its beauty, all its meaning, and
+    gave himself up to his delight as if such a day as yesterday
+    had never been.</p>
+
+    <p>After he had done what he wished to do in the village, he
+    went up the fell-side road to Windy Brow, and, obeying his
+    instructions, asked when he got there "if Miss Leonora Darley
+    was at home."</p>
+
+    <p>"Na, she bain't," said Jenny, eying poor innocent Alick as a
+    colley might eye a wolf sniffing about the fold. "T' auld
+    mistress is."</p>
+
+    <p>"Say Mr. Corfield, please," said Alick; and Jenny, telling
+    him to "gang intilt parlor," scuffled off to Keziah, pottering
+    over some pickled red cabbage, which made the house smell like
+    a vinegar-cask.</p>
+
+    <p>"I've heard tell of you," said Miss Gryce as she came in
+    wiping her hands on a serviceable and by no means luxurious
+    cloth: "Emmanuel wrote me a letter about you. You're kindly
+    welcome to Monk Grange, but you're only a haverel to look at.
+    Take a seat, and tell me&mdash;how's Emmanuel, my brother?"</p>
+
+    <p>"He was well when I saw him the day before yesterday: at
+    least he said nothing to the contrary," answered Alick with his
+    conscientious literalness.</p>
+
+    <p>"I like that," said Keziah, also eying him, but as a colley
+    might have eyed a strange sheep, not a wolf. "A random rory
+    would have made no difference between now and two days back,
+    and believing and being. You cannot be over-particular in the
+    truth, I take it."</p>
+
+    <p>Alick blushed, shifted his place and looked uneasy. And
+    again, as so often before, it came across him: had he done
+    right, judged by the highest law, to conceal the truth as he
+    knew it about Leam?</p>
+
+    <p>"Hoot, man! there's no call for you to sit on pins and
+    needles in that fashion," said Keziah. "It's a daft body that
+    cannot hear a word of praise without turning as red as a
+    turkey-cock and fidging like a parched pea on a drum-head. I've
+    not turned much of you over yet, and maybe I'll come to what
+    I'll have no mind to praise; so keep your fidges till you are
+    touched up with the other end of the stick. And so you are to
+    be our new priest, are you?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I am going to offer myself for a time," said Alick.</p>
+
+    <p>"For a time? That's a thing as has two sides to it. If you
+    are not to our minds, that's its good side: if you are, and we
+    are not to yours, that's its bad. I doubt if our folk will care
+    to be played Jumping Joan with in that fashion."</p>
+
+    <p>"I will be guided by the will of the Lord," said Alick
+    reverently.</p>
+
+    <p>"Humph! I like the words better nor the chances in them,"
+    returned Keziah, taking a pinch of snuff. "But maybe things'll
+    work round as one would have them; and whether you stay or you
+    do <span class="pagenum">[pg 745]</span> not, the Lord's will
+    be done, amen! and His grace follow you, young man!"</p>
+
+    <p>"Thank you," said Alick with emotion, getting up and shaking
+    the pickle-stained and snuff-discolored hand.</p>
+
+    <p>"I have a message for Miss Leonora Darley," he then said
+    after a pause. "Mr. Gryce told me I was to be sure and tell him
+    how she was looking."</p>
+
+    <p>"Eh, poor bairn! she is not very first-rate," the old woman
+    answered tenderly. At least it was tenderness in her: in
+    another person her voice and manner might have been taken for
+    crabbedness and impatience. "She's up by there, on the fell
+    somewhere. She a'most lives on the fell-side, but it don't make
+    her look as brisk as I should like. Have you seen the view from
+    our brow-top? It is a real bonny one; and you'll maybe find
+    Leonora not far off. I don't think she wanders far."</p>
+
+    <p>"I should like to see it," said Alick. "The country
+    altogether looks splendid to-day."</p>
+
+    <p>"Ay, it's a bonny day enough if it would but last. Come your
+    ways with me and I'll set you out by the back door. You can
+    come in again the same road if you've a mind."</p>
+
+    <p>On which she bustled up, and Alick, escorted by her, went
+    through the house and on to the fell-side.</p>
+
+    <p>It was, if possible, grander now than it had been in the
+    earlier part of the day. The hot sun had cleared away the
+    lingering mist, and the cloudless sky was like one large
+    perfect opal, while the earth beneath shone and glistened as if
+    it were a jewel set with various-colored gems. There was not a
+    mean or sordid thing about. Touched by the splendid alchemy of
+    the sun, the smallest circumstance was noble, the poorest color
+    glorious. Alick stood on the fell-brow entranced: then turning,
+    he saw slowly coming across the pathless green a young slight
+    figure dressed in gray. He looked as it came near, and his
+    heart beat with a force that took all power from him. It was
+    absurd, he knew, but there was such a strange look of Leam
+    about that girl! He stood and watched her coming along with
+    that slow, graceful, undulating step which was Leam's
+    birthright. Was he mad? Was he dreaming? What was this mocking
+    trick of eyesight that was perplexing him? Surely it was
+    madness; and yet&mdash;no, it could be no one else. Supreme,
+    beloved, who else could personate her so as to cheat him?</p>
+
+    <p>She came on, her eyes always fixed on the distance, seeing
+    nothing of Alick standing dark against the sky. She came
+    nearer, nearer, till he saw the glory of her eyes, the curve of
+    her lip, and could count the curling tresses on her brow. Then
+    he came down from the height and strode across the space
+    between them.</p>
+
+    <p>She lifted up her eyes and saw him. For an instant the
+    sadness cleared out of them as the mists had cleared from the
+    sky: her pathetic mouth broke into a smile, and she held out
+    both her hands. "Alick, dear Alick! my good Alick!" she cried
+    in a voice of exquisite tenderness.</p>
+
+    <p>"My queen!" he said kneeling, his honest upturned face wet
+    with tears. "Lost and now found!"</p>
+
+    <p class="center">[TO BE
+    CONTINUED.]</p><a name='THE_ITALIAN_MEDIAEVAL_WOOD_SCULPTORS'
+          id="THE_ITALIAN_MEDIAEVAL_WOOD_SCULPTORS"></a>
+          <span class="pagenum">[pg 746]</span>
+
+    <h2>THE ITALIAN MEDI&AElig;VAL WOOD-SCULPTORS.</h2>
+
+    <p>More or less during the whole of this century, and ever more
+    during the recent years of it, the love of art, especially in
+    what have been called the "industrial" manifestations of it,
+    has been becoming a passion in Germany and in France, as well
+    as in England and America. Museums for the collection and
+    preservation of the works produced by the artists of those
+    centuries which were the palmy days of art have been
+    established in all these countries, and private amateurs have
+    vied with them in enriching their respective countries with
+    specimens of all the many kinds of art-industry which remain to
+    us from those times when religion encouraged and surrounded
+    itself with the beautiful and the cultivation of the beautiful
+    was a religion. And it is mainly&mdash;indeed, almost
+    entirely&mdash;to Italy that the lovers and admirers of
+    medi&aelig;val art come in search of those remains of it which,
+    it is hoped, will be (or rather are being) the means of
+    producing a second art <i>renaissance</i>. The quantity of
+    objects, more or less genuinely representing the medi&aelig;val
+    art in all its many branches, which has been carried out of
+    Italy within the last quarter of a century is something
+    perfectly astounding, and far exceeds what any one would
+    believe who has not remained in Italy long enough to observe
+    the process. A considerable portion, no doubt, of the articles
+    thus carried home with them by the lovers of art has consisted
+    of modern imitations of ancient workmanship, but the quantity
+    of genuine medi&aelig;val articles&mdash;pottery in its various
+    kinds, furniture, carving in wood, in marble, in stone and in
+    ivory, lace, bronzes, embroidery, metal-work, brocaded stuffs,
+    etc.&mdash;has been so enormous as to reveal in a very striking
+    manner the extraordinary wealth of the country in the days when
+    it was the mistress of Europe in civilization, and the
+    all-pervading love of the beautiful which caused so very large
+    a portion of that wealth to be expended for the gratification
+    of a refined taste.</p>
+
+    <p>Before proceeding to the more special subject of this
+    article&mdash;certain interesting and recently-discovered
+    notices of some of the most famous of the old carvers in
+    wood&mdash;it may be well to say a word or two on the subject
+    of the commerce in imitations of the medi&aelig;val works so
+    extensively carried on in Italy. Of course, a trade based on
+    deception is in every way to be condemned and regretted. It is
+    not only immoral, but it generates demoralization. But it is to
+    be observed that in very many cases&mdash;especially in those
+    branches where art-industry approaches the most nearly to art
+    proper&mdash;the artist or artisan who produced the works in
+    question has neither co-operated with the fraud we are speaking
+    of, nor has worked with any view to the perpetration of such by
+    others. In the next place, it is to be noted that the
+    mortification and humiliation which many purchasers are
+    conscious of when it is brought home to them that they have
+    been taken in, and have purchased as old that which is in truth
+    of recent production, may well be spared to them. I do not
+    mean, of course, as regards the money they may have been
+    cheated of, but as regards the slight put upon their own
+    connoisseurship. The art of imitating the old works in question
+    has been brought to such a pitch of perfection that it needs a
+    very special education of the eye and large practice to detect
+    the imposture. A circumstance occurred a few years ago at
+    Florence which curiously illustrates both the facts I have
+    mentioned&mdash;the frequent innocence of the producer of the
+    imitation and the extreme difficulty of detecting the modern
+    origin of the work. The facts are very little known, because it
+    was the interest of many persons to misrepresent and conceal
+    them. They ought, nevertheless, to be known, and I do not see
+    any good reason why I should not tell them here.</p>
+
+    <p><span class="pagenum">[pg 747]</span> A young man at
+    Florence of the name of Bastianini&mdash;it must be at least
+    ten years ago now, or perhaps more&mdash;of very humble origin
+    had shown a remarkable talent for modeling busts in
+    terra-cotta. Having formed his taste for himself, not by means
+    of any academical teaching, but by imbuing his mind with the
+    examples of medi&aelig;val art which meet the eye on all sides
+    in his native city, his works assumed quite naturally the
+    manner and style of the artists who (in more or less direct
+    line) were his ancestors. One day it happened to him to see a
+    man&mdash;he was a common workman in the tobacco
+    manufactory&mdash;whose head struck him as specially marked by
+    the old Florentine medi&aelig;val type and as a remarkably good
+    subject for a characteristic bust. From this man he made a
+    terra-cotta bust which few could have pronounced to be other
+    than a <i>cinque-cento</i> work, and a very fine one.
+    Bastianini, then quite unknown and much in need of wherewithal
+    to live, sold this bust as the work of his hands to a
+    speculative dealer for, if I remember rightly, five hundred
+    francs. The man who bought it carried it to a dealer in
+    antiquities&mdash;a very well-known man in Florence whose name
+    I could give were it of any interest to do so&mdash;and
+    proposed to sell it to him for a large sum. Eventually, a
+    bargain was struck on this basis: The dealer, with perfect
+    knowledge of the origin and authorship of the work, was to pay
+    one thousand francs for the bust, and to pay the seller another
+    thousand if and whenever he, the dealer, should succeed in
+    reselling it for more than a certain price named. Thereupon, in
+    accordance with the usual practice in such cases, the bust
+    disappeared from sight. It was stored in the secret
+    repositories of the <i>antiquario</i> till the circumstances
+    attending its creation should be a little forgotten, and dust
+    and dirt should have corrected the brand-new rawness of its
+    surface, ready to be produced with much mystery as a recent
+    <i>trouvaille</i> when a likely purchaser should loom over the
+    Apennine which encircles "gentile Firenze." In due time, one of
+    the largest and brightest of those comets whose return is so
+    accurately calculated and eagerly expected by the Florentine
+    dealers in ancient art made his appearance in the Tuscan
+    sky&mdash;no less than a buyer for the Louvre. Those were the
+    halcyon days of the Empire, and money was plenty. Poor
+    Bastianini's bust was brought out with all due mystery, duly
+    admired by the infallible French connoisseur, and eventually
+    purchased by him for the imperial collection for, I think, five
+    thousand francs&mdash;at all events, for a sum sufficiently
+    large to give the man who had bought the bust from the poor
+    artist the right to demand his supplementary payment. He did
+    so. But the greed of the dealer prevailed over his prudence,
+    and he refused to give his accomplice in the fraud the promised
+    share in the plunder. Of course that ensued which might have
+    been expected. The defrauded rogue "split." The bust sold to
+    the Frenchman was easily identified with that which Bastianini
+    had made, and which had been known to all artistic Florence,
+    and the authorities at the Louvre were duly certified by many a
+    loud-tongued informer that they had been gulled. The
+    information, as is usually the case with information of the
+    kind, came too late to be of service to the buyers, but not too
+    late to give them serious annoyance. The bust had been
+    exhibited at the Louvre in a prominent place; it had excited
+    considerable notice; none of the savants presiding over that
+    establishment had conceived the smallest suspicion of its
+    genuineness; and it was excessively disagreeable to have to
+    admit that they had all been deceived by a work made the other
+    day by an unknown Florentine artist. It was so disagreeable
+    that the gentlemen in question had not the courage to face the
+    truth. They pooh-poohed their informants, professed to adhere
+    without a doubt to their own first opinions, and the bust, to
+    the great amusement of all the Florentine art-world, remained
+    in its place of honor at the Louvre, exhibited as a
+    cinque-cento terra-cotta for a long time after all Florence was
+    perfectly cognizant of its real history, and after the young
+    artist had produced three or four other busts all equally
+    marked by unmistakable <span class="pagenum">[pg 748]</span>
+    cinque-cento characteristics. One of these was a really
+    remarkable bust of Savonarola, which may be seen any day in the
+    (now public) gallery of St. Mark's at Florence. The original
+    <i>teterrima causa belli</i> has, I believe, disappeared from
+    the Louvre Gallery. Poor Bastianini died shortly afterward, and
+    it is due to his memory and undoubtedly great talent that it
+    should be distinctly understood that from first to last he was
+    no party to or profiter by the frauds to which his special
+    talent had given rise.</p>
+
+    <p>To return, however, to what I was saying about that large
+    portion of the works of art and art-industry every year
+    exported from Italy, mainly by individual buyers for the
+    gratification of their own taste, which consists of
+    <i>imitations</i>. It may be remarked, especially as regards
+    the objects belonging to the latter category, that these
+    imitations, if bought as such, are not undesirable purchases.
+    In many instances, particularly in those of iron- and
+    bronze-work, intarsia, and carving in wood, the modern Italian
+    artists, who began as imitators, have attained a degree of
+    excellence which entitles them to take rank as the founders of
+    a new artistic <i>renaissance</i>, while their familiarity with
+    cinque-cento art and the loving study of it have led them to
+    produce work in each of the above-named branches which is
+    calculated to improve the taste of both workers and purchasers
+    in countries beyond the Alps. As regards metal-work, whether in
+    iron or bronze, avowedly modern, but of the true cinque-cento
+    type and style, the amateur would do well to visit the
+    foundries and workshops of Venice; for intarsia he may go to
+    Milan; for wood-carving to Florence, Siena and Perugia; to the
+    last also for intarsia. He will find in Perugia work both in
+    carving and intarsia on which he might spend his money very
+    much more advantageously than in buying second-rate bits of
+    really old wood-work, or indeed any such bits as he is at all
+    likely to meet with. And it is not surprising that the little
+    Umbrian hill-city should have become a special home for this
+    particular branch of art; for it contains some of the most
+    remarkable works of the kind extant, the product of some of the
+    most renowned masters of the craft in the fifteenth and
+    sixteenth centuries. It is a mistake to suppose, as many
+    persons do, that the fine works of this kind which we still
+    admire were the product of men who were considered in their day
+    as mere artisans, and whose names were not known beyond the
+    boundaries of their native provinces. They were recognized as
+    true artists, whose names were known from one end of the
+    Peninsula to the other, and who were sent for from distant
+    cities to execute works of importance. In many cases their
+    names have perished: in more they are unknown to the present
+    generation of art-lovers&mdash;<i>caruerunt quia vate
+    sacro</i>. And in some cases&mdash;as a very notable instance,
+    to be mentioned presently, will show in a remarkable
+    manner&mdash;the higher portion of the merit which was wholly
+    their own&mdash;the conception of their designs, with all the
+    grace of fancy and cultured knowledge of the principles of the
+    beautiful which it implies&mdash;has been assigned to others to
+    whom the modern world has exclusively given the title of
+    artists. But the increased and still increasing attention which
+    the world is paying to all the details and all the branches of
+    cinque-cento art&mdash;to good purpose, for it is due to it
+    that we have emerged or are emerging from the
+    eighteenth-century depths of ugliness in all our
+    surroundings&mdash;has induced the useful Dryasdusts, whose
+    nature and function it is to burrow in corporation and
+    conventual muniment-rooms and the like promising covers, to
+    search out with a very considerable degree of success a mass of
+    facts, not only as to the real authorship of the work in
+    question, but curiously illustrative of the status these
+    artists held and the manner in which they lived and worked.
+    Among the principal of these archive-hunters is the learned
+    Professor Adam Rossi, the corporation librarian at Perugia, and
+    it is mainly to his researches that the facts I am about to lay
+    before the reader are due.</p>
+
+    <p>One of the finest specimens of cinque-cento wood-work extant
+    in Italy&mdash;perhaps I might safely say the finest&mdash;is
+    the <span class="pagenum">[pg 749]</span> choir of the monastic
+    church of St. Peter at Perugia. The monks of St. Peter were
+    Benedictines of Monte Cassino, and, like most of the families
+    of that order, they were very wealthy and were liberal patrons
+    of art. On the 9th of April, 1525, having determined to refit
+    the choir of their church in a magnificent manner, they came to
+    an agreement with a master-carpenter of Perugia for the
+    execution of the work, and a detailed contract was signed by
+    the parties. (I have called this cinque-cento work, and it will
+    be observed that it was executed in the sixteenth century. It
+    may be necessary, therefore, to explain to those who are
+    unacquainted with the Italian mode of speaking in this respect
+    that the Italians always speak of what we should call the
+    fourteenth century as the "trecento," what we should call the
+    fifteenth, as the "quattrecento," and so on. The period at
+    which art in all its branches culminated in Italy was, in our
+    language, the sixteenth century.)</p>
+
+    <p>Maestro Bernardino di Luca, the artist with whom the convent
+    contracted for the fitting of the choir, is styled in the
+    instrument <i>legnaiuolo</i> (a "carpenter"). And no doubt
+    Maestro Bernardino&mdash;or "Bino," for short, as he is called
+    in the instrument when once at the beginning he has been named
+    formally at full length&mdash;practiced all the more ordinary
+    business of his trade. But there must have been carpenters
+    <i>and</i> carpenters, as to the present day there are painters
+    <i>and</i> painters, the same word indicating the calling of a
+    Landseer and of a house-painter. This simple modesty of
+    designation was a characteristic of the epoch. We find
+    sculptors whose works are to the present day admired and
+    studied as masterpieces styling themselves simply
+    "stone-cutters." The contract is a long document, consisting of
+    twenty-one clauses, the greater number of which are occupied
+    with the most minute and detailed specification of the work to
+    be done. It is to be executed "according to the model made by
+    the said Bino, changing it or keeping it as it is according to
+    the will of the fathers" (the monks of St. Peter's), "so as not
+    to change the form and substance of the model." The prices
+    agreed to be paid for each stall in the choir, with its arch
+    above it, is ten golden ducats, which, allowing for the change
+    in the value of the precious metals, may be considered to be
+    about equal to three hundred and seventy-five dollars at the
+    present day. The price does not seem by any means a small one.
+    But Signor Rossi's researches have elsewhere shown that it is a
+    mistake to suppose that the renowned professors of any branch
+    of art were poorly paid in those days. The very reverse was the
+    case. It would not be interesting to the reader to give him the
+    details of the work which Maestro Bino bound himself to
+    execute, but some of the stipulations must be mentioned,
+    because they curiously illustrate the life of the times. The
+    convent is to furnish all the wood&mdash;that which is required
+    for the work itself, as well as all that may be needed, planks,
+    scaffolding and the like, for the putting of it in its place.
+    "<i>Item.</i> We give him rooms to work in and to sleep in and
+    to cook in, as well as beds furnished with bedclothes.
+    <i>Item.</i> Maestro Bino binds himself not to undertake any
+    other work till the choir is wholly finished and put up, and he
+    engages to do all the work within the walls of the convent. He
+    is bound to keep four men at work under him, and more if
+    necessary." The work is to be completed within two years should
+    no impediment intervene by death or grave and manifest illness.
+    The convent undertakes to furnish money from time to time as
+    needed for the pay of the journeymen, and fifty ducats
+    beforehand for the hiring of assistants and other necessary
+    expenses.</p>
+
+    <p>Maestro Bino went to work at once, and on the 15th of that
+    same April had from the convent what seems the very large sum
+    of ten florins and eight soldi for glue. But, after all, this
+    Maestro Bernardino di Luca was not the author of the exquisite
+    carvings which people go to Perugia to look at at the present
+    day. A very "grave and manifest infirmity" did intervene to
+    prevent the execution of the work, for on the 19th of the
+    following August, Maestro Bino discharged
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 750]</span> his workmen on account of
+    the plague, which had begun to devastate Perugia; and there is
+    reason to think that the maestro himself perished by it, for
+    after that last entry the name of Bernardino di Luca vanishes
+    into the abyss of darkness, and is no more heard of, and
+    shortly afterward we find the convent entering into a new
+    bargain with another maestro for the execution of the work.
+    This was Maestro Stefano de Antoniolo da Zambelli of Bergamo,
+    who agreed with the monks in July, 1533, to execute the
+    required works in the choir for the price of thirty golden
+    crowns each stall. It will be observed that this price is about
+    fifty per cent. higher than that for which Maestro Bino had
+    contracted to do the work, which is an indication of the then
+    rapidly-falling value of the precious metals. But this
+    increased price was still insufficient, for on the 17th of
+    July, 1534, the monks enter into an amended contract with
+    Maestro Stefano, in which the terms of the original contract
+    are rehearsed, and it is then declared that Maestro Stefano
+    having shown and proved to the abbot's satisfaction that those
+    terms could not stand, and that he should be greatly the loser
+    by the bargain, and it being by no means the wish of the
+    fathers that Maestro Stefano should be deprived of a fair
+    reward for his work, but rather that he should make a suitable
+    profit by the job, it was now agreed that the maestro should
+    undertake to labor uninterruptedly and with all possible
+    diligence, that the convent should find all materials and
+    tools, and should maintain Maestro Stefano and his wife and a
+    journeyman, and should pay sixty golden crowns a year as long
+    as the work was in progress. Further, the convent undertakes to
+    pay half a golden crown monthly to the wife of the said Maestro
+    Stefano, "on the understanding that the said wife of the
+    maestro shall serve and cook and wash clothes for all the
+    family engaged on the work of the choir;" and further, half a
+    golden crown monthly to the journeyman. Under this arrangement
+    it was of course the interest of the convent that the work
+    should be completed as quickly as possible. And we find,
+    accordingly, the abbot commissioning Antonio of Florence to
+    carve six of the backs of the stalls; Battista of Bologna and
+    Ambrose, a Frenchman, to carve the reading-desk; and Fra
+    Damiano of Bergamo, who was then at Bologna, to execute the
+    four sculptures in bas-relief which adorn the door. This Fra
+    Damiano, who signs himself on his work "Fr. Damianus de
+    Bergamo, Ordinis Predicatorum," seems to have been a brother of
+    the principal artist, Maestro Stefano. But a curious peep at
+    the manners of that time is afforded by the fact of a professed
+    monk working for hire as a wood-carver. The main portion of the
+    work, however, and the general design, were due to Maestro
+    Stefano da Zambelli of Bergamo, and just two years and half
+    from the signing of the contract the work was completed and
+    signed in intarsia, as we see it to this day, "Hoc opus fecit
+    M<sup>r.</sup> Stephanus di Bergamo."</p>
+
+    <p>For a long time it was supposed that the very beautiful
+    designs for the entirety and for each detail of this noble work
+    was due to Raphael. The guide-books all copied the statement
+    one after the other; and they were indeed excusable in doing
+    so, for the large and magnificent folio which was published at
+    Rome by the abbot and monks in 1845, containing engravings of
+    every detail of the celebrated carvings, declares on the
+    title-page that the work was executed "by Stefano da Bergamo
+    after the designs of Raffaelle Santi di Urbino." The celebrated
+    and learned Montfaucon, who was a member of the same order,
+    seems to have been the first who made this mistaken statement.
+    Once made on such authority, it was accepted and repeated
+    without further investigation till the undeniable evidence of
+    the archives of the convent, dragged to light from under the
+    dust of centuries by the industry of Professor Rossi, showed
+    that in truth the conception and design, as well as the
+    execution, of this beautiful masterpiece, which has for so long
+    been thought worthy of Raphael, was the work of the "carpenter,
+    Maestro Stefano da Bergamo."</p>
+
+    <p>I do not believe that it is any longer possible to obtain a
+    complete copy of <span class="pagenum">[pg 751]</span> the
+    above-mentioned work. Many years ago I found the separate
+    sheets of it lying about in the sacristy in a manner which gave
+    one a vivid idea of the reckless carelessness which is so
+    marked a characteristic of Italians. Bundles of the different
+    plates, some containing forty or fifty copies, some twenty or
+    so, and some not more than four or five, were thrust into
+    cupboards with wax candles for the altar, tattered choir-books
+    and old candlesticks. And here was the whole remaining stock of
+    the work! I was at that time able, by the exercise of much
+    patience, trouble and persuasion with the old
+    sacristan&mdash;who seemed to consider the sale of the plates a
+    very insufficient recompense for the trouble of looking for
+    them&mdash;to get together a complete copy of the work; but
+    when I was there the other day not more than twenty of the
+    plates out of nearly twice that number were to be found. In the
+    mean time, however, a complete set of photographs of every
+    portion of the sculpture has been made in a smaller size, but
+    sufficiently large to give a very satisfactory representation
+    of the extreme beauty and elegance of the work. It is indeed
+    impossible to doubt that this Master Stephen of Bergamo, the
+    carpenter, whose wife was to have half a crown a month for
+    doing the washing and cooking for all the family living in the
+    rooms assigned to them in the monastery for a workshop and
+    living-rooms, was a man of education and culture, and in every
+    sense of the word an <i>artist</i>. The difference between his
+    social position and that of any artist of corresponding
+    eminence in our day would seem to consist wholly in that
+    greater degree of personal and material luxury which
+    civilization and increased wealth have brought with them. The
+    payment which he was to receive for his year's work, besides
+    having been maintained, lodged and fed at the cost of the
+    monastery during the time, may, I take it, be considered
+    equivalent to about twenty-two thousand five hundred
+    dollars.</p>
+
+    <p>In 1494, on the 5th of April, Maestro Mariotto di Paola,
+    "called Torzuolo," contracts with the canons of the cathedral
+    to make a range of cupboards in the sacristy. Such masses of
+    wood-work, very frequently richly carved and ornamented, are
+    found in the sacristies of most of the larger churches in
+    Italy. They generally consist of a range of deep drawers below,
+    up to about the height of an ordinary table, and above this a
+    series of cupboards reaching to the ceiling of the apartment,
+    so much less deep than the drawers as to leave a large space of
+    table on the top of the latter. The drawers are used mainly for
+    the keeping of the sacred vestments; the table for the
+    spreading out of such of these as are about to be or have just
+    been used; and the cupboards above for the holding of all the
+    treasures of the church&mdash;chalices for the altar,
+    monstrances for the exposition of the sacrament, reliquaries of
+    all sorts of shapes and sizes for the preservation of the
+    relics of saints, ornamental candlesticks, and such like. In
+    the richer and more important churches these objects are
+    generally of the precious metals, and frequently richly adorned
+    with gems, so that the amount of treasure stored in these
+    repositories is often very considerable. Sometimes such a range
+    of wood-work as has been described will be found filling one
+    side only of the sacristy, but in many cases it runs round the
+    whole apartment. And this piece of ecclesiastical furniture
+    therefore presented a great field for the taste and ingenuity
+    of the old <i>maestri</i> in wood-carving to exhibit their
+    skill both in design and in execution. At the Benedictine
+    monastery of St. Peter, of the choir of which we have been
+    speaking, this fitting up of the sacristy had been done
+    previously; and it is accordingly much less rich in carving
+    than the work in the choir. But some of the doors of the
+    cupboards are still more preciously ornamented by some very
+    finely-painted heads from the hand of the great Perugino.</p>
+
+    <p>Such as it is, however, this sacristy at St. Peter's was
+    handsome enough to excite the emulation of the canons of the
+    cathedral, for the contract made with Maestro
+    Mariotto&mdash;who was nicknamed Torzuolo&mdash;specifies that
+    the work is to be entirely of walnut wood, after the fashion of
+    the sacristy at St. Peter's, and <span class="pagenum">[pg
+    752]</span> is to be executed "in the manner of a good, loyal
+    and expert master." It is to be all done by his own hand, or at
+    least in his presence and under his superintendence. The work
+    is to be completed in one year, and the canons are to pay for
+    it at the rate of ten florins every square braccio, Florentine
+    measure. This was in 1494; and it will here again be observed
+    that the price, as compared with that to be paid to Maestro
+    Stefano by the monks of St. Peter's for their choir, even fully
+    allowing for the greater richness of the latter, indicates the
+    very rapid alteration in the value of money which took place at
+    the beginning of the sixteenth century. But the canons, it
+    would seem, were very careful hands at a bargain, for we find
+    that it is provided in the contract that when the work shall
+    have been completed it shall be examined by two experts, and
+    that if it shall be found to be worth less than the price
+    named, Maestro Torzuolo shall receive so much less; but that if
+    it shall be found by the said experts and appraisers to be
+    worth more, the maestro shall stand to his bargain and not
+    receive more than the price named&mdash;an agreement which is
+    frequently found in the contracts made about that period. When
+    the work was completed it was accordingly examined and
+    appraised by Maestro Mattia of Reggio and Maestro Pietro of
+    Florence. The latter was brought from Citt&agrave; di Castello,
+    a little city in the Apennines some twenty-five miles distant,
+    express for the purpose. We do not find any statement of their
+    award. But it would seem that Maestro Torzuolo did not keep to
+    his contract in one respect, but was as unpunctual as the
+    carpenters of the present generation, for the above experts
+    were not called to appraise the work till the year 1497.</p>
+
+    <p>Maestro Pietro of Florence was evidently a man at the head
+    of his profession, for at Citt&agrave; di Castello, when he was
+    summoned to Perugia to appraise the work of Maestro Torzuolo,
+    he was engaged in making for the canons there a wooden ceiling
+    for the nave of their church, which was, by a contract dated
+    1499, to be ornamented with large roses similar to the
+    ornamentation of the ceiling of the council-hall in the Palazzo
+    Vecchio at Florence; giving us thus another indication of the
+    degree of general interest and attention which these works
+    excited in those days. The communication between city and city
+    was difficult and comparatively unfrequent, yet the fame of any
+    fine work of the sort we are talking of evidently not only
+    reached far and wide among other cities, but forthwith excited
+    their rivalry and led to the production of other
+    <i>chefs-d'oeuvre</i>. Maestro Pietro was to receive for the
+    ceiling of the nave at Citt&agrave; di Castello no less a sum
+    than five hundred golden ducats, equal to at least seventeen
+    thousand five hundred dollars at the present day. We find him
+    also employed as architect to direct the construction of a
+    cupola of the church of Calcinaio. This carpenter was, then, an
+    architect also; and Professor Rossi remarks that it is by no
+    means the only case of the kind.</p>
+
+    <p>Maestro Mattia, the other expert called to appraise the work
+    done by Maestro Torzuolo for the canons of the cathedral of
+    Perugia, was already well and favorably known in that city, for
+    he had been employed in 1495 to appraise some work which had
+    been done for the choir of the monks of St. Lorenzo; in that
+    same year we find him executing some very elaborate work for
+    the convent of St. Augustine; and on the 20th of December there
+    was read at a meeting of the municipal council a petition from
+    Maestro Mattia to be admitted to the freedom of the city of
+    Perugia; which request the masters of the guilds, "taking into
+    consideration the industry, the mode of life and the moral
+    character" of the petitioner, were pleased to grant, on the
+    condition that he, together with two other persons admitted to
+    citizenship at the same time, should make a present to the
+    corporation of a silver dish and forty pounds' weight of copper
+    money, and, further, that he should give the masters and
+    treasurers of his own guild a dinner.</p>
+
+    <p>The notices which Professor Rossi has collected from the
+    various collections of archives explored by him show in a
+    remarkable manner how much the best patron of art and artists
+    in those days <span class="pagenum">[pg 753]</span> was the
+    Church. By far the greatest number of the contracts cited are
+    made by ecclesiastics, either monks or collegiate bodies of
+    canons or the like, for the ornamentation of their churches and
+    sacristies. The next best patrons are the different
+    trade-guilds of the cities. Each of these had its place of
+    meeting for the <i>priori</i>&mdash;masters or wardens, as we
+    should say, of the company&mdash;and many of them a contiguous
+    chapel. The sort of furniture needed for these places was
+    generally a range of seats running round the principal room, a
+    back of wainscoting behind them, a kind of pulpit for those who
+    addressed the meeting, a raised and prominent seat for the
+    "consuls" of the guild, and a large table or writing-desk for
+    the transaction of business. All this, as will be readily
+    perceived, afforded fine opportunities for the display of rich
+    carvings and intarsia; and there was much rivalry between the
+    guilds in the splendor and adornment of their places of
+    meeting. Some of these works still remain intact, as in the
+    case of the meeting-room and chapel of the company of
+    exchange-brokers, which is celebrated wherever art is valued
+    for the magnificent frescoes by Perugino which adorn the upper
+    part of the walls above the wood-work. I think, however, that
+    the Church was more liberal and magnificent in her orders. I
+    have seen much fine wood-work in the different guild-halls and
+    town-halls in various cities of Italy, but in no lay building,
+    not even in wealthy and magnificent Venice itself, with all the
+    splendor of its ducal palace and its Scuole, have I ever seen
+    anything of the kind at all comparable to the wood-work in the
+    choirs of the monastery of St. Peter at Perugia and of the
+    cathedral at Siena. There is in the cathedral of Bergamo some
+    intarsia, perhaps the finest things extant in that special
+    description of work, but for carving the choirs I have
+    mentioned are pre-eminent.</p>
+
+    <p>But there are a great number of beautiful works of this sort
+    lurking in places where the traveler, however eager a lover of
+    art, would hardly think of looking for them. The central
+    districts of Italy are full of such. There is in the mountains
+    to the south of Perugia, overhanging the valley of the Tiber, a
+    little city, the very name of which will probably be new to
+    many even of those who have traveled much in Italy. Still less
+    likely is it that they have ever been at Todi, for that is the
+    name of the place I am alluding to. It lies high and bleak
+    among the Apennines, and possesses nothing to attract the
+    wanderer save some notable remains of medi&aelig;val art which
+    strikingly show how universal, how ubiquitous, art and artists
+    were in those halcyon days. Todi has, moreover, the misfortune
+    of being situated on no line of railway, and of not being on
+    the way to any of the great modern centres. It is, therefore,
+    completely out of the modern world, and nobody knows anything
+    about it save a few lovers of ancient art, who will not be beat
+    in their explorations by want of communications and bad
+    hostelries. But the little hill-city possesses two churches,
+    whose choirs well deserve a visit by the admirers of
+    cinque-cento wood-work, I have mentioned it here, however,
+    mainly because one of these, the choir of the cathedral, offers
+    not so much in what may still be seen there, as in its records,
+    a very curious example of the spirit of anti-ecclesiastical
+    freethinking which was widely spread at that time through the
+    artist-world, whose best patron was the Church. I mentioned
+    some months ago, in the pages of this Magazine, some curious
+    facts showing the real sentiments of the great Perugino on this
+    subject while he was painting Madonnas and miracles for his
+    ecclesiastical patrons. And the following singular extract from
+    the archives of the cathedral church of Todi may be added to
+    what was there written as a proof of the somewhat unexpected
+    fact. The wood-work of the choir was begun by Maestro Antonio
+    Bencivieni of Mercatello, in the duchy of Urbino, and was
+    completed in 1530 by his son Sebastian, who finished his work
+    by inserting in it a singularly haughty inscription in
+    intarsia. The Latin of the original may be Englished thus:
+    "Begun by the art and genius of Ant<sup>o</sup> Bencivieni of
+    Mercatello. This work was finished by his son Sebastian.
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 754]</span> Having kept faith and
+    maintained his honor, he did enough." The worthy canons,
+    however, discovered just one and forty years afterward that
+    Maestro Sebastiano had done somewhat too much. For he had on
+    the fourth stall, counting from the bishop's seat, on the
+    right-hand side of the choir, inserted amid the ornamentation
+    certain Latin words, inscribed over a carving of three vases
+    intended to represent reliquaries, which may be translated
+    thus: Over the first vase, "The shadow of the ass ridden by our
+    Lord;" over the second, "The feet of the Blessed Virgin as she
+    ascended into heaven;" over the third, "Relics of the Holy
+    Trinity." These strange inscriptions remained where Maestro
+    Sebastiano had so audaciously placed them till the May of 1571.
+    At that date we find a record in the cathedral archives which,
+    after rehearsing the words in question, and describing the
+    position of them, proceeds: "Which words, placed there and
+    written scandalously, and in a certain sort derisive of the
+    veneration for holy relics, and in contempt of the Christian
+    religion, the very reverend canons" (So-and-So&mdash;names
+    rehearsed) "ordered to be removed and entirely canceled, so
+    that they should no longer be seen or read." Can it be supposed
+    that this very extraordinary inscription in a choir frequented
+    daily by the canons of the church had entirely escaped notice
+    for more than forty years? Surely this is impossible. Should we
+    not rather see in the fact that the chapter of 1530 noticed the
+    mocking words with probably a shrug and a smile, whereas the
+    chapter of 1571 took care that they were removed, an
+    interesting and curious commentary on the change which the
+    intervening years had brought about in the spirit of the
+    Church, and another unexpected indication of the difference
+    between the Church of the worldly, pagan-minded Clement VII.
+    and that of the energetic, earnest bigot Pius IV. That such a
+    difference existed we know full well, but this passage of the
+    Todi archives is a very curious proof of it.</p>
+
+    <p class="author">T. ADOLPHUS TROLLOPE.</p><a name='REST'
+          id="REST"></a>
+
+    <h2>REST.</h2>
+
+    <div class='poem'>
+        <div class='stanza'>
+            <p>In deepest weariness I lay so still</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>One might have thought it death,</p>
+
+            <p>For hush of motion and a sleep of will</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>Gave me but soundless breath.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class='stanza'>
+            <p>And yet I slept not; only knew that Rest</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>Held me all close to her:</p>
+
+            <p>Softly but firmly fettered to her breast,</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>I had no wish to stir.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class='stanza'>
+            <p>"Oh, if," I thought, "death would but be like
+            this!&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>Neither to sleep nor wake,</p>
+
+            <p>But have for ages just this <i>conscious</i>
+            bliss,</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>That perfect rest I take."</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class='stanza'>
+            <p>The soul grows often weary, like the flesh:</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>May rest pervade her long,</p>
+
+            <p>While she shall <i>feel</i> the joy of growing
+            fresh</p>
+
+            <p class='i2'>For heavenly work and song!</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class="author">CHARLOTTE F.
+    BATES.</p><a name='LETTERS_FROM_SOUTH_AFRICA'
+          id="LETTERS_FROM_SOUTH_AFRICA"></a>
+          <span class="pagenum">[pg 755]</span>
+
+    <h2>LETTERS FROM SOUTH AFRICA.</h2>
+
+    <h3>BY LADY BARKER.</h3><br />
+
+
+    <p class="author">MARITZBURG, February 10, 1876.</p>
+
+    <p>In the South African calendar this is set down as the first
+    of the autumnal months, but the half dozen hours about mid-day
+    are still quite as close and oppressive as any we have had. I
+    am, however, bound to say that the nights&mdash;at all events,
+    up here&mdash;are cooler, and I begin even to think of a light
+    shawl for my solitary walks in the verandah just before
+    bedtime. When the moon shines these walks are pleasant enough,
+    but when only the "common people of the skies" are trying to
+    filter down their feebler light through the misty atmosphere, I
+    have a lurking fear and distrust of the reptiles and bugs who
+    may also have a fancy for promenading at the same time and in
+    the same place. I say nothing of bats, frogs and toads, mantis
+    or even huge moths: to these we are quite accustomed. But
+    although I have never seen a live snake in this country myself,
+    still one hears such unpleasant stories about them that it is
+    just as well to what the Scotch call "mak siccar" with a candle
+    before beginning a constitutional in the dark.</p>
+
+    <p>It is not a week ago since a lady of my acquaintance, being
+    surprised at her little dog's refusal to follow her into her
+    bedroom one night, instituted a search for the reason of the
+    poor little creature's terror and dismay, and discovered a
+    snake coiled up under her chest of drawers. At this moment,
+    too, the local papers are full of recipes for the prevention
+    and cure of snake-bites, public attention being much attracted
+    to the subject on account of an Englishman having been bitten
+    by a black "mamba" (a very venomous adder) a short time since,
+    and having died of the wound in a few hours. In his case, poor
+    man! there does not seem to have been a chance from the first,
+    for he was obliged to walk some distance to the nearest house,
+    and as they had no proper remedies there, he had to be taken on
+    a farther journey of some miles to a hospital. All this
+    exercise and motion caused the poison to circulate freely
+    through the veins, and was the worst possible thing for him.
+    The doctors here seem agreed that the treatment of ammonia and
+    brandy is the safest, and many instances are adduced to show
+    how successful it has been, though one party of practitioners
+    admits the ammonia, but denies the brandy. On the other hand,
+    one hears of a child bitten by a snake and swallowing half a
+    large bottle of raw brandy in half an hour without its head
+    being at all affected, and, what is more, recovering from the
+    bite and living happy ever after. I keep quantities of both
+    remedies close at hand, for three or four venomous snakes have
+    been killed within a dozen yards of the house, and little
+    G&mdash;&mdash; is perpetually exploring the long grass all
+    around or hunting for a stray cricket-ball or a pegtop in one
+    of those beautiful fern-filled ditches whose tangle of creepers
+    and plumy ferns is exactly the favorite haunt of snakes. As yet
+    he has brought back from these forbidden raids nothing more
+    than a few ticks and millions of burs.</p>
+
+    <p>As for the ticks, I am getting over my horror at having to
+    dislodge them from among the baby's soft curls by means of a
+    sharp needle, and even G&mdash;&mdash; only shouts with
+    laughter at discovering a great swollen monster hanging on by
+    its forceps to his leg. They torment the poor horses and dogs
+    dreadfully; and if the said horses were not the very quietest,
+    meekest, most underbred and depressed animals in the world, we
+    should certainly hear of more accidents. As it is, they confine
+    their efforts to get rid of their tormentors to rubbing all the
+    hair off their tails and sides in patches against the stable
+    walls or the trunk of a tree. Indeed, the clever way
+    G&mdash;&mdash;'s miserable little Basuto pony actually climbs
+    inside a good-sized bush, and sways himself
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 756]</span> about in it with his legs
+    off the ground until the whole thing comes with a crash to the
+    ground, is edifying to behold to every one except the owner of
+    the tree. Tom, the Kafir boy, tried hard to persuade me the
+    other day that the pony was to blame for the destruction of a
+    peach tree, but as the only broken-down branches were those
+    which had been laden with fruit, I am inclined to acquit the
+    pony. Carbolic soap is an excellent thing to wash both dogs and
+    horses with, as it not only keeps away flies and ticks from the
+    skin, which, is constantly rubbed off by incessant scratching,
+    but helps to heal the tendency to a sore place. Indeed, nothing
+    frightened me so much as what I heard when I first arrived
+    about Natal sores and Natal boils. Everybody told me that ever
+    so slight a cut or abrasion went on slowly festering, and that
+    sores on children's faces were quite common. This sounded very
+    dreadful, but I am beginning to hope it was an exaggeration,
+    for whenever G&mdash;&mdash; cuts or knocks himself (which is
+    every day or so), or scratches an insect's bite into a bad
+    place, I wash the part with a little carbolic soap (there are
+    two sorts&mdash;one for animals and a more refined preparation
+    for the human skin), and it is quite well the next day. We have
+    all had a threatening of those horrid boils, but they have
+    passed off.</p>
+
+    <p>In town the mosquitoes are plentiful and lively, devoting
+    their attentions chiefly to new-comers, but up here&mdash;I
+    write as though we were five thousand feet instead of only
+    fifty above Maritzburg&mdash;it is rare to see one. I think
+    "fillies" are more in our line, and that in spite of every
+    floor in the house being scrubbed daily with strong soda and
+    water. "Fillies," you must know, is our black groom's
+    (Charlie's) way of pronouncing <i>fleas</i>, and I find it ever
+    so much prettier. Charlie and I are having a daily discussion
+    just now touching sundry moneys he expended during my week's
+    absence at D'Urban for the kittens' food. Charlie calls them
+    the "lil' catties," and declares that the two small animals
+    consumed three shillings and ninepence worth of meat in a week.
+    I laughingly say, "But, Charlie, that would be nearly nine
+    pounds of meat in six days, and they couldn't eat that, you
+    know." Charlie grins and shows all his beautiful even white
+    teeth: then he bashfully turns his head aside and says, "I doan
+    know, ma': I buy six' meat dree time." "Very well, Charlie,
+    that would be one shilling and sixpence." "I doan know, ma';"
+    and we've not got any further than that yet.</p>
+
+    <p>But G&mdash;&mdash; and I are picking up many words of
+    Kafir, and it is quite mortifying to see how much more easily
+    the little monkey learns than I do. I forget my phrases or
+    confuse them, whereas when he learns two or three sentences he
+    appears to remember them always. It is a very melodious and
+    beautiful language, and, except for the clicks, not very
+    difficult to learn. Almost everybody here speaks it a little,
+    and it is the first thing necessary for a new-comer to endeavor
+    to acquire; only, unfortunately, there are no teachers, as in
+    India, and consequently you pick up a wretched, debased kind of
+    patois, interlarded with Dutch phrases. Indeed, I am assured
+    there are two words, <i>el hashi</i> ("the horse"), of
+    unmistakable Moorish origin, though no one knows how they got
+    into the language. Many of the Kafirs about town speak a little
+    English, and they are exceedingly sharp, when they choose,
+    about understanding what is meant, even if they do not quite
+    catch the meaning of the words used. There is one genius of my
+    acquaintance, called "Sixpence," who is not only a capital
+    cook, but an accomplished English scholar, having spent some
+    months in England. Generally, to Cape Town and back is the
+    extent of their journeyings, for they are a home-loving people;
+    but Sixpence went to England with his master, and brought back
+    a shivering recollection of an English winter and a deep-rooted
+    amazement at the boys of the Shoe Brigade, who wanted to clean
+    his boots. That astonished him more than anything else, he
+    says.</p>
+
+    <p>The Kafirs are very fond of attending their own schools and
+    church services, of which there are several in the town; and I
+    find one of my greatest difficulties in living out here
+    consists in getting Kafirs <span class="pagenum">[pg
+    757]</span> to come out of town, for by doing so they miss
+    their regular attendance at chapel and school. A few Sundays
+    ago I went to one of these Kafir schools, and was much struck
+    by the intently-absorbed air of the pupils, almost all of whom
+    were youths about twenty years of age. They were learning to
+    read the Bible in Kafir during my visit, sitting in couples,
+    and helping each other on with immense diligence and
+    earnestness. No looking about, no wandering, inattentive
+    glances, did I see. I might as well have "had the receipt of
+    fern-seed and walked invisible" for all the attention I
+    excited. Presently the pupil-teacher, a young black man, who
+    had charge of this class, asked me if I would like to hear them
+    sing a hymn, and on my assenting he read out a verse of "Hold
+    the Fort," and they all stood up and sang it, or rather its
+    Kafir translation, lustily and with good courage, though
+    without much tune. The chorus was especially fine, the words
+    "Inkanye kanye" ringing through the room with great fervor.
+    This is not a literal translation of the words "Hold the Fort,"
+    but it is difficult, as the teacher explained to me, for the
+    translator to avail himself of the usual word for "hold," as it
+    conveys more the idea of "take hold," "seize," and the young
+    Kafir missionary thoroughly understood all the nicety of the
+    idiom. There was another class for women and children, but it
+    was a small one. Certainly, the young men seemed much in
+    earnest, and the rapt expression of their faces was most
+    striking, especially during the short prayer which followed the
+    hymn and ended the school for the afternoon.</p>
+
+    <p>I have had constantly impressed upon my mind since my
+    arrival the advice <i>not</i> to take Christian Kafirs into my
+    service, but I am at a loss to know in what way the prejudice
+    against them can have arisen. "Take a Kafir green from his
+    kraal if you wish to have a good servant," is what every one
+    tells me. It so happens that we have two of each&mdash;two
+    Christians and two heathens&mdash;about the place, and there is
+    no doubt whatever which is the best. Indeed, I have sometimes
+    conversations with the one who speaks English, and I can assure
+    you we might all learn from him with advantage. His simple
+    creed is just what came from the Saviour's lips two thousand
+    years ago, and comprises His teaching of the whole duty of
+    man&mdash;to love God, the great "En' Kos," and his neighbor as
+    himself. He speaks always with real delight of his privileges,
+    and is very anxious to go to Cape Town to attend some school
+    there of which he talks a great deal, and where he says he
+    should learn to read the Bible in English. At present he is
+    spelling it out with great difficulty in Kafir. This man often
+    talks to me in the most respectful and civil manner imaginable
+    about the customs of his tribe, and he constantly alludes to
+    the narrow escape he had of being murdered directly after his
+    birth for the crime of being a twin. His people have a fixed
+    belief that unless one of a pair of babies be killed at once,
+    either the father or mother will die within the year; and they
+    argue that as in any case one child will be sure to die in its
+    infancy, twins being proverbially difficult to rear, it is only
+    both kind and natural to kill the weakly one at once. This
+    young man is very small and quiet and gentle, with an ugly
+    face, but a sweet, intelligent expression and a very nice
+    manner. I find him and the other Christian in our employment
+    very trustworthy and reliable. If they tell me anything which
+    has occurred, I know I can believe their version of it, and
+    they are absolutely honest. Now, the other lads have very loose
+    ideas on the subject of sugar, and make shifty excuses for
+    everything, from the cat breaking a heavy stone filter up to
+    half the marketing being dropped on the road.</p>
+
+    <p>I don't think I have made it sufficiently clear that besides
+    the Sunday-schools and services I have mentioned there are
+    night-schools every evening in the week, which are fully
+    attended by Kafir servants, and where they are first taught to
+    read their own language, which is an enormous difficulty to
+    them. They always tell me it is so much easier to learn to read
+    English than Kafir; and if one <span class="pagenum">[pg
+    758]</span> studies the two languages, it is plain to see how
+    much simpler the new tongue must appear to a learner than the
+    intricate construction, the varying patois and the necessarily
+    phonetic spelling of a language compounded of so many dialects
+    as the Zulu-Kafir.</p><br />
+
+
+    <p class="author">FEBRUARY 12.</p>
+
+    <p>In some respects I consider this climate has been rather
+    over-praised. Of course it is a great deal&mdash;a very great
+    deal&mdash;better than our English one, but that, after all, is
+    not saying much in its praise. Then we must remember that in
+    England we have the fear and dread of the climate ever before
+    our eyes, and consequently are always, so to speak, on our
+    guard against it. Here, and in other places where civilization
+    is in its infancy, we are at the mercy of dust and sun, wind
+    and rain, and all the eccentric elements which go to make up
+    weather. Consequently, when the balance of comfort and
+    convenience has to be struck, it is surprising how small an
+    advantage a really better climate gives when you take away
+    watering-carts and shady streets for hot weather, and sheltered
+    railway-stations and hansom cabs for wet weather, and roads and
+    servants and civility and general convenience everywhere. This
+    particular climate is both depressing and trying in spite of
+    the sunny skies we are ever boasting about, because it has a
+    strong tinge of the tropical element in it; and yet people live
+    in much the same kind of houses (only that they are very
+    small), and wear much the same sort of clothes (only that they
+    are very ugly), and lead much the same sort of lives (only that
+    it is a thousand times duller than the dullest country
+    village), as they do in England. Some small concession is made
+    to the thermometer in the matter of puggeries and matted
+    floors, but even then carpets are used wherever it is
+    practicable, because this matting never looks clean and nice
+    after the first week it is put down. All the houses are built
+    on the ground floor, with the utmost economy of building
+    material and labor, and consequently there are no passages:
+    every room is, in fact, a passage and leads to its neighbor. So
+    the perpetually dirty bare feet, or, still worse, boots fresh
+    from the mud or dust of the streets, soon wear out the matting.
+    Few houses are at all prettily decorated or furnished, partly
+    from the difficulty of procuring anything pretty here, the cost
+    and risk of its carriage up from D'Urban if you send to England
+    for it, and partly from the want of servants accustomed to
+    anything but the roughest and coarsest articles of household
+    use. A lady soon begins to take her drawing-room ornaments
+    <i>en guignon</i> if she has to dust them herself every day in
+    a very dusty climate. I speak feelingly and with authority, for
+    that is my case at this moment, and applies to every other part
+    of the house as well.</p>
+
+    <p>I must say I like Kafir servants in some respects. They
+    require, I acknowledge, constant supervision; they require to
+    be told to do the same thing over and over again every day;
+    and, what is more, besides telling, you have to stand by and
+    see that they do the thing. They are also very slow. But still,
+    with all these disadvantages, they are far better than the
+    generality of European servants out here, who make their
+    luckless employers' lives a burden to them by reason of their
+    tempers and caprices. It is much better, I am convinced, to
+    face the evil boldly and to make up one's mind to have none but
+    Kafir servants. Of course one immediately turns into a sort of
+    overseer and upper servant one's self; but at all events you
+    feel master or mistress of your own house, and you have
+    faithful and good-tempered domestics, who do their best,
+    however awkwardly, to please you. Where there are children,
+    then indeed a good English nurse is a great boon; and in this
+    one respect I am fortunate. Kafirs are also much easier to
+    manage when the orders come direct from the master or mistress,
+    and they work far more willingly for them than for white
+    servants. Tom, the nurse-boy, confided to me yesterday that he
+    hoped to stop in my employment for forty moons. After that
+    space of time he considered that he should be in a position to
+    buy plenty of wives, who would work for him
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 759]</span> and support him for the
+    rest of his life. But how Tom or Jack, or any of the boys in
+    fact, are to save money I know not, for every shilling of their
+    wages, except a small margin for coarse snuff, goes to their
+    parents, who fleece them without mercy. If they are fined for
+    breakages or misconduct (the only punishment a Kafir cares
+    for), they have to account for the deficient money to the stern
+    parents; and both Tom and Jack went through a most graphic
+    pantomime with a stick of the consequences to themselves,
+    adding that their father said both the beating from him and the
+    fine from us served them right for their carelessness. It
+    seemed so hard they should suffer both ways, and they were so
+    good-tempered and uncomplaining about it, that I fear I shall
+    find it very difficult to stop any threepenny pieces out of
+    their wages in future. A Kafir servant usually gets one pound a
+    month, his clothes and food. The former consists of a shirt and
+    short trousers of coarse check cotton, a soldier's old
+    great-coat for winter, and plenty of mealy-meal for "scoff." If
+    he is a good servant and worth making comfortable, you give him
+    a trifle every week to buy meat. Kafirs are very fond of going
+    to their kraals, and you have to make them sign an agreement to
+    remain with you so many months, generally six. By the time you
+    have just taught them, with infinite pains and trouble, how to
+    do their work, they depart, and you have to begin it all over
+    again.</p>
+
+    <p>I frequently see the chiefs or indunas of chiefs passing
+    here on their way to some kraals which lie just over the hills.
+    These kraals consist of half a dozen or more large huts,
+    exactly like so many huge beehives, on the slope of a hill.
+    There is a rude attempt at sod-fencing round them; a few head
+    of cattle graze in the neighborhood; lower down, the hillside
+    is roughly scratched by the women with crooked hoes to form a
+    mealy-ground. (Cows and mealies are all they require except
+    snuff or tobacco, which they smoke out of a cow's horn.) They
+    seem a very gay and cheerful people, to judge by the laughter
+    and jests I hear from the groups returning to these kraals
+    every day by the road just outside our fence. Sometimes one of
+    the party carries an umbrella; and I assure you the effect of a
+    tall, stalwart Kafir, clad either in nothing at all or else in
+    a sack, carefully guarding his bare head with a tattered Gamp,
+    is very ridiculous. Often some one walks along playing upon a
+    rude pipe, whilst the others jog before and after him, laughing
+    and capering like boys let loose from school, and all
+    chattering loudly. You never meet a man carrying a burden
+    unless he is a white settler's servant. When a chief or the
+    induna of a kraal passes this way, I see him, clad in a motley
+    garb of red regimentals with his bare "ringed" head, riding a
+    sorry nag, only the point of his great toe resting in his
+    stirrup. He is followed closely and with great
+    <i>empressement</i> by his "tail," all "ringed" men
+    also&mdash;that is, men of some substance and weight in the
+    community. They carry bundles of sticks, and keep up with the
+    ambling nag, and are closely followed by some of his wives
+    bearing heavy loads on their heads, but stepping out bravely
+    with beautiful erect carriage, shapely bare arms and legs; and
+    some sort of coarse drapery worn across their bodies, covering
+    them from shoulder to knee in folds which would delight an
+    artist's eye and be the despair of a sculptor's chisel. They
+    don't look either oppressed or discontented. Happy, healthy and
+    jolly are the words by which they would be most truthfully
+    described. Still, they are lazy, and slow to appreciate any
+    benefit from civilization except the money, but then savages
+    always seem to me as keen and sordid about money as the most
+    civilized mercantile community anywhere.</p><br />
+
+
+    <p class="author">FEBRUARY 14.</p>
+
+    <p>I am often asked by people who are thinking of coming here,
+    or who want to send presents to friends here, what to bring or
+    send. Of course it is difficult to say, because my experience
+    is limited and confined to one spot at present: therefore I
+    give my opinion very guardedly, and acknowledge it is derived
+    in great part from the experience of others who have been here
+    a long time. Amongst <span class="pagenum">[pg 760]</span>
+    other wraps, I brought a sealskin jacket and muff which I
+    happened to have. These, I am assured, will be absolutely
+    useless, and already they are a great anxiety to me on account
+    of the swarms of fish-tail moths which I see scuttling about in
+    every direction if I move a box or look behind a picture. In
+    fact, there are destructive moths everywhere, and every drawer
+    is redolent of camphor. The only things I can venture to
+    recommend as necessaries are things which no one advised me to
+    bring, and which were only random shots. One was a light
+    waterproof ulster, and the other was a lot of those outside
+    blinds for windows which come, I believe, from Japan, and are
+    made of grass&mdash;green, painted with gay figures. I picked
+    up these latter by the merest accident at the Baker-street
+    bazaar for a few shillings: they are the comfort of my life,
+    keeping out glare and dust in the day and moths and insects of
+    all kinds at night. As for the waterproof, I do not know what I
+    should have done without it; and little G&mdash;&mdash;'s has
+    also been most useful. It is the necessary of necessaries
+    here&mdash;a <i>real</i>, good substantial waterproof. A man
+    cannot do better than get a regular military waterproof which
+    will cover him from chin to heel on horseback; and even
+    waterproof hats and caps are a comfort in this treacherous
+    summer season, where a storm bursts over your head out of a
+    blue dome of sky, and drenches you even whilst the sun is
+    shining brightly.</p>
+
+    <p>A worse climate and country for clothes of every kind and
+    description cannot be imagined. When I first arrived I thought
+    I had never seen such ugly toilettes in all my life; and I
+    should have been less than woman (or more&mdash;which is it?)
+    if I had not derived some secret satisfaction from the
+    possession of at least prettier garments. What I was vain of in
+    my secret heart was my store of cotton gowns. One can't very
+    well wear cotton gowns in London; and, as I am particularly
+    fond of them, I indemnify myself for going abroad by rushing
+    wildly into extensive purchases in cambrics and print dresses.
+    They are so pretty and so cheap, and when charmingly made, as
+    mine <i>were</i> (alas, they are already things of the past!),
+    nothing can be so satisfactory in the way of summer country
+    garb. Well, it has been precisely in the matter of cotton gowns
+    that I have been punished for my vanity. For a day or two each
+    gown in turn looked charming. Then came a flounce or bordering
+    of bright red earth on the lower skirt and a general impression
+    of red dust and dirt all over it. That was after a drive into
+    Maritzburg along a road ploughed up by ox-wagons. Still, I felt
+    no uneasiness. What is a cotton gown made for if not to be
+    washed? Away it goes to the wash! What is this limp, discolored
+    rag which returns to me iron-moulded, blued until it is nearly
+    black, rough-dried, starched in patches, with the fringe of red
+    earth only more firmly fixed than before? Behold my favorite
+    ivory cotton! My white gowns are even in a worse plight, for
+    there are no two yards of them the same, and the grotesque
+    mixture of extreme yellowness, extreme blueness and a pervading
+    tinge of the red mud they have been washed in renders them a
+    piteous example of misplaced confidence. Other things fare
+    rather better&mdash;not much&mdash;but my poor gowns are only
+    hopeless wrecks, and I am reduced to some old yachting dresses
+    of ticking and serge. The price of washing, as this spoiling
+    process is pleasantly called, is enormous, and I exhaust my
+    faculties in devising more economical arrangements. We can't
+    wash at home, for the simple reason that we have no water, no
+    proper appliances of any sort, and to build and buy such would
+    cost a small fortune. But a tall, white-aproned Kafir, with a
+    badge upon his arm, comes now at daylight every Monday morning
+    and takes away a huge sackful of linen, which is placed, with
+    sundry pieces of soap and blue in its mouth, all ready for him.
+    He brings it back in the afternoon full of clean and dry linen,
+    for which he receives three shillings and sixpence. But this is
+    only the first stage. The things to be starched have to be
+    sorted and sent to one woman, and those to be mangled to
+    another, and both lots have to be fetched home again by Tom and
+    Jack. (I have forgotten <span class="pagenum">[pg 761]</span>
+    to tell you that Jack's real name, elicited with great
+    difficulty, as there is a click somewhere in it, is
+    "Umpashongwana," whilst the pickle Tom is known among his own
+    people as "Umkabangwana." You will admit that our substitutes
+    for these five-syllabled appellations are easier to pronounce
+    in a hurry. Jack is a favorite name: I know half a dozen black
+    Jacks myself.) To return, however, to the washing. I spend my
+    time in this uncertain weather watching the clouds on the days
+    when the clothes are to come home, for it would be altogether
+    <i>too</i> great a trial if one's starched garments, borne
+    aloft on Jack's head, were to be caught in a thunder-shower. If
+    the washerwoman takes pains with anything, it is with
+    gentlemen's shirts, though even then she insists on ironing the
+    collars into strange and fearful shapes.</p>
+
+    <p>Let not men think, however, that they have it all their own
+    way in the matter of clothes. White jackets and trousers are
+    commonly worn here in summer, and it is very soothing, I am
+    told, to try to put them on in a hurry when the arms and legs
+    are firmly glued together by several pounds of starch. Then as
+    to boots and shoes: they get so mildewed if laid aside for even
+    a few days as to be absolutely offensive; and these, with hats,
+    wear out at the most astonishing rate. The sun and dust and
+    rain finish up the hats in less than no time.</p>
+
+    <p>But I have not done with my clothes yet. A lady must keep a
+    warm dress and jacket close at hand all through the most
+    broiling summer weather, for a couple of hours will bring the
+    thermometer down ten or twenty degrees, and I have often been
+    gasping in a white dressing-gown at noon and shivering in a
+    serge dress at three o'clock on the same day. I am making up my
+    mind that serge and ticking are likely to be the most useful
+    material for dresses, and, as one must have something very cool
+    for these burning months, tussore or foulard, which get
+    themselves better washed than my poor dear cottons. Silks are
+    next to useless&mdash;too smart, too hot, too entirely out of
+    place in such a life as this, except perhaps one or two of
+    tried principles, which won't spot or fade or misbehave
+    themselves in any way. One goes out of a warm, dry afternoon
+    with a tulle veil on to keep off the flies, or a feather in
+    one's hat, and returns with the one a limp, wet rag and the
+    other quite out of curl. I only wish any milliner could see my
+    feathers now! All straight, rigidly straight as a carpenter's
+    rule, and tinged with red dust besides. As for tulle or
+    cr&ecirc;pe-lisse frilling, or any of those soft pretty
+    adjuncts to a simple toilette, they are five minutes'
+    wear&mdash;no more, I solemnly declare.</p>
+
+    <p>I love telling a story against myself, and here is one. In
+    spite of repeated experiences of the injurious effect of
+    alternate damp and dust upon finery, the old Eve is
+    occasionally too strong for my prudence, and I can't resist, on
+    the rare occasions which offer themselves, the temptation of
+    wearing pretty things. Especially weak am I in the matter of
+    caps, and this is what befell me. Imagine a lovely, soft summer
+    evening, broad daylight, though it is half-past seven (it will
+    be dark directly, however): a dinner-party to be reached a
+    couple of miles away. The little open carriage is at the door,
+    and into this I step, swathing my gown carefully up in a huge
+    shawl. This precaution is especially necessary, for during the
+    afternoon there has been a terrific thunderstorm and a sudden
+    sharp deluge of rain. Besides a swamp or two to be ploughed
+    through as best we may, there are those two miles of deep red
+    muddy road full of ruts and big stones and pitfalls of all
+    sorts. The drive home in the dark will be nervous work, but now
+    in daylight let us enjoy whilst we may. Of course I
+    <i>ought</i> to have taken my cap in a box or bag, or something
+    of the sort; but that seemed too much trouble, especially as it
+    was so small it needed to be firmly pinned on in its place. It
+    consisted of a centre or crown of white cr&ecirc;pe, a little
+    frill of the same, and a close-fitting wreath of deep red
+    feathers all round. Very neat and tidy it looked as I took my
+    last glance at it whilst I hastily knotted a light black lace
+    veil over my head by way of protection during my drive. When
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 762]</span> I got to my destination
+    there was no looking-glass to be seen anywhere, no maid, no
+    anything or anybody to warn me. Into the dining-room I marched
+    in happy unconsciousness that the extreme dampness of the
+    evening had flattened the crown of my cap, and that it and its
+    frill were mere unconsidered limp rags, whilst the unpretending
+    circlet of feathers had started into undue prominence, and
+    struck straight out like a red nimbus all round my unconscious
+    head. How my fellow-guests managed to keep their countenances I
+    cannot tell. I am certain <i>I</i> never could have sat
+    opposite to any one with such an Ojibbeway Indian's head-dress
+    on without giggling. But no one gave me the least hint of my
+    misfortune, and it only burst upon me suddenly when I returned
+    to my own room and my own glass. Still, there was a ray of hope
+    left: it <i>might</i> have been the dampness of the drive home
+    which had worked me this woe. I rushed into F&mdash;&mdash;'s
+    dressing-room and demanded quite fiercely whether my cap had
+    been like that all the time.</p>
+
+    <p>"Why, yes," F&mdash;&mdash; admitted; adding by way of
+    consolation, "In fact, it is a good deal subdued now: it was
+    very wild all dinner-time. I can't say I admired it, but I
+    supposed it was all right."</p>
+
+    <p>Did ever any one hear such shocking apathy? In answer to my
+    reproaches for not telling me, he only said, "Why, what could
+    you have done with it if you <i>had</i> known? Taken it off and
+    put it in your pocket, or what?"</p>
+
+    <p>I don't know, but anything would have been better than
+    sitting at table with a thing only fit for a May-Day sweep on
+    one's head. It makes me hot and angry with myself even to think
+    of it now.</p>
+
+    <p>F&mdash;&mdash;'s clothes could also relate some curious
+    experiences which they have had to go through, not only at the
+    hands of his washerwoman, but at those of his temporary valet,
+    Jack (I beg his pardon, Umpashongwana) the Zulu, whose zeal
+    exceeds anything one can imagine. For instance, when he sets to
+    work to brush F&mdash;&mdash;'s clothes of a morning he is by
+    no means content to brush the cloth clothes. Oh dear, no! He
+    brushes the socks, putting each carefully on his hand like a
+    glove and brushing vigorously away. As they are necessarily
+    very thin socks for this hot weather, they are apt to melt away
+    entirely under the process. I say nothing of his blacking the
+    boots inside as well as out, or of his laboriously scrubbing
+    holes in a serge coat with a scrubbing-brush, for these are
+    errors of judgment dictated by a kindly heart. But when Jack
+    puts a saucepan on the fire without any water and burns holes
+    in it, or tries whether plates and dishes can support their own
+    weight in the air without a table beneath them, then, I
+    confess, my patience runs short. But Jack is so imperturbable,
+    so perfectly and genuinely astonished at the untoward result of
+    his experiments, and so grieved that the <i>inkosacasa</i> (I
+    have not an idea how the word ought to be spelt) should be
+    vexed, that I am obliged to leave off shaking my head at him,
+    which is the only way I have of expressing my displeasure. He
+    keeps on saying, "Ja, oui, yaas," alternately, all the time,
+    and I have to go away to laugh.</p><br />
+
+
+    <p class="author">FEBRUARY 16.</p>
+
+    <p>I was much amused the other day at receiving a letter of
+    introduction from a mutual friend in England, warmly
+    recommending a newly-arrived bride and bridegroom to my
+    acquaintance, and especially begging me to take pains to
+    introduce the new-comers into the "best society." To appreciate
+    the joke thoroughly you must understand that there is no
+    society here at all&mdash;absolutely none. We are not proud, we
+    Maritzburgians, nor are we inhospitable, nor exclusive, nor
+    unsociable. Not a bit. We are as anxious as any community can
+    be to have society or sociable gatherings, or whatever you like
+    to call the way people manage to meet together; but
+    circumstances are altogether too strong for us, and we all in
+    turn are forced to abandon the attempt in despair. First of
+    all, the weather is against us. It is maddeningly uncertain,
+    and the best-arranged entertainment cannot be considered a
+    success if the guests have to struggle through rain and tempest
+    and streets <span class="pagenum">[pg 763]</span> ankle-deep in
+    water and pitchy darkness to assist at it. People are hardly
+    likely to make themselves pleasant at a party when their return
+    home through storm and darkness is on their minds all the time:
+    at least, I know <i>I</i> cannot do so. But the weather is only
+    one of the lets and hinderances to society in Natal. We are all
+    exceedingly poor, and necessary food is very dear: luxuries are
+    enormously expensive, but they are generally not to be had at
+    all, so one is not tempted by them. Servants, particularly
+    cooks, are few and far between, and I doubt if even any one
+    calling himself a cook could send up what would be considered a
+    fairly good dish elsewhere. Kafirs can be taught to do one or
+    two things pretty well, but even then they could not be trusted
+    to do them for a party. In fact, if I stated that there were no
+    good servants&mdash;in the ordinary acceptation of the
+    word&mdash;here at all, I should not be guilty of exaggeration.
+    If there are, all I can say is, I have neither heard of nor
+    seen them. On the contrary, I have been overwhelmed by
+    lamentations on that score in which I can heartily join.
+    Besides the want of means of conveyance (for there are no cabs,
+    and very few <i>remises</i>) and good food and attendance, any
+    one wanting to entertain would almost need to build a house, so
+    impossible is it to collect more than half a dozen people
+    inside an ordinary-sized house here. For my part, my verandah
+    is the comfort of my life. When more than four or five people
+    at a time chance to come to afternoon tea, we overflow into the
+    verandah. It runs round three sides of the four rooms called a
+    house, and is at once my day-nursery, my lumber-room, my
+    summer-parlor, my place of exercise&mdash;everything, in fact.
+    And it is an incessant occupation to train the creepers and
+    wage war against the legions of brilliantly-colored
+    grasshoppers which infest and devour the honeysuckles and
+    roses. Never was there such a place for insects! They eat up
+    everything in the kitchen-garden, devour every leaf off my
+    peach and orange trees, scarring and spoiling the fruit as
+    well. It is no comfort whatever that they are wonderfully
+    beautiful creatures, striped and ringed with a thousand colors
+    in a thousand various ways: one has only to see the riddled
+    appearance of every leaf and flower to harden one's heart. Just
+    now they have cleared off every blossom out of the garden
+    except my zinnias, which grow magnificently and make the
+    devastated flower-bed still gay with every hue and tint a
+    zinnia can put on&mdash;salmon-color, rose, scarlet, pink,
+    maroon, and fifty shades besides. On the veldt too the flowers
+    have passed by, but their place is taken by the grasses, which
+    are all in seed. People say the grass is rank and poor, and of
+    not much account as food for stock, but it has an astonishing
+    variety of beautiful seeds. In one patch it is like miniature
+    pampas-grass, only a couple of inches long each seed-pod, but
+    white and fluffy. Again, there will be tall stems laden with
+    rich purple grains or delicate tufts of rose-colored seed. One
+    of the prettiest, however, is like wee green harebells hanging
+    all down a tall and slender stalk, and hiding within their cups
+    the seed. Unfortunately, the weeds and burs seed just as
+    freely, and there is one especial torment to the garden in the
+    shape of an innocent-looking little plant something like an
+    alpine strawberry in leaf and blossom, bearing a most
+    aggravating tuft of little black spines which lose no
+    opportunity of sticking to one's petticoats in myriads. They
+    are familiarly known as "blackjacks," and can hold their own as
+    pests with any weed of my acquaintance.</p>
+
+    <p>But the most beautiful tree I have seen in Natal was an
+    <i>Acacia flamboyante</i>. I saw it at D'Urban, and I shall
+    never forget the contrast of its vivid green, bright as the
+    spring foliage of a young oak, and the crown of rich crimson
+    flowers on its topmost branches, tossing their brilliant
+    blossoms against a background of gleaming sea and sky. It was
+    really splendid, like a bit of Italian coloring among the
+    sombre tangle of tropical verdure. It is too cold up here for
+    this glorious tree, which properly belongs to a far more
+    tropical temperature than even D'Urban can mount up to.</p>
+
+    <p>I am looking forward to next month <span class="pagenum">[pg
+    764]</span> and the following ones to make some little
+    excursions into the country, or to go "trekking," as the local
+    expression is. I hear on all sides how much that is interesting
+    lies a little way beyond the reach of a ride, but it is
+    difficult for the mistress&mdash;who is at the same time the
+    general servant&mdash;of an establishment out here to get away
+    from home for even a few days, especially when there is a
+    couple of small children to be left behind. No one travels now
+    who can possibly help it, for the sudden violent rains which
+    come down nearly every afternoon swell the rivers and make even
+    the spruits impassable; so a traveler may be detained for days
+    within a few miles of his destination. Now, in winter the roads
+    will be hard, and dust will be the only inconvenience. At
+    least, that is what I am promised.</p><br />
+     <a name='OUR_MONTHLY_GOSSIP'
+          id="OUR_MONTHLY_GOSSIP"></a>
+
+    <h2>OUR MONTHLY GOSSIP.</h2>
+
+    <h3>THE CABS OF PARIS.</h3><br />
+
+
+    <p>Paris is without doubt, of all large cities, the easiest to
+    get about in. Lines of omnibuses cross and recross its surface
+    in every direction, and, better still, the streets swarm with
+    cabs, in which for the small sum of thirty cents one can pass
+    at will from any given point to any other far distant one
+    within its limits. There are carriage-stands on every side and
+    in every principal street, and unoccupied vehicles may be seen
+    driven at a snail's pace, with their drivers keenly on the
+    lookout for a possible fare. Yet, with all this provision, it
+    is occasionally very difficult to secure a carriage in Paris.
+    On a sunny Sunday afternoon, on the day of the Grand Prix de
+    Paris, or during the prevalence of a sudden storm carriages are
+    as scarce in Paris as they are in New York. Yet their number
+    increases daily, thanks to the law of 1866, by virtue of which
+    any coachman who can pass an examination as to his knowledge of
+    driving and acquaintance with the streets of Paris can, if he
+    likes, purchase a vehicle of the regulation style, have his
+    number painted on it and set up for himself as a public cabman,
+    subject always in the matter of pace, charges, etc. to the
+    police laws regulating all such details.</p>
+
+    <p>It has taken two hundred and thirty years to bring the
+    cab-system of Paris to the point of perfection to which it has
+    now attained. In 1617 the only public means of locomotion was
+    afforded by a company which let out sedan-chairs. In 1640 a
+    certain Nicholas Sauvage, agent for the stage-coaches of
+    Amiens, formed the plan of establishing carriages, harnessed
+    and ready for use at certain designated points, for the
+    accommodation of the public. These vehicles were christened
+    <i>fiacres</i>, but the reason for their receiving this
+    appellation remains unknown. Some say it was because Sauvage
+    occupied a house the fa&ccedil;ade of which was decorated with
+    an image of St. Fiacre: another and more probable solution of
+    the mystery has been found in the fact that just at that epoch
+    a monk of the Petits P&egrave;res, called Fiacre, died in the
+    odor of sanctity, and his portrait was placed in all the new
+    vehicles to protect them against accidents. Be this as it may,
+    the new enterprise proved successful, and in 1703 a law was
+    passed compelling the numbering of all public carriages. In
+    1753 there existed in Paris twenty-eight cab-stands and sixty
+    livery-stables, containing in all one hundred and seventy
+    carriages. At present, Paris possesses over eight thousand cabs
+    and three thousand livery-stable carriages: these last are
+    generally very handsome vehicles, drawn by spirited, well-kept
+    horses and driven by stylish-looking coachmen.
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 765]</span> The public vehicles of
+    Paris, exclusive of the omnibuses, may be divided into three
+    classes. First, the <i>voitures de place</i>, which are
+    permitted, on payment of an annual tax of three hundred and
+    sixty-five francs, to stand at one of the one hundred and
+    fifty-eight points designated by the police; these bear a
+    yellow number. Secondly, the <i>voitures mixtes</i>, which may
+    at will be hired from a livery-stable or stand or ply upon the
+    public highway; these bear a red number. And thirdly, the
+    <i>voitures de remise</i>, which can only be hired from a
+    stable, and are prohibited from appearing on the stands; these
+    also are numbered in red, but in a particular style, so that a
+    policeman at a glance can distinguish the difference between
+    the voitures mixtes and those of the last category. To this
+    latter class belong the stunning and splendid equipages which
+    may be hired for any period, extending from a few hours to an
+    indefinite number of months, and which enable the stranger to
+    make as fine a display of equipages and liveries as the
+    wealthiest resident of the city. The first two classes, the
+    cabs properly so called, are, however, the most interesting to
+    the transient visitor to Paris or to the permanent resident
+    with a purse of moderate dimensions.</p>
+
+    <p>The cabs of Paris, as a rule, are comparatively neat and
+    comfortable, those belonging to the Compagnie
+    G&eacute;n&eacute;rale des Voitures (of which institution more
+    anon) being carefully brushed and cleaned every day. In winter
+    a two-seated coup&eacute; lined with dark cloth or with
+    leather, and drawn by a single horse, is the usual style of
+    vehicle offered for the accommodation of the public. The price
+    of such a vehicle is thirty cents for a "course" or single
+    unbroken trip, which may be from one side of Paris to the
+    other, or forty cents an hour. The coachman is bound by law to
+    give the person engaging him a square ticket on which is
+    printed his number and the exact amount of his fare: this last,
+    however, being stated as varying under certain conditions and
+    at certain hours, is apt to be rather puzzling to the
+    inexperienced traveler, particularly if he or she be ignorant
+    of French. Four-seated carriages are hard to find in winter:
+    they are drawn by two horses, and the fare is ten cents more on
+    the course and by the hour than that of the two-seated ones. In
+    summer the coup&eacute;s are replaced by light, open,
+    four-seated carriages, with a hood and with leather curtains,
+    to be used in case of rain; and they are really pleasant and
+    comfortable vehicles. The horses do not differ much from the
+    style of cab-horses known all over the world, being thin,
+    shabby and dismal-looking animals as a general thing, though
+    exceptions to the rule are not uncommon.</p>
+
+    <p>The cabmen of Paris form a distinct class, a separate
+    society, composed of all sorts of elements&mdash;a turbulent,
+    indocile, rebellious set of men, always in revolt against their
+    employers and against the law, which holds them with an iron
+    and inflexible grasp. Most of them are Communists, though many
+    of them are men belonging to the higher classes of society,
+    whom dissipation, extravagance or misfortune has driven to this
+    mode of gaining a living. Thus, it is a well-known fact that
+    the son of a distinguished diplomat, an ambassador to more than
+    one foreign court, is now a cab-driver, and not a particularly
+    good one. Unfrocked priests, unsuccessful school-teachers,
+    small bankrupt tradesmen, swell the ranks, the <i>personnel</i>
+    of which is mainly composed of servants out of place or of
+    provincials who have come to Paris to seek their fortune. These
+    last come mostly from Normandy, Auvergne and Savoy; and it has
+    been noticed that the Savoyards are the most sober and docile
+    of all. The Parisian cabman is always under the surveillance of
+    the police: a policeman stationed on every stand watches each
+    cab as it drives off, and takes its number to guard as far as
+    possible against any overcharge or peculation. In case of a
+    collision and quarrel or an accident the ubiquitous policeman
+    is always at hand to take the numbers of the vehicles whose
+    drivers may be concerned in the affair. Complaints made by
+    passengers are always attended to at once, and immediate
+    redress is pretty sure to follow. The cabman is generally
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 766]</span> gruff and surly, and,
+    though seldom seen drunk, in the majority of cases is addicted
+    to drink&mdash;a vice which the exposed nature of his calling
+    palliates if it does not wholly excuse. Some cabmen are devoted
+    to newspaper reading, and may be seen engaged perusing the
+    <i>Rappel</i> or the <i>&Eacute;v&eacute;nement</i> while
+    awaiting the appearance of a fare or stationed before the door
+    of a shop or a picture-gallery. Others prefer to nap away their
+    leisure moments, and may be seen, half sitting, half lying on
+    their boxes, and sound asleep. It is rather a curious process
+    to pass slowly along the line of a Parisian cab-stand and
+    observe the faces of the men. Every variety and type of
+    countenance&mdash;from the Parisian "Jakey" with villainous
+    eyes, sharp features and black soaplocks, to the jolly old
+    patriarch, gray and stout, and somewhat stiff in the joints,
+    who has been a cab-driver for over forty years
+    perhaps&mdash;presents itself to your view. The best way to
+    engage a cab is by observing the face of the driver, not the
+    condition of the vehicle or that of the horse. The Parisian
+    cabmen wear no uniform, the high glazed hat being the only
+    article of attire which is universally adopted. Even the red
+    waistcoat, once a distinctive mark of their calling, is
+    gradually falling into disuse, and every variety of coat and
+    overcoat may be seen, liveries past private service being very
+    generally adopted. Any overcharge may be reclaimed by the
+    passenger by the simple process of making a complaint before
+    the nearest chef de police. In past days the coachman thus
+    complained against was forced to go in person to the
+    complainant to beg his or her pardon, and to pay over the extra
+    sum demanded. A frightful catastrophe which occurred some
+    twenty years ago put an end to this form of retribution. On the
+    16th of September, 1855, M. Juge, director of the normal school
+    at Douai, took a cab in the Place de la Concorde and went for a
+    drive in the Bois de Boulogne. The driver, one Collignon,
+    insisted on being paid more than his legal fare, and M. Juge
+    forwarded his complaint to the prefecture of police the next
+    day. Collignon was condemned to make restitution in person to
+    M. Juge. He sold his furniture, purchased a pair of pistols and
+    went on the appointed day to the house of M. Juge in the Rue
+    d'Enfer. No hard words passed between them, but while the
+    gentleman was in the act of signing the receipt the coachman
+    drew out one of his pistols and shot him through the head,
+    killing him instantly. Collignon was at once arrested: he was
+    tried and condemned to death, and expiated his crime on the
+    scaffold on the 6th of December following. Since that event
+    another system of restitution has been followed, the sum
+    exacted in excess of the legal fare being deposited at the
+    prefecture of police, whither the traveler is compelled to go
+    in quest of it.</p>
+
+    <p>At the prefecture of police is likewise situated the
+    storehouse of articles forgotten or left behind in public
+    carriages. According to the law, every coachman is commanded to
+    inspect carefully his carriage after the occupant has departed,
+    and to deposit every article left therein, were it but an odd
+    glove, in the storehouse above mentioned. Each object is
+    inscribed in a register and bears a particular number, and the
+    number of the cab in which it was left as well. These articles
+    fill a large room, whereof the contents are ever changing, and
+    which is always full. Umbrellas, muffs, opera-glasses,
+    pocket-books (sometimes containing thousands of francs) are
+    among the most usual deposits. In one year there were found in
+    the cabs of Paris over twenty thousand objects, among which
+    were six thousand five hundred umbrellas. Should the article
+    bear the address of the owner, he is at once apprised by letter
+    of its whereabouts; otherwise, it is kept till called for, and
+    if never claimed it becomes the property of the city at the end
+    of three years, and is sold at auction. A vast row of
+    underground apartments is appropriated to the unclaimed
+    articles&mdash;dim cellar-rooms, lighted with gas. There may be
+    seen umbrellas by the hundred or the thousand, strapped
+    together in bundles and stacked up like fagots. Everything is
+    registered, numbered and catalogued, and if returned to the
+    owner his address <span class="pagenum">[pg 767]</span> and the
+    date of delivery are carefully noted. The strict surveillance
+    of the police contributes greatly toward keeping the Parisian
+    cabman honest. Instances are on record where costly sets of
+    jewels, bags of napoleons and pocket-books crammed with
+    bank-notes have been faithfully deposited at the prefecture by
+    their finders. On the other hand, an anecdote is told of a
+    cab-driver in whose vehicle a gentleman chanced to leave his
+    pocket-book, containing fifty thousand francs which he had just
+    won at play. He traced his cabman to the stable, where he was
+    in the act of feeding his horse, opened the carriage-door, and
+    found his pocket-book lying untouched upon the floor. On
+    learning what a prize he had missed the coachman incontinently
+    hung himself.</p>
+
+    <p>The great source of supply for public vehicles in Paris is
+    the Compagnie G&eacute;n&eacute;rale des Voitures, one of the
+    most gigantic of the great enterprises of Paris. It possesses
+    five thousand cabs and over two thousand handsome and stylish
+    voitures de remise. It furnishes every style; of carriage for
+    hire, from the superb private-looking barouche or landau, with
+    servants in gorgeous livery and splendid blooded horses, or the
+    showy pony-phaeton and low victoria of the <i>cocotte du grand
+    monde</i>, down to the humble one-horse cab. This beneficent
+    company will furnish you, if desired, with a princely equipage,
+    with armorial bearings, family liveries, etc., all complete and
+    got up specially to suit the ideas of the hirer. Nine-tenths of
+    the elegant turnouts in Paris are supplied in this manner.
+    There is a regular tariff for everything: each additional
+    footman costs so much, there is a fixed charge for powder, for
+    postilions, for a <i>chasseur</i> decked with feathers and gold
+    lace. You can be as elegant as you please without purchasing a
+    single accessory of your equipage.</p>
+
+    <p>The cab-horses of the Compagnie G&eacute;n&eacute;rale are
+    usually brought from Normandy, and belong to a specially hardy
+    race, such a one being needed to endure the privations and
+    trials to which a Parisian cab-horse is exposed. Each horse has
+    to be gradually initiated into the duties of his new calling:
+    he has to be trained to eat at irregular hours, to sleep
+    standing, and to endure the fatigues of the Parisian streets.
+    Were the country-bred horse to be put at once to full city
+    work, he would die in a week. He is first sent out for a
+    quarter of a day; then after a week or two for half a day; then
+    for a whole day; and when accustomed to that he is considered
+    fit for night-work. The horses of the Compagnie
+    G&eacute;n&eacute;rale remain in the stable one day out of
+    every three. If well fed, well kept and well looked after, the
+    life of a Paris cab-horse may be prolonged from three to five
+    years, but the latter is the extreme limit.</p>
+
+    <p>The Compagnie G&eacute;n&eacute;rale not only buys its own
+    horses, but constructs its own carriages. Its coachmen are
+    obliged to pass through a preliminary examination, not only as
+    to their capabilities for driving, but as to their knowledge of
+    the streets of Paris. But the passage of the law of 1866 has
+    let loose upon the community a swarm of ignorant coachmen, who,
+    assuming the reins and whip, in some instances without any
+    knowledge even of the great thoroughfares of Paris, will lead
+    their unhappy hirer a pretty dance, particularly if he or she
+    is a stranger on a first visit to the great city. I know of one
+    instance where a lady, desirous of visiting the Pare Monceau,
+    was taken to the extreme northern boundary of the city limits,
+    and was only rescued by the intervention of the police. Then
+    one must be very particular as to the pronunciation of the name
+    of the street, as so many streets exist in Paris the names of
+    which closely resemble each other when spoken, such as the Rue
+    de T&eacute;h&eacute;ran and the Rue de Turin, the Rue du Marl
+    and the Rue d'Aumale, etc. And if your coachman <i>can</i> make
+    a mistake, you may rest assured he will do it.</p>
+
+    <p>The Parisian cab is not, like its London compeer, a
+    prohibited pariah of a vehicle, excluded from parks or the
+    court-yards of palaces. You can go to call at the
+    &Eacute;lys&eacute;e or to attend a ball there in a cab if you
+    like, and the Bois de Boulogne or the Pare Monceau is as free
+    to that plebeian vehicle as to the landau of a prince. And if
+    one attends a ball in <span class="pagenum">[pg 768]</span>
+    Paris, there is no need to engage a carriage to return home in.
+    Attracted by the lights, the cabmen station their vehicles in
+    long lines in the neighborhood of any mansion where such a
+    festivity is taking place, waiting patiently till three, four
+    and five o'clock in the morning for a chance of conveying home
+    some of the merrymakers. The only instance in which I ever
+    heard of their failing to be on hand on such an occasion was at
+    a large fancy ball where the German was kept up till six
+    o'clock in the morning. The gay troupe issued forth into the
+    golden glowing sunshine of the April morning, and found not a
+    single cab in attendance; so powdered and brocaded Marquises,
+    white-satin clad "Mignons," Highlanders, Turks and Leaguers
+    were forced to walk to their homes, in many instances miles
+    away, to the immense amusement of the street-sweepers and
+    naughty little boys, the only Parisians astir at that hour of
+    the city's universal repose.</p>
+
+    <p class="author">L.H.H.</p><a name='A_NEW_MUSEUM_AT_ROME'
+          id="A_NEW_MUSEUM_AT_ROME"></a>
+
+    <h3>A NEW MUSEUM AT ROME.</h3><br />
+
+
+    <p>A new museum of sculpture at Rome! One would have thought
+    that it could hardly be needed. Besides three vast
+    collections&mdash;that of the Lateran, that of the Capitol, and
+    that wondrous world of antique sculpture at the Vatican,
+    itself, in fact, three museums, and each of the three alone
+    matchless in the world&mdash;we have the work of the hands that
+    lived and worked here a couple of thousands of years ago in
+    every villa, in every garden, almost at every corner. And yet
+    we need, and have just established, another museum of ancient
+    sculpture. We are now cutting new lines of streets&mdash;not,
+    as you are doing, on the surface of a soil that has never been
+    moved save by the forces of Nature since first the Creator
+    divided the sea from the dry land, but&mdash;among the
+    d&eacute;bris of the successive civilizations of more than
+    three thousand years. The laying of our gas- and water-pipes
+    breaks the painting on the walls of banquet-halls whose last
+    revel was disturbed by the irruption of the barbarian. Our
+    "main drainage" lies among the temples of gods whose godlike
+    forms are found mutilated and prostrate among the fallen
+    columns and tumbled architraves and cornices of their
+    shrines.</p>
+
+    <p>But if no awe of the mighty past prevents the speculator and
+    contractor of our day from marching his army of excavators in
+    an undeviating and unyielding line impartially athwart the
+    temples, the palaces, the theatres, the baths of the perished
+    world beneath their feet, yet in these days of ours the work is
+    done reverently, at least so far as not only to respect, but to
+    gather up with the most scrupulous care, every available
+    fragment of the art, and even of the common life, of those
+    vanished generations. If the day shall come when some future
+    people shall yet once again build their city on this same
+    eternal site, and some future social cataclysm shall have
+    overwhelmed the works and civilization of the present time,
+    those future builders will not find walls constructed in great
+    part of the fragments of statues and the richly-carved friezes
+    of yet older builders and artists, as we have found. The Romans
+    of the present day are, it must be admitted, fully alive to the
+    inappreciable value of the wondrous heritage they possess in
+    this kind; and every fragment of it is carefully and jealously
+    gathered and stored. And hence is the need of a new museum, and
+    hence will be the need of other new museums&mdash;who shall say
+    how many? For truly this Roman soil seems inexhaustible in
+    buried treasures. There seems no likelihood that the vein
+    should be exhausted or die out. Every now and then the
+    excavators come upon "a fault," as the miners say, but the vein
+    is soon struck again.</p>
+
+    <p>And so the new museum at the Capitol has been rendered
+    necessary. It was inaugurated on the 25th of February in this
+    year. It consists of twelve rooms or galleries, part of which
+    occupy the site of the apartments which used to contain the
+    archives, now moved to other quarters, and part, including a
+    large octagonal hall, the principal feature of the new museum,
+    have been newly constructed on ground which used to be the
+    garden of the Conservatori, the ancient municipal officers of
+    the city, so called. The entrance <span class="pagenum">[pg
+    769]</span> is by the main staircase of the palazzo of the
+    Conservatori, which is the building that forms the side of the
+    square of the Capitol to the right hand of the visitor as he
+    ascends the magnificent flight of steps from the Via di Ara
+    Coeli. The steep sides of the Capitoline Hill on either side of
+    these steps has been recently turned into a very well-kept and
+    pretty garden, among the lawns and shrubberies of which the
+    attention of the stranger, as he ascends, may be attracted by a
+    neatly-painted iron cage in front of the mouth of a little
+    cavern in the rock, which is inhabited by a she-wolf in
+    memorial of the earliest traditions of the place. Memorials,
+    indeed, are not wanting at every step, and from the first
+    window of the staircase as the visitor ascends to the museum on
+    the first floor he may look down on the Tarpeian Rock.</p>
+
+    <p>The public functionaries of all sorts here do so much of
+    their work in a manner which gives rise to much discontentment
+    among the Romans, and would by the people of better-ruled
+    countries be deemed wholly intolerable, that it is a pleasure
+    to be able to say that upon this occasion the municipality has
+    done what it had to do thoroughly well. The galleries and rooms
+    of the new establishment are decorated in admirably good taste
+    in the Pompeian style, the walls being colored in panels and
+    borders of blue and red on a buff ground. They are excellently
+    well lighted, and the visitor is not hunted round the rooms by
+    an attendant anxious only to get his tedious task over, but is
+    allowed to wander about among the treasures around him at his
+    own discretion, and to spend the whole day there, or as much of
+    it as lies between 10 A.M. and 3 P.M., if he pleases. A
+    sufficient catalogue, accompanied by a map of the place, is
+    purchasable at the doors for a couple of francs, and the
+    visitor is required to pay half a franc for his entrance. This
+    last regulation is in accordance with a law recently passed by
+    the legislature establishing an entrance-fee at the doors of
+    all public galleries and museums throughout Italy. Heretofore
+    the entrance to all such places was entirely free. But, seeing
+    that the country really needs the assistance to be obtained
+    from this source, it cannot be said to be acting otherwise than
+    reasonably in making such a charge; and probably no one of the
+    thousands who come to Italy to profit by her artistic treasures
+    will ever grudge the payment of the small fee demanded; the
+    only question being whether the measure is on the whole a
+    profitable one financially, of which I do not feel quite
+    sure.</p>
+
+    <p>The first landing-place of the vast staircase and the
+    ante-room at the top of it are lined with the more interesting
+    and perfect of the pagan inscriptions which the recent
+    movements of the soil have brought to light. Of course, the
+    majority of these present no specialties distinguishing them
+    from the thousands of similar inscriptions with which the world
+    has long since been familiar. But there are some among them
+    which contribute useful fragments of knowledge to the attempts
+    of our antiquaries to construct a satisfactory plan of the
+    ancient city&mdash;dedications of statues, showing what god or
+    goddess inhabited such or such a shrine, and the like. The
+    letters of these inscriptions have been rendered more easily
+    legible by restoring the scarlet coloring of them, as has been
+    done in the case of those at the Vatican.</p>
+
+    <p>The visitor next enters a very long corridor or gallery
+    giving access to the various halls and rooms, and adorned with
+    a series of modern busts of the men of whom Italy has most
+    reason to be proud. Some among them are of much merit.</p>
+
+    <p>Then comes the gallery of the bronzes. In this department
+    the late finds have been very numerous and extremely
+    interesting. Among the objects which will immediately attract
+    the visitor's eye as he enters the principal room are a litter
+    and a biga or chariot. In both cases of course only fragments
+    of the bronze remain, but they are sufficient to have enabled
+    skilled antiquaries to reconstruct the entire litter and the
+    entire chariot. The latter is very specially interesting. The
+    plates of embossed and chiseled bronze which encased the body
+    of the chariot are figured with admirably-worked subjects
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 770]</span> in basso-rilievo, many of
+    them relating to the "wondrous tale of Troy." This invaluable
+    specimen was the gift to the museum of that eminent and liberal
+    arch&aelig;ologist, Signor A. Castellani, of whose matchless
+    collection of Etruscan jewelry I wrote in a former number of
+    this Magazine. The remaining portions of the bronze- and
+    iron-work of the litter, with its arrangement of poles for
+    carrying it, somewhat after the fashion of a sedan-chair,
+    though the whole of the apparatus is much lighter, are more
+    fragmentary, but yet sufficient for the reconstruction of a
+    specimen illustrative to the classical reader of many a passage
+    in the ancient writers. Under No. 10 the visitor will find the
+    small statue of an hermaphrodite in bronze, fashioned as the
+    bearer of a lamp&mdash;a statue of very great delicacy and
+    beauty.</p>
+
+    <p>The next room is that of the medals and coins, the number of
+    which will probably surprise the visitor not a little. The gold
+    coins and the better-preserved and more interesting specimens
+    are shown single under cleverly-arranged glass cases. The more
+    ordinary results of the finds which are almost daily being made
+    have been consigned in promiscuous heaps to huge glass vases,
+    whose tops, however, are carefully sealed down. The large
+    collections of the <i>&aelig;s rude signatum</i> of the
+    consular and of the imperial families, in bronze, in silver and
+    in gold, together with some medi&aelig;val specimens, are
+    ranged around the walls.</p>
+
+    <p>Then we come to the sculpture, the main scope of the new
+    museum, which is distributed in a large vestibule, in a noble
+    octagonal central hall and in a long gallery. It was an
+    excellent idea, adding much to the interest which every
+    stranger in Rome will take in the museum, to place on each
+    specimen a placard specifying the locality in which it was
+    discovered and the date of the finding. And this information is
+    admirably supplemented by a map hung against the wall showing
+    in detail the relative positions of all the places which have
+    yielded up these long-buried treasures. The number of specimens
+    of sculpture is in all one hundred and thirty-three; and it is
+    impossible, without letting this notice run to an immoderate
+    length, to attempt to give an adequate account of the various
+    objects, or even of the principal among them. There is a
+    richly-ornamented and very characteristic head of Commodus,
+    which really looks as if it might have come from the sculptor's
+    hands yesterday. A colossal bust of M&aelig;cenas, also the
+    gift of Signor Castellani, a bust of Tiberius, a small statue
+    of the child Hercules, a Venus Anadyomene, may be, and many
+    others might be, mentioned. The last-named is a very lovely
+    statue of a young girl entirely nude. The arch&aelig;ologists
+    have chosen to call it a Venus, but it is to my thinking clear
+    that it never was intended for the laughter-loving goddess. The
+    expression of the face is perfectly and beautifully chaste, and
+    indeed a little sad. I should say that it must have been a
+    nymph coming from the bath, and just about to clothe herself
+    with the drapery thrown over a broken column at her knee as
+    soon as she shall have completed the arrangement of her
+    tresses, with which her hands are (or, alas! were, for the arms
+    are wanting) engaged.</p>
+
+    <p>Room No. 10 contains a very extensive and most interesting
+    collection of ancient pottery. There are many of the painted
+    vases with which the world has become so well acquainted, and
+    which, as being the more showy objects, will on his first
+    entrance attract the eye of the visitor. But if he will with
+    loving patience examine the vast numbers of utensils of every
+    sort which have been with the utmost care sifted, one might
+    almost say, from out of the mass of d&eacute;bris which the
+    recent excavations have thrown up, he will find an amount of
+    suggestive illustration of the old pagan life of two thousand
+    years ago which cannot fail to interest and instruct him.</p>
+
+    <p class="author">T.A.T.</p><a name='OUR_FOREIGN_SURNAMES'
+          id="OUR_FOREIGN_SURNAMES"></a>
+
+    <h3>OUR FOREIGN SURNAMES.</h3><br />
+
+
+    <p>It is interesting as well as amusing to read the foreign
+    names upon the signs in the streets of our cities and towns,
+    and observe the number of nationalities thereon represented,
+    together with the <span class="pagenum">[pg 771]</span>
+    peculiarities of form and meaning displayed by the names
+    themselves.</p>
+
+    <p>German names meet the eye everywhere, and are usually very
+    outlandish in appearance, while many of them have
+    significations which are conspicuously and ludicrously
+    inappropriate. For example, a lager-beer saloon in one of our
+    large cities is kept by Mr. Heiliggeist ("Holy Ghost"); a
+    cigar-shop in another place belongs to Mr. Priesterjahn
+    ("Prester John"); while the pastor of a devout German flock in
+    a third locality is the Rev. Mr. Wuestling ("low scoundrel").
+    The Hon. Carl Schurz, too, is hardly the sort of man to be
+    named "apron," though it is certainly true that his name is in
+    this country sometimes pronounced "Shirts."</p>
+
+    <p>Other branches of the great Teutonic family have many
+    representatives among us, and their names seem, to the
+    uninitiated, even more fearfully and wonderfully constructed
+    than those of their German cousins. It produces a good deal of
+    surprise in the mind of an American to see on the sign of a
+    tradesman from Belgium the familiar name of Cox spelled
+    "Kockx;" and the Norwegian patronymic Trondhjemer
+    ("Drontheimer"), though a very mild specimen of the language,
+    has a formidable aspect to the general beholder.</p>
+
+    <p>The German-Hebrew names display such an exuberant Eastern
+    fancy in their composition as to suggest the inquiry whether
+    they are not really but German translations of their
+    possessors' original Oriental titles. It is not unlikely that
+    this was the origin of names like Rosenthal ("Vale of Roses"),
+    Lilienhain ("Meadow of Lilies"), Liebenstrom ("Stream of
+    Love"), and Goldenberg ("Golden Mount").</p>
+
+    <p>The Teutonic names, whether German, Scandinavian or Flemish,
+    do not, as a rule, seem by any means so unpronounceable as
+    those pertaining to foreigners of Slavonic race. The Russian,
+    Polish and Bohemian appellations, which occur frequently in
+    some sections of our country, so often begin with the
+    extraordinary combination <i>cz</i> that many Americans,
+    believing that nothing but a convulsive sneeze could meet the
+    necessities of such a case, decline trying to pronounce them at
+    all. But the difficulties which these Slavonic names apparently
+    offer would, in a great measure, be removed by a uniform system
+    of orthography. The combination <i>cz</i>, for instance,
+    corresponds to our <i>ch</i>, and the Polish cognomen
+    Czajkowski becomes much less exasperating when spelled, as it
+    would be in English, "Chycovsky." The same thing is true, to a
+    great extent, of the Hungarian names, which are not rare in our
+    larger cities. They, too, would be greatly simplified to us by
+    being spelled according to English rules. A very frequent
+    combination in Hungarian names, that of <i>sz</i> is really the
+    same as our <i>ss</i>; while <i>s</i> without the <i>z</i> is
+    pronounced <i>sh</i>. The Hungarian name Szemelenyi under our
+    system of spelling would therefore be "Semelenye," which is
+    less discouraging.</p>
+
+    <p>The foreign names in the United States that really present
+    the most serious difficulties to the native citizen are
+    unquestionably the Welsh. Some of the obstacles to easy
+    pronunciation may even in their case be removed by adaptation
+    to our orthography; as is shown by the name Hwg ("hog"), which
+    would be spelled by us "Hoog." But there are so many sounds in
+    Welsh that are not only unknown, but almost inconceivable to
+    English-speaking people, that the difficulties would still be
+    very far from being overcome. And some of these peculiar
+    utterances are expressed in Welsh by combinations of the Roman
+    characters which in English stand for familiar and simple
+    sounds; so that an attempt to reduce the two languages to a
+    common system of spelling would not be at all easy. The
+    combination <i>ll</i> stands in Welsh for a terrific gurgling,
+    gasping sound, which when once heard swiftly puts an end to all
+    the romantic associations that the name of Llewellyn has
+    derived from history and poetry.</p>
+
+    <p>But all such foreign&mdash;or, more strictly speaking,
+    un-English&mdash;names, after being in this country a
+    generation or two, become, in a certain sense, "acclimated."
+    They undergo a change in pronunciation,
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 772]</span> in spelling, or in both,
+    which removes, in effect, the difficulties that originally
+    characterized them. In this way the German names Schneider,
+    Meyer, Kaiser, Kraemer, Schallenberger, Schwarzwaelder, and a
+    host of others have become, respectively, Snyder, Myers,
+    Keyser, Creamer, Shellabarger, Swartswelder, etc. Sometimes,
+    too, an American name more or less similar in sound or meaning
+    has been taken or given in place of the original German title;
+    as when Loewenstein ("Lion-rock") was exchanged for Livingston,
+    and Albrecht ("Albert") for Allbright.</p>
+
+    <p>The old "Knickerbocker" names of the Middle States have, in
+    most instances, retained their Dutch spelling intact, but have
+    generally been subjected to a similar process of adaptation in
+    sound. The same may be said of the French names in this
+    country. Their spelling has, as a rule, been preserved, while
+    their sound has been Americanized. In this way De Rosset has
+    acquired the pronunciation Derrozett, and Jacques has come to
+    be called either Jaquess or Jakes. Many French patronymics,
+    such as the old South Carolina Huguenot name <i>Marion</i>,
+    exhibiting nothing peculiarly French in their forms, are now
+    pronounced entirely in accordance with our rules, and their
+    national origin is preserved by tradition alone. Some French
+    titles, however, having undergone only a partial change in
+    pronunciation, survive in a hybrid form as to sound, though
+    their spelling remains unaltered. Specimens of this class may
+    be found in such names as <i>Huger</i>, pronounced
+    "Huzh&eacute;e;" <i>Fouch&eacute;</i>, commonly called
+    "Foosh&eacute;e;" and <i>Deveraux</i> or <i>Devereux</i>, now
+    converted into "D&eacute;bro" or "D&eacute;vroo." The only very
+    noticeable change that has taken place in the orthography of
+    our French names is that the article has been joined to the
+    noun in many cases where they were originally separate. In this
+    way <i>La Ramie</i>, <i>La Rabie</i>, <i>La
+    Reintr&eacute;e</i>, etc. are now usually spelled Laramie,
+    Larabie (or, in some instances, Larrabee), Lareintree, etc.;
+    the pronunciation of the newer form being Americanized in the
+    usual way. But this change in form is one which might easily
+    have occurred even in France.</p>
+
+    <p>Most of these French and Dutch names have been in the
+    country for a comparatively long time, and, indeed, many of
+    them date back to the early colonial period. Like the
+    Spanish-American names of Texas, California, Florida and
+    Louisiana, to which the same rule generally applies, they
+    belonged to members of organized foreign communities,
+    proportionately large enough to preserve their names from a
+    complete assimilation with the ideas of the English-American
+    population. And in a lesser degree this is also true of those
+    early German emigrants, mainly from the Palatinate, who settled
+    in Pennsylvania, Western Maryland and the Shenandoah
+    Valley.</p>
+
+    <p>The tendency at the present day, however, seems to be
+    strongly in favor of the process mentioned first&mdash;that of
+    changing the sound of the names to suit American ears, and
+    altering the spelling so as to conform to the new
+    pronunciation. There is every indication that this will be done
+    with regard to a very large majority of the foreign surnames
+    that have been introduced among us within the last fifty years,
+    or which may be brought into our country in the future. And as
+    the changes so made are quite arbitrary, the result will be
+    that the future student of American nomenclature will often be
+    sorely puzzled by some of the surnames to which his attention
+    shall be drawn.</p>
+
+    <p class="author">
+    W.W.C.</p><a name='THE_NEW_FRENCH_ACADEMICIAN'
+          id="THE_NEW_FRENCH_ACADEMICIAN"></a>
+
+    <h3>THE NEW FRENCH ACADEMICIAN.</h3><br />
+
+
+    <p>No institution of its kind holds so eminent a place in the
+    esteem of a great country as the <i>Acad&eacute;mie
+    Fran&ccedil;aise</i>. The elections are always a matter of
+    interest, largely shared by the cultivated
+    <i>Revue-des-Deux-Mondes</i>-reading world of both hemispheres;
+    and the last election was one which excited fully as much
+    attention as most of its predecessors. M. John Lemoinne, who at
+    length summoned up courage to present himself as a candidate,
+    was born in London in Waterloo year, 1815, and has for a long
+    period, probably thirty years, been, through the <i>Journal des
+    D&eacute;bats</i>, in some sort a European power. His selection
+    to fill <span class="pagenum">[pg 773]</span> the seat of M.
+    Jules Janin is in every way appropriate. Indeed, it seems
+    strange that he should have been contented to wait until he was
+    sixty-one to come forward for that distinction.</p>
+
+    <p>The foundation of the Academy is directly traceable to the
+    meetings of men of science at the house of M.
+    Courart&mdash;who, early in the seventeenth century, was for
+    forty years its first secretary&mdash;but it unquestionably
+    owes to Richelieu a habitation and a name. It was formed with
+    the special object of preserving accuracy in the French
+    language, to which Frenchmen have been wont to pay an almost
+    exclusive attention, but by the election of M. Lemoinne the
+    Academy will have at least one member who is no less acquainted
+    with another tongue.</p>
+
+    <p>Every one will remember old Miss Crawley's rage when she
+    found that Becky was trading on her connection with the
+    democratic-aristocratic spinster to make her way into the
+    Faubourg St. Germain. Too impatient to write in French, the old
+    lady posted off a furious disavowal of the little adventuress
+    in vigorous vernacular, but, adds the author, as Madame la
+    Duchesse had only passed twenty years in England, she didn't
+    understand one word. It may be hoped that the new Academician
+    will, in conjunction with the new minister of public
+    instruction, Mr. Waddington, who is a Rugby and Cambridge man,
+    have some effect in arousing his countrymen to the study which
+    they have heretofore so strangely neglected of a tongue which
+    threatens to obliterate in time the inconveniences occasioned
+    by the Tower of Babel. English is every day more and more
+    spoken, and French less and less.</p>
+
+    <p>In delivering his address of welcome to M. Lemoinne, M.
+    Cavillier Fleury said: "You are one of the creators of the
+    discussion of foreign affairs in the French papers: you gave
+    them the taste for interesting themselves in the concerns of
+    foreign countries. Few of us before steam had shortened
+    distance really knew England. Voltaire had by turns glorified
+    and ridiculed it; De Sta&euml;l had shown it to us in an
+    agreeable book; the witty letters of Duvergier de Hauranne had
+    revealed the secrets of its electoral system. Your
+    correspondence of 1841 completed the work." He might
+    pertinently have added, "Because you are about the only French
+    newspaper writer who ever thoroughly understood the English
+    language, and could thus avoid ridiculous blunders."</p>
+
+    <p>It has been observed that the <i>D&eacute;bats</i> almost
+    exclusively supplies the Academy with its contingent of
+    publicists&mdash;a circumstance accounted for by that journal
+    being jealous of the purity of its language, and in other
+    respects preserving a high and dignified standard. It has,
+    indeed, for an unusually long period enjoyed its reputation.
+    French and Belgian newspapers are very much of a mystery to an
+    Anglo-Saxon. They seem to flourish under conditions
+    impracticable to American or English journals. The
+    <i>Ind&eacute;pendance Belge</i> and the <i>Journal des
+    D&eacute;bats</i> lie before us. Neither of them contains
+    sufficient advertisements to make up three of our columns, yet
+    their expenses must, we should suppose, especially in the case
+    of the <i>D&eacute;bats</i>, published as it is where prices
+    are so high, be very large. Both these papers contain articles
+    evidently the work of able hands, and in the case of the
+    <i>Ind&eacute;pendance</i> the foreign correspondence must be a
+    very costly item, forming, as it frequently does, five columns
+    of a large page. The price of each is twenty
+    centimes&mdash;high, certainly, for a single sheet.</p>
+
+    <p>It has often been observed, too, that French newspaper-men
+    seem exceptionally well off. They frequent costly
+    <i>caf&eacute;s</i>, occasionally indulge in <i>petits
+    soupers</i> in <i>cabinets particuliers</i>, and, altogether,
+    taking prices into account, appear to be in the enjoyment of
+    larger means than their brethren of the pen elsewhere. Of
+    course, the success of a French newspaper is, even in the
+    absence of advertisements, intelligible in the case of the
+    <i>Figaro</i> or <i>Petit Journal</i>, with their circulation
+    of 70,000 and 150,000 a day; but in the case of such papers as
+    the <i>D&eacute;bats</i>, whose circulation is not very large,
+    it is difficult to explain.</p>
+
+    <p>The position of a journalist in Paris
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 774]</span> seems to stand in many
+    respects higher than elsewhere. Of course, the fact of
+    contributions not being anonymous adds immeasurably to the
+    writer's personal importance, if it also gets him into scrapes.
+    Elsewhere, <i>editors</i> are men of mark, and certainly no one
+    in the journalistic world can possibly be made more of than Mr.
+    Delane in London. But the editorial writers in his paper, who
+    would in Paris be men of nearly as much mark as rising members
+    of Parliament in England, are completely "left out in the
+    cold," gaining no reputation even among acquaintance, since
+    they are required to preserve the strictest secrecy as to their
+    connection with the paper. Altogether, we are disposed to
+    believe that Paris&mdash;official "warnings," press
+    prosecutions and possible duels notwithstanding&mdash;must be
+    accepted as the journalist's paradise. To be courted, caressed
+    and feared is as much as any reasonable newspaper writer can
+    expect, and a great deal more than he is likely to get out of
+    his work elsewhere.</p>
+
+    <p class="author">R.W.</p><a name='LITERATURE_OF_THE_DAY'
+          id="LITERATURE_OF_THE_DAY"></a>
+
+    <h2>LITERATURE OF THE DAY.</h2>
+
+    <p>Cities of Northern and Central Italy. By Augustus J.C. Hare.
+    New York: George Routledge &amp; Sons.</p><br />
+
+
+    <p>Those who know Mr. Hare's <i>Walks in Rome</i> and <i>Days
+    near Rome</i> will welcome another series of Italian
+    itineraries from the same pen. These volumes are primarily
+    guide-books; they tell us the best hotels, the price of cabs,
+    the distances by rail or high-road. But the parts of traveler
+    and manual are inverted: whereas you take your <i>Murray</i> or
+    <i>Baedeker</i> in your hand and carry it whither you list, Mr.
+    Hare takes you by the hand, leads you in the way you should go,
+    makes you pause the requisite time before the things you are to
+    look at, points to every view, lets you miss no effect, does
+    not force his own opinions upon you, except now and then when
+    he loses his temper a little on the debatable ground between
+    religion and politics, repeats that quotation you are vainly
+    trying to recall, or delights you by the beauty and aptness of
+    a new one. He gives to a course of systematic sight-seeing the
+    freedom and variety of a ramble with a cultivated and
+    sympathetic companion. We would not be ungrateful to that
+    inestimable impersonality, Murray, for all are his debtors,
+    even Mr. Hare for the plan of his books; but, remembering how,
+    with the latest edition in hand, we have panted up four or more
+    flights of stairs in a Roman or Venetian palace in search of a
+    picture removed years before, we are not sorry to find him here
+    taken to task for leaving uncorrected statements which had
+    ceased to be true. Moreover, Murray is no guide in matters of
+    art; his authorities are often captains of the British
+    Philistines; while Mr. Hare generally gives all that has been
+    said by competent judges, sometimes imperturbably recording two
+    conflicting opinions, and leaving the reader to decide. The
+    range of quotation is indeed remarkable, from Dean Milman to
+    Ouida, including many writers too little known in this country,
+    such as Burckhardt, Amp&egrave;re and Street.</p>
+
+    <p>But it is not to the actual traveler only that these volumes
+    will be of use and give pleasure. They are not bad preparatory
+    reading for those who are going abroad, suggesting what should
+    be studied beforehand; they will be dear to those who sit
+    within the blank limits of a home in this raw New World trying
+    to revive the fading outlines and colors of scenes which,
+    though unforgotten, tend to mingle with the visions of
+    Dreamland; and they are capital wishing-carpets for those who
+    can travel only in fancy. In the introduction there is an
+    excellent passage on the distinctive differences between the
+    great Italian cities: "Each has its own individual sovereignty;
+    its own chronicles; its own politics, domestic and foreign; its
+    own saints, peculiarly to be revered&mdash;patrons in peace and
+    protectors in war; its own phase of architecture; its own
+    passion in architectural material, brick or
+    <span class="pagenum">[pg 775]</span> stone, marble or
+    terra-cotta; ...its own proverbs, its own superstitions and its
+    own ballads." Mr. Hare contrives to convey much of the
+    characteristic impression of each town. Pretty little wood-cuts
+    are called in to his aid, but the best illustrations of his
+    text are the poetical quotations and exquisite prose-bits from
+    Ruskin, Swinburne, Symonds and others whose pens sometimes turn
+    into the pencil of a great painter. The author's own
+    descriptions are extremely faithful and charming. To those who
+    have made the journey from Florence to Rome a single fine page
+    of the introduction brings back a thrill of that long ecstasy.
+    In these few quiet words he spreads Thrasymene before us: "It
+    has a soft, still beauty especially its own. Upon the vast
+    expanse of shallow pale-green waters, surrounded by low-lying
+    hills, storms have scarcely any effect, and the birds which
+    float over it and the fishing-boats which skim across its
+    surface are reflected as in a mirror. At Passignano and
+    Torricella picturesque villages, chiefly occupied by fishermen,
+    jut out into the water, but otherwise the reedy shore is
+    perfectly desolate on this side, though beyond the lake
+    convents and villages crown the hills which rise between us and
+    the pale violet mountains beyond Montepulciano." Nothing can be
+    more lifelike than the following picture of the tract around
+    Siena: "Scarcely do we pass beyond the rose-hung walls which
+    encircle the fortifications than we are in an upland desert,
+    piteously bleak in winter, but most lovely when spring comes to
+    clothe it. The volcanic nature of the soil in these parts gives
+    a softer tint than usual to the coloring. The miles upon miles
+    of open gray-green country, treeless, hedgeless, houseless,
+    swoop toward one another with the strangest sinuosities and
+    rifts and knobs of volcanic earth, till at last they sink in
+    faint mists, only to rise again in pink and blue distances, so
+    far off, so pale and a&euml;rial, that they can scarcely be
+    distinguished from the atmosphere itself. Only here and there a
+    lonely convent with a few black cypress spires clustered round
+    it, or a solitary cross which the peasants choose as their
+    midday resting-place, cuts the pellucid sky. Here in these
+    great uplands, where all is so immense, the very sky itself
+    seems more full of space than elsewhere: it is not the deep
+    blue of the South, but so soft and a&euml;rial that it looks as
+    if it were indeed the very heaven itself, only very far
+    away."</p>
+
+    <p>The chapter on Ravenna is the best in the book: it is an
+    admirable piece of work, a complete monograph. Everything is
+    there&mdash;history, legends, art&mdash;and the quotations and
+    illustrations are peculiarly beautiful and convincing.</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. Hare, like many gentlemen of similar tastes and
+    tendencies, does not seem to have a strong sense of humor,
+    although now and then he condescends to smile as he repeats
+    some local legend, such as that of the crucifix at S. Francesco
+    delle Cariere, which awoke an overwearied devotee, who had
+    fallen asleep on his knees before it, with "un soavissimo
+    schiaffo," the gentlest slap, and bade him go to sleep in the
+    dormitory. He speaks of an ancient custom, not mentioned by
+    <i>Murray</i>, of harboring lost cats in the cloister of San
+    Lorenzo at Florence: "The feeding of the cats, which takes
+    place when the clock strikes twelve, is a most curious
+    sight.... From every roof and arch and parapet-wall, mewing,
+    hissing and screaming, the cats rush down to devour." It sounds
+    like a wicked parody on the poetic assembling of the Venetian
+    pigeons at the daily scattering of grain in the square of St.
+    Mark's.</p>
+
+    <p>There are a few little slips&mdash;so few that it is strange
+    there should be any&mdash;among which is his mention of the
+    "St. Christopher" of the doges' palace as "the only known
+    fresco of Titian," forgetting the celebrated one in the Scuola
+    del Santo at Padua, of which he has spoken in a previous
+    volume. He occasionally makes an assertion to which many will
+    demur; as, for instance, that "The real glory of the Italian
+    towns consists not in their churches, but in their palaces."
+    The best refutation of this paradox is in his own pages. Most
+    people will be startled, too, by hearing of "the want of
+    architectural power in Michael Angelo," although this remark is
+    followed by a criticism which strikes us as extremely just on
+    the stupendous slumberers on the monuments of the Medici: "The
+    disproportionate figures are slipping off the pitiable
+    pedestals which support them." Among the throng of indefinable
+    emotions and sensations which beset one in the Medicean chapel
+    of San Lorenzo, we have always been conscious of distinct
+    discomfort from the attitude of these sleepers, who could only
+    maintain their posture by an immense muscular effort
+    incompatible with their sublime repose. As regards practical
+    matters, few travelers or foreign residents in Italy will
+    endorse Mr. Hare's statement <span class="pagenum">[pg
+    776]</span> that making a bargain in advance for lodgings or
+    conveyances is not a necessary precaution, or his denial of the
+    almost universal attempt to overcharge which is recognized and
+    resisted by all natives. But Mr. Hare has illusions, and
+    Italian probity is one of them. All his remarks about the
+    present government of Italy (of which he speaks as "the
+    Sardinian government" with an emphasis akin to the
+    B<i>u</i>onapart<i>e</i> of old French monarchists) are to be
+    taken with the utmost reservation, as most readers will see for
+    themselves after meeting his allusion to the massacre at
+    Perugia in 1859 as in some sort a defensive action on the part
+    of the papal troops. Mr. Hare's reasoning on all that relates
+    to this subject is weak and illogical, sometimes puerile. Any
+    one who loves what is venerable and picturesque must share the
+    impatience and regret with which he sees so much beauty and
+    antiquity disappearing before the besom of progress or the rage
+    for improvement, especially in Rome. But we must remember that
+    Italy is not the first, but the last, European country in which
+    this has come about: in England, France and Germany what
+    delights the eyes of the few has long been giving place to what
+    betters the condition or serves the interest of the masses.
+    Moreover, the Italians themselves, of whatever political
+    complexion, black or red, are totally indifferent to these
+    losses and changes which we lament so deeply. If there be a sad
+    want of good taste and good sense in Cavaliere Rosa's
+    management of the excavations, there is at least no lack of
+    zeal. Formerly, next to nothing was done to preserve or protect
+    the monuments, and many of the finest were irrecognizable and
+    all but inaccessible from dirt and dilapidation. The reverence
+    of the papal Romans for their treasures of either classic or
+    Christian art is well illustrated by Retzsch's outline, in
+    which a lovely statue of Apollo, broken and half buried,
+    defiled by dogs and swine, serves as a seat for a loutish herd,
+    who tries to copy a miserable modern Virgin and Child from a
+    wayside shrine. Such a temper of mind in an intelligent,
+    high-principled Englishman can only arise from a moral bias
+    which distorts every view; but the discussion of these causes
+    and effects would be out of place here, and we only smile in
+    passing at the charge of "excessive cruelty" in the suppression
+    of the monastery of San Vivaldo. Mr. Hare's treatment of the
+    legitimate topics of his book deserves all admiration and
+    praise. His style is simple, pleasant and picturesque; in
+    future editions a few careless tricks should be corrected, such
+    as the use of <i>from</i>, with <i>hence</i>, <i>thence</i>,
+    <i>whence</i>, and a muddled sentence here and there, of which
+    a very slight instance occurs in the pretty extract about Lake
+    Thrasymene: there is a most confusing one about a girl who
+    refused to kiss the emperor Otho, which reads as if she would
+    not kiss her own father. It would be almost a pity to spoil a
+    laugh by particularizing whether a tree or nut is meant in the
+    story of "S. Vivaldo, who became a hermit and <i>lived in a
+    hollow chestnut</i>, in which he was found dead in 1300."</p>
+    <hr class="short" />
+    <a name='Books_Received'
+          id="Books_Received"></a>
+
+    <h4><i>Books Received.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>The Little, or A, B, C, Book of German; that is, High School
+    Primer; Child's Story Book and Dictionary. By Professor C.C.
+    Schaeffer. Philadelphia: Charles Brothers &amp; Co.</p>
+
+    <p>Pocket Manual of Rules of Order for Deliberative Assemblies.
+    By Major Henry M. Robert, U.S.A. Chicago: S.C. Griggs &amp;
+    Co.</p>
+
+    <p>Cabin and Plantation Songs, as sung by the Hampton Students.
+    Arranged by Thomas P. Fenner. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.</p>
+
+    <p>The Spectator. (Selected Papers.) By Addison and Steele.
+    Edited by John Habberton. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.</p>
+
+    <p>Characteristics from the Writings of J.H. Newman. By Wm.
+    Samuel Lilly. New York: D. and J. Sadlier &amp; Co.</p>
+
+    <p>Brief Biographies. Vol. III. French Political Leaders. By
+    Edward King. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.</p>
+
+    <p>The Life of William, Earl of Shelburne. Vol. II. By Lord
+    Edmond Fitzmaurice. New York: MacMillan &amp; Co.</p>
+
+    <p>Jonathan: A Novel. By C.C. Fraser-Tytler. (Leisure-Hour
+    Series.) New York: Henry Holt &amp; Co.</p>
+
+    <p>Faith and Modern Thought. By Ransom B. Welch, D.D., LL.D.
+    New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.</p>
+
+    <p>Fetich in Theology; or, Doctrinalism Twin to Ritualism. By
+    John Miller. New York: Dodd &amp; Mead.</p>
+
+    <p>The American Kennel and Sporting Field. By Arnold Burges.
+    New York: J.B. Ford &amp; Co.</p>
+
+    <p>On Dangerous Ground. By Mrs. Bloomfield H. Moore.
+    Philadelphia: Porter &amp; Coates.</p>
+
+    <p>Filth-Diseases, and their Prevention. By John Simon, M.D.
+    Boston: James Campbell.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Lippincott's Magazine of Popular
+Literature and Science, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE ***
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+</body>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Lippincott's Magazine of Popular Literature
+and Science, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Lippincott's Magazine of Popular Literature and Science
+       Vol. XVII, No. 102. June, 1876.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: December 12, 2004 [EBook #14333]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Kathryn Lybarger and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+[Note: The Table of Contents and the list of illustrations were added
+by the transcriber.]
+
+
+
+
+LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE OF POPULAR LITERATURE AND SCIENCE
+
+June, 1876.
+
+Vol. XVII, No. 102.
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+  ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+  THE CENTURY--ITS FRUITS AND ITS FESTIVAL.
+    VI.--THE DISPLAY--INTRODUCTORY. [Illustrated]
+
+  DOLORES by EMMA LAZARUS.
+
+  GLIMPSES OF CONSTANTINOPLE by SHEILA HALE.
+    CONCLUDING PAPER. [Illustrated]
+
+  THEE AND YOU by EDWARD KEARSLEY.
+    A STORY OF OLD PHILADELPHIA.  IN TWO PARTS.--I.
+
+  MODERN HUGUENOTS by JAMES M. BRUCE.
+
+  BLOOMING by MAURICE THOMPSON.
+
+  FELIPA by CONSTANCE FENIMORE WOOLSON.
+
+  AT CHICKAMAUGA by ROBERT LEWIS KIMBERLY.
+
+  THE ATONEMENT OF LEAM DUNDAS by MRS. E. LYNN LINTON.
+    CHAPTER XXXVII. UNWORTHY.
+    CHAPTER XXXVIII. BLOTTED OUT.
+    CHAPTER XXXIX. WINDY BROW.
+    CHAPTER XL. LOST AND NOW FOUND.
+
+  THE ITALIAN MEDIAEVAL WOOD-SCULPTORS by T. ADOLPHUS TROLLOPE.
+
+  REST by CHARLOTTE F. BATES.
+
+  LETTERS FROM SOUTH AFRICA by LADY BARKER.
+
+  OUR MONTHLY GOSSIP.
+    THE CABS OF PARIS by L.H.H.
+    A NEW MUSEUM AT ROME by T.A.T.
+    OUR FOREIGN SURNAMES by W.W.C.
+    THE NEW FRENCH ACADEMICIAN by R.W.
+
+  LITERATURE OF THE DAY.
+    Books Received.
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+  FACADE OF THE SPANISH DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.
+  FACADE OF THE EGYPTIAN DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.
+  FACADE OF THE SWEDISH DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.
+  FACADE OF THE BRAZILIAN DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.
+  DOM PEDRO, EMPEROR OF BRAZIL.
+  JAPANESE CARPENTERS.
+  FACADE OF THE DIVISION OF THE NETHERLANDS, MAIN BUILDING.
+  THE CORLISS ENGINE, FURNISHING MOTIVE-POWER FOR MACHINERY HALL.
+  INTERIOR OF COOK'S WORLD'S TICKET-OFFICE.
+  FRENCH RESTAURANT LA FAYETTE.
+  THE MAMMOTH RODMAN GUN.
+  SCENE AT ONE OF THE ENTRANCES TO THE GROUNDS--THE TURNSTILE.
+  SCENE IN A BURIAL-GROUND.
+  THE SULTAN ABDUL-ASSIZ.
+  TURKISH COW-CARRIAGE.
+  ENTERING A MOSQUE.
+  CASTLE OF EUROPE, ON THE BOSPHORUS.
+  FORTRESS OF RIVA, AND THE BLACK SEA.
+  TURKISH QUARTER--STAMBOUL.
+  OBELISK OF THEODOSIUS.
+  SHEPHERDS.
+
+
+
+
+LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE
+
+OF
+
+_POPULAR LITERATURE AND SCIENCE_.
+
+June, 1876.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE CENTURY--ITS FRUITS AND ITS FESTIVAL.
+
+VI. THE DISPLAY--INTRODUCTORY.
+
+
+[Illustration: FACADE OF THE SPANISH DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.]
+
+All things being ready for their reception, how were exhibits,
+exhibitors and visitors to be brought to the grounds? To do this with
+the extreme of rapidity and cheapness was essential to a full and
+satisfactory attendance of both objects and persons. In a large majority
+of cases the first consideration with the possessor of any article
+deemed worthy of submission to the public eye was the cost and security
+of transportation. Objects of art, the most valuable and the most
+attractive portion of the display, are not usually very well adapted to
+carriage over great distances with frequent transshipments. Porcelain,
+glass and statuary are fragile, and paintings liable to injury from
+dampness and rough handling; while an antique mosaic, like the
+"Carthaginian Lion," a hundred square feet in superficies, might, after
+resuscitation from its subterranean sleep of twenty centuries with its
+minutest _tessera_ intact and every tint as fresh as the Phoenician
+artist left it, suffer irreparable damage from a moment's carelessness
+on the voyage to its temporary home in the New World. More solid things
+of a very different character, and far less valuable pecuniarily, though
+it may be quite as interesting to the promoter of human progress, exact
+more or less time and attention to collect and prepare, and that will
+not be bestowed upon them without some guarantee of their being safely
+and inexpensively transmitted. So to simplify transportation as
+practically to place the exposition buildings as nearly as possible at
+the door of each exhibitor, student and sight-seer became, therefore, a
+controlling problem.
+
+In the solution of it there is no exaggeration in saying that the
+Centennial stands more than a quarter of a century in advance of even
+the latest of its fellow expositions. At Vienna a river with a few small
+steamers below and a tow-path above represented water-carriage. Good
+railways came in from every quarter of the compass, but none of them
+brought the locomotive to the neighborhood of the grounds. In the matter
+of tram-roads for passengers the Viennese distinguished themselves over
+the Londoners and Parisians by the possession of _one_. In steam-roads
+they had no advantage and no inferiority. At each and all of these
+cities the packing-box and the passenger were both confronted by the
+vexatious interval between the station and the exposition
+building--often the most trying part of the trip. Horsepower was the one
+time-honored resource, in '73 as in '51, and in unnumbered years before.
+Under the ancient divisions of horse and foot the world and its
+_impedimenta_ moved upon Hyde Park, the Champ de Mars and the Prater,
+the umbrella and the oil-cloth tilt their only shield against Jupiter
+Pluvius, who seemed to take especial pleasure in demonstrating their
+failure, nineteen centuries after the contemptuous erasure of him from
+the calendar, to escape his power. It was reserved for the Philadelphia
+Commission to bring his reign (not the slightest intention of a pun) to
+a close. The most delicate silk or gem, and the most delicate wearer of
+the same, were enabled to pass under roof from San Francisco into the
+Main Building in Fairmount Park, and with a trifling break of twenty
+steps at the wharf might do so from the dock at Bremen, Havre or
+Liverpool. The hospitable shelter of the great pavilion was thus
+extended over the continent and either ocean. The drip of its eaves
+pattered into China, the Cape of Good Hope, Germany and Australia. Their
+spread became almost that of the welkin.
+
+Let us look somewhat more into the detail of this unique feature of the
+American fair.
+
+Within the limits of the United States the transportation question soon
+solved itself. Five-sixths of the seventy-four thousand miles of railway
+which lead, without interruption of track, to Fairmount Park are of
+either one and the same gauge, or so near it as to permit the use
+everywhere of the same car, its wheels a little broader than common.
+From the other sixth the bodies of the wagons, with their contents, are
+transferable by a change of trucks. The expected sixty or eighty
+thousand tons of building material and articles for display could thus
+be brought to their destination in a far shorter period than that
+actually allowed. Liberal arrangements were conceded by the various
+lines in regard to charges. Toll was exacted in one direction only,
+unsold articles to be returned to the shipper free. As the time for
+closing to exhibitors and opening to visitors approached the Centennial
+cars became more and more familiar to the rural watcher of the passing
+train. They aided to infect him, if free from it before, with the
+Centennial craze. Their doors, though sealed, were eloquent, for they
+bore in great black letters on staring white muslin the shibboleth of
+the day, "1776--International Exhibition--1876." The enthusiasm of those
+very hard and unimpressible entities, the railroad companies, thus
+manifesting itself in low rates and gratuitous advertising, could not
+fail to be contagious. Nor was the service done by the interior lines
+wholly domestic. Several large foreign contributions from the Pacific
+traversed the continent. The houses and the handicraft of the Mongol
+climbed the Sierra Nevada on the magnificent highway his patient labor
+had so large a share in constructing. Nineteen cars were freighted with
+the rough and unpromising chrysalis that developed into the neat and
+elaborate cottage of Japan, and others brought the Chinese display.
+Polynesia and Australia adopted the same route in part. The canal
+modestly assisted the rail, lines of inland navigation conducting to the
+grounds barges of three times the tonnage of the average sea-going craft
+of the Revolutionary era. These sluggish and smooth-going vehicles were
+employed for the carriage of some of the large plants and trees which
+enrich the horticultural department, eight boats being required to
+transport from New York a thousand specimens of the Cuban flora sent by
+a single exhibitor, M. Lachaume of Havana. Those moisture-loving shrubs,
+the brilliant rhododendra collected by English nurserymen from our own
+Alleghanies and returned to us wonderfully improved by civilization,
+might have been expected also to affect the canal, but they chose, with
+British taste, the more rapid rail. They had, in fact, no time to lose,
+for their blooming season was close at hand, and their roots must needs
+hasten to test the juices of American soil. Japan's miniature garden of
+miniature plants, interesting far beyond the proportions of its
+dimensions, was perforce dependent on the same means of conveyance.
+
+[Illustration: FACADE OF THE EGYPTIAN DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.]
+
+The locomotive was summoned to the aid of foreign exhibitors on the
+Atlantic as on the Pacific side, though to a less striking extent, the
+largest steamships being able to lie within three miles of the
+exposition buildings. It stood ready on the wharves of the Delaware to
+welcome these stately guests from afar, indifferent whether they came in
+squadrons or alone. It received on one day, in this vestibule of the
+exposition, the Labrador from France and the Donati from Brazil. Dom
+Pedro's coffee, sugar and tobacco and the marbles and canvases of the
+Societe des Beaux-Arts were whisked off in amicable companionship to
+their final destination. The solidarity of the nations is in some sort
+promoted by this shaking down together of their goods and chattels. It
+gives a truly international look to the exposition to see one of
+Vernet's battle-pieces or Meissonier's microscopic gems of color jostled
+by a package of hides from the Parana or a bale of India-rubber.
+
+Yet more expressive was the medley upon the covered platforms for the
+reception of freight. Eleven of these, each one hundred and sixty by
+twenty-four feet, admitted of the unloading of fifty-five freight-cars
+at once. At this rate there was not left the least room for anxiety as
+to the ability of the Commission and its employes to dispose, so far as
+their responsibility was concerned, of everything presented for
+exhibition within a very few days. The movements of the custom-house
+officials, and the arrangements of goods after the passing of that
+ordeal, were less rapid, and there seemed some ground for anxiety when
+it was found that in the last days of March scarce a tenth of the
+catalogued exhibits were on the ground, and for the closing ten days of
+the period fixed for the receipt of goods an average of one car-load per
+minute of the working hours was the calculated draft on the resources of
+the unloading sheds. Home exhibitors, by reason of the very completeness
+of their facilities of transport, were the most dilatory. The United
+States held back until her guests were served, confident in the abundant
+efficiency of the preparations made for bringing the entertainers to
+their side. Better thus than that foreigners should have been behind
+time.
+
+When the gates of the enclosure were at last shut upon the steam-horse,
+a broader and more congenial field of duty opened before him. From the
+role of dray-horse he passed to that of courser. Marvels from the ends
+of the earth he had, with many a pant and heave, forward pull and
+backward push, brought together and dumped in their allotted places. Now
+it became his task to bear the fiery cross over hill and dale and
+gather the clans, men, women and children. The London exhibition of
+1851 had 6,170,000 visitors, and that of 1862 had 6,211,103. Paris in
+1855 had 4,533,464, and in 1867, 10,200,000. Vienna's exhibition drew
+7,254,867. The attendance at London on either occasion was barely double
+the number of her population. So it was with Paris at her first display,
+though she did much better subsequently. Vienna's was the greatest
+success of all, according to this test. The least of all, if we may take
+it into the list, was that of New York in 1853. Her people numbered
+about the same with the visitors to her Crystal Palace--600,000.
+Philadelphia's calculations went far beyond any of these figures, and
+she laid her plans accordingly.
+
+Some trainbands from Northern and Southern cities might give their
+patriotic furor the bizarre form of a march across country, but the
+millions, if they came at all, must come by rail, and the problem was to
+multiply the facilities far beyond any previous experience, while
+reconciling the maximum of safety, comfort and speed with a reduction of
+fares. The arrangements are still to be tested, and are no doubt open to
+modification. On one point, however, and this an essential one, we
+apprehend no grounds of complaint. There will be no crowding. The train
+is practically endless, the word _terminus_ being a misnomer for the
+circular system of tracks to which the station (six hundred and fifty by
+one hundred feet) at the main entrance of the grounds forms a tangent.
+The line of tourists is reeled off like their thread in the hands of
+Clotho, the iron shears that snip it at stated intervals being
+represented by the unmythical steam-engine. The same modern minister of
+the Fates has another shrine not far from the dome of Memorial Hall,
+where his acolytes are the officials of the Reading Railroad Company.
+
+Care for the visitor's comfortable locomotion does not end with
+depositing him under the reception-verandah. The Commission did not
+forget that a pedestrian excursion over fifteen or twenty miles of
+aisles might sufficiently fatigue him without the additional trudge from
+hall to hall over a surface of four hundred acres under a sun which the
+century has certainly not deprived of any mentionable portion of its
+heat. Hence, the belt railway, three and a half miles long, with trains
+running by incessant schedule--a boon only to be justly appreciated by
+those who attended the European expositions or any one of them. His
+umbrella and goloshes pocketed in the form of a D.P.C. check, the
+visitor, more fortunate than Brummel or Bonaparte, cannot be stopped by
+the elements.
+
+[Illustration: FACADE OF THE SWEDISH DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.]
+
+We shall have amply disposed of the subject of transportation when we
+add that the neighborhood or city supply to the thirteen entrance-gates
+is provided for by steam-roads capable of carrying twenty-four thousand
+persons hourly, and tram-roads seating seven thousand, besides an
+irregular militia or voltigeur force of light wagons, small steamers and
+omnibuses equal to a demand of two or three thousand more in the same
+time. It was not deemed likely that Philadelphia would require
+conveyance for half of her population every day. Should that supposition
+prove erroneous, the excess can fall back upon the safe and inexpensive
+vehicle of 1776, 1851, 1867 and 1873--sole leather.
+
+Let us return to our packing-cases, and see where they go. To watch the
+gradual dispersal of a congregation to their several places of abode is
+always interesting. Especially is it so when those places of retreat
+bear the names and fly the flags of the several nations of the globe.
+This stout cube of deal, triple-bound with iron, disappears under the
+asp and winged sphere of the Pharaohs. That other, big with rich velvets
+and broideries, seeks the tricolor of France. Yonder, a wealth of silks
+and lacquer finds a resting-place in the carved black-walnut _etageres_
+of Japan. Here go, cased in the spoils of the fjelds, toward a pavilion
+seventy-five paces long and twenty wide, the bulky contributions of the
+Norsemen. Swedish carpentry in perfection offers to a deposit separate
+from that of the sister-kingdom a distinct receptacle. Close at hand
+stand the antipodes in the pavilion of Chili, that opens its graceful
+portal to bales sprinkled mayhap with the ashes of Aconcagua. There
+"crashes a sturdy _box_ of stout John Bull;" and Russia, Tunis and
+Canada roll into close neighborhood with him and each other. A queer and
+not, let us hope, altogether transitory show of international comity is
+this. Many a high-sounding, much-heralded and more-debating Peace
+Congress has been held with less effect than that conducted by these
+humble porters, carpenters and decorators. This one has solidity. Its
+elements are palpable. The peoples not only bring their choicest
+possessions, but they also set up around them their local habitations.
+It is a cosmopolitan town that has sprung into being beneath the great
+roof and glitters in the rays of our republican sun. In its
+rectangularly-planned streets, alleys and plazas every style of
+architecture is represented--domestic, state and ecclesiastical,
+ancient, mediaeval and modern. The spirit and taste of most of the races
+and climes find expression, giving thus the Sydenham and the Hyde Park
+palaces in one. The reproductions at the former place were the work of
+English hands: those before us are executed, for the most part, by
+workmen to whom the originals are native and familiar. In this feature
+of the interior of the Main Building we are amply compensated for the
+breaking up of the _coup d'oeil_ by a multiplicity of discordant forms.
+The space is still so vast as to maintain the effect of unity; and this
+notwithstanding the considerable height of some of the national stalls,
+that of Spain, for example, sending aloft its trophy of Moorish shields
+and its effigy of the world-seeking Genoese to an elevation of forty-six
+feet. The Moorish colonnade of the Brazilian pavilion lifts its head in
+graceful rivalry of the lofty front reared by the other branch of the
+Iberian race. In so vast an expanse this friendly competition of
+Spaniards and Portuguese becomes, to the eye, a union of their
+pretensions; and a single family of thirty-three millions in Europe and
+America combines to present us with two of the handsomest structures in
+the hall.
+
+[Illustration: FACADE OF THE BRAZILIAN DIVISION, MAIN BUILDING.]
+
+A moderate dip into statistics can no longer be evaded. We must map out
+the microcosm, and allot to each sovereign power its quota of the
+surface. The great European states which have assumed within the century
+the supreme direction of human affairs are assigned a prominent central
+position in the Main Building. Great Britain and her Asiatic possessions
+occupy just eighty-three feet less than a hundred thousand; her other
+colonies, including Canada, 48,150; France and her colonies, 43,314;
+Germany, 27,975; Austria, 24,070; Russia, 11,002; Spain, 11,253; Sweden
+and Belgium, each 15,358; Norway, 6897; Italy, 8167; Japan, 16,566;
+Switzerland, 6646; China, 7504; Brazil, 6397; Egypt, 5146; Mexico, 6504;
+Turkey, 4805; Denmark, 1462; and Tunis, 2015. These, with minor
+apportionments to Venezuela, the Argentine Confederation, Chili, Peru
+and the Orange Free State of South Africa, cover the original area of
+the structure, deducting the reservation of 187,705 feet for the United
+States, and excluding thirty-eight thousand square feet in the annexes.
+France must be credited, in explanation of her comparatively limited
+territory under the main roof, with her external pavilions devoted to
+bronzes, glass, perfumery and (chief of all) to her magnificent
+government exhibit of technical plans, drawings and models in
+engineering, civil and military, and architecture. These outside
+contributions constitute a link between her more substantial displays
+and the five hundred paintings, fifty statues, etc. she places in
+Memorial Hall.
+
+In Machinery and Agricultural Halls, respectively, Great Britain has
+37,125 and 18,745 feet; Germany, 10,757 and 4875; France, 10,139 and
+15,574; Belgium, 9375 and 1851; Canada, 4300 and 10,094; Brazil, 4000
+and 4657; Sweden, 3168 and 2603; Spain, 2248 and 5005; Russia, 1500 and
+6785; Chili, 480 and 2493; Norway, 360 and 1590. Austria occupies 1536
+feet in Mechanical Hall; and in that of Agriculture are the following
+additional allotments: Netherlands, 4276; Denmark, 836; Japan, 1665;
+Peru, 1632; Liberia, 1536; Siam, 1220; Portugal, 1020.
+
+The foreign contributions in the department of machinery are, it will be
+seen, hardly so large as might have been anticipated. When the spacious
+annexes are added to the floor of the main hall, the great preponderance
+of home exhibitors--five to one in the latter--is shown to be still more
+marked. In Agricultural Hall the United States claim less than
+two-thirds. The unexpected interest taken in this branch by foreigners
+will enhance its prominence and value among the attractions of the
+exposition. The collection of tropical products for food and
+manufacturing is very complete. The development of the equatorial
+regions of the globe has barely commenced. Even our acquaintance with
+their natural resources remains but superficial. The country which takes
+the lead in utilizing them in its trade and manufactures will gain a
+great advantage over its fellows. England's commercial supremacy never
+rested more largely on that foundation than now. Brazil, the great power
+of South--as the Union is of North--America, possesses nearly half of
+the accessible virgin territory of the tropics. Our interest joins hers
+in retaining this vast endowment as far as possible for the benefit of
+the Western World. A perception of this fact is shown in the exceptional
+efforts made by Brazil to be fully represented in all departments of the
+exposition, and in the visit to it of her chief magistrate, as we may
+properly term her emperor, the only embodiment of hereditary power and
+the monarchical principle in a country that enjoys--and has for the half
+century since its erection into an independent state maintained--free
+institutions.
+
+[Illustration: DOM PEDRO, EMPEROR OF BRAZIL.]
+
+In art domestic exhibits utterly lose their preponderance. Our artists
+content themselves with a small fraction of the wall- and floor-space in
+Memorial Hall and its northern annex. In extent of both "hanging" and
+standing ground they but equal England and France, each occupying
+something over twenty thousand square feet. Italy in the aesthetic combat
+selects the chisel as her weapon, and takes the floor with a superb
+array of marble eloquence, some three hundred pieces of statuary being
+contributed by her sculptors. She might in addition set up a colorable
+claim to the works executed on her soil or under the teaching of her
+schools by artists of other nativities, and thus make, for example, a
+sweeping raid into American territory. But she generously leaves to that
+division the spoils swept from her coasts by the U.S. ship Franklin,
+together with the works bearing her imprint in other sections, satisfied
+with the wealth undoubtedly her own, itself but a faint adumbration of
+the vast hoard she retains at home. Italy does not view the occasion
+from a fine-art standpoint alone. Of her nine hundred and twenty-six
+exhibitors, only one-sixth are in this department.
+
+[Illustration: JAPANESE CARPENTERS.]
+
+Nor, on the art side of our own country, must we overlook the Historical
+division, the perfecting of which has been a labor of love with Mr.
+Etting. He allots space among the old Thirteen, and reserves a place at
+the feast of reunion to the mother of that rebellious sisterhood.
+
+Forty acres of "floor-space" _sub Jove_ remained to be awarded to
+foreign and domestic claimants. Gardening is one of the fine arts.
+Certainly nothing in Memorial Hall can excel its productions in
+richness, variety and harmony of color and form. Flower, leaf and tree
+are the models of the palette and the crayon. Their marvelous
+improvement in variety and splendor is one of the most striking triumphs
+of human ingenuity. A few hundred species have been expanded into many
+thousand forms, each finer than the parent. It is a new flora created by
+civilization, undreamed of by the savage, and voluminous in proportion
+to the mental advancement of the races among whom it has sprung up.
+Progress writes its record in flowers, and scrawls the autographs of the
+nations all over Lansdowne hill. No need of gilded show-cases to set off
+the German and Germantown roses, the thirty thousand hyacinths in
+another compartment, or the plot of seven hundred and fifty kinds of
+trees and shrubs planted by a single American contributor. The Moorish
+Kiosque, however, comes in well. The material is genuine Morocco, the
+building having been brought over in pieces from the realm of the
+Saracens, of "gul in its bloom" and of "Larry O'Rourke"--as Rogers
+punned down the poem of his Irish friend.
+
+The nations comfortably installed, we must sketch the tactical system
+under which they are drawn up for peaceful contest. The classification
+of subjects adopted by the Commission embraces seven departments. Of
+these, the Main Building is devoted to I. _Mining and Metallurgy_; II.
+_Manufactures_; III. _Education and Science_; Memorial Hall and its
+appendages, to IV. _Art_; Machinery Hall, to V. _Machinery_;
+Agricultural Hall, to VI. _Agriculture_; and Horticultural Hall and its
+parterres, to VII. _Horticulture_. These habitats have, as we have
+heretofore seen, proved too contracted for the august and expansive
+inmates assigned them. All of the latter have overflowed; mining, for
+instance, into the mineral annex of thirty-two thousand square feet and
+the great pavilion (a hundred and thirty-five feet square) of Colorado
+and Kansas; education into the Swedish and Pennsylvania school-houses
+and others already noted; manufactures into breweries, glass-houses,
+etc.; and so on with an infinity of irrepressible outgrowths.
+
+[Illustration: FACADE OF THE DIVISION OF THE NETHERLANDS, MAIN
+BUILDING.]
+
+Department I. is subdivided into classes numbered from 100 to 129, and
+embracing the products of mines and the means of extracting and reducing
+them. II. extends from Class 200 to Class 296--chemical manufactures,
+ceramics, furniture, woven goods of all kinds, jewelry, paper,
+stationery, weapons, medical appliances, hardware, vehicles and their
+accessories. III. deals with the high province of educational systems,
+methods and libraries; institutions and organizations; scientific and
+philosophical instruments and methods; engineering, architecture in its
+technical and non-aesthetic aspect, maps; physical, moral and social
+condition of man. Fifty classes, 300 to 349 inclusive, fence in this
+field of pure reason. Department IV., Classes 400-459, covers sculpture,
+painting, photography, engraving and lithography, industrial and
+architectural designs, ceramic decorations, mosaics, etc. V., Classes
+509-599, takes charge of machines and tools for mining, chemistry,
+weaving, sewing, printing, working metal, wood and stone; motors;
+hydraulic and pneumatic apparatus; railway stock or "plant;" machinery
+for preparing agricultural products; "aerial, pneumatic and water
+transportation," and "machinery and apparatus especially adapted to the
+requirements of the exhibition." VI., Classes 600-699, assembles
+arboriculture and forest products, pomology, agricultural products, land
+and marine animals, pisciculture and its apparatus, "animal and
+vegetable products," textile substances, machines, implements and
+products of manufacture, agricultural engineering and administration,
+tillage and general management. Under Department VII., Classes 700-739,
+come ornamental trees, shrubs and flowers, hothouses and conservatories,
+garden tools and contrivances, garden designing, construction and
+management.
+
+The accumulated experience of past expositions, seconded by the judgment
+and systematic thoroughness apparent in the preparations for the present
+one, makes this a good "working" classification. It has done away with
+confusion to an extent hardly to have been hoped for, and all the
+thousands of objects and subjects have dropped into their places in the
+exhibition with the precision of machinery, little adapted as some of
+them are to such treatment. Very impalpable and elusive things had to
+submit themselves to inspection and analysis, and have their elements
+tabulated like a tax bill or a grocery account. All human concerns were
+called on to be listed on the muster-roll and stand shoulder to shoulder
+on the drill-ground. Some curious comrades appear side by side in the
+long line. For example, we read: Class 286, brushes; 295, sleighs; 300,
+elementary instruction; 301, academies and high schools, colleges and
+universities; 305, libraries, history, etc.; 306, school-books, general
+and miscellaneous literature, encyclopaedias, newspapers; 311, learned
+and scientific associations, artistic, biological, zoological and
+medical schools, astronomical observatories; 313, music and the drama.
+Then we find, closely sandwiched between, 335--topographical maps,
+etc.--and 400--figures in stone, metal, clay or plaster--340, physical
+development and condition (of the young of the genus _Homo_); 345,
+government and law; 346, benevolence, beginning with hospitals of all
+kinds and ending with--in the order we give them--emigrant-aid
+societies, treatment of aborigines and prevention of cruelty to animals!
+In the last-named subdivision the visitor will be stared out of
+countenance by Mr. Bergh's tremendous exposure of "various instruments
+used by persons in breaking the law relative to cruelty to animals," the
+glittering banner of the S.P.C.A., and its big trophy, eight yards
+square, that illuminates the east end of the north avenue of the Main
+Building, in opposition to the trophy at the other end of the same
+avenue illustrating the history of the American flag. But he will look
+in vain for selected specimens of the emigrant-runner, the luxuries of
+the steerage and Castle Garden, or for photographs of the well-fed
+post-trader and Indian agent, agricultural products from Captain Jack's
+lava-bed reservation and jars of semi-putrescent treaty-beef. He will
+alight, next door to the penniless immigrant, the red man and the
+omnibus-horse, on Class 348, religious organizations and systems,
+embracing everything that grows out of man's sense of responsibility to
+his Maker. It will perhaps occur to the observer that, though the
+juxtaposition is well enough, religion ought to have come in a little
+before. His surprise at the power of condensation shown in compressing
+eternity into a single class will not be lessened when he passes on to
+Class 632, sheep; 634, swine; and 636, dogs and cats!
+
+A glance over the classification-list assists us in recognizing the
+advantages of the system of awards framed by the Commission and adopted
+after patient study and discussion. It discards the plan--if plan it
+could be called--of scattering diplomas and medals of gold, silver and
+bronze right and left, after the fashion of largesse at a mediaeval
+coronation, heretofore followed at international expositions. These
+prizes were decided on and assigned by juries whose impartiality--by
+reason of the imperfect representation upon them of the nations which
+exhibited little in mass or little in certain classes, and also of their
+failure to make written reports and thus secure their
+responsibility--could not be assured, and whose action, therefore, was
+defective in real weight and value. The juries were badly constituted:
+they had too much to do of an illusory and useless description, and they
+had too little to do that was solid and instructive. Special mentions,
+diplomas, half a dozen grades of medals and other honors, formed a
+programme too large and complicated to be discriminatingly carried out.
+So it happened that to exhibit and to get a distinction of some kind
+came, at Vienna, to be almost convertible expressions; and who excelled
+in the competition in any of the classes, or who had contributed anything
+substantial to the stock of human knowledge or well-being, remained quite
+undetermined. What instruction the display could impart was confined to
+spectators who studied its specialties for themselves and used their
+deductions for their individual advantage, and to those who read the
+sufficiently general and cursory reports made to their several
+governments by the national commissions. The official awards and reports
+of the exposition authorities amounted to little or nothing.
+
+[Illustration: THE CORLISS ENGINE, FURNISHING MOTIVE-POWER FOR MACHINERY
+HALL.]
+
+A sharp departure from this practice was decided on at the Centennial.
+Two hundred judges, of undoubted character and intelligence and entire
+familiarity with the departments assigned to them, were chosen--half by
+the foreign bureaus and half by the U.S. Commission. These were made
+officers of the exposition itself, and thus separated from external
+influences. They were given a reasonable and fixed compensation of one
+thousand dollars each for their time and personal expenses. An equal
+division of the number of judges between the domestic and foreign sides
+gives the latter an excess, measured by the comparative extent of the
+display from the two sources. But this is favorable to us, as we shall
+be the better for an outside judgment on the merits of both our own and
+foreign exhibits. Were it otherwise, the excess of private observers
+from this country would counterbalance our deficit in judges. The
+foreign jurors have to see for the millions they represent. Our own will
+have vast numbers of their constituents on the ground.
+
+Written reports are drawn up by these selected examiners and signed by
+the authors. The reports must be "based upon inherent and comparative
+merit. The elements of merit shall be held to include considerations
+relating to originality, invention, discovery, utility, quality, skill,
+workmanship, fitness for the purpose intended, adaptation to public
+wants, economy and cost." Each report, upon its completion, is delivered
+to the Centennial Commission for award and publication. The award comes
+in the shape of a diploma with a bronze medal and a special report of
+the judges upon its subject. This report may be published by the
+exhibitor if he choose. It will also be used by the Commission in such
+manner as may best promote the objects of the exposition. These
+documents, well edited and put in popular form, will constitute the most
+valuable publication that has been produced by any international
+exhibition. To this we may add the special reports to be made by the
+State and foreign commissions. These ought, with the light gained by
+time, to be at least not inferior to the similar papers scattered
+through the bulky records of previous exhibitions. Let us hope that
+brevity will rule in the style of all the reports, regular and
+irregular. There is a core to every subject, every group of subjects and
+every group of groups, however numerous and complex: let all the scribes
+labor to find it for us. When we recall the disposition of all
+committees to select the member most fecund of words to prepare their
+report, we are seized with misgivings--a feeling that becomes oppressive
+as we further reflect that the local committee which deliberately
+collected and sent for exhibition eighty thousand manuscripts written by
+the school-children of a Western city is at large on the exposition
+grounds.
+
+The passion for independent effort characteristic of the American people
+led to the supplementing of the official list by sundry volunteer
+prizes. These are offered by associations, and in some cases
+individuals. They are not all, like the regular awards, purely honorary.
+They lean to the pecuniary form, those particularly which are offered in
+different branches of agriculture. Competition among poultry-growers,
+manufacturers of butter, reaping-and threshing-machines,
+cotton-planters, etc. is stimulated by money-prizes reaching in all some
+six or eight thousand dollars. Agricultural machinery needs the open
+field for its proper testing, and cannot operate satisfactorily in
+Machinery Hall. Without a sight of our harvest-fields and
+threshing-floors foreigners would carry away an incomplete impression of
+our industrial methods, the farm being our great factory. The oar, the
+rifle and the racer are as impatient of walls as the plough and its
+new-fangled allies. They demand elbow-room for the display of their
+powers, and the Commission was fain to let their votaries tempt it to
+pass the confines of its territory. The lusty undergraduates of both
+sides of Anglo-Saxondom escort it unresistingly down from its airy halls
+to the blue bosom of the Schuylkill, while "teams" picked from eighty
+English-speaking millions beckon it across the Jerseys to Creedmoor. And
+the horse--is he to call in vain? Is a strait-laced negative from the
+Commission to echo back his neigh? Is the blood of Eclipse and Godolphin
+to stagnate under a ticket in "Class 630, horses, asses and mules"? Why,
+the very ponies in front of Memorial Hall pull with extra vim against
+their virago jockeys and flap their little brass wings in indignation at
+the thought. The thoroughbred will be heard from, and the judges that
+sit on him will be "experts in their department."
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR OF COOK'S WORLD'S TICKET-OFFICE.]
+
+Another specimen of the desert-born, the Western Indian, forms an
+exhibit as little suited as the improved Arab horse to discussion and
+award at a session fraught with that "calm contemplation and poetic
+ease" which ought to mark the deliberations of the judges. How are the
+representatives of fifty-three tribes to be put through their paces?
+These poor fragments of the ancient population of the Union have, if we
+exclude the Cherokees and Choctaws and two or three of the Gila tribes,
+literally nothing to show. The latter can present us with a faint trace
+of the long-faded civilization of their Aztec kindred, while the former
+have only borrowed a few of the rudest arts of the white, and are
+protected from extinction merely by the barrier of a frontier more and
+more violently assailed each year by the speculator and the settler, and
+already passed by the railway. If we cannot exactly say that the Indian,
+alone of all the throng at the exhibition, goes home uninformed and
+unenlightened, what ideas may reach his mind will be soon smothered out
+by the conditions which surround him on the Plains. It is singular that
+a population of three or four hundred thousand, far from contemptible
+in intellectual power, and belonging to a race which has shown itself
+capable of a degree of civilization many of the tribes of the Eastern
+continents have never approached, should be so absolutely an industrial
+cipher. The African even exports mats, palm-oil and peanuts, but the
+Indian exports nothing and produces nothing. He lacks the sense of
+property, and has no object of acquisition but scalps. Can the assembled
+ingenuity of the nineteenth century, in presence of this mass of waste
+human material, devise no means of utilizing it? There stands its
+Frankenstein, ready made, perfect in thews and sinews, perfect also in
+many of its nobler parts. It is not a creation that is demanded--simply
+a remodeling or expansion. For success in this achievement the United
+States can afford to offer a pecuniary prize that will throw into the
+shade all the other prizes put together. The cost of the Indian bureau
+for 1875-76 reached eight millions of dollars. The commission appointed
+to treat for the purchase of the Black Hills reports that the feeding
+and clothing of the Sioux cost the government thirteen millions during
+the past seven years; and that without the smallest benefit to those
+spirited savages. Says the report: "They have made no advancement
+whatever, but have done absolutely nothing but eat, drink, smoke and
+sleep."
+
+Social and political questions like this point to a vast field of
+inquiry. For its proper cultivation the exposition provides data
+additional to those heretofore available. They should be used as far as
+possible upon the spot. At least, they can be examined, collated and
+prepared for full employment. To this end, meetings and discussions held
+by men qualified by intellect and study to deal with them are the
+obvious resort. There is room among the two hundred judges for some such
+men, but the juries are little more numerous than is required for the
+examination of and report on objects. For more abstract inquiries they
+will need recruits. These should be supplied by the leading
+philosophical associations of this country and Europe. The governments
+have all an interest in enlisting their aid, and the Centennial
+Commission has done what in it lay to promote their action. Ethnic
+characteristics, history, literature, education, crime, statistics as a
+science, hygiene and medicine generally are among the broad themes which
+are not apt to be adequately treated by the average committee of
+inspection. So with the whole range of the natural sciences.
+Dissertations based on the jury reports will doubtless be abundant after
+a while, but those reports themselves, being limited in scope, will not
+be as satisfactory material as that which philosophic specialists would
+themselves extract from direct observation and debate upon the ground.
+
+For the study of the commanding subject of education the provision made
+at the present exhibition is exceptionally great. In bulk, and probably
+in completeness, it is immeasurably beyond the display made on any
+preceding occasion. The building erected by the single State of
+Pennsylvania for her educational department covers ten or eleven
+thousand square feet, and other States of the Union make corresponding
+efforts to show well in the same line. The European nations all manifest
+a new interest in this branch, and give it a much more prominent place
+in their exhibit than ever before. The school-systems of most of them
+are of very recent birth, and do not date back so far as 1851. The
+kingdom of Italy did not exist at that time or for many years after, yet
+we now see it pressing for a foremost place in the race of popular
+education, and multiplying its public schools in the face of all the
+troubles attendant upon the erection and organization of a new state.
+
+The historian will find aliment less abundant. A century or two of
+Caucasian life in America is but a thing of yesterday to him, and,
+though far from uninstructive, is but an offshoot from modern European
+annals. For all that, he finds himself on our soil in presence of an
+antiquity which remains to be explored, and which clamors to be rescued
+from the domain of the pre-historic. It has no literary records beyond
+the scant remains of Mexico. It writes itself, nevertheless, strongly
+and deeply on the face of the land--in mounds, fortifications and tombs
+as distinct, if not so elaborate, as those of Etruria and Cyprus. These
+remains show the hand of several successive races. Who they were, what
+their traits, whence they came, what their relations with the now
+civilized Chinese and Japanese--whom, physically, their descendants so
+nearly resemble--are legitimate queries for the historian. Geologically,
+America is older than Europe, and was fitted for the home of the red man
+before the latter ceased to be the home of the whale. The investigation
+of its past, if impossible to be conducted in the light of its own
+records or even traditions, is capable of aiding in the verification of
+conclusions drawn from those of the Old World. If History, however,
+contemptuously relegates the Moundbuilders to the mattock of the
+antiquarian, she is still "Philosophy teaching by example." As thus
+allied with Philosophy, she finds something to look into at the
+Centennial, even though she look obliquely, after the fashion of the
+observant Hollanders, who have stuck the reflecting glasses of the Dutch
+street-windows into the sides of their compartment in the Main Building,
+and squint, without a change of position, upon the United States, Spain,
+South America, Egypt, Great Britain and several other countries.
+
+Religion and philanthropy find the field inviting, and their
+representatives, individual and associated, are busy in preparing to
+till it. The enthusiasm of the leading religious societies took the
+concrete shape of statuary. Hence the Catholic Fountain, heretofore
+noticed; the Hebrew statue to Religious Liberty, as established in a
+land that never had a Ghetto or a Judenstrasse; the Presbyterian figure
+of Witherspoon; an Episcopalian of Bishop White; and others under way or
+proposed. The temperance movement, too, embodies itself in a fountain
+that runs ice-water instead of claret. The less tangible but perhaps
+more fruitful form of reunions and discussions must in a greater or less
+degree enhance the power for good of these organizations. They are led
+by men of mind and energy, seldom averse to enlightenment, and all
+professing to seek nothing else. When men of these qualities, aiming at
+the same or a like object, meet to compare their respective
+admeasurements of its parallax made from as many different points, they
+cannot fail to approach accuracy. Faith is a first element in all great
+undertakings. It removes mountains at Mont Cenis, as it walked the waves
+with Columbus. In our century even faith is progressive, and does not
+shrink from elbowing its way through what Bunyan would have styled
+Vanity Fair.
+
+Modestly in the rear of the moral reformers, yet not wholly and
+uniformly unaggressive, nor guiltless altogether of isms and schisms,
+step forward the literary men. As a rule, they do not affect
+expositions, or exhibitions of any kind. But one general meeting, with
+some minor and informal ones, is on the programme for them. This is
+well. The world and the fullness thereof belongs to them, and they may
+care to come forward to scan this schedule of their inheritance. We do
+not hear of their having combined to put up a pavilion of their own,
+like the dairymen and the brewers, "to show the different processes of
+manufacture." The pen will be at work here, nevertheless, and has been
+from the beginning, before the foundations of the Corliss engine were
+laid or the granite of Memorial Hall left the quarry. Without this first
+of implements none of the other machinery would ever have moved. The pen
+is mightier than the piston. It is the invisible steam that impels all.
+
+[Illustration: FRENCH RESTAURANT LA FAYETTE.]
+
+In a visible form also it is here. The publishers of the London _Punch_
+have selected as the most comprehensive motto for the case in which they
+exhibit copies of their various publications a sentence from Shakspeare:
+"Come and take choice of all my library, and so beguile thy sorrow." We
+do not know that to dull his sorrows is all that can be done for man.
+Literature assumes to do more than make him forget. The lotos-eater is
+not its one hero. School-books, piled aloft "in numbers without number
+numberless," may to the man be suggestive of hours without thought and
+void of grief, but they certainly are not to the boy. Blue books, ground
+out in a thousand bureaus, and contributed in like profusion, may be
+pronounced a weariness to the adult flesh, however sweet their ultimate
+uses. Unhappy those who wade through them for increasing the happiness
+of others! These humble but portly representatives of political
+literature are the log-books of the ship of state. They chart and
+chronicle the currents and winds along its course, so that from the mass
+of chaff a grain of guidance may be painfully winnowed out for the
+benefit of its next voyage, or for the voyages of other craft
+floundering on the same perilous and baffling sea. Everything comes pat
+to a log-book. As endless is the medley of memoranda in blue-books. They
+deal, like government itself, with everything. They take up the citizen
+on his entry into the cradle, and do not quite drop him at the grave.
+How to educate, clothe, feed and doctor him; how to keep him out of
+jail, and how, once there, to get him out again with the least possible
+moral detriment; how to adjust as lightly as possible to his shoulders
+the burden of taxation; how to economize him as food for powder; and how
+to free him from the miasm of crowded cities,--are but a small part of
+their contents. And the index is growing, if possible, larger, as the
+apparatus of government becomes more and more intricate. With such
+contributions and credentials do the rulers of the nations enroll
+themselves in the guild of authorship. They are proud of them, and
+exhibit them in profusion, in whole libraries, rich with gold and the
+primary colors.
+
+Expositions, as we have before remarked, come into the same worshipful
+guild by right of a special literature they have brought into being.
+They come, moreover, into the blue-book range by their bearing upon
+certain topics generally assigned to it. It is found, for example, that,
+like other great gatherings, they are apt to be followed by a temporary
+local increase of crime. The police-records of London show that the
+arrests in 1851 outnumbered those of the previous year by 1570, and that
+in 1862 the aggregate exceeded by 5043 that of 1861. It will at once
+occur that the population of the city was greatly increased on each
+occasion, and that the influx of thieves and lawbreakers generally must
+have thinned out that class elsewhere, and in that way very probably
+reduced, rather than added to, the sum-total of crime, the preventive
+arrangements in London having been exceptionally thorough. The drawback
+that would consist in an increase of crime is therefore only an apparent
+result. An opposite effect cannot but result, if only from the evidence
+that so vast and heterogeneous an assemblage can be held without marked
+disorder. The police as well as the criminals and the savants of all
+nations come together, compare notes and enjoy a common improvement.
+
+[Illustration: THE MAMMOTH RODMAN GUN.]
+
+This is the first opportunity the physicians of Europe have had to
+become fully acquainted with the advances in surgery and pathology their
+American brethren have the credit of having made within the past few
+years. They will find it illustrated in the government buildings and
+elsewhere; and they have an ample _quid pro quo_ to offer from their own
+researches. The balancing of opinions at the proposed medical congress
+and in private intercourse must tend to free medical science from what
+remnants of empiricism still disfigure it, to perfect diagnosis and to
+trace with precision the operation of all remedial agents. Means remain
+to be found of administering the _coup de grace_ to the few epidemics
+which have not yet been extirpated, but linger in a crippled condition.
+This will be aided by the illustrations afforded of processes of
+draining, ventilation, etc.
+
+Man's health rests in that of his stomach. The food question is a
+concern of the physician as well as of the publicist. The race began
+life on a vegetable diet, and to that it reverts when compelled by
+enfeebled digestion or by the increasing difficulty of providing animal
+food for a dense population. But it likes flesh when able to assimilate
+it or to procure it, and demands at least the compromise of fish. Hence,
+the revived attention to fish-breeding, an art wellnigh forgotten since
+the Reformation emptied the carp-ponds of the monks. Maryland, New York
+and other States illustrate this device for enhancing the food-supply,
+and the aquaria at Agricultural Hall, containing twelve or fifteen
+thousand gallons of salt and fresh water, present a congress of the
+leaders, gastronomically speaking, of the finny people. The shad remains
+not only to be naturalized in Europe, but to be reintroduced to the
+water-side dwellers above tide, who once met him regularly at table. He
+is joined by delegates from the mountain, the great lakes and the
+Pacific coast in the trout, the salmon and the whitefish, and by that
+quiet, silent and slow-going cousin of the fraternity, the oyster, most
+valuable of all, as possessors of those qualities not unfrequently are.
+Europe does not dream, and we ourselves do not realize until we come
+carefully to think of it, what the oyster does for us. He sustains the
+hardiest part of our coasting marine, paves our best roads, fertilizes
+our sands, enlivens all our festivities, and supports an army of
+packers, can-makers, etc., cased in whose panoply of tin he traverses
+the globe like a mail-clad knight-errant in the cause of commerce and
+good eating. Yet he needs protection. All this burden is greater than he
+can bear, and it is growing. System and science are invoked to his
+rescue ere he go the way of the inland shad and the salmon that became a
+drug to the Pilgrim Fathers. It is not easy to frame a medal or diploma
+for the fostering of the oyster. More effective is a consideration of
+the impending penalty for neglecting to do so. _Ostrea edulis_ is one of
+the grand things before which prizes sink into nothingness.
+
+Another of them is that triumph of pure reason, chess, an unadulterated
+product of the brain--i.e., of phosphorus--i.e., of fish. Nobody stakes
+money on chess or offers a prize to the best player. Honor at that board
+is its own reward. So when we are told of the Centennial Chess
+Tournament we recognize at once the fitness of the word borrowed from
+the chivalric joust. It is the culmination of human strife. The thought,
+labor and ardor spread over three hundred and fifty acres sums itself in
+that black and white board the size of your handkerchief. War and
+statecraft condense themselves into it. Armies and nations move with the
+chessman. Sally, leaguer, feint, flank-march, triumphant charge are one
+after another rehearsed. There, too, moves the game of politics in plot
+and counterplot. It is the climax of the subjective. From those lists
+the trumpet-blare, the crowd, the glitter, the banners, "the boast of
+heraldry and pomp of power," melt utterly away. To the world-champions
+who bend above the little board the big glass houses and all the
+treasures stared at by admiring thousands are as naught.
+
+[Illustration: SCENE AT ONE OF THE ENTRANCES TO THE GROUNDS--THE
+TURNSTILE.]
+
+But man is an animal, and not by any means of intellect all compact. The
+average mortal confesses to a craving for the stimulus of great shows,
+of material purposes, substantial objects of study and palpable prizes.
+It is so in 1876, as it was in 1776, and as it will be in a long series
+of Seventy-sixes.
+
+It is the concrete rather than the abstract which draws him in through
+the turnstiles of the exposition enclosure. Separated by the divisions
+of those ingeniously-contrived gates into taxed and untaxed spectators,
+the masses stream in with small thought of the philosophers or the
+chess-players. Their minds are reached, but reached through the eye, and
+the first appeal is to that. Each visitor constitutes himself a jury of
+one to consider and compare what he sees. The hundreds of thousands of
+verdicts so reached will be published only by word of mouth, if
+published at all. Their value will be none the less indubitable, though
+far from being in all cases the same. The proportion of intelligent
+observers will be greater than on like occasions heretofore. So will,
+perhaps, be that of solid matter for study, although in some specialties
+there may be default. He who enters with the design of self-education
+will find the text-books in most branches abundant, wide open before him
+and printed in the clearest characters. What shortcomings there may have
+been in the selection and arrangement of them he will have, if he can,
+himself to remedy. There stands the school, founded and furnished with
+great labor. The would-be scholar can only be invited to use it. The
+centennial that is to turn out scholars ready-made has not yet rolled
+round.
+
+
+
+
+DOLORES.
+
+    A light at her feet and a light at her head,
+      How fast asleep my Dolores lies!
+    Awaken, my love, for to-morrow we wed--
+      Uplift the lids of thy beautiful eyes.
+
+    Too soon art thou clad in white, my spouse:
+      Who placed that garland above thy heart
+    Which shall wreathe to-morrow thy bridal brows?
+      How quiet and mute and strange thou art!
+
+    And hearest thou not my voice that speaks?
+      And feelest thou not my hot tears flow
+    As I kiss thine eyes and thy lips and thy cheeks?
+      Do they not warm thee, my bride of snow?
+
+    Thou knowest no grief, though thy love may weep.
+      A phantom smile, with a faint, wan beam,
+    Is fixed on thy features sealed in sleep:
+      Oh tell me the secret bliss of thy dream.
+
+    Does it lead to fair meadows with flowering trees,
+      Where thy sister-angels hail thee their own?
+    Was not my love to thee dearer than these?
+      Thine was my world and my heaven in one.
+
+    I dare not call thee aloud, nor cry,
+      Thou art so solemn, so rapt in rest,
+    But I will whisper: Dolores, 'tis I:
+      My heart is breaking within my breast.
+
+    Never ere now did I speak thy name,
+      Itself a caress, but the lovelight leapt
+    Into thine eyes with a kindling flame,
+      And a ripple of rose o'er thy soft cheek crept.
+
+    But now wilt thou stir not for passion or prayer,
+      And makest no sign of the lips or the eyes,
+    With a nun's strait band o'er thy bright black hair--
+      Blind to mine anguish and deaf to my cries.
+
+    I stand no more in the waxen-lit room:
+      I see thee again as I saw thee that day,
+    In a world of sunshine and springtide bloom,
+      'Midst the green and white of the budding May.
+
+    Now shadow, now shine, as the branches ope,
+      Flickereth over my love the while:
+    From her sunny eyes gleams the May-time hope,
+      And her pure lips dawn in a wistful smile.
+
+    As one who waiteth I see her stand,
+      Who waits though she knows not what nor whom,
+    With a lilac spray in her slim soft hand:
+      All the air is sweet with its spicy bloom.
+
+    I knew not her secret, though she held mine:
+      In that golden hour did we each confess;
+    And her low voice murmured, Yea, I am thine,
+      And the large world rang with my happiness.
+
+    To-morrow shall be the blessedest day
+      That ever the all-seeing sun espied:
+    Though thou sleep till the morning's earliest ray,
+      Yet then thou must waken to be my bride.
+
+    Yea, waken, my love, for to-morrow we wed:
+      Uplift the lids of thy beautiful eyes.
+    A light at her feet and a light at her head,
+      How fast asleep my Dolores lies!
+
+EMMA LAZARUS.
+
+
+
+
+GLIMPSES OF CONSTANTINOPLE.
+
+CONCLUDING PAPER.
+
+
+[Illustration: SCENE IN A BURIAL-GROUND.]
+
+There is a continuous fascination about this old city. The guide-book
+says, "A week or ten days are required to see the sights," but though we
+make daily expeditions we seem in no danger of exhausting them. Neither
+does one have to go far to seek amusement. I never look down into the
+street below my windows without being attracted by some object of
+interest. The little donkeys with their great panniers of long slim
+loaves of bread (oh, tell it not, but I once saw the driver use one as a
+stick to belabor the lazy animal with, and then leave it, with two or
+three other loaves, at the opposite house, where a pretty Armenian, that
+I afterward saw taking the air on the roof with her bright-eyed little
+girl, perhaps had it for her breakfast!); the fierce, lawless Turkish
+soldiers stalking along, their officers mounted, and looking much better
+in their baggy trousers and frock-coats on their fine horses than on
+foot; Greek and Armenian ladies in gay European costumes; veiled Turkish
+women in their quiet street-dress; close carriages with
+gorgeously-dressed beauties from the sultan's harem followed by black
+eunuchs on horseback,--these and similar groups in every variety of
+costume form a constant stream of strange and picturesque sights.
+
+One morning, attracted by an unusual noise, I looked out and found it
+proceeded from a funeral procession. First came a man carrying the lid
+of the coffin; then several Greek priests; after them boys in white
+robes with lighted candles, followed by choir-boys in similar dresses
+who chanted as they walked along. Such sounds! Greek chanting is a
+horrible nasal caterwauling. Get a dozen boys to hold their noses, and
+then in a high key imitate the gamut performed by several festive cats
+as they prowl over the housetops on a quiet night, and you have Greek,
+Armenian or Turkish chanting and singing to perfection. There is not the
+first conception of music in the souls of these barbarians. Behind this
+choir came four men carrying the open coffin. The corpse was that of a
+middle-aged man dressed in black clothes, with a red fez cap on the head
+and yellow, red and white flowers scattered over the body. The hot sun
+shone full on the pinched and shriveled features, and the sight was most
+revolting. Several mourners followed the coffin, the ladies in black
+clothes, with black lace veils on their heads and their hair much
+dressed. The Greeks are obliged to carry their dead in this way,
+uncovered, because concealed arms were at one time conveyed in coffins
+to their churches, and then used in an uprising against the government.
+We witnessed a still more dreadful funeral outside the walls. A party,
+evidently of poor people, were approaching an unenclosed cemetery, and
+we waited to see the interment. The body, in its usual clothes, was
+carried on a board covered by a sheet. When they reached the grave the
+women shrieked, wept and kissed the face of the dead man: then his
+clothes were taken off, the body wrapped in the sheet and laid in the
+grave, which was only two feet deep. The priest broke a bottle of wine
+over the head, the earth was loosely thrown in, and the party went away.
+There is no more melancholy spot to me than a Turkish cemetery. The
+graves are squeezed tightly together, and the headstones, generally in a
+tumble-down state, are shaped like a coffin standing on end, or like a
+round hitching-post with a fez cap carved on the top. Weeds and rank
+wild-flowers cover the ground, and over all sway the dark, stiff
+cypresses.
+
+A little way down the street is a Turkish pastry-shop. Lecturers and
+writers have from time to time held forth on the enormities of
+pie-eating, and given the American people "particular fits" for their
+addiction to it. Now, while I fully endorse all I ever heard said on the
+subject, I beg leave to remark that the Americans are not the _worst_
+offenders in this way. If you want to see pastry, come to
+Constantinople: _seeing_ will satisfy you--you won't risk a taste.
+Mutton is largely eaten, and the mutton fat is used with flour to make
+the crust, which is so rich that the grease fairly oozes out and
+"smells to Heaven." Meat-pies are in great demand. The crust is baked
+alone in a round flat piece, and laid out on a counter, which is soon
+very greasy, ready to be filled. A large dish of hash is also ready, and
+when a customer calls the requisite amount of meat is clapped on one
+side of the paste, the other half doubled over it, and he departs eating
+his halfmoon-shaped pie. On the counters you see displayed large
+egg-shaped forms of what look like layers of tallow and cooked meat,
+cheesy-looking cakes of many kinds and an endless variety of
+confectionery. The sweetmeats are perfection, the fresh Turkish paste
+with almonds in it melts in your mouth, and the sherbet, compounded of
+the juice of many fruits and flowers and cooled with snow, is the most
+delicious drink I ever tasted. There are also many kinds of nice
+sweet-cakes; but, on the whole, I should prefer not to board in a
+Turkish family or employ a Turkish cook. No wonder the women are pale
+and sallow if they indulge much in such food!
+
+Being anxious to see a good display of Turkish rugs, and our party
+having some commissions to execute, we sallied forth one afternoon on
+this errand. If you intend to visit a Turkish carpet warehouse, and your
+purse or your judgment counsels you not to purchase, put yourself under
+bonds to that effect before you go; for, unless you possess remarkable
+strength of character, the beautiful rugs displayed will prove
+irresistible temptations. Near the bazaar in Stamboul is a massive
+square stone house, looking like a fortress compared with the buildings
+around it. Mosses and weeds crop out of every uneven part of its walls.
+A heavy door that might stand a siege admitted us to a small vestibule,
+and from this we passed into a paved court with a moss-grown fountain in
+the centre. Around this court ran a gallery, its heavy arches and
+columns supporting a second, to which we ascended by a broad flight of
+steps. A double door admitted us to the wareroom, where, tolerably
+secure from fire (the doors alone were of wood), were stored Turkish and
+Persian rugs of all sizes and colors. The Turkish were far handsomer
+than the Persian, and the colors more brilliant than those I have
+usually seen. The attendants unrolled one that they said was a hundred
+years old. It had a dusty, faded look, as if it had been in the
+warehouse quite that length of time, and made the modern ones seem
+brighter by contrast. Several rugs having been selected, we returned to
+the office, where a carpet was spread and we were invited to seat
+ourselves on it. Coffee was passed around, and we proceeded to bargain
+for our goods through our interpreter. The merchant, as usual, asked an
+exorbitant price to start with, and we offered what was equally
+ridiculous the other way; and so we gradually approached the final
+price--he coming gracefully down, and we as affably ascending in the
+scale, till a happy medium was reached, and we departed with our
+purchases following us on the back of an ammale.
+
+[Illustration: THE SULTAN ABDUL ASSIZ.]
+
+Three days of each week are observed as holy days. Friday is the Turkish
+Sabbath, Saturday the Jewish, and the Greeks and Armenians keep Sunday.
+The indolent government officials, glad of an excuse to be idle, keep
+all three--that is, they refrain from business--so there are only four
+days out of the seven in which anything is accomplished.
+
+One of the great sights is to see the sultan go to the mosque; so one
+Friday we took a caique and were rowed up the Bosphorus to Dolma Backte,
+and waited on the water opposite the palace. The sultan's caique was at
+the principal entrance on the water-side of the palace, and the steps
+and marble pavement were carpeted from the caique to the door. Presently
+all the richly-dressed officers of the household, who were loitering
+around, formed on either side the steps, and, bending nearly double,
+remained so while the sultan passed down to his caique. Abdul Assiz is
+quite stout and rather short, with a pleasant face and closely-cut
+beard. He was dressed in a plain black uniform, his breast covered with
+orders. The sultan's caique was a magnificent barge--white, profusely
+ornamented with gilt, and rowed by twenty-four oarsmen dressed in white,
+who rose to their feet with each stroke, bowed low, and settled back in
+their seats as the stroke was expended. The sultan and grand vizier
+seated themselves under the plum-colored velvet canopy, and the caique
+proceeded swiftly toward the mosque, followed by three other caiques
+with his attendants. A gun from an iron-clad opposite the palace
+announced that the sultan had started. The shore from the palace to the
+mosque was lined with soldiers; the bands played; the people cheered;
+the ships ran up their flags; all the war-vessels were gay with bunting,
+had their yards manned and fired salutes, which were answered by the
+shore-batteries. The mosque selected for that day's devotions was in
+Tophaneh, near the water. Several regiments were drawn up to receive the
+sultan, and an elegant carriage and a superb Arab saddle-horse were in
+waiting, so that His Majesty might return to the palace as best suited
+his fancy. After an hour spent in devotion the sultan reappeared, and
+entering his carriage was driven away. We saw him again on our way
+home, when he stopped to call on an Austrian prince staying at the
+legation. The street leading up to the embassy was too narrow and steep
+for a carriage, so, mounting his horse at the foot, he rode up, passing
+very close to us.
+
+[Illustration: TURKISH COW-CARRIAGE.]
+
+In the afternoon we drove to the "Sweet Waters of Europe" to see the
+Turkish ladies, who in pleasant weather always go out there in carriages
+or by water in caiques. Compared with our parks, with their lovely lakes
+and streams and beautiful lawns, the far-famed Sweet Waters of Europe
+are only fields with a canal running through them; but here, where this
+is the only stream of fresh water near the city, and in a country
+destitute of trees, it is a charming place. The stream has been walled
+up to the top of its banks, which are from three to six feet above the
+water, and there are sunny meadows and fine large trees on each side.
+The sultan has a summer palace here with a pretty garden, and the stream
+has been dammed up by blocks of white marble cut in scallops like
+shells, over which the water falls in a cascade. The road to the Sweet
+Waters, with one or two others, was made after the sultan's return from
+his European trip, and in anticipation of the empress Eugenie's visit.
+European carriages were also introduced at that time. The ladies of the
+sultan's harem drive out in very handsome coupes, with coachmen wearing
+the sultan's livery, but you more frequently see the queer one-horse
+Turkish carriage, and sometimes a "cow-carriage." This last is drawn by
+cows or oxen: it is an open wagon, with a white cloth awning ornamented
+with gay fringes and tassels. Many people go in caiques, and all carry
+bright-colored rugs, which they spread on the grass. There they sit for
+several hours and gossip with each other, or take their luncheons and
+spend the afternoon. A Turkish woman is never seen to better advantage
+than when "made up" for such an excursion. Her house-dress is always
+hidden by a large cloak, which comes down to the ground and has loose
+sleeves and a cape. The cloak is left open at the neck to show the lace
+and necklace worn under it, and is generally made of silk, often of
+exquisite shades of pink, blue, purple or any color to suit the taste of
+the wearer. A small silk cap, like the low turbans our ladies wore eight
+or nine years ago, covers the head, and on it are fastened the most
+brilliant jewels--diamond pins, rubies, anything that will flash. The
+wearer's complexion is heightened to great brilliancy by toilet arts,
+and over all, covering deficiencies, is the yashmak or thin white veil,
+which conceals only in part and greatly enhances her beauty. You think
+your "dream of fair women" realized, and go home and read _Lalla Rookh_
+and rave of Eastern peris. Should some female friend who has visited a
+harem and seen these radiant beauties face to face mildly suggest that
+paint, powder and the enchantment of distance have in a measure deluded
+you, you dismiss the unwelcome information as an invention of the
+"green-eyed monster," and, remembering the brilliant beauties who
+reclined beside the Sweet Waters or floated by you on the Golden Horn,
+cherish the recollection as that of one of the brightest scenes of the
+Orient.
+
+These I have spoken of are the upper classes from the harems of the
+sultan and rich pashas, but those you see constantly on foot in the
+streets are the middle and lower classes, and not so attractive. They
+have fine eyes, but the yashmaks are thicker, and you feel there is less
+beauty hidden under them. The higher the rank the thinner the yashmak is
+the rule. They also wear the long cloak, but it is made of black or
+colored alpaca or a similar material. Gray is most worn, but black,
+brown, yellow, green, blue and scarlet are often seen. The negresses
+dress like their mistresses in the street, and if you see a pair of
+bright yellow boots under a brilliant scarlet ferraja and an unusually
+white yashmak, you will generally find the wearer is a jet-black
+negress. Sitting so much in the house _a la Turque_ is not conducive to
+grace of motion, nor are loose slippers to well-shaped feet, and I must
+confess that a Turkish woman walks like a _goose_, and the size of her
+"fairy feet" would rejoice the heart of a leather-dealer.
+
+[Illustration: ENTERING A MOSQUE.]
+
+We have been to see the Howling Dervishes, and I will endeavor to give
+you some idea of their performances. Crossing to Scutari in the steam
+ferryboat, we walked some distance till we reached the mosque, where the
+services were just commencing. The attendant who admitted us intimated
+that we must remove our boots and put on the slippers provided. N----
+did so, but I objected, and the man was satisfied with my wearing them
+over my boots. We were conducted up a steep, ladder-like staircase to a
+small gallery, with a low front only a foot high, with no seats but
+sheepskins on the floor, where we were expected to curl ourselves up in
+Turkish fashion. Both my slippers came off during my climb up stairs,
+and were rescued in their downward career by N----, who by dint of much
+shuffling managed to keep his on. Below us were seated some thirty or
+forty dervishes. The leader repeated portions of the Koran, in which
+exercise others occasionally took part in a quiet manner. After a while
+they knelt in line opposite their leader and began to chant in louder
+tones, occasionally bowing forward full length. Matters down below
+progressed slowly at first, and were getting monotonous. One of my feet,
+unaccustomed to its novel position, had gone to sleep, and I was in a
+cramped state generally. Moreover, we were not the sole occupants of the
+gallery: the sheepskins were full of them, and I began to think that if
+the dervishes did not soon begin to howl, _I_ should. Some traveler has
+said that on the coast of Syria the Arabs have a proverb that the
+"sultan of _fleas_ holds his court in Jaffa, and the grand vizier in
+Cairo." Certainly some very high dignitary of the realm presides over
+Constantinople, and makes his head-quarters in the mosque of the Howling
+Dervishes.
+
+[Illustration: CASTLE OF EUROPE, ON THE BOSPHORUS.]
+
+The dervishes now stood up in line, taking hold of hands, and swayed
+backward, forward and sideways, with perfect uniformity, wildly
+chanting, or rather howling, verses of the Koran, and keeping time with
+their movements. They commenced slowly, and increased the rapidity of
+their gymnastics as they became more excited and devout. The whole
+performance lasted an hour or more, and at the end they naturally seemed
+quite exhausted. Then little children were brought in, laid on the
+floor, and the head-dervish stepped on their bodies. I suppose he
+stepped in such a manner as not to hurt them, as they did not utter a
+sound. Perhaps the breath was so squeezed out of them that they could
+not. One child was quite a baby, and on this he rested his foot lightly,
+leaning his weight on a man's shoulder. I could not find out exactly
+what this ceremony signified, but was told it was considered a cure for
+sickness, and also a preventive.
+
+We concluded to _do_ the dervishes, and so next day went to see the
+spinning ones. They have a much larger and handsomer mosque than their
+howling brethren. First they chanted, then they indulged in a "walk
+around." Every time they passed the leader, who kept his place at the
+head of the room, they bowed profoundly to him, then passed before him,
+and, turning on the other side, bowed again. After this interchange of
+courtesies had lasted a while, they sailed off around the room, spinning
+with the smooth, even motion of a top--arms folded, head on one side and
+eyes shut. Sometimes this would be varied by the head being thrown back
+and the arms extended. The rapid whirling caused their long green
+dresses to spread out like a half-open Japanese umbrella, supposing the
+man to be the stick, and they kept it up about thirty minutes to the
+inspiring music of what sounded like a drum, horn and tin pan. We
+remained to witness the _first set:_ whether they had any more and wound
+up with the German, I cannot say. We were tired and went home, satisfied
+with what we had seen. I should think they corresponded somewhat with
+our Shakers at home, as far as their "muscular Christianity" goes, and
+are rather ahead on the dancing question.
+
+One of the prominent objects of interest on the Bosphorus is Roberts
+College. It stands on a high hill three hundred feet above the water,
+and commands an extensive view up and down the Bosphorus. For seven
+years Dr. Hamlin vainly endeavored to obtain permission to build it, and
+the order was not given till Farragut's visit. The gallant admiral,
+while breakfasting with the grand vizier, inquired what was the reason
+the government did not allow Dr. Hamlin to build the college, when the
+grand vizier hastily assured him that all obstacles had been removed,
+and that the order was even then as good as given. Americans may well be
+proud of so fine and well-arranged a building and the able corps of
+professors. We visited it in company with Dr. Wood and his agreeable
+wife, who are so well known to all who take any interest in our foreign
+missions. After going over the college and listening to very creditable
+declamations in English from some of the students, we were hospitably
+entertained at luncheon by Professor Washburn, who is in charge of the
+institution, and his accomplished wife. Within a short distance of the
+college is the Castle of Europe, and on the opposite side of the
+Bosphorus the Castle of Asia. They were built by Mohammed II. in 1451,
+and the Castle of Europe is still in good preservation. It consists of
+two large towers and several small ones connected by walls, and is built
+of a rough white stone, to which the ivy clings luxuriantly.
+
+A pleasant excursion is to take a little steamer, which runs up the
+Bosphorus and back, touching at Beicos (Bey Kos), and visit the Giant
+Mountain, from which is a magnificent view of the Black Sea and nearly
+the whole length of the Bosphorus. We breakfasted early, but when ready
+to start found our guide had disappointed us, and his place was not to
+be supplied. The day was perfect, and rather than give up our trip we
+determined to go by ourselves, trusting that the success which had
+attended similar expeditions without a _commissionnaire_ would not
+desert us on this occasion. The sail up on the steamer was charming.
+There are many villages on the shores of the Bosphorus, and between
+them are scattered palaces and summer residences, the latter often
+reminding us of Venetian houses, built directly on the shore with steps
+down to the water, and caiques moored at the doors, as the gondolas are
+in Venice. The houses are surrounded by beautiful gardens, with a
+profusion of flowers blooming on the very edge of the shore, their gay
+colors reflected in the waves beneath.
+
+We learned from the captain of the steamer that Giant Mountain was two
+and a half miles from the village, with no very well-defined road
+leading to it; so on landing at Bey Kos we made inquiries for a guide,
+and this time were successful. Horses were also forthcoming, but no
+side-saddle. I respectfully declined to follow the example of my Turkish
+sisters and mount a gentleman's saddle; neither was I anxious to ride my
+Arab steed bareback, so we concluded to try a cow-carriage, and
+despatched our guide to hire the only one the place afforded. This
+stylish establishment was not to be had; so, having wasted half an hour
+in trying to find some conveyance, we gave it up and started on foot;
+and were glad afterward that we did so. The road was shaded to the base
+of the mountain, and led through a beautiful valley, the fields covered
+with wild-flowers. I have never seen such masses of color--an acre
+perhaps of bright yellow, perfectly dazzling in the sunlight, then as
+large a mass of purple, next to that an immense patch of white daisies,
+so thick they looked like snow. The effect of these gay masses, with
+intervals of green grass and grain, was very gorgeous. We passed two of
+the sultan's palaces, one built in Swiss style. The ascent of Giant
+Mountain from the inland side is gradual, while it descends very
+abruptly on the water-side. On the top of the mountain are the ruins of
+the church of St. Pantaleon, built by Justinian, also a mosque and the
+tomb of Joshua: so the Turks affirm. From a rocky platform just below
+the mosque there is a magnificent view. Toward the north you look off on
+the Black Sea and the old fortress of Riva, which commands the entrance
+to the Bosphorus. In front and to the south winds the beautiful
+Bosphorus for sixteen miles till it reaches the Sea of Marmora, which
+you see far in the distance glittering in the sunlight. You look down on
+the decks of the passing vessels, and the large steamers seem like toy
+boats as they pass below you. Near the mosque is a remarkable well of
+cool water. Shrubs and a few small trees grow on the mountain, and the
+ground is covered with quantities of heather, wild-flowers and ivy. We
+picked long spikes of white heather in full bloom, and pansies,
+polyanthus, the blue iris and many others of our garden flowers. The
+country all around Constantinople is very destitute of trees. The woods
+were cut down long ago, and the multitudes of sheep, which you see in
+large flocks everywhere, crop the young sprouts so they cannot grow up
+again.
+
+[Illustration: FORTRESS OF RIVA, AND THE BLACK SEA.]
+
+Returning to Constantinople, our steamer ran close to the European
+shore, stopping at the villages on that side. Most of the officers of
+these boats are Turks, but they find it necessary to employ European
+(generally English) engineers, as the Turks are fatalists and not
+reliable. It is said they pay but little attention to their machinery
+and boilers, reasoning that if it is the will of Allah that the boiler
+blow up, it will certainly do so; if not, all will go right, and why
+trouble one's self? Laughable stories are told of the Turkish navy;
+e.g., that a certain captain was ordered to take his vessel to Crete,
+and after cruising about some time returned, not being able to find the
+island. Another captain stopped an English vessel one fine day to ask
+where he was, as he had lost his reckoning, although the weather had
+been perfectly clear for some time. In the Golden Horn lies an old
+four-decker which during the Crimean war was run broadside under a
+formidable battery by her awkward crew, who were unable to manage her,
+and began in their fright to jump overboard. A French tugboat went to
+the rescue and towed her off.
+
+On our way to the hotel we saw the sultan's son, a boy of fifteen. He
+was driving in a fine open carriage drawn by a very handsome span of bay
+horses, and preceded by four outriders mounted on fine Arabian horses.
+Coachman, footman and outriders, in the black livery of the sultan, were
+resplendent in gold lace. The harness was of red leather and the
+carriage painted of the same bright color. The cushions were of white
+silk embroidered with scarlet flowers. It was a dashing equipage, but
+seemed better suited to a harem beauty than the dark, Jewish-looking boy
+in the awkward uniform of a Turkish general who was its sole occupant.
+
+[Illustration: TURKISH QUARTER--STAMBOUL.]
+
+Yesterday we took our last stroll in Constantinople, crossing the Golden
+Horn by the new bridge to Stamboul. This bridge is a busy spot, for
+besides the constant throngs that cross and recross, it is the favorite
+resort of beggars and dealers in small wares. Many of the ferryboats
+also start from here, so that, although long and wide, it is crowded
+most of the day. An Englishman who is an officer in the Turkish army
+told us of an amusing adventure of his in crossing the bridge. He had
+been at the war department, and was told he could have the six months'
+pay which was due him if he would take it in piasters. Thankful to get
+it, and fearing if he did not take it then in that shape he might have
+to wait a good while, he accepted, and the piasters (which are large
+copper coins worth about four cents of our money) were placed in bags on
+the backs of porters to be taken to a European bank at Pera. As they
+were crossing the bridge one of the bags burst open with the weight of
+the coins, and a quantity of them were scattered. Of course a first
+class scramble ensued, in which the beggars, who are always on hand, and
+others reaped quite a harvest, and when the officer got the hole tied
+up the ammale found the bag considerably lighter to carry.
+
+Reaching Stamboul, we made our way through the crowded streets, past the
+Seraglio gardens and St. Sophia, till we reached the old Hippodrome,
+which was modeled after the Circus at Rome. Little remains of its
+ancient glory, for the Crusaders carried off most of its works of art.
+The granite obelisk of Theodosius and the pillar of Constantine, which
+the vandal Turks stripped of its bronze when they first captured the
+city, are still left, but the stones are continually falling, and it
+will soon be a ruin. The serpentine column consists of three serpents
+twisted together: the heads are gone, Mohammed II. having knocked off
+one with his battle-axe. A little Turk was taking his riding-lesson on
+the level ground of the Hippodrome, and his frisky little black pony
+gave the old fellow in attendance plenty of occupation. We watched the
+boy for a while, and then, passing on toward the Marmora, took a look at
+the "Cistern of the Thousand Columns." A broad flight of steps leads
+down to it, and the many tall slender columns of Byzantine architecture
+make a perfect wilderness of pillars. Wherever we stood, we seemed
+always the centre from which long aisles of columns radiated till they
+lost themselves in the darkness. The cistern has long been empty, and is
+used as a ropewalk.
+
+The great fire swept a large district of the city here, which has been
+but little rebuilt, and the view of the Marmora is very fine. On the
+opposite Asiatic shore Mount Olympus, with its snow-crowned summit,
+fades away into the blue of the heavens. This is a glorious atmosphere,
+at least at this season, the air clear and bracing, the sky a beautiful
+blue and the sunsets golden. In winter it is cold, muddy and cheerless,
+and in midsummer the simoom which sweeps up the Marmora from Africa and
+the Syrian coast renders it very unhealthy for Europeans to remain in
+the city. The simoom is exceedingly enervating in its effects, and all
+who can spend the summer months on the upper Bosphorus, where the
+prevailing winds are from the Black Sea and the air is cool and
+healthful. Nearly all the foreign legations except our own have summer
+residences there and beautiful grounds.
+
+[Illustration: OBELISK OF THEODOSIUS.]
+
+Following the old aqueduct built by the emperor Hadrian, which still
+supplies Stamboul with water, and is exceedingly picturesque with its
+high dripping arches covered with luxuriant ivy, we reached the walls
+which protected the city on the land-side, and then, threading our way
+through the narrow, dirty streets, we returned to the Golden Horn. I do
+not wonder, after what I have seen of this part of Stamboul, that the
+cholera made such ravages here a few years since. I should think it
+would remain a constant scourge. Calling a caique, we were rowed up the
+Golden Horn to the Sweet Waters, but its tide floated only our own boat,
+and the banks lacked the attraction of the gay groups which render the
+place so lively on Fridays. We were served with coffee by a Turk who
+with his little brasier of coals was waiting under a wide-spreading tree
+for any chance visitor, and after a short stroll on the bank opposite
+the sultan's pretty palace we floated gently down the stream till we
+reached the Golden Horn again. On a large meadow near the mouth of the
+Sweet Waters some Arabs were camped with an immense flock of sheep. They
+had brought them there to shear and wash the wool in the fresh water,
+and the ground was covered with large quantities of beautiful long
+fleece. The shepherds in their strange mantles and head-dresses looked
+very picturesque as they spread the wool and tended their flocks. Our
+_caiquegee_, as the oarsman of a caique is called, ought not to be
+overlooked. His costume was in keeping with his pretty caique, which was
+painted a delicate straw-color and had white linen cushions. He was a
+tall, finely-built fellow, a Cretan or Bulgarian I should think, for he
+looked too wide awake for a Turk. The sun had burned his olive
+complexion to the deepest brown, and his black eyes and white teeth when
+he smiled lighted up his intelligent face, making him very handsome. He
+wore a turban, loose shirt with hanging sleeves and voluminous trousers,
+all of snowy whiteness. A blue jacket embroidered with gilt braid was in
+readiness to put on when he stopped rowing. It must have taken a ruinous
+amount of material to make those trousers. They were full at the waist
+and knee, and before seating himself to his oars he gracefully threw the
+extra amount of the fullness which drooped behind over the wide seat as
+a lady spreads out her overskirt.
+
+[Illustration: SHEPHERDS.]
+
+Last night we bade farewell to the strange old city with its picturesque
+sights, its glorious views and the many points of interest we had grown
+so familiar with. Our adieus were said, the ammales had taken our
+baggage to the steamer, which lay at anchor off Seraglio Point, and
+before dark we went on board, ready to sail at an early hour.
+
+The bustle of getting underway at daylight this morning woke me, and I
+went on deck in time to take a farewell look. The first rays of the sun
+were just touching the top of the Galata Tower and lighting up the dark
+cypresses in the palace-grounds above us. The tall minarets and the blue
+waves of the Bosphorus caught the golden light, while around Olympus the
+rosy tint had not yet faded and the morning mists looked golden in the
+sunlight. We rounded Seraglio Point and steamed down the Marmora, passed
+the Seven Towers, and slowly the beautiful city faded from our view.
+
+SHEILA HALE.
+
+
+
+
+THEE AND YOU.
+
+A STORY OF OLD PHILADELPHIA. IN TWO PARTS.--I.
+
+
+Once on a time I was leaning over a book of the costumes of forty years
+before, when a little lady said to me, "How ever could they have loved
+one another in such queer bonnets?" And now that since then long years
+have sped away, and the little critic is, alas! no longer young, haply
+her children, looking up at her picture by Sully in a turban and short
+waist; may have wondered to hear how in such disguise she too was fatal
+to many hearts, and set men by the ears, and was a toast at suppers in
+days when the waltz was coming in and the solemn grace of the minuet
+lingered in men's manners.
+
+And so it is, that, calling up anew the soft September mornings of which
+I would draw a picture before they fade away, with me also, from men's
+minds, it is the quaintness of dress which first comes back to me, and I
+find myself wondering that in nankeen breeches and swallow-tailed blue
+coats with buttons of brass once lived men who, despite gnarled-rimmed
+beavers and much wealth of many-folded cravats, loved and were loved as
+well and earnestly as we.
+
+I had been brought up in the austere quiet of a small New England town,
+where life was sad and manners grave, and when about eighteen served for
+a while in the portion of our army then acting in the North. The life of
+adventure dissatisfied me with my too quiet home, and when the war ended
+I was glad to accept the offer of an uncle in China to enter his
+business house. To prepare for this it was decided that I should spend
+six months with one of the great East India firms. For this purpose I
+came to Philadelphia, and by and by found myself a boarder in an up-town
+street, in a curious household ruled over by a lady of the better class
+of the people called Friends.
+
+For many days I was a lonely man among the eight or ten people who came
+down one by one at early hours to our breakfast-table and ate somewhat
+silently and went their several ways. Mostly, we were clerks in the
+India houses which founded so many Philadelphia fortunes, but there were
+also two or three of whom we knew little, and who went and came as they
+liked.
+
+It was a quiet lodging-house, where, because of being on the outskirts
+and away from the fashion and stir of the better streets, chiefly those
+came who could pay but little, and among them some of the luckless ones
+who are always to be found in such groups--stranded folks, who for the
+most part have lost hope in life. The quiet, pretty woman who kept the
+house was of an ancient Quaker stock which had come over long ago in a
+sombre Quaker Mayflower, and had by and by gone to decay, as the best of
+families will. When I first saw her and some of her inmates it was on a
+pleasant afternoon early in September, and I recall even now the simple
+and quiet picture of the little back parlor where I sat down among them
+as a new guest. I had been tranquilly greeted, and had slipped away into
+a corner behind a table, whence I looked out with some curiosity on the
+room and on the dwellers with whom my lot was to be cast for a long
+while to come. I was a youth shy with the shyness of my age, but, having
+had a share of rough, hardy life, ruddy of visage and full of that
+intense desire to know things and people that springs up quickly in
+those who have lived in country hamlets far from the stir and bustle of
+city life.
+
+The room I looked upon was strange, the people strange. On the floor was
+India matting, red and white in little squares. A panel of painted white
+wood-work ran around an octagonal chamber, into which stole silently the
+evening twilight through open windows and across a long brick-walled
+garden-space full of roses and Virginia creepers and odorless
+wisterias. Between the windows sat a silent, somewhat stately female,
+dressed in gray silk, with a plain frilled cap about the face, and with
+long and rather slim arms tightly clad in silk. Her fingers played at
+hide-and-seek among some marvelous lace stitches--evidently a woman
+whose age had fallen heir to the deft ways of her youth. Over her
+against the wall hung a portrait of a girl of twenty, somewhat sober in
+dress, with what we should call a Martha Washington cap. It was a
+pleasant face, unstirred by any touch of fate, with calm blue eyes
+awaiting the future.
+
+The hostess saw, I fancied, my set gaze, and rising came toward me as if
+minded to put at ease the new-comer. "Thee does not know our friends?"
+she said. "Let me make thee known to them."
+
+I rose quickly and said, "I shall be most glad."
+
+We went over toward the dame between the windows. "Mother," she said,
+raising her voice, "this is our new friend, Henry Shelburne, from New
+England."
+
+As she spoke I saw the old lady stir and move, and after a moment she
+said, "Has he a four-leaved clover?"
+
+"Always that is what she says. Thee will get used to it in time."
+
+"We all do," said a voice at my elbow; and turning I saw a man of about
+thirty years, dressed in the plainest-cut Quaker clothes, but with a
+contradiction to every tenet of Fox written on his face, where a brow of
+gravity for ever read the riot act to eyes that twinkled with
+ill-repressed mirth. When I came to know him well, and saw the
+preternatural calm of his too quiet lips, I used to imagine that unseen
+little demons of ready laughter were for ever twitching at their
+corners.
+
+"Mother is very old," said my hostess.
+
+"Awfully old," said my male friend, whose name proved to be Richard
+Wholesome.
+
+"Thee might think it sad to see one whose whole language has come to be
+just these words, but sometimes she will be glad and say, 'Has thee a
+four-leaved clover?' and sometimes she will be ready to cry, and will
+say only the same words. But if thee were to say, 'Have a cup of
+coffee?' she would but answer, 'Has thee a four-leaved clover?' Does it
+not seem strange to thee, and sad? We are used to it, as it might
+be--quite used to it. And that above her is her picture as a girl."
+
+"Saves her a deal of talking," said Mr. Wholesome, "and thinking. Any
+words would serve her as well. Might have said, 'Topsail halyards,' all
+the same."
+
+"Richard!" said Mistress White. Mistress Priscilla White was her name.
+
+"Perchance thee would pardon me," said Mr. Wholesome.
+
+"I wonder," said a third voice in the window, "does the nice old dame
+know what color has the clover? and does she remember fields of
+clover--pink among the green?"
+
+"Has thee a four-leaved clover?" re-echoed the voice feebly from between
+the windows.
+
+The man who was curious as to the dame's remembrances was a small stout
+person whose arms and legs did not seem to belong to him, and whose face
+was strangely gnarled, like the odd face a boy might carve on a
+hickory-nut, but withal a visage pleasant and ruddy.
+
+"That," said Mistress White as he moved away, "is Mr. Schmidt--an old
+boarder with some odd ways of his own which we mostly forgive. A good
+man if it were not for his pipe," she added demurely--"altogether a good
+man."
+
+"With or without his pipe," said Mr. Wholesome.
+
+"Richard!" returned our hostess, with a half smile.
+
+"Without his pipe," he added; and the unseen demons twitched at the
+corners of his mouth anew.
+
+Altogether, these seemed to me droll people, they said so little, and,
+saving the small German, were so serenely grave. I suppose that first
+evening must have made a deep mark on my memory, for to this day I
+recall it with the clearness of a picture still before my eyes. Between
+the windows sat the old dame with hands quiet on her lap now that the
+twilight had grown deeper--a silent, gray Quaker sphinx, with one only
+remembrance out of all her seventy years of life. In the open window sat
+as in a frame the daughter, a woman of some twenty-five years, rosy yet
+as only a Quakeress can be when rebel Nature flaunts on the soft cheek
+the colors its owner may not wear on her gray dress. The outline was of
+a face clearly cut and noble, as if copied from a Greek gem--a face
+filled with a look of constant patience too great perhaps for one
+woman's share, with a certain weariness in it also at times, yet
+cheerful too, and even almost merry at times--the face of one more
+thoughtful of others than herself, and, despite toil and sordid cares, a
+gentlewoman, as was plain to see. The shaft of light from the window in
+which she sat broadened into the room, and faded to shadow in far
+corners among chairs with claw toes and shining mahogany tables--the
+furniture of that day, with a certain flavor about it of elegance,
+reflecting the primness and solidness of the owners. I wonder if to-day
+our furniture represents us too in any wise? At least it will not
+through the generations to follow us: of that we may be sure. In the
+little garden, with red graveled walks between rows of box, walked to
+and fro Mr. Schmidt, smoking his meerschaum--a rare sight in those days,
+and almost enough to ensure your being known as odd. He walked about ten
+paces, and went and came on the same path, while on the wall above a
+large gray cat followed his motions to and fro, as if having some
+personal interest in his movements. Against an apricot tree leaned Mr.
+Wholesome, watching with gleams of amusement the cat and the man, and
+now and then filliping at her a bit of plaster which he pulled from the
+wall. Then the cat would start up alert, and the man's face would get to
+be quizzically unconscious; after which the cat would settle down and
+the game begin anew. By and by I was struck with the broad shoulders and
+easy way in which Wholesome carried his head, and the idea came to me
+that he had more strength than was needed by a member of the Society of
+Friends, or than could well have been acquired with no greater exercise
+of the limbs than is sanctioned by its usages. In the garden were also
+three elderly men, all of them quiet and clerkly, who sat on and about
+the steps of the other window and chatted of the India ships and
+cargoes, their talk having a flavor of the spices of Borneo and of
+well-sunned madeira. These were servants of the great India houses when
+commerce had its nobles and lines were sharply drawn in social life.
+
+I was early in bed, and rising betimes went down to breakfast, which was
+a brief meal, this being, as Mr. Wholesome said to me, the short end of
+the day. I should here explain that Mr. Wholesome was a junior partner
+in the house in which I was to learn the business before going to China.
+Thus he was the greatest person by far in our little household, although
+on this he did not presume, but seemed to me greatly moved toward jest
+and merriment, and to sway to and fro between gayety and sadness, or at
+the least gravity, but more toward the latter when Mistress White was
+near, she seeming always to be a checking conscience to his mirth.
+
+On this morning, as often after, he desired me to walk with him to our
+place of business, of which I was most glad, as I felt shy and lonely.
+Walking down Arch street, I was amazed at its cleanliness, and surprised
+at the many trees and the unfamiliar figures in Quaker dresses walking
+leisurely. But what seemed to me most curious of all were the plain
+square meeting-houses of the Friends, looking like the toy houses of
+children. I was more painfully impressed by the appearance of the
+graves, one so like another, without mark or number, or anything in the
+disposition of them to indicate the strength of those ties of kinship
+and affection which death had severed. Yet I grew to like this quiet
+highway, and when years after I was in Amsterdam the resemblance of its
+streets to those of the Friends here at home overcame me with a crowd of
+swift-rushing memories. As I walked down of a morning to my work, I
+often stopped as I crossed Fifth street to admire the arch of lindens
+that barred the view to the westward, or to gaze at the inscription on
+the 'Prentices' Library, still plain to see, telling that the building
+was erected in the eighth year of the Empire.
+
+One morning Wholesome and I found open the iron grating of Christ Church
+graveyard, and passing through its wall of red and black glazed brick,
+he turned sharply to the right, and coming to a corner bade me look down
+where under a gray plain slab of worn stone rests the body of the
+greatest man, as I have ever thought, whom we have been able to claim as
+ours. Now a bit of the wall is gone, and through a railing the busy or
+idle or curious, as they go by, may look in and see the spot without
+entering.
+
+Sometimes, too, we came home together, Wholesome and I, and then I found
+he liked to wander and zigzag, not going very far along a street, and
+showing fondness for lanes and byways. Often he would turn with me a
+moment into the gateway of the University Grammar School on Fourth
+street, south of Arch, and had, I thought, great pleasure in seeing the
+rough play of the lads. Or often, as we came home at noon, he liked to
+turn into Paradise alley, out of Market street, and did this, indeed, so
+often that I came to wonder at it, and the more because in an open space
+between this alley and Commerce street was the spot where almost every
+day the grammar-school boys settled their disputes in the way more
+common then than now. When first we chanced on one of these encounters I
+was surprised to see Mr. Wholesome look about him as if to be sure that
+no one else was near, and then begin to watch the combat with a strange
+interest. Indeed, on one occasion he utterly astonished me by taking by
+the hand a small boy who had been worsted and leading him with us, as if
+he knew the lad, which may well have been. But presently he said,
+"Reuben thee said was thy name?"--"Yes, sir," said the lad.--"Well,"
+said Mr. Wholesome, after buying him a large and very brown horse
+gingerbread, two doughnuts and a small pie, "when you think it worth
+while to hit a fellow, never slap his face, because then he will strike
+you hard with his fist, which hurts, Reuben. Now, mind: next thee
+strikes first with thee fist, my lad, and hard, too." If I had seen our
+good Bishop White playing at taws, I could not have been more overcome,
+and I dare say my face may have shown it, for, glancing at me, he said
+demurely, "Thee has seen in thy lifetime how hard it is to get rid of
+what thee liked in thy days of boyhood." After which he added no more in
+the way of explanation, but walked along with swift strides and a dark
+and troubled face, silent and thoughtful.
+
+Sometimes in the early morning I walked to my place of business with Mr.
+Schmidt, who was a man so altogether unlike those about him that I found
+in him a new and varied interest. He was a German, and spoke English
+with a certain quaintness and with the purity of speech of one who has
+learned the tongue from books rather than from men. I learned after a
+while that this guess of mine was a good one, and that, having been bred
+an artist, he had been put in prison for some political offence, and had
+in two years of loneliness learned English from our older authors. When
+at last he was set free he took his little property and came away with a
+bitter heart to our freer land, where, with what he had and with the
+lessons he gave in drawing, he was well able to live the life he liked
+in quiet ease and comfort. He was a kindly man in his ways, and in his
+talk gently cynical; so that, although you might be quite sure as to
+what he would do, you were never as safe as to what he would say;
+wherefore to know him a little was to dislike him, but to know him well
+was to love him. There was a liking between him and Wholesome, but each
+was more or less a source of wonderment to the other. Nor was it long
+before I saw that both these men in their way were patient lovers of the
+quiet and pretty Quaker dame who ruled over our little household, though
+to the elder man, Mr. Schmidt, she was a being at whose feet he laid a
+homage which he felt to be hopeless of result, while he was schooled by
+sorrowful fortunes to accept the position as one which he hardly even
+wished to change.
+
+It was on a warm sunny morning very early, for we were up and away
+betimes, that Mr. Schmidt and I and Wholesome took our first walk
+together through the old market-sheds. We turned into Market street at
+Fourth street, whence the sheds ran downward to the Delaware. The
+pictures they gave me to store away in my mind are all of them vivid
+enough, but none more so than that which I saw with my two friends on
+the first morning when we wandered through them together.
+
+On either side of the street the farmers' wagons stood backed up against
+the sidewalk, each making a cheap shop, by which stood the sturdy owners
+under the trees, laughing and chaffering with their customers. We
+ourselves turned aside and walked down the centre of the street under
+the sheds. On either side at the entry of the market odd business was
+being plied, the traders being mostly colored women with bright chintz
+dresses and richly-colored bandanna handkerchiefs coiled turban-like
+above their dark faces. There were rows of roses in red pots, and
+venders of marsh calamus, and "Hot corn, sah, smokin' hot," and
+"Pepperpot, bery nice," and sellers of horse-radish and
+snapping-turtles, and of doughnuts dear to grammar-school lads. Within
+the market was a crowd of gentlefolks, followed by their black servants
+with baskets--the elderly men in white or gray stockings, with
+knee-buckles, the younger in very tight nankeen breeches and pumps,
+frilled shirts and ample cravats and long blue swallow-tailed coats with
+brass buttons. Ladies whose grandchildren go no more to market were
+there in gowns with strangely short waists and broad gypsy-bonnets, with
+the flaps tied down by wide ribbons over the ears. It was a busy and
+good-humored throng.
+
+"Ah," said Schmidt, "what color!" and he stood quite wrapped in the joy
+it gave him looking at the piles of fruit, where the level morning
+sunlight, broken by the moving crowd, fell on great heaps of dark-green
+watermelons and rough cantaloupes, and warmed the wealth of peaches
+piled on trays backed by red rows of what were then called love-apples,
+and are now known as tomatoes; while below the royal yellow of vast
+overgrown pumpkins seemed to have set the long summer sunshine in their
+golden tints.
+
+"If these were mine," said Schmidt, "I could not for ever sell them.
+What pleasure to see them grow and steal to themselves such sweet colors
+out of the rainbow which is in the light!"
+
+"Thee would make a poor gardener," said Wholesome, "sitting on thee
+fence in the sun and watching thee pumpkins--damn nasty things anyhow!"
+
+I looked up amazed at the oath, but Schmidt did not seem to remark it,
+and went on with us, lingering here and there to please himself with the
+lovely contrasts of the autumn fruit.
+
+"Curious man is Schmidt," remarked Wholesome as we passed along. "I
+could wish thee had seen him when we took him this way first. Old Betsey
+yonder sells magnolia flowers in June, and also pond-lilies, which thee
+may know as reasonably pleasant things to thee or me; but of a sudden I
+find our friend Schmidt kneeling on the pavement with his head over a
+tub of these flowers, and every one around much amazed."
+
+"Was it not seemly?" said Schmidt, joining us. "There are who like
+music, but to me what music is there like the great attunement of color?
+and mayhap no race can in this rise over our black artists hereabout the
+market-ends."
+
+"Thee is crazed of many colors," said Wholesome laughing--"a bull of but
+one."
+
+Schmidt stopped short in the crowd, to Wholesome's disgust. "What," said
+he, quite forgetful of the crowd, "is more cordial than color? This he
+recalleth was a woman black as night, with a red turban and a lapful of
+magnolias, and to one side red crabs in a basket, and to one side a
+tubful of lilies. Moss all about, I remember."
+
+"Come along," said Wholesome. "The man is cracked, and in sunny weather
+the crack widens."
+
+And so we went away down street to our several tasks, chatting and
+amused.
+
+Those were most happy days for me, and I found at evening one of my
+greatest pleasures when Schmidt called for me after our early tea and we
+would stroll together down to the Delaware, where the great India ships
+lay at wharves covered with casks of madeira and boxes of tea and
+spices. Then we would put out in his little rowboat and pull away toward
+Jersey, and, after a plunge in the river at Cooper's Point, would lazily
+row back again while the spire of Christ Church grew dim against the
+fading sunset, and the lights would begin to show here and there in the
+long line of sombre houses. By this time we had grown to be sure
+friends, and a little help from me at a moment when I chanced to guess
+that he wanted money had made the bond yet stronger. So it came that he
+talked to me, though I was but a lad, with a curious freedom, which very
+soon opened to me a full knowledge of those with whom I lived.
+
+One evening, when we had been drifting silently with the tide, he
+suddenly said aloud, "A lion in the fleece of the sheep."
+
+"What?" said I, laughing.
+
+"I was thinking of Wholesome," he replied. "But you do not know him. Yet
+he has that in his countenance which would betray a more cunning
+creature."
+
+"How so?" I urged, being eager to know more of the man who wore the garb
+and tongue of Penn, and could swear roundly when moved.
+
+"If it will amuse," said the German, "I will tell you what it befell me
+to hear to-day, being come into the parlor when Mistress White and
+Wholesome were in the garden, of themselves lonely."
+
+"Do you mean," said I, "that you listened when they did not know of your
+being there?"
+
+"And why not?" he replied. "It did interest me, and to them only good
+might come."
+
+"But," said I, "it was not--"
+
+"Well?" he added as I paused. "--'Was not honor,' you were going to say
+to me. And why not? I obey my nature, which is more curious than stocked
+with honor. I did listen."
+
+"And what did you hear?" said I.
+
+"Ah, hear!" he answered. "What better is the receiver than is the thief?
+Well, then, if you will share my stolen goods, you shall know, and I
+will tell you as I heard, my memory being good."
+
+"But--" said I.
+
+"Too late you stop me," he added: "you must hear now."
+
+The scene which he went on to sketch was to me strange and curious, nor
+could I have thought he could give so perfect a rendering of the
+language, and even the accent, of the two speakers. It was a curious
+revelation of the man himself, and he seemed to enjoy his power, and yet
+to suffer in the telling, without perhaps being fully conscious of it.
+The oars dropped from his hands and fell in against the thwarts of the
+boat, and he clasped his knees and looked up as he talked, not regarding
+at all his single silent listener.
+
+"When this is to be put upon the stage there shall be a garden and two
+personages."
+
+"Also," said I, "a jealous listener behind the scenes."
+
+"If you please," he said promptly, and plunged at once into the dialogue
+he had overheard:
+
+"'Richard, thee may never again say the words which thee has said to me
+to-night. There is, thee knows, that between us which is builded up like
+as a wall to keep us the one from the other.'
+
+"'But men and women change, and a wall crumbles, or thee knows it may be
+made to. Years have gone away, and the man who stole from thee thy
+promise may be dead, for all thee knows.'
+
+"'Hush! thee makes me to see him, and though the dead rise not here, I
+am some way assured he is not yet dead, and may come and say to me,
+"'Cilla"--that is what he called me--"thee remembers the night and thy
+promise, and the lightning all around us, and who took thee to shore
+from the wrecked packet on the Bulkhead Bar." The life he saved I
+promised.'
+
+"Well, and thee knows--By Heaven! you well enough know who tortured the
+life he gave--who robbed you--who grew to be a mean sot, and went away
+and left you; and to such you hold, with such keep faith, and wear out
+the sweetness of life waiting for him!'
+
+"'Richard!'
+
+"'Have I also not waited, and given up for thee a life, a career--little
+to give. I hope thee knows I feel that. Has thee no limit, Priscilla?
+Thee knows--God help me! how well you know--I love you. The world, the
+old world of war and venture, pulls at me always. Will not you find it
+worth while to put out a hand of help? Would it not be God taking your
+hand and putting it in mine?'
+
+"'Thee knows I love thee.'
+
+"'And if the devil sent him back to curse you anew--'
+
+"'Shame, Richard! I would say, God, who layeth out for each his way, has
+pointed mine.'
+
+"'And I?'
+
+"'Thee would continue in goodness, loving me as a sister hardly tried.'
+
+"'By God! I should go away to sea.'
+
+"'Richard!'
+
+"Which is the last word of this scene," added Schmidt. "You mayhap have
+about you punk and flint and steel."
+
+I struck alight in silence, feeling moved by the story of the hurt
+hearts of these good people, and wondering at the man and his tale. Then
+I said, "Was that all?"
+
+"Could you, if not a boy, ask me to say more of it? Light thy pipe and
+hold thy peace. Happy those who think not of women. I, who have for a
+hearth-side only the fire of an honest pipe--'Way there, my lad! pull us
+in and forget what a loose tongue and a soft summer night have given
+thee to hear from a silly old German who is grown weak of head and sore
+at soul. How the lights twinkle!"
+
+Had I felt any doubt at all of the truth of his narration I should have
+ceased to do so when for the next few days I watched Mr. Wholesome, and
+saw him, while off his guard, looking at Mistress White askance with a
+certain wistful sadness, as of a great honest dog somehow hurt and
+stricken.
+
+When an India ship came in, the great casks of madeira, southside, grape
+juice, bual and what not were rolled away into the deep cellars of the
+India houses on the wharves, and left to purge their vinous consciences
+of such perilous stuff as was shaken up from their depths during the
+long homeward voyage. Then, when a couple of months had gone by, it was
+a custom for the merchant to summon a few old gentlemen to a solemn
+tasting of the wines old and new. Of this, Mr. Wholesome told me one
+day, and thought I had better remain to go through the cellars and drive
+out the bungs and drop in the testers, and the like. "I will also stay
+with thee," he added, "knowing perhaps better than thee the prices."
+
+I learned afterward that Wholesome always stayed on these occasions, and
+I had reason to be glad that I too was asked to stay, for, as it
+chanced, it gave me a further insight into the character of my friend
+the junior partner.
+
+I recall well the long cellar running far back under Water street, with
+its rows of great casks, of which Wholesome and I started the bungs
+while awaiting the new-comers. Presently came slowly down the
+cellar-steps our senior partner in nankeen shanks, silk stockings and
+pumps--a frosty-visaged old man, with a nose which had fully earned the
+right to be called bottle. Behind him limped our old porter in a blue
+check apron. He went round the cellar, and at every second cask, having
+lighted a candle, he held it upside down until the grease had fallen
+thick on the cask, and then turning the candle stuck it fast in its
+little pile of tallow, so that by and by the cellar was pretty well
+lighted. Presently, in groups or singly, came old and middle-aged
+gentlemen, and with the last our friend Schmidt, who wandered off to a
+corner and sat on a barrel-head watching the effects of the mingling of
+daylight and candlelight, and amused in his quiet way at the scene and
+the intense interest of the chief actors in it, which, like other things
+he did not comprehend, had for him the charm of oddness. I went over
+and stood by him while the porter dropped the tester-glass into the cool
+depths of cask after cask, and solemn counsel was held and grave
+decisions reached. I was enchanted with one meagre, little old gentleman
+of frail and refined figure, who bent over his wine with closed eyes, as
+if to shut out all the sense-impressions he did not need, while the rest
+waited to hear what he had to say.
+
+"Needs a milk fining," muttered the old gentleman, with eyes shut as if
+in prayer.
+
+"Wants its back broke with a good lot of eggshell," said a short, stout
+man with a snuff-colored coat, the collar well up the back of his head.
+
+"Ach!" murmured Schmidt. "The back to be hurt with eggshell! What hath
+he of meaning?"
+
+"Pshaw!" said a third: "give it a little rest, and then the white of an
+egg to every five gallons. Is it bual?"
+
+"Is it gruel?" said our senior sarcastically.
+
+"Wants age. A good wine for one's grandchildren," murmured my old friend
+with shut eyes.
+
+"What is it he calls gruel?" whispered Schmidt. "How nice is a picture
+he makes when he shuts his eyes and the light of the candle comes
+through the wine, all bright ruby, in the dark here! And ah, what is
+that?" for Wholesome, who had been taking his wine in a kindly way, and
+having his say with that sense of being always sure which an old taster
+affects, glancing out of one of the little barred cellar-windows which
+looked out over the wharf, said abruptly, "Ha! ha! that won't do!"
+
+Turning, I saw under the broad-brimmed hat in the clear gray eyes a
+sudden sparkle of excitement as he ran hastily up the cellar-stairs.
+Seeing that something unusual was afloat, I followed him quickly out on
+to the wharf, where presently the cause of his movement was made plain.
+
+Beside the wharf was a large ship, with two planks running down from her
+decks to the wharf. Just at the top of the farther one from us a large
+black-haired, swarthy man was brutally kicking an aged negro, who was
+hastily moving downward, clinging to the hand-rail. Colored folks were
+then apt to be old servants--that is to say, friends--and this was our
+pensioned porter, Old Tom. I was close behind Wholesome at the door of
+the counting-house. I am almost sure he said "Damnation!" At all events,
+he threw down his hat, and in a moment was away up the nearer plank to
+the ship's deck, followed by me. Meanwhile, however, the black, followed
+by his pursuer, had reached the wharf, where the negro, stumbling and
+still clinging to the rail, was seized by the man who had struck him. In
+the short struggle which ensued the plank was pulled away from the
+ship's side, and fell just as Wholesome was about to move down it. He
+uttered an oath, caught at a loose rope which hung from a yard, tried it
+to see if it was fast, went up it hand over hand a few feet, set a foot
+on the bulwarks, and swung himself fiercely back across the ship, and
+then, with the force thus gained, flew far in air above the wharf, and
+dropping lightly on to a pile of hogs-heads, leapt without a word to the
+ground, and struck out with easy power at the man he sought, who fell as
+if a butcher's mallet had stunned him--fell, and lay as one dead. The
+whole action would have been amazing in any man, but to see a Quaker
+thus suddenly shed his false skin and come out the true man he was, was
+altogether bewildering--the more so for the easy grace with which the
+feat was done. Everybody ran forward, while Wholesome stood a strange
+picture, his eyes wide open and his pupils dilated, his face flushed and
+lips a little apart, showing his set white teeth while he awaited his
+foe. Then, as the man rallied and sat up, staring widely, Wholesome ran
+forward and looked at him, waving the crowd aside. In a moment, as the
+man rose still bewildered, his gaze fell on Wholesome, and, growing
+suddenly white, he sat down on a bundle of staves, saying faintly, "Take
+him away! Don't let him come near!"
+
+"Coward!" said I: "one might have guessed that."
+
+"There is to him," said Schmidt at my elbow, "some great mortal fear;
+the soul is struck."
+
+"Yes," said Wholesome, "the soul is struck. Some one help him"--for the
+man had fallen over in something like a fit--and so saying strode away,
+thoughtful and disturbed in face, as one who had seen a ghost.
+
+As he entered the counting-house through the group of dignified old
+merchants, who had come out to see what it all meant, one of them said,
+"Pretty well for a Quaker, friend Richard!"
+
+Wholesome did not seem to hear him, but walked in, drank a glass of wine
+which stood on a table, and sat down silently.
+
+"Not the first feat of that kind he has done," said the elder of the
+wine-tasters.
+
+"No," said a sea-captain near by. "He boarded the Penelope in that
+fashion during the war, and as he lit on her deck cleared a space with
+his cutlass till the boarding-party joined him."
+
+"With his cutlass?" said I. "Then he was not always a Quaker?"
+
+"No," said our senior: "they don't learn these gymnastics at Fourth and
+Arch, though perchance the committee may have a word to say about it."
+
+"Quaker or not," said the wine-taster, "I wish any of you had legs as
+good or a heart as sound. Very good body, not too old, and none the
+worse for a Quaker fining."
+
+"That's the longest sentence I ever heard Wilton speak," said a young
+fellow aside to me; "and, by Jove! he is right."
+
+I went back into the counting-house, and was struck with the grim
+sadness of face of our junior partner. He had taken up a paper and
+affected to be reading, but, as I saw, was staring into space. Our
+senior said something to him about Old Tom, but he answered in an absent
+way, as one who half hears or half heeds. In a few moments he looked up
+at the clock, which was on the stroke of twelve, and seeing me ready,
+hat in hand, to return home for our one-o'clock dinner, he gathered
+himself up, as it were, limb by limb, and taking his wide-brimmed hat
+brushed it absently with his sleeve. Then he looked at it a moment with
+a half smile, put it on decisively and went out and away up Arch street
+with swifter and swifter strides. By and by he said, "You do not walk as
+well as usual."
+
+"But," said I, "no one could keep up with you."
+
+"Do not try to: leave a sore man to nurse his hurts. I suppose you saw
+my folly on the wharf--saw how I forgot myself?"
+
+"Ach!" said Schmidt, who had toiled after us hot and red, and who now
+slipped his quaint form in between us--"Ach! 'You forgot yourself.' This
+say you. I do think you did remember your true self for a time this
+morning."
+
+"Hush! I am a man ashamed. Let us talk no more of it. I have ill kept my
+faith," returned Wholesome impatiently.
+
+"You may believe God doth not honor an honest man," said Schmidt; "which
+is perhaps a God Quaker, not the God I see to myself."
+
+I had so far kept my peace, noting the bitter self-reproach of
+Wholesome, and having a lad's shyness before an older man's calamity;
+but now I said indignantly, "If it be Friends' creed to see the poor and
+old and feeble hurt without raising a hand, let us pray to be saved from
+such religion."
+
+"But," said Wholesome, "I should have spoken to him in kindness first.
+Now I have only made of him a worse beast, and taught him more hatred.
+And he of all men!"
+
+"There is much salvation in some mistakes," said Schmidt smiling.
+
+Just then we were stopped by two middle-aged Friends in drab of orthodox
+tint, from which now-a-days Friends have much fallen away into gay
+browns and blacks. They asked a question or two about an insurance on
+one of our ships; and then the elder said, "Thee hand seems bleeding,
+friend Richard;" which was true: he had cut his knuckles on his
+opponent's teeth, and around them had wrapped hastily a handkerchief
+which showed stains of blood here and there.
+
+"Ach!" said Schmidt, hastening to save his friend annoyance. "He ran
+against something.--And how late is it! Let us go."
+
+But Wholesome, who would have no man lie ever so little for his benefit,
+said quietly, "I hurt it knocking a man down;" and now for the first
+time to-day I observed the old amused look steal over his handsome face
+and set it a-twitching with some sense of humor as he saw the shock
+which went over the faces of the two elders when we bade them
+good-morning and turned away.
+
+Wholesome walked on ahead quickly, and as it seemed plain that he would
+be alone, we dropped behind.
+
+"What is all this?" said I. "Does a man grieve thus because he chastises
+a scoundrel?"
+
+"No," said Schmidt. "The Friend Wholesome was, as you may never yet
+know, an officer of the navy, and when your war being done he comes
+here. There is a beautiful woman whom he must fall to loving, and this
+with some men being a grave disorder, he must go and spoil a good
+natural man with the clothes of a Quaker, seeing that what the woman did
+was good in his sight."
+
+"But," said I, "I don't understand."
+
+"No," said he; "yet you have read of Eve and Adam. Sometimes they give
+us good apples and sometimes bad. This was a russet, as it were, and at
+times the apple disagrees with him for that with the new apple he got
+not a new stomach."
+
+I laughed a little, but said, "This is not all. There was something
+between him and the man he struck which we do not yet know. Did you see
+him?"
+
+"Yes, and before this--last week some time in the market-place. He was
+looking at old Dinah's tub of white lilies when I noticed him, and to me
+came a curious thinking of how he was so unlike them, many people having
+for me flower-likeness, and this man, being of a yellow swarthiness and
+squat-browed, 'minded me soon of the toadstool you call a corpse-light."
+
+"Perhaps we shall know some time; but here is home, and will he speak of
+it to Mistress White, do you think?"
+
+"Not ever, I suppose," said Schmidt; and we went in.
+
+The sight we saw troubled me. In the little back parlor, at a round
+mahogany table with scrolled edges and claw toes, sat facing the light
+Mistress White. She was clad in a gray silk with tight sleeves, and her
+profusion of rich chestnut hair, with its willful curliness that forbade
+it to be smooth on her temples, was coiled in a great knot at the back
+of her head. Its double tints and strange changefulness, and the smooth
+creamy cheeks with their moving islets of roses that would come and go
+at a word, were pretty protests of Nature, I used to think, against the
+demure tints of her pearl-gray silken gown. She was looking out into the
+garden, quite heedless of the older dame, who sat as her wont was
+between the windows, and chirruped now and then, mechanically, "Has thee
+a four-leaved clover?" As I learned some time after, one of our older
+clerks, perhaps with a little malice of self-comfort at the fall of his
+senior's principles, had, on coming home, told her laughingly all the
+story of the morning. Perhaps one should be a woman and a Friend to
+enter into her feelings. She was tied by a promise and by a sense of
+personal pledge to a low and disgraced man, and then coming to love
+another despite herself she had grown greatly to honor him. She might
+reason as she would that only a sense of right and a yearning for the
+fullness of a righteous life had made him give up his profession and
+fellows and turn aside to follow the harder creed of Fox, but she well
+knew with a woman's keenness of view that she herself had gone for
+something in this change; and now, as sometimes before, she reproached
+herself with his failures. As we came in she hastily dried her eyes and
+went out of the room. At dinner little was said, but in the afternoon
+there was a scene of which I came to know all a good while later.
+
+Some of us had gone back to the afternoon work when Mr. Wholesome, who
+had lingered behind, strayed thoughtfully into the little back garden.
+There under a thin-leaved apricot tree sat Mistress White, very pretty,
+with her long fair fingers clasped over a book which lay face down on
+her lap. Presently she was aware of Richard Wholesome walking to and fro
+and smoking a long-stemmed clay pipe, then, as yet in England, called a
+churchwarden. These were two more than commonly good-looking persons,
+come of sturdy English breeds, fined down by that in this climate which
+has taken the coarseness of line and feature out of so many of our
+broods, and has made more than one English painter regret that the
+Vandyke faces had crossed the ocean to return no more.
+
+Schmidt and I looked out a moment into the long vista where, between the
+rose-boughs bending from either wall under the apricot, we could see the
+gray silvery shimmer of the woman's dress, and beyond it, passing to and
+fro, the broad shoulders of the ex-captain.
+
+"Come," I said, "walk down with me to the wharf."
+
+"Yet leave me," he returned. "I shall wisely do to sit here on the step
+over the council-fire of my pipe. Besides, when there are not markets
+and flowers, and only a straight-down, early-afternoon sun, I shall find
+it a more noble usage of time to see of my drama another scene. The
+actors are good;" and he pointed with his pipe-stem down to the garden.
+"And this," he said, "is the mute chorus of the play," indicating a
+kitten which had made prey of the grand-dame's ball of worsted, and was
+rolling it here and there with delight.
+
+"But," I answered, "it is not right or decent to spy upon others'
+actions."
+
+"For right!" he said. "Ach! what I find right to me is my right; and for
+decent, I understand you not. But if I tell you what is true, I find my
+pleasure to sit here and see the maiden when at times the winds pull up
+the curtain of the leaves."
+
+"Well! well!" said I, for most of the time he was not altogether plain
+as to what he meant, as when he spoke of the cat as a chorus--"Well!
+well! you will go out with me on the water at sundown?"
+
+"That may be," he answered; and I went away.
+
+I have observed since then, in the long life I have lived, that the
+passion called love, when it is a hopeless one, acts on men as ferments
+do on fluids after their kind--turning some to honest wine and some to
+vinegar. With our stout little German all trials seemed to be of the
+former use, so that he took no ill from those hurts and bruises which
+leave other men sore and tender. Indeed, he talked of Mistress White to
+me, or even to Wholesome, whom he much embarrassed, in a calm,
+half-amused way, as of a venture which he had made, and, having failed,
+found it pleasant to look back upon as an experience not altogether to
+be regretted. We none of us knew until much later that it was more than
+a mere fancy for a woman who was altogether so sweet and winsome that no
+man needed an excuse for loving her. When by and by I also came to love
+a good woman, I used to try myself by the measure of this man's lack of
+self-love, and wonder how he could have seen with good-will the woman he
+cared for come to like another man better. This utter sweetness of soul
+has ever been to me a riddle.
+
+An hour passed by, when Schmidt heard a footfall in the room behind him,
+and rising saw an old member of the Society of Friends who came at times
+to our house, and was indeed trustee for a small estate which belonged
+to Mistress White. Nicholas Oldmixon was an overseer in the Fourth
+street meeting, and much looked up to among Friends as a prompt and
+vigilant guardian of their discipline. Perhaps he would have been
+surprised to be told that he had that in his nature which made the post
+of official fault-finder agreeable; but so it was, I fancy, and he was
+here on such an errand. The asceticism of Friends in those days, and the
+extent to which Mr. Oldmixon, like the more strict of his sect, carried
+their views as to gravity of manner and the absence of color in dress
+and furniture, were especially hateful to Schmidt, who lived and was
+happy in a region of color and sentiment and gayety. Both, I doubt not,
+were good men, but each was by nature and training altogether unable to
+sympathize with the other.
+
+"Good-evening!" said Schmidt, keeping his seat in the low window-sill.
+
+Mr. Oldmixon returned, "Thee is well, I trust?"
+
+"Ach! with such a sun and the last roses, which seem the most sweet, and
+these most lovely of fall-flowers, and a good book and a pipe," said
+Schmidt, "who will not be well? Have you the honest blessing of being a
+smoker?"
+
+"Nay," said the Quaker, with evident guarding of his words. "Thee will
+not take it amiss should I say it is a vain waste of time?"
+
+"But," answered Schmidt, "time hath many uses. The one is to be wasted;
+and this a pipe mightily helps. I did think once, when I went to
+meeting, how much more solemn it would be for each man to have a pipe to
+excuse his silence."
+
+"Thee jests idly, I fear," said the Friend, coloring and evidently
+holding himself in check. "Is that friend Wholesome in the garden? I
+have need to see him."
+
+"Yea," said Schmidt, with a broad smile, "he is yonder under a tree,
+like Adam in the garden. Let us take a peep at Paradise."
+
+Mr. Oldmixon held his peace, and walked quietly out of the window and
+down the graveled path. There were some who surmised that his years and
+his remembrance of the three wives he had outlived did not altogether
+suffice to put away from him a strong sentiment of the sweetness of his
+ward. Perhaps it was this notion which lit up with mirth the ruddy face
+of the German as he walked down the garden behind the slim ascetic
+figure of the overseer of meeting in his broad hat and drab clothes. On
+the way the German plucked a dozen scarlet roses, a late geranium or two
+and a few leaves of motley Poinsetta.
+
+Wholesome paused a moment to greet quietly the new-comer, and
+straightway betook himself absently to his walk again to and fro across
+the garden. Mistress White would have had the old overseer take her
+seat, but this he would not do. He stood a moment near her, as if
+irresolute, while Schmidt threw himself down on the sward, and, half
+turning over, tossed roses into the gray lap of Mistress White, saying,
+"How prettily the God of heaven has dressed them!"
+
+Mistress White took up the flowers, not answering the challenge, but
+glancing under her long lashes at the ex-captain, to whom presently the
+overseer turned, saying, "Would thee give me a word or two with thee by
+ourselves, Richard?"
+
+"There are none in the parlor," said Priscilla, "if thee will talk
+there."
+
+"If," said Wholesome, "it be of business, let it wait till to-morrow,
+and I will call upon thee: I am not altogether myself to-day."
+
+"Nay," said Nicholas, gathering himself up a little, "thee must know
+theeself that I would not come to thee here for business: thee knows my
+exactness in such matters."
+
+"And for what, then, are you come?" said Wholesome with unusual
+abruptness.
+
+"For speech of that in thee conduct which were better, as between an
+elder friend and a younger, to be talked over alone," said Mr. Oldmixon
+severely.
+
+Now, Wholesome, though disgusted by his lack of power to keep the silent
+pledges he had given when he entered the Society of Friends, was not
+dissatisfied with his conduct as he judged it by his own standard of
+right. Moreover, like many warm-hearted people, he was quick of temper,
+as we have seen. His face flushed, and he paused beside the overseer:
+"There are none here who do not know most of what passed this morning;
+but as you do not know all, let me advise you to hold your peace and go
+your ways, and leave me to such reproach as God may send me."
+
+"If that God send thee any," muttered Schmidt.
+
+But Nicholas Oldmixon was like a war-horse smelling the battle afar off,
+and anything like resistance to an overseer in the way of duty roused
+him into the sternness which by no means belonged to the office, but
+rather to the man. "If," he said, "any in membership with us do
+countenance or promote tumults, they shall be dealt with as disorderly
+persons. Wherefore did thee give way to rash violence this morning?"
+
+Priscilla grew pale, I think. She said, "Friend Nicholas, thee forgets
+the Christian courtesy of our people one to another. Let it rest a
+while: friend Richard may come to think better of it by and by."
+
+"And that I trust he may never," muttered Schmidt.
+
+But the overseer was not to be stayed. "Thee would do better to mind the
+things of thy house and leave us," he said. "The ways of this young man
+have been more than once a scandal, and are like to come before the
+preparative meeting to be dealt with."
+
+"Sir," returned Wholesome, approaching him and quite forgetting his
+plain speech to make it plainer, "your manners do little credit to your
+age or your place. Listen: I told you to speak no more of this matter;"
+and he seized him by the lappel of his coat and drew him aside a few
+paces. "For your own sake, I mean. Let it die out, with no more of talk
+or nonsense."
+
+"For my sake!" exclaimed the overseer; "and why? Most surely thee
+forgets theeself."
+
+"For your own sake," said Wholesome, drawing him still farther away, and
+bending toward him, so that his words were lost to Schmidt and
+Priscilla, "and for your son John's. It was he I struck to-day."
+
+Mr. Oldmixon grew white and staggered as if stricken. "Why did thee not
+come and tell me?" he said. "It had been kinder; and where is that
+unhappy man?"
+
+"I do not know," returned Wholesome.
+
+"Nevertheless, be it he or another, thee was in the wrong, and I have
+done my duty,--God help us all! and is my son yet alive?" and so saying,
+he turned away, and without other words walked through the house with
+uncertain steps and went down the street, while Wholesome, with softened
+face, watched him from the doorstep. Then he went back quietly into the
+garden, and turning to Schmidt, said, "Will you oblige me by leaving me
+with Mistress White? I will explain to thee by and by."
+
+Schmidt looked up surprised, but seeing how pale and stern he looked,
+rose and went into the house. The woman looked up expectant.
+
+"Priscilla, the time has come when thee must choose between me and him."
+
+"He has come back? I knew always he would come."
+
+"Yes, he has come back: I saw him to-day," said Wholesome, "and the John
+Oldmixon of to-day is more than ever cruel and brutal. Will thee trust
+me to make thee believe that?"
+
+"I believe thee," she returned; "but because he is this and worse, shall
+I forget my word or turn aside from that which, if bitter for me, may
+save his soul alive?"
+
+"And yet you love me?"
+
+"Have I said so?" she murmured with a half smile.
+
+The young man came closer and seized both hands in his: "Will it not be
+a greater sin, loving me, to marry him?"
+
+"But he may never ask me, and then I shall wait, for I had better die
+fit in soul to be yours than come to you unworthy of a good man's love."
+
+He dropped her hands and moved slowly away, she watching him with full
+eyes. Then he turned and said, "But should he fall--fall as he must--and
+come to be what his life will surely make him, a felon whom no woman
+could marry--"
+
+"Thee makes duty hard for me, Richard," she answered. "Do not make me
+think thee cruel. When in God's good time he shall send me back the
+words of promise I wrote when he went away a disgraced man, to whom,
+nevertheless I owed my life, then--Oh, Richard, I love thee! Do not hurt
+me. Pray for me and him."
+
+"God help us!" he said. "We have great need, to be helped;" and suddenly
+leaning over he kissed her forehead for the first time, and went away up
+the garden and into the house.
+
+EDWARD KEARSLEY.
+
+
+
+
+MODERN HUGUENOTS.
+
+
+It demands a good deal of energy, and it involves a little hardship, to
+see the Protestant communities of the High Alps of France, but the
+picturesque and historic interests of the journey furnish a sufficient
+motive and make ample amends. I can think of no route so entirely
+unhackneyed to recommend to blase tourists. The point of departure is
+Grenoble, reached in an hour or so from Chambery, and in itself well
+worth turning aside from the Mont Cenis thoroughfare to visit. As far as
+Corps the way lies over the beaten track of the Salette pilgrims, of
+which the charms are recorded in many a devout description.
+
+It happened to us, however, to get a preliminary glimpse of French
+Protestantism in a characteristic, although wholly modern, development
+before leaving Grenoble. We applied to the Protestant clergyman there
+for information respecting the details of our proposed tour. Pleased
+with our project, he told us the story of a mission which he had
+established under circumstances altogether unique, and invited us to
+join him in paying it a visit. The scene of his enterprise was a sunny
+little village lying high among vineyarded hills, and bearing the name
+of Notre Dame des Commiers. Owing to its remoteness and insignificance,
+the Roman Catholic authorities had never replaced its last priest, who
+withdrew during the turmoils of the Revolution. For all their
+ecclesiastical needs the people were obliged to descend to the next
+village, the cure of which gave them little pastoral care beyond the
+thrifty collection of his dues. Learning these facts, our Grenoble
+friend determined to take advantage of the situation. He presented
+himself in the village and told the people he was willing to become
+their pastor. He only asked them to acknowledge the validity of baptism
+and marriage performed by him, and to pledge him their support in the
+struggle with the priests that would probably ensue. Later, he said, he
+hoped to convince them that he taught a better religion than that at the
+hands of whose ministers they had suffered such neglect. A majority of
+the villagers accepted his proposal, and by a formal act constituted
+themselves a Protestant commune. By so doing they were able to secure
+recognition by the government as belonging to the National Protestant
+Church of France. It was not long before the parishioners grew warmly
+attached to their new pastor. His position of assistant at Grenoble
+enabled him to assume the sole charge of the enterprise. Week after week
+he made the tedious stage-coach journey, walking up the two-mile hill at
+the foot of which he had to quit the highway. Often in winter he toiled
+for hours through deep snow and faced violent storms in making the
+ascent. In the worst weather it sometimes happened that the whole
+journey from Grenoble had to be made on foot. For two years he carried
+on the work unaided, holding his services in such rude quarters as he
+was able to secure. The village is now, after an interval of seven years
+since the missionary's first visit, adorned with a pretty chapel and
+school-house and provided with a resident minister.
+
+In talking with the people we found abundant proof that their Protestant
+faith is both intelligent and practical. Such of them as were not busy
+in the fields surrounded their old pastor with greetings that touchingly
+expressed their affection and gratitude, and we, as his friends, had a
+share in the demonstration. One stalwart, clear-eyed old woman obliged
+us to sit down in front of her chalet, cheerfully explaining that she
+had just been burned out, and that the shed in which she had found a
+shelter was not fit for us to enter. She would take no refusal of her
+offer to fetch us grapes, and ran all the way to and from her vineyard
+on the opposite hillside, returning in an incredibly short time,
+scarcely out of breath, and carrying a basket heavy with great white
+and purple clusters. As she stood watching with delight our appreciation
+of her produce--the only sweet and luscious grapes, by the way, that we
+found throughout the autumn in that land of vines--she talked frankly of
+her religious vicissitudes, summing up as follows: "The priests used to
+say to me that I had turned Protestant because that is an easier
+religion than the Roman Catholic. But I have not found it so at all. _Il
+est beaucoup plus facile de me confesser que de me corriger._" Presently
+another woman came up the hill, bending painfully under the weight of
+two water-pails hanging from the ends of a yoke that rested on her
+shoulders. "Ah," said our hostess, "if they would but let us build the
+aqueduct, we should not have that ugly work to do." And then we learned
+that among the small minority of Roman Catholics left in the village, to
+care for whom, as soon as it was found a wolf had entered the fold, a
+priest arrived promptly enough, there prevail the wildest superstitions
+concerning the Protestants. Among many improvements introduced by the
+latter an aqueduct had been planned to furnish the hamlet with wholesome
+water. The project was defeated by the opposition of the Roman
+Catholics, who considered it a scheme for poisoning them _en masse_. It
+was here that we heard for the first time the epithet Huguenots applied
+as a term of reproach and derision to the Protestants. Afterward, in
+regions where Protestants have a history of centuries, we found it
+commonly used in the same way.
+
+Our visit to Notre Dame des Commiers was like reading a living page of
+early Reformation history, and the whole neighborhood made a fitting
+stage for such a reproduction. Some six or seven miles from Grenoble we
+passed the restored but still, in parts at least, historic chateau of
+Lesdiguieres at Vizille. Nearer our mountain-village we stopped to
+admire an ivy-covered bit of tower-ruin, associated by a grim tradition
+with the same Dauphine hero. A prisoner confined here by the apostate
+constable had, says the legend, a lady true who came every night and
+clasped her lover's hand stretched out to her between the bars of his
+dungeon window. Lesdiguieres discovered the rendezvous, and the spot is
+still pointed out where his soldier was stationed one fatal night to
+chop off the hand that sought its accustomed pledge. The historical
+associations of our excursion were, indeed, somewhat confused, but a
+fresh feature was added to its interest by the departure, which we
+chanced to witness, of Monsieur Thiers from the Chateau de Vizille, now
+occupied by Casimir Perier, whom the ex-president had been visiting.
+
+The two days' diligence journey from Grenoble to the departement des
+Hautes-Alpes was over one of those broad macadamized highways which make
+driving a luxury in many parts of Europe. If we were more huddled than
+in the less-antiquated Swiss diligences, we had the compensation of far
+more original fellow-travelers than one is apt to find among the
+tourists that monopolize those vehicles. There were generally two or
+three priests, half a dozen merry peasants, and a sprinkling of small
+officers and country-townspeople, who respectively lost no time in
+establishing a pleasant intimacy with their neighbors. The unflagging
+chatter, in which all joined vivaciously, and often all at once, was in
+striking contrast with the silent gloom which would have enshrouded a
+similar party of English or American travelers. It was impossible to
+resist the contagion of cheerfulness or to refuse to mingle more or less
+in the talk.
+
+On the second evening, having trusted to the map and the very meagre
+information supplied by _Murray_, we found ourselves deposited at an
+isolated wayside cabaret. It presently transpired that St. Bonnet, where
+we expected to pass the Sunday, was some half mile or more off the
+high-road on which this was the nearest station. While we waited in a
+long, low, dimly-lighted room for the guide we had bespoken, two
+gendarmes and a peasant sat listening to, or rather looking at, a vivid
+account of some shooting adventure given in extraordinary pantomime by
+a deaf and dumb huntsman. In time a withered gnome trundling a
+wheelbarrow took possession of us and our light belongings, and led us
+forth into the night. We traversed the valley, mounted the hill on the
+other side, and at last entered the deeper night of a lampless village,
+and began to thread its steep, black streets. The only gleam of light
+was at what seemed to be the central fountain. Many women were gathered
+there, chatting as they filled their pails or stood with the replenished
+vessels poised on their heads. The inn was of a piece with all those at
+which we lodged in Dauphine, deficient in everything for which an inn
+exists. The feature of these inns which I remember, I think, with the
+least relish was the condition of the floors. It is literally true that
+they are never washed. A daily sprinkling is the only cleansing process
+they undergo: its effect is to soften the wood until it begins to absorb
+a large proportion of the rubbish which is often but never thoroughly
+swept up, and grows black and evil-odored. This result is most manifest,
+of course, and most offensive in the dining-rooms.
+
+St. Bonnet offered even less than we anticipated of interest. On the
+Sunday morning we gladly drove away in such an equipage as the place
+afforded to the not very distant village of St. Laurent en Champsaur.
+Here we reached our first point in what was fifty years ago the parish
+of Felix Neff, and has been for centuries a refuge of Protestantism. It
+is a hamlet of stone cottages, lying on a kind of plateau and
+overlooking a wide and fertile valley. The surrounding hills, though
+mostly bare, were broken and beautified on that still autumn morning
+with dim clefts of shadow. The sun was not yet high, and broad masses of
+purple fell here and there across the plain and the brawling stream that
+divides it, still the Drac, which we had seen an almost stately river
+near Grenoble.
+
+Having already learned something of the local habits, we bade our driver
+take us to the _temple_. That is the distinctive name of a Protestant
+church in these Roman Catholic lands. The morning service was in
+progress when we entered the square and austere little chapel. Every pew
+was occupied, the men and women taking different sides of the one
+stone-paved aisle. A gentle-looking old man was reading from a book with
+much clearness and expression, and in a singularly pleasant voice, what
+we soon found to be an excellent sermon. At its close a quaint, slow
+hymn was sung, and the congregation was dismissed. To our amusement, the
+simple folk formed a double line outside the door to inspect us as we
+emerged. It was easy to imagine their interest in an apparition so
+unusual as foreign visitors, and we submitted to their curious but
+entirely respectful scrutiny, wishing that our aspect might give them
+half the satisfaction we had in watching their eager faces and noting
+their droll costumes. Ludicrously high stocks and "swallow-tail" coats
+of brown homespun made the dress of the men different from that of
+corresponding rustics in America. The chief peculiarity in the women's
+attire was a straw hat, of which the towering crown, decked with huge
+bows, and the vast flapping brim, were like an extravagant caricature of
+the poke-bonnets of our grandmothers.
+
+As we stood demurely in the midst of the group, the old man who had
+read, and who proved to be the schoolmaster, hastened out to greet us.
+It was his habit, he said, in the pastor's absence, to conduct the
+service. For more than thirty years, although the parish had repeatedly
+been for months without a minister, he had not allowed the temple to
+remain closed a single Sunday. His wife appeared directly, and both
+insisted, with apologies for their peasant fare, that we should stop to
+dinner at their house, a few yards from the church. We were in truth
+nothing loath to accept the invitation, and found little to excuse in
+the savory soup, the fresh-laid eggs and the fruit that composed the
+simple feast, while we were scarcely less regaled with the neatness of
+the rooms and the spectacle of well-washed floors and spotless though
+coarsely-woven linen. But most of all to be enjoyed and remembered was
+the peep we got into this good old man's life and history. From his
+youth he had been schoolmaster at St. Laurent, and it seemed never to
+have occurred to him that he might claim a more distinguished post.
+Unconscious of any special self-sacrifice, he told us about his work,
+heroic through its quiet faithfulness, in that obscure hamlet. He
+enumerated with pride the various pastors and teachers who had been his
+scholars--among the former his eldest son, among the latter two of his
+daughters. Listening to his talk, we understood the intelligence of
+expression in many faces and the large proportion of young men at the
+service of the morning.
+
+In our walks about the village after dinner the schoolmaster took us to
+see an ancient woman who in her youth had been a catechumen of Felix
+Neff. It is curious to find that term, which was applied by the early
+Church to candidates for admission, in use now among the Protestants of
+France and Italy. With tears in her eyes and an enthusiasm that made her
+speech almost incoherent, the grandame talked of "Monsieur Neff," his
+courage, his friendliness, how he went among his people like one of
+themselves, and what good words he always spoke. As we left St. Laurent
+our host and his wife bore us company to the brow of a little hill
+whither we had sent on our chaise, and stood there to wave us an adieu
+as we descended on the other side. Then we saw them turn back toward the
+group of thatched and moss-grown cottages which was all their world.
+
+That evening we reached Gap, the capital of the department of the High
+Alps, and once an important Protestant centre. Farel, the French
+Reformer of the sixteenth century, was born and for a time preached
+here. But since the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes until very
+lately--during a period, that is, of nearly two hundred years--no
+Protestant pastor has been tolerated in the town, and the once numerous
+flock was long since dispersed. A Swiss society undertook two or three
+years ago a Protestant mission at Gap, and a friend in Geneva had given
+us the name of the present evangelist. A humbler or more thankless
+charge could scarcely be imagined than such a work in such a place.
+There is no nucleus of hereditary Protestants, as in the
+mountain-parishes of the department, and at the same time the little
+city is so isolated that its people have retained the superstitions and
+religious animosities of the Dark Ages. It was therefore with much
+compassionate thought of his pitiful case that we sought the
+evangelist's house. He was not, however, a man toward whom one could
+maintain for a moment that frame of mind. Brisk, cheerful, polished in
+manner and with an unsought elegance of dress and carriage, he had not
+in the least the air of a despised heretic struggling hopelessly against
+social as well as ecclesiastical contempt. Six avowed converts were the
+definite results of his work for more than two years. During much of
+that time he had been hampered by insuperable difficulties in finding a
+place for his service or even a lodging for his family. The latter was
+at last provided, as a daring defiance of popular prejudice, by a
+landlord who prided himself upon being a _libre penseur_. For his chapel
+he secured a disused shop in the front of a bath-house. The proprietress
+of the establishment was punished by the priests for her unrighteous
+thrift by being refused the sacrament. Her business, too, was for a
+while endangered. One instance out of many of the kind of prejudice she
+provoked was that of two wealthy and educated ladies, who, as they
+entered the bath one day, heard music in the _chapelle evangelique_ and
+instantly beat a hurried retreat. They only stopped to explain that all
+the world knows the object of Protestant worship is the devil, and they
+dare not stay within hearing of the sacrilegious rites. In spite of
+multiform discouragements like these, the evangelist and his wife, a
+motherly woman of much quiet strength, whose gentleness made sweet a
+very homely face, talked of their work and prospects with a
+matter-of-course hopefulness which it was not easy to share. Nothing in
+their habits, they told us, had more amazed their Roman Catholic
+neighbors at first than their lavish use of water. But in that
+particular, at least, suspicion had been allayed, their perseverance had
+proved the practice harmless, and their example was beginning to find a
+few timid imitators.
+
+Our first night after leaving Gap was spent at Embrun. As we approached
+the town, which surmounts an extraordinary platform of rock, its walls
+looking like part of the smooth, brown tufa precipice that rises
+abruptly out of the valley, we seemed to see in its picturesque and
+impressive aspect something of the grandeur and gloom of its long
+history. The cathedral where so many archbishops have ministered
+preserves little trace of its former splendors: even architecturally it
+is without attraction.
+
+For the next two days our route continued to lie through the valley,
+which we entered upon leaving Gap, of the Durance. It is an apparently
+insignificant but treacherous stream, which by repeated floods has
+spread ugly devastation over a hill-girdled country that ought to be
+smiling with peace and plenty. At Guillestre we came in sight of the
+jagged double peak of Mont Pelvoux, and got a magnificent vista toward
+the south, ending in the white slopes of some giant of the Cottian Alps.
+The Mont Pelvoux and the Pointe des Ecrins, the greatest of those
+mountains from which the department takes its name, although they appear
+on none of the ordinary maps, stand, I believe, only twelfth and
+thirteenth in the scale of height among the mountains of Europe. The
+explorations of Whymper have introduced them to his readers, but they
+still remain almost untrodden by other climbers.
+
+On the second afternoon we reached the lateral valley of Fressiniere,
+the climax of our journey. There was refreshment for soul as well as
+body in the daintily-clean, bare-floored rooms, redolent of apples set
+out to dry, into which we were welcomed by Pastor Charpiot and his wife
+at Pallons. The village is a mere group of Alpine huts, and the only
+chance of shelter was at the presbytery. So much we had little doubt of
+finding there, but we counted as little upon the warm and graceful
+hospitality which greeted our application. And when our nationality
+transpired it added new zest to the good-will of our host and hostess.
+We were their first Transatlantic guests.
+
+The valley of Fressiniere, at the entrance of which Pallons lies, is the
+centre of those special interests which first prompted the pilgrimage I
+am recording. With it are specially associated the earliest traditions
+of Protestantism in France, and here Felix Neff spent the larger part of
+his brief but memorable career as pastor in the High Alps. I suppose the
+exact antiquity of the Protestants of Dauphine is one of the historical
+problems that still await their final solution. The older chronicles
+provide them with what seems an unbroken line of descent from the second
+century, when Irenaeus preached in Lyons and Vienne. Christian fugitives
+from those cities during the persecution of Marcus Aurelius may, it is
+alleged, have taken refuge in the not distant Dauphine mountains, and
+have transmitted to their descendants the primitive faith they had
+received. But modern criticism has so seriously undermined, as
+practically to have demolished, this imposing genealogical structure. It
+is not denied that voices of more or less emphatic protest against Rome
+made themselves heard among these mountains and the neighboring Cottian
+Alps during the earlier centuries. Can such voices be held to represent
+any definitely-organized dissentient body of more remote origin than the
+Poor Men of Lyons, led by Peter Waldo in 1172? The latest researches
+give an apparently final negative answer to this question. At least,
+however, it is beyond dispute that long before the Reformation the
+valleys of the High Alps were a retreat for persecuted schismatics whose
+opposition to the Romish Church anticipated Protestantism. As early as
+the fifteenth century a papal bull denounced as _inveterate_ the
+heretics of Dauphine and Provence, and about the middle of the next
+century delegates from those provinces appeared at the first national
+Protestant synod in France with the following declaration: "We consent
+to merge in the common cause, but we require no Reformation, for our
+forefathers and ourselves have ever disclaimed the corruptions of the
+churches in communion with Rome." Enough is therefore certain as to the
+antecedents of these Protestant mountaineers to surround them with an
+entirely peculiar interest. The saddest feature, perhaps, of all their
+history is the stunting of mind and character that has resulted from
+centuries of oppression. After the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
+they were subject to fresh persecution, and until within the present
+century they have been denied the privileges of citizenship and forced
+to look upon themselves as outcasts. One can only wonder at the degree
+of individuality and force which they have still preserved.
+
+Felix Neff, while still a _proposant_, or candidate for the ministry, at
+Geneva, was sent to Dauphine in response to the appeal of two pastors
+there for an assistant. Two years later, at the beginning of 1824, in
+the twenty-sixth year of his age, he became pastor of the Protestant
+churches in the Arvieux section of the High Alps. This was the larger
+and by far the more arduous of the two parishes into which the
+department was at that time divided. In seventeen or eighteen
+widely-scattered villages Neff found the little groups of "Huguenots"
+which composed his charge. His official residence, the presbytery, was
+at La Chalp, a hamlet above the village of Arvieux and near the border
+of Italy. From this point to St. Laurent, the western limit of his
+parish, is a journey of sixty miles, including the passage of a
+dangerous gorge and the crossing of a difficult snow-pass. St. Veran on
+the east was the least remote of his boundaries, but even this is
+separated from La Chalp by twelve miles of steep descent and rough
+climbing. On the north and the south the extreme points were distant
+respectively thirty-three and twenty-miles, and the routes are of the
+same character as in the other directions.
+
+These disadvantages, instead of daunting the young pastor, seemed only
+to stimulate his ardor. "I am always dreaming of the High Alps," he had
+written in 1823, after visiting them for the first time. "I had rather
+be stationed there than in places which are under the beautiful sky of
+Languedoc. The country bears a strong resemblance to the Alps of
+Switzerland. It has their advantages, and even their beauties. It has,
+above all, an energetic race of people--intelligent, active, hardy and
+patient under fatigue--who offer a better soil for the gospel than the
+wealthy and corrupt inhabitants of the plains of the South." The
+illusions that mingled with these early impressions were doubtless soon
+dispelled. He shows later a perfectly clear perception of the degenerate
+condition of his parishioners, but his eagerness to serve them waxes
+with his sense of their need. Neff was in modern times their first
+regularly-appointed pastor. A son of Oberlin, whose short but devoted
+life shows him to have inherited his father's spirit, had once
+undertaken the provisional charge of the parish, but only for a few
+months. In general, it had had no ministry beyond occasional visits from
+the pastor of Orpierre, the other section of the department.
+
+The valley of Fressiniere at once attracted Neff's peculiar regard. It
+was the part of his parish most difficult of access and most cut off
+from any chance of material prosperity. The climate is such that in
+unfavorable seasons even rye will not ripen, and the patches of potatoes
+straggling forlornly among the rocks often fail to reach maturity. No
+other grain or vegetable can be raised. Mould quickly attacks the flour
+in this mountain-air, and the year's baking is accordingly done in the
+autumn as soon as the rye comes back from the mill. The coarse black
+loaves grow perfectly hard in a few weeks, and have to be chopped into
+pieces and soaked in hot water before they can be eaten. It is only at
+the head of the valley, above the hamlet of Dourmillouse, that any
+pastures are found, and many of those are inaccessible to cattle and
+scarcely safe for sheep. They are besides so meagre that in dry summers
+no hay can be made, and the peasants are forced to sell their beasts at
+a loss or else see them die for want of food. The addition of a little
+salted meat to the half-grown potatoes and the stony bread is a luxury
+of only the most prosperous years. The bald mountain-slopes furnish no
+fuel, and it is of course only in the smallest quantities that the
+people can afford to buy wood in the valley of the Durance. Their
+resource against the winter's cold is moving into their stables, where,
+huddled together in a corner cleared for the purpose, they pass four or
+five months. The smoky and confined air is a welcome change from the icy
+winds outside, and the steaming cattle are a source of grateful warmth.
+"This village," Neff writes, about the middle of September, from the
+smallest and most destitute of the hamlets of Fressiniere, "is squeezed
+up in the very narrowest gorge of the valley, and is now buried in snow,
+and without the hope of seeing the sun during the rest of the winter.
+The houses are low, dark and dirty, and the people themselves seem to be
+stupefied with the utter misery of their condition."
+
+Besides the strong appeal thus made to his sympathy, the young pastor
+nowhere else felt as in this valley the inspiration of his parish's
+history. Dourmillouse especially he regarded as the most staunchly
+Protestant of all the villages to which he ministered. "It is
+celebrated," he writes, "for the resistance which its inhabitants have
+opposed for more than six hundred years to the Church of Rome. They
+never bowed their knee before an idol, even when all the inhabitants of
+the valley of Queyras" (on the opposite side of the Durance, and
+embracing Arvieux, St. Veran and other villages) "dissembled their
+faith. The aspect of this desert, both terrible and sublime, which
+served as the asylum of truth when almost all the world lay in darkness;
+the recollection of the faithful martyrs of old; the deep caverns into
+which they withdrew to read the Bible in secret and to worship the
+Father of Light in spirit and in truth,--everything tends to elevate my
+soul." He spent here the whole of one winter and large portions of
+another, and it was here that he gathered his most important schools.
+
+The rest of the field was not, however, neglected. Neff allowed himself
+twenty-one days for traversing his parish from end to end, and during
+much of the year his rounds succeeded each other with little interval.
+He was continually passing from the extreme of heat in sunny valleys to
+the arctic cold of snows and glaciers. His lodging on these journeys was
+in the huts of the peasants. He shared their coarse and unwholesome
+food, often cooked in ill-cleansed copper vessels. He slept in small,
+unventilated hovels, a dozen other persons often dividing with him the
+scanty space. He did not shrink from even the stables in winter. However
+exhausted he might be by hours of toilsome walking, his elastic spirit
+quickly revived: all thought of refreshment for himself was secondary to
+the spiritual wants he sought to meet in others.
+
+Nor was he content without trying to ameliorate the temporal condition
+of his parishioners. By the care of his own garden he sought to teach
+them more intelligent and productive methods of agriculture than the
+rude processes to which they were accustomed. In the valley of
+Fressiniere he built an aqueduct for purposes of irrigation, overcoming
+prejudice and opposition by beginning the work with his own hands. The
+example of Oberlin was constantly before him, and he often expresses his
+ambition to be to his people such a guide and helper as the pastor of
+Ban de la Roche had been to the peasants of the Vosges.
+
+Neff was not long in discovering that his work must begin with the most
+elementary instruction. Generally, the people were ignorant of any
+language but their native patois. Up to this period their schoolmasters,
+paid at the rate of twenty-five francs a year, had been peasants like
+themselves. Their only time for study was such of the year as was not
+needed for the tilling of the niggardly soil or spent in the care of the
+flocks. And even the little they were able to learn was easily lost on
+account of the scarcity of books. Neff first addressed himself to
+learning the patois, and then, as he went from village to village, made
+ordinary teaching a part of his pastoral functions. At the beginning of
+his second winter he resolved to undertake the training of teachers. "I
+foresaw," he writes, "that the truth which I had been permitted to
+preach would not only not spread, but might even be lost, unless
+something should be done to promote its continuance." Accordingly, for
+five months he relinquished the more congenial general work of his
+parish and devoted himself to a normal school at Dourmillouse. One
+reason for planting it there was the inaccessibility of the place and
+its consequent freedom from distraction. More than twenty young men from
+other villages cheerfully submitted to the long confinement in this
+ice-bound fastness, and the people of Dourmillouse were glad to make
+room in their huts for the new-comers, and to add to the supplies
+brought by them their own scanty stores.
+
+The following winter, his third in the High Alps, Neff again opened this
+school, dividing its care, however, with one of his most capable pupils
+of the previous year, and paying occasional visits to other parts of his
+parish. But now his health, never robust, began to give way under the
+incessant strain to which it was subjected. Early in the spring of 1829
+he was forced to go to Geneva with the hope of recruiting. There, after
+two years of suffering, the details of which are painful beyond
+expression, he died at the age of thirty-one.
+
+With our minds full of these memories we set out on the morning after
+our arrival at Pallons, with Pastor Charpiot as guide, to explore the
+valley of Fressiniere and ascend to Dourmillouse. The immediate vicinity
+of Pallons is fair and fertile, but a short walk up the course of an
+impetuous torrent brought us to a narrow gorge, beyond which we found a
+totally different region. Bare slopes of rock that looked grim even in
+the sunny morning, and a waste valley-bottom, here of considerable
+width, but sterile and bleak, made up the landscape. Its dreariness was
+only increased by an occasional chalet standing beside a patch of limp
+and discolored potato-vines. As we went on the scene grew more and more
+gloomy. The tillage is in cleared spots not so large as the heaps of
+stones that surround them, or on bits of practicable soil left by
+land-slides in the midst of their hideous debris. The only trees are
+dwarfish pollards, reduced to bare trunks with thin tufts of green atop
+by the practice of stripping off the sprouts every two or three years to
+make fodder for the goats. Midway up the valley we passed the village of
+Violins. It seemed mournfully empty, and many of the houses were in
+reality deserted. A shy, bright-faced fellow opened the little _temple_
+for our inspection, and Pastor Charpiot reminded us how its interior was
+not only planned by Neff, but in large measure his actual handiwork.
+Half an hour further on our path led us through the hamlet of Minsas,
+now entirely abandoned and in ruins. The desolation of the valley here
+becomes appalling. On either hand sheer precipices of crumbling rock
+rise above steep slopes of gravel and loose stones. The ground is strewn
+thick with great boulders, many of which had left traces of their
+furious descent before settling, sometimes close beside the path, or
+even after crossing it in a final bound. The precipices from which they
+had detached themselves are composed of strangely-twisted strata, and
+frequently recurring streaks of lurid red give them a fierce and ghastly
+aspect. Landslips and torrents of stones are so frequent of late years
+that no more attempts are made to clear away the rubbish thus deposited.
+Where these scourges have not fallen the sullen stream has carried
+devastation. Floods occur every year. That of 1856 wrought a ruin from
+which the villages have never rallied. In the whole upper half of the
+valley of Fressiniere there is not, I suppose, an acre of land capable
+of cultivation. In the time of Neff, wretched as its condition must
+always have been, the poverty of this region was not so utterly hopeless
+as it has since become. The failure of all resources is literally
+driving away its inhabitants. Those who remain, as in such cases a
+certain proportion cannot help doing, sometimes in bad years pass
+three, six, and even nine, months without bread. Their small stock of
+potatoes is often exhausted long before it can be replenished. "I am at
+a loss," said the pastor, "when we are no longer able to give them aid,
+to know how they live. The only semblance of food left to them is soup,
+for which, perhaps, they haven't even salt, much less meat or
+vegetables. Turbid water--_de l'eau trouble, rien de plus!_"
+
+The valley terminates abruptly at what seems an impassable wall of rock.
+Upon nearer approach a zigzag path up its face is discovered. Not far
+from the top the narrow way creeps by a ledge which barely affords
+foothold across a thread of sparkling foam slipping down a perpendicular
+precipice. In winter this passage is sheeted in dangerously unstable
+ice, and makes Dourmillouse inaccessible for weeks. Neff gives a
+spirited account in his journal of leading out a party of young peasants
+by torchlight, armed with axes, to cut a path here on the evening before
+some service in which he wished the people of the upper and lower
+valleys to unite. Dourmillouse lies on a slope above this difficult
+ascent. It is a mere group of rude chalets, like the other villages, but
+it has a less miserable air. The land-slides are mostly confined to the
+lower valley, and here the scanty Alpine pastures and steep patches of
+rye are out of reach of the floods. The people are seldom reduced to
+actual want of food, and are esteemed prosperous by their more destitute
+neighbors below.
+
+Our first visit was to the old priory in which Neff held his winter
+schools. A row of half a dozen trees planted by him in front of the
+house now shuts off a good deal of much-needed sunshine, but is
+nevertheless carefully cherished as a memorial. Beside the priory stands
+the _temple_, once a Roman Catholic church, in which, before the
+Revolution, a priest is said to have ministered for twenty-five years
+without making a single convert, his own servant constituting his flock.
+Presently we went to rest and eat the lunch Pastor Charpiot had brought,
+at the house of the local _ancien_, or elder. His wife, a sturdy,
+smiling young woman, gave us an eager welcome. Two round-cheeked boys
+frisked about their old friend the pastor, and a baby--its spirits quite
+unclouded by its austere surroundings--crowed lustily from the cradle in
+which, after the fashion of the country, it was tightly strapped. It was
+a low, grimy room, with one square bit of a window, and far from clean.
+Dr. Gilly, the prim English biographer of Neff, quaintly says:
+"Cleanliness is not a virtue which distinguishes any of the people in
+these mountains; and, with such a nice sense of moral perception as they
+display, and with such strict attention to the duties of religion, it is
+astonishing that they have not yet learnt those ablutions in their
+persons or habitations which are as necessary to comfort as to health."
+I suspect, however, that the nicest "sense of moral perception" in the
+world would excuse the omission of a good many "ablutions" in a place
+where all the water that is used has to be carried more than a quarter
+of a mile up a steep and rough mountain-path from the nearest stream.
+And there was one refinement in the rude chalet not always present in
+regions far less removed from the centres of civilization: besides the
+cloth--so coarse as to be a curiosity--which the woman laid for us over
+an end of the unscoured table, she put at each of our places, as a
+matter of course, a fresh napkin of the same rude stuff.
+
+I could not sufficiently admire the brave cheerfulness of these simple
+folk. Many of the villagers were busy gathering their little stock of
+potatoes, and all had something bright to say about their good fortune
+in getting them so well grown and safely stored before the frosts. It
+was the last week in September, and they thought the winter already
+close at hand. There was, too, in spite of a shrinking from strangers
+painfully suggestive of tendencies inherited from generations of
+persecuted ancestors, a degree of intelligence and self-respect often
+wanting among peasants far more favorably circumstanced. And it seemed
+to me worthy of remark that in all our walk--notwithstanding the
+valley's unexampled poverty--we did not encounter a single beggar.
+Before we left Dourmillouse the "elder" appeared, a stalwart young
+mountaineer with his gun slung across his shoulder. He had finished his
+morning's work in some distant field, and was off for a chamois-hunt
+among the rocks and glaciers. As a relic of our visit he gave us a block
+of rye bread twenty-two months old, which he chopped off the loaf with a
+hatchet.
+
+We had frequent evidence in the course of our excursion that Pastor
+Charpiot is a real shepherd to his needy flock. Indeed, he gave to the
+walk an intimate and peculiar interest quite apart from its historical
+associations. Here he bade us go slowly on while he looked in upon a
+sick man, explaining that he had to be doctor as well as minister. Again
+he asked us to stop and share with him some of the grapes which a stout
+young peasant-woman was bringing on her donkey from the Durance
+vineyards, and which had no sweetness save in the good-will that offered
+them. For all whom we met he had a cheery greeting or an affectionate
+inquiry that showed familiar acquaintance with their concerns; and
+occasionally a word or two suggested a truth or hope, aptly illustrated
+in some passing incident, no matter how trifling or homely.
+
+A storm was gathering in the mountains as we made our way back to
+Pallons through the deepening shadows of the autumn afternoon. Before we
+emerged from the desolate valley its gloom had grown almost intolerable;
+and yet this was but a suggestion of the winter horrors which the
+white-haired pastor at our side had faced for years in his regular
+ministrations at the different hamlets we had visited. Speaking of the
+five pastors now distributed over the field of which Neff assumed the
+whole charge, he said with a modesty that was quite unaffected, "All
+five together, we are not worth him alone" (_nous ne le valons pas_).
+What we had seen that day convinced us that so far at least as concerned
+himself his deprecation was unfounded, but in expressing it he echoed
+the tone that seemed universal in the High Alps in reference to the
+illustrious young pastor. Neff could not, of course, in his short career
+accomplish the permanent revolution which he dreamed of and longed for.
+At the same time, it cannot be said that his work has perished while not
+only pastors but people feel so strongly the inspiration of that heroic
+life.
+
+JAMES M. BRUCE.
+
+
+
+
+BLOOMING.
+
+    A little seed lay underneath the ground,
+      While from the south a mild wind-current blew,
+      And from the tropics to the northward flew
+    Long, angular lines of wild-fowl with a sound
+    Of silken wings. About that time the sun
+      Put forth a shining finger, and did stir
+    The sleeping soil to effort; whereupon
+      The seed made roots like webs of gossamer,
+    Shot up a stem, and flourished leaf and flower.
+      Now look, O sweet! see what your eyes have done
+    With just one ray of their mysterious power
+      Upon the germ of my heart's passion thrown!
+    Through all my frame steal roots of pure desire:
+    My dreams are blooms that shake and shine like fire.
+
+MAURICE THOMPSON
+
+
+
+
+FELIPA.
+
+
+Christine and I found her there. She was a small, dark-skinned,
+yellow-eyed child, the offspring of the ocean and the heats, tawny,
+lithe and wild, shy yet fearless--not unlike one of the little brown
+deer that bounded through the open reaches of the pine barren behind the
+house. She did not come to us--we came to her: we loomed into her life
+like genii from another world, and she was partly afraid and partly
+proud of us. For were we not her guests?--proud thought!--and, better
+still, were we not women? "I have only seen three women in all my life,"
+said Felipa, inspecting us gravely, "and I like women. I am a woman too,
+although these clothes of the son of Pedro make me appear as a boy: I
+wear them on account of the boat and the hauling in of the fish. The son
+of Pedro being dead at a convenient age, and his clothes fitting me,
+what would you have? It was manifestly a chance not to be despised. But
+when I am grown I shall wear robes long and beautiful like the
+senora's." The little creature was dressed in a boy's suit of dark-blue
+linen, much the worse for wear, and torn.
+
+"If you are a girl, why do you not mend your clothes?" I said.
+
+"Do you mend, senora?"
+
+"Certainly: all women sew and mend."
+
+"The other lady?"
+
+Christine laughed as she lay at ease upon the brown carpet of pine
+needles, warm and aromatic after the tropic day's sunshine. "The child
+has divined me already, Catherine," she said.
+
+Christine was a tall, lissome maid, with an unusually long stretch of
+arm, long sloping shoulders and a long fair throat: her straight hair
+fell to her knees when unbound, and its clear flaxen hue had not one
+shade of gold, as her clear gray eyes had not one shade of blue. Her
+small, straight, rose-leaf lips parted over small, dazzlingly white
+teeth, and the outline of her face in profile reminded you of an etching
+in its distinctness, although it was by no means perfect according to
+the rules of art. Still, what a comfort it was, after the blurred
+outlines and smudged profiles many of us possess--seen to best
+advantage, I think, in church on Sundays, crowned with flower-decked
+bonnets, listening calmly serene to favorite ministers, unconscious of
+noses! When Christine had finished her laugh--and she never hurried
+anything, but took the full taste of it--she stretched out her arm
+carelessly and patted Felipa's curly head. The child caught the
+descending hand and kissed the long white fingers.
+
+It was a wild place where we were, yet not new or crude--the coast of
+Florida, that old-new land, with its deserted plantations, its skies of
+Paradise, and its broad wastes open to the changeless sunshine. The old
+house stood on the edge of the dry land, where the pine barren ended and
+the salt marsh began: in front curved the tide-water river that seemed
+ever trying to come up close to the barren and make its acquaintance,
+but could not quite succeed, since it must always turn and flee at a
+fixed hour, like Cinderella at the ball, leaving not a silver slipper,
+but purple driftwood and bright sea-weeds, brought in from the Gulf
+Stream outside. A planked platform ran out into the marsh from the edge
+of the barren, and at its end the boats were moored; for although at
+high tide the river was at our feet, at low tide it was far away out in
+the green waste somewhere, and if we wanted it we must go and seek it.
+We did not want it, however: we let it glide up to us twice a day with
+its fresh salt odors and flotsam of the ocean, and the rest of the time
+we wandered over the barrens or lay under the trees looking up into the
+wonderful blue above, listening to the winds as they rushed across from
+sea to sea. I was an artist, poor and painstaking: Christine was my kind
+friend. She had brought me South because my cough was troublesome, and
+here because Edward Bowne recommended the place. He and three
+fellow-sportsmen were down at the Madre Lagoon, farther south; I thought
+it probable we should see him, without his three fellow-sportsmen,
+before very long.
+
+"Who were the three women you have seen, Felipa?" said Christine.
+
+"The grandmother, an Indian woman of the Seminoles who comes sometimes
+with baskets, and the wife of Miguel of the island. But they are all
+old, and their skins are curled: I like better the silver skin of the
+senora."
+
+Poor little Felipa lived on the edge of the great salt marsh alone with
+her grand-parents, for her mother was dead. The yellow old couple were
+slow-witted Minorcans, part pagan, part Catholic, and wholly ignorant:
+their minds rarely rose above the level of their orange trees and their
+fish-nets. Felipa's father was a Spanish sailor, and as he had died only
+the year before, the child's Spanish was fairly correct, and we could
+converse with her readily, although we were slow to comprehend the
+patois of the old people, which seemed to borrow as much from the
+Italian tongue and the Greek as from its mother Spanish. "I know a great
+deal," Felipa remarked confidently, "for my father taught me. He had
+sailed on the ocean out of sight of land, and he knew many things. These
+he taught to me. Do the gracious ladies think there is anything else to
+know?"
+
+One of the gracious ladies thought not, decidedly: in answer to my
+remonstrance, expressed in English, she said, "Teach a child like that,
+and you ruin her."
+
+"Ruin her?"
+
+"Ruin her happiness--the same thing."
+
+Felipa had a dog, a second self--a great gaunt yellow creature of
+unknown breed, with crooked legs, big feet and the name Drollo. What
+Drollo meant, or whether it was an abbreviation, we never knew, but
+there was a certain satisfaction in it, for the dog was droll: the fact
+that the Minorcan title, whatever it was, meant nothing of that kind,
+made it all the better. We never saw Felipa without Drollo. "They look
+a good deal alike," observed Christine--"the same coloring."
+
+"For shame!" I said.
+
+But it was true. The child's bronzed yellow skin and soft eyes were not
+unlike the dog's, but her head was crowned with a mass of short black
+curls, while Drollo had only his two great flapping ears and his low
+smooth head. Give him an inch or two more of skull, and what a creature
+a dog would be! For love and faithfulness even now what man can match
+him? But, although ugly, Felipa was a picturesque little object always,
+whether attired in boy's clothes or in her own forlorn bodice and skirt.
+Olive-hued and meagre-faced, lithe and thin, she flew over the pine
+barrens like a creature of air, laughing to feel her short curls toss
+and her thin childish arms buoyed up on the breeze as she ran, with
+Drollo barking behind. For she loved the winds, and always knew when
+they were coming--whether down from the north, in from the ocean, or
+across from the Gulf of Mexico: she watched for them, sitting in the
+doorway, where she could feel their first breath, and she taught us the
+signal of the clouds. She was a queer little thing: we used to find her
+sometimes dancing alone out on the barren in a circle she had marked out
+with pine-cones, and once she confided to us that she talked to the
+trees. "They hear," she said in a whisper: "you should see how knowing
+they look, and how their leaves listen."
+
+Once we came upon her most secret lair in a dense thicket of
+thorn-myrtle and wild smilax, a little bower she had made, where was
+hidden a horrible-looking image formed of the rough pieces of
+saw-palmetto grubbed up by old Bartolo from his garden. She must have
+dragged these fragments thither one by one, and with infinite pains
+bound them together with her rude withes of strong marsh-grass, until at
+last she had formed a rough trunk with crooked arms and a sort of a
+head, the red hairy surface of the palmetto looking not unlike the skin
+of some beast, and making the creature all the more grotesque. This
+fetich was kept crowned with flowers, and after this we often saw the
+child stealing away with Drollo to carry to it portions of her meals or
+a new-found treasure--a sea-shell, a broken saucer, or a fragment of
+ribbon. The food always mysteriously disappeared, and my suspicion is
+that Drollo used to go back secretly in the night and devour it, asking
+no questions and telling no lies: it fitted in nicely, however, Drollo
+merely performing the ancient part of the priests of Jupiter, men who
+have been much admired. "What a little pagan she is!" I said.
+
+"Oh no, it is only her doll," replied Christine.
+
+I tried several times to paint Felipa during these first weeks, but
+those eyes of hers always evaded me. They were, as I have said before,
+yellow--that is, they were brown with yellow lights--and they stared at
+you with the most inflexible openness. The child had the full-curved,
+half-open mouth of the tropics, and a low Greek forehead. "Why isn't she
+pretty?" I said.
+
+"She is hideous," replied Christine: "look at her elbows."
+
+Now, Felipa's arms _were_ unpleasant; they were brown and lean,
+scratched and stained, and they terminated in a pair of determined
+little paws that could hold on like grim Death. I shall never forget
+coming upon a tableau one day out on the barren--a little Florida cow
+and Felipa, she holding on by the horns, and the beast with its small
+fore feet stubbornly set in the sand; girl pulling one way, cow the
+other; both silent and determined. It was a hard contest, but the girl
+won.
+
+"And if you pass over her elbows, there are her feet," continued
+Christine languidly. For she was a sybaritic lover of the fine linens of
+life, that friend of mine--a pre-Raphaelite lady with clinging draperies
+and a mediaeval clasp on her belt. Her whole being rebelled against
+ugliness, and the mere sight of a sharp-nosed, light-eyed woman on a
+cold day made her uncomfortable for hours.
+
+"Have we not feet, too?" I replied sharply.
+
+But I knew what she meant. Bare feet are not pleasant to the eye
+now-a-days, whatever they may have been in the days of the ancient
+Greeks; and Felipa's little brown insteps were half the time torn or
+bruised by the thorns of the chapparal. Besides, there was always the
+disagreeable idea that she might step upon something cold and squirming
+when she prowled through the thickets knee-deep in the matted grasses.
+Snakes abounded, although we never saw them; but Felipa went up to their
+very doors, as it were, and rang the bell defiantly.
+
+One day old Grandfather Bartolo took the child with him down to the
+coast: she was always wild to go to the beach, where she could gather
+shells and sea-beans, and chase the little ocean-birds that ran along
+close to the waves with that swift gliding motion of theirs, and where
+she could listen to the roar of the breakers. We were several miles up
+the river, and to go down to the ocean was quite a voyage to Felipa. She
+bade us good-bye joyously; then ran back to hug Christine a second time,
+then to the boat again; then back.
+
+"I thought you wanted to go, child?" I said, a little impatiently, for I
+was reading aloud, and these small irruptions were disturbing.
+
+"Yes," said Felipa, "I want to go; and still--Perhaps if the gracious
+senora would kiss me again--"
+
+Christine only patted her cheek and told her to run away: she obeyed,
+but there was a wistful look in her eyes, and even after the boat had
+started her face, watching us from the stern, haunted me.
+
+"Now that the little monkey has gone, I may be able at last to catch and
+fix a likeness of her," I said: "in this case a recollection is better
+than the changing quicksilver reality."
+
+"You take it as a study of ugliness, I suppose?"
+
+"Do not be so hard upon the child, Christine."
+
+"Hard? Why, she adores me," said my friend, going off to her hammock
+under the tree.
+
+Several days passed, and the boat returned not. I accomplished a fine
+amount of work, and Christine a fine amount of swinging in the hammock
+and dreaming. At length one afternoon I gave my final touch, and carried
+my sketch over to the pre-Raphaelite lady for criticism. "What do you
+see?" I said.
+
+"I see a wild-looking child with yellow eyes, a mat of curly black hair,
+a lank little bodice, her two thin brown arms embracing a gaunt old dog
+with crooked legs, big feet and turned-in toes."
+
+"Is that all?"
+
+"All."
+
+"You do not see latent beauty, proud courage, and a possible great gulf
+of love in that poor wild little face?"
+
+"Nothing of the kind," replied Christine decidedly. "I see an ugly
+little girl: that is all."
+
+The next day the boat returned, and brought back five persons--the old
+grandfather, Felipa, Drollo, Miguel of the island and--Edward Bowne.
+
+"Already?" I said.
+
+"Tired of the Madre, Kitty: thought I would come up here and see you for
+a while. I knew you must be pining for me."
+
+"Certainly," I replied: "do you not see how I have wasted away?"
+
+He drew my arm through his and raced me down the plank-walk toward the
+shore, where I arrived laughing and out of breath.
+
+"Where is Christine?" he asked.
+
+I came back into the traces at once: "Over there in the hammock. You
+wish to go to the house first, I suppose?"
+
+"Of course not."
+
+"But she did not come to meet you, Edward, although she knew you had
+landed."
+
+"Of course not, also."
+
+"I do not understand you two."
+
+"And of course not, a third time," said Edward, looking down at me with
+a smile. "What do quiet, peaceful little artists know about war?"
+
+"Is it war?"
+
+"Something very like it, Kitty. What is that you are carrying?"
+
+"Oh! my new sketch. What do you think of it?"
+
+"Good, very good. Some little girl about here, I suppose?"
+
+"Why, it is Felipa!"
+
+"And who is Felipa? Seems to me I have seen that old dog, though."
+
+"Of course you have: he was in the boat with you, and so was Felipa, but
+she was dressed in boy's clothes, and that gives her a different look."
+
+"Oh! that boy? I remember him. His name is Philip. He is a funny little
+fellow," said Edward calmly.
+
+"Her name is Felipa, and she is not a boy or a funny little fellow at
+all," I replied.
+
+"Isn't she? I thought she was both," replied Ned carelessly, and then he
+went off toward the hammock. I turned away after noting Christine's cool
+greeting, and went back to the boat.
+
+Felipa came bounding to meet me. "What is his name?" she demanded.
+
+"Bowne."
+
+"Buon--Buona: I cannot say it."
+
+"Bowne, child--Edward Bowne."
+
+"Oh! Eduardo: I know that. Eduardo--Eduardo--a name of honey."
+
+She flew off singing the name, followed by Drollo carrying his
+mistress's palmetto basket in his big patient mouth; but when I passed
+the house a few moments afterward she was singing, or rather talking
+volubly of, another name--"Miguel," and "the wife of Miguel," who were
+apparently important personages on the canvas of her life. As it
+happened, I never really saw that wife of Miguel, who seemingly had no
+name of her own; but I imagined her. She lived on a sandbar in the ocean
+not far from the mouth of our river; she drove pelicans like ducks with
+a long switch, and she had a tame eagle; she had an old horse also, who
+dragged the driftwood across the sand on a sledge, and this old horse
+seemed like a giant horse always, outlined as he ever was against the
+flat bar and the sky. She went out at dawn, and she went out at sunset,
+but during the middle of the burning day she sat at home and polished
+sea-beans, for which she obtained untold sums: she was very tall, she
+was very yellow, and she had but one eye. These items, one by one, had
+been dropped by Felipa at various times, and it was with curiosity that
+I gazed upon the original Miguel, the possessor of this remarkable
+spouse. He was a grave-eyed, yellow man, who said little and thought
+less, applying _cui bono?_ to mental much as the city man applies it to
+bodily exertion, and therefore achieving, I think, a finer degree of
+inanition. The tame eagle, the pelicans, were nothing to him, and when I
+saw his lethargic, gentle countenance my own curiosity about them seemed
+to die away in haze, as though I had breathed in an invisible opiate. He
+came, he went, and that was all: exit Miguel.
+
+Felipa was constantly with us now. She and Drollo followed the three of
+us wherever we went--followed the two also whenever I stayed behind to
+sketch, as I often stayed, for in those days I was trying to catch the
+secret of the barrens: a hopeless effort, I know it now. "Stay with me,
+Felipa," I said; for it was natural to suppose that the lovers might
+like to be alone. (I call them lovers for want of a better name, but
+they were more like haters: however, in such cases it is nearly the same
+thing.) And then Christine, hearing this, would immediately call
+"Felipa!" and the child would dart after them, happy as a bird. She wore
+her boy's suit now all the time, because the senora had said she "looked
+well in it." What the senora really said was, that in boy's clothes she
+looked less like a grasshopper. But this had been translated as above by
+Edward Bowne when Felipa suddenly descended upon him one day and
+demanded to be instantly told what the gracious lady was saying about
+her; for she seemed to know by intuition when we spoke of her, although
+we talked in English and mentioned no names. When told, her small face
+beamed, and she kissed Christine's hand joyfully and bounded away.
+Christine took out her beautiful handkerchief and wiped the spot.
+
+"Christine," I said, "do you remember the fate of the proud girl who
+walked upon bread?"
+
+"You think that I may starve for kisses some time?" said my friend,
+going on with the wiping.
+
+"Not while I am alive," called out Edward from behind. His style of
+courtship _was_ of the sledge-hammer sort sometimes. But he did not get
+much for it on that day; only lofty tolerance, which seemed to amuse him
+greatly.
+
+Edward played with Felipa very much as if she was a rubber toy or a
+trapeze performer. He held her out at arm's length in mid-air, he poised
+her on his shoulder, he tossed her up into the low myrtle trees, and
+dangled her by her little belt over the claret-colored pools on the
+barren; but he could not frighten her: she only laughed and grew wilder
+and wilder, like a squirrel. "She has muscles and nerves of steel," he
+said admiringly.
+
+"Do put her down: she is too excitable for such games," I said in
+French, for Felipa seemed to divine our English now. "See the color she
+has."
+
+For there was a trail of dark red over the child's thin oval cheeks
+which made her look strangely unlike herself. As she caught our eyes
+fixed upon her she suddenly stopped her climbing and came and sat at
+Christine's feet. "Some day I shall wear robes like the senora's," she
+said, passing her hand over the soft fabric; "and I think," she added
+after some slow consideration, "that my face will be like the senora's
+too."
+
+Edward burst out laughing. The little creature stopped abruptly and
+scanned his face.
+
+"Do not tease her," I said.
+
+Quick as a flash she veered around upon me. "He does not tease me," she
+said angrily in Spanish; "and, besides, what if he does? I like it." She
+looked at me with gleaming eyes and stamped her foot.
+
+"What a little tempest!" said Christine.
+
+Then Edward, man-like, began to explain. "You could not look much like
+this lady, Felipa," he said, "because you are so dark, you know."
+
+"Am I dark?"
+
+"Very dark; but many people are dark, of course; and for my part I
+always liked dark eyes," said this mendacious person.
+
+"Do you like my eyes?" asked Felipa anxiously.
+
+"Indeed I do: they are like the eyes of a dear little calf I once owned
+when I was a boy."
+
+The child was satisfied, and went back to her place beside Christine.
+"Yes, I shall wear robes like this," she said dreamily, drawing the
+flowing drapery over her knees clad in the little linen trousers, and
+scanning the effect: "they would trail behind me--so." Her bare feet
+peeped out below the hem, and again we all laughed, the little brown
+toes looked so comical coming out from the silk and the snowy
+embroideries. She came down to reality at once, looked at us, looked at
+herself, and for the first time seemed to comprehend the difference.
+Then suddenly she threw herself down on the ground like a little animal,
+and buried her head in her arms. She would not speak, she would not look
+up: she only relaxed one arm a little to take in Drollo, and then lay
+motionless. Drollo looked at us out of one eye solemnly from his
+uncomfortable position, as much as to say, "No use: leave her to me." So
+after a while we went away and left them there.
+
+That evening I heard a low knock at my door. "Come in," I said, and
+Felipa entered. I hardly knew her. She was dressed in a flowered muslin
+gown which had probably belonged to her mother, and she wore her
+grandmother's stockings and large baggy slippers: on her mat of curly
+hair was perched a high-crowned, stiff white cap adorned with a ribbon
+streamer, and her lank little neck, coming out of the big gown, was
+decked with a chain of large sea-beans, like exaggerated lockets. She
+carried a Cuban fan in her hand which was as large as a parasol, and
+Drollo, walking behind, fairly clanked with the chain of sea-shells
+which she had wound around him from head to tail. The droll tableau and
+the supreme pride on Felipa's countenance overcame me, and I laughed
+aloud. A sudden cloud of rage and disappointment came over the poor
+child's face: she threw her cap on the floor and stamped on it; she tore
+off her necklace and writhed herself out of her big flowered gown, and
+running to Drollo, nearly strangled him in her fierce efforts to drag
+off his shell chains. Then, a half-dressed, wild little phantom, she
+seized me by the skirts and dragged me toward the looking-glass. "You
+are not pretty either," she cried. "Look at yourself! look at yourself!"
+
+"I did not mean to laugh at you, Felipa," I said gently: "I would not
+laugh at any one; and it is true I am not pretty, as you say. I can
+never be pretty, child; but if you will try to be more gentle, I could
+teach you how to dress yourself so that no one would laugh at you again.
+I could make you a little bright-barred skirt and a scarlet bodice: you
+could help, and that would teach you to sew. But a little girl who wants
+all this done for her must be quiet and good."
+
+"I am good," said Felipa--"as good as everything."
+
+The tears still stood in her eyes, but her anger was forgotten: she
+improvised a sort of dance around my room, followed by Drollo dragging
+his twisted chain, stepping on it with his big feet, and finally winding
+himself up into a knot around the chair-legs.
+
+"Couldn't we make Drollo something too? dear old Drollo!" said Felipa,
+going to him and squeezing him in an enthusiastic embrace. I used to
+wonder how his poor ribs stood it: Felipa used him as a safety-valve for
+her impetuous feelings.
+
+She kissed me good-night and then asked for "the other lady."
+
+"Go to bed, child," I said: "I will give her your good-night."
+
+"But I want to kiss her too," said Felipa.
+
+She lingered at the door and would not go; she played with the latch,
+and made me nervous with its clicking; at last I ordered her out. But on
+opening my door half an hour afterward there she was sitting on the
+floor outside in the darkness, she and Drollo, patiently waiting.
+Annoyed, but unable to reprove her, I wrapped the child in my shawl and
+carried her out into the moonlight, where Christine and Edward were
+strolling to and fro under the pines. "She will not go to bed,
+Christine, without kissing you," I explained.
+
+"Funny little monkey!" said my lily friend, passively allowing the
+embrace.
+
+"Me too," said Edward, bending down. Then I carried my bundle back
+satisfied.
+
+The next day Felipa and I in secret began our labors: hers consisted in
+worrying me out of my life and spoiling material--mine in keeping my
+temper and trying to sew. The result, however, was satisfactory, never
+mind how we got there. I led Christine out one afternoon: Edward
+followed. "Do you like tableaux?" I said. "There is one I have arranged
+for you."
+
+Felipa sat on the edge of the low, square-curbed Spanish well, and
+Drollo stood behind her, his great yellow body and solemn head serving
+as a background. She wore a brown petticoat barred with bright colors,
+and a little scarlet bodice fitting her slender waist closely; a
+chemisette of soft cream-color with loose sleeves covered her neck and
+arms, and set off the dark hues of her cheeks and eyes; and around her
+curly hair a red scarf was twisted, its fringed edges forming a drapery
+at the back of the head, which, more than anything else, seemed to bring
+out the latent character of her face. Brown moccasins, red stockings and
+a quantity of bright beads completed her costume.
+
+"By Jove!" cried Edward, "the little thing is almost pretty."
+
+Felipa understood this, and a great light came into her face: forgetting
+her pose, she bounded forward to Christine's side. "I am pretty, then?"
+she said with exultation: "I _am_ pretty, then, after all? For now you
+yourself have said it--have said it."
+
+"No, Felipa," I interposed, "the gentleman said it." For the child had a
+curious habit of confounding the two identities which puzzled me then as
+now. But this afternoon, this happy afternoon, she was content, for she
+was allowed to sit at Christine's feet and look up into her fair face
+unmolested. I was forgotten, as usual.
+
+"It is always so," I said to myself. But cynicism, as Mr. Aldrich says,
+is a small brass field-piece that eventually bursts and kills the
+artilleryman. I knew this, having been blown up myself more than once;
+so I went back to my painting and forgot the world. Our world down there
+on the edge of the salt marsh, however, was a small one: when two
+persons went out of it there was a vacuum at once.
+
+One morning Felipa came sadly to my side. "They have gone away,'" she
+said.
+
+"Yes, child."
+
+"Down to the beach to spend all the day."
+
+"Yes, I know it."
+
+"And without me!"
+
+This was the climax. I looked up. The child's eyes were dry, but there
+was a hollow look of disappointment in her face that made her seem old:
+it was as though for an instant you caught what her old-woman face would
+be half a century on.
+
+"Why did they not take me?" she said. "I am pretty now: she herself said
+it."
+
+"They cannot always take you, Felipa," I replied, giving up the point as
+to who had said it.
+
+"Why not? I am pretty now: she herself said it," persisted the child.
+"In these clothes, you know: she herself said it. The clothes of the son
+of Pedro you will never see more: they are burned."
+
+"Burned?"
+
+"Yes, burned," replied Felipa composedly. "I carried them out on the
+barren and burned them. Drollo singed his paw. They burned quite nicely.
+But they are gone, and I am pretty now, and yet they did not take me!
+What shall I do?"
+
+"Take these colors and make me a picture," I suggested. Generally, this
+was a prized privilege, but to-day it did not attract: she turned away,
+and a few moments after I saw her going down to the end of the plank
+walk, where she stood gazing wistfully toward the ocean. There she
+stayed all day, going into camp with Drollo, and refusing to come to
+dinner in spite of old Dominga's calls and beckonings. At last the
+patient old grandmother went down herself to the end of the long plank
+walk where they were with some bread and venison on a plate. Felipa ate
+but little, but Drollo, after waiting politely until she had finished,
+devoured everything that was left in his calmly hungry way, and then sat
+back on his haunches with one paw on the plate, as though for the sake
+of memory. Drollo's hunger was of the chronic kind: it seemed impossible
+either to assuage it or to fill him. There was a gaunt leanness about
+him which I am satisfied no amount of food could ever fatten. I think he
+knew it too, and that accounted for his resignation. At length, just
+before sunset, the boat returned, floating up the river with the tide,
+old Bartolo steering and managing the brown sails. Felipa sprang up
+joyfully: I thought she would spring into the boat in her eagerness.
+What did she receive for her long vigil? A short word or two: that was
+all. Christine and Edward had quarreled.
+
+How do lovers quarrel ordinarily? But I should not ask that, for these
+were no ordinary lovers: they were decidedly extraordinary.
+
+"You should not submit to her caprices so readily," I said the next day
+while strolling on the barren with Edward. (He was not so much cast
+down, however, as he might have been.)
+
+"I adore the very ground her foot touches, Kitty."
+
+"I know it. But how will it end?"
+
+"I will tell you: some of these days I shall win her, and then--she will
+adore me."
+
+Here Felipa came running after us, and Edward immediately challenged her
+to a race: a game of romps began. If Christine had been looking from her
+window, she might have thought he was not especially disconsolate over
+her absence; but she was not looking. She was never looking out of
+anything or for anybody. She was always serenely content where she was.
+Edward and Felipa strayed off among the pine trees, and gradually I lost
+sight of them. But as I sat sketching an hour afterward Edward came into
+view, carrying the child in his arms. I hurried to meet them.
+
+"I shall never forgive myself," he said: "the little thing has fallen
+and injured her foot badly, I fear."
+
+"I do not care at all," said Felipa: "I like to have it hurt. It is _my_
+foot, isn't it?"
+
+These remarks she threw at me defiantly, as though I had laid claim to
+the member in question. I could not help laughing.
+
+"The other lady will not laugh," said the child proudly. And in truth
+Christine, most unexpectedly, took up the role of nurse. She carried
+Felipa to her own room--for we each had a little cell opening out of the
+main apartment--and as white-robed Charity she shone with new radiance.
+"Shone" is the proper word, for through the open door of the dim cell,
+with the dark little face of Felipa on her shoulder, her white robe and
+skin seemed fairly to shine, as white lilies shine on a dark night. The
+old grandmother left the child in our care and watched our proceedings
+wistfully, very much as a dog watches the human hands that extract the
+thorn from the swollen foot of her puppy. She was grateful and asked no
+questions; in fact, thought was not one of her mental processes. She did
+not think much: she only felt. As for Felipa, the child lived in rapture
+during those days in spite of her suffering. She scarcely slept at
+all--she was too happy: I heard her voice rippling on through the night,
+and Christine's low replies. She adored her beautiful nurse.
+
+The fourth day came: Edward Bowne walked into the cell. "Go out and
+breathe the fresh air for an hour or two," he said in the tone more of a
+command than a request.
+
+"But the child will never consent," replied Christine sweetly.
+
+"Oh yes, she will: I will stay with her," said the young man, lifting
+the feverish little head on his arm and passing his hand softly over the
+bright eyes.
+
+"Felipa, do you not want me?" said Christine, bending down.
+
+"He stays: it is all the same," murmured the child.
+
+"So it is. Go, Christine," said Edward with a little smile of triumph.
+
+Without a word Christine left the cell. But she did not go to walk: she
+came to my room, and throwing herself on my bed fell in a moment into a
+deep sleep, the reaction after her three nights of wakefulness. When she
+awoke it was long after dark, and I had relieved Edward in his watch.
+
+"You will have to give it up," he said as our lily came forth at last
+with sleep-flushed cheeks and starry eyes shielded from the light. "The
+spell is broken: we have all been taking care of Felipa, and she likes
+one as well as the other."
+
+Which was not true, in my case at least, since Felipa had openly derided
+my small strength when I lifted her, and beat off the sponge with which
+I attempted to bathe her hot face. "They" used no sponges, she said,
+only their nice cool hands; and she wished "they" would come and take
+care of her again. But Christine had resigned in toto. If Felipa did not
+prefer her to all others, then Felipa could not have her: she was not a
+common nurse. And indeed she was not. Her fair beauty, ideal grace,
+cooing voice and the strength of her long arms and flexible hands were
+like magic to the sick, and--distraction to the well; the well in this
+case being Edward Bowne looking in at the door.
+
+"You love them very much, do you not, Felipa?" I said one day when the
+child was sitting up for the first time in a cushioned chair.
+
+"Ah, yes: it is so delicious when they carry me," she replied. But it
+was Edward who carried her.
+
+"He is very strong," I said.
+
+"Yes, and their long soft hair, with the smell of roses in it too," said
+Felipa dreamily. But the hair was Christine's.
+
+"I shall love them for ever, and they will love me for ever," continued
+the child. "Drollo too." She patted the dog's head as she spoke, and
+then concluded to kiss him on his little inch of forehead: next she
+offered him all her medicines and lotions in turn, and he smelled at
+them grimly. "He likes to know what I am taking," she explained.
+
+I went on: "You love them, Felipa, and they are fond of you. They will
+always remember you, no doubt."
+
+"Remember!" cried Felipa, starting up from her cushions like a
+Jack-in-the-box. "They are not going away? Never! never!"
+
+"But of course they must go some time, for--"
+
+But Felipa was gone. Before I could divine her intent she had flung
+herself out of her chair down on to the floor, and was crawling on her
+hands and knees toward the outer room. I ran after her, but she reached
+the door before me, and, dragging her bandaged foot behind her, drew
+herself, toward Christine. "You are _not_ going away! You are not! you
+are not!" she sobbed, clinging to her skirts.
+
+Christine was reading tranquilly: Edward stood at the outer door mending
+his fishing-tackle. The coolness between them remained unwarmed by so
+much as a breath. "Run away, child: you disturb me," said Christine,
+turning over a leaf. She did not even look at the pathetic little bundle
+at her feet. Pathetic little bundles must be taught some time what
+ingratitude deserves.
+
+"How can she run, lame as she is?" said Edward from the doorway.
+
+"You are not going away, are you? Tell me you are not," sobbed Felipa in
+a passion of tears, beating on the floor with one hand, and with the
+other clinging to Christine.
+
+"I am not going," said Edward. "Do not sob so, you poor little thing!"
+
+She crawled to him, and he took her up in his arms and soothed her into
+stillness again: then he carried her out on to the barren for a breath
+of fresh air.
+
+"It is a most extraordinary thing how that child confounds you two," I
+said. "It is a case of color-blindness, as it were--supposing you two
+were colors."
+
+"Which we are not," replied Christine carelessly. "Do not stray off into
+mysticism, Catherine."
+
+"It is not mysticism: it is a study of character--"
+
+"Where there is no character," replied my friend.
+
+I gave it up, but I said to myself, "Fate, in the next world make me
+one of those long, lithe, light-haired women, will you? I want to see
+how it feels."
+
+Felipa's foot was well again, and spring had come. Soon we must leave
+our lodge on the edge of the pine barren, our outlook over the salt
+marsh, our river sweeping up twice a day, bringing in the briny odors of
+the ocean: soon we should see no more the eagles far above us or hear
+the night-cry of the great owls, and we must go without the little fairy
+flowers of the barren, so small that a hundred of them scarcely made a
+tangible bouquet, yet what beauty! what sweetness! In my portfolio were
+sketches and studies of the barrens, and in my heart were hopes.
+Somebody says somewhere, "Hope is more than a blessing: it is a duty and
+a virtue." But I fail to appreciate preserved hope--hope put up in cans
+and served out in seasons of depression. I like it fresh from the tree.
+And so when I hope it _is_ hope, and not that well-dried, monotonous
+cheerfulness which makes one long to throw the persistent smilers out of
+the window. Felipa danced no more on the barrens; her illness had toned
+her excitable nature; she seemed content to sit at our feet while we
+talked, looking up dreamily into our faces, but no longer eagerly
+endeavoring to comprehend. We were there: that was enough.
+
+"She is growing like a reed," I said: "her illness has left her weak."
+
+"-Minded," suggested Christine, smiling.
+
+At this moment Felipa stroked the lady's white hand tenderly and laid
+her brown cheek against it.
+
+"Do you not feel reproached," I said.
+
+"Why? Must we give our love to whoever loves us? A fine parcel of
+paupers we should all be, wasting our inheritance in pitiful small
+change! Shall I give a thousand beggars a half hour's happiness, or
+shall I make one soul rich his whole life long?"
+
+"The latter," remarked Edward, who had come up unobserved.
+
+They gazed at each other unflinchingly. They had come to open battle
+during those last days, and I knew that the end was near. Their words
+had been cold as ice, cutting as steel, and I said to myself, "At any
+moment." There would be a deadly struggle, and then Christine would
+yield. Even I comprehended something of what that yielding would be.
+There are beautiful velvety panthers in the Asian forests, and in real
+life too, sometimes.
+
+"Why do they hate each other so?" Felipa said to me sadly.
+
+"Do they hate each other?"
+
+"Yes, for I feel it here," she answered, touching her breast with a
+dramatic little gesture.
+
+"Nonsense! Go and play with your doll, child." For I had made her a
+respectable, orderly doll to take the place of the ungainly fetich out
+on the barren.
+
+Felipa gave me a look and walked away. A moment afterward she brought
+the doll out of the house before my very eyes, and, going down to the
+end of the dock, deliberately threw it into the water: the tide was
+flowing out, and away went my toy-woman out of sight, out to sea.
+
+"Well!" I said to myself. "What next?"
+
+I had not told Felipa we were going: I thought it best to let it take
+her by surprise. I had various small articles of finery ready as
+farewell gifts which should act as sponges to absorb her tears. But Fate
+took the whole matter out of my hands. This is how it happened. One
+evening in the jessamine arbor, in the fragrant darkness of the warm
+spring night, the end came: Christine was won. She glided in like a
+wraith, and I, divining at once what had happened, followed her into her
+little room, where I found her lying on her bed, her hands clasped on
+her breast, her eyes open and veiled in soft shadows, her white robe
+drenched with dew. I kissed her fondly--I never could help loving her
+then or now--and next I went out to find Edward. He had been kind to me
+all my poor gray life: should I not go to him now? He was still in the
+arbor, and I sat down by his side quietly: I knew that the words would
+come in time. They came: what a flood! English was not enough for him.
+He poured forth his love in the rich-voweled Spanish tongue also: it
+has sounded doubly sweet to me ever since.
+
+    "Have you felt the wool of the beaver?
+    Or swan's down ever?
+    Or have smelt the bud o' the brier?
+    Or the nard in the fire?
+    Or ha' tasted the bag o' the bee?
+    Oh so white, oh so soft, oh so sweet is she!"
+
+said the young lover again and again; and I, listening there in the dark
+fragrant night, with the dew heavy upon me, felt glad that the old
+simple-hearted love was not entirely gone from our tired metallic world.
+
+It was late when we returned to the house. After reaching my room I
+found that I had left my cloak in the arbor. It was a strong fabric: the
+dew could not hurt it, but it could hurt my sketching materials and
+various trifles in the wide inside pockets--_objets de luxe_ to me,
+souvenirs of happy times, little artistic properties that I hang on the
+walls of my poor studio when in the city. I went softly out into the
+darkness again and sought the arbor: groping on the ground I found, not
+the cloak, but--Felipa! She was crouched under the foliage, face
+downward: she would not move or answer.
+
+"What is the matter, child?" I said, but she would not speak. I tried to
+draw her from her lair, but she tangled herself stubbornly still farther
+among the thorny vines, and I could not move her. I touched her neck: it
+was cold. Frightened, I ran back to the house for a candle.
+
+"Go away," she said in a low hoarse voice when I flashed the light over
+her. "I know all, and I am going to die. I have eaten the poison things
+in your box, and just now a snake came on my neck and I let him. He has
+bitten me, I suppose, and I am glad. Go away: I am going to die."
+
+I looked around: there was my color-case rifled and empty, and the other
+articles were scattered on the ground. "Good Heavens, child!" I cried,
+"what have you eaten?"
+
+"Enough," replied Felipa gloomily. "I knew they were poisons: you told
+me so. And I let the snake stay."
+
+By this time the household, aroused by my hurried exit with the candle,
+came toward the arbor. The moment Edward appeared Felipa rolled herself
+up like a hedgehog again and refused to speak. But the old grandmother
+knelt down and drew the little crouching figure into her arms with
+gentle tenderness, smoothing its hair and murmuring loving words in her
+soft dialect.
+
+"What is it?" said Edward; but even then his eyes were devouring
+Christine, who stood in the dark, vine-wreathed doorway like a picture
+in a frame. I explained.
+
+Christine smiled softly. "Jealousy," she said in a low voice. "I am not
+surprised." And of her own accord she gave back to Edward one of his
+looks.
+
+But at the first sound of her voice Felipa had started up: she too saw
+the look, and wrenching herself free from old Dominga's arms, she threw
+herself at Christine's feet. "Look at _me_ so," she cried--"me too: do
+not look at him. He has forgotten poor Felipa: he does not love her any
+more. But _you_ do not forget, senora: _you_ love me--_you_ love me. Say
+you do or I shall die!"
+
+We were all shocked by the pallor and the wild hungry look of her
+uplifted face. Edward bent down and tried to lift her in his arms, but
+when she saw him a sudden fierceness came into her eyes: they shot out
+yellow light and seemed to narrow to a point of flame. Before we knew it
+she had turned, seized something and plunged it into his encircling arm.
+It was my little Venetian dagger.
+
+We sprang forward; our dresses were spotted with the fast-flowing blood;
+but Edward did not relax his hold on the writhing wild little body he
+held until it lay exhausted in his arms. "I am glad I did it," said the
+child, looking up into his face with her inflexible eyes. "Put me
+down--put me down, I say, by the gracious senora, that I may die with
+the trailing of her white robe over me." And the old grandmother with
+trembling hands received her and laid her down mutely at Christine's
+feet.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Ah, well! Felipa did not die. The poisons wracked but did not kill her,
+and the snake must have spared the little thin brown neck so
+despairingly offered to him. We went away: there was nothing for us to
+do but to go away as quickly as possible and leave her to her kind. To
+the silent old grandfather I said, "It will pass: she is but a child."
+
+"She is nearly twelve, senora. Her mother was married at thirteen."
+
+"But she loved them both alike, Bartolo. It is nothing: she does not
+know."
+
+"You are right, lady: she does not know," replied the old man slowly;
+"but _I_ know. It was two loves, and the stronger thrust the knife."
+
+CONSTANCE FENIMORE WOOLSON.
+
+
+
+
+AT CHICKAMAUGA.
+
+
+It was the cream of army life in Southern Tennessee that we left to go
+to Chickamauga. Our brigade had been detached, and lay for some days at
+the foot of Waldron's Ridge, which runs parallel to the broad Tennessee
+River, and a few miles north of Chattanooga, then the objective point of
+the campaign of the Army of the Cumberland under Rosecrans. Of course we
+knew that when the movements in progress in the country below were
+sufficiently advanced there would probably be lively work in effecting a
+passage of the river in the face of the formidable force which was
+guarding the ford two or three miles in our front. In fact, for some
+days we had been preparing for the effort, and up in a sluggish bayou
+the best of our mechanics were industriously at work fashioning a rude
+scow out of such material as axes could get from the native forests. In
+this craft, if it could be made to float, a select party was to cross
+the river some foggy morning, while the enemy were intently watching the
+ford below, and then, while the chosen few were being gloriously shot on
+the other side, the rest of us were to attempt the waist-deep, crooked
+ford.
+
+For the time we were, however, as has been said, enjoying the cream of
+army life. The nights were chilly, though the days were hot and the clay
+roads dusty. The mornings were glorious with their bracing fresh air,
+their blue mists clinging about far-off Lookout Mountain, and even
+hiding the top of Waldron's Ridge at our backs, and their bright
+sunshine, which came flooding over the distant heights of Georgia and
+North Carolina. The wagon-tracks winding among the low, mound-like hills
+which filled the valley from the base of the ridge to the river were as
+smooth and gravelly as a well-kept private roadway, and an
+ambulance-ride along their tortuous courses was a most enjoyable
+recreation in those fine September days of 1863. A gallop twenty miles
+up the valley to where Minty kept watch and ward upon our flank with his
+trusty horsemen; a dinner at that hospitable mess-table, furnished maybe
+with a pig which had strayed from its home not wholly through natural
+perversity; and then a lively ride back in the early evening,--this,
+indeed, was pleasure.
+
+The charm of campaigning is its rapidly-succeeding surprises. The
+general of the army may be proceeding regularly in the path he marked
+out months before. The corps commanders, and even the chiefs of
+division, may sometimes be able to foresee the movements from day to
+day. But to their subordinates everything is a surprise: they lie down
+at night in delightful uncertainty as to where the next sunset will find
+them, and they sit down to a breakfast of hard bread and bacon, relieved
+by a little foraging from the country, not sure that their coffee will
+cool before the bugle sounds a signal to pack and be off, to Heaven
+knows where. We found this charm of surprise, as we had hundreds of
+times before in other places, at our camp in the valley of the
+Tennessee. The alternating quick and droning notes of "the general" made
+us spring up from the mess-table one morning, and in a moment the lazy
+encampment was all hurry and bustle. An aide leaped upon his horse at
+head-quarters and dashed off on the road to the river, and we saw that
+the servants of General Hazen, our brigade commander, were stripping his
+baggage of the small impedimenta which accumulate so rapidly even in a
+few days of rest, but are abandoned when the army starts on an active
+campaign. It was not to be a mere change of camp, evidently, but a final
+adieu to the locality and a dash over the Tennessee--if we could make
+it.
+
+While some of us were yet sipping our hot coffee, saved out of the
+general wreck in packing up, the bugles called "the assembly," and in
+ten minutes the brigade was stretching out at a lively rate on the road
+the aide had taken. At the river was the detail of mechanics who had
+been at work on the scow in the bayou. Their task had been suddenly
+abandoned. It was useless: the enemy had left the opposite bank and
+fallen back from Chattanooga. The crossing was made, and the brigade
+struck out into the country toward Ringgold and the Georgia line. We
+belonged to Palmer's division of Crittenden's corps, but we had no idea
+where our comrades were. Passing over the uninviting country, and by the
+cornfields wasted by Bragg's men that we might not gather the grain, the
+brigade fell in with the rest of its division near a lonely grist-mill
+at a junction of cross-roads, where a battalion of Southern cavalry had
+just galloped in upon an infantry regiment lying under its stacked arms
+by the wayside. So the enemy was not entirely out of the country, it
+appeared. Still, we saw nothing of him, save in a trifling skirmish the
+next day on the road from Ringgold to Gordon's Mills. Near this place,
+however, we fell in with General Thomas J. Wood, who had had a little
+encounter which convinced him that Bragg's infantry was in force near
+by. The gallant old soldier was in something of a passion because the
+theories of his superiors did not coincide with his demonstrations, and
+of course the demonstrations had to give way in that case.
+
+Passing Gordon's Mills, our division stretched away on the road toward
+La Fayette, and after a day's march bivouacked in a wilderness of wood
+and on a sluggish stream different enough from the sparkling waters
+which came down by the old camp below Waldron's Ridge. McCook's corps,
+they said, having crossed the Tennessee below Chattanooga and advanced
+southward on the western side of the Lookout range, was to come through
+a gap opposite our present position and join us. Then the army, being
+together once more, and having gained Chattanooga by McCook's flank
+movement, would return to that point. To get Chattanooga was the object
+of the campaign, and the movements since we crossed the river were
+simply to assure the safe reunion of the several corps.
+
+The idle days wore on until the afternoon of the 18th of September. Then
+"the general" was suddenly sounded from brigade head-quarters, the
+regimental buglers took up the signal, and in twenty minutes we were on
+the road and moving back toward Gordon's Mills and Chattanooga. No
+leisurely march this time, however, but a race which tasked even the
+legs of the veterans. Two hours of this brought the command to the crest
+of a ridge from which, away to the right, a wide expanse of country lay
+in view. There was a broad valley running parallel to the road we were
+traveling and covered by a dense growth of low oaks, which effectually
+hid roads, streams, and even the few lonely habitations of the people.
+But, looking from our eminence over the unbroken expanse of tree-tops,
+we could see a light yellow snake-like line stretching down the valley.
+It was dust from the road on which Bragg's army was hurrying toward the
+Rossville Pass, through which was the way to Chattanooga and all our
+communications and supplies. The line of dust extended miles down the
+valley, far in advance of the point we had reached. The rest of our army
+might be ahead of us and ahead of Bragg, or it might be on our left, or
+even behind us, for aught we knew, but it was plain enough why we were
+making such haste back toward Chattanooga.
+
+The afternoon passed: darkness came, and still the march continued. Late
+in the evening we came upon a group of tents by the roadside--Rosecrans's
+head-quarters, with Rosecrans himself, and not in the best of humors, as
+some of us discovered on riding up to see friends on his staff. In his
+petulance and excitability the commanding general forgot to be gentlemanly,
+some of them said; and they left him not at all relieved of any doubts they
+had concerning our sudden and forced march.
+
+It was long after midnight when we reached Gordon's Mills. Here the road
+was full of ambulances, wagons, artillery and infantry, while in the
+thickets on the left were heard the confused noises of the bivouac.
+There were no fires, which showed that we were supposed to be in the
+immediate presence of the enemy, and that our commander did not want his
+position revealed by camp-fires. At some distance past the mills
+Palmer's division was halted in the road, and the troops were massed by
+regiments, and moved some yards into the thicket to pass the few hours
+before daylight.
+
+In the morning it was said that Bragg had indeed beaten in the race the
+day before, and had halted at night, if he halted at all, much nearer to
+the Rossville Pass than we were. The Chickamauga River was supposed to
+be between the two armies, but it is a stream which is easily fordable
+in many places, and a mile or two below where we lay was a bridge over
+which Bragg could cross rapidly with his artillery and trains, and then
+strike our road to Rossville ahead of us. A division moved out early in
+the day and went off toward this bridge. Soon after there was lively
+musketry and some cannonading in that direction. Word came back that the
+enemy had crossed the river in force too heavy to be successfully
+encountered by our reconnoitering division. Another division followed in
+the path of the first, and there was more firing. Finally, General
+Palmer moved his division out upon the road, and along it for some
+distance toward Rossville, approaching the firing down by the bridge.
+Halting near the Widow Glenn's cottage, about which were a little cloud
+of cavalry and many officers, we saw that Rosecrans was there, directing
+the movements in person. Palmer got his orders quickly. He was to move
+down the road toward Rossville to an indicated point, then form his
+division _en echelon_ by brigade from the left, and move off the road to
+the right and attack. When he struck the enemy's left flank he was to
+envelop and crush it. The formation _en echelon_ was to facilitate this
+enveloping and crushing.
+
+Moving off the road as ordered, the division passed through several
+hundred yards of forest, and came upon a wide open field of lower
+ground, through the centre of which ran, parallel to our front, a narrow
+belt of timber. The skirmishers passed through this belt and a few yards
+beyond, and were then driven back by an overpowering fire from the
+enemy's skirmishers. Our main line came up to the timber and passed
+through it to the farther side; and then the edge of the forest beyond,
+in front, on the right and on the left, was suddenly fringed with a line
+of flashing fire, above which rose a thin white smoke. The tremendous
+crash of musketry was measured by the deep thunder of artillery farther
+back, and soon columns of dense white smoke rising above the tree-tops
+indicated the positions of several swift-working batteries. A storm of
+bullets whizzed through the ranks of the attacking echelons, while
+shrieking shells filled the air with a horrid din, and, bursting
+overhead, sent their ragged fragments hurtling down in every direction.
+In an instant a hundred gaps were opened in the firm ranks as the men
+sank to the ground beneath the smiting lead and iron. In an instant the
+gaps were closed, and in another a hundred more were opened. Every yard
+of the advance was costing the assailants a full company of men--every
+rod at least half a regiment. They wavered, halted and fell back to the
+shelter of the narrow belt of timber. The attack had failed, the flank
+of the enemy had not been struck.
+
+But the other divisions of the army? Sent in as ours had been, some one
+of them must surely strike the opposing flank, unless Bragg's whole army
+had crossed the river and was in position before Rosecrans moved.
+Palmer's division held its place, fired its sixty rounds of cartridges
+into the wood where the unseen foe was, and waited for the attack of the
+succeeding division which should strike Bragg's flank. But we waited in
+vain. When Rosecrans's last division was forming its echelons it was
+itself enveloped on its outer flank by the active foe. Rosecrans's line,
+as he formed it a division at a time, had been constantly outflanked.
+
+The battle was a failure thus far. We could all see that, and some of us
+saw how nearly it became an irretrievable disaster. Hazen's brigade had
+been withdrawn to replenish its ammunition after the attack, and was
+lying along the Rossville road. The men were filling their
+cartridge-boxes, and the captains were counting their diminished ranks
+and noting who were dead and who but wounded. Out at the front the fight
+still went on, but in a desultory way. Suddenly there was an ominous
+sound in front of Van Cleve's division, which was in the main line next
+on the right of Palmer.
+
+Hazen leaped upon his horse. "Now Van Cleve is in for it!" he exclaimed.
+"They're coming for him!"
+
+Quickly getting the men under arms, Hazen moved his brigade behind Van
+Cleve to act as a support, and awaited the coming attack. It came like a
+whirlwind, and Van Cleve's lines were scattered like fallen leaves. On
+came the triumphant enemy in heavy masses, while Van Cleve's disordered
+horde swept back with it Hazen's supporting regiments. All but one.
+Colonel Aquila Wiley of the Forty-first Ohio Infantry, seeing the coming
+avalanche of fugitives, broke his line to the rear by companies and
+allowed the flying mass to pass through the intervals. Then instantly
+reforming his line, Wiley delivered a volley by battalion upon the
+advancing foe. The latter, his ranks loose, as usual in a headlong
+pursuit, was staggered and stopped in Wiley's front, but pressed forward
+on his right, and had got well to his rear in that direction before the
+guns of the Forty-first were reloaded. At a double-quick step Wiley
+changed front to the rear on his left company, and sent another volley
+among the swarming enemy on his right. Twice he repeated this manoeuvre,
+and, gaining ground to the rear with each change of front, kept back the
+enemy from front and flank until he could take his place in good order
+upon a new line on a ridge to the rear.
+
+Meantime, Hazen was not idle. Seeing the inevitable result when Van
+Cleve's lines wavered, he dashed down the road to some unemployed
+batteries. These he got quickly into position to enfilade the enemy as
+he passed over Van Cleve's abandoned ground, and while Wiley with his
+Forty-first was striking in front and flank to clear himself of the
+surrounding foes, Hazen's batteries were pouring shells at short range
+into the well-ordered supporting troops which the enemy was hurrying
+forward to improve the success he had gained. Bragg had actually crossed
+the Rossville road and cut the Army of the Cumberland in two, with
+nothing in the gap but one regiment of three hundred men. But the
+enfilading artillery smote asunder the solid ranks which were to follow
+up the victory and left their advantage a barren triumph. Night fell and
+ended there the first day's battle.
+
+The blessed night! better for the Army of the Cumberland then than
+thirty thousand fresh men. Under its sheltering mantle a thousand
+necessary things were done. We knew well enough that the struggle must
+be renewed in the morning, but we hoped that it would not be taken up on
+our side under such disadvantages as had been against us in the day just
+closed. So when, some time after dark, an order came to move down the
+road to the left, it was gladly obeyed. We were going into position, it
+was evident, though where and how none of us could tell in the darkness.
+The road and the woods on each side of it were full of troops,
+ambulances, ammunition and head-quarter wagons, artillery, and, lastly,
+stragglers hunting for their regiments. Now and then a wounded man,
+whose hurt did not prevent his walking, came along inquiring for the
+hospitals. There were not many of these, however, for the hospital
+service was pretty efficient, and the surgeons were located near the
+ground where the fighting had been.
+
+Winding about through such surroundings for what seemed a long time, so
+slow was the movement and so frequent the halts to allow the
+staff-officer who was directing the march to verify the route, Palmer's
+division at length stacked arms on a slightly rising ground not many
+hundred yards in front of the Rossville road. There were troops to the
+left of us, and soon after we halted troops came up on our right. We
+knew by this that we were in the main line of battle as it was being
+formed for the next day's fight. There were sounds occasionally from the
+forest in front which told us that the enemy also was making his
+preparations for the morning, and there was moving of troops, wagons,
+artillery, stragglers and mounted officers in rear of us almost all
+night. Even our troops in line, tired as they were, were not quite
+still. The men lay upon the ground and talked of the events of the day.
+Company commanders were inquiring the fate of their missing men, and
+some of them were even counting up the guns lost by killed and wounded
+men, and wondering how they could account for them on their next
+ordnance returns. Waking and sleeping by turns, officers and men passed
+the chilly night as best they could until it was near the time when the
+first gray streaks of dawn should come. Then those who were sleeping
+were quietly aroused; the ranks were noiselessly formed; the stacks of
+arms were broken; the first sergeants passed along the fronts of their
+companies to verify the attendance; and then the men were allowed to
+sit down, guns in hand, to await the daybreak and be in instant
+readiness for an attack if the enemy should attempt an early surprise.
+
+Daylight came, however, on the memorable 20th of September, and no
+attack had been made. The first thought, naturally, after apprehension
+of an early attack had gone, was to appease hunger and thirst. But there
+was little in the haversacks, and nothing in the canteens. Details of
+men were sent for water, and never returned. The enemy had possession of
+the springs we had used the day before, and our details walked
+unconsciously into his hands. There was not a drop of water on the whole
+field, and men and officers resigned themselves to the torments of
+thirst, a thousand times worse than the gnawings of hunger. But with
+daylight we could at least get some idea of our position. In front was a
+dense forest, in which nothing was to be seen except our own skirmishers
+a few yards in advance. Just behind us was an oblong open field, three
+hundred yards wide and thrice as long. On the other side of this field
+ran the Rossville road. Beyond our division, to the left, was Johnson's,
+and then Baird's division, the latter forming the extreme left of the
+army, and extending off into the woods beyond the lower end of the open
+field. To our right--though this we could not see, the line being in a
+dense forest--was the division of Reynolds; beyond him was Brannan, and
+then came Wood; and so on to the right of the army, in what further
+order we did not know. It was evident that the line had been hastily
+formed: the divisions had been placed just as they were picked up in the
+confusion of the night. No corps was together in the line, but it was
+made up of a division from one corps, then a division from another, and
+then one from a third corps, and so on. Thus it happened that the four
+divisions on the left of the line had with them no corps commander.
+
+In the idle hour after daylight our brigade commander directed the
+construction of a barricade of rails and logs, a little more than
+knee-high, along the front of his command. Some of the troops on the
+left and the right followed the example. The supposition was that the
+game would be changed this day, and that we should stand for attack as
+the enemy had done the day before. There was no little satisfaction in
+thinking that Bragg's men would have a chance to walk up to a fire at
+least as murderous as we had faced when attacking them. If the
+haversacks were empty and the canteens had gone for water never to
+return, the cartridge-boxes were full, and each man had about him an
+extra package or two of cartridges.
+
+The morning wore slowly away, and on our part of the line everything was
+remarkably quiet. There was some skirmishing toward the right between
+eight and nine o'clock, but evidently nothing serious. The barricade was
+finished, and there was nothing to do but to lie behind it and wish for
+water as the day grew warmer and thirst became more intense.--But what
+is that?
+
+There was a sharp rattle of Springfield rifles from Baird's skirmishers,
+a third of a mile to our left and hidden from sight by the woods. In a
+moment came a crash of musketry which brought every man to his feet.
+Baird's skirmishers had been driven in, and his main line had hurled its
+thousands of bullets as the attacking enemy came into view. Instantly
+the answering fire was given, and then followed the continuous rattling
+roar of a fierce general engagement. Wounded men began to come out of
+the wood where Baird was as they made their way alone toward the
+hospitals or were carried off by the hospital corps. Suddenly, a hundred
+men with arms in their hands emerged from the woods into the open field
+behind Baird, straggling and without order. These were not wounded men.
+No: it was too plain that Baird's division was giving way. A moment
+more, and the lower end of the open field was filled with a dense mass
+of men as Baird's disordered lines poured forth out of the woods, which
+were swarming with the exultant enemy. Through and behind the retreating
+mass the mounted officers rode furiously, their swinging sabres
+flashing in the sun as they alternately commanded and exhorted their men
+to rally and breast the storm of lead which the enemy was hurling upon
+them. Then Johnson, whose division was next to Baird's, wheeled a
+regiment or two backward and opened fire on the enemy engaged with
+Baird. The troops of the latter were not running, but falling back,
+firing as they went. Suddenly, one of their colonels seized his
+regimental standard from the color-bearer and faced his horse toward the
+enemy, holding the flag high above his head. The men began to rally
+around this flag, and in a moment an imperfect line had been formed. The
+enemy's success was at an end. A moment more, and with a wild cheer
+Baird's men dashed forward and drove the enemy from their front.
+
+Meanwhile, we were not idle spectators of all this. At the moment when
+Baird's men had been forced into the open field, and it seemed
+impossible to re-form them under the fire they were receiving, the
+skirmishers in front of Johnson's and Palmer's divisions broke out into
+a lively fire and came in at a run. Close behind them were the
+rapidly-advancing skirmishers of the enemy. As these came in sight of
+our position they took shelter behind trees and waited for their main
+force to come up. Soon the woods behind them were filled with the long,
+sweeping lines of Bragg's infantry, moving swiftly and steadily up to
+the attack. They reached their skirmishers, and as the latter fell in
+with the main body the whole broke into the peculiar shrill and fitful
+yell of the Southern soldiery, and rushed impetuously upon our line.
+From behind its barricade Hazen's brigade gave the yelling assailants
+two volleys, by front and rear rank, and then, as the enemy staggered
+under the regular blows, the command "Load and fire at will!" rang along
+the line. Out burst a swift storm of lead, before which the wasting
+ranks of the assailants first wavered, and then stopped to open a rapid
+but wild and diminishing fire against the barricade. For a moment or two
+their colors waved defiantly at their front as their officers rode
+among them in the vain endeavor to hold them to the hopeless effort; and
+then they turned and vanished into the deep recesses of the forest
+whence they came. Not as they came, however, but as a flying multitude
+of panic-stricken men, insensible to authority, conscious only of their
+defeat and their peril.
+
+Ah! but this was quite different from yesterday's work, thought the men
+of Hazen's brigade. It is one thing to march up to an enemy waiting to
+receive you on his chosen ground, and another to lie quietly in position
+and let your enemy feel his way up until he is within fair range. This
+was the thought after the successful defence: before the fight it is a
+question whether it does not require greater steadiness of nerve to wait
+inactive for an attack than to rush forward in an onslaught. Officers
+and men in Palmer's division were in excellent spirits. They saw that
+their comrades on the right and the left had met with equally good
+fortune. Johnson's division on one side and Reynolds's on the other
+remained as steady as rocks.
+
+It was nearly eleven o'clock, and all had prospered with us thus far.
+The enemy was getting his share of bloody repulses, of which we had had
+more than enough the day before. The attacks upon our line had begun
+upon the left, and were traveling toward our right. The two armies were
+thus brought together gradually, something after the manner of
+scissor-blades when they are slowly closed. The four divisions on the
+left had already successfully withstood the shock, which it was to be
+supposed the enemy had made as heavy as possible at that point, since
+the left was the vital point of the whole line. Success there would give
+him the line of retreat to Chattanooga, with Rosecrans's entire army
+shut out. Besides, we knew that the line was stronger toward the right,
+where at least two divisions were in reserve. No one apprehended
+disaster, therefore, when a long and rapid roll of musketry far to the
+right told that the enemy was attacking there. "Brannan and Wood are
+attending to 'em now!" said General Palmer, standing in a group of
+officers in rear of Hazen's brigade. The talk went on as before--about
+the successful defences of the morning, the barricade, Baird's splendid
+recovery, etc. But soon everybody was listening anxiously to the sounds
+of the battle on the right. The roar of musketry had worked round until
+it was behind our right shoulders as we stood facing to our front. There
+could be no doubt about it: the line had given way somewhere on the
+right, and the enemy was following up. It was not long before stray
+bullets were singing behind and among us, flying in a direction parallel
+to our line. Then, all in a moment, a battery far to the right and rear
+opened a rapid fire, and some of its shells came shrieking into the rear
+of Palmer's and Johnson's divisions. Meanwhile, the crash and roar of
+battle came nearer and nearer, until the attack struck Reynolds on the
+flank and in rear. But he had been forewarned, and his line was swung
+backward, at right angles with his original position, to face the attack
+from the new direction. Even then he was forced backward until his men
+were stretched across the open field in rear of Palmer's division, and
+the battle was going on directly behind us. Something--a shell
+perhaps--set fire to a log house at the upper end of this field, not
+three hundred yards from our brigade. This house had been taken for a
+hospital the night before. It was filled with wounded men, too badly
+hurt to be taken farther away in the ambulances, and the regular
+hospital flag floated above it. This unfortunate house, with its maimed
+occupants, was brought between Reynolds's men and the attacking enemy
+when the former were driven into the open field; and, despite the
+non-combatant flag flying from the gable, it was riddled with shells
+from the Southern batteries. I do not charge upon those gunners a
+knowledge of the facts here given: their batteries were some distance
+away through the forest. However, whether they saw the house and the
+flag or not, their fire swept mercilessly through the house, while many
+a stout-hearted soldier, knowing what was there, wished that if he were
+to be hit at all, he might be struck dead at once, and so avoid such
+sickening horrors.
+
+For the second time on that memorable day it looked for a few moments as
+if Palmer would have to face his men about and fight to the rear.
+Preparations to do this were made on the right of the division, but,
+fortunately, the appalling disaster which seemed imminent in the
+complete encompassing of the four divisions of the left was averted. The
+enemy yielded at last to the stubborn resistance, and Reynolds
+re-established his line--not upon the old ground entirely, but to
+conform to the altered situation. He was now the right of the army upon
+the original field, and four divisions comprised all that was left of
+the Army of the Cumberland in the position of the morning.
+
+The divisions of the centre and the right--where were they? Brannan, and
+Wood, and Negley, and Davis, and Van Cleve, and gallant Sheridan, who
+held stubbornly his division even amid the panic at Stone River--where
+were they? And Rosecrans, commander of the army; Thomas, the hero in
+every fight; rash McCook and unfortunate Crittenden, chiefs of corps?
+Gone with the centre and the right of the army; gone with the reserves
+and the artillery; gone with the ammunition-trains; gone with everything
+that belonged to the Army of the Cumberland except four divisions of
+unconquered soldiers with half-filled cartridge-boxes and with hearts
+that knew no fear.
+
+All gone? No! In the hush which came after Reynolds's desperate defence,
+and while hearts were yet beating fast from watching the doubtful fight,
+there arose far off to the right and rear a roar of musketry, telling
+that somewhere in the distance the flags of the Army of the Cumberland
+still waved before the foe, as they did with us. Long afterward we knew
+that this was Thomas--he who would not leave the field amid the wreck
+which surrounded him--Thomas, with his fragments, posted on a commanding
+ridge and bravely beating off the thickening foes about him.
+
+The story of the disaster is an old one. It is hardly necessary to tell
+how Wood, in the main line on the right of Brannan, received an order
+from Rosecrans to support Reynolds, the second division in line to the
+left of Wood; how the gallant soldier hesitated to obey an order from
+which such disaster might come; how McCook, chief of corps, told Wood
+the order was imperative, and promised to put a reserve division into
+the line to take his place; how Wood withdrew from the line, as ordered,
+at the fatal moment when the enemy was preparing to attack; how the
+furious foe pressed through the gap, cut the army in two, struck the
+lines to right and left in flank and rear, swept the centre, the right
+wing and the reserves off the field, and doubled up and crushed the left
+wing as far as Reynolds's division, whose fortune has been told. All
+this is familiar enough now, but those who remained on the field in the
+four divisions of the left knew nothing of it then. They only knew that
+the line was broken beyond Reynolds, and that, although somewhere in the
+distance was a force which had not yet fled nor surrendered, they were
+left to bear alone the battle against Bragg's victorious army. The odds
+were five or six to one--perhaps more, maybe less. It did not matter to
+be precise: Bragg had men enough to put a double line of troops entirely
+around the four divisions. That was enough.
+
+It was after midday when the disaster was complete and the divisions of
+Baird, Johnson, Palmer and Reynolds were able to understand the
+situation. I need not recount in detail the repeated attempts of the
+enemy to crush the line of the four divisions at one point and another.
+If the reader can recall the description of the first attack on Palmer's
+division, he will have a very fair example of the work which busied us
+at intervals during those long hours. The enemy was, of course, not
+unaware of his great success in dividing the army and driving off the
+greater part of it; nor was he lacking in efforts to improve the
+advantage by destroying the divisions which yet confronted him. Every
+attack, however, resulted in failure, and the assailants retired each
+time with heavy losses. At length it was evident to us that it had
+become difficult to bring even Longstreet's boasted troops up to attacks
+which met such sure and bloody repulses. There were but four divisions
+against an army, but the four would not be taken or driven.
+
+With hands and faces blackened by the smoke and dust of battle those men
+stood devotedly to their posts, their ranks thinned by every assault,
+but their aim as fatal as ever. But one dread possessed them: ammunition
+ran short, and there were no supplies. In the intervals between the
+enemy's assaults the cartridge-boxes of dead comrades along the line and
+in the open field, where were the fierce struggles of the morning, were
+emptied of their contents to replenish the failing stock of the
+survivors. More precious than food and water, though they were sorely
+needed, were these inheritances from the dead.
+
+The long afternoon wore slowly away. Night could not come too soon, but
+it seemed that never before was it so tardy. Officers and men were
+tortured by thirst. Their tongues were swollen and their lips black and
+distended, often to bursting. Speech became difficult or absolutely
+impossible. Officers mumbled their commands, and prayed silently for
+darkness to save them from enforced surrender or flight when the last
+cartridge should be spent.
+
+Meantime, the relentless but cautious foe was carefully feeling his way
+around the flanks, apparently unwilling to venture boldly into the rear
+of the little army which he could not move by attack in front. A group
+of officers stood by their horses in rear of Hazen's brigade when the
+crack of an Enfield rifle was heard from the woods in rear across the
+open field. A bullet came whizzing into the group and killed a colonel's
+horse. Other shots followed from the same direction. The woods behind us
+were evidently occupied by the enemy's skirmishers. A captain
+volunteered to take his company and clear the woods, but ammunition was
+too scarce to waste on sharpshooters.
+
+Word came at last, in some way, that Thomas, whose firing we heard far
+to the right and rear, was sorely pressed. A consultation was held by
+the four division generals. They needed a commander, but who should it
+be? Who would take command of that beleaguered force and undertake to
+extricate it from its surrounding peril or deliver it over to Thomas?
+Would Palmer? No. Would Reynolds? No. The stern duty of fighting their
+divisions until they could fight no longer, and doing then whatever
+desperate thing might be possible--that they would not fail in; but that
+responsibility was as great as they cared to assume. Up came Hazen then.
+"I'll take my brigade across that interval," said he, "and find Thomas
+if he's there." Palmer objected: it would make a gap in his line; it
+would expose one of his brigades to a thousand chances of
+destruction--for who could tell what forces of the enemy were in that
+interval or watching it?--and finally, it would take away the brigade
+which had most ammunition, for Hazen had husbanded his store. But
+something must be done. If the four divisions could hold out until
+night, somebody must command them and take them out if it could be done.
+Thomas was the proper commander, and he was needed. It was agreed that
+Hazen should make the attempt.
+
+The brigade was withdrawn from the line which it had faithfully held all
+day, and some disposition made to fill the gap. Hazen formed his
+regiments in close masses, faced them to the right and rear, covered his
+front with a trusty battalion as skirmishers, waved an adieu to the
+comrades left behind, and plunged into the unknown forest in the
+direction of Thomas's firing. On and on went the brigade and came nearer
+and nearer to the ridge which Thomas held. Suddenly, the skirmishers
+strike obliquely an opposing line. They brush it away in an instant, but
+the warning is not lost. Keep more to the rear: no fighting now, though
+you should whip three to one. The fate of the four divisions rests upon
+that. With quick and steady tread the regiments move on. They clear the
+wood at last, climb the end of a ridge through a field of standing
+corn, and burst into an open field at the summit amid the wild cheers of
+Thomas's exhausted men, while Thomas himself, beloved of all the army,
+rides down to take Hazen by the hand. And not a moment too soon.
+
+Almost at the very instant Thomas's skirmishers along the front of the
+ridge broke out into a rattling fire, and were seen falling back. The
+enemy was about to make his final effort, and it was to be against the
+flank where now lay Hazen's brigade. Quickly deploying his regiments,
+Hazen placed them in four lines, closed one upon another, and the men
+lay flat upon their faces. The yell of the enemy was heard in the wood
+below, and in a moment the declivity in front was covered with the heavy
+lines of the assailants. Then the first of Hazen's regiments was brought
+to its feet and poured its volley straight into the faces of the
+oncoming foe. The next regiment, and the next, and then the last,
+followed in quick succession. The echoes of the last volley had hardly
+died away before the enemy, who came on so confident and so strong, had
+disappeared, crushed and broken, into the forest, leaving the hillside
+strewn with his dead and wounded.
+
+So ended the fighting. Night came down and shrouded the fierce
+combatants from each other's sight.
+
+The dusky ranks take up the unfamiliar march with faces from the foe.
+Their drums are silent, and their bugles voice-less as the spirit-horns
+which marshal their heroic dead upon the farther shore. The shadowy
+ranks pass on into the night. Bearing their close-furled banners and
+their empty guns, they pass on into the sad and silent night of
+Chickamauga to await the glorious sun of Mission Ridge.
+
+ROBERT LEWIS KIMBERLY.
+
+
+    NOTE.--The writer is aware that this narrative of the battle of
+    Chickamauga differs so materially from the commonly-received
+    impressions of that event that it ought to be supported by more
+    than his own authority. The reader will observe that the main
+    narrative is made up of the experiences of one command, that to
+    which the writer belonged, and of which he can therefore speak
+    as of things which he saw. For the statements of the general
+    battle reference is made to official reports, as follows: (1) In
+    regard to the first day's battle, see report of General W.S.
+    Rosecrans, which may be found in vol. vii. of Putnam's
+    _Rebellion Record_, p. 222 and following pages. (2) In regard to
+    the complete isolation of the four divisions of the left during
+    the second day, and the final opening of communication with
+    General Thomas, see General W.B. Hazen's official report on p.
+    238 of the volume above quoted.
+
+    The writer also quotes, by permission, from letters from
+    Generals Hazen and Thomas J. Wood, addressed to him within the
+    present year. General Hazen says: "Do not forget about the
+    length of time Thomas was cut off from us--how we could hear
+    nothing from him; how neither Reynolds nor Palmer would assume
+    command," etc. General Wood says, in reference to the great
+    disaster on the second day: "About 11 A.M. I received the
+    following order from General Rosecrans: 'The commanding general
+    directs that you close up on Reynolds as fast as possible, and
+    support him.' As there was an entire division (Brannan's)
+    between my division and Reynolds, I could only close upon the
+    latter and support him by withdrawing my division from line and
+    passing in rear of Brannan to the rear of Reynolds. This I did.
+    Of course I knew it was an order involving perhaps the most
+    momentous consequences, but General McCook concurred with me
+    that it was so emphatic and positive as to demand instant
+    obedience. I write you stubborn facts, and you can use them as
+    such."
+
+    General Wood has been so severely criticised for his obedience
+    to this fatal order that perhaps I should add this further
+    explanation, contained in the letter from which I have quoted
+    above: "After the battle was over, and it was apparent that
+    Rosecrans's ill-considered order had led to a disaster, he
+    offered as an explanation of it the statement that some
+    staff-officer had reported to him that Brannan was out of line,
+    and that he intended I should close to the left on Reynolds, and
+    that I overlooked this direction to close to the left on
+    Reynolds. Certainly, I overlooked it, or rather I did not see
+    it, for it was not there to be seen. On the contrary, I was
+    ordered to close up on Reynolds, and for a purpose--viz., to
+    support him. I remark also that it was impossible for any man,
+    on reading Rosecrans's order to me, to even remotely conjecture
+    that it was based on the supposition that Brannan was out of
+    line. He had previously ordered me to rest my left on Brannan's
+    right, and I had reported to him that I had done so. Colonel
+    Starling (of Crittenden's staff) testified before the
+    McCook-Crittenden court of inquiry that he was with Rosecrans at
+    the time the latter directed the order to be sent to me, and
+    told him that Brannan was not out of line."
+
+
+
+
+THE ATONEMENT OF LEAM DUNDAS.
+
+BY MRS. E. LYNN LINTON, AUTHOR OF "PATRICIA KEMBALL."
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVII.
+
+UNWORTHY.
+
+The storm had passed with the night, and the day was bright and
+joyful--almost hard in its brightness and cruel in its joy; for while
+the sun was shining overhead and the air was musical with the hum of
+insects and the song of birds, the flowers were broken, the tender
+plants destroyed, the uncut corn was laid as if a troop of horse had
+trampled down the crops, and the woods, like the gardens and the fields,
+were wrecked and spoiled. But of all the mourners sighing between earth
+and sky, Nature is the one that never repents, and the sun shines out
+over the saddest ruin as it shines out over the richest growth, as
+careless of the one as of the other.
+
+Edgar came down from the Hill in the sunshine, handsome, strong, jocund
+as the day. As he rode through the famous double avenue of chestnuts he
+thought, What a glorious day! how clear and full of life after the
+storm! but he noted the wreckage too, and was concerned to see how the
+trees and fields had suffered. Still, the one would put forth new
+branches and fresh leaves next year; and if the other had been roughly
+handled, there was yet a salvage to be garnered. The ruin was not
+irreparable, and he was in the mood to make the best of things. Do not
+the first days of a happy love ever give the happiest kind of philosophy
+for man and woman to go on?
+
+And he was happy in his love. Who more so? He was on his way now to Ford
+House as a man going to his own, serene and confident of his possession.
+He had left his treasure overnight, and he went to take it up again,
+sure to find it where he had laid it down. He had no thought of the
+thief who might have stolen it in the dark hours, of the rust that might
+have cankered it in the chill of the gray morning. He only pictured to
+himself its beauty, its sweetness and undimmed radiance--only remembered
+that this treasure was his, his own and his only, unshared by any, and
+known in its excellence by none before him.
+
+He rode up to the door glad, dominant, assured. Life was very pleasant
+to the strong man and ardent lover--the English gentleman with his
+happiness in his own keeping, and his future marked out in a clear broad
+pathway before him. There was no cloud in his sky, no shadow on his sea:
+it was all sunshine and serenity--man the master of his own fate and the
+ruler of circumstance--man the supreme over all things, a woman's past
+included.
+
+Not seeing Leam in the garden, Edgar rang the bells and was shown into
+the drawing-room, where she was sitting alone. The down-drawn blinds had
+darkened the room to a pleasant gloom for eyes somewhat overpowered by
+the blazing sunshine and the dazzling white clouds flung like heaps of
+snow against the hard bright blue of the sky; yet something struck more
+chill than restful on the lover as he came through the doorway, little
+fanciful or sentimental as he was.
+
+Leam, who had not been in bed through the night, was sitting on the sofa
+in the remotest and darkest part of the room. She rose as he
+entered--rose only, not coming forward to meet him, but standing in her
+place silent, pale, yet calm and collected. She did not look at him, but
+neither did she blush nor tremble. There was something statuesque,
+almost dead, about her--something that was not the same Leam whom he had
+known from the first.
+
+He went up to her, both hands held out. She shrank back and folded hers
+in each other, still not looking at him.
+
+"Why, Leam, what is it?" he cried in amazement, pained, shocked at her
+action. Was she in her right mind? Had she heard of his former
+attentions to Adelaide, divined their ultimate meaning, and been seized
+with a mad idea of sacrifice and generosity? It must be with Adelaide,
+he thought, rapidly reviewing his past. He was absolutely safe about
+Violet Cray, who had never known his name; and those later Indian
+affairs were dead and as good as buried. What, then, did it mean?
+
+"No, not till you have heard me," said Leam in a low voice. "And never
+after."
+
+"My darling! what is it?" he repeated.
+
+"You must not call me dear names: I am unworthy," said Leam. "No,"
+checking him as he would have spoken, smiling with a sense of relief
+that her craze--if it was a craze--went to the visionary side of her own
+unworthiness, and was not due to any knowledge of his misdemeanors, as
+she might think them. "Do not speak. I have to tell you. I had forgotten
+it," she went on to say in the same tense, compressed manner--the manner
+of one who has a task to get through, and has gathered all her strength
+for the effort, leaving none to be squandered in emotion--"I was so
+happy in these last days I had forgotten it. Now I have remembered, and
+we must part."
+
+Edgar was grieved to see her in such deadly trouble, for it was easy to
+see her pain beneath her still exterior, but he was confident, and if
+grieved not afraid. Leam's little life, so innocent and uneventful as it
+must have been, could hold no such tremendous evil, could have been
+smirched with no such damning stain, as that at which she seemed to
+hint. Grant even that there had been something more between her and
+Alick Corfield than he would quite like to hear--which was his first
+thought--still, that more must needs be very little, could but be very
+simple. His wife must be spotless--that he knew, and he would marry none
+whose past was not as unsullied as new-fallen snow, as unsullied as must
+be her future--absolute purity--the unruffled emotions of a maidenhood
+undisturbed until now even by dreams, even by visions. He owed it to
+himself and his position that his wife, man of many loves as he was,
+should be this; but at the worst the childish affection of brother and
+sister, which was all that could possibly have been between Leam and
+that awkward young gangrel Alick Corfield, could have nothing in it that
+he ought to take to heart or that should influence him. Yes, he might
+smile and not be afraid. And indeed her delicate conscience was another
+grace in his eyes. He loved her more than ever for the honesty that must
+confess all its little sins. Sweet Leam! Leam having to confess! Leam!
+she who was almost too modest for an ordinary lover's comfort, needing
+to be tamed out of her savage bashfulness, not to be reproved for
+transgressing the proper reticence of an English maid. It was a pretty
+play, but it was only a play.
+
+"Come and sit by me and make full confession, my darling," he said
+lovingly.
+
+"I will stand where I am. You sit," said Leam, without looking at him.
+
+He seated himself on the sofa. "And now what has my little culprit to
+say for herself?" he asked pleasantly, putting on a playful magisterial
+air.
+
+"It is over," said Leam, her hands pressed in each other with so tight a
+clasp that the strained knuckles were white and started. "You must not
+love me: I cannot be your wife."
+
+"Why?" He showed his square white teeth beneath the golden sweep of his
+moustache, his moist red lips parted, always smiling.
+
+"I have done a great crime," said Leam in a low, monotonous voice.
+
+"A crime! That is a large word for a small peccadillo--larger than any
+sin of yours merits, my sweetheart."
+
+"You do not know," said Leam with a despairing gesture. "How can you
+know when you have not heard?"
+
+"Well, what may be its name?" he asked, willing to humor her.
+
+She paused for a moment: then with a visible effort, drawing in her
+breath, she said, in a voice that was unnaturally calm and low, "I
+killed madame."
+
+"Leam!" cried Edgar, "how can you talk such nonsense? The thing is
+growing beyond a joke. Unsay your words; they are a wrong done to _me_."
+
+He had started to his feet while he spoke, and now stood before her
+with a strangely scared and startled face. Naturally, as such a man
+would, he was resolute not to accept such a terrible confession, and one
+so unlikely, so impossible; but something in the girl's voice and
+manner, something in its sad, still reality, seemed to overpower his
+determination to find this simply a bad joke which she was playing off
+on his credulity. And then the thing fitted only too well. He had heard
+half a dozen times of Madame de Montfort's sudden death, and how very
+strange it was that the draught which she had taken so often with
+impunity before should have been found so laden with prussic acid on the
+first night of her homecoming as to kill her in an instant--how strange,
+too, that not the strictest search or inquiry could come upon a trace of
+such poison bought or possessed by any member of the family, for what
+police-officer would look to find a sixty-minim bottle of prussic acid
+concealed among the coils of a young girl's hair? And when Leam said in
+that quiet if desperate manner that it was she who had killed madame,
+her words made the whole mystery clear and solved the as yet unsolved
+problem.
+
+Nevertheless, he would not believe her, but said again, passionately,
+"Unsay your words, Leam: they offend me."
+
+"I cannot," said Leam.
+
+He laughed scornfully. "Kill Madame de Montfort. Absurd! You could not.
+It was impossible for a girl like you to kill any one," he cried in
+broken sentences. "How could you do such a thing, Leam, and not be found
+out? Silly child! you are raving."
+
+"I put poison into the bottle, and she died," said Leam in a half
+whisper.
+
+"Leam! you a murderess!"
+
+She quivered at the word, at the tone of loathing, of abhorrence, of
+almost terror, in which he said it, but she held her terrible ground.
+She had begun her martyrdom, her agony of atonement for the sake of
+truth and love, and she must go through now to the end. "Yes," she said,
+"I am a murderess. Now you know all, and why you must not love me."
+
+"I cannot believe you," he pleaded helplessly. "It is too horrible. My
+darling, say that you have told me this to try me--that it is not true,
+and that you are still my own, my very own, my pure and sinless Leam."
+
+He knelt at her feet, clasping her waist. He was not of those who, like
+Alick, could bear the sin of the beloved as the sacrifice of pride, of
+self, of soul to that love. He himself might be stained from head to
+heel with the soil of sin, but his wife must be, as has been said,
+without flaw or blemish, immaculate and free from fault. Any lapse,
+involving the loss of repute should it ever be made public, would have
+been the death-knell of his hopes, the requiem of his love; but such an
+infamy as this! If true it was only too final.
+
+"Oh, no! no! do not do that," cried Leam, trying to unclasp his hands.
+"Do not kneel to me. I ought to kneel to you," she added with a little
+cry that struck with more than pity to Edgar's heart, and that nearly
+broke her down for so much relaxing of the strain, so much yielding to
+her grief, as it included.
+
+"Leam, tell me you are joking--tell me that you did not do this awful
+thing," he cried again, his handsome face, blanched and drawn, upturned
+to her in agony.
+
+She put her hands over her eyes. "I cannot lie to you," she said. "And I
+must not degrade you. Do not touch me: I am not good enough to be
+touched by you."
+
+He loosened his arms, and she shrank from him almost as if she faded
+away.
+
+"Why did you deceive me?" he groaned. "You should not have let me love
+you, knowing the truth."
+
+"I did not know that you loved me, or that I loved you, till that
+night," she pleaded piteously. "If I had known I would have prevented
+it. I have told you as soon as I remembered."
+
+"You have broken my heart," he cried, flinging himself on the sofa, his
+face buried in the cushions. And then, strong man as he was, a brave
+soldier and an English country gentleman, he burst into a passion of
+tears that shook him as the storm had shaken the earth last
+night--tears that were the culmination of his agony, not its relief.
+
+Leam stood by him as pale as the shattered lilies in the garden. What
+could she do? How could she comfort him? Tainted and dishonored, she
+dared not even lay her hand on his--her infamous and murderous hand, and
+he so pure and noble! Neither could she pray for him, nor yet for
+herself. Pray? to whom? To God? God had turned His face away from her,
+even as her lover had now turned away his: He was angry with her, and
+still unappeased. She dared not pray to Him, and He would not hear her
+if she did. The saints were no longer the familiar and parental deities,
+grave and helpful, to whom she could refer all her sorrows and
+perplexities, as in earlier times, sure of speedy succor. The teaching
+of the later days had destroyed the simple fetichism of childhood; and
+now--afraid of God, by whom she was unforgiven; the saints swept out of
+her spiritual life like those mist-wreaths of morning which were once
+taken for solid towers and impregnable fortresses; the Holy Mother
+vanished with the rest; all spiritual help a myth, all spiritual
+consolation gone--how could she pray? Lonely as her life had been since
+mamma died, it had never been so lonely as now, when she felt that God
+had abandoned her, and that she had sacrificed her lover to her sense of
+truth and honor and what was due to his nobility.
+
+She stood by him and watched his passionate outburst with anguish
+infinitely more intense than his own. To have caused him this sorrow was
+worse than to have endured it for herself. There was no sacrifice of
+self that she could not have made for his good. Spaniard as she was, she
+would have been above jealousy if another woman would have made him
+happier than she; and if her death would have given him gain or joy, she
+would have died for him as another would have lived. Yet it was she, and
+she only, who was causing him this pain, who was destroying his
+happiness and breaking his heart.
+
+She dared not speak nor move. It took all the strength she drew from
+silence to keep her from breaking into a more terrible storm of grief
+than even that into which he had fallen. She dared not make a sign, but
+simply stood there, doing her best to bear her heavy burden to the end.
+The only feeling that she had for herself was that it was cruel not to
+let her die, and why did not mute anguish kill her?
+
+For the rest, she knew that she had done the thing that was right,
+however hard. It was not fitting that she should be his wife; and it was
+better that he should suffer for the moment than be degraded for all
+time by association with one so shameful, so dishonored, as herself.
+
+Presently, Edgar cleared his eyes and lifted up his face. He was angry
+with himself for this unmanly burst of feeling, and because angry with
+himself disposed for the moment to be hard on her. She was standing
+there in exactly the same spot and just the same attitude as before, her
+head a little bent, her hands twined in each other, her eyes with the
+pleading, frightened look of confession turned timidly to him; but as he
+raised himself from the sofa, pushing back his hair and striding to the
+window as if to hide the fact of his having shed tears, she turned her
+eyes to the floor. She was beginning to feel now that she must not even
+look at him. The gulf that separated them, dug by her own ineffaceable
+crime, was so deep, the distance so wide!
+
+A painful silence fell between them: then Edgar, not looking at her,
+said in a constrained voice, "I will keep your dreadful secret, Leam,
+sacredly for ever. You feel sure of that, I hope. But, as you say, we
+must part. I do not pretend to be better than other men, but I could not
+take as my wife one who had been guilty of such an awful crime as this."
+
+"No," said Leam, her parched lips scarcely able to form a word at all.
+
+"Your secret will be safe with me," he repeated.
+
+She did not reply. In giving up himself she had given up all that made
+life lovely, and the refuse might as well go as not.
+
+"But we must part."
+
+"Yes," said Leam.
+
+He turned back to the window, desperately troubled. He did really love
+her, passionately, sincerely. He longed at this very moment to take her
+in his arms and tell her that he would accept her crime if only he might
+have herself. Had he not been the master of the Hill and a Harrowby he
+would have done so, but the master of the Hill and the head of the house
+of Harrowby had a character to maintain and a social ideal to keep pure.
+He could not bring into such a home as his, present to his mother as her
+daughter, to his sisters as their sister, a girl who by her own
+confession was a murderess--a girl who, if the law had its due, would be
+hanged by the neck in the precincts of the county jail till she was
+dead. He might have been sinful enough in his own life, in the ordinary
+way of men--and truly there were passages in his past that would
+scarcely bear the light--but what were the worst of his misdemeanors
+compared with this awful crime? No: he must resolutely crush the last
+lingering impulse of tenderness, and leave her to work through her own
+tribulation, as he also must work through his.
+
+"But we must part," he said for a third time.
+
+Her lips quivered. She did not answer, only bent her head in sign of
+acquiescence.
+
+"It is hard to say it, harder still to do; and I who loved you so
+dearly!" cried Edgar with the angry despair of a man forced against
+himself to give up his desire.
+
+She put up her hands. "Don't!" she said with a sharp cry. "I cannot bear
+to hear about your love."
+
+He gave a sudden sob. Her love for him was very precious to him--his for
+her very strong.
+
+"Why did you tell me?" he then said. "And yet you did the right thing to
+tell me: I was wrong to say that. It was good of you, Leam--noble, like
+yourself."
+
+"I love you. That is not being noble," she answered slowly and with
+infinite pathos. "I could not have deceived you after I remembered."
+
+"You are too noble to deceive," he said, holding out his hand.
+
+Leam turned away. "I am not fit to touch your hand," she said, the very
+pride of contrition in her voice--pride for him, if humiliation for
+herself.
+
+"For this once," he pleaded.
+
+"I am unworthy," she answered.
+
+At this moment little Fina came jumping into the room. She had in her
+hand a rose-colored scarf that had once been poor madame's, and which
+the nurse, turning out an old box of hers, had found and given to the
+child.
+
+After she had kissed Edgar, played with his _breloques_, looked at the
+works of his watch, plaited his beard into three strings, and done all
+that she generally did in the way of welcome, she shook out the gauze
+scarf over her dress.
+
+"This was mamma's--my own mamma's," she said. "Leam will never tell me
+about mamma: you tell me, Major Harrowby," coaxingly.
+
+"I cannot: I did not know her," said Edgar in an altered voice, while
+Leam looked as if her judgment had come, but bore it as she had borne
+all the rest, resolutely.
+
+"I want to hear about mamma, and who killed her," pouted Fina.
+
+"Hush, Fina," said Leam in an agony: "you must not talk."
+
+"You always say that, Leam, when I want to hear about mamma," was the
+child's petulant reply.
+
+"Go away now, dear little Fina," said Edgar, who felt all that Leam must
+feel at these inopportune words, and who, moreover, weak as he was in
+this direction, was longing for one last caress.
+
+"I will go and send her nurse," said Leam, half staggering to the door.
+
+Had anything been wanting to show her the impossibility of their
+marriage, this incident of Fina's random but incisive words would have
+been enough.
+
+"Leam! not one word more?" he asked as he stood against the door,
+holding the handle in his hand.
+
+"No," she said hopelessly. "What words can we have together?"
+
+"And we are parting like this, and for ever?"
+
+"For ever. Yes, it has to be for ever," she answered almost
+mechanically.
+
+"Leam, why did you love me?" he cried, taking her hands in his and
+keeping them.
+
+"How could I help it? Who would not love you?" she answered.
+
+Again he gave a sudden heavy sob, and again the poor pale, tortured face
+reflected the pain it witnessed.
+
+"Good-bye!" she then said, drawing her hands from his. "Remember only,
+when you blame me, that I told you, not to let you be degraded. And
+forgive me before I die, for I loved you--ah, better than my own life!"
+
+With a sudden impulse she stooped forward, took back his right hand in
+both of hers, pressed it to her bosom, kissed it passionately again and
+again, then turned with one faint, half-suppressed moan, and left him.
+And as he heard her light feet cross the hall, wearily, heavily, as the
+feet of a mourner dragging by the grave of the beloved, he knew that his
+dream of love was over. But, with the strange satire of the senses in
+moments of sorrow, noting ever the most trivial things, Edgar noted
+specially the powerful perfume of a spray of lemon-plant which she
+bruised as she pressed his hand against her breast.
+
+That evening Edgar Harrowby went down to the rectory. He was strong
+enough in physique and in some phases of will, but he was not strong all
+through, and he had never been able to face unassisted the first
+desolation of a love-disappointment.
+
+Adelaide, in a picturesque dress and her most becoming mood, welcomed
+him with careful cordiality as a prodigal whose husks, clinging about
+his coat, were to be handled tenderly as if they were pearls. She saw
+that something was gravely wrong, and she grasped the line of connection
+if she did not understand the issue; but, mindful of the doctrine of
+letting well alone--also of that of catching a heart at the rebound--she
+made no allusion in the beginning, but let her curiosity gnaw her like
+the Spartan boy's fox without making a sign. At last, however, her
+curiosity became impatience, and her impatience conquered her reserve.
+She was clever in her generation and fairly self-controlled, but she was
+only a woman, after all.
+
+"And when did you see that eccentric little lady, Miss Leam?" she asked
+with a smile--not a bitter smile, merely one of careless amusement, as
+if Leam was acknowledged to be a comical subject of conversation and one
+naturally provoking a smile.
+
+"Dear Adelaide," said Edgar, not looking at her, but speaking with
+unusual earnestness, "do not speak ill of Leam Dundas--neither to me nor
+to any one else. I ask it as a favor."
+
+Adelaide turned pale. "Tell me only one thing, Edgar: are you going to
+marry her?" she asked, her manner as earnest as his own, but with a
+different meaning.
+
+"No. Marry her? Good God, no!" was his vehement reply. Then more
+tenderly: "But for all that do not speak ill of her. Will you promise,
+dear, good friend?"
+
+"Yes, I will promise," she answered with what was for her fervor and a
+sudden look of intense relief. "I never will again, Edgar; and I am
+sorry if I have hurt you at any time by what I may have said. I did not
+mean to do so."
+
+"No, I know you did not. I can appreciate your motives, and they were
+good," Edgar answered with emotion; and then their two pairs of fine
+blue eyes met, and both pairs were moist.
+
+This was just at the moment when Leam, pale, rigid as a statue, thickly
+veiled, and holding a box in her hand, met Mr. Gryce in Steel's Wood, he
+having gone to catch such rare specimens of sleeping lepidoptera as the
+place afforded and his eyes could discern.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVIII.
+
+BLOTTED OUT.
+
+Gone! no one knew where. Gone in the night like a falling star, like a
+passing cloud--gone and left no trace, vanished like the sunshine of
+yesterday or the flowers of last spring! No one knew what had become of
+her, and no one knew where to look for her; for the sole information
+gathered by the scared neighbors was, that Leam Dundas was missing and
+no one had seen her go.
+
+She was thought by some to have simply run away after the manner of
+undisciplined youth aiming at mock heroism; but where, or with whom?
+for, said the keen-eyed women and large-mouthed men, incredulous of
+maiden meditation fancy free, a pretty young thing of nineteen would
+never have left her comfortable home, her father, friends and good name,
+without some lover stirring in the matter. And this lover was just the
+missing link not to be found anywhere. Others said she had drowned
+herself; but here, again, Why? Young girls do not give up their precious
+freight of hope in love and present joy in youth for a trifling ailment
+or a temporary annoyance. And nothing worse than either could have
+befallen Leam, said the reasoners, putting their little twos and twos
+together and totting up the items with the serene accuracy of spiritual
+arithmeticians, dealing with human emotion as if it was a sum in long
+division which any schoolboy could calculate.
+
+Edgar Harrowby, however, who came forward manfully enough to say when
+and where--if not how--he had last seen Miss Dundas, leant to the side
+of the believers in suicide, and on his own responsibility ordered the
+Broad to be dragged. Which looked ugly, said a few of the rasher spirits
+in the village, cherishing suspicion of their betters as the birthright
+which had never had a chance of being bartered for a mess of pottage;
+while the more contemptuous, critical after the event, gave it as their
+opinion that the major had a bee in his bonnet somewhere, for what
+gentleman in his seven sane senses would have looked for such a mare's
+nest as Miss Leam Dundas lying among the bulrushes of the Broad? Drowned
+herself? No: it was no drowning of herself that had come to little miss,
+be sure of that.
+
+What, however, had come to her no one knew. The fact only was certain:
+she had gone, and no one had met her coming or seen her going, and for
+all trace left she might as well have melted into air like one of the
+fairy women of romance. To be sure, the servants had heard her in her
+room in the early evening, and she had refused the tea which they had
+brought her, and told them, through the closed door, that she wanted
+nothing more that night. So they left her to herself, supposing her to
+be in one of her queer moods, to which they were used to give but scant
+heed, and not thinking more about her. The next morning she was missing,
+but when she had gone was as dark as where.
+
+The discovery, later in the day, that certain effects, such as her
+mother's dressing-case and a few personal necessities of daily use, were
+gone too, seemed to dispose effectually of the theory of suicide; though
+what remained, a lover, companion of her flight, being wanting? It was a
+strange thing altogether, and the country was alive with wild theories
+and wild reports. But in a few days a letter from Mr. Dundas to the
+rector, and another to Edgar, set the question of self-destruction at
+rest, though also they gave loose to other energies of conjecture, for
+in both he said, "No harm has come to her, and I am content to let her
+remain where she has elected to place herself."
+
+As it was just this _where_ which tormented the folk with the sense of
+mystery and made them eager for news, the father's meagre
+explanation--which, in point of fact, was no explanation at all--was not
+found very satisfactory, and a few hard words were said of Mr. Dundas,
+his reserve to the world being taken for the same thing as indifference
+to his daughter, and resented as an offence. But for the third time in
+his life Sebastian was found capable of maintaining this impenetrable
+reserve. Pepita's true status in her own country--madame's suspicious
+debts and those damaging letters from London--Leam's hiding-place: he
+had had strength enough to keep his own counsel about the first two
+unbroken, and now he betrayed no more about this last. It may as well be
+said that for this he had sufficient reason. Leam, who had confessed
+her crime, and announced her intention of flight and of hiding herself
+where no one should find her again, had not told him more than these
+bare bones of the story. And he did not care to know more. The skeleton
+was horrible enough as it stood: he was by no means inclined to clothe
+it with the flesh of detail, still less to follow his erring child to
+her place of exile. He was content that she should be blotted out. It
+was the sole reparation that she could make.
+
+This sudden disappearance ended the foreign tour which had been
+Josephine's sweetest anticipations of the honeymoon, for Mr. Dundas
+turned back for home at once, intending to put up Ford House for sale
+and leave the place for ever. He was ashamed to live at North Aston, he
+said, after Leam's extraordinary conduct, her shameful, shameless
+_esclandre_, which--said Josephine to her own people, weeping--she
+supposed was due to her, the poor little thing not liking her for a
+stepmother.
+
+"Though, indeed, she need not have been afraid," said the good creature
+effusively, "for I had intended to be kindness itself to the poor dear
+girl."
+
+And when she said this, Mrs. Harrowby who never failed an opportunity
+for moral cautery, remarked dryly, "In all probability it is as well as
+it is, Josephine. You would have been very uncomfortable with her, and
+would have been sure to have spoiled her. And, as Adelaide Birkett
+always says, very sensibly, she is odd enough already. She need not be
+made more so."
+
+Maria threw out a doubt as to whether Mr. Dundas had heard from Leam at
+all. It was not like Sebastian to be so close, she said; but Josephine
+assured her that he had, and bridled a little at the vapory insinuation
+that Sebastian was not perfect. She detailed the whole circumstance with
+all the facts fully fringed and feathered. He had received the letter
+just as they were preparing to go to the Louvre, but he had not shown it
+to her, and she had not asked to see it. She saw, though, that he was
+much agitated when he read it, but he had put it in his pocket, and
+when she looked for it it was not there. All that he had said was, "Leam
+has left home, Josephine, and we must go back at once." Of course she
+had not asked questions, she said with a pleasant little assumption of
+wifely submission. Her search in her husband's pockets was only what
+might have been expected from the average woman, but the wifely
+submission was special.
+
+For this curtailment of their sister's enjoyment Maria and Fanny judged
+Leam almost more severely than for any other delinquency involved in her
+flight. They spoke as if she had planned it purposely to vex her father
+and his bride in their honeymoon and deprive them of their lawful
+pleasure; but Josephine never blamed her as they did, and when they were
+most bitter cast in her little words of soothing and excused her with
+more zeal than evidence--excused her sometimes to the point of making
+her sisters angry with her and inclined to accuse her of her old
+failing, meek-spiritedness carried to the verge of self-abasement.
+
+But the one who suffered most of all those left to lament or to wonder
+was poor Alick Corfield. It was a misery to see him with his hollow
+cheeks and haggard eyes, like an animal that has been hunted into lone
+places, terrified and looking for a way of escape, or like a dog that
+has lost its master. He tried every method known to him to gain
+information of her directly or indirectly, but Mr. Dundas, ignorant
+himself, had only to guard that ignorance from breaking out. As for
+knowledge, he could not give what he did not possess, and the terrible
+thing that he did know he was not likely to let appear.
+
+One day when the poor fellow broke down, as was not unusual with him
+when asking about Leam--and Mr. Dundas read him like a book, all save
+that one black page where the beloved name stood inscribed in letters of
+his own heart's blood between the words "crime" and "murder"--with a
+woman's liking for saying pleasant things which soothed those who heard
+them, and did no hurt to those who said them save for the insignificant
+manner in which falsehood hurts the soul, Sebastian, laying his hand
+kindly on the poor fellow's angular shoulder, said, "I am sorry to know
+as much as I do, Alick. There is no one to whom I would have given her
+so readily as to you, my dear boy. Indeed, it was always one of my hopes
+for the future, poor misguided child! and I can see that it was yours
+too. Ah, how I grieve that it is impossible!"
+
+"Why impossible?" asked Alick, who had the faculty of faith, his pale
+face flushing.
+
+Mr. Dundas turned white. A look not so much of pain as of abhorrence
+came into his face. "Impossible!" he said vehemently. "I would not curse
+my greatest enemy with my daughter's hand."
+
+Alick felt his blood run cold. What did he mean? Did he know all, or was
+he speaking only with the angry feeling of a man who had been
+disappointed and annoyed? There was a short pause. Then said Alick,
+looking straight into Sebastian's eyes and speaking very slowly, but
+with not too much emphasis, "I would hold myself blessed with her as my
+wife had she even committed murder."
+
+Mr. Dundas started perceptibly. "Oh," he answered after a moment's
+hesitation, with a forced and sickly kind of smile, "a silly girl's
+wrong-headedness does not reach quite so far as that. She has done
+wrong, miserably wrong, but between withdrawing herself from her
+father's house and committing such a crime as murder there is rather a
+wide difference. All the same, I am disgraced by her folly," angrily,
+"and I will not let any one--not even you, Alick--know where she is."
+
+"That is cruel to those who love her," pleaded Alick, his eyes filling
+with tears.
+
+"If cruel it is necessary," said Mr. Dundas.
+
+"But she must need friends about her now more than she ever did," urged
+Alick. "Tell me at least where to find her, that I may do what I can to
+console her."
+
+Mr. Dundas shook his head. "No," he said sternly, "She is dead to me,
+and shall be dead to my friends. She is blotted out from my love, and I
+will blot her out from my memory; and no one's persuasions can bring
+back what is effaced. Now, my dear boy, let us understand one another. I
+have surprised your secret: you love my daughter, and had she been
+worthy of you I would have given her to you more willingly than to any
+one I know. But she herself has fixed the gulf between us, which I will
+not pass nor help any one else to pass. Learn to look on her as dead,
+for she is dead to me, to you, to the world."
+
+"Never to me," cried Alick. "While she lives she must be always to me
+what she has been from the first day I saw her. Whatever she has done, I
+shall always love her as much as I do now."
+
+"You are faithful," replied Sebastian, "but trust me, boy, no woman that
+ever lived was worth so much fidelity. I will protect you against your
+own wish, and be your friend in spite of yourself. You shall not know
+where she is, and you shall not throw yourself away on her. As she has
+elected to be effaced, she shall be effaced--blotted out for ever."
+
+"Then I will consecrate my life to finding her," cried Alick warmly.
+
+Mr. Dundas shrugged his shoulders. "Who can persuade a willful man
+against his folly?" he said coldly. "You are following a marsh-light, my
+boy, and if you do find it you will only be landed in a bog."
+
+"If I find her I shall have found my reward," Alick answered with boyish
+fervor. "It will be happiness enough for me if I can bring back one
+smile to her face or lighten one hour of its sorrow."
+
+"Let well alone," said Mr. Dundas; but Alick answered, "Not till it is
+well; and God will help me."
+
+Whereupon the interview ended, and Alick left the house, feeling
+something as one of the knights of old might have felt when he had vowed
+himself to the quest of the Holy Grail.
+
+When Mr. Dundas came home, naturally the families called, as in duty
+bound and by inclination led. Excitement concerning Ford House was at
+its height, for there were two things to keep it alive--the one to see
+how the bride and bridegroom looked, the other to try and pick up
+something definite about Leam. And among the rest came Mr. Gryce, with
+his floating white locks falling about his bland cherubic face, his mild
+blue eyes with their trick of turning red on small provocation, and his
+lisping manner of speech, ingenuous, interrogatory, and knowing nothing
+when interrogated in his turn--somehow gleaning full ears wherever he
+passed, and dropping not even a solitary stalk of straw in return. He
+expressed his sorrow that he had not seen lately his young friend, Miss
+Dundas.
+
+"In my secluded life," he said, his eyelids reddening, "she is like a
+beautiful bird that flashes through the dull sky for a moment, but
+leaves the atmosphere brighter than before." He glanced round the room
+as if looking for her. "I hope she is well?" he added, not attempting to
+conceal a certain accent of disappointment at her absence.
+
+"Quite well when I heard from her," answered Mr. Dundas, doing his best
+to speak without embarrassment.
+
+Mr. Gryce turned his face in frank astonishment on the speaker. "Ah! She
+is from home, then?" he asked.
+
+"Yes," said Mr. Dundas curtly.
+
+"I had not heard," lisped the tenant of Lionnet. "But I myself have been
+from home for a few days, and have just returned. Though, indeed,
+present or absent, I know very little of my neighbors' doings, as you
+may see. I did not even know that Miss Dundas was from home."
+
+"Yet it was pretty widely talked about," said Mr. Dundas, with a certain
+suspicious glance at the cherubic face smiling innocently into his.
+
+"Doubtless the absence of Miss Dundas must have caused a gap," replied
+Mr. Gryce, "but you see, as I said, I have been away myself, and when I
+am at home I do not gossip."
+
+"Have--Where have you been?" asked Mr. Dundas abruptly, with that sudden
+glance as suddenly withdrawn which tells of a half-formed suspicion
+neither dwelt on nor clearly made out.
+
+"To Paris," said Mr. Gryce demurely. "I went to see--"
+
+"Oh! you went to see Notre Dame and La Madeleine of course," interrupted
+Sebastian satirically.
+
+"No," answered Mr. Gryce with a cherubic smile. "Strange to say, I had
+business connected with that odd drama of _Le Sphinx_."
+
+There was not much more talk after this, and Mr. Gryce soon took his
+leave, desiring to be most respectfully remembered to Miss Dundas when
+her father next wrote, and to say that he was keeping some pretty
+specimens of moths for her on her return; both of which messages
+Sebastian promised to convey at the earliest opportunity, improvising a
+counter-remark of Leam's which he was sorry he could not remember
+accurately, but it was something about butterflies and Mr. Gryce, though
+what it was he could not positively say.
+
+"Never mind: I will take the will for the deed," said the naturalist as
+he smiled himself through the doorway.
+
+And when he had gone Josephine declared that she did not care if he
+never came again: there was something she did not like about him. Pushed
+for a reason by her husband, who always assumed a logical and masculine
+tone to her, she had not one to produce, but she stumbled as if by
+chance on the word "sinister," which was just what Mr. Gryce was not. So
+Sebastian made her go into the library for the dictionary and hunt up
+the word through all its derivations, and thus proved to her
+incontestably that she was ignorant of the English language and of human
+nature in about equal proportions.
+
+It was soon remarked at the post-office that no letter addressed to Miss
+Dundas ever left North Aston, and that none came to Mr. Dundas or any
+one else in the queer, cramped handwriting which experience had taught
+Mrs. Pepper, post-mistress as well as the keeper of the village general
+shop, carried the sentiments of Leam Dundas. This caused a curious
+little buzz in the lower parts of the hive when Mrs. Pepper mentioned
+it to her friends and gossips; but as no fire can live without fresh
+fuel, and as nothing whatever was heard of Leam to stimulate curiosity
+or set new tales afloat, by degrees her name dropped out of the daily
+discussions of the place, and she was no longer interesting, because she
+had become used up and talked out.
+
+Only, Mr. Gryce wrote more frequently than had been his wont to Miss
+Gryce at Windy Brow in Cumberland--conjectured to be his sister; and
+only, Alick never ceased in his attempts to discover where his lost
+queen was hidden, though these attempts had hitherto been hopelessly
+baffled, partly because he had not an inch of foothold whence to make
+his first spring, nor the thinnest clew to tell him which path to take.
+
+And as a purchaser, the final cause of whose existence seemed to have
+been the unquestioning possession of Ford House, came suddenly on the
+scene and took the whole thing as it stood, Sebastian and his wife left
+the place, taking Fina with them, and migrated to Paris to finish their
+interrupted honeymoon. So now it was supposed that the last link
+connecting Leam with North Aston was broken, and that she was indeed
+blotted out and for ever.
+
+True love is faithful, and Alick Corfield's love was true. Had all the
+world forsaken her, he would have remained immovable in his old place
+and attitude of devotion--the one fixed idea always possessing him to
+find her in her retreat and restore her to self-respect and happiness by
+his undying love. But how to find her? All sorts of mad projects passed
+through his brain, but mad projects need some methods, and methods in
+harmony with existing conditions, if they are to bring success; and
+Alick's vague resolves to go out and look for her had no more meaning in
+them than the random moves of a bad chessplayer.
+
+Had Sir Lancelot lived at the present time, he would have gone to
+Camelot by express, like meaner souls; and had Sir Galahad set out on
+his quest in the latter half of the nineteenth century, he would have
+either advertised in the newspapers or have employed a detective for
+the first part of his undertaking. So, had Alick gone to Scotland Yard
+and taken the police into his confidence, Leam would have been found in
+less than a week; but as he shrank from bringing her into contact with
+the force mainly associated with crime, he was left to his own devices
+unassisted, and these devices ended only in constantly-recurring
+disappointment, and consequent increase of sorrow.
+
+His sorrow indeed was so great, and told on him so heavily, that every
+one said he was going to die. He had been left thin and gaunt enough by
+his illness, but distress of mind, coupled with weakness of body,
+reduced him to a kind of sketchy likeness of Don Quixote--his pure soul
+and honest nature the only beautiful things about him--while his
+mother's heart was as nearly broken as his own.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIX.
+
+WINDY BROW.
+
+
+While North Aston was employing its time in wondering, and Alick
+Corfield was breaking his heart in sorrowing, Leam was doing battle with
+her despair and distress at Windy Brow--doing the best she could to keep
+her senses clear and to live through the penance which she had inflicted
+on herself.
+
+So far, Mrs. Pepper's conclusions, based on a badly-gummed envelope,
+were right: Miss Gryce of Windy Brow was the sister of Mr. Gryce of
+Lionnet, though even Mrs. Pepper did not know that Leam Dundas, under
+the name of Leonora Darley, was living with her.
+
+It is not the most obvious agents that are the most influential. The
+greatest things in Nature are the work of the smallest creatures, and
+our lives are manipulated far more by unseen influences, known only to
+ourselves, than by those patent to the world. In all North Aston, Mr.
+Gryce was the man who had apparently the least hold on the place and the
+slightest connection with the people. He had come there by accident and
+by choice lived in retirement, though also by choice he had not been
+there a month before he knew all there was to be known of every
+individual for miles round. The merest chances had made him personally
+acquainted with Sebastian Dundas--those chances his tenancy of Lionnet
+and the slight attack of fever which called forth his landlord's
+sentiment and pity. Through the father he came to know the daughter,
+when the prying curiosity of his nature, his liking for secret influence
+and concealed action, together with the kind heart at bottom, and his
+real affection for the girl whose confidence he had partly forced and
+partly won, threw the whole secret into his hands and made him master of
+the situation--the keeper of the seal set against the writings whom no
+one suspected of complicity. This was exactly the kind of thing he
+liked, and the kind of thing that suited him, human mole, born detective
+and conspirator as he was.
+
+When Leam met him in the wood on the evening of her confession to Edgar,
+she met him with the deliberate intention of confessing her fearful
+secret to him too, and of asking him to help her to escape, like the
+friend which he had promised he would be. She knew that it was
+impossible for her now to live at North Aston, and the sole desire she
+had was to be blotted out, as she had been.
+
+There was no excitement about her, no feverish exaltation that would
+burn itself cold before twenty-four hours were over--only the dead
+dreariness of heartbreak, the tenacious resolution of despair. She
+neither wept nor wrung her hands, but quiet, pale, rigid, she told her
+terrible story in the low and level tones in which a Greek Fate might
+have spoken, as sad and as immutable. She had sinned, and now had made
+such atonement as she could by confession--to her lover to save him from
+pollution, to her father to cancel his obligations to her, to her friend
+to be helped in her lifelong penance. This done, she had strengthened
+herself to bear all that might come to her with that resignation of
+remorse which demands no rights and inherits no joys. She was not one of
+those emotional half-hearted creatures who resolve one day, break down
+the next, and drift always. For good and evil alike she had the power to
+hold where she had gripped and to maintain what she had undertaken; and
+even her life at Windy Brow did not shake her.
+
+And that life might well have shaken both a stronger mind and even a
+more resolute will than hers.
+
+A square stone house of eight rooms, set on a bleak fell-side where the
+sun never shone, where no fruits ripened, no flowers bloomed and no
+trees grew, save here and there a dwarfed and twisted thorn covered with
+pale gray lichen and bent by the wind into painful deformity of
+growth--a house which had no garden, only a strip of rank, coarse grass
+before the windows, with a potato-patch and kail-yard to the side; where
+was no adornment within or without, no beauty of color, no softness of
+line, merely a rugged, lonesome, square stone tent set up on a
+mountain-spur, as it would seem for the express reception of tortured
+penitents not seeking to soften sorrow,--this was Windy Brow, the
+patrimony of the Gryces, where Keziah, Emmanuel's eldest sister, lived
+and had lived these sixty years and more.
+
+The house stood alone. Monk Grange, the hamlet to which it
+geographically belonged--a place as bleak and bare as itself, and which
+seemed to have been flung against the fell-foot as if a brick-layer's
+hodman had pitched the hovels at haphazard anyhow--was two good miles
+away, and the market-town, to be got at only by crossing a dangerous
+moor, was nine miles off--as far as Sherrington from North Aston.
+
+The few poor dwellers in Monk Grange had little to do with the
+market-town. They lived mostly on what they managed to raise and rear
+among themselves--holding braxy mutton good enough for feast-days, and
+oatmeal porridge all the year round the finest food for men and bairns
+alike. As for the gudewives' household necessaries, they were got by the
+carrier who passed once a fortnight on their road; and for the rest, if
+aught was wanting more than that which they had, they did without, and,
+according to the local saying, "want was t' master."
+
+Society of a cultured kind there was none. The clergyman was an old man
+little if it all superior to the flock to which he ministered. He was a
+St. Bees man, the son of a handloom weaver, speaking broad Cumberland
+and hopelessly "dished" by a hard word in the Bible. He was fond of his
+glass, and was to be found every day of his life from three to nine at
+the Blucher, smoking a clay pipe and drinking rum and milk. He had never
+married, but he was by no means an ascetic in his morals, as more than
+one buxom wench in his parish had proved; and in all respects he was an
+anachronism, the like of which is rare now among the fells and dales,
+though at one time it was the normal type for the clergy of the remoter
+North Country districts.
+
+This old sinner--Priest Wilson as he was called--and Miss Gryce of Windy
+Brow represented the wealth and intellect of a place which was at the
+back of everything, out of the highway of life and untouched by the
+progress of history or science. And the one was not very much superior
+to the other save in moral cleanliness; which, however, counts for
+something.
+
+If North Aston had said with a sniff that Mr. Gryce was not
+thoroughbred, what would have been its verdict on Sister Keziah? He at
+least had rubbed off some of the native fell-side mould by rolling about
+foreign parts, gathering experience if not moss, and becoming rich in
+knowledge if not in guineas; but Keziah, who had spent the last twenty
+years of her life in close attendance on a paralytic old mother, had
+stiffened as she stood, and the local mould encrusting her was very
+thick. Nevertheless, she too had a good heart if a rough hand, and,
+though eccentric almost to insanity, as one so often finds with people
+living out of the line and influence of public opinion, yet was as sound
+at the core as she was rude and odd in the husk.
+
+She was a small woman, lean, wrinkled, and with a curious mixture of
+primness and slovenliness in her dress. She wore a false front, which
+she called a topknot, the small, crimped, deep-brown mohair curls of
+which were bound about her forehead with a bit of black velvet ribbon,
+while gray hairs straggled from underneath to make the patent sham more
+transparent still; and over her topknot she wore a rusty black cap that
+enclosed the keen monkeyish face like a ruff. Her every-day gown was one
+of coarse brown camlet, any number of years old, darned and patched till
+it was like a Joseph's coat; and the Rob Roy tartan shawl which she
+pinned across her bosom hid a state of dilapidation which even she did
+not care should be seen. She wore a black stuff apron full of fine tones
+from fruit-stains and fire-scorchings; and she took snuff.
+
+She was reputed to be worth a mort of money, and she had saved a goodly
+sum. It would have been more had she had the courage to invest it; but
+she had a profound distrust of all financial speculations--had not
+Emmanuel lost his share by playing at knucklebones with it in the
+City?--and she was not the fool to follow my leader into the mire. For
+her part, she put her trust in teapots and stockings, with richer hoards
+wrapped in rags and sewn up in the mattress, and here a few odd pounds
+under the rice and there a few hidden in the coffee. That was her idea
+of a banking account, and she held it to be the best there was.
+
+"Don't lend your hat," she used to say, "and then you'll not have to go
+bareheaded." And sometimes, talking of loans on securities, she would
+take a pinch of snuff and say she "reckoned nowt of that man who locked
+his own granary door and gave another man the key."
+
+To all appearance, she lived only to scrape and hoard, moidering away
+her loveless life on the futile energies and sordid aims of a miser's
+wretched pleasures. But every now and then she had risen up out of the
+slough into which she had gradually sunk, and had done some grand things
+that marked her name with so many white stones. While she gloried in her
+skill in filching from the pig what would serve the chickens, in making
+Jenny go short to save to-day's baking of havre-bread, in skimping Tim's
+bowl of porridge--his appetite being a burden on her estate which she
+often declared would break her--she had more than once given a hundred
+pounds at a blow to build a raft for a poor drowning wretch who must
+otherwise have sunk. In fact, she was one of those people who are small
+with the small things of life and great with the great--who will grudge
+a daily dole of a few threshed-out stalks of straw, but who sometimes,
+when rightly touched, will shower down with both hands full sheaves of
+golden grain. That is, she had mean aims, a bad temper, no imagination,
+but the capacity for pity and generosity on occasions.
+
+Above all things, she hated to be put out of the way or intruded on.
+When her brother Emmanuel came down on her without a word of warning,
+bringing a girl with eyes that, as she said, made her feel foolish to
+look at, and a manner part scared, part stony, and wholly unconformable,
+telling her to keep this precious-bit madam like a bale of goods till
+called for, and to do the best with it she could, she was justified, she
+said, in splurging against his thoughtlessness and want of
+consideration, taking a body like that all of a heap, without With your
+leave or By your leave, or giving one a chance of saying Yes I will, or
+No I won't.
+
+But though she splurged she gave way; and after she had fumed and
+fussed, heckled the maid and harried the man, said she didn't see as how
+she could, and she didn't think as how she would, sworn there was no
+bedding fit to use, and that she had no place for the things--apples and
+onions chiefly--that were in the spare room if she gave it up for the
+young lass's use, she seemed to quiet down, and going over to Leam,
+standing mutely by the black-boarded fireplace, put on her spectacles,
+peered up into her face, and said in shrill tones, rasping as a saw,
+though she meant to be kind, "Ah, well! I suppose it must be; so go your
+ways up stairs with Jenny, bairn, and make yourself at home. It's little
+I have for a fine young miss like you to play with, but what I have
+you're welcome to; so make no bones about it: d'ye hear?"
+
+"But I am in your way," said Leam, not moving. "You do not want me?"
+
+Miss Gryce laughed. "Want ye?" she shouted. "Want ye, do you say? Nay,
+nay, honey, it was no wanting of you or your marras that would ever have
+given me a headache, I'll ensure ye. But now that you are here you can
+bide as long as you've a mind; and you're welcome kindly. And Emmanuel
+there knows that my word is as good as my bond, and what I say I mean."
+
+"Am I to stay?" asked Leam, turning to Mr. Gryce with a certain forced
+humility which showed how much it cost her to submit.
+
+"Yes," he answered, less cheerfully and more authoritatively than was
+his manner at North Aston, speaking without a lisp and with a full
+Cumberland accent. "It is the best thing I can do for you--all I have to
+offer."
+
+To which Leam bent her sad head with pathetic patience--pathetic indeed
+to those who knew the proud spirit that it reported broken and humbled
+for ever. Following the red-armed, touzled, ragged maid to the dingy
+cabin that was to be her room, she left her friend to explain to his
+sister, so far as he chose and could, the necessity under which he found
+himself of leaving his adopted daughter, Leonora Darley, in her care for
+a week or two, until such time as he should return and claim her.
+
+"Your adopted daughter? God bless my soul, man! but you are the daftest
+donnet I ever saw on two legs!" cried Keziah, snatching up the coarse
+gray knitting which was the sole unanchored circumstance in the room and
+casting off her heel viciously. "What call had you to adopt a
+daughter--you with never a wife to mother her nor a house of your own to
+take her to? For I reckon nowt of your furnished houses here and your
+beggarly apartments there, as you know. And now you can do nothing
+better than bring her here to fash the life out of me before the week's
+over! But that's always the way with you men. You talk precious big, but
+it's mighty little you put your hands to; and when you hack out yokes
+for which you get a deal of praise, you take care not to bear them on
+your own backs. It's us women who have to do that."
+
+"One would have supposed you would have liked a pretty young thing like
+that in the house. You are lonesome enough here, and it makes a little
+life," said Emmanuel quietly.
+
+He knew his sister Keziah, and that she must have her head when the
+talking fit was on her.
+
+"'A pretty young thing like that!'" she repeated scornfully. "Lord love
+you, born cuddy as you are! What's her good looks to me, I wonder, but a
+pound spent on a looking-glass, and Jenny taken off her work to make
+cakes and butter-sops for her dainty teeth? We'll have all the men-folk
+too havering round to see which of 'em may have the honor of ruining
+himself for my fine lady. And I'll not have it, I tell ye. I'll not have
+my house turned into a fair, with madam there as the show. Life! what do
+I want with 'life' about me, or you either, Emmanuel? I've got my right
+foot in the grave, and I reckon yours is not far off; and what we've
+both got to do now is to see that we make a good ending for our souls."
+
+"At all events, you don't refuse to take her for a week or two?" asked
+Emmanuel innocently.
+
+"Did I say I refused? Did I send her up stairs as the nighest road to
+the street-door?" retorted his sister with disdain. "Did I not tell you,
+as plain as tongue could speak, that she is welcome to her bit and sup,
+and I'll pass the time away for her in the best way I can, though bad is
+the best, I reckon?"
+
+"Well, well, you are a good body," said her brother.
+
+"Ay," she answered, "I am good enough when I jump your way. But tell me,
+Emmanuel," changing from the disdain of the superior creature holding
+forth on high matters to the inferior to the familiar gossip of the
+natural woman, "what's to do with her? It's as plain as a pike-staff
+that something is troubling her, and maybe it will be some of your love
+nonsense? for it's mainly that as fashes the lasses. Good Lord! I'm
+thankful I was never hindered that way."
+
+"Yes," said Mr. Gryce, "she has had what you women call a
+disappointment; and," speaking with unusual energy, "the man was a fool
+and a coward, and she has had a lucky escape."
+
+"Say ye? If so, then there is no call for her to carry on," said Keziah
+philosophically. "But the poor bairn's looking wantle enough now, though
+I warrant me the fell-side air will brisk her up in no time."
+
+"I hope it will," said her brother.
+
+"What does she eat, now? You see, now I've got the lass on my hands, I
+cannot hunger her," said Keziah. "Not that I can give her dainties and
+messes," she added hastily, the miser's cloak suddenly covering the
+woman's heart. "She'll have to take what we get, and be thankful for her
+meat. Still, it's as well to know what a body's been accustomed to when
+they come like this, all of a heap."
+
+"Don't fash yourself about her," answered Emmanuel. "Do what you
+can--that you will, I know--but leave her to herself: that's the way for
+her. She's an odd little body, and the least said the soonest mended
+with Leam."
+
+"With who, d'ye say?" asked Keziah sharply.
+
+"Lean--Leonora," said Emmanuel cherubically.
+
+"Well, I wouldn't call a daughter of mine after old Pharaoh's kine,"
+snapped Keziah with supreme scorn; and at that moment Leam came into the
+room, and Keziah bustled out of it to tig after Jenny and ding at Tim,
+as these two faithful servitors were wont to express the way of their
+mistress toward them.
+
+"My dear, I did not know that things were so miserable here for you, but
+you must just bide here till the scent grows cold, and then I'll come
+for you and put you where you'll be better off," said Mr. Gryce kindly
+when he was alone with Leam.
+
+"This will do," said Leam, suppressing a shudder as she looked round
+the little room, where what had originally been a rhubarb-colored
+paper--chosen because it was a good wearing color--was patched here and
+there with scraps of newspapers or bits of other patterned papers; where
+the huge family Bible and a few musty and torn odd volumes of the
+_Spectator_ and the _Tatler_ comprised the sole library; and where the
+only ornaments on the chimneypiece were three or four bits of lead ore
+from the Roughton Gill mines, above Caldbeck.
+
+"You have been used to something far different," said Emmanuel,
+compassionately.
+
+"My past is over," she answered in a low voice.
+
+"But you'll come to a better future," he cried, his mild blue eyes
+watery and red.
+
+"Shall I? When I die?" was her reply as she passed her hand wearily over
+her forehead, and wished--ah, how ardently!--that the question might
+answer itself now at once.
+
+But the young live against their will, and Leam, though bruised and
+broken, had still the grand vitality of youth to support her. Of the
+stuff of which in a good cause martyrs, in a bad criminals, are made,
+she accepted her position at Windy Brow with the very heroism of
+resignation. She never complained, though every circumstance, every
+condition, was simply torture; and so soon as she saw what she was
+expected to do, she did it without remonstrance or reluctance. Her life
+there was like a lesson in a foreign language which she had undertaken
+to learn by heart, and she gave herself to her task loyally. But it was
+suffering beyond even what Emmanuel Gryce supposed or Keziah ever
+dreamed of. She, with the sun of the South in her veins, her dreams of
+pomegranates and orange-groves, of music and color and bright blue
+skies, of women as beautiful as mamma, of that one man--not of the
+South, but fit to have been the godlike son of Spain--suddenly
+translated from soft and leafy North Aston to a bleak fell-side in the
+most desolate corner of Cumberland--where for lush hedges were cold,
+grim gray stone walls, and the sole flowers to be seen gorse which she
+could not gather, and heather which had no perfume--to a house set so
+far under the shadow that it saw the sun only for three months in the
+year, and where her sole companion was old Keziah Gryce, ill-favored in
+person, rough of mood if true of soul, or creatures even worse than
+herself;--she, with that tenacious loyalty, that pride and concentrated
+passion, that dry reserve and want of general benevolence characteristic
+of her, to be suddenly cast among uncouth strangers whose ways she must
+adopt, and who were physically loathsome to her; dead to the only man
+she loved, his love for her killed by her own hand, herself by her own
+confession accursed; and to bear it all in silent patience,--was it not
+heroic? Had she been more plastic than she was, the effort would not
+have been so great. Being what she was, it was grand; and made as it was
+for penitence, it had in it the essential spirit of saintliness. For
+saintliness comes in small things as well as great, and George Herbert's
+swept room is a true image. There was saintliness in the docility with
+which she rose at six and went to bed at nine; saintliness in the quiet
+asceticism with which she ate porridge for breakfast and porridge for
+supper--at the first honestly believing it either a joke or an insult,
+and that they had given her pigs' food to try her temper; saintliness in
+the silence with which she accepted her dinners, maybe a piece of fried
+bacon and potatoes, or a huge mess of apple-pudding on washing-days, or
+a plate of poached eggs cooked in a pan not over clean; saintliness in
+the enforced attention which she gave to Keziah's rambling stories of
+her pigs and her chickens, her mother's ailments, Jenny's shortcomings
+in the matter of sweepings and savings, Tim's wastefulness in the garden
+over the kailrunts, and the hardships of life on a lone woman left with
+only a huzzy to look after her; saintliness in the repression of that
+proud, fastidious self to which Keziah's familiarity and snuff, Jenny's
+familiarity and disorder, the smell of the peat--which was the only fuel
+they burnt--reeking through the house, and the utter ugliness and
+barren discomfort of everything about, were hourly miseries which she
+would once have repudiated with her most cutting scorn; saintliness in
+the repression of that self indeed at all four corners, and the resolute
+submission to her burden because it was her fitting punishment.
+
+So the sad days wore on, and the fell-side air had not yet brisked up
+Emmanuel's adopted daughter as his sister prophesied. Indeed, she seemed
+slighter and paler than ever, and if possible more submissive to her lot
+and more taciturn. And as her intense quietude of bearing suited Miss
+Gryce, who could not bear to be fussed, and time proved her douce and
+not fashious, she became quite a favorite with her rough-grained
+hostess, who wondered more and more where Emmanuel had picked her up,
+and whose bairn she really was.
+
+Her only pleasure was in wandering over the fells, whence she could see
+the tops of the Derwentwater mountains, and from some points a glimpse
+of blue Bassanthwaite flowing out into the open; where mountain-tarns,
+lying like silver plates in the purple distance, were her magic shows,
+seen only in certain lights, and more often lost than found; whence she
+could look over the broad Carlisle plain and dream of that day on the
+North Aston moor when she first met Edgar Harrowby; and whence the
+glittering strip of the Solway against the horizon made her yearn to be
+in one of the ships which she could dimly discern passing up and down,
+so that she might leave England for ever and lay down the burden of her
+life and her sorrow in mamma's dear land.
+
+So the hours passed, dreary as Mariana's, and hopeless as those wherein
+we stand round the grave and know that the end of all things has come.
+And while North Aston wondered, and Alick mourned, and Edgar repented of
+his past folly with his handsome head in Adelaide's lap, Leam Dundas
+moved slowly through the shadow to the light, and from her chastisement
+gathered that sweet grace of patience which redeemed her soul and raised
+her from sin to sanctity.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XL.
+
+LOST AND NOW FOUND.
+
+
+In bringing up Alick tied tight to her apron-strings, feeding him on
+moral pap, putting his mind into petticoats, and seeking to make him
+more of a woman than a man, Mrs. Corfield had defeated her design and
+destroyed her own influence. During his early growth the boy had yielded
+to her without revolt, because he was more modest than
+self-assertive--had no solid point of resistance and no definite purpose
+for which to resist; but after his college career he developed on an
+independent line, and his soul escaped altogether from his mother's
+hold. Had she let him ripen into manhood in the freedom of natural
+development, she would have been his chosen friend and confidante to the
+end: having invaded the most secret chambers of his mind, and sought to
+mould every thought according to the pattern which she held best, when
+the reaction set in the pendulum swung back in proportion to its first
+beat; and as a protest against his former thraldom he now made her a
+stranger to his inner life and shut her out inexorably from the holy
+place of his sorrow.
+
+The mother felt her son's mind slipping from her, but what could she do?
+Who can set time backward or reanimate the dead? Day by day found him
+more silent and more suffering, the poor little woman nearly as
+miserable as himself. But the name of Leam, standing as the spectre
+between them, was never mentioned after Mrs. Corfield's first outburst
+of indignation at her flight--indignation not because she was really
+angry with Leam, but because Alick was unhappy.
+
+After Alick's stern rejoinder, "Mother, the next time you speak ill of
+Leam Dundas I will leave your house for ever," the subject dropped by
+mutual consent, but it was none the less a living barrier between them
+because raised and maintained in silence.
+
+"Oh, these girls! these wicked girls!" Mrs. Corfield had said with a
+mother's irrational anger when speaking of the circumstance to her
+husband. "We bring up our boys only for them to take from us. As soon
+as they begin to be some kind of comfort and to repay the anxiety of
+their early days, then a wretched little huzzy steps in and makes one's
+life in vain."
+
+"Just so, my dear," said Dr. Corfield quietly. "These were the identical
+words which my mother said to me when I told her I was going to marry
+you."
+
+"Your mother never liked me, and I did like Leam," said Mrs. Corfield
+tartly.
+
+"As Leam Dundas, maybe; but as Leam the wife of your son, I doubt it."
+
+"If Alick had liked it--" said Mrs. Corfield, half in tears.
+
+"You would have been jealous," returned her husband. "No: all girls are
+only daughters of Heth to the mothers of Jacobs, and I never knew one
+whom a mother thought good enough for her boy."
+
+"You need not discredit your own flesh and blood for a stranger," cried
+Mrs. Corfield crossly; and the mute man with an aggravating smile
+suddenly seemed to repent of his unusual loquacity, and gradually
+subsided into himself and his calculations, from which he was so rarely
+aroused.
+
+Alick, ceasing to make a confidante of his mother, began to make a
+friend of Mr. Gryce. Perhaps it ought rather to be said that Mr. Gryce
+began to make a friend of him. The old philosopher, with that corkscrew
+mind of his, knew well enough what was amiss with the poor lank-visaged
+curate. Being of the order of the benevolent busybodies fond of playing
+Providence, how mole-like soever his method, he had marked out a little
+plan of his own by which he thought he could make all the crooked roads
+run straight and discord flow into harmony. But he too fell into the
+mistake common to busybodies, benevolent and otherwise--treating souls
+as if they were machines to be wound up and kept going by the clockwork
+of an extraneous will and neatly manipulated by well-arranged
+circumstance.
+
+One day he joined Alick in his walk to an outlying cottage of the
+parish, where the husband was sick and the wife and children short of
+food, and the Church sent its prayer-book and ministers as the best
+substitute it knew for a wholesome dwelling and sufficient wages.
+Theology was not much in the way of an old heathen who reduced all
+religions save Mohammedanism to the transmuted presentation of the
+archaic solar myth, and who thought Buddhism far ahead of every other
+creed; but he liked the man Alick, if the parson bored him, and he was
+caressing a plan which he had in his pocket.
+
+"You find your life here satisfying, I suppose?" he began, his blue eyes
+looking into the wayside banks for creatures.
+
+"Is any life?" answered Alick, his eyes turned to the vague distance.
+
+"Not fully: the spirit of progress, working by discontent, forbids the
+social stagnation of rest and thankfulness; but we can come to something
+that suffices for our daily wants if it does not satisfy all our
+longings. Work in harmony with our nature, and doing good here and there
+when we can, both these help us on. But the work must be harmonious and
+the good we do manifest."
+
+"So far as that goes, Church-work is pleasant to me--all, indeed, I care
+for or am fit for; but North Aston is stony ground," said Alick.
+
+"Can you wonder? When the husbandman-in-chief is such a man as Mr.
+Birkett, you must make your account with stones and weeds. The spiritual
+cannot flourish under the hand of the unspiritual; and, considering the
+pastor, the flock is far from bad."
+
+"That may be, but we do not like to live only in comparatives," said
+Alick. "I confess I should be happier in a cure where I was more of one
+mind with my rector than I am here, and not decried or ridiculed on
+account of every scheme for good that I might propose. Parish-work here
+is shamefully neglected, but Mr. Birkett will not let me do anything to
+mend it."
+
+"Ah!" said Mr. Gryce, catching a luckless curculio by the way, "that is
+bad. A more harmonious one would certainly be, as you say, far more
+agreeable. Or a little parish of your own--a parish, however small,
+which would be all your own, and you not under the control of any one
+below your diocesan? How would that do? That would be my affair if I
+were in the Church."
+
+Alick's face lightened. "Yes," he said, "that is my dream--at least one
+of them. I would not care how small the place might be, if I had supreme
+control and might work unhindered in my own way."
+
+"It will come," said Mr. Gryce cheerily. "All things come in time to him
+who knows how to wait."
+
+"Ah, if I could believe that!" sighed Alick, thinking of Leam.
+
+"Take my word for it," returned Mr. Gryce. "It will do you no harm to
+have a dash of rose-color in your rather sombre life; and Hope, if it
+tells flattering tales, does not always tell untrue ones."
+
+"I fear my hope has flattered me untruly," said Alick, his faithful
+heart still on Leam.
+
+Mr. Gryce captured a caterpillar wandering across the road. "Conduct is
+fate," he said. "If this poor fellow had not been troubled with a fit of
+restlessness, but had been content to lie safely hidden among the
+grass-roots where he was born, he would not have been caught. Yes,
+conduct is fate for a captive caterpillar as well as for man."
+
+"And yet who can foresee?" said Alick. "We all walk in the dark
+blindfold."
+
+"As you say, who can foresee? That makes perhaps the hardship of it, but
+it does not alter the fact. Blindly walking or with our eyes wide open,
+our steps determine our destiny, and our goal is reached by our own
+endeavors. We ourselves are the artificers of our lives, and mould them
+according to our own pattern."
+
+"But that part of our lives which is under the influence of another? How
+can we manipulate that?" said Alick. "Love and loss are twin powers
+which create or crush without our co-operation."
+
+"I only know one irreparable manner of loss--that by death," said Mr.
+Gryce steadfastly. "For all others while there is life there is hope,
+and I hold nothing, beyond the power of the will to remedy."
+
+"I wish I could believe that," Alick sighed again; and again Mr. Gryce
+said cheerily, "Then take that too on trust, and believe me if you do
+not believe in your own inborn elasticity, your own power of doing and
+undoing."
+
+"There are some things which can never come right when they have once
+gone wrong," said Alick.
+
+"You think so? I know very few," his companion answered in the hearty,
+inspiriting manner which he had used all through the interview, talking
+with a broader accent and lisping less than usual, looking altogether
+more manly and less cherubic than his wont. "I am a believer myself in
+the power of the will and holding on." After a pause he added suddenly,
+"You would be really glad of a small living, no matter where situated,
+nor how desolate and unimportant, where you would be sole master?"
+
+"Yes," said Alick. "If I could win over one soul to the higher life, I
+should count myself repaid for all my exertions. We must all have our
+small beginnings."
+
+"I am an odd old fellow, as you know, Mr. Corfield," laughed Emmanuel
+Gryce. "Give me your hand: I can sometimes see a good deal of the future
+in the hand."
+
+Alick blushed and looked awkward, but he gave his bony, ill-shaped hand
+all the same.
+
+After a little while, during which Mr. Gryce had bent this finger this
+way and that finger another way, had counted the lines made by the
+bended wrist, and had talked half to himself of the line of Jupiter and
+the line of Saturn, the line of life and that of Venus, he said quietly,
+"You will have your wish, and soon. I see a most important change of
+residence at about this time, which in conjunction with this," pointing
+to a small cross at the root of the fourth finger, "will be certainly to
+your advantage."
+
+"How strange!" said Alick. "One scarcely knows whether to laugh at it
+all as old wives' fables or to believe in the mysterious forewarnings of
+fate, the foremarkings of the future."
+
+"There are more things in heaven and earth--" said Mr. Gryce. "And we
+know so little we may well believe a trifle more."
+
+The fact was, all this was founded on these circumstances: He had at
+this moment a letter in his pocket from his sister Keziah telling him
+that old Priest Wilson had been found dead in his bed last night; the
+bishop's chaplain was a friend of his, both having been at the same
+station in India; and the perpetual curacy of Monk Grange was one which,
+if offices went according to their ratio of unpleasantness, a man should
+have been paid a large income to take. Hence there was no chance of a
+rush for the preferment, and the bishop would be grateful for any
+intimation of a willing martyr. Through all of which chinks whereby to
+discover the future Mr. Gryce founded his prophecy; and through them,
+too, it came about that he proved a true prophet. In three days' time
+from this the post brought a letter to Alick Corfield from the bishop
+offering him the perpetual curacy of Monk Grange, income seventy pounds
+a year and a house.
+
+Before speaking even to his mother, Alick rushed off with this letter to
+Mr. Gryce. The old leaven of superstition which works more or less in
+all of us--even those few who think proof a desirable basis for belief,
+and who require an examination conducted on scientific principles before
+they accept supernaturalism as "only another law coming in to modify
+those already known"--that superstition which belongs to most men, and
+to Alick with the rest, made this letter a matter of tremendous
+excitement to him. He saw in it the hand of God and the finger of Fate.
+It was impossible that Mr. Gryce, living at North Aston, should know
+anything of a small country incumbency in the North. It was all that
+study made of his poor parched and knuckly hand. And what had been seen
+there was manifestly the thing ruled for him by Providence and destiny.
+
+"How could you possibly tell?" he cried, looking at his own hand as if
+he could read it as his clever friend had done.
+
+"That is my secret," said Emmanuel, smiling at the credulity on which he
+traded. Then, thinking a flutter outward of the corners of his cards the
+best policy in the circumstances about them at the moment, he added,
+"And when you get there you will understand more than you do now. For
+you will go?"
+
+"Surely," said Alick: "it would be unfaithful in me to refuse."
+
+"But see if you cannot make arrangements to take the place on trial for
+a few months. I know very little of your ecclesiastical law, but grant
+even that it is as devoid of common sense as I should suppose--seeing
+who are the men who make, administer and obey it--still, I should think
+that a temporary incumbency might be arranged."
+
+"I should think so, and I will take your advice," said Alick, over whom
+Emmanuel Gryce was fast establishing the power which belongs to the
+stronger over the weaker, to the more astute over the more dense.
+
+"You will find an adopted daughter of mine in the neighborhood," then
+said Mr. Gryce with the most amiable indifference. "She lives with my
+sister at our old home on the fell-side: Windy Brow the place is called.
+You must tell me how she looks and what you think of her altogether when
+you write to me, as I suppose you will do, or when you come home, if you
+elect not to take the cure even on trial."
+
+"I am not much in the way of criticising young ladies," said Alick
+sadly.
+
+"She is rather a remarkable girl, all things considered," returned Mr.
+Gryce quietly. "Her name is Leonora Darley. You will remember--Leonora
+Darley. Ask for her when you go up to Windy Brow: Leonora Darley," for
+the third time.
+
+"All right: Miss Leonora Darley," repeated Alick, suspecting nothing;
+and again Mr. Gryce smiled as he dug his fingers into the earth of a
+chrysalis-box. How pleasant it was to pull the strings and see his
+puppets dance!
+
+Of course, Mr. Birkett's consent was a necessary preliminary to Alick's
+departure, but there was no difficulty about it. The military rector was
+tired to death, so he used to say, of his zealous young aide-de-camp,
+and hailed the prospect of getting rid of him handsomely with a frank
+pleasure not flattering to poor Alick's self-love. "Certainly, my dear
+boy, certainly," he said. "It will be better for you to have a place of
+your own, where you can carry out your new ideas. You see I am an old
+man now, and have learnt the value of letting well alone. You are in all
+the fever-time of zeal, and believe that vice and ignorance are like the
+walls of Jericho, to fall down when you blow your trump. I do not. But
+on the whole, it is as well that you should learn the realities of life
+for yourself, and carry your energies where they may be useful."
+
+"Then you do not mind?" asked Alick boyishly.
+
+The rector gave a loud clear laugh. "Mind! a thousand times no," he
+said, rubbing his plump white hands. "I can manage well enough alone,
+and if I cannot there are dozens of young eligibles ready to jump at the
+place. Mind! no. Go in Heaven's name, and may you be blessed in your
+undertaking!"
+
+The last words came in as grace-lines, and with them Alick felt himself
+dismissed.
+
+If the rector had been facile to deal with, Mrs. Corfield was not. When
+she heard of the proposed arrangement, and that she was to lose her boy
+for the second time out of her daily life, and more permanently than
+before, her grief was as intense as if she had been told of his
+approaching death. She wept bitterly, and even bent herself to entreaty;
+but Alick, to whom North Aston had become a dungeon of pain since Leam
+went, held pertinaciously to his plan--not without sorrow, but surely
+without yielding. He was fascinated by the idea of a cure where he might
+be sole master, not checked by rectorial ridicule when he wished to
+establish night schools or clothing clubs, penny savings banks, or any
+other of the schemes in vogue for the good of the poor; thinking too,
+not unwisely, that the best heal-all for his sorrow was to be found in
+change of scene and more arduous work together. Also, he thought that if
+his vague tentative advertisements in the papers, which he dared not
+make too evident, had as yet brought nothing, some more satisfactory
+way of discovering Leam's hiding-place might shape itself when he was
+alone, freer to act as he thought best. On all of which accounts he
+resisted his mother's grief, and his own at seeing her grieve, and
+decided on going down to Monk Grange the next day.
+
+Had not Dr. Corfield been ailing at this time, the mother would have
+accompanied her son. The possibility of damp sheets weighed heavy on her
+mind; and landladies who filch from the tea-caddy, with landladies'
+girls, pert and familiar, preparing insidious gruel and seductive cups
+of coffee, were the lions which her imagination conjured up as prowling
+for her Alick through the fastnesses of Monk Grange. Circumstances,
+however, were stronger than her desire; and, happily for Alick, she was
+perforce obliged to remain at home while her darling went out from the
+paternal nest to shake those limp wings of his, and bear himself up
+unassisted in a new atmosphere in the best way he could.
+
+It was on the cold and rainy evening of a cold and rainy summer's day
+that Alick arrived at Monk Grange--an evening without a sunset or a
+moon, stars or a landscape; painful, mournful, as those who dwell in the
+North Country know only too well as the tears on its face of beauty. He
+had driven in a crazy old gig from Wigton, and the nine miles which lay
+between that not too brilliant town and the desolate fell-side hamlet
+which he had been so fain to make his own spiritual domain had not been
+such as disposed him to a cheerful view of things. The rain had fallen
+in a steady, pitiless downpour, which seemed to soak through every outer
+covering and to penetrate the very flesh and marrow of the tired
+traveler as it pattered noisily on the umbrella and streamed over the
+leather apron; and the splash of the horse's hoofs through the liquid
+mud and broad tracts of standing water was as dreary as the "splash,
+splash" of Buerger's ballad. And when all this was over, and they drew up
+at the Blucher, with its handful of desolate gray hovels round it, the
+heart of the man sank at the gloomy surroundings into the midst of which
+he had flung himself. But the zeal of the churchman was as good a tonic
+for him as the best common sense, and he waited until to-morrow and
+broad daylight before he allowed himself to even acknowledge an
+impression. The warm fireside at the Blucher cheered him too, and his
+supper of eggs and bacon and fresh crisp havre-bread satisfied such of
+his physical cravings as, unsatisfied, make a man's spiritual
+perceptions very gaunt.
+
+He went to bed, slept, and the next day woke up to a glory of sun and
+sky, a brilliancy of coloring, a photographic sharpness and clearness of
+form, a suggestion of beauty beyond that which was seen, which
+transformed the place as if an angel had passed through it in the night.
+As he tramped about the sordid hamlet he forgot the rude uncouthness of
+men and place for a kind of ecstasy at the loveliness about him. Every
+jutting rock of granite shone in the sun like polished jasper, and the
+numberless little rills trickling down the fell-sides were as threads of
+silver, now concealed in the gold of the gorse, and now whitening the
+purple of the heather. The air was full of blithesome sounds. Overhead
+the sky-larks sang in jocund rivalry, mounting higher and higher as if
+they would have beaten their wings against the sun: the bees made the
+heather and the thyme musical as they flew from flower to flower, and
+the tinkling of the running rills was like the symphony to a changeful
+theme. It was in real truth a transformation, and the new-comer into the
+fitful, seductive, disappointing North felt all its beauty, all its
+meaning, and gave himself up to his delight as if such a day as
+yesterday had never been.
+
+After he had done what he wished to do in the village, he went up the
+fell-side road to Windy Brow, and, obeying his instructions, asked when
+he got there "if Miss Leonora Darley was at home."
+
+"Na, she bain't," said Jenny, eying poor innocent Alick as a colley
+might eye a wolf sniffing about the fold. "T' auld mistress is."
+
+"Say Mr. Corfield, please," said Alick; and Jenny, telling him to "gang
+intilt parlor," scuffled off to Keziah, pottering over some pickled red
+cabbage, which made the house smell like a vinegar-cask.
+
+"I've heard tell of you," said Miss Gryce as she came in wiping her
+hands on a serviceable and by no means luxurious cloth: "Emmanuel wrote
+me a letter about you. You're kindly welcome to Monk Grange, but you're
+only a haverel to look at. Take a seat, and tell me--how's Emmanuel, my
+brother?"
+
+"He was well when I saw him the day before yesterday: at least he said
+nothing to the contrary," answered Alick with his conscientious
+literalness.
+
+"I like that," said Keziah, also eying him, but as a colley might have
+eyed a strange sheep, not a wolf. "A random rory would have made no
+difference between now and two days back, and believing and being. You
+cannot be over-particular in the truth, I take it."
+
+Alick blushed, shifted his place and looked uneasy. And again, as so
+often before, it came across him: had he done right, judged by the
+highest law, to conceal the truth as he knew it about Leam?
+
+"Hoot, man! there's no call for you to sit on pins and needles in that
+fashion," said Keziah. "It's a daft body that cannot hear a word of
+praise without turning as red as a turkey-cock and fidging like a
+parched pea on a drum-head. I've not turned much of you over yet, and
+maybe I'll come to what I'll have no mind to praise; so keep your fidges
+till you are touched up with the other end of the stick. And so you are
+to be our new priest, are you?"
+
+"I am going to offer myself for a time," said Alick.
+
+"For a time? That's a thing as has two sides to it. If you are not to
+our minds, that's its good side: if you are, and we are not to yours,
+that's its bad. I doubt if our folk will care to be played Jumping Joan
+with in that fashion."
+
+"I will be guided by the will of the Lord," said Alick reverently.
+
+"Humph! I like the words better nor the chances in them," returned
+Keziah, taking a pinch of snuff. "But maybe things'll work round as one
+would have them; and whether you stay or you do not, the Lord's will be
+done, amen! and His grace follow you, young man!"
+
+"Thank you," said Alick with emotion, getting up and shaking the
+pickle-stained and snuff-discolored hand.
+
+"I have a message for Miss Leonora Darley," he then said after a pause.
+"Mr. Gryce told me I was to be sure and tell him how she was looking."
+
+"Eh, poor bairn! she is not very first-rate," the old woman answered
+tenderly. At least it was tenderness in her: in another person her voice
+and manner might have been taken for crabbedness and impatience. "She's
+up by there, on the fell somewhere. She a'most lives on the fell-side,
+but it don't make her look as brisk as I should like. Have you seen the
+view from our brow-top? It is a real bonny one; and you'll maybe find
+Leonora not far off. I don't think she wanders far."
+
+"I should like to see it," said Alick. "The country altogether looks
+splendid to-day."
+
+"Ay, it's a bonny day enough if it would but last. Come your ways with
+me and I'll set you out by the back door. You can come in again the same
+road if you've a mind."
+
+On which she bustled up, and Alick, escorted by her, went through the
+house and on to the fell-side.
+
+It was, if possible, grander now than it had been in the earlier part of
+the day. The hot sun had cleared away the lingering mist, and the
+cloudless sky was like one large perfect opal, while the earth beneath
+shone and glistened as if it were a jewel set with various-colored gems.
+There was not a mean or sordid thing about. Touched by the splendid
+alchemy of the sun, the smallest circumstance was noble, the poorest
+color glorious. Alick stood on the fell-brow entranced: then turning, he
+saw slowly coming across the pathless green a young slight figure
+dressed in gray. He looked as it came near, and his heart beat with a
+force that took all power from him. It was absurd, he knew, but there
+was such a strange look of Leam about that girl! He stood and watched
+her coming along with that slow, graceful, undulating step which was
+Leam's birthright. Was he mad? Was he dreaming? What was this mocking
+trick of eyesight that was perplexing him? Surely it was madness; and
+yet--no, it could be no one else. Supreme, beloved, who else could
+personate her so as to cheat him?
+
+She came on, her eyes always fixed on the distance, seeing nothing of
+Alick standing dark against the sky. She came nearer, nearer, till he
+saw the glory of her eyes, the curve of her lip, and could count the
+curling tresses on her brow. Then he came down from the height and
+strode across the space between them.
+
+She lifted up her eyes and saw him. For an instant the sadness cleared
+out of them as the mists had cleared from the sky: her pathetic mouth
+broke into a smile, and she held out both her hands. "Alick, dear Alick!
+my good Alick!" she cried in a voice of exquisite tenderness.
+
+"My queen!" he said kneeling, his honest upturned face wet with tears.
+"Lost and now found!"
+
+[TO BE CONTINUED.]
+
+
+
+
+THE ITALIAN MEDIAEVAL WOOD-SCULPTORS.
+
+More or less during the whole of this century, and ever more during the
+recent years of it, the love of art, especially in what have been called
+the "industrial" manifestations of it, has been becoming a passion in
+Germany and in France, as well as in England and America. Museums for
+the collection and preservation of the works produced by the artists of
+those centuries which were the palmy days of art have been established
+in all these countries, and private amateurs have vied with them in
+enriching their respective countries with specimens of all the many
+kinds of art-industry which remain to us from those times when religion
+encouraged and surrounded itself with the beautiful and the cultivation
+of the beautiful was a religion. And it is mainly--indeed, almost
+entirely--to Italy that the lovers and admirers of mediaeval art come in
+search of those remains of it which, it is hoped, will be (or rather are
+being) the means of producing a second art _renaissance_. The quantity
+of objects, more or less genuinely representing the mediaeval art in all
+its many branches, which has been carried out of Italy within the last
+quarter of a century is something perfectly astounding, and far exceeds
+what any one would believe who has not remained in Italy long enough to
+observe the process. A considerable portion, no doubt, of the articles
+thus carried home with them by the lovers of art has consisted of modern
+imitations of ancient workmanship, but the quantity of genuine mediaeval
+articles--pottery in its various kinds, furniture, carving in wood, in
+marble, in stone and in ivory, lace, bronzes, embroidery, metal-work,
+brocaded stuffs, etc.--has been so enormous as to reveal in a very
+striking manner the extraordinary wealth of the country in the days when
+it was the mistress of Europe in civilization, and the all-pervading
+love of the beautiful which caused so very large a portion of that
+wealth to be expended for the gratification of a refined taste.
+
+Before proceeding to the more special subject of this article--certain
+interesting and recently-discovered notices of some of the most famous
+of the old carvers in wood--it may be well to say a word or two on the
+subject of the commerce in imitations of the mediaeval works so
+extensively carried on in Italy. Of course, a trade based on deception
+is in every way to be condemned and regretted. It is not only immoral,
+but it generates demoralization. But it is to be observed that in very
+many cases--especially in those branches where art-industry approaches
+the most nearly to art proper--the artist or artisan who produced the
+works in question has neither co-operated with the fraud we are speaking
+of, nor has worked with any view to the perpetration of such by others.
+In the next place, it is to be noted that the mortification and
+humiliation which many purchasers are conscious of when it is brought
+home to them that they have been taken in, and have purchased as old
+that which is in truth of recent production, may well be spared to them.
+I do not mean, of course, as regards the money they may have been
+cheated of, but as regards the slight put upon their own
+connoisseurship. The art of imitating the old works in question has been
+brought to such a pitch of perfection that it needs a very special
+education of the eye and large practice to detect the imposture. A
+circumstance occurred a few years ago at Florence which curiously
+illustrates both the facts I have mentioned--the frequent innocence of
+the producer of the imitation and the extreme difficulty of detecting
+the modern origin of the work. The facts are very little known, because
+it was the interest of many persons to misrepresent and conceal them.
+They ought, nevertheless, to be known, and I do not see any good reason
+why I should not tell them here.
+
+A young man at Florence of the name of Bastianini--it must be at least
+ten years ago now, or perhaps more--of very humble origin had shown a
+remarkable talent for modeling busts in terra-cotta. Having formed his
+taste for himself, not by means of any academical teaching, but by
+imbuing his mind with the examples of mediaeval art which meet the eye on
+all sides in his native city, his works assumed quite naturally the
+manner and style of the artists who (in more or less direct line) were
+his ancestors. One day it happened to him to see a man--he was a common
+workman in the tobacco manufactory--whose head struck him as specially
+marked by the old Florentine mediaeval type and as a remarkably good
+subject for a characteristic bust. From this man he made a terra-cotta
+bust which few could have pronounced to be other than a _cinque-cento_
+work, and a very fine one. Bastianini, then quite unknown and much in
+need of wherewithal to live, sold this bust as the work of his hands to
+a speculative dealer for, if I remember rightly, five hundred francs.
+The man who bought it carried it to a dealer in antiquities--a very
+well-known man in Florence whose name I could give were it of any
+interest to do so--and proposed to sell it to him for a large sum.
+Eventually, a bargain was struck on this basis: The dealer, with perfect
+knowledge of the origin and authorship of the work, was to pay one
+thousand francs for the bust, and to pay the seller another thousand if
+and whenever he, the dealer, should succeed in reselling it for more
+than a certain price named. Thereupon, in accordance with the usual
+practice in such cases, the bust disappeared from sight. It was stored
+in the secret repositories of the _antiquario_ till the circumstances
+attending its creation should be a little forgotten, and dust and dirt
+should have corrected the brand-new rawness of its surface, ready to be
+produced with much mystery as a recent _trouvaille_ when a likely
+purchaser should loom over the Apennine which encircles "gentile
+Firenze." In due time, one of the largest and brightest of those comets
+whose return is so accurately calculated and eagerly expected by the
+Florentine dealers in ancient art made his appearance in the Tuscan
+sky--no less than a buyer for the Louvre. Those were the halcyon days of
+the Empire, and money was plenty. Poor Bastianini's bust was brought out
+with all due mystery, duly admired by the infallible French connoisseur,
+and eventually purchased by him for the imperial collection for, I
+think, five thousand francs--at all events, for a sum sufficiently large
+to give the man who had bought the bust from the poor artist the right
+to demand his supplementary payment. He did so. But the greed of the
+dealer prevailed over his prudence, and he refused to give his
+accomplice in the fraud the promised share in the plunder. Of course
+that ensued which might have been expected. The defrauded rogue "split."
+The bust sold to the Frenchman was easily identified with that which
+Bastianini had made, and which had been known to all artistic Florence,
+and the authorities at the Louvre were duly certified by many a
+loud-tongued informer that they had been gulled. The information, as is
+usually the case with information of the kind, came too late to be of
+service to the buyers, but not too late to give them serious annoyance.
+The bust had been exhibited at the Louvre in a prominent place; it had
+excited considerable notice; none of the savants presiding over that
+establishment had conceived the smallest suspicion of its genuineness;
+and it was excessively disagreeable to have to admit that they had all
+been deceived by a work made the other day by an unknown Florentine
+artist. It was so disagreeable that the gentlemen in question had not
+the courage to face the truth. They pooh-poohed their informants,
+professed to adhere without a doubt to their own first opinions, and the
+bust, to the great amusement of all the Florentine art-world, remained
+in its place of honor at the Louvre, exhibited as a cinque-cento
+terra-cotta for a long time after all Florence was perfectly cognizant
+of its real history, and after the young artist had produced three or
+four other busts all equally marked by unmistakable cinque-cento
+characteristics. One of these was a really remarkable bust of
+Savonarola, which may be seen any day in the (now public) gallery of St.
+Mark's at Florence. The original _teterrima causa belli_ has, I believe,
+disappeared from the Louvre Gallery. Poor Bastianini died shortly
+afterward, and it is due to his memory and undoubtedly great talent that
+it should be distinctly understood that from first to last he was no
+party to or profiter by the frauds to which his special talent had given
+rise.
+
+To return, however, to what I was saying about that large portion of the
+works of art and art-industry every year exported from Italy, mainly by
+individual buyers for the gratification of their own taste, which
+consists of _imitations_. It may be remarked, especially as regards the
+objects belonging to the latter category, that these imitations, if
+bought as such, are not undesirable purchases. In many instances,
+particularly in those of iron- and bronze-work, intarsia, and carving in
+wood, the modern Italian artists, who began as imitators, have attained
+a degree of excellence which entitles them to take rank as the founders
+of a new artistic _renaissance_, while their familiarity with
+cinque-cento art and the loving study of it have led them to produce
+work in each of the above-named branches which is calculated to improve
+the taste of both workers and purchasers in countries beyond the Alps.
+As regards metal-work, whether in iron or bronze, avowedly modern, but
+of the true cinque-cento type and style, the amateur would do well to
+visit the foundries and workshops of Venice; for intarsia he may go to
+Milan; for wood-carving to Florence, Siena and Perugia; to the last also
+for intarsia. He will find in Perugia work both in carving and intarsia
+on which he might spend his money very much more advantageously than in
+buying second-rate bits of really old wood-work, or indeed any such bits
+as he is at all likely to meet with. And it is not surprising that the
+little Umbrian hill-city should have become a special home for this
+particular branch of art; for it contains some of the most remarkable
+works of the kind extant, the product of some of the most renowned
+masters of the craft in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. It is a
+mistake to suppose, as many persons do, that the fine works of this kind
+which we still admire were the product of men who were considered in
+their day as mere artisans, and whose names were not known beyond the
+boundaries of their native provinces. They were recognized as true
+artists, whose names were known from one end of the Peninsula to the
+other, and who were sent for from distant cities to execute works of
+importance. In many cases their names have perished: in more they are
+unknown to the present generation of art-lovers--_caruerunt quia vate
+sacro_. And in some cases--as a very notable instance, to be mentioned
+presently, will show in a remarkable manner--the higher portion of the
+merit which was wholly their own--the conception of their designs, with
+all the grace of fancy and cultured knowledge of the principles of the
+beautiful which it implies--has been assigned to others to whom the
+modern world has exclusively given the title of artists. But the
+increased and still increasing attention which the world is paying to
+all the details and all the branches of cinque-cento art--to good
+purpose, for it is due to it that we have emerged or are emerging from
+the eighteenth-century depths of ugliness in all our surroundings--has
+induced the useful Dryasdusts, whose nature and function it is to burrow
+in corporation and conventual muniment-rooms and the like promising
+covers, to search out with a very considerable degree of success a mass
+of facts, not only as to the real authorship of the work in question,
+but curiously illustrative of the status these artists held and the
+manner in which they lived and worked. Among the principal of these
+archive-hunters is the learned Professor Adam Rossi, the corporation
+librarian at Perugia, and it is mainly to his researches that the facts
+I am about to lay before the reader are due.
+
+One of the finest specimens of cinque-cento wood-work extant in
+Italy--perhaps I might safely say the finest--is the choir of the
+monastic church of St. Peter at Perugia. The monks of St. Peter were
+Benedictines of Monte Cassino, and, like most of the families of that
+order, they were very wealthy and were liberal patrons of art. On the
+9th of April, 1525, having determined to refit the choir of their church
+in a magnificent manner, they came to an agreement with a
+master-carpenter of Perugia for the execution of the work, and a
+detailed contract was signed by the parties. (I have called this
+cinque-cento work, and it will be observed that it was executed in the
+sixteenth century. It may be necessary, therefore, to explain to those
+who are unacquainted with the Italian mode of speaking in this respect
+that the Italians always speak of what we should call the fourteenth
+century as the "trecento," what we should call the fifteenth, as the
+"quattrecento," and so on. The period at which art in all its branches
+culminated in Italy was, in our language, the sixteenth century.)
+
+Maestro Bernardino di Luca, the artist with whom the convent contracted
+for the fitting of the choir, is styled in the instrument _legnaiuolo_
+(a "carpenter"). And no doubt Maestro Bernardino--or "Bino," for short,
+as he is called in the instrument when once at the beginning he has been
+named formally at full length--practiced all the more ordinary business
+of his trade. But there must have been carpenters _and_ carpenters, as
+to the present day there are painters _and_ painters, the same word
+indicating the calling of a Landseer and of a house-painter. This simple
+modesty of designation was a characteristic of the epoch. We find
+sculptors whose works are to the present day admired and studied as
+masterpieces styling themselves simply "stone-cutters." The contract is
+a long document, consisting of twenty-one clauses, the greater number of
+which are occupied with the most minute and detailed specification of
+the work to be done. It is to be executed "according to the model made
+by the said Bino, changing it or keeping it as it is according to the
+will of the fathers" (the monks of St. Peter's), "so as not to change
+the form and substance of the model." The prices agreed to be paid for
+each stall in the choir, with its arch above it, is ten golden ducats,
+which, allowing for the change in the value of the precious metals, may
+be considered to be about equal to three hundred and seventy-five
+dollars at the present day. The price does not seem by any means a small
+one. But Signor Rossi's researches have elsewhere shown that it is a
+mistake to suppose that the renowned professors of any branch of art
+were poorly paid in those days. The very reverse was the case. It would
+not be interesting to the reader to give him the details of the work
+which Maestro Bino bound himself to execute, but some of the
+stipulations must be mentioned, because they curiously illustrate the
+life of the times. The convent is to furnish all the wood--that which is
+required for the work itself, as well as all that may be needed, planks,
+scaffolding and the like, for the putting of it in its place. "_Item._
+We give him rooms to work in and to sleep in and to cook in, as well as
+beds furnished with bedclothes. _Item._ Maestro Bino binds himself not
+to undertake any other work till the choir is wholly finished and put
+up, and he engages to do all the work within the walls of the convent.
+He is bound to keep four men at work under him, and more if necessary."
+The work is to be completed within two years should no impediment
+intervene by death or grave and manifest illness. The convent undertakes
+to furnish money from time to time as needed for the pay of the
+journeymen, and fifty ducats beforehand for the hiring of assistants and
+other necessary expenses.
+
+Maestro Bino went to work at once, and on the 15th of that same April
+had from the convent what seems the very large sum of ten florins and
+eight soldi for glue. But, after all, this Maestro Bernardino di Luca
+was not the author of the exquisite carvings which people go to Perugia
+to look at at the present day. A very "grave and manifest infirmity" did
+intervene to prevent the execution of the work, for on the 19th of the
+following August, Maestro Bino discharged his workmen on account of the
+plague, which had begun to devastate Perugia; and there is reason to
+think that the maestro himself perished by it, for after that last entry
+the name of Bernardino di Luca vanishes into the abyss of darkness, and
+is no more heard of, and shortly afterward we find the convent entering
+into a new bargain with another maestro for the execution of the work.
+This was Maestro Stefano de Antoniolo da Zambelli of Bergamo, who agreed
+with the monks in July, 1533, to execute the required works in the choir
+for the price of thirty golden crowns each stall. It will be observed
+that this price is about fifty per cent. higher than that for which
+Maestro Bino had contracted to do the work, which is an indication of
+the then rapidly-falling value of the precious metals. But this
+increased price was still insufficient, for on the 17th of July, 1534,
+the monks enter into an amended contract with Maestro Stefano, in which
+the terms of the original contract are rehearsed, and it is then
+declared that Maestro Stefano having shown and proved to the abbot's
+satisfaction that those terms could not stand, and that he should be
+greatly the loser by the bargain, and it being by no means the wish of
+the fathers that Maestro Stefano should be deprived of a fair reward for
+his work, but rather that he should make a suitable profit by the job,
+it was now agreed that the maestro should undertake to labor
+uninterruptedly and with all possible diligence, that the convent should
+find all materials and tools, and should maintain Maestro Stefano and
+his wife and a journeyman, and should pay sixty golden crowns a year as
+long as the work was in progress. Further, the convent undertakes to pay
+half a golden crown monthly to the wife of the said Maestro Stefano, "on
+the understanding that the said wife of the maestro shall serve and cook
+and wash clothes for all the family engaged on the work of the choir;"
+and further, half a golden crown monthly to the journeyman. Under this
+arrangement it was of course the interest of the convent that the work
+should be completed as quickly as possible. And we find, accordingly,
+the abbot commissioning Antonio of Florence to carve six of the backs
+of the stalls; Battista of Bologna and Ambrose, a Frenchman, to carve
+the reading-desk; and Fra Damiano of Bergamo, who was then at Bologna,
+to execute the four sculptures in bas-relief which adorn the door. This
+Fra Damiano, who signs himself on his work "Fr. Damianus de Bergamo,
+Ordinis Predicatorum," seems to have been a brother of the principal
+artist, Maestro Stefano. But a curious peep at the manners of that time
+is afforded by the fact of a professed monk working for hire as a
+wood-carver. The main portion of the work, however, and the general
+design, were due to Maestro Stefano da Zambelli of Bergamo, and just two
+years and half from the signing of the contract the work was completed
+and signed in intarsia, as we see it to this day, "Hoc opus fecit M^{r.}
+Stephanus di Bergamo."
+
+For a long time it was supposed that the very beautiful designs for the
+entirety and for each detail of this noble work was due to Raphael. The
+guide-books all copied the statement one after the other; and they were
+indeed excusable in doing so, for the large and magnificent folio which
+was published at Rome by the abbot and monks in 1845, containing
+engravings of every detail of the celebrated carvings, declares on the
+title-page that the work was executed "by Stefano da Bergamo after the
+designs of Raffaelle Santi di Urbino." The celebrated and learned
+Montfaucon, who was a member of the same order, seems to have been the
+first who made this mistaken statement. Once made on such authority, it
+was accepted and repeated without further investigation till the
+undeniable evidence of the archives of the convent, dragged to light
+from under the dust of centuries by the industry of Professor Rossi,
+showed that in truth the conception and design, as well as the
+execution, of this beautiful masterpiece, which has for so long been
+thought worthy of Raphael, was the work of the "carpenter, Maestro
+Stefano da Bergamo."
+
+I do not believe that it is any longer possible to obtain a complete
+copy of the above-mentioned work. Many years ago I found the separate
+sheets of it lying about in the sacristy in a manner which gave one a
+vivid idea of the reckless carelessness which is so marked a
+characteristic of Italians. Bundles of the different plates, some
+containing forty or fifty copies, some twenty or so, and some not more
+than four or five, were thrust into cupboards with wax candles for the
+altar, tattered choir-books and old candlesticks. And here was the whole
+remaining stock of the work! I was at that time able, by the exercise of
+much patience, trouble and persuasion with the old sacristan--who seemed
+to consider the sale of the plates a very insufficient recompense for
+the trouble of looking for them--to get together a complete copy of the
+work; but when I was there the other day not more than twenty of the
+plates out of nearly twice that number were to be found. In the mean
+time, however, a complete set of photographs of every portion of the
+sculpture has been made in a smaller size, but sufficiently large to
+give a very satisfactory representation of the extreme beauty and
+elegance of the work. It is indeed impossible to doubt that this Master
+Stephen of Bergamo, the carpenter, whose wife was to have half a crown a
+month for doing the washing and cooking for all the family living in the
+rooms assigned to them in the monastery for a workshop and living-rooms,
+was a man of education and culture, and in every sense of the word an
+_artist_. The difference between his social position and that of any
+artist of corresponding eminence in our day would seem to consist wholly
+in that greater degree of personal and material luxury which
+civilization and increased wealth have brought with them. The payment
+which he was to receive for his year's work, besides having been
+maintained, lodged and fed at the cost of the monastery during the time,
+may, I take it, be considered equivalent to about twenty-two thousand
+five hundred dollars.
+
+In 1494, on the 5th of April, Maestro Mariotto di Paola, "called
+Torzuolo," contracts with the canons of the cathedral to make a range of
+cupboards in the sacristy. Such masses of wood-work, very frequently
+richly carved and ornamented, are found in the sacristies of most of the
+larger churches in Italy. They generally consist of a range of deep
+drawers below, up to about the height of an ordinary table, and above
+this a series of cupboards reaching to the ceiling of the apartment, so
+much less deep than the drawers as to leave a large space of table on
+the top of the latter. The drawers are used mainly for the keeping of
+the sacred vestments; the table for the spreading out of such of these
+as are about to be or have just been used; and the cupboards above for
+the holding of all the treasures of the church--chalices for the altar,
+monstrances for the exposition of the sacrament, reliquaries of all
+sorts of shapes and sizes for the preservation of the relics of saints,
+ornamental candlesticks, and such like. In the richer and more important
+churches these objects are generally of the precious metals, and
+frequently richly adorned with gems, so that the amount of treasure
+stored in these repositories is often very considerable. Sometimes such
+a range of wood-work as has been described will be found filling one
+side only of the sacristy, but in many cases it runs round the whole
+apartment. And this piece of ecclesiastical furniture therefore
+presented a great field for the taste and ingenuity of the old _maestri_
+in wood-carving to exhibit their skill both in design and in execution.
+At the Benedictine monastery of St. Peter, of the choir of which we have
+been speaking, this fitting up of the sacristy had been done previously;
+and it is accordingly much less rich in carving than the work in the
+choir. But some of the doors of the cupboards are still more preciously
+ornamented by some very finely-painted heads from the hand of the great
+Perugino.
+
+Such as it is, however, this sacristy at St. Peter's was handsome enough
+to excite the emulation of the canons of the cathedral, for the contract
+made with Maestro Mariotto--who was nicknamed Torzuolo--specifies that
+the work is to be entirely of walnut wood, after the fashion of the
+sacristy at St. Peter's, and is to be executed "in the manner of a
+good, loyal and expert master." It is to be all done by his own hand, or
+at least in his presence and under his superintendence. The work is to
+be completed in one year, and the canons are to pay for it at the rate
+of ten florins every square braccio, Florentine measure. This was in
+1494; and it will here again be observed that the price, as compared
+with that to be paid to Maestro Stefano by the monks of St. Peter's for
+their choir, even fully allowing for the greater richness of the latter,
+indicates the very rapid alteration in the value of money which took
+place at the beginning of the sixteenth century. But the canons, it
+would seem, were very careful hands at a bargain, for we find that it is
+provided in the contract that when the work shall have been completed it
+shall be examined by two experts, and that if it shall be found to be
+worth less than the price named, Maestro Torzuolo shall receive so much
+less; but that if it shall be found by the said experts and appraisers
+to be worth more, the maestro shall stand to his bargain and not receive
+more than the price named--an agreement which is frequently found in the
+contracts made about that period. When the work was completed it was
+accordingly examined and appraised by Maestro Mattia of Reggio and
+Maestro Pietro of Florence. The latter was brought from Citta di
+Castello, a little city in the Apennines some twenty-five miles distant,
+express for the purpose. We do not find any statement of their award.
+But it would seem that Maestro Torzuolo did not keep to his contract in
+one respect, but was as unpunctual as the carpenters of the present
+generation, for the above experts were not called to appraise the work
+till the year 1497.
+
+Maestro Pietro of Florence was evidently a man at the head of his
+profession, for at Citta di Castello, when he was summoned to Perugia to
+appraise the work of Maestro Torzuolo, he was engaged in making for the
+canons there a wooden ceiling for the nave of their church, which was,
+by a contract dated 1499, to be ornamented with large roses similar to
+the ornamentation of the ceiling of the council-hall in the Palazzo
+Vecchio at Florence; giving us thus another indication of the degree of
+general interest and attention which these works excited in those days.
+The communication between city and city was difficult and comparatively
+unfrequent, yet the fame of any fine work of the sort we are talking of
+evidently not only reached far and wide among other cities, but
+forthwith excited their rivalry and led to the production of other
+_chefs-d'oeuvre_. Maestro Pietro was to receive for the ceiling of the
+nave at Citta di Castello no less a sum than five hundred golden ducats,
+equal to at least seventeen thousand five hundred dollars at the present
+day. We find him also employed as architect to direct the construction
+of a cupola of the church of Calcinaio. This carpenter was, then, an
+architect also; and Professor Rossi remarks that it is by no means the
+only case of the kind.
+
+Maestro Mattia, the other expert called to appraise the work done by
+Maestro Torzuolo for the canons of the cathedral of Perugia, was already
+well and favorably known in that city, for he had been employed in 1495
+to appraise some work which had been done for the choir of the monks of
+St. Lorenzo; in that same year we find him executing some very elaborate
+work for the convent of St. Augustine; and on the 20th of December there
+was read at a meeting of the municipal council a petition from Maestro
+Mattia to be admitted to the freedom of the city of Perugia; which
+request the masters of the guilds, "taking into consideration the
+industry, the mode of life and the moral character" of the petitioner,
+were pleased to grant, on the condition that he, together with two other
+persons admitted to citizenship at the same time, should make a present
+to the corporation of a silver dish and forty pounds' weight of copper
+money, and, further, that he should give the masters and treasurers of
+his own guild a dinner.
+
+The notices which Professor Rossi has collected from the various
+collections of archives explored by him show in a remarkable manner how
+much the best patron of art and artists in those days was the Church.
+By far the greatest number of the contracts cited are made by
+ecclesiastics, either monks or collegiate bodies of canons or the like,
+for the ornamentation of their churches and sacristies. The next best
+patrons are the different trade-guilds of the cities. Each of these had
+its place of meeting for the _priori_--masters or wardens, as we should
+say, of the company--and many of them a contiguous chapel. The sort of
+furniture needed for these places was generally a range of seats running
+round the principal room, a back of wainscoting behind them, a kind of
+pulpit for those who addressed the meeting, a raised and prominent seat
+for the "consuls" of the guild, and a large table or writing-desk for
+the transaction of business. All this, as will be readily perceived,
+afforded fine opportunities for the display of rich carvings and
+intarsia; and there was much rivalry between the guilds in the splendor
+and adornment of their places of meeting. Some of these works still
+remain intact, as in the case of the meeting-room and chapel of the
+company of exchange-brokers, which is celebrated wherever art is valued
+for the magnificent frescoes by Perugino which adorn the upper part of
+the walls above the wood-work. I think, however, that the Church was
+more liberal and magnificent in her orders. I have seen much fine
+wood-work in the different guild-halls and town-halls in various cities
+of Italy, but in no lay building, not even in wealthy and magnificent
+Venice itself, with all the splendor of its ducal palace and its Scuole,
+have I ever seen anything of the kind at all comparable to the wood-work
+in the choirs of the monastery of St. Peter at Perugia and of the
+cathedral at Siena. There is in the cathedral of Bergamo some intarsia,
+perhaps the finest things extant in that special description of work,
+but for carving the choirs I have mentioned are pre-eminent.
+
+But there are a great number of beautiful works of this sort lurking in
+places where the traveler, however eager a lover of art, would hardly
+think of looking for them. The central districts of Italy are full of
+such. There is in the mountains to the south of Perugia, overhanging
+the valley of the Tiber, a little city, the very name of which will
+probably be new to many even of those who have traveled much in Italy.
+Still less likely is it that they have ever been at Todi, for that is
+the name of the place I am alluding to. It lies high and bleak among the
+Apennines, and possesses nothing to attract the wanderer save some
+notable remains of mediaeval art which strikingly show how universal, how
+ubiquitous, art and artists were in those halcyon days. Todi has,
+moreover, the misfortune of being situated on no line of railway, and of
+not being on the way to any of the great modern centres. It is,
+therefore, completely out of the modern world, and nobody knows anything
+about it save a few lovers of ancient art, who will not be beat in their
+explorations by want of communications and bad hostelries. But the
+little hill-city possesses two churches, whose choirs well deserve a
+visit by the admirers of cinque-cento wood-work, I have mentioned it
+here, however, mainly because one of these, the choir of the cathedral,
+offers not so much in what may still be seen there, as in its records, a
+very curious example of the spirit of anti-ecclesiastical freethinking
+which was widely spread at that time through the artist-world, whose
+best patron was the Church. I mentioned some months ago, in the pages of
+this Magazine, some curious facts showing the real sentiments of the
+great Perugino on this subject while he was painting Madonnas and
+miracles for his ecclesiastical patrons. And the following singular
+extract from the archives of the cathedral church of Todi may be added
+to what was there written as a proof of the somewhat unexpected fact.
+The wood-work of the choir was begun by Maestro Antonio Bencivieni of
+Mercatello, in the duchy of Urbino, and was completed in 1530 by his son
+Sebastian, who finished his work by inserting in it a singularly haughty
+inscription in intarsia. The Latin of the original may be Englished
+thus: "Begun by the art and genius of Ant^{o} Bencivieni of Mercatello.
+This work was finished by his son Sebastian. Having kept faith and
+maintained his honor, he did enough." The worthy canons, however,
+discovered just one and forty years afterward that Maestro Sebastiano
+had done somewhat too much. For he had on the fourth stall, counting
+from the bishop's seat, on the right-hand side of the choir, inserted
+amid the ornamentation certain Latin words, inscribed over a carving of
+three vases intended to represent reliquaries, which may be translated
+thus: Over the first vase, "The shadow of the ass ridden by our Lord;"
+over the second, "The feet of the Blessed Virgin as she ascended into
+heaven;" over the third, "Relics of the Holy Trinity." These strange
+inscriptions remained where Maestro Sebastiano had so audaciously placed
+them till the May of 1571. At that date we find a record in the
+cathedral archives which, after rehearsing the words in question, and
+describing the position of them, proceeds: "Which words, placed there
+and written scandalously, and in a certain sort derisive of the
+veneration for holy relics, and in contempt of the Christian religion,
+the very reverend canons" (So-and-So--names rehearsed) "ordered to be
+removed and entirely canceled, so that they should no longer be seen or
+read." Can it be supposed that this very extraordinary inscription in a
+choir frequented daily by the canons of the church had entirely escaped
+notice for more than forty years? Surely this is impossible. Should we
+not rather see in the fact that the chapter of 1530 noticed the mocking
+words with probably a shrug and a smile, whereas the chapter of 1571
+took care that they were removed, an interesting and curious commentary
+on the change which the intervening years had brought about in the
+spirit of the Church, and another unexpected indication of the
+difference between the Church of the worldly, pagan-minded Clement VII.
+and that of the energetic, earnest bigot Pius IV. That such a difference
+existed we know full well, but this passage of the Todi archives is a
+very curious proof of it.
+
+T. ADOLPHUS TROLLOPE.
+
+
+
+
+REST.
+
+    In deepest weariness I lay so still
+      One might have thought it death,
+    For hush of motion and a sleep of will
+      Gave me but soundless breath.
+
+    And yet I slept not; only knew that Rest
+      Held me all close to her:
+    Softly but firmly fettered to her breast,
+      I had no wish to stir.
+
+    "Oh, if," I thought, "death would but be like this!--
+      Neither to sleep nor wake,
+    But have for ages just this _conscious_ bliss,
+      That perfect rest I take."
+
+    The soul grows often weary, like the flesh:
+      May rest pervade her long,
+    While she shall _feel_ the joy of growing fresh
+      For heavenly work and song!
+
+CHARLOTTE F. BATES.
+
+
+
+
+LETTERS FROM SOUTH AFRICA.
+
+BY LADY BARKER.
+
+
+MARITZBURG, February 10, 1876.
+
+In the South African calendar this is set down as the first of the
+autumnal months, but the half dozen hours about mid-day are still quite
+as close and oppressive as any we have had. I am, however, bound to say
+that the nights--at all events, up here--are cooler, and I begin even to
+think of a light shawl for my solitary walks in the verandah just before
+bedtime. When the moon shines these walks are pleasant enough, but when
+only the "common people of the skies" are trying to filter down their
+feebler light through the misty atmosphere, I have a lurking fear and
+distrust of the reptiles and bugs who may also have a fancy for
+promenading at the same time and in the same place. I say nothing of
+bats, frogs and toads, mantis or even huge moths: to these we are quite
+accustomed. But although I have never seen a live snake in this country
+myself, still one hears such unpleasant stories about them that it is
+just as well to what the Scotch call "mak siccar" with a candle before
+beginning a constitutional in the dark.
+
+It is not a week ago since a lady of my acquaintance, being surprised at
+her little dog's refusal to follow her into her bedroom one night,
+instituted a search for the reason of the poor little creature's terror
+and dismay, and discovered a snake coiled up under her chest of drawers.
+At this moment, too, the local papers are full of recipes for the
+prevention and cure of snake-bites, public attention being much
+attracted to the subject on account of an Englishman having been bitten
+by a black "mamba" (a very venomous adder) a short time since, and
+having died of the wound in a few hours. In his case, poor man! there
+does not seem to have been a chance from the first, for he was obliged
+to walk some distance to the nearest house, and as they had no proper
+remedies there, he had to be taken on a farther journey of some miles to
+a hospital. All this exercise and motion caused the poison to circulate
+freely through the veins, and was the worst possible thing for him. The
+doctors here seem agreed that the treatment of ammonia and brandy is the
+safest, and many instances are adduced to show how successful it has
+been, though one party of practitioners admits the ammonia, but denies
+the brandy. On the other hand, one hears of a child bitten by a snake
+and swallowing half a large bottle of raw brandy in half an hour without
+its head being at all affected, and, what is more, recovering from the
+bite and living happy ever after. I keep quantities of both remedies
+close at hand, for three or four venomous snakes have been killed within
+a dozen yards of the house, and little G---- is perpetually exploring
+the long grass all around or hunting for a stray cricket-ball or a
+pegtop in one of those beautiful fern-filled ditches whose tangle of
+creepers and plumy ferns is exactly the favorite haunt of snakes. As yet
+he has brought back from these forbidden raids nothing more than a few
+ticks and millions of burs.
+
+As for the ticks, I am getting over my horror at having to dislodge them
+from among the baby's soft curls by means of a sharp needle, and even
+G---- only shouts with laughter at discovering a great swollen monster
+hanging on by its forceps to his leg. They torment the poor horses and
+dogs dreadfully; and if the said horses were not the very quietest,
+meekest, most underbred and depressed animals in the world, we should
+certainly hear of more accidents. As it is, they confine their efforts
+to get rid of their tormentors to rubbing all the hair off their tails
+and sides in patches against the stable walls or the trunk of a tree.
+Indeed, the clever way G----'s miserable little Basuto pony actually
+climbs inside a good-sized bush, and sways himself about in it with his
+legs off the ground until the whole thing comes with a crash to the
+ground, is edifying to behold to every one except the owner of the tree.
+Tom, the Kafir boy, tried hard to persuade me the other day that the
+pony was to blame for the destruction of a peach tree, but as the only
+broken-down branches were those which had been laden with fruit, I am
+inclined to acquit the pony. Carbolic soap is an excellent thing to wash
+both dogs and horses with, as it not only keeps away flies and ticks
+from the skin, which, is constantly rubbed off by incessant scratching,
+but helps to heal the tendency to a sore place. Indeed, nothing
+frightened me so much as what I heard when I first arrived about Natal
+sores and Natal boils. Everybody told me that ever so slight a cut or
+abrasion went on slowly festering, and that sores on children's faces
+were quite common. This sounded very dreadful, but I am beginning to
+hope it was an exaggeration, for whenever G---- cuts or knocks himself
+(which is every day or so), or scratches an insect's bite into a bad
+place, I wash the part with a little carbolic soap (there are two
+sorts--one for animals and a more refined preparation for the human
+skin), and it is quite well the next day. We have all had a threatening
+of those horrid boils, but they have passed off.
+
+In town the mosquitoes are plentiful and lively, devoting their
+attentions chiefly to new-comers, but up here--I write as though we were
+five thousand feet instead of only fifty above Maritzburg--it is rare to
+see one. I think "fillies" are more in our line, and that in spite of
+every floor in the house being scrubbed daily with strong soda and
+water. "Fillies," you must know, is our black groom's (Charlie's) way of
+pronouncing _fleas_, and I find it ever so much prettier. Charlie and I
+are having a daily discussion just now touching sundry moneys he
+expended during my week's absence at D'Urban for the kittens' food.
+Charlie calls them the "lil' catties," and declares that the two small
+animals consumed three shillings and ninepence worth of meat in a week.
+I laughingly say, "But, Charlie, that would be nearly nine pounds of
+meat in six days, and they couldn't eat that, you know." Charlie grins
+and shows all his beautiful even white teeth: then he bashfully turns
+his head aside and says, "I doan know, ma': I buy six' meat dree time."
+"Very well, Charlie, that would be one shilling and sixpence." "I doan
+know, ma';" and we've not got any further than that yet.
+
+But G---- and I are picking up many words of Kafir, and it is quite
+mortifying to see how much more easily the little monkey learns than I
+do. I forget my phrases or confuse them, whereas when he learns two or
+three sentences he appears to remember them always. It is a very
+melodious and beautiful language, and, except for the clicks, not very
+difficult to learn. Almost everybody here speaks it a little, and it is
+the first thing necessary for a new-comer to endeavor to acquire; only,
+unfortunately, there are no teachers, as in India, and consequently you
+pick up a wretched, debased kind of patois, interlarded with Dutch
+phrases. Indeed, I am assured there are two words, _el hashi_ ("the
+horse"), of unmistakable Moorish origin, though no one knows how they
+got into the language. Many of the Kafirs about town speak a little
+English, and they are exceedingly sharp, when they choose, about
+understanding what is meant, even if they do not quite catch the meaning
+of the words used. There is one genius of my acquaintance, called
+"Sixpence," who is not only a capital cook, but an accomplished English
+scholar, having spent some months in England. Generally, to Cape Town
+and back is the extent of their journeyings, for they are a home-loving
+people; but Sixpence went to England with his master, and brought back a
+shivering recollection of an English winter and a deep-rooted amazement
+at the boys of the Shoe Brigade, who wanted to clean his boots. That
+astonished him more than anything else, he says.
+
+The Kafirs are very fond of attending their own schools and church
+services, of which there are several in the town; and I find one of my
+greatest difficulties in living out here consists in getting Kafirs to
+come out of town, for by doing so they miss their regular attendance at
+chapel and school. A few Sundays ago I went to one of these Kafir
+schools, and was much struck by the intently-absorbed air of the pupils,
+almost all of whom were youths about twenty years of age. They were
+learning to read the Bible in Kafir during my visit, sitting in couples,
+and helping each other on with immense diligence and earnestness. No
+looking about, no wandering, inattentive glances, did I see. I might as
+well have "had the receipt of fern-seed and walked invisible" for all
+the attention I excited. Presently the pupil-teacher, a young black man,
+who had charge of this class, asked me if I would like to hear them sing
+a hymn, and on my assenting he read out a verse of "Hold the Fort," and
+they all stood up and sang it, or rather its Kafir translation, lustily
+and with good courage, though without much tune. The chorus was
+especially fine, the words "Inkanye kanye" ringing through the room with
+great fervor. This is not a literal translation of the words "Hold the
+Fort," but it is difficult, as the teacher explained to me, for the
+translator to avail himself of the usual word for "hold," as it conveys
+more the idea of "take hold," "seize," and the young Kafir missionary
+thoroughly understood all the nicety of the idiom. There was another
+class for women and children, but it was a small one. Certainly, the
+young men seemed much in earnest, and the rapt expression of their faces
+was most striking, especially during the short prayer which followed the
+hymn and ended the school for the afternoon.
+
+I have had constantly impressed upon my mind since my arrival the advice
+_not_ to take Christian Kafirs into my service, but I am at a loss to
+know in what way the prejudice against them can have arisen. "Take a
+Kafir green from his kraal if you wish to have a good servant," is what
+every one tells me. It so happens that we have two of each--two
+Christians and two heathens--about the place, and there is no doubt
+whatever which is the best. Indeed, I have sometimes conversations with
+the one who speaks English, and I can assure you we might all learn from
+him with advantage. His simple creed is just what came from the
+Saviour's lips two thousand years ago, and comprises His teaching of the
+whole duty of man--to love God, the great "En' Kos," and his neighbor as
+himself. He speaks always with real delight of his privileges, and is
+very anxious to go to Cape Town to attend some school there of which he
+talks a great deal, and where he says he should learn to read the Bible
+in English. At present he is spelling it out with great difficulty in
+Kafir. This man often talks to me in the most respectful and civil
+manner imaginable about the customs of his tribe, and he constantly
+alludes to the narrow escape he had of being murdered directly after his
+birth for the crime of being a twin. His people have a fixed belief that
+unless one of a pair of babies be killed at once, either the father or
+mother will die within the year; and they argue that as in any case one
+child will be sure to die in its infancy, twins being proverbially
+difficult to rear, it is only both kind and natural to kill the weakly
+one at once. This young man is very small and quiet and gentle, with an
+ugly face, but a sweet, intelligent expression and a very nice manner. I
+find him and the other Christian in our employment very trustworthy and
+reliable. If they tell me anything which has occurred, I know I can
+believe their version of it, and they are absolutely honest. Now, the
+other lads have very loose ideas on the subject of sugar, and make
+shifty excuses for everything, from the cat breaking a heavy stone
+filter up to half the marketing being dropped on the road.
+
+I don't think I have made it sufficiently clear that besides the
+Sunday-schools and services I have mentioned there are night-schools
+every evening in the week, which are fully attended by Kafir servants,
+and where they are first taught to read their own language, which is an
+enormous difficulty to them. They always tell me it is so much easier to
+learn to read English than Kafir; and if one studies the two languages,
+it is plain to see how much simpler the new tongue must appear to a
+learner than the intricate construction, the varying patois and the
+necessarily phonetic spelling of a language compounded of so many
+dialects as the Zulu-Kafir.
+
+
+FEBRUARY 12.
+
+In some respects I consider this climate has been rather over-praised.
+Of course it is a great deal--a very great deal--better than our English
+one, but that, after all, is not saying much in its praise. Then we must
+remember that in England we have the fear and dread of the climate ever
+before our eyes, and consequently are always, so to speak, on our guard
+against it. Here, and in other places where civilization is in its
+infancy, we are at the mercy of dust and sun, wind and rain, and all the
+eccentric elements which go to make up weather. Consequently, when the
+balance of comfort and convenience has to be struck, it is surprising
+how small an advantage a really better climate gives when you take away
+watering-carts and shady streets for hot weather, and sheltered
+railway-stations and hansom cabs for wet weather, and roads and servants
+and civility and general convenience everywhere. This particular climate
+is both depressing and trying in spite of the sunny skies we are ever
+boasting about, because it has a strong tinge of the tropical element in
+it; and yet people live in much the same kind of houses (only that they
+are very small), and wear much the same sort of clothes (only that they
+are very ugly), and lead much the same sort of lives (only that it is a
+thousand times duller than the dullest country village), as they do in
+England. Some small concession is made to the thermometer in the matter
+of puggeries and matted floors, but even then carpets are used wherever
+it is practicable, because this matting never looks clean and nice after
+the first week it is put down. All the houses are built on the ground
+floor, with the utmost economy of building material and labor, and
+consequently there are no passages: every room is, in fact, a passage
+and leads to its neighbor. So the perpetually dirty bare feet, or, still
+worse, boots fresh from the mud or dust of the streets, soon wear out
+the matting. Few houses are at all prettily decorated or furnished,
+partly from the difficulty of procuring anything pretty here, the cost
+and risk of its carriage up from D'Urban if you send to England for it,
+and partly from the want of servants accustomed to anything but the
+roughest and coarsest articles of household use. A lady soon begins to
+take her drawing-room ornaments _en guignon_ if she has to dust them
+herself every day in a very dusty climate. I speak feelingly and with
+authority, for that is my case at this moment, and applies to every
+other part of the house as well.
+
+I must say I like Kafir servants in some respects. They require, I
+acknowledge, constant supervision; they require to be told to do the
+same thing over and over again every day; and, what is more, besides
+telling, you have to stand by and see that they do the thing. They are
+also very slow. But still, with all these disadvantages, they are far
+better than the generality of European servants out here, who make their
+luckless employers' lives a burden to them by reason of their tempers
+and caprices. It is much better, I am convinced, to face the evil boldly
+and to make up one's mind to have none but Kafir servants. Of course one
+immediately turns into a sort of overseer and upper servant one's self;
+but at all events you feel master or mistress of your own house, and you
+have faithful and good-tempered domestics, who do their best, however
+awkwardly, to please you. Where there are children, then indeed a good
+English nurse is a great boon; and in this one respect I am fortunate.
+Kafirs are also much easier to manage when the orders come direct from
+the master or mistress, and they work far more willingly for them than
+for white servants. Tom, the nurse-boy, confided to me yesterday that he
+hoped to stop in my employment for forty moons. After that space of time
+he considered that he should be in a position to buy plenty of wives,
+who would work for him and support him for the rest of his life. But
+how Tom or Jack, or any of the boys in fact, are to save money I know
+not, for every shilling of their wages, except a small margin for coarse
+snuff, goes to their parents, who fleece them without mercy. If they are
+fined for breakages or misconduct (the only punishment a Kafir cares
+for), they have to account for the deficient money to the stern parents;
+and both Tom and Jack went through a most graphic pantomime with a stick
+of the consequences to themselves, adding that their father said both
+the beating from him and the fine from us served them right for their
+carelessness. It seemed so hard they should suffer both ways, and they
+were so good-tempered and uncomplaining about it, that I fear I shall
+find it very difficult to stop any threepenny pieces out of their wages
+in future. A Kafir servant usually gets one pound a month, his clothes
+and food. The former consists of a shirt and short trousers of coarse
+check cotton, a soldier's old great-coat for winter, and plenty of
+mealy-meal for "scoff." If he is a good servant and worth making
+comfortable, you give him a trifle every week to buy meat. Kafirs are
+very fond of going to their kraals, and you have to make them sign an
+agreement to remain with you so many months, generally six. By the time
+you have just taught them, with infinite pains and trouble, how to do
+their work, they depart, and you have to begin it all over again.
+
+I frequently see the chiefs or indunas of chiefs passing here on their
+way to some kraals which lie just over the hills. These kraals consist
+of half a dozen or more large huts, exactly like so many huge beehives,
+on the slope of a hill. There is a rude attempt at sod-fencing round
+them; a few head of cattle graze in the neighborhood; lower down, the
+hillside is roughly scratched by the women with crooked hoes to form a
+mealy-ground. (Cows and mealies are all they require except snuff or
+tobacco, which they smoke out of a cow's horn.) They seem a very gay and
+cheerful people, to judge by the laughter and jests I hear from the
+groups returning to these kraals every day by the road just outside our
+fence. Sometimes one of the party carries an umbrella; and I assure you
+the effect of a tall, stalwart Kafir, clad either in nothing at all or
+else in a sack, carefully guarding his bare head with a tattered Gamp,
+is very ridiculous. Often some one walks along playing upon a rude pipe,
+whilst the others jog before and after him, laughing and capering like
+boys let loose from school, and all chattering loudly. You never meet a
+man carrying a burden unless he is a white settler's servant. When a
+chief or the induna of a kraal passes this way, I see him, clad in a
+motley garb of red regimentals with his bare "ringed" head, riding a
+sorry nag, only the point of his great toe resting in his stirrup. He is
+followed closely and with great _empressement_ by his "tail," all
+"ringed" men also--that is, men of some substance and weight in the
+community. They carry bundles of sticks, and keep up with the ambling
+nag, and are closely followed by some of his wives bearing heavy loads
+on their heads, but stepping out bravely with beautiful erect carriage,
+shapely bare arms and legs; and some sort of coarse drapery worn across
+their bodies, covering them from shoulder to knee in folds which would
+delight an artist's eye and be the despair of a sculptor's chisel. They
+don't look either oppressed or discontented. Happy, healthy and jolly
+are the words by which they would be most truthfully described. Still,
+they are lazy, and slow to appreciate any benefit from civilization
+except the money, but then savages always seem to me as keen and sordid
+about money as the most civilized mercantile community anywhere.
+
+
+FEBRUARY 14.
+
+I am often asked by people who are thinking of coming here, or who want
+to send presents to friends here, what to bring or send. Of course it is
+difficult to say, because my experience is limited and confined to one
+spot at present: therefore I give my opinion very guardedly, and
+acknowledge it is derived in great part from the experience of others
+who have been here a long time. Amongst other wraps, I brought a
+sealskin jacket and muff which I happened to have. These, I am assured,
+will be absolutely useless, and already they are a great anxiety to me
+on account of the swarms of fish-tail moths which I see scuttling about
+in every direction if I move a box or look behind a picture. In fact,
+there are destructive moths everywhere, and every drawer is redolent of
+camphor. The only things I can venture to recommend as necessaries are
+things which no one advised me to bring, and which were only random
+shots. One was a light waterproof ulster, and the other was a lot of
+those outside blinds for windows which come, I believe, from Japan, and
+are made of grass--green, painted with gay figures. I picked up these
+latter by the merest accident at the Baker-street bazaar for a few
+shillings: they are the comfort of my life, keeping out glare and dust
+in the day and moths and insects of all kinds at night. As for the
+waterproof, I do not know what I should have done without it; and little
+G----'s has also been most useful. It is the necessary of necessaries
+here--a _real_, good substantial waterproof. A man cannot do better than
+get a regular military waterproof which will cover him from chin to heel
+on horseback; and even waterproof hats and caps are a comfort in this
+treacherous summer season, where a storm bursts over your head out of a
+blue dome of sky, and drenches you even whilst the sun is shining
+brightly.
+
+A worse climate and country for clothes of every kind and description
+cannot be imagined. When I first arrived I thought I had never seen such
+ugly toilettes in all my life; and I should have been less than woman
+(or more--which is it?) if I had not derived some secret satisfaction
+from the possession of at least prettier garments. What I was vain of in
+my secret heart was my store of cotton gowns. One can't very well wear
+cotton gowns in London; and, as I am particularly fond of them, I
+indemnify myself for going abroad by rushing wildly into extensive
+purchases in cambrics and print dresses. They are so pretty and so
+cheap, and when charmingly made, as mine _were_ (alas, they are already
+things of the past!), nothing can be so satisfactory in the way of
+summer country garb. Well, it has been precisely in the matter of cotton
+gowns that I have been punished for my vanity. For a day or two each
+gown in turn looked charming. Then came a flounce or bordering of bright
+red earth on the lower skirt and a general impression of red dust and
+dirt all over it. That was after a drive into Maritzburg along a road
+ploughed up by ox-wagons. Still, I felt no uneasiness. What is a cotton
+gown made for if not to be washed? Away it goes to the wash! What is
+this limp, discolored rag which returns to me iron-moulded, blued until
+it is nearly black, rough-dried, starched in patches, with the fringe of
+red earth only more firmly fixed than before? Behold my favorite ivory
+cotton! My white gowns are even in a worse plight, for there are no two
+yards of them the same, and the grotesque mixture of extreme yellowness,
+extreme blueness and a pervading tinge of the red mud they have been
+washed in renders them a piteous example of misplaced confidence. Other
+things fare rather better--not much--but my poor gowns are only hopeless
+wrecks, and I am reduced to some old yachting dresses of ticking and
+serge. The price of washing, as this spoiling process is pleasantly
+called, is enormous, and I exhaust my faculties in devising more
+economical arrangements. We can't wash at home, for the simple reason
+that we have no water, no proper appliances of any sort, and to build
+and buy such would cost a small fortune. But a tall, white-aproned
+Kafir, with a badge upon his arm, comes now at daylight every Monday
+morning and takes away a huge sackful of linen, which is placed, with
+sundry pieces of soap and blue in its mouth, all ready for him. He
+brings it back in the afternoon full of clean and dry linen, for which
+he receives three shillings and sixpence. But this is only the first
+stage. The things to be starched have to be sorted and sent to one
+woman, and those to be mangled to another, and both lots have to be
+fetched home again by Tom and Jack. (I have forgotten to tell you that
+Jack's real name, elicited with great difficulty, as there is a click
+somewhere in it, is "Umpashongwana," whilst the pickle Tom is known
+among his own people as "Umkabangwana." You will admit that our
+substitutes for these five-syllabled appellations are easier to
+pronounce in a hurry. Jack is a favorite name: I know half a dozen black
+Jacks myself.) To return, however, to the washing. I spend my time in
+this uncertain weather watching the clouds on the days when the clothes
+are to come home, for it would be altogether _too_ great a trial if
+one's starched garments, borne aloft on Jack's head, were to be caught
+in a thunder-shower. If the washerwoman takes pains with anything, it is
+with gentlemen's shirts, though even then she insists on ironing the
+collars into strange and fearful shapes.
+
+Let not men think, however, that they have it all their own way in the
+matter of clothes. White jackets and trousers are commonly worn here in
+summer, and it is very soothing, I am told, to try to put them on in a
+hurry when the arms and legs are firmly glued together by several pounds
+of starch. Then as to boots and shoes: they get so mildewed if laid
+aside for even a few days as to be absolutely offensive; and these, with
+hats, wear out at the most astonishing rate. The sun and dust and rain
+finish up the hats in less than no time.
+
+But I have not done with my clothes yet. A lady must keep a warm dress
+and jacket close at hand all through the most broiling summer weather,
+for a couple of hours will bring the thermometer down ten or twenty
+degrees, and I have often been gasping in a white dressing-gown at noon
+and shivering in a serge dress at three o'clock on the same day. I am
+making up my mind that serge and ticking are likely to be the most
+useful material for dresses, and, as one must have something very cool
+for these burning months, tussore or foulard, which get themselves
+better washed than my poor dear cottons. Silks are next to useless--too
+smart, too hot, too entirely out of place in such a life as this, except
+perhaps one or two of tried principles, which won't spot or fade or
+misbehave themselves in any way. One goes out of a warm, dry afternoon
+with a tulle veil on to keep off the flies, or a feather in one's hat,
+and returns with the one a limp, wet rag and the other quite out of
+curl. I only wish any milliner could see my feathers now! All straight,
+rigidly straight as a carpenter's rule, and tinged with red dust
+besides. As for tulle or crepe-lisse frilling, or any of those soft
+pretty adjuncts to a simple toilette, they are five minutes' wear--no
+more, I solemnly declare.
+
+I love telling a story against myself, and here is one. In spite of
+repeated experiences of the injurious effect of alternate damp and dust
+upon finery, the old Eve is occasionally too strong for my prudence, and
+I can't resist, on the rare occasions which offer themselves, the
+temptation of wearing pretty things. Especially weak am I in the matter
+of caps, and this is what befell me. Imagine a lovely, soft summer
+evening, broad daylight, though it is half-past seven (it will be dark
+directly, however): a dinner-party to be reached a couple of miles away.
+The little open carriage is at the door, and into this I step, swathing
+my gown carefully up in a huge shawl. This precaution is especially
+necessary, for during the afternoon there has been a terrific
+thunderstorm and a sudden sharp deluge of rain. Besides a swamp or two
+to be ploughed through as best we may, there are those two miles of deep
+red muddy road full of ruts and big stones and pitfalls of all sorts.
+The drive home in the dark will be nervous work, but now in daylight let
+us enjoy whilst we may. Of course I _ought_ to have taken my cap in a
+box or bag, or something of the sort; but that seemed too much trouble,
+especially as it was so small it needed to be firmly pinned on in its
+place. It consisted of a centre or crown of white crepe, a little frill
+of the same, and a close-fitting wreath of deep red feathers all round.
+Very neat and tidy it looked as I took my last glance at it whilst I
+hastily knotted a light black lace veil over my head by way of
+protection during my drive. When I got to my destination there was no
+looking-glass to be seen anywhere, no maid, no anything or anybody to
+warn me. Into the dining-room I marched in happy unconsciousness that
+the extreme dampness of the evening had flattened the crown of my cap,
+and that it and its frill were mere unconsidered limp rags, whilst the
+unpretending circlet of feathers had started into undue prominence, and
+struck straight out like a red nimbus all round my unconscious head. How
+my fellow-guests managed to keep their countenances I cannot tell. I am
+certain _I_ never could have sat opposite to any one with such an
+Ojibbeway Indian's head-dress on without giggling. But no one gave me
+the least hint of my misfortune, and it only burst upon me suddenly when
+I returned to my own room and my own glass. Still, there was a ray of
+hope left: it _might_ have been the dampness of the drive home which had
+worked me this woe. I rushed into F----'s dressing-room and demanded
+quite fiercely whether my cap had been like that all the time.
+
+"Why, yes," F---- admitted; adding by way of consolation, "In fact, it
+is a good deal subdued now: it was very wild all dinner-time. I can't
+say I admired it, but I supposed it was all right."
+
+Did ever any one hear such shocking apathy? In answer to my reproaches
+for not telling me, he only said, "Why, what could you have done with it
+if you _had_ known? Taken it off and put it in your pocket, or what?"
+
+I don't know, but anything would have been better than sitting at table
+with a thing only fit for a May-Day sweep on one's head. It makes me hot
+and angry with myself even to think of it now.
+
+F----'s clothes could also relate some curious experiences which they
+have had to go through, not only at the hands of his washerwoman, but at
+those of his temporary valet, Jack (I beg his pardon, Umpashongwana) the
+Zulu, whose zeal exceeds anything one can imagine. For instance, when he
+sets to work to brush F----'s clothes of a morning he is by no means
+content to brush the cloth clothes. Oh dear, no! He brushes the socks,
+putting each carefully on his hand like a glove and brushing vigorously
+away. As they are necessarily very thin socks for this hot weather, they
+are apt to melt away entirely under the process. I say nothing of his
+blacking the boots inside as well as out, or of his laboriously
+scrubbing holes in a serge coat with a scrubbing-brush, for these are
+errors of judgment dictated by a kindly heart. But when Jack puts a
+saucepan on the fire without any water and burns holes in it, or tries
+whether plates and dishes can support their own weight in the air
+without a table beneath them, then, I confess, my patience runs short.
+But Jack is so imperturbable, so perfectly and genuinely astonished at
+the untoward result of his experiments, and so grieved that the
+_inkosacasa_ (I have not an idea how the word ought to be spelt) should
+be vexed, that I am obliged to leave off shaking my head at him, which
+is the only way I have of expressing my displeasure. He keeps on saying,
+"Ja, oui, yaas," alternately, all the time, and I have to go away to
+laugh.
+
+
+FEBRUARY 16.
+
+I was much amused the other day at receiving a letter of introduction
+from a mutual friend in England, warmly recommending a newly-arrived
+bride and bridegroom to my acquaintance, and especially begging me to
+take pains to introduce the new-comers into the "best society." To
+appreciate the joke thoroughly you must understand that there is no
+society here at all--absolutely none. We are not proud, we
+Maritzburgians, nor are we inhospitable, nor exclusive, nor unsociable.
+Not a bit. We are as anxious as any community can be to have society or
+sociable gatherings, or whatever you like to call the way people manage
+to meet together; but circumstances are altogether too strong for us,
+and we all in turn are forced to abandon the attempt in despair. First
+of all, the weather is against us. It is maddeningly uncertain, and the
+best-arranged entertainment cannot be considered a success if the guests
+have to struggle through rain and tempest and streets ankle-deep in
+water and pitchy darkness to assist at it. People are hardly likely to
+make themselves pleasant at a party when their return home through storm
+and darkness is on their minds all the time: at least, I know _I_ cannot
+do so. But the weather is only one of the lets and hinderances to
+society in Natal. We are all exceedingly poor, and necessary food is
+very dear: luxuries are enormously expensive, but they are generally not
+to be had at all, so one is not tempted by them. Servants, particularly
+cooks, are few and far between, and I doubt if even any one calling
+himself a cook could send up what would be considered a fairly good dish
+elsewhere. Kafirs can be taught to do one or two things pretty well, but
+even then they could not be trusted to do them for a party. In fact, if
+I stated that there were no good servants--in the ordinary acceptation
+of the word--here at all, I should not be guilty of exaggeration. If
+there are, all I can say is, I have neither heard of nor seen them. On
+the contrary, I have been overwhelmed by lamentations on that score in
+which I can heartily join. Besides the want of means of conveyance (for
+there are no cabs, and very few _remises_) and good food and attendance,
+any one wanting to entertain would almost need to build a house, so
+impossible is it to collect more than half a dozen people inside an
+ordinary-sized house here. For my part, my verandah is the comfort of my
+life. When more than four or five people at a time chance to come to
+afternoon tea, we overflow into the verandah. It runs round three sides
+of the four rooms called a house, and is at once my day-nursery, my
+lumber-room, my summer-parlor, my place of exercise--everything, in
+fact. And it is an incessant occupation to train the creepers and wage
+war against the legions of brilliantly-colored grasshoppers which infest
+and devour the honeysuckles and roses. Never was there such a place for
+insects! They eat up everything in the kitchen-garden, devour every leaf
+off my peach and orange trees, scarring and spoiling the fruit as well.
+It is no comfort whatever that they are wonderfully beautiful
+creatures, striped and ringed with a thousand colors in a thousand
+various ways: one has only to see the riddled appearance of every leaf
+and flower to harden one's heart. Just now they have cleared off every
+blossom out of the garden except my zinnias, which grow magnificently
+and make the devastated flower-bed still gay with every hue and tint a
+zinnia can put on--salmon-color, rose, scarlet, pink, maroon, and fifty
+shades besides. On the veldt too the flowers have passed by, but their
+place is taken by the grasses, which are all in seed. People say the
+grass is rank and poor, and of not much account as food for stock, but
+it has an astonishing variety of beautiful seeds. In one patch it is
+like miniature pampas-grass, only a couple of inches long each seed-pod,
+but white and fluffy. Again, there will be tall stems laden with rich
+purple grains or delicate tufts of rose-colored seed. One of the
+prettiest, however, is like wee green harebells hanging all down a tall
+and slender stalk, and hiding within their cups the seed. Unfortunately,
+the weeds and burs seed just as freely, and there is one especial
+torment to the garden in the shape of an innocent-looking little plant
+something like an alpine strawberry in leaf and blossom, bearing a most
+aggravating tuft of little black spines which lose no opportunity of
+sticking to one's petticoats in myriads. They are familiarly known as
+"blackjacks," and can hold their own as pests with any weed of my
+acquaintance.
+
+But the most beautiful tree I have seen in Natal was an _Acacia
+flamboyante_. I saw it at D'Urban, and I shall never forget the contrast
+of its vivid green, bright as the spring foliage of a young oak, and the
+crown of rich crimson flowers on its topmost branches, tossing their
+brilliant blossoms against a background of gleaming sea and sky. It was
+really splendid, like a bit of Italian coloring among the sombre tangle
+of tropical verdure. It is too cold up here for this glorious tree,
+which properly belongs to a far more tropical temperature than even
+D'Urban can mount up to.
+
+I am looking forward to next month and the following ones to make some
+little excursions into the country, or to go "trekking," as the local
+expression is. I hear on all sides how much that is interesting lies a
+little way beyond the reach of a ride, but it is difficult for the
+mistress--who is at the same time the general servant--of an
+establishment out here to get away from home for even a few days,
+especially when there is a couple of small children to be left behind.
+No one travels now who can possibly help it, for the sudden violent
+rains which come down nearly every afternoon swell the rivers and make
+even the spruits impassable; so a traveler may be detained for days
+within a few miles of his destination. Now, in winter the roads will be
+hard, and dust will be the only inconvenience. At least, that is what I
+am promised.
+
+
+
+
+OUR MONTHLY GOSSIP.
+
+THE CABS OF PARIS.
+
+
+Paris is without doubt, of all large cities, the easiest to get about
+in. Lines of omnibuses cross and recross its surface in every direction,
+and, better still, the streets swarm with cabs, in which for the small
+sum of thirty cents one can pass at will from any given point to any
+other far distant one within its limits. There are carriage-stands on
+every side and in every principal street, and unoccupied vehicles may be
+seen driven at a snail's pace, with their drivers keenly on the lookout
+for a possible fare. Yet, with all this provision, it is occasionally
+very difficult to secure a carriage in Paris. On a sunny Sunday
+afternoon, on the day of the Grand Prix de Paris, or during the
+prevalence of a sudden storm carriages are as scarce in Paris as they
+are in New York. Yet their number increases daily, thanks to the law of
+1866, by virtue of which any coachman who can pass an examination as to
+his knowledge of driving and acquaintance with the streets of Paris can,
+if he likes, purchase a vehicle of the regulation style, have his number
+painted on it and set up for himself as a public cabman, subject always
+in the matter of pace, charges, etc. to the police laws regulating all
+such details.
+
+It has taken two hundred and thirty years to bring the cab-system of
+Paris to the point of perfection to which it has now attained. In 1617
+the only public means of locomotion was afforded by a company which let
+out sedan-chairs. In 1640 a certain Nicholas Sauvage, agent for the
+stage-coaches of Amiens, formed the plan of establishing carriages,
+harnessed and ready for use at certain designated points, for the
+accommodation of the public. These vehicles were christened _fiacres_,
+but the reason for their receiving this appellation remains unknown.
+Some say it was because Sauvage occupied a house the facade of which was
+decorated with an image of St. Fiacre: another and more probable
+solution of the mystery has been found in the fact that just at that
+epoch a monk of the Petits Peres, called Fiacre, died in the odor of
+sanctity, and his portrait was placed in all the new vehicles to protect
+them against accidents. Be this as it may, the new enterprise proved
+successful, and in 1703 a law was passed compelling the numbering of all
+public carriages. In 1753 there existed in Paris twenty-eight cab-stands
+and sixty livery-stables, containing in all one hundred and seventy
+carriages. At present, Paris possesses over eight thousand cabs and
+three thousand livery-stable carriages: these last are generally very
+handsome vehicles, drawn by spirited, well-kept horses and driven by
+stylish-looking coachmen. The public vehicles of Paris, exclusive of
+the omnibuses, may be divided into three classes. First, the _voitures
+de place_, which are permitted, on payment of an annual tax of three
+hundred and sixty-five francs, to stand at one of the one hundred and
+fifty-eight points designated by the police; these bear a yellow number.
+Secondly, the _voitures mixtes_, which may at will be hired from a
+livery-stable or stand or ply upon the public highway; these bear a red
+number. And thirdly, the _voitures de remise_, which can only be hired
+from a stable, and are prohibited from appearing on the stands; these
+also are numbered in red, but in a particular style, so that a policeman
+at a glance can distinguish the difference between the voitures mixtes
+and those of the last category. To this latter class belong the stunning
+and splendid equipages which may be hired for any period, extending from
+a few hours to an indefinite number of months, and which enable the
+stranger to make as fine a display of equipages and liveries as the
+wealthiest resident of the city. The first two classes, the cabs
+properly so called, are, however, the most interesting to the transient
+visitor to Paris or to the permanent resident with a purse of moderate
+dimensions.
+
+The cabs of Paris, as a rule, are comparatively neat and comfortable,
+those belonging to the Compagnie Generale des Voitures (of which
+institution more anon) being carefully brushed and cleaned every day. In
+winter a two-seated coupe lined with dark cloth or with leather, and
+drawn by a single horse, is the usual style of vehicle offered for the
+accommodation of the public. The price of such a vehicle is thirty cents
+for a "course" or single unbroken trip, which may be from one side of
+Paris to the other, or forty cents an hour. The coachman is bound by law
+to give the person engaging him a square ticket on which is printed his
+number and the exact amount of his fare: this last, however, being
+stated as varying under certain conditions and at certain hours, is apt
+to be rather puzzling to the inexperienced traveler, particularly if he
+or she be ignorant of French. Four-seated carriages are hard to find in
+winter: they are drawn by two horses, and the fare is ten cents more on
+the course and by the hour than that of the two-seated ones. In summer
+the coupes are replaced by light, open, four-seated carriages, with a
+hood and with leather curtains, to be used in case of rain; and they are
+really pleasant and comfortable vehicles. The horses do not differ much
+from the style of cab-horses known all over the world, being thin,
+shabby and dismal-looking animals as a general thing, though exceptions
+to the rule are not uncommon.
+
+The cabmen of Paris form a distinct class, a separate society, composed
+of all sorts of elements--a turbulent, indocile, rebellious set of men,
+always in revolt against their employers and against the law, which
+holds them with an iron and inflexible grasp. Most of them are
+Communists, though many of them are men belonging to the higher classes
+of society, whom dissipation, extravagance or misfortune has driven to
+this mode of gaining a living. Thus, it is a well-known fact that the
+son of a distinguished diplomat, an ambassador to more than one foreign
+court, is now a cab-driver, and not a particularly good one. Unfrocked
+priests, unsuccessful school-teachers, small bankrupt tradesmen, swell
+the ranks, the _personnel_ of which is mainly composed of servants out
+of place or of provincials who have come to Paris to seek their fortune.
+These last come mostly from Normandy, Auvergne and Savoy; and it has
+been noticed that the Savoyards are the most sober and docile of all.
+The Parisian cabman is always under the surveillance of the police: a
+policeman stationed on every stand watches each cab as it drives off,
+and takes its number to guard as far as possible against any overcharge
+or peculation. In case of a collision and quarrel or an accident the
+ubiquitous policeman is always at hand to take the numbers of the
+vehicles whose drivers may be concerned in the affair. Complaints made
+by passengers are always attended to at once, and immediate redress is
+pretty sure to follow. The cabman is generally gruff and surly, and,
+though seldom seen drunk, in the majority of cases is addicted to
+drink--a vice which the exposed nature of his calling palliates if it
+does not wholly excuse. Some cabmen are devoted to newspaper reading,
+and may be seen engaged perusing the _Rappel_ or the _Evenement_ while
+awaiting the appearance of a fare or stationed before the door of a shop
+or a picture-gallery. Others prefer to nap away their leisure moments,
+and may be seen, half sitting, half lying on their boxes, and sound
+asleep. It is rather a curious process to pass slowly along the line of
+a Parisian cab-stand and observe the faces of the men. Every variety and
+type of countenance--from the Parisian "Jakey" with villainous eyes,
+sharp features and black soaplocks, to the jolly old patriarch, gray and
+stout, and somewhat stiff in the joints, who has been a cab-driver for
+over forty years perhaps--presents itself to your view. The best way to
+engage a cab is by observing the face of the driver, not the condition
+of the vehicle or that of the horse. The Parisian cabmen wear no
+uniform, the high glazed hat being the only article of attire which is
+universally adopted. Even the red waistcoat, once a distinctive mark of
+their calling, is gradually falling into disuse, and every variety of
+coat and overcoat may be seen, liveries past private service being very
+generally adopted. Any overcharge may be reclaimed by the passenger by
+the simple process of making a complaint before the nearest chef de
+police. In past days the coachman thus complained against was forced to
+go in person to the complainant to beg his or her pardon, and to pay
+over the extra sum demanded. A frightful catastrophe which occurred some
+twenty years ago put an end to this form of retribution. On the 16th of
+September, 1855, M. Juge, director of the normal school at Douai, took a
+cab in the Place de la Concorde and went for a drive in the Bois de
+Boulogne. The driver, one Collignon, insisted on being paid more than
+his legal fare, and M. Juge forwarded his complaint to the prefecture of
+police the next day. Collignon was condemned to make restitution in
+person to M. Juge. He sold his furniture, purchased a pair of pistols
+and went on the appointed day to the house of M. Juge in the Rue
+d'Enfer. No hard words passed between them, but while the gentleman was
+in the act of signing the receipt the coachman drew out one of his
+pistols and shot him through the head, killing him instantly. Collignon
+was at once arrested: he was tried and condemned to death, and expiated
+his crime on the scaffold on the 6th of December following. Since that
+event another system of restitution has been followed, the sum exacted
+in excess of the legal fare being deposited at the prefecture of police,
+whither the traveler is compelled to go in quest of it.
+
+At the prefecture of police is likewise situated the storehouse of
+articles forgotten or left behind in public carriages. According to the
+law, every coachman is commanded to inspect carefully his carriage after
+the occupant has departed, and to deposit every article left therein,
+were it but an odd glove, in the storehouse above mentioned. Each object
+is inscribed in a register and bears a particular number, and the number
+of the cab in which it was left as well. These articles fill a large
+room, whereof the contents are ever changing, and which is always full.
+Umbrellas, muffs, opera-glasses, pocket-books (sometimes containing
+thousands of francs) are among the most usual deposits. In one year
+there were found in the cabs of Paris over twenty thousand objects,
+among which were six thousand five hundred umbrellas. Should the article
+bear the address of the owner, he is at once apprised by letter of its
+whereabouts; otherwise, it is kept till called for, and if never claimed
+it becomes the property of the city at the end of three years, and is
+sold at auction. A vast row of underground apartments is appropriated to
+the unclaimed articles--dim cellar-rooms, lighted with gas. There may be
+seen umbrellas by the hundred or the thousand, strapped together in
+bundles and stacked up like fagots. Everything is registered, numbered
+and catalogued, and if returned to the owner his address and the date
+of delivery are carefully noted. The strict surveillance of the police
+contributes greatly toward keeping the Parisian cabman honest. Instances
+are on record where costly sets of jewels, bags of napoleons and
+pocket-books crammed with bank-notes have been faithfully deposited at
+the prefecture by their finders. On the other hand, an anecdote is told
+of a cab-driver in whose vehicle a gentleman chanced to leave his
+pocket-book, containing fifty thousand francs which he had just won at
+play. He traced his cabman to the stable, where he was in the act of
+feeding his horse, opened the carriage-door, and found his pocket-book
+lying untouched upon the floor. On learning what a prize he had missed
+the coachman incontinently hung himself.
+
+The great source of supply for public vehicles in Paris is the Compagnie
+Generale des Voitures, one of the most gigantic of the great enterprises
+of Paris. It possesses five thousand cabs and over two thousand handsome
+and stylish voitures de remise. It furnishes every style; of carriage
+for hire, from the superb private-looking barouche or landau, with
+servants in gorgeous livery and splendid blooded horses, or the showy
+pony-phaeton and low victoria of the _cocotte du grand monde_, down to
+the humble one-horse cab. This beneficent company will furnish you, if
+desired, with a princely equipage, with armorial bearings, family
+liveries, etc., all complete and got up specially to suit the ideas of
+the hirer. Nine-tenths of the elegant turnouts in Paris are supplied in
+this manner. There is a regular tariff for everything: each additional
+footman costs so much, there is a fixed charge for powder, for
+postilions, for a _chasseur_ decked with feathers and gold lace. You can
+be as elegant as you please without purchasing a single accessory of
+your equipage.
+
+The cab-horses of the Compagnie Generale are usually brought from
+Normandy, and belong to a specially hardy race, such a one being needed
+to endure the privations and trials to which a Parisian cab-horse is
+exposed. Each horse has to be gradually initiated into the duties of
+his new calling: he has to be trained to eat at irregular hours, to
+sleep standing, and to endure the fatigues of the Parisian streets. Were
+the country-bred horse to be put at once to full city work, he would die
+in a week. He is first sent out for a quarter of a day; then after a
+week or two for half a day; then for a whole day; and when accustomed to
+that he is considered fit for night-work. The horses of the Compagnie
+Generale remain in the stable one day out of every three. If well fed,
+well kept and well looked after, the life of a Paris cab-horse may be
+prolonged from three to five years, but the latter is the extreme limit.
+
+The Compagnie Generale not only buys its own horses, but constructs its
+own carriages. Its coachmen are obliged to pass through a preliminary
+examination, not only as to their capabilities for driving, but as to
+their knowledge of the streets of Paris. But the passage of the law of
+1866 has let loose upon the community a swarm of ignorant coachmen, who,
+assuming the reins and whip, in some instances without any knowledge
+even of the great thoroughfares of Paris, will lead their unhappy hirer
+a pretty dance, particularly if he or she is a stranger on a first visit
+to the great city. I know of one instance where a lady, desirous of
+visiting the Pare Monceau, was taken to the extreme northern boundary of
+the city limits, and was only rescued by the intervention of the police.
+Then one must be very particular as to the pronunciation of the name of
+the street, as so many streets exist in Paris the names of which closely
+resemble each other when spoken, such as the Rue de Teheran and the Rue
+de Turin, the Rue du Marl and the Rue d'Aumale, etc. And if your
+coachman _can_ make a mistake, you may rest assured he will do it.
+
+The Parisian cab is not, like its London compeer, a prohibited pariah of
+a vehicle, excluded from parks or the court-yards of palaces. You can go
+to call at the Elysee or to attend a ball there in a cab if you like,
+and the Bois de Boulogne or the Pare Monceau is as free to that plebeian
+vehicle as to the landau of a prince. And if one attends a ball in
+Paris, there is no need to engage a carriage to return home in.
+Attracted by the lights, the cabmen station their vehicles in long lines
+in the neighborhood of any mansion where such a festivity is taking
+place, waiting patiently till three, four and five o'clock in the
+morning for a chance of conveying home some of the merrymakers. The only
+instance in which I ever heard of their failing to be on hand on such an
+occasion was at a large fancy ball where the German was kept up till six
+o'clock in the morning. The gay troupe issued forth into the golden
+glowing sunshine of the April morning, and found not a single cab in
+attendance; so powdered and brocaded Marquises, white-satin clad
+"Mignons," Highlanders, Turks and Leaguers were forced to walk to their
+homes, in many instances miles away, to the immense amusement of the
+street-sweepers and naughty little boys, the only Parisians astir at
+that hour of the city's universal repose.
+
+L.H.H.
+
+
+
+
+A NEW MUSEUM AT ROME.
+
+
+A new museum of sculpture at Rome! One would have thought that it could
+hardly be needed. Besides three vast collections--that of the Lateran,
+that of the Capitol, and that wondrous world of antique sculpture at the
+Vatican, itself, in fact, three museums, and each of the three alone
+matchless in the world--we have the work of the hands that lived and
+worked here a couple of thousands of years ago in every villa, in every
+garden, almost at every corner. And yet we need, and have just
+established, another museum of ancient sculpture. We are now cutting new
+lines of streets--not, as you are doing, on the surface of a soil that
+has never been moved save by the forces of Nature since first the
+Creator divided the sea from the dry land, but--among the debris of the
+successive civilizations of more than three thousand years. The laying
+of our gas- and water-pipes breaks the painting on the walls of
+banquet-halls whose last revel was disturbed by the irruption of the
+barbarian. Our "main drainage" lies among the temples of gods whose
+godlike forms are found mutilated and prostrate among the fallen
+columns and tumbled architraves and cornices of their shrines.
+
+But if no awe of the mighty past prevents the speculator and contractor
+of our day from marching his army of excavators in an undeviating and
+unyielding line impartially athwart the temples, the palaces, the
+theatres, the baths of the perished world beneath their feet, yet in
+these days of ours the work is done reverently, at least so far as not
+only to respect, but to gather up with the most scrupulous care, every
+available fragment of the art, and even of the common life, of those
+vanished generations. If the day shall come when some future people
+shall yet once again build their city on this same eternal site, and
+some future social cataclysm shall have overwhelmed the works and
+civilization of the present time, those future builders will not find
+walls constructed in great part of the fragments of statues and the
+richly-carved friezes of yet older builders and artists, as we have
+found. The Romans of the present day are, it must be admitted, fully
+alive to the inappreciable value of the wondrous heritage they possess
+in this kind; and every fragment of it is carefully and jealously
+gathered and stored. And hence is the need of a new museum, and hence
+will be the need of other new museums--who shall say how many? For truly
+this Roman soil seems inexhaustible in buried treasures. There seems no
+likelihood that the vein should be exhausted or die out. Every now and
+then the excavators come upon "a fault," as the miners say, but the vein
+is soon struck again.
+
+And so the new museum at the Capitol has been rendered necessary. It was
+inaugurated on the 25th of February in this year. It consists of twelve
+rooms or galleries, part of which occupy the site of the apartments
+which used to contain the archives, now moved to other quarters, and
+part, including a large octagonal hall, the principal feature of the new
+museum, have been newly constructed on ground which used to be the
+garden of the Conservatori, the ancient municipal officers of the city,
+so called. The entrance is by the main staircase of the palazzo of the
+Conservatori, which is the building that forms the side of the square of
+the Capitol to the right hand of the visitor as he ascends the
+magnificent flight of steps from the Via di Ara Coeli. The steep sides
+of the Capitoline Hill on either side of these steps has been recently
+turned into a very well-kept and pretty garden, among the lawns and
+shrubberies of which the attention of the stranger, as he ascends, may
+be attracted by a neatly-painted iron cage in front of the mouth of a
+little cavern in the rock, which is inhabited by a she-wolf in memorial
+of the earliest traditions of the place. Memorials, indeed, are not
+wanting at every step, and from the first window of the staircase as the
+visitor ascends to the museum on the first floor he may look down on the
+Tarpeian Rock.
+
+The public functionaries of all sorts here do so much of their work in a
+manner which gives rise to much discontentment among the Romans, and
+would by the people of better-ruled countries be deemed wholly
+intolerable, that it is a pleasure to be able to say that upon this
+occasion the municipality has done what it had to do thoroughly well.
+The galleries and rooms of the new establishment are decorated in
+admirably good taste in the Pompeian style, the walls being colored in
+panels and borders of blue and red on a buff ground. They are
+excellently well lighted, and the visitor is not hunted round the rooms
+by an attendant anxious only to get his tedious task over, but is
+allowed to wander about among the treasures around him at his own
+discretion, and to spend the whole day there, or as much of it as lies
+between 10 A.M. and 3 P.M., if he pleases. A sufficient catalogue,
+accompanied by a map of the place, is purchasable at the doors for a
+couple of francs, and the visitor is required to pay half a franc for
+his entrance. This last regulation is in accordance with a law recently
+passed by the legislature establishing an entrance-fee at the doors of
+all public galleries and museums throughout Italy. Heretofore the
+entrance to all such places was entirely free. But, seeing that the
+country really needs the assistance to be obtained from this source, it
+cannot be said to be acting otherwise than reasonably in making such a
+charge; and probably no one of the thousands who come to Italy to profit
+by her artistic treasures will ever grudge the payment of the small fee
+demanded; the only question being whether the measure is on the whole a
+profitable one financially, of which I do not feel quite sure.
+
+The first landing-place of the vast staircase and the ante-room at the
+top of it are lined with the more interesting and perfect of the pagan
+inscriptions which the recent movements of the soil have brought to
+light. Of course, the majority of these present no specialties
+distinguishing them from the thousands of similar inscriptions with
+which the world has long since been familiar. But there are some among
+them which contribute useful fragments of knowledge to the attempts of
+our antiquaries to construct a satisfactory plan of the ancient
+city--dedications of statues, showing what god or goddess inhabited such
+or such a shrine, and the like. The letters of these inscriptions have
+been rendered more easily legible by restoring the scarlet coloring of
+them, as has been done in the case of those at the Vatican.
+
+The visitor next enters a very long corridor or gallery giving access to
+the various halls and rooms, and adorned with a series of modern busts
+of the men of whom Italy has most reason to be proud. Some among them
+are of much merit.
+
+Then comes the gallery of the bronzes. In this department the late finds
+have been very numerous and extremely interesting. Among the objects
+which will immediately attract the visitor's eye as he enters the
+principal room are a litter and a biga or chariot. In both cases of
+course only fragments of the bronze remain, but they are sufficient to
+have enabled skilled antiquaries to reconstruct the entire litter and
+the entire chariot. The latter is very specially interesting. The plates
+of embossed and chiseled bronze which encased the body of the chariot
+are figured with admirably-worked subjects in basso-rilievo, many of
+them relating to the "wondrous tale of Troy." This invaluable specimen
+was the gift to the museum of that eminent and liberal archaeologist,
+Signor A. Castellani, of whose matchless collection of Etruscan jewelry
+I wrote in a former number of this Magazine. The remaining portions of
+the bronze- and iron-work of the litter, with its arrangement of poles
+for carrying it, somewhat after the fashion of a sedan-chair, though the
+whole of the apparatus is much lighter, are more fragmentary, but yet
+sufficient for the reconstruction of a specimen illustrative to the
+classical reader of many a passage in the ancient writers. Under No. 10
+the visitor will find the small statue of an hermaphrodite in bronze,
+fashioned as the bearer of a lamp--a statue of very great delicacy and
+beauty.
+
+The next room is that of the medals and coins, the number of which will
+probably surprise the visitor not a little. The gold coins and the
+better-preserved and more interesting specimens are shown single under
+cleverly-arranged glass cases. The more ordinary results of the finds
+which are almost daily being made have been consigned in promiscuous
+heaps to huge glass vases, whose tops, however, are carefully sealed
+down. The large collections of the _aes rude signatum_ of the consular
+and of the imperial families, in bronze, in silver and in gold, together
+with some mediaeval specimens, are ranged around the walls.
+
+Then we come to the sculpture, the main scope of the new museum, which
+is distributed in a large vestibule, in a noble octagonal central hall
+and in a long gallery. It was an excellent idea, adding much to the
+interest which every stranger in Rome will take in the museum, to place
+on each specimen a placard specifying the locality in which it was
+discovered and the date of the finding. And this information is
+admirably supplemented by a map hung against the wall showing in detail
+the relative positions of all the places which have yielded up these
+long-buried treasures. The number of specimens of sculpture is in all
+one hundred and thirty-three; and it is impossible, without letting this
+notice run to an immoderate length, to attempt to give an adequate
+account of the various objects, or even of the principal among them.
+There is a richly-ornamented and very characteristic head of Commodus,
+which really looks as if it might have come from the sculptor's hands
+yesterday. A colossal bust of Maecenas, also the gift of Signor
+Castellani, a bust of Tiberius, a small statue of the child Hercules, a
+Venus Anadyomene, may be, and many others might be, mentioned. The
+last-named is a very lovely statue of a young girl entirely nude. The
+archaeologists have chosen to call it a Venus, but it is to my thinking
+clear that it never was intended for the laughter-loving goddess. The
+expression of the face is perfectly and beautifully chaste, and indeed a
+little sad. I should say that it must have been a nymph coming from the
+bath, and just about to clothe herself with the drapery thrown over a
+broken column at her knee as soon as she shall have completed the
+arrangement of her tresses, with which her hands are (or, alas! were,
+for the arms are wanting) engaged.
+
+Room No. 10 contains a very extensive and most interesting collection of
+ancient pottery. There are many of the painted vases with which the
+world has become so well acquainted, and which, as being the more showy
+objects, will on his first entrance attract the eye of the visitor. But
+if he will with loving patience examine the vast numbers of utensils of
+every sort which have been with the utmost care sifted, one might almost
+say, from out of the mass of debris which the recent excavations have
+thrown up, he will find an amount of suggestive illustration of the old
+pagan life of two thousand years ago which cannot fail to interest and
+instruct him.
+
+T.A.T.
+
+
+
+
+OUR FOREIGN SURNAMES.
+
+
+It is interesting as well as amusing to read the foreign names upon the
+signs in the streets of our cities and towns, and observe the number of
+nationalities thereon represented, together with the peculiarities of
+form and meaning displayed by the names themselves.
+
+German names meet the eye everywhere, and are usually very outlandish in
+appearance, while many of them have significations which are
+conspicuously and ludicrously inappropriate. For example, a lager-beer
+saloon in one of our large cities is kept by Mr. Heiliggeist ("Holy
+Ghost"); a cigar-shop in another place belongs to Mr. Priesterjahn
+("Prester John"); while the pastor of a devout German flock in a third
+locality is the Rev. Mr. Wuestling ("low scoundrel"). The Hon. Carl
+Schurz, too, is hardly the sort of man to be named "apron," though it is
+certainly true that his name is in this country sometimes pronounced
+"Shirts."
+
+Other branches of the great Teutonic family have many representatives
+among us, and their names seem, to the uninitiated, even more fearfully
+and wonderfully constructed than those of their German cousins. It
+produces a good deal of surprise in the mind of an American to see on
+the sign of a tradesman from Belgium the familiar name of Cox spelled
+"Kockx;" and the Norwegian patronymic Trondhjemer ("Drontheimer"),
+though a very mild specimen of the language, has a formidable aspect to
+the general beholder.
+
+The German-Hebrew names display such an exuberant Eastern fancy in their
+composition as to suggest the inquiry whether they are not really but
+German translations of their possessors' original Oriental titles. It is
+not unlikely that this was the origin of names like Rosenthal ("Vale of
+Roses"), Lilienhain ("Meadow of Lilies"), Liebenstrom ("Stream of
+Love"), and Goldenberg ("Golden Mount").
+
+The Teutonic names, whether German, Scandinavian or Flemish, do not, as
+a rule, seem by any means so unpronounceable as those pertaining to
+foreigners of Slavonic race. The Russian, Polish and Bohemian
+appellations, which occur frequently in some sections of our country, so
+often begin with the extraordinary combination _cz_ that many Americans,
+believing that nothing but a convulsive sneeze could meet the
+necessities of such a case, decline trying to pronounce them at all. But
+the difficulties which these Slavonic names apparently offer would, in a
+great measure, be removed by a uniform system of orthography. The
+combination _cz_, for instance, corresponds to our _ch_, and the Polish
+cognomen Czajkowski becomes much less exasperating when spelled, as it
+would be in English, "Chycovsky." The same thing is true, to a great
+extent, of the Hungarian names, which are not rare in our larger cities.
+They, too, would be greatly simplified to us by being spelled according
+to English rules. A very frequent combination in Hungarian names, that
+of _sz_ is really the same as our _ss_; while _s_ without the _z_ is
+pronounced _sh_. The Hungarian name Szemelenyi under our system of
+spelling would therefore be "Semelenye," which is less discouraging.
+
+The foreign names in the United States that really present the most
+serious difficulties to the native citizen are unquestionably the Welsh.
+Some of the obstacles to easy pronunciation may even in their case be
+removed by adaptation to our orthography; as is shown by the name Hwg
+("hog"), which would be spelled by us "Hoog." But there are so many
+sounds in Welsh that are not only unknown, but almost inconceivable to
+English-speaking people, that the difficulties would still be very far
+from being overcome. And some of these peculiar utterances are expressed
+in Welsh by combinations of the Roman characters which in English stand
+for familiar and simple sounds; so that an attempt to reduce the two
+languages to a common system of spelling would not be at all easy. The
+combination _ll_ stands in Welsh for a terrific gurgling, gasping sound,
+which when once heard swiftly puts an end to all the romantic
+associations that the name of Llewellyn has derived from history and
+poetry.
+
+But all such foreign--or, more strictly speaking, un-English--names,
+after being in this country a generation or two, become, in a certain
+sense, "acclimated." They undergo a change in pronunciation, in
+spelling, or in both, which removes, in effect, the difficulties that
+originally characterized them. In this way the German names Schneider,
+Meyer, Kaiser, Kraemer, Schallenberger, Schwarzwaelder, and a host of
+others have become, respectively, Snyder, Myers, Keyser, Creamer,
+Shellabarger, Swartswelder, etc. Sometimes, too, an American name more
+or less similar in sound or meaning has been taken or given in place of
+the original German title; as when Loewenstein ("Lion-rock") was
+exchanged for Livingston, and Albrecht ("Albert") for Allbright.
+
+The old "Knickerbocker" names of the Middle States have, in most
+instances, retained their Dutch spelling intact, but have generally been
+subjected to a similar process of adaptation in sound. The same may be
+said of the French names in this country. Their spelling has, as a rule,
+been preserved, while their sound has been Americanized. In this way De
+Rosset has acquired the pronunciation Derrozett, and Jacques has come to
+be called either Jaquess or Jakes. Many French patronymics, such as the
+old South Carolina Huguenot name _Marion_, exhibiting nothing peculiarly
+French in their forms, are now pronounced entirely in accordance with
+our rules, and their national origin is preserved by tradition alone.
+Some French titles, however, having undergone only a partial change in
+pronunciation, survive in a hybrid form as to sound, though their
+spelling remains unaltered. Specimens of this class may be found in such
+names as _Huger_, pronounced "Huzhee;" _Fouche_, commonly called
+"Fooshee;" and _Deveraux_ or _Devereux_, now converted into "Debro" or
+"Devroo." The only very noticeable change that has taken place in the
+orthography of our French names is that the article has been joined to
+the noun in many cases where they were originally separate. In this way
+_La Ramie_, _La Rabie_, _La Reintree_, etc. are now usually spelled Laramie,
+Larabie (or, in some instances, Larrabee), Lareintree, etc.; the
+pronunciation of the newer form being Americanized in the usual way. But
+this change in form is one which might easily have occurred even in
+France.
+
+Most of these French and Dutch names have been in the country for a
+comparatively long time, and, indeed, many of them date back to the
+early colonial period. Like the Spanish-American names of Texas,
+California, Florida and Louisiana, to which the same rule generally
+applies, they belonged to members of organized foreign communities,
+proportionately large enough to preserve their names from a complete
+assimilation with the ideas of the English-American population. And in a
+lesser degree this is also true of those early German emigrants, mainly
+from the Palatinate, who settled in Pennsylvania, Western Maryland and
+the Shenandoah Valley.
+
+The tendency at the present day, however, seems to be strongly in favor
+of the process mentioned first--that of changing the sound of the names
+to suit American ears, and altering the spelling so as to conform to the
+new pronunciation. There is every indication that this will be done with
+regard to a very large majority of the foreign surnames that have been
+introduced among us within the last fifty years, or which may be brought
+into our country in the future. And as the changes so made are quite
+arbitrary, the result will be that the future student of American
+nomenclature will often be sorely puzzled by some of the surnames to
+which his attention shall be drawn.
+
+W.W.C.
+
+
+
+
+THE NEW FRENCH ACADEMICIAN.
+
+
+No institution of its kind holds so eminent a place in the esteem of a
+great country as the _Academie Francaise_. The elections are always a
+matter of interest, largely shared by the cultivated
+_Revue-des-Deux-Mondes_-reading world of both hemispheres; and the last
+election was one which excited fully as much attention as most of its
+predecessors. M. John Lemoinne, who at length summoned up courage to
+present himself as a candidate, was born in London in Waterloo year,
+1815, and has for a long period, probably thirty years, been, through
+the _Journal des Debats_, in some sort a European power. His selection
+to fill the seat of M. Jules Janin is in every way appropriate. Indeed,
+it seems strange that he should have been contented to wait until he was
+sixty-one to come forward for that distinction.
+
+The foundation of the Academy is directly traceable to the meetings of
+men of science at the house of M. Courart--who, early in the seventeenth
+century, was for forty years its first secretary--but it unquestionably
+owes to Richelieu a habitation and a name. It was formed with the
+special object of preserving accuracy in the French language, to which
+Frenchmen have been wont to pay an almost exclusive attention, but by
+the election of M. Lemoinne the Academy will have at least one member
+who is no less acquainted with another tongue.
+
+Every one will remember old Miss Crawley's rage when she found that
+Becky was trading on her connection with the democratic-aristocratic
+spinster to make her way into the Faubourg St. Germain. Too impatient to
+write in French, the old lady posted off a furious disavowal of the
+little adventuress in vigorous vernacular, but, adds the author, as
+Madame la Duchesse had only passed twenty years in England, she didn't
+understand one word. It may be hoped that the new Academician will, in
+conjunction with the new minister of public instruction, Mr. Waddington,
+who is a Rugby and Cambridge man, have some effect in arousing his
+countrymen to the study which they have heretofore so strangely
+neglected of a tongue which threatens to obliterate in time the
+inconveniences occasioned by the Tower of Babel. English is every day
+more and more spoken, and French less and less.
+
+In delivering his address of welcome to M. Lemoinne, M. Cavillier Fleury
+said: "You are one of the creators of the discussion of foreign affairs
+in the French papers: you gave them the taste for interesting themselves
+in the concerns of foreign countries. Few of us before steam had
+shortened distance really knew England. Voltaire had by turns glorified
+and ridiculed it; De Stael had shown it to us in an agreeable book; the
+witty letters of Duvergier de Hauranne had revealed the secrets of its
+electoral system. Your correspondence of 1841 completed the work." He
+might pertinently have added, "Because you are about the only French
+newspaper writer who ever thoroughly understood the English language,
+and could thus avoid ridiculous blunders."
+
+It has been observed that the _Debats_ almost exclusively supplies the
+Academy with its contingent of publicists--a circumstance accounted for
+by that journal being jealous of the purity of its language, and in
+other respects preserving a high and dignified standard. It has, indeed,
+for an unusually long period enjoyed its reputation. French and Belgian
+newspapers are very much of a mystery to an Anglo-Saxon. They seem to
+flourish under conditions impracticable to American or English journals.
+The _Independance Belge_ and the _Journal des Debats_ lie before us.
+Neither of them contains sufficient advertisements to make up three of
+our columns, yet their expenses must, we should suppose, especially in
+the case of the _Debats_, published as it is where prices are so high,
+be very large. Both these papers contain articles evidently the work of
+able hands, and in the case of the _Independance_ the foreign
+correspondence must be a very costly item, forming, as it frequently
+does, five columns of a large page. The price of each is twenty
+centimes--high, certainly, for a single sheet.
+
+It has often been observed, too, that French newspaper-men seem
+exceptionally well off. They frequent costly _cafes_, occasionally
+indulge in _petits soupers_ in _cabinets particuliers_, and, altogether,
+taking prices into account, appear to be in the enjoyment of larger
+means than their brethren of the pen elsewhere. Of course, the success
+of a French newspaper is, even in the absence of advertisements,
+intelligible in the case of the _Figaro_ or _Petit Journal_, with their
+circulation of 70,000 and 150,000 a day; but in the case of such papers
+as the _Debats_, whose circulation is not very large, it is difficult to
+explain.
+
+The position of a journalist in Paris seems to stand in many respects
+higher than elsewhere. Of course, the fact of contributions not being
+anonymous adds immeasurably to the writer's personal importance, if it
+also gets him into scrapes. Elsewhere, _editors_ are men of mark, and
+certainly no one in the journalistic world can possibly be made more of
+than Mr. Delane in London. But the editorial writers in his paper, who
+would in Paris be men of nearly as much mark as rising members of
+Parliament in England, are completely "left out in the cold," gaining no
+reputation even among acquaintance, since they are required to preserve
+the strictest secrecy as to their connection with the paper. Altogether,
+we are disposed to believe that Paris--official "warnings," press
+prosecutions and possible duels notwithstanding--must be accepted as the
+journalist's paradise. To be courted, caressed and feared is as much as
+any reasonable newspaper writer can expect, and a great deal more than
+he is likely to get out of his work elsewhere.
+
+R.W.
+
+
+
+
+LITERATURE OF THE DAY.
+
+Cities of Northern and Central Italy. By Augustus J.C. Hare. New York:
+George Routledge & Sons.
+
+
+Those who know Mr. Hare's _Walks in Rome_ and _Days near Rome_ will
+welcome another series of Italian itineraries from the same pen. These
+volumes are primarily guide-books; they tell us the best hotels, the
+price of cabs, the distances by rail or high-road. But the parts of
+traveler and manual are inverted: whereas you take your _Murray_ or
+_Baedeker_ in your hand and carry it whither you list, Mr. Hare takes
+you by the hand, leads you in the way you should go, makes you pause the
+requisite time before the things you are to look at, points to every
+view, lets you miss no effect, does not force his own opinions upon you,
+except now and then when he loses his temper a little on the debatable
+ground between religion and politics, repeats that quotation you are
+vainly trying to recall, or delights you by the beauty and aptness of a
+new one. He gives to a course of systematic sight-seeing the freedom and
+variety of a ramble with a cultivated and sympathetic companion. We
+would not be ungrateful to that inestimable impersonality, Murray, for
+all are his debtors, even Mr. Hare for the plan of his books; but,
+remembering how, with the latest edition in hand, we have panted up four
+or more flights of stairs in a Roman or Venetian palace in search of a
+picture removed years before, we are not sorry to find him here taken to
+task for leaving uncorrected statements which had ceased to be true.
+Moreover, Murray is no guide in matters of art; his authorities are
+often captains of the British Philistines; while Mr. Hare generally
+gives all that has been said by competent judges, sometimes
+imperturbably recording two conflicting opinions, and leaving the reader
+to decide. The range of quotation is indeed remarkable, from Dean Milman
+to Ouida, including many writers too little known in this country, such
+as Burckhardt, Ampere and Street.
+
+But it is not to the actual traveler only that these volumes will be of
+use and give pleasure. They are not bad preparatory reading for those
+who are going abroad, suggesting what should be studied beforehand; they
+will be dear to those who sit within the blank limits of a home in this
+raw New World trying to revive the fading outlines and colors of scenes
+which, though unforgotten, tend to mingle with the visions of Dreamland;
+and they are capital wishing-carpets for those who can travel only in
+fancy. In the introduction there is an excellent passage on the
+distinctive differences between the great Italian cities: "Each has its
+own individual sovereignty; its own chronicles; its own politics,
+domestic and foreign; its own saints, peculiarly to be revered--patrons
+in peace and protectors in war; its own phase of architecture; its own
+passion in architectural material, brick or stone, marble or
+terra-cotta; ...its own proverbs, its own superstitions and its own
+ballads." Mr. Hare contrives to convey much of the characteristic
+impression of each town. Pretty little wood-cuts are called in to his
+aid, but the best illustrations of his text are the poetical quotations
+and exquisite prose-bits from Ruskin, Swinburne, Symonds and others
+whose pens sometimes turn into the pencil of a great painter. The
+author's own descriptions are extremely faithful and charming. To those
+who have made the journey from Florence to Rome a single fine page of
+the introduction brings back a thrill of that long ecstasy. In these few
+quiet words he spreads Thrasymene before us: "It has a soft, still
+beauty especially its own. Upon the vast expanse of shallow pale-green
+waters, surrounded by low-lying hills, storms have scarcely any effect,
+and the birds which float over it and the fishing-boats which skim
+across its surface are reflected as in a mirror. At Passignano and
+Torricella picturesque villages, chiefly occupied by fishermen, jut out
+into the water, but otherwise the reedy shore is perfectly desolate on
+this side, though beyond the lake convents and villages crown the hills
+which rise between us and the pale violet mountains beyond
+Montepulciano." Nothing can be more lifelike than the following picture
+of the tract around Siena: "Scarcely do we pass beyond the rose-hung
+walls which encircle the fortifications than we are in an upland desert,
+piteously bleak in winter, but most lovely when spring comes to clothe
+it. The volcanic nature of the soil in these parts gives a softer tint
+than usual to the coloring. The miles upon miles of open gray-green
+country, treeless, hedgeless, houseless, swoop toward one another with
+the strangest sinuosities and rifts and knobs of volcanic earth, till at
+last they sink in faint mists, only to rise again in pink and blue
+distances, so far off, so pale and aerial, that they can scarcely be
+distinguished from the atmosphere itself. Only here and there a lonely
+convent with a few black cypress spires clustered round it, or a
+solitary cross which the peasants choose as their midday resting-place,
+cuts the pellucid sky. Here in these great uplands, where all is so
+immense, the very sky itself seems more full of space than elsewhere: it
+is not the deep blue of the South, but so soft and aerial that it looks
+as if it were indeed the very heaven itself, only very far away."
+
+The chapter on Ravenna is the best in the book: it is an admirable
+piece of work, a complete monograph. Everything is there--history,
+legends, art--and the quotations and illustrations are peculiarly
+beautiful and convincing.
+
+Mr. Hare, like many gentlemen of similar tastes and tendencies, does not
+seem to have a strong sense of humor, although now and then he
+condescends to smile as he repeats some local legend, such as that of
+the crucifix at S. Francesco delle Cariere, which awoke an overwearied
+devotee, who had fallen asleep on his knees before it, with "un
+soavissimo schiaffo," the gentlest slap, and bade him go to sleep in the
+dormitory. He speaks of an ancient custom, not mentioned by _Murray_, of
+harboring lost cats in the cloister of San Lorenzo at Florence: "The
+feeding of the cats, which takes place when the clock strikes twelve, is
+a most curious sight.... From every roof and arch and parapet-wall,
+mewing, hissing and screaming, the cats rush down to devour." It sounds
+like a wicked parody on the poetic assembling of the Venetian pigeons at
+the daily scattering of grain in the square of St. Mark's.
+
+There are a few little slips--so few that it is strange there should be
+any--among which is his mention of the "St. Christopher" of the doges'
+palace as "the only known fresco of Titian," forgetting the celebrated
+one in the Scuola del Santo at Padua, of which he has spoken in a
+previous volume. He occasionally makes an assertion to which many will
+demur; as, for instance, that "The real glory of the Italian towns
+consists not in their churches, but in their palaces." The best
+refutation of this paradox is in his own pages. Most people will be
+startled, too, by hearing of "the want of architectural power in Michael
+Angelo," although this remark is followed by a criticism which strikes
+us as extremely just on the stupendous slumberers on the monuments of
+the Medici: "The disproportionate figures are slipping off the pitiable
+pedestals which support them." Among the throng of indefinable emotions
+and sensations which beset one in the Medicean chapel of San Lorenzo, we
+have always been conscious of distinct discomfort from the attitude of
+these sleepers, who could only maintain their posture by an immense
+muscular effort incompatible with their sublime repose. As regards
+practical matters, few travelers or foreign residents in Italy will
+endorse Mr. Hare's statement that making a bargain in advance for
+lodgings or conveyances is not a necessary precaution, or his denial of
+the almost universal attempt to overcharge which is recognized and
+resisted by all natives. But Mr. Hare has illusions, and Italian probity
+is one of them. All his remarks about the present government of Italy
+(of which he speaks as "the Sardinian government" with an emphasis akin
+to the B_u_onapart_e_ of old French monarchists) are to be taken with
+the utmost reservation, as most readers will see for themselves after
+meeting his allusion to the massacre at Perugia in 1859 as in some sort a
+defensive action on the part of the papal troops. Mr. Hare's reasoning
+on all that relates to this subject is weak and illogical, sometimes
+puerile. Any one who loves what is venerable and picturesque must share
+the impatience and regret with which he sees so much beauty and
+antiquity disappearing before the besom of progress or the rage for
+improvement, especially in Rome. But we must remember that Italy is not
+the first, but the last, European country in which this has come about:
+in England, France and Germany what delights the eyes of the few has
+long been giving place to what betters the condition or serves the
+interest of the masses. Moreover, the Italians themselves, of whatever
+political complexion, black or red, are totally indifferent to these
+losses and changes which we lament so deeply. If there be a sad want of
+good taste and good sense in Cavaliere Rosa's management of the
+excavations, there is at least no lack of zeal. Formerly, next to
+nothing was done to preserve or protect the monuments, and many of the
+finest were irrecognizable and all but inaccessible from dirt and
+dilapidation. The reverence of the papal Romans for their treasures of
+either classic or Christian art is well illustrated by Retzsch's
+outline, in which a lovely statue of Apollo, broken and half buried,
+defiled by dogs and swine, serves as a seat for a loutish herd, who
+tries to copy a miserable modern Virgin and Child from a wayside shrine.
+Such a temper of mind in an intelligent, high-principled Englishman can
+only arise from a moral bias which distorts every view; but the
+discussion of these causes and effects would be out of place here, and
+we only smile in passing at the charge of "excessive cruelty" in the
+suppression of the monastery of San Vivaldo. Mr. Hare's treatment of the
+legitimate topics of his book deserves all admiration and praise. His
+style is simple, pleasant and picturesque; in future editions a few
+careless tricks should be corrected, such as the use of _from_, with
+_hence_, _thence_, _whence_, and a muddled sentence here and there, of
+which a very slight instance occurs in the pretty extract about Lake
+Thrasymene: there is a most confusing one about a girl who refused to
+kiss the emperor Otho, which reads as if she would not kiss her own
+father. It would be almost a pity to spoil a laugh by particularizing
+whether a tree or nut is meant in the story of "S. Vivaldo, who became a
+hermit and _lived in a hollow chestnut_, in which he was found dead in
+1300."
+
+
+
+
+_Books Received._
+
+
+The Little, or A, B, C, Book of German; that is, High School Primer;
+Child's Story Book and Dictionary. By Professor C.C. Schaeffer.
+Philadelphia: Charles Brothers & Co.
+
+Pocket Manual of Rules of Order for Deliberative Assemblies. By Major
+Henry M. Robert, U.S.A. Chicago: S.C. Griggs & Co.
+
+Cabin and Plantation Songs, as sung by the Hampton Students. Arranged by
+Thomas P. Fenner. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
+
+The Spectator. (Selected Papers.) By Addison and Steele. Edited by John
+Habberton. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
+
+Characteristics from the Writings of J.H. Newman. By Wm. Samuel Lilly.
+New York: D. and J. Sadlier & Co.
+
+Brief Biographies. Vol. III. French Political Leaders. By Edward King.
+New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
+
+The Life of William, Earl of Shelburne. Vol. II. By Lord Edmond
+Fitzmaurice. New York: MacMillan & Co.
+
+Jonathan: A Novel. By C.C. Fraser-Tytler. (Leisure-Hour Series.) New
+York: Henry Holt & Co.
+
+Faith and Modern Thought. By Ransom B. Welch, D.D., LL.D. New York: G.P.
+Putnam's Sons.
+
+Fetich in Theology; or, Doctrinalism Twin to Ritualism. By John Miller.
+New York: Dodd & Mead.
+
+The American Kennel and Sporting Field. By Arnold Burges. New York: J.B.
+Ford & Co.
+
+On Dangerous Ground. By Mrs. Bloomfield H. Moore. Philadelphia: Porter &
+Coates.
+
+Filth-Diseases, and their Prevention. By John Simon, M.D. Boston: James
+Campbell.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Lippincott's Magazine of Popular
+Literature and Science, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE ***
+
+***** This file should be named 14333.txt or 14333.zip *****
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