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| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:43:29 -0700 |
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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:43:29 -0700 |
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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/14007-0.txt b/14007-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6bf2a99 --- /dev/null +++ b/14007-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1637 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14007 *** + +THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION. + +VOLUME XX., NO. 569.] SATURDAY, OCTOBER 6, 1832. [PRICE 2d. + + * * * * * + + + + +LISBON. + + +[Illustration: LISBON.] + + +Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, was called by the ancients Ulyssippo, +and the foundation is fabulously ascribed to Ulysses. The situation is +grand, on the north bank of the river Tagus, in lat. 38° 42-1/3' N., +lon. 9° 8-1/3' W. The harbour, or rather road, of Lisbon, is one of the +finest in the world; and the quays are at once convenient and beautiful. +On entering the river, and passing the forts of St. Julian and of Bugio, +situated respectively at the extremities of the northern and southern +shores, we obtain a view of Lisbon crowning the hills on the north bank, +about three leagues distant above the mouth of the Tagus. The quintas or +villas scattered over the country, between the villages, become more +numerous the further we advance; till, at length, on approaching Belem, +an uninterrupted chain of edifices is seen extending along the margin of +the noble river, to the remotest part of the ancient capital, being a +distance of full six miles. Opposite Belem Castle, and on the southern +shore of the Tagus, is the small fort of Torre Velha. These two forts, +situated at the narrowest part of the river, guard the approach to the +capital by sea; and all vessels arriving at its port have their papers +examined at Belem Castle. The salutes of ships of war are, in like +manner, answered by its guns. Proceeding onward, we pass the Convent of +St. Geronymo, a splendid pile of Moorish architecture, "the picturesque +appearance of the scene being heightened by groups of boats peculiar in +their construction to the Tagus." From Belem we trace a range of +buildings, connecting it with Alcantara and Buenos Ayres, and finally +with the ancient city of Lisbon. Alcantara is situated at the mouth of a +narrow valley opening upon the Tagus. Upon the brow of the hill, on the +eastern side, is another of the royal residences, called the palace of +Necessiades; and, stretching across the valley, about a mile above this +point, is the far-famed aqueduct, which conveys the chief supply of +water to the capital. The new and populous quarter of Buenos Ayres +(so called from its being considered the healthiest situation around +the capital,) covers the steep hills situated in the angle formed by +the Alcantara valley and the Tagus. Miss Baillie, in her amusing +_Letters_, describes Buenos Ayres as "a suburb of Lisbon, standing +upon higher ground than the city itself, and a favourite resort of the +English, being generally considered as a cooler and more cleanly (or +rather a _less filthy_) situation than the latter." The splendid +river scenery from Belem to Lisbon, the luxuriant prospect from the +adjoining heights; the city itself, with its domes, and towers, and +gorgeous buildings--all this proud assemblage of nature and art--remind +us that + + It is a goodly sight to see + What Heaven hath done for this delicious land! + What fruits of fragrance blush on ev'ry tree! + What goodly prospects o'er the hill expand; + But man would mar them with an impious hand. + + BYRON. + + +The Engraving represents one of the most comprehensive views of the +city, obtained from an eminence crowned by the chapel of Nossa Senhora +da Monte. It has been copied from one of Colonel Batty's faithful +Views,[1] and its details cannot better be explained than in the words +of the clever artist: + +"From this elevation, the spectator, on turning to the south, has before +him the principal part of the busy capital. The Castle Hill, crowned by +a variety of buildings, and encircled by the old walls of its Moorish +fortifications, stands conspicuously on the left. Its northern slope is +planted with olive-trees, which add to its picturesque appearance, and +afford an agreeable relief to the eye in this widely extended scene of a +dense and populous city. On the right hand is another range of heights, +less elevated than the Castle Hill, but covered with buildings, amidst +which churches, convents, and hospitals, form prominent objects. The +valley, in the centre of the view, appears from this point to be choked +up with an almost impenetrable labyrinth of houses. This is, however, +now the most regular portion of the capital. Having been that part which +suffered most severely from the great earthquake of 1755, it has since +been rebuilt upon a uniform plan, with its streets intersecting each +other at right angles. In this quarter also are the two principal +pracas, or squares, in the city. The largest of these is the Praca do +Commercio, opening to the south upon the broad expanse of the Tagus. +Here formerly stood the royal palace, which was almost instantaneously +destroyed by the same memorable earthquake. The centre of this square is +ornamented by an equestrian statue of King Joseph I. The other square is +situated a little more to the north, about the centre of the valley. +It is called the Rocio, and was formerly styled the Square of the +Inquisition, from that tribunal having held its sittings in a large +building at its northern extremity. The Castle Hill conceals from our +view a portion of the ancient city, which, it is remarkable, escaped +with comparatively trifling damage from the earthquake, though +immediately contiguous to the part just described, which, in a few +moments, was rendered a complete mass of ruins, burying thousands of the +wretched inhabitants. Beyond the Tagus, the heights of Almada are seen +bounding the view, and extending westward towards the sea." + + [1] Published by Messrs. Moon, Boys and Graves Booksellers, Pall Mall. + + + * * * * * + + +MRS. HEMANS. + +(_To the Editor_.) + + +In No. 550, of _The Mirror_, in some account of Mrs. Hemans, by +_The Author of a Tradesman's Lays_, it is erroneously stated that +Mrs. Hemans is a native of Denbighshire. She was born in Liverpool, and +was the daughter of Mr. George Brown, of the firm of Messrs. George and +Henry Brown, extensive merchants in the Irish trade. Mr. Brown removed +with his family, from Liverpool, to near Abergele, North Wales, where he +resided some years. He married a Miss Wagner, daughter of Paul Wagner, +Esq., a German, and a respectable merchant in Liverpool. Mrs. Hemans's +early poems were published by subscription in 1808; they were +beautifully printed in quarto, at the press of the late Mr. John +McCreery,[2] who long resided in Liverpool. Mrs. Hemans, after her +marriage, lived near St. Asaph, with her mother and brother, Sir Henry +Brown; after which she took up her residence at the village of +Wavertree, three miles from Liverpool. + +_Liverpool._ + +A CONSTANT READER. + + [2] Mr. McCreery left Liverpool to reside in London, he died a + short time since of cholera, at Paris. + + + * * * * * + + +SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION. + +(_To the Editor_.) + + +The remarks of your Correspondent, _A. Booth_, in No. 567, of +_The Mirror_, with respect to what is generally called "Spontaneous +Combustion," are very just. My present object is to show that the term +"spontaneous" as applied to the subject in question, is incorrect. Mons. +Pierre Aimee Laire, in an "Essay on Human Combustion from the abuse of +Spirituous Liquors," states that it is the breath of the individuals +coming in contact with some flame, and being thus communicated inwardly, +that is the cause of the combustion, and therefore it cannot be +spontaneous; and he cites several instances of persons addicted to +spirituous liquors being thus burnt. Moreover, it is stated that an +anatomical lecturer, at Pisa, in the year 1597, happening to hold a +lighted candle near a subject he was dissecting, on a sudden set fire to +the vapours that came out of the stomach he had just opened. In the same +year, as Dr. Ruisch, then anatomical professor at Pisa, was dissecting a +woman, and a student holding a candle to give him light, he no sooner +opened the stomach than there issued a yellow, greenish flame. Also at +Lyons, in dissecting a woman, the stomach was no sooner opened than a +considerable flame burst out and filled the room. This has been +accounted for by experiments made by Dr. Vulpari, anatomical professor +at Bologna. He affirms that any one may see, issuing from the stomach of +an animal, a matter that burns like spirits of wine, if the upper and +lower orifices are bound fast with a strong thread, and the stomach +being thus tied, be cut above and under the ligature, and afterwards +pressed with both hands, so as to make all that it contains pass on +one side, and to produce a swelling on that part which contains the +incision, which must be held with the left hand, to prevent the +inflammable air escaping. This hand being removed, and a candle applied +about an inch from the stomach, a blueish flame will issue, which will +last nearly a minute. The circumstances of the case of Grace Pitt, to +which your Correspondent refers, perfectly coincide with the foregoing +remarks. She was accustomed for several years to go down stairs after +she was undressed, to _smoke a pipe_. Her daughter, who slept with +her, did not miss her till the morning, when on going down stairs, she +found her mother's body extended _over the hearth_, and appearing +like a block of wood burning with a glowing fire, without flame. She +was, no doubt, in the act of lighting her pipe, either at the fire or +candle, and the breath issuing from her mouth during respiration, being +impregnated with the spirits she had lately drunk, caught fire, and +communicated with the animal substance, also impregnated with spirit, +and thus the body was destroyed. Indeed, in nearly all the cases of this +nature reported, the bodies have been found on the hearth, or the +persons have been left with a candle near them. The combustion of the +human body in these cases is generally entirely inward, and it is very +seldom that any of the contiguous articles are destroyed. In the +instance mentioned above, a child's clothes on one side of the woman, +and a paper screen were untouched, and the deal floor on which she lay +was not even discoloured. + +The most remarkable instance of this nature on record, is that of the +Countess Cornelia Bandi; she was in the sixty-second year of her age, +and on the day before well as usual. After she was in bed she conversed +with her maid for two or three hours, and then fell asleep. The servant +on going into her chamber in the morning, saw her lady's two feet +distant from the bed, a heap of ashes, and two legs with the stockings +on. Between the latter was part of the head, but the brains, half the +skull, and the chin, were burnt to ashes, which, when taken up in the +hand, left a greasy and offensive moisture. The bed received no damage, +and the clothes were elevated on one side, as by a person rising from +beneath them. She appears to have been burnt standing, from the skull +being found between her legs; the back was damaged more than the front +of the head, partly because of the hair, and partly because in the face +there were several openings, out of which the flames are likely to +have issued. In this account it is not stated either that she was of +intemperate habits, or that a candle was left in the room with her; but +the latter is very likely, she being advanced in years; and it may be +conjectured, that in rising from her bed, she caught fire. + +One Borelli observes, that such accidents often happen to great drinkers +of wine and brandy, and that it would be of much more frequent +occurrence, were it not for the natural moisture of the body. +Notwithstanding this, your readers must not think that I am opposed to +the "cheerful draught:" I would say, + + "Let each indulge his genius, each be glad, + Jocund and free, and swell the feast with mirth. + The sprightly bowl go cheerfully round. + Let none be grave, nor too severely wise; + Losses and disappointments, cares and poverty, + The rich man's insolence, and great man's scorn, + In wine be all forgotten."--ROWE. + + +_St. Pancras._ + +W.A.R. + + * * * * * + + + + +RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS. + + * * * * * + + +EARLY PARLIAMENTS. + + +When the Saxon government was first established in England, there +was no distinction of freehold and copyhold; the latter, according +to Blackstone, was a possession acquired by a vassal subsequent to the +Norman feudal system. Copyholders being thus considered as slaves, were, +notwithstanding their possessions, deemed unworthy of the franchise; and +from this refinement, on the arbitrary principles of the Normans, every +copyholder was deprived of a vote, unless he could claim it by some +other tenure. + +The term borough originally meant a company consisting of ten families, +which were bound together as each other's pledge. Afterwards boroughs +came to signify a town, having a wall, or some sort of enclosure round; +and all places that, in old times, had the name of boroughs, it is said, +were fortified or fenced in some shape or other. + +In the time of the West Saxons, a parliament was holden by King Ina, +by these words: "I, Ina, King of the West Saxons, have caused all my +fatherhood, aldermen, and wisest commons, with the goodly men of my +kingdom, to consult of weighty matters." + +William the Conqueror, in the fourth year of his reign, called a +parliament, which consisted of twelve representatives for each county, +and the cities and boroughs were wholly omitted. After the battle of +Lewes, in which Henry III. was defeated by the barons, they called a +parliament, and made the king sign an order to summon four knights to +represent each county, and four for the cities of London, York, and +Lincoln. These representatives were chosen by universal suffrage of +the householders, and although the king regained his authority by the +subsequent defeat of the barons, two members for each county continued +to be elected in the same manner till the 8th of Henry VI. In the +parliament held in the 49th of Henry III., he sent writs to the nobles +and to the sheriffs of several counties, to return two knights for each +county, two citizens for each city, and two burgesses for each borough. + +It was contrary to an ancient rule of the constitution, that any person +should be allowed to vote at elections who did not reside in the place +or county where the election was made; that rule says, that "ineddem +comitata commercentes et residentes" only shall vote; and this was +confirmed by an act of parliament, (1 Henry V. c. i.) but recently +repealed. + +In 1429, an important change was made as to the qualifications of the +voters for knights of the shires. The voters were obliged to prove +themselves worth 40_s._ per annum. Before this time, every freeholder +might vote, and the vast concourse of electors brought on riots and +murders. Seventy pounds would, in modern days, be barely an equivalent +for our ancestors' 40_s._ The freeholders were, at the same time, +directed to choose two of the fittest and most discreet knights resident +in their county; or, if none could be found, notable esquires, gentlemen +by birth, and qualified to be made knights; but no yeoman or persons of +inferior rank. + +W.G.C. + + * * * * * + + + + +MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. + + * * * * * + + +MARVELLOUS CURE OF THE TOOTHACH. + +(_From a Correspondent_.) + + +A friend, who has recently returned from India, relates that he +received a perfect cure for the toothach, in a very remarkable way. He +had occasion to land on the Isle of Bourbon, at the time of his being +afflicted with a tormenting toothach; and a handkerchief being tied +about his head, his appearance excited the curiosity of the natives, who +approached him, and inquired, by signs and gestures, the nature of his +complaint. Having been satisfied on this point, they made him understand +that _they_ could cure him, if he would consent to their method; +which he did with great willingness, as he was maddened with pain, and +eager to make any experiment to gain relief. They first kindled a fire +on the ground with a few dry sticks, and then directed their patient to +hold the fore finger of his right hand to the tooth that was affected, +while they articulated a sort of jargon among themselves. When they had +finished, and the sticks were all burnt, they told him to withdraw his +hand, and the pain would cease. He did so, when his joy and astonishment +exceeded all bounds to find that the pain had _actually left him!_ + +This story may appear somewhat strange, yet I have no reason to doubt +the veracity of my friend, who supposes that the artful natives burned +some kind of herb in order to impregnate the air with its qualities, +which being admitted into the cavity of the tooth, effectually removed +the pain. He says he has never experienced a return of the complaint +since. + +G.W.N. + + * * * * * + + +JOURNAL OF A SHERIFF OF LONDON. + +(_Concluded from page 198_.) + + +"Wednesday, Oct. 29th. This being our grand feast day, my Lord Mayor, +Humphry Parsons, Esq., sent his summons to attend at Guildhall, by +ten o'clock, and that he would set out from thence, to Westminster, +precisely at eleven, in order to be back to our entertainment more +early. What added magnificence to this day's _Shew_ was, that his +lordship's coach was drawn by six horses, adorned with grand harnesses, +ribbons, &c., a sight never before seen on this occasion.--The Lord +Chancellor and some of the Judges dined with us; the whole entertainment +was happily conducted with great order and decency, and the company was +broken up by about one o'clock in the morning. + +"Wednesday, Nov. 5th. This being the commemoration of the Gunpowder +Plot, we, the sheriff's, attended my Lord Mayor from Guildhall to St. +Paul's: and as his lordship's coach was, on this occasion, drawn as +before by six horses, which he intended to do on every public occasion, +it caused a more than ordinary concourse of people in the streets." + +On Sunday, the 11th of January, Mr. Hoare, in his scarlet gown, with the +Lord Mayor, and several of the aldermen, received the holy communion, +in St. Lawrence's church, in pursuance of the statutes, to qualify +themselves to act as magistrates; and on the following day, being Plough +Monday, he attended the Lord Mayor at Guildhall, "to receive the several +presentments of the respective wardmote inquests of each ward,--and at +the same time to swear in all new constables for the ensuing year." On +Wednesday, the 14th the quarter sessions commenced, "when it is usual +for the several common councilmen to take the oaths of allegiance;" +which was done accordingly. + +"Friday, February 20th. Waited on my Lord Mayor to Bow church, in my +scarlet, to hear a sermon upon the propagation of the gospel in foreign +parts; to which the Archbishop of Canterbury also came in his state +coach, and with grand solemnity, attended by seven or eight bishops, and +great numbers of gentlemen of that society." + +The Lord Mayor (Humphry Parsons) died on the evening of March the 21st, +1741; on the 23rd, Daniel Lambert, Esq. was elected to succeed him, and +the same evening he was presented to the Lord Chancellor, and approved +of in the usual manner. + +"Wednesday, March 15th. This day the new Lord Mayor went in grand state +and procession by land to the Tower-gate, on Tower-hill, to be there +presented to and sworn in before the Constable of the Tower, according +to the charter and ancient custom and usage when a Lord Mayor happened, +as in this case, to be chosen out of term time; and, consequently, +cannot be presented to the Barons of the Exchequer sitting at +Westminster. Just at the entrance of the Tower-gate, a large booth was +built up, with seats and benches at the upper end, in the middle of +which the right honourable Lord Cornwallis, Constable of the Tower, was +seated, attended by the officers and servants belonging to him; to whom +the Lord Mayor was conducted and presented, and sworn in the same manner +as before the Barons of the Exchequer." + +On the 28th of March, being Easter Eve, the sheriff's attended the Lord +Mayor "through the streets, to collect charity for the prisoners in the +city prisons, according to annual custom;" and on the Monday following, +they accompanied his lordship, in procession, with the rest of the court +of aldermen to St. Bride's church to hear the '_Spital_ or _Hospital +Sermon_ preached before the governors of the several hospitals and +charity schools of the city; and to which "all the charity children +of the several schools, as also those of Christ's hospital, go in +procession, and are seated in the galleries." This sermon is "generally +preached by a bishop," and that on the following day, in the same church +(which is likewise attended by the corporation,) by a dean. On the third +day in Easter week, the 'Spital sermon is preached by a doctor in +divinity. + +Speaking of the _Easter Entertainments_, our journalist states the +following particulars as the cause of their origin:-- + +"The original institution of those entertainments was occasioned by the +Lord Mayor and the two sheriffs being accustomed to, separately, ask +such of their friends who were aldermen or governors of the hospitals, +whom they saw at church, to dine with them at their own houses. But in +process of time, it was agreed that the Lord Mayor should invite all +that were at church on the first day; and the two sheriff's, in their +turn, on the next succeeding days. Hence, by degrees, they began to +invite other of their friends; and the aldermen bringing their ladies, +other ladies were also invited, so that the private houses not being +large enough, they began to entertain at their respective halls: whence +it is now brought to pass, that these Easter entertainments are become +the chiefest articles of expense both to the Lord Mayor and the two +sheriffs. + +"Monday, April 6th. The sessions began at Guildhall, but the Lord Mayor +dispensed with the presence of the sheriffs, on account that we this +day were obliged to attend at Westminster, where we were to make our +proffers at the Exchequer by a tender of 40_s_.; and which was +accordingly made by one of the secondaries at the Tally-office; by +which, and the annual rent of 300_l_., the citizens of London hold +and enjoy the _Sheriffwick_ of London and Middlesex according to +their charter. Afterwards we entertained all the Exchequer officers, +according to ancient custom, with _fifty-two calves_' heads, +dressed in different manners." + +On the 20th of April the sheriffs accompanied the Lord Mayor to +hold a Court Baron and Court Leet at the Mitre in St. James's parish, +in _Duke's-place_, which is "a franchise within the liberty of +London." After a jury had been sworn, &c., the names of the inhabitants +being called over, those who were absent and sent no excuse were +amerced, but those who sent "their excuses by their friends, paid only +leet pence." The court then granted licenses to the public houses, and +swore in the headboroughs, constables, and other officers. + +On the 27th of May the sheriffs (by invitation, they having no concern +with the jurisdiction of the court,) attended the Lord Mayor to +Stratford, in Essex, and Greenwich in Kent, to hold "his _Court of +Conservancy_ of the navigation and fishery of the River Thames, from +Staines bridge, in Middlesex, down to the mouth of the river Medway, at +Sheerness, beyond the Nore;" he "being personally himself, by virtue of +his office, the sole Conservator." On returning, "a little after ten +o'clock," the party attempted to land at the King's Stairs at the tower, +"but they being shut, and, after waiting some time, the wardour refusing +to open them," they were obliged to proceed to the common stairs near +that fortress. + +"Soon after, the major of the tower came to my Lord Mayor to acquaint +him, that 'he was sorry for the refusal of which the wardour had been +guilty, whom he had ordered to strict duty, and would oblige him to come +and ask pardon for his insolence.' Upon this apology, it was agreed that +no further notice or complaint should be made; for it is to be known +that the Lord Mayor of this city has the privilege of going through the +Tower to take water, or on his landing at the King's Stairs, sending +reasonable notice of such his intention." + +At a Common Council, held on the 17th of June, it was ordered that every +person who had paid the customary fine of 400_l_. and twenty marks more +towards the maintenance of the ministers of the several prisons of this +city," with the usual fees, should be exempted for ever from serving the +office of sheriff, "unless he should at any time become an alderman." +Previously to that act, the payment of the fine excused only for one +year. + +"Tuesday, June 23rd. Attended the Lord Mayor to a court of aldermen, +at which Abel Aldridge, who had been nominated for sheriff, came with +_six Compurgators_, and, (according to the act of Common Council, +Sir J. Barnard, Mayor,) swore he was not of the value of 15,000_l_. in +money and separate debts; and his Compurgators swearing also, that they +believed what he swore to be true, he was excused from serving the said +office, without payment of any fine." + +On the 22nd of August the sheriffs waited on the Lord Mayor at +Guildhall, "and from thence went in procession to Smithfield, with city +officers and trumpets to proclaim Bartholomew Fair." On the 2nd of +September, "this day being kept solemn in commemoration of the fire of +London," they went to St. Paul's in their "black gowns, and no chains, +and heard a sermon on the said occasion." On the 8th of September the +sheriffs waited on the Lord Mayor, in procession, "the city music going +before, to proclaim _Southwark Fair_, as it is commonly called, +although the ceremony is no more than our going in our coaches through +the Borough, and turning round by Saint George's church, back again to +the Bridge House; and this to signify the license to begin the fair." +The journalist adds:--"On this day the sword-bearer wears a fine +_embroidered cap_, said to have been worked and presented to the +city by a monastery." + +"Monday, September 21st, being St. Matthew's Day, waited on my Lord +Mayor to the great hall in Christ's Hospital, where we were met by +several of the presidents and governors of the other hospitals within +the city; and being seated at the upper end, the children passed +two by two, whom we followed to the church, and after hearing a sermon, +came back to the grammar school, where two boys made speeches in +commemoration of their benefactors, one in English, the other in Latin; +to each of whom it is customary for the Lord Mayor to give one guinea, +and the two sheriffs half-a-guinea a piece, as we did. Afterwards, the +clerk of the hospital delivered to the Lord Mayor a list of the several +governors to the several hospitals nominated the preceding year. Then +the several beadles of all the hospitals came in, and laying down their +staves on the middle of the floor, retired to the bottom of the hall. +Thereupon the Lord Mayor addressed himself to the City Marshal, +enquiring after their conduct, and if any complaint was to be made +against any one in particular; and no objection being made, the Lord +Mayor ordered them to take up their staves again: all which is done in +token of their submission to the chief magistrate, and that they hold +their places at his will, though elected by their respective governors. +We were afterwards treated in the customary manner with _sweet cakes +and burnt wine_." + +The shrievalty of Mr. Hoare, and his brother officer, expired on the +28th of September, and about seven o'clock in the evening the indentures +with the new sheriffs were executed at Guildhall, "and the charge of the +gaols and all other trusts relating to this great and hazardous, though +otherwise honourable, employment, delivered over to them. And after +being regaled with _sack and walnuts_, I returned to my own house +in my private capacity, to my great consolation and comfort." + +In concluding this account of a manuscript, which illustrates so many of +the customs and privileges of the city, it should be mentioned that it +includes various notices of the treats or dinners which the Lord Mayor +and the sheriffs give by turns to the judges, sergeants, &c. at the +beginning and end of the respective terms; as well as of the manner of +delivering petitions to the House of Commons, which is generally done by +the sheriff; the city having a right to present petitions by an officer +of its own, and without the intervention of any member. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE NATURALIST. + + * * * * * + + +THE NIGHTINGALE. + + +The nightingale is universally admitted to be the most enchanting of +warblers; and many might be tempted to encage the mellifluous songster, +but for the supposed difficulty of procuring proper food for it. In the +village of Cossey, near Norwich, an individual has had a nightingale in +cage since last April; it is very healthy and lively, and has been wont +to charm its owner with its sweet and powerful strains. The bird appears +about two years old: it has gone through this year's moulting. It is +kept in a darksome cage, with three sides wood, and the fourth wired. +The bottom of the cage is covered with moss. Its constant food is a +paste, which is composed of fresh beef or mutton, scraped fine with a +knife, and in equal portions mixed with the yolk of an egg boiled hard. +The owner, however, about once a-day, gives it also a _mealworm_; +he does not think this last dainty to be necessary, but only calculated +to keep the nightingale in better spirits. The paste should be changed +before it becomes sour and tainted. + +PHILOMELOS. + + * * * * * + + +NOTES + +_Abridged from the Magazine of Natural History._ + + +_Silkworm_.--(_By a Correspondent.)_--It has occurred to me, and I have +not seen it remarked elsewhere, as a striking and interesting +peculiarity of this insect, that it does not wander about as all other +caterpillars do, but that it is nearly stationary in the open box or +tray where it is placed and fed: after consuming the immediate supply of +mulberry leaves, it waits patiently for more being provided. I apprehend +this cannot be said of any other insect whatever. This docile quality of +the worm harmonizes beautifully with its vast importance to mankind, in +furnishing a material which affords our most elegant and beautiful, if +not most useful, of garments. The same remark applies to the insect in +the fly or moth state, the female being quite incapable of flight, and +the male, although of a much lighter make, and more active, can fly but +very imperfectly; the latter circumstance ensures to us the eggs for the +following season, and thus completes the adaptation of the insect, in +its different stages, to the useful purpose it is destined to fulfil for +our advantage. + +_The Possibility of introducing and naturalizing that beautiful Insect +the Fire Fly_.--It abounds not only in Canada, where the winters are +so severe, but in the villages of the Vaudois in Piedmont. These are +a poor people much attached to the English: and, at 10_s_. a dozen, +would, no doubt, deliver in Paris, in boxes properly contrived, any +number of these creatures, in every stage of their existence, and even +in the egg, should that be desired: and if twenty dozen were turned out +in different parts of England, there cannot remain a doubt but that, +in a few years, they would be common through the country; and, in our +summer evenings, be exquisitely beautiful. + +Vigne, in his _Six Months in America_, says:--"At Baltimore I first +saw the fire-fly. They begin to appear about sunset, after which they +are sparkling in all directions. In some places ladies wear them in +their hair, and the effect is said to be very brilliant. Mischievous +boys will sometimes catch a bull-frog, and fasten them all over him. +They show to great advantage; while the poor frog, who cannot understand +the 'new lights' that are breaking upon him, affords amusement to his +tormentors by hopping about in a state of desperation." + +_The Vampire Bat_.--Bishop Heber's opinion of the innocence of this +creature by no means agrees with what one has read of his bloodthirsty +habits; and particularly the instances given by Captain Stedman, in his +_Travels of Surinam_, who, more than once, individually, experienced +the inconvenience of the Sangrado system of blood-letting, or, more +properly, blood-taking, pursued by this practitioner. + + "Non missura cutern, nisi plena cruoris hirudo." + +HOR. + + "This leech will suck the vein, until + From your heart's blood he gets his fill." + + +In answer to a query, "whether the vampire of India and that of South +America be of one species," Mr. Waterton replies, "I beg to say that I +consider them distinct species. I have never yet seen a bat from India +with a membrane rising perpendicularly from the end of its nose; nor +have I ever been able to learn that bats in India suck animals, though +I have questioned many people on this subject. I could only find two +species of bats in Guiana, with a membrane rising from the nose. Both +these kinds suck animals and eat fruit; while those bats without a +membrane on the nose seem to live entirely upon fruit and insects, but +chiefly insects. A gentleman, by name Walcott, from Barbadoes, lived +high up the river Demerara. While I was passing a day or two at his +house, the vampires sucked his son a boy of about ten or eleven years +old, some of his fowls and his jack-ass. The youth showed me his +forehead at daybreak: the wound was still bleeding apace, and I examined +it with minute attention. The poor ass was doomed to be a prey to these +sanguinary imps of night: he looked like misery steeped in vinegar. +I saw, by the numerous sores on his body, and by his apparent debility, +that he would soon sink under his afflictions. Mr. Walcott told me that +it was with the greatest difficulty he could keep a few fowls, on +account of the smaller vampire; and that the larger kind were killing +his poor ass by inches. It was the only quadruped he had brought up with +him into the forest. + +"Although I was so long in Dutch Guiana and visited the Orinoco and +Cayenne, and ranged through part of the interior of Portuguese Guiana, +still I could never find out how the vampires actually draw the blood; +and, at this day, I am as ignorant of the real process as though I had +never been in th« vampire's country. I should not feel so mortified at +my total failure in attempting the discovery, had. I not made such +diligent search after the vampire, and examined its haunts. Europeans +may consider as fabulous the stories related of the vampire; but, for +my own part, I must believe in its powers of sucking blood from living +animals, as I have repeatedly seen both men and beasts which had been +sucked, and, moreover, I have examined very minutely their bleeding +wounds. + +"Wishful of having it in my power to say that I had been sucked by the +vampire, and not caring for the loss of ten or twelve ounces of blood, +I frequently and designedly put myself in the way of trial. But the +vampire seemed to take a personal dislike to me; and the provoking brute +would refuse to give my clavet one solitary trial, though he would tap +the more favoured Indian's toe, in a hammock within a few yards of +mine. For the space of eleven months, I slept alone in the loft of a +woodcutter's abandoned house in the forest; and though the vampire came +in and out every night, and I had the finest opportunity of seeing him, +as the moon shone through apertures where windows had once been, I never +could be certain that I saw him make a positive attempt to quench his +thirst from my veins, though he often hovered over the hammock." + + * * * * * + + +THE STORK + + +Is now rarely seen in Britain; one was killed a short time since in +the neighbourhood of Ethie House, and is to be seen in Mr. Mollison's +Museum, Bridge-street, Montrose. The editor of the Montrose Review +believes that a stork had not been killed in Scotland since the year +1766. + + * * * * * + + + + +FINE ARTS. + + * * * * * + + +THE GRAVE OF TITIAN. + + +[Illustration: QVI GIACE IL GRAN TIZIANO DE VECELLI EMULATOR DE ZEUSI E +DEGLI APELLI.] + + +Beneath this plain sepulchral stone, in the church of Santa Maria de +Frari, at Venice--rest the ashes of TITIAN, the prince of the Venetian +school of painters, and who, "was worthy of being waited upon by +Cæsar." Yes, this alone denotes his grave at the foot dell'Altare di +Crocisfisso. + +Titian was born at a sequestered town in the Alps of Friuli, in the year +1477, his father being of the ancient family of Vecelli. He began very +early to show a turn for drawing, and designed a figure of the Virgin, +with the juice of flowers, the only colours probably within his reach. +He was the scholar of Giovanni Bellino, but adopted the manner of +Giorgione so successfully, that to several portraits their respective +claims could not be ascertained. The Duke of Ferrara was so attached to +Titian, that he frequently invited him to accompany him in his barge +from Venice to Ferrara. At the latter place he became acquainted with +Ariosto. In 1647, at the invitation of Charles V. Titian joined the +imperial court. The emperor then advanced in years sat to him for the +third time. During the time of sitting, Titian happened to drop one +of his pencils, the emperor took it up; and on the artist expressing +how unworthy he was of such an honour, Charles replied, "that Titian +was worthy of being waited upon by Cæsar." But, "to reckon up the +protectors and friends of Titian, would be to name nearly all the +persons of the age, to whom rank, talent, and exalted character, +appertained. Being full of years and honours, he fell a victim to the +plague in 1576, at the age of ninety-nine. To perpetuate his memory, the +artists at Venice proposed celebrating his obsequies, with great pomp +and magnificence in the church of St. Luke, the programme of which is +given at length, by Ridolfi; but, owing to the prevalence of the plague, +no funeral ceremony was allowed by the state: the authorities, however, +made an exception in Titian's favour, and suffered him to be buried in +the church of Friari, as we have stated." + +Sir Abraham Hume, the accomplished annotator of the _Life and Works of +Titian_, observes: "It appears to be generally understood that Titian +had, in the different periods of life, three distinct manners of +painting; the first hard and dry, resembling his master, Giovanni +Bellino; the second, acquired from studying the works of Giorgione, was +more bold, round, rich in colour, and exquisitely wrought up; the third +was the result of his matured taste and judgment, and properly speaking, +may be termed his own; in which he introduced more cool tints into the +shadows and flesh, approaching nearer to nature than the universal glow +of Giorgione." After stating what little is known of the mechanical +means employed by Titian in the colouring of his pictures, Sir Abraham +observes: "Titian's grand secret of all, appears to have consisted in +the unremitting exercise of application, patience, and perseverance, +joined to an enthusiastic attachment to his art: his custom was to +employ considerable time in finishing his pictures, working on them +repeatedly, till he brought them to perfection; and his maxim was, that +whatever was done in a hurry, could not be well done." In manners and +character, as well as talent, Titian may not inappropriately be +associated with "the most eminent painter this country ever +produced"--Sir Joshua Reynolds. + + * * * * * + + + + +HOSPITAL OF ST. CROSS, HANTS. + + +[Illustration: (_The Church_.)] + + +This is one of the most interesting structures in Great Britain. It +stands about one mile west from Winchester, on the banks of the river +Itchin. Its architectural character is of the first importance in +illustrating the superior skill of our ancestors; while it has retained +more of its original character than any similar record of ancient piety +and charity in our island. Dr. Milner, in allusion to its principal +features, observes: "the lofty tower, with the grated door, and porter's +lodge beneath it; the retired ambulatory; the separate cells; the common +refectory; the venerable church; the black flowing dress and the silver +cross worn by the members; the conventual appellation of _brother_, +with which they salute each other; in short, the silence, the order, and +the neatness, that here reign, seem to recall the idea of a monastery to +those who have seen one, and will give no imperfect idea of such an +establishment to those who have not had that advantage."[3] + +St. Cross, however, "never was a monastery, but only an hospital for +the support of ancient and infirm men, living together in a regular +and devout manner." The original founder was Henry de Blois, bishop of +Winchester, who instituted it, between the years 1132 and 1136; and +required that "thirteen poor men, so decayed and past their strength +that without charitable assistance they cannot maintain themselves, +shall abide continually in the hospital, who shall be provided with +proper clothing and beds suitable to their infirmities; and shall have +an allowance daily of good wheat bread, good beer, three messes each for +dinner, and one for supper. That beside these thirteen poor, a hundred +other poor, of modest behaviour and the most indigent that can be found, +shall be received daily at dinner-time, and shall have each a loaf of +coarser bread, one mess, and a proper allowance of beer, with leave to +carry away with them whatever remains of their meat and drink after +dinner." They were to dine in a hall appointed for the purpose, and +called _Hundred Mennes Hall_, from this circumstance. The establishment +also contained an endowment for a master, a steward, four chaplains, +thirteen clerks, and seven choristers. + +But, in those "good old times," abuses in institutions formed for the +best and wisest purposes were not uncommon; and in the case of St. +Cross, so early did evil begin to counteract good, that, in little more +than two centuries from its foundation, the revenues assigned for the +annual fulfilment of the founder's wishes, were grossly misapplied. +They had increased in value, and the masters and brethren of +the hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, who were guardians and +administrators, seized the surplus and put it into their own pockets. +Bishop Wykeham, who was appointed to the see of Winchester, in 1366, +set about the reform of these abuses, which he was enabled to do by his +canonical jurisdiction:--"he determined that the whole revenue of the +hospital should be dedicated to the poor, as was the intention of the +founder, and having in vain tried admonition and remonstrance, summoned +the four masters to appear before him and answer for their stewardship. +They were bold enough to set Wykeham at defiance, and availed themselves +of all the subtleties of the law, and of all manner of evasion, by +appeal and otherwise, to thwart and throw him. The upright bishop +persisted--he called them to the severest account--had them fined, and +till they made restitution, excommunicated--and finally restored the +whole endowment to its primitive purpose."[4] + +The propriety and good effects of Wykeham's restoration were so +apparent, that his successor, Cardinal Beaufort, having determined +to engage in some permanent charity, resolved rather to enlarge this +institution, than to found a new one. "He therefore endowed it for the +additional support of two priests, and thirty-five poor men, who were to +become residents, and three hospital nuns, who were to attend upon the +sick brethren: he also caused a considerable portion of the hospital to +be rebuilt."[5] Of the present establishment we shall presently speak +in detail. "The hospital," says Lowth, "though much diminished in its +revenues, by what means I cannot say, yet still subsists upon the +remains of both endowments." + +The buildings of the hospital composed two courts; but the south side of +the interior quadrangle has been pulled down. The entrance to the first +court from the north is through a capacious gateway.[6] On the east side +is the +Hundred-Mennes Hall+, which is about forty feet long, and +has been converted into a brewhouse; the roof is of Irish oak, and left +open to the timbers, adjoining are the master's apartments. On the +west is a range of offices; and, on the south, with portions of other +buildings, is the lofty and handsome tower gateway, erected by Cardinal +Beaufort, whose statue, in his Cardinal's habit, is represented kneeling +in an elegant niche in the upper part: two other niches, of the same +form, but deprived of their statues, appear also on the same level. +Milner describes the embellishments of this tower: "in a cornice over +the gates we behold the Cardinal's hat displayed, together with the +busts of his father, John of Gaunt, of his royal nephews, Henry IV. and +Henry V., and of his predecessor, Wykeham: in the spandrils, on each +side, are the founder's arms. The centre boss in the groining of the +gateway is carved into a curious cross, composed of leaves, and +surrounded with a crown of thorns: on the left is the door of the +porter's lodge.[7] Passing through this gateway, the spectator sees, +on his right, a long line of buildings, of the age of the original +foundation, for the use of the brethren, each of whom has a house and +garden to himself. On the left is an ambulatory, or cloister, 135 feet +in length, and extending to the church on the south-east. Above the +ambulatory is the ancient infirmary, and chambers called the Nuns's +rooms, from their having been allotted to three hospital sisters on +the foundation of Cardinal Beaufort. The centre of the court has a +grass-plot, and gravel walks intersecting parterres of flowers, +shrubs, &c." + +Dr. Milner observes "the present establishment of St. Cross is but the +wreck of its two ancient institutions; it having been severely fleeced, +though not quite destroyed, like so many other hospitals at the +Reformation. Instead of seventy residents, as well clergy as laity, who +were here entirely supported, besides one hundred out-members, who daily +received their meat and drink, the charity consists at present but +of ten residing brethren and three out-pensioners, exclusive of one +chaplain and the master. It is true, however, that certain "doles" of +bread continue to be distributed to the poor of the neighbourhood; and +what is, perhaps, the only vestige left in the kingdom of the simplicity +and hospitality of ancient times, the porter is daily furnished with a +certain quantity of good bread and beer, of which every traveller, or +other person whosoever, that knocks at the lodge, and calls for relief, +is entitled to partake gratuitously." + +Such was the state of the charity when Dr. Milner wrote, or, in the year +1809. Our Correspondent, _P.Q._ has furnished us with the following +information to the 20th of last May. + +"The funds of this hospital are very ample; for, after providing the +master (the present Earl of Guildford)[8] with a liberal sinecure, +supporting the brethren and servants, and upholding the very extensive +buildings, there are distributed the following 'doles:' + +"On the 3rd of May, 10th of August, and the eve of the festivals of +Easter, Whitsuntide, and Christmas, annually, the whole of the brethren +and the steward of the house assemble and form two lines or ranks, at +sunset, within the door of the outer gateway; when, to every person +(even to infants) who applies at the gate, is given a loaf of brown +bread, weighing about three pounds. This distribution is continued until +all the bread is given away; and if the applicants should exceed the +loaves in number, to each of the remaining persons is given an +halfpenny, be they ever so numerous. + +"These 'doles' are very beneficial to the poor of Winchester and +vicinity; for to all who attend and obtain an early admission a loaf is +given. I know, that when I was a boy, and never missed going to the +'doles,' some families, where the children were numerous, received from +seven to ten loaves. + +"Likewise every traveller who applies at the porter's lodge at the outer +gate of this hospital is entitled to, and receives, a horn of good beer +and a loaf or slice of bread. This demand is frequently made by persons +of a different quality from that intended by the founder, for the sake +of attesting the peculiarity of the custom. The quantity of bread given +to each person is about four ounces--of beer about three-fourths of a +pint." + +We next proceed to describe the exterior of the venerable church: the +_interior_ will form the subject of a future article. + +On entering the second court the first object that usually attracts +attention is _the Church of St. Cross_, which extends a considerable +distance into the court, and destroys its regularity on the east side. +The exterior of the church is not altogether imposing. "The windows, +with one exception, are seen to disadvantage from without, and the whole +building is enveloped in a shroud of yellow gravelly plaister, strangely +dissonant with ideas of Norman masonry."[9] The church is built in the +cathedral form, with a nave and transept, and a low and massive tower, +rising from the intersection: the whole length of the church is 150 +feet; the length of the transept is 120 feet. The architecture of this +structure is singularly curious, and deserving the attention of the +antiquary, as it appears to throw a light on the progress, if not on the +origin, of the pointed or English style. Our Correspondent states the +whole to have been repaired about twenty-two years since, at a very +considerable expense. + + [3] Milner's Winchester, vol. ii. p. 141. + + [4] Life of Wykeham. By Allan Cunningham--in the _Family Library_. + The reference to the "_four_ masters" is evidently an error. + + [5] Beauties of England and Wales, vol. vi. p. 108, Hants. Mr. + Cunningham states these additions to have been made by Wykeham. + We shall presently come to the details of Beaufort's additions + to the building. + + [6] A zealous Correspondent, _P.Q._, whose contribution appears + in the next page, describes this gateway as resembling St. John's + Gate, Clerkenwell, which Mr. Malcom thinks "one of the most + perfect remains of monastic buildings in London." It consists of + one capacious arch, with an arched mullioned window in the centre + above it; and is flanked by two square towers. From this place + issued the early numbers of the _Gentleman's Magazine;_ and a + wood-cut of the building appears to this day on the wrapper of + that valuable work, which, for knowledge and utility, is as + superior to the Magazine frippery of the present day as Michael + Angelo to John Nash. + + [7] Milner's Winchester, vol. ii. p. 146. + + + [8] The present Earl succeeded to the title on the death of his + cousin, Francis, the learned Chancellor of the University of the + Ionian Islands, founded by himself, and which he richly endowed + with a noble bequest and a splendid library. His Lordship is + Rector of St. Mary's, Southampton, Old and New Abresford and + Medstead, in Hampshire, a Prebendary of Winchester, and Master + of St. Cross, Hospital. + + Among many famous men who have presided over the Hospital, was + Colonel John Lisle, of Moyles Court, Regicide, and M.P. for the + City of Winchester. + + [9] From a paper in _The Crypt_, an antiquarian journal, printed + at Ringwood, Hants, in the year 1827. The writer observes that + Dr. Milner has uniformly applied the term _Saxon_ to the + circular arches in this structure, as well as to similar + specimens; but subsequent topographers have arrived at the more + probable conclusion, that very slight remains, if any, now exist + of ecclesiastical edifices by the Saxons. + + + * * * * * + + + + +THE PUBLIC JOURNALS. + + * * * * * + + +SCRAPS FROM THE DIARY OF A TRAVELLER. + + +BY THOMAS MOORE, ESQ. + + + O poets, poets, dream at home, + If you would _still_ have visions haunt you; + Trust me, if once abroad you roam, + That mar-all, Truth, will disenchant you. + Still think of VENICE, as in dreams + You've seen her, by her ocean-streams;-- + Fancy the calm and cool delights + Of gondolas on summer nights: + Of sailing o'er the bright Lagoon, + And listening, as you glide along, + To lays from TASSO, by that moon + Whose beams, alas! he felt too strong, + And of whose mad'ning philters all, + Who feel the Muse's genuine call, + Are doom'd, at times, to drink as deep, + As did Endymion in his sleep! + + Still by your fire-sides sit, and think + Of palaces, along the brink + Of ocean-floods,--whose shadows there + Look like the ruins, grand and fair, + Of some lost ATALANTIS, seen + Beneath the wave, when heaven's serene. + People those palaces with forms + Lovely as TITIAN ever drew-- + Bright creatures, whom the sunbeam warms + With that ethereal gas, all through. + Which finds a vent at lips and eyes, + And lights up in a lover's sighs. + Fancy these young Venetian maids + Listening, at night, to serenades + From amorous lutes, where Music, such + As southern skies alone afford, + Echoes to every burning touch, + And thrills in each impassion'd chord. + + All this imagine, and still more,-- + For whither may not Fancy soar, + If Truth do not, alas! too soon, + Puncture her brilliant air-balloon-- + But go not to the spot, I pray; + O do not, _do_ not, some fine day. + Order, like STERNE, your travelling breeches;-- + All's lost, if once upon your way, + The passport of Lord ---- + Is death to Fancy--like his speeches. + + If you would save _some_ dreams of youth + From the torpedo touch of Truth, + Go not to VENICE--do not blight + Your early fancies with the sight + Of her true, real, dismal state-- + Her mansions, foul and desolate,-- + Her close canals, exhaling wide + Such fetid airs as--with those domes + Of silent grandeur, by their side, + Where step of life ne'er goes or comes, + And those black barges plying round + With melancholy, plashing sound,-- + Seem like a city, where the Pest + Is holding her last visitation, + And all, ere long, will be at rest, + The dead, sure rest of desolation. + + So look'd, at night-fall, oft to me + That ruin'd City of the Sea; + And, as the gloomy fancy grew + Still darker with night's darkening hue, + All round me seem'd by Death o'ercast,-- + Each footstep in those halls the last; + And the dim boats, as slow they pass'd, + All burial-barks, with each its load + Of livid corpses, feebly row'd + By fading hands, to find a bed + In waters less choked up with dead.--_Metropolitan_. + + + * * * * * + + +ON THE DEATH OF SIR WALTER SCOTT. + +_By the Author of "Eugene Aram."_ + + +The blow is struck--the lyre is shattered--the music is hushed at +length. The greatest--the most various--the most commanding genius of +modern times has left us to seek for that successor to his renown which, +in all probability, a remote generation alone will furnish forth. It is +true that we have been long prepared for the event--it does not fall +upon us suddenly--leaf after leaf was stripped from that noble tree +before it was felled to the earth at last;--our sympathy in his decay +has softened us to the sorrow for his death. It is not now our intention +to trace the character or to enumerate the works of the great man whose +career is run;--to every eye that reads--every ear that hears--every +heart that remembers, this much at least, of his character is already +known,--that he had all the exuberance of genius and none of its +excesses; that he was at once equitable and generous--that his heart was +ever open to charity--that his life has probably been shortened by his +scrupulous regard for justice. His career was one splendid refutation of +the popular fallacy, that genius has of necessity vices--that its light +must be meteoric--and its courses wayward and uncontrolled. He has left +mankind two great lessons,--we scarcely know which is the most valuable. +He has taught us how much delight one human being can confer upon the +world; he has taught us also that the imagination may aspire to the +wildest flights without wandering into error. Of whom else among our +great list of names--the heir-looms of our nation--can we say that he +has left us everything to admire, and nothing to forgive? + +It is in four different paths of intellectual eminence that Sir Walter +Scott has won his fame; as a poet, a biographer, an historian, and a +novellist. It is not now a time (with the great man's clay scarce cold) +to enter into the niceties of critical discussion. We cannot now weigh, +and sift, and compare. We feel too deeply at this moment to reason +well---but we ourselves would incline to consider him greatest as a +poet. Never, indeed, has there been a poet so thoroughly Homeric as +Scott--the battle--the feast--the council--the guard-room at +Stirling--the dying warrior at Flodden--the fierce Bertram speeding up +the aisle--all are Homeric;--all live--move--breathe and burn--alike +poetry, but alike life! There is this difference, too, marked and +prominent--between his verse and his prose;--the first is emphatically +the verse of Scott--the latter (we mean in its style) may be the prose +of any one--the striking originality, the daring boldness, the +astonishing vigour of the style, in the _Lay of the Last Minstrel_, +are lost in _The Antiquary and Guy Mannering_. + +Scott may be said, in prose, to have _no style_. There are those, +we know, who call this very absence of style a merit--we will not +dispute it: if it be so, Scott is the first great prose writer from +Bacon to Gibbon,--nay, from Herodotus, in Greek, to Paul Courier, in +French--who has laid claim to it. For our own part, we think him great, +in spite of the want of style, and not because of it. As a biographer, +he has been unfortunate in his subjects; the two most important of the +various lives he has either delineated or sketched--that of Dryden and +that of Swift--are men, to whose inexpiable baseness genius could +neither give the dignity of virtue nor the interest of error. + +As an historian, we confess that we prize him more highly than as a +biographer: it is true that the same faults are apparent in both, but +there is in the grand History of Napoleon more scope for redeeming +beauties. His great, his unrivalled, excellence in description is here +brought into full and ample display: his battles are vivid, with colours +which no other historian ever could command. And all the errors of the +history still leave scenes and touches of unrivalled majesty to the +book. + +As a novelist, Scott has been blamed for not imparting a more useful +moral to his fictions, and for dwelling with too inconsiderate an +interest on the chivalric illusions of the past. To charges of this +nature all writers are liable. Mankind are divided into two classes; and +he who belongs to the one will ever incur the reproach of not seeing +through the medium of the other. Certain it is, that we, with utterly +different notions on political truths from the great writer who is no +more, might feel some regret--some natural pain--that that cause which +we believe the best, was not honoured by his advocacy; but when we +reflect on the _real_ influence of his works, we are satisfied they +have been directed to the noblest ends, and have embraced the largest +circle of human interests. We do not speak of the delight he has poured +forth over the earth--of the lonely hours he has charmed--of the sad +hearts he has beguiled--of the beauty and the music which he has +summoned to a world where all travail and none repose; this, indeed, is +something--this, indeed, is a moral--this, indeed, has been a benefit +to mankind. And this is a new corroborant of one among the noblest of +intellectual truths, viz. that the books which please, are always books +that, in one sense, benefit; and that the work which is largely and +permanently popular--which sways, moulds, and softens the universal +heart--cannot appeal to vulgar and unworthy passions (such appeals are +never widely or long triumphant!); the delight it occasions is a proof +of the moral it inspires. + +But this power to charm and to beguile is not that moral excellence to +which we refer. Scott has been the first great genius--Fielding alone +excepted--who invited our thorough and uncondescending sympathy to the +wide mass of the human family--who has _stricken_ (for in this +artificial world it requires an effort) into our hearts a love and a +respect for those chosen from the people. Shakspeare has not done +this--Shakspeare paints the follies of the mob with a strong and +unfriendly hand. Where, in Skakspeare, is there a Jeanie Deans? Take up +which you will of those numerous works which have appeared, from +_Waverley_ to the _Chronicles of the Canongate_,--open where +you please, you will find portraits from the people--and your interest +keeping watch beside the poor man's hearth. Not, in Scott, as they were +in the dramatists of our language, are the peasant, the artificer, the +farmer, dragged on the stage merely to be laughed at for their brogue, +and made to seem ridiculous because they are useful. + +He paints them, it is true, in their natural language, but the language +is subservient to the character; he does not bow the man to the phrase, +but the phrase to the man. Neither does he flatter on the one hand, as +he does not slight on the other. Unlike the maudlin pastoralists of +France he contents himself with the simple truth--he contrasts the dark +shadows of Meg Merrilies, or of Edie Ochiltree, with the holy and pure +lights that redeem and sanctify them--he gives us the poor, even to the +gipsey and the beggar, as they really are--contented, if our interest is +excited, and knowing that nature is sufficient to excite it. From the +palaces of kings--from the tents of warriors, he comes--equally at home +with man in all aspects--to the cotter's hearth:--he bids us turn from +the pomp of the Plantagenets to bow the knee to the poor Jew's +daughter--he makes us sicken at the hollowness of the royal Rothsay, to +sympathize with the honest love of Hugh the smith. No never was there +one--not even Burns himself--who forced us more intimately to +acknowledge, or more deeply to feel, that + + "The rank is but the guinea stamp, + The man's the gowd, for a' that." + + + * * * * * + +Scott, is not, we apprehend, justly liable to the charge of wanting a +sound moral--even a great _political_ moral--(and political morals +are the greatest of all)--in the general tenor of works which have +compelled the highest classes to examine and respect the lowest. In +this, with far less learning, far less abstract philosophy, than +Fielding, he is only exceeded by him in one character--(and that, +indeed, the most admirable in English fiction)--the character of Parson +Adams. Jeanie Deans is worth a thousand such as Fanny Andrews. Fielding, +Le Sage, and Cervantes are the only three writers, since the world +began, with whom, as a novelist, he can be compared. And perhaps he +excels them, as Voltaire excelled all the writers of his nation, not by +the superior merits of one work, but by the brilliant aggregate of many. +_Tom Jones, Gil Blas, Don Quixote_, are, without doubt, greater, +_much_ greater, productions than Waverley; but the _authors_ +of _Tom Jones, Gil Blas_, and even of _Don Quixote_, have not +manifested the same fertile and mighty genius as _author_ of the +Waverley Novels. + +And _that_ genius--seemingly so inexhaustible--is quenched at +length! We can be charmed no more--the eloquent tongue is mute--the +master's wand is broken up--the right hand hath forgot its cunning-the +cord that is loosened was indeed of silver--and the bowl that is broken +at the dark well was of gold beyond all price. + + * * * * * + +When a great man dies, he leaves a chasm which eternity cannot fill. +Others succeed to his fame--but never to the exact place which he held +in the world's eye;--they may be greater than the one we have lost--but +they are not he. Shakspeare built not his throne on the same site as +Homer--nor Scott on that whence Shakspeare looked down upon the +universe. The gap which Scott leaves in the world is the token of the +space he filled in the homage of his times. A hundred ages hence our +posterity will still see that wide interval untenanted--a vast and +mighty era in the intellectual world, which will prove how spacious were +"the city and the temple, whose summit has reached to Heaven." + +_New Monthly Magazine_. + + * * * * * + + +TO A ROSE. + +THE THOUGHT FROM THE ITALIAN. + + + Queen of Flora's emerald bowers, + Imperial Rose, thou flower of flowers, + Wave thy moss-enwreathen stem, + Wave thy dewy diadem; + Thy crimson luxury unfold, + And drink the sunny blaze of gold. + + O'er the Zephyr, sportive minion, + Spreads the blue, aurelian pinion. + Now in love's low whispers winging, + Now in giddy fondness clinging, + With all a lover's warmth he wooes thee, + With all a lover's wiles pursues thee. + + And thou wilt yield, and thou wilt give + The sigh that none can breathe and live. + Like lovelier things, deluded flower, + Thy date is short; the very hour + That sees thee flourish, sees thee fade; + Thy blush, thy being, all a shade. + Yet, flower, I'll lay thee on a shrine, + That makes thy very death divine. + + Couch'd on a bed of living snows, + Then breathe thy last, too happy rose! + Sweet Queen, thou'lt die upon a throne, + Where even thy sweetness is outdone; + Young weeper, thou shalt close thine eyes + Beside the gates of Paradise. + On my Idalia's bosom, thou, + Beneath the lustres of her brow, + Like pilgrims, all their sorrows past, + On Heaven their dying glances cast, + Thy crimson beauty shalt recline, + Oh, that thy rapturous fate were mine! + + +_Blackwood's Magazine_. + + * * * * * + + + + +NEW BOOKS. + + +LIVES OF SCOTTISH WORTHIES, VOL. II., [Or the 34th volume of the +_Family Library_, is rife with interesting details of the proudest +areas of Scottish history; but more especially of the chivalric courses +of Robert Bruce and James the First. We quote half-a-dozen vividly +written pages, from the former, describing the memorable Siege of +Berwick, in 1319.] + +Considering the importance of Berwick, and the care and expense with +which it had been fortified by the king, it was natural that any attempt +against it should be viewed with much interest; and when it was known +that the son-in-law of Bruce,--a young warrior, whose high rank was +rendered more conspicuous by the services he had already rendered to the +country,--had been selected as its governor, and that the whole army of +England, headed by king Edward, and under the command of the flower of +the nobility, had invested it by sea and land, the intense interest with +which the siege was watched by both countries may be easily imagined. +It concluded, however, in the complete triumph of the steward, and the +repulse of the English army; yet not before every device then known in +the rude engineering of the times had been essayed by the besiegers, +and effectually baffled by the ingenuity and persevering courage of the +enemy. After their earthen mounds had been completed, the English, on +St. Mary's eve, made a simultaneous assault both by land and by sea. +Whilst their force, led by the bravest of their captains, and carrying +with them, besides their usual offensive arms, the ladders, crows, +pick-axes, and other assistances for an escalade, rushed onwards to the +walls with the sound of their trumpets, and the display of innumerable +banners, a large vessel, prepared for the purpose, was towed towards the +town from the mouth of the river. She was filled with armed soldiers, +a party of whom were placed in her boat drawn up mid-mast high; whilst +to the bow of the boat was fixed a species of drawbridge, which it was +intended to drop upon the wall, and thus afford a passage from the +vessel into the town. Yet these complicated preparations failed of +success, although seconded by the greatest gallantry; and the English, +after being baffled in every attempt to fix their ladders and maintain +themselves upon the walls, were compelled to retire, leaving their +vessel to be burnt by the Scots, who slew many of her crew, and made +prisoner the engineer who superintended and directed the attack. + +This unsuccessful attack was, after five days' active preparation, +followed by another still more desperate, in which the besiegers +made use of a huge machine moving upon wheels, and including several +platforms or stages, which held various parties of armed soldiers, who +were defended by a strong roofing of boards and hides, beneath which +they could work their battering-rams with impunity. To co-operate with +this unwieldy and bulky instrument, which, from its shape and covering, +they called a "sow," movable scaffolds had been constructed, of such a +height as to overtop the walls, from which they proposed to storm the +town; and, instead of a single vessel, as on the former occasion, a +squadron of ships, with their top castles manned by picked bodies of +archers, and their armed boats slung mast high, were ready to sail +in with the tide, and anchor beneath the walls. Aware of these great +preparations, the Scots, under the encouragement and direction of their +governor, laboured incessantly to be in a situation to render them +unavailing. By Crab, the Flemish engineer, machines similar to the Roman +catapult, moving on wheels, and of enormous strength and dimensions, +were constructed and placed on the walls at the spot where it was +expected the sow would make its approach. In addition to this, they +fixed a crane upon the rampart, armed with iron chains and grappling +hooks, and large masses of combustibles and fire-faggots, shaped like +tuns, and composed of pitch and flax, bound strongly together with tar +ropes, were piled up in readiness for the attack. At different intervals +on the walls were fixed the espringalds for the discharge of their heavy +darts, which carried on their barbed points little bundles of flaming +tow dipped in oil or sulphur; the ramparts were lined by the archers, +spearmen, and crossbows; and to each leader was assigned a certain +station, to which he could repair on a moment's warning. + +Having inspected his whole works, the steward cheerfully and confidently +awaited the attack; to which the English moved forward in great +strength, and led by the king in person, on the 13th of September. +Irritated by their late repulse, and animated by the presence of their +nobility, the different squadrons rushed forward with an impetuosity +which at first defied all efforts to repel them; so that the ladders +were fixed, the ditch filled up by fascines, and the ramparts attacked +with an impetuous valour which promised to carry all before it. But the +Scots, who knew their own strength, allowed this ebullition of gallantry +to expend itself; and, after a short interval advanced with levelled +spears in close array, and with a weight and resolution which +effectually checked the enemy. Considerable ground, however, had been +gained in the first assault; and the battle was maintained, from sunrise +till noon, with excessive obstinacy on both sides; but it at last +concluded in favour of the resolution and endurance of the Scots, who +repulsed the enemy on every quarter, and cleared their ramparts of their +assailants. At this moment, by Edward's orders, the sow began its +advance towards the walls; and the cran, or catapult, armed with a mass +of rock, was seen straining its timbers, and taking its aim against the +approaching monster. On the first discharge the stone flew far beyond; +and, as its conductors hurried forward the immense machine, the second +missile fell short of it. A third block of granite was now got ready, +and an English engineer who had been taken prisoner was commanded, on +pain of death, to direct the aim; whilst the sow was moving forward with +a rapidity which in a few seconds must have brought it to the foot of +the walls. All gazed on for an instant in breathless suspense,--but only +for an instant. The catapult was discharged,--a loud booming noise in +the air accompanied the progress of its deadly projectile,--and, in a +moment afterwards, a tremendous crash, mingled with the shrieks of the +victims and the shouts of the soldiers from the walls, declared the +destruction of the huge machine. It had been hit so truly, that the +stone passed through the roofs, shivering its timbers into a thousand +pieces; and crushing and mangling in a frightful manner the unhappy +soldiers who manned its different platforms. As those amongst them who +escaped rushed out from its broken fragments, the Scottish soldiers, +imitating the witticism of black Agnis at the siege of Dunbar, shouted +out that the English sow had farrowed. Crab now cast his chains and +grappling-hooks over the ruins of the machine, and, dragging it nearer +the walls, poured down his combustibles in such quantity, that it was +soon consumed to ashes. The complete failure in this land attack seems +to have cast a damp over the naval operations; and, although the ships +attempted to move on to the walls at flood-tide, they were driven back +without difficulty; whilst a last effort to enter the city by burning +the gate of St. Mary's was repulsed by the steward in person. It was +now near night-fall; and, foiled on every side, the English entirely +withdrew from the assault. + + * * * * * + + +NUMISMATICS. + + +[Addison, in commenting on the Usefulness of Ancient Medals, says, +"A series of an Emperor's Coins is his life digested into Annals." +Who shall, therefore, gainsay the the utility of _A Numismatic Manual, +or Guide to the Study of Coins_. The author, Mr. John Y. Akerman, +does not intend his volume exclusively for the use of the experienced +medallist, so that much popular interest may be expected in its pages. +The title bespeaks its contents, but we quote a few brief extracts +relating to rare English coins.] + + +_Ecclesiastic Money_.--This money was coined by prelates prior to +the Norman Conquest. Of these there are pennies of Jænbearht, +archbishop of Canterbury, with the reverse of Offa, king of Mercia, +Aethileard, Wulfred, Ceolnoth, Plegmund, and Ethered. They are all +extremely rare, excepting those of Ceolnoth, which are not so rare as +the others. Besides these there are pennies of St. Martin, coined at +Lincoln, and St. Peter's pennies, struck at York, which are supposed to +be as old as the time of the Heptarchy. Those of St. Edmund, coined at +Bury, are prior to the Norman Conquest. The pennies of St. Paul are, it +would seem, by the cross and pellets on the reverse, not older than the +reign of Henry III. + +All Stephen's money is very scarce, and one or two types are exceedingly +rare. At a sale in London, in 1827, the penny of Stephen with the +horseman's mace, brought thirteen pounds. His coins are generally very +rude and illegible. This king coined pennies only. + +The groat of Edward I. is of the first rarity.[10] The pennies of +Hadleigh, Chester, and Kingston, are scarce; the other pennies are +extremely common, and scarcely a year passes without a discovery of new +hoards. The half-pennies and farthings are somewhat scarce. From this +time to the reign of Henry VII., the English coins bear a great +resemblance to each other. + +_Edward IV_.--The groats common, except those of Norwich and +Coventry, spelled "Norwic" and "Covetre." The half-groat and halfpenny +scarce, the penny and farthing rare. The Bristol penny is extremely +rare. + +_Richard III_.--All this king's coins are very rare, except the +groat, which is less rare than the others, some groats having lately +been discovered. The Canterbury-penny of Richard III. CIVITAS CANTOR, +supposed _unique_, sold at a public sale a short time since, for +seven pounds ten shillings. The Durham penny of the same king brought +four guineas. + +_Henry VII_.--Folkes, in his _Table of English Silver Coins_, +after describing the various pieces coined by Henry VII., says, "We may +further in this place take notice of a very uncommon and singular coin, +charged with the royal arms, but without a name. The arms are surmounted +with an arched crown, and placed between a _fleur-de-lis_ and a +rose, legend DOMINE-SALVVM. FAC. REGEM; on the other side is +_fleur-de-lis_ and a lion of England, and an arched crown between +them above, and a rose below, with this inscription, MANA. TECKEL. +PHARES. 1494. An English lion also for a mint mark. It is, by the make +and size, a French gross, and is supposed to have been coined by the +Duchess of Burgundy, for Perkin Warbeck, when he set out to invade +England." There are also half-groats of this coinage, with the same +date, one of which brought _twenty guineas_ at a sale in London in +1827. + +_Milled Money_.--The artist first employed on the milled money of +England was a Frenchman, named Philip Mestrelle, who was executed at +Tyburn, on the 27th of January, 1569, having been found guilty of making +counterfeit money. + +_Charles I_.--The obsidional, or _siege pieces_, struck by the partizans +of this monarch during the civil wars, are extremely interesting, and, +with the exception of those coined at Newark, are all rare. They may be +known by their shape from every other English coin, as well as by their +legends. Those of Newark are of a diamond or lozenge form, some are +octangular, and others of a shape that would puzzle a geometrician. Some +have the rude representation of a castle; others, a crown; and many have +the initials, C.R., and the legend DVM. SPIRO. SPERO. + +_Oliver Cromwell_.--The coins of Oliver were the production of the +inimitable Simon, whose works are to this day admired and prized. Some +have doubted whether they ever were in circulation, but it is now pretty +generally allowed that they were. + +_Charles II_.--The milled money of this king is of a very different +style, and has the head laureated. All the pieces of this coinage are +common. To the eternal disgrace of Charles, he encouraged an artist whom +he had brought over from Antwerp, and gave the preference to his works +before those of Simon, who produced in the year 1663, a pattern crown of +most extraordinary workmanship, _on the edge of which_ was the +following petition in two lines: + + "THOMAS SIMON _most humbly prays your_ MAJESTY _to compare this his + tryal-piece with the Dutch, and if more truly drawn and embossed, more + gracefully ordered, and more accurately engraven, to relieve him_." + + +To any one but the heartless profligate whose portrait occupied the +obverse of the medal, this appeal would have been irresistible, but it +does not appear that the unfortunate artist was relieved. He probably +died of grief and disappointment at the unjust preference shown to his +rival. + +_James II_.--The base money struck by James the Second, in Ireland, +in 1689 and 1690, is common, except the crown of white metal, with the +figure of James on horseback. Some of his half-crowns and shillings were +struck of metal, the produce of old cannon, which were melted down for +the purpose, and are in consequence termed "gun money." + +_Anne's Farthing_.--The common current farthing of Anne is scarce, +but scarcer with the broad rim. The patterns of 1713 and 1714 are rare, +but those with the reverse of Britannia under a kind of arch, or with +Peace in a car drawn by two horses, and the legend PAX MISSA PER ORBEM, +are the scarcest of all. + +At a public sale of the coins of the late Mr. Dimsdale, the banker, +the Oxford crown with the city under the horse, was knocked down at +sixty-nine pounds. At the same time the rial of Mary brought sixty-three +pounds, and the rial of Elizabeth twenty-one pounds ten shillings. + +A friend of the author is of opinion, that the coins of Henry VII., +with the head _in profile_, are the first English money bearing a +likeness of the sovereign. + +[The work is illustrated with, several lithographic _fac similia_ +of coins; and the vignette is from a very beautiful gold coin of Hiero +II. of Syracuse, in the possession of Mr. Till, of Great Russell-street, +Covent-garden. This morsel of antiquity, not larger than one's little +finger nail, must be upwards of _two thousand_ years old!] + + [10] The groat of Edward I. sold for five and a half guineas, at a + public sale in London, in March, 1827. It is quite evident + that the effigies of the English monarchs on their coins are not + _likenesses_, until the time of Henry VIII. whatever the + Ingenious may say to the contrary. Some have supposed that the + rude figures on the Saxon coins use likenesses, but the idea + is ridiculous. Folkes, in his "Table of English Silver Coins," + remarks that the Kings of England are represented _bearded_ on + their great seals, but always _smooth-faced_ on their coins. + + + * * * * * + + + + +THE GATHERER. + + * * * * * + + +_The Red Sea_.--The water of the Red Sea is so very clear, that Mr. +Buckingham read on the wooden stock of an anchor the name of the ship at +the depth of 25 fathoms (150 feet). + +T. GILL. + + * * * * * + + +_Curious Appeal_.--Philip, Alexander's father, gave sentence +against a prisoner at a time he was drowsy, and seemed to give small +attention. The prisoner, after sentence was pronounced, said, I appeal: +the king; somewhat stirred, said, To whom do you appeal? The prisoner +answered, From Philip, when he gave _no ear_, to Philip, when he +shall give ear.--_Bacon_. + + * * * * * + + +_An Emperor's Crown kicked off his head by the Pope_.--Pope +Celestine III. kicked the Emperor Henry IV.'s crown off his head, while +kneeling, to show his prerogative of making and unmaking kings. + +T. GILL. + + * * * * * + + +THE LATE SIR. WALTER SCOTT, BART. + + * * * * * + +Instead of the "Brief Memoir," announced in our last, we intend to +publish with our next number, a _Supplementary Sheet_, containing + + + AN ILLUSTRATED MEMOIR OF + THE LATE SIR WALTER SCOTT, BART. + + With Anecdotes of his Life and Works, Characteristics, Tributes to + his Memory, from accredited sources, and interspersed with Original + Observations: with + + FIVE ENGRAVINGS, + Price Twopence. + + + * * * * * + +_Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset +House,) London, sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; +G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen +and Booksellers._ + + + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, +and Instruction, No. 569, by Various + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14007 *** diff --git a/14007-h/14007-h.htm b/14007-h/14007-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..98e508a --- /dev/null +++ b/14007-h/14007-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1779 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" +"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> +<title>The Mirror of Literature, Issue 569.</title> + <style type="text/css"> + <!-- + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + p {text-align: justify;} + blockquote {text-align: justify;} + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center;} + pre {font-size: 0.7em;} + hr {text-align: center; width: 50%;} + html>body hr {margin-right: 25%; margin-left: 25%; width: 50%;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + html>body hr.full {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;} + .note, .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + span.pagenum {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt;} + .poem {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem p {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem p.i2 {margin-left: 1em;} + .poem p.i4 {margin-left: 2em;} + .poem p.i6 {margin-left: 3em;} + .poem p.i8 {margin-left: 4em;} + .quote {padding-left:5%; padding-right:5%; text-align: justify;} + .figure {padding: 1em; margin: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em; margin: auto;} + .figure img {border: none;} + --> + </style> +</head> +<body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14007 ***</div> + + <hr class="full" /> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page209" name="page209"></a>[pg 209]</span> + <h1>THE MIRROR<br /> + OF<br /> + LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1> + <hr class="full" /> + <table width="100%" summary="Banner"> + <tr> + <td align="left"><b>VOL. XX., NO. 569.]</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, OCTOBER 6, 1832.</b></td> + <td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td> + </tr> + </table> + <hr class="full" /> +<h2> + LISBON. +</h2> +<div class="figure" style="width: 100%;"> +<a href="images/569-1.png"><img width="100%" src="images/569-1.png" +alt="Lisbon." /></a><br /> +<b>LISBON.</b> +</div> +<p> +Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, was called by the ancients Ulyssippo, +and the foundation is fabulously ascribed to Ulysses. The situation is +grand, on the north bank of the river Tagus, in lat. 38° 42-1/3′ N., +lon. 9° 8-1/3′ W. The harbour, or rather road, of Lisbon, is one of the +finest in the world; and the quays are at once convenient and beautiful. +On entering the river, and passing the forts of St. Julian and of Bugio, +situated respectively at the extremities of the northern and southern +shores, we obtain a view of Lisbon crowning the hills on the north bank, +about three leagues distant above the mouth of the Tagus. The quintas or +villas scattered over the country, between the villages, become more +numerous the further we advance; till, at length, on approaching Belem, +an uninterrupted chain of edifices is seen extending along the margin of +the noble river, to the remotest part of the ancient capital, being a +distance of full six miles. Opposite Belem Castle, and on the southern +shore of the Tagus, is the small fort of Torre Velha. These two forts, +situated at the narrowest part of the river, guard the approach to the +capital by sea; and all vessels arriving at its port have their papers +examined at Belem Castle. The salutes of ships of war are, in like +manner, answered by its guns. Proceeding onward, we pass the Convent of +St. Geronymo, a splendid pile of Moorish architecture, "the picturesque +appearance of the scene being heightened by groups of boats peculiar in +their construction to the Tagus." From Belem we trace a range of +buildings, connecting it with Alcantara and Buenos Ayres, and finally +with the ancient city of Lisbon. Alcantara is situated at the mouth of a +narrow valley opening upon the Tagus. Upon the brow of the hill, on the +eastern side, is another of the royal residences, called the palace of +Necessiades; and, stretching across the valley, about a mile above this +point, is the far-famed aqueduct, which conveys +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page210" name="page210"></a>[pg 210]</span> +the chief supply of water to the capital. The new and populous quarter +of Buenos Ayres (so called from its being considered the healthiest +situation around the capital,) covers the steep hills situated in the +angle formed by the Alcantara valley and the Tagus. Miss Baillie, in her +amusing <i>Letters</i>, describes Buenos Ayres as "a suburb of Lisbon, +standing upon higher ground than the city itself, and a favourite resort +of the English, being generally considered as a cooler and more cleanly +(or rather a <i>less filthy</i>) situation than the latter." The +splendid river scenery from Belem to Lisbon, the luxuriant prospect from +the adjoining heights; the city itself, with its domes, and towers, and +gorgeous buildings—all this proud assemblage of nature and art—remind +us that +</p> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p class="i4"> It is a goodly sight to see</p> + <p> What Heaven hath done for this delicious land!</p> + <p> What fruits of fragrance blush on ev'ry tree!</p> + <p> What goodly prospects o'er the hill expand;</p> + <p> But man would mar them with an impious hand.</p> +</div><div class="stanza"> + <p style="text-align: right;"> BYRON.</p> +</div></div> +<p> +The Engraving represents one of the most comprehensive views of the +city, obtained from an eminence crowned by the chapel of Nossa Senhora +da Monte. It has been copied from one of Colonel Batty's faithful +Views,<a id="footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a> and its details cannot better be explained than in the words +of the clever artist: +</p> +<p> +"From this elevation, the spectator, on turning to the south, has before +him the principal part of the busy capital. The Castle Hill, crowned by +a variety of buildings, and encircled by the old walls of its Moorish +fortifications, stands conspicuously on the left. Its northern slope is +planted with olive-trees, which add to its picturesque appearance, and +afford an agreeable relief to the eye in this widely extended scene of a +dense and populous city. On the right hand is another range of heights, +less elevated than the Castle Hill, but covered with buildings, amidst +which churches, convents, and hospitals, form prominent objects. The +valley, in the centre of the view, appears from this point to be choked +up with an almost impenetrable labyrinth of houses. This is, however, +now the most regular portion of the capital. Having been that part which +suffered most severely from the great earthquake of 1755, it has since +been rebuilt upon a uniform plan, with its streets intersecting each +other at right angles. In this quarter also are the two principal +pracas, or squares, in the city. The largest of these is the Praca do +Commercio, opening to the south upon the broad expanse of the Tagus. +Here formerly stood the royal palace, which was almost instantaneously +destroyed by the same memorable earthquake. The centre of this square is +ornamented by an equestrian statue of King Joseph I. The other square is +situated a little more to the north, about the centre of the valley. +It is called the Rocio, and was formerly styled the Square of the +Inquisition, from that tribunal having held its sittings in a large +building at its northern extremity. The Castle Hill conceals from our +view a portion of the ancient city, which, it is remarkable, escaped +with comparatively trifling damage from the earthquake, though +immediately contiguous to the part just described, which, in a few +moments, was rendered a complete mass of ruins, burying thousands of the +wretched inhabitants. Beyond the Tagus, the heights of Almada are seen +bounding the view, and extending westward towards the sea." +</p> +<hr /> +<h3> + MRS. HEMANS. +</h3> +<center> +(<i>To the Editor</i>.) +</center> +<p> +In No. 550, of <i>The Mirror</i>, in some account of Mrs. Hemans, by +<i>The Author of a Tradesman's Lays</i>, it is erroneously stated that +Mrs. Hemans is a native of Denbighshire. She was born in Liverpool, and +was the daughter of Mr. George Brown, of the firm of Messrs. George and +Henry Brown, extensive merchants in the Irish trade. Mr. Brown removed +with his family, from Liverpool, to near Abergele, North Wales, where he +resided some years. He married a Miss Wagner, daughter of Paul Wagner, +Esq., a German, and a respectable merchant in Liverpool. Mrs. Hemans's +early poems were published by subscription in 1808; they were +beautifully printed in quarto, at the press of the late Mr. John +McCreery,<a id="footnotetag2" name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> who long resided in Liverpool. Mrs. Hemans, after her +marriage, lived near St. Asaph, with her mother and brother, Sir Henry +Brown; after which she took up her residence at the village of +Wavertree, three miles from Liverpool. +</p> +<p> +<i>Liverpool.</i> +</p> +<h4> +A CONSTANT READER. +</h4> +<hr /> +<h3> + SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION. +</h3> +<center> +(<i>To the Editor</i>.) +</center> +<p> +The remarks of your Correspondent, <i>A. Booth</i>, in No. 567, of +<i>The Mirror</i>, with respect to what is generally called "Spontaneous +Combustion," are very just. My present object is to show that the term +"spontaneous" as applied to the subject in question, is incorrect. Mons. +Pierre Aimee Laire, in an "Essay on Human Combustion from the abuse of +Spirituous Liquors," states that it is the breath of the individuals +coming in contact with some flame, and being thus communicated inwardly, +that is the cause of the combustion, and therefore it cannot be +spontaneous; and he cites several instances of persons addicted to +spirituous liquors being +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page211" name="page211"></a>[pg 211]</span> +thus burnt. Moreover, it is stated that an anatomical lecturer, at Pisa, +in the year 1597, happening to hold a lighted candle near a subject he +was dissecting, on a sudden set fire to the vapours that came out of the +stomach he had just opened. In the same year, as Dr. Ruisch, then +anatomical professor at Pisa, was dissecting a woman, and a student +holding a candle to give him light, he no sooner opened the stomach than +there issued a yellow, greenish flame. Also at Lyons, in dissecting a +woman, the stomach was no sooner opened than a considerable flame burst +out and filled the room. This has been accounted for by experiments made +by Dr. Vulpari, anatomical professor at Bologna. He affirms that any one +may see, issuing from the stomach of an animal, a matter that burns like +spirits of wine, if the upper and lower orifices are bound fast with a +strong thread, and the stomach being thus tied, be cut above and under +the ligature, and afterwards pressed with both hands, so as to make all +that it contains pass on one side, and to produce a swelling on that +part which contains the incision, which must be held with the left hand, +to prevent the inflammable air escaping. This hand being removed, and a +candle applied about an inch from the stomach, a blueish flame will +issue, which will last nearly a minute. The circumstances of the case of +Grace Pitt, to which your Correspondent refers, perfectly coincide with +the foregoing remarks. She was accustomed for several years to go down +stairs after she was undressed, to <i>smoke a pipe</i>. Her daughter, +who slept with her, did not miss her till the morning, when on going +down stairs, she found her mother's body extended <i>over the +hearth</i>, and appearing like a block of wood burning with a glowing +fire, without flame. She was, no doubt, in the act of lighting her pipe, +either at the fire or candle, and the breath issuing from her mouth +during respiration, being impregnated with the spirits she had lately +drunk, caught fire, and communicated with the animal substance, also +impregnated with spirit, and thus the body was destroyed. Indeed, in +nearly all the cases of this nature reported, the bodies have been found +on the hearth, or the persons have been left with a candle near them. +The combustion of the human body in these cases is generally entirely +inward, and it is very seldom that any of the contiguous articles are +destroyed. In the instance mentioned above, a child's clothes on one +side of the woman, and a paper screen were untouched, and the deal floor +on which she lay was not even discoloured. +</p> +<p> +The most remarkable instance of this nature on record, is that of the +Countess Cornelia Bandi; she was in the sixty-second year of her age, +and on the day before well as usual. After she was in bed she conversed +with her maid for two or three hours, and then fell asleep. The servant +on going into her chamber in the morning, saw her lady's two feet +distant from the bed, a heap of ashes, and two legs with the stockings +on. Between the latter was part of the head, but the brains, half the +skull, and the chin, were burnt to ashes, which, when taken up in the +hand, left a greasy and offensive moisture. The bed received no damage, +and the clothes were elevated on one side, as by a person rising from +beneath them. She appears to have been burnt standing, from the skull +being found between her legs; the back was damaged more than the front +of the head, partly because of the hair, and partly because in the face +there were several openings, out of which the flames are likely to +have issued. In this account it is not stated either that she was of +intemperate habits, or that a candle was left in the room with her; but +the latter is very likely, she being advanced in years; and it may be +conjectured, that in rising from her bed, she caught fire. +</p> +<p> +One Borelli observes, that such accidents often happen to great drinkers +of wine and brandy, and that it would be of much more frequent +occurrence, were it not for the natural moisture of the body. +Notwithstanding this, your readers must not think that I am opposed to +the "cheerful draught:" I would say, +</p> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> + <p> "Let each indulge his genius, each be glad,</p> + <p> Jocund and free, and swell the feast with mirth.</p> + <p> The sprightly bowl go cheerfully round.</p> + <p> Let none be grave, nor too severely wise;</p> + <p> Losses and disappointments, cares and poverty,</p> + <p> The rich man's insolence, and great man's scorn,</p> + <p> In wine be all forgotten."—ROWE.</p> +</div></div> +<p> +<i>St. Pancras.</i> +</p> +<h4> +W.A.R. +</h4> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2> + RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS. +</h2> +<hr /> +<h3> + EARLY PARLIAMENTS. +</h3> +<p> +When the Saxon government was first established in England, there +was no distinction of freehold and copyhold; the latter, according +to Blackstone, was a possession acquired by a vassal subsequent to the +Norman feudal system. Copyholders being thus considered as slaves, were, +notwithstanding their possessions, deemed unworthy of the franchise; and +from this refinement, on the arbitrary principles of the Normans, every +copyholder was deprived of a vote, unless he could claim it by some +other tenure. +</p> +<p> +The term borough originally meant a company consisting of ten families, +which were bound together as each other's pledge. Afterwards boroughs +came to signify a town, having a wall, or some sort of enclosure round; +and all places that, in old times, had the name of boroughs, it is said, +were fortified or fenced in some shape or other. +</p> +<p> +In the time of the West Saxons, a parliament +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page212" name="page212"></a>[pg 212]</span> +was holden by King Ina, by these words: "I, Ina, King of the West +Saxons, have caused all my fatherhood, aldermen, and wisest commons, +with the goodly men of my kingdom, to consult of weighty matters." +</p> +<p> +William the Conqueror, in the fourth year of his reign, called a +parliament, which consisted of twelve representatives for each county, +and the cities and boroughs were wholly omitted. After the battle of +Lewes, in which Henry III. was defeated by the barons, they called a +parliament, and made the king sign an order to summon four knights to +represent each county, and four for the cities of London, York, and +Lincoln. These representatives were chosen by universal suffrage of +the householders, and although the king regained his authority by the +subsequent defeat of the barons, two members for each county continued +to be elected in the same manner till the 8th of Henry VI. In the +parliament held in the 49th of Henry III., he sent writs to the nobles +and to the sheriffs of several counties, to return two knights for each +county, two citizens for each city, and two burgesses for each borough. +</p> +<p> +It was contrary to an ancient rule of the constitution, that any person +should be allowed to vote at elections who did not reside in the place +or county where the election was made; that rule says, that "ineddem +comitata commercentes et residentes" only shall vote; and this was +confirmed by an act of parliament, (1 Henry V. c. i.) but recently +repealed. +</p> +<p> +In 1429, an important change was made as to the qualifications of the +voters for knights of the shires. The voters were obliged to prove +themselves worth 40<i>s.</i> per annum. Before this time, every freeholder +might vote, and the vast concourse of electors brought on riots and +murders. Seventy pounds would, in modern days, be barely an equivalent +for our ancestors' 40<i>s.</i> The freeholders were, at the same time, +directed to choose two of the fittest and most discreet knights resident +in their county; or, if none could be found, notable esquires, gentlemen +by birth, and qualified to be made knights; but no yeoman or persons of +inferior rank. +</p> +<h4> +W.G.C. +</h4> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2> + MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. +</h2> +<hr /> +<h3> + MARVELLOUS CURE OF THE TOOTHACH. +</h3> +<center> +(<i>From a Correspondent</i>.) +</center> +<p> +A friend, who has recently returned from India, relates that he +received a perfect cure for the toothach, in a very remarkable way. He +had occasion to land on the Isle of Bourbon, at the time of his being +afflicted with a tormenting toothach; and a handkerchief being tied +about his head, his appearance excited the curiosity of the natives, who +approached him, and inquired, by signs and gestures, the nature of his +complaint. Having been satisfied on this point, they made him understand +that <i>they</i> could cure him, if he would consent to their method; +which he did with great willingness, as he was maddened with pain, and +eager to make any experiment to gain relief. They first kindled a fire +on the ground with a few dry sticks, and then directed their patient to +hold the fore finger of his right hand to the tooth that was affected, +while they articulated a sort of jargon among themselves. When they had +finished, and the sticks were all burnt, they told him to withdraw his +hand, and the pain would cease. He did so, when his joy and astonishment +exceeded all bounds to find that the pain had <i>actually left him!</i> +</p> +<p> +This story may appear somewhat strange, yet I have no reason to doubt +the veracity of my friend, who supposes that the artful natives burned +some kind of herb in order to impregnate the air with its qualities, +which being admitted into the cavity of the tooth, effectually removed +the pain. He says he has never experienced a return of the complaint +since. +</p> +<h4> +G.W.N. +</h4> +<hr /> +<h3> + JOURNAL OF A SHERIFF OF LONDON. +</h3> +<center> +(<i>Concluded from page 198</i>.) +</center> +<p> +"Wednesday, Oct. 29th. This being our grand feast day, my Lord Mayor, +Humphry Parsons, Esq., sent his summons to attend at Guildhall, by +ten o'clock, and that he would set out from thence, to Westminster, +precisely at eleven, in order to be back to our entertainment more +early. What added magnificence to this day's <i>Shew</i> was, that his +lordship's coach was drawn by six horses, adorned with grand harnesses, +ribbons, &c., a sight never before seen on this occasion.—The Lord +Chancellor and some of the Judges dined with us; the whole entertainment +was happily conducted with great order and decency, and the company was +broken up by about one o'clock in the morning. +</p> +<p> +"Wednesday, Nov. 5th. This being the commemoration of the Gunpowder +Plot, we, the sheriff's, attended my Lord Mayor from Guildhall to St. +Paul's: and as his lordship's coach was, on this occasion, drawn as +before by six horses, which he intended to do on every public occasion, +it caused a more than ordinary concourse of people in the streets." +</p> +<p> +On Sunday, the 11th of January, Mr. Hoare, in his scarlet gown, with the +Lord Mayor, and several of the aldermen, received the holy communion, +in St. Lawrence's church, in pursuance of the statutes, to qualify +themselves to act as magistrates; and on the following day, being Plough +Monday, he attended the Lord Mayor at Guildhall, "to receive the several +presentments of the respective wardmote inquests of each ward,—and at +the same time to swear in all new constables for the ensuing year." On +Wednesday, the 14th +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page213" name="page213"></a>[pg 213]</span> +the quarter sessions commenced, "when it is usual for the several common +councilmen to take the oaths of allegiance;" which was done accordingly. +</p> +<p> +"Friday, February 20th. Waited on my Lord Mayor to Bow church, in my +scarlet, to hear a sermon upon the propagation of the gospel in foreign +parts; to which the Archbishop of Canterbury also came in his state +coach, and with grand solemnity, attended by seven or eight bishops, and +great numbers of gentlemen of that society." +</p> +<p> +The Lord Mayor (Humphry Parsons) died on the evening of March the 21st, +1741; on the 23rd, Daniel Lambert, Esq. was elected to succeed him, and +the same evening he was presented to the Lord Chancellor, and approved +of in the usual manner. +</p> +<p> +"Wednesday, March 15th. This day the new Lord Mayor went in grand state +and procession by land to the Tower-gate, on Tower-hill, to be there +presented to and sworn in before the Constable of the Tower, according +to the charter and ancient custom and usage when a Lord Mayor happened, +as in this case, to be chosen out of term time; and, consequently, +cannot be presented to the Barons of the Exchequer sitting at +Westminster. Just at the entrance of the Tower-gate, a large booth was +built up, with seats and benches at the upper end, in the middle of +which the right honourable Lord Cornwallis, Constable of the Tower, was +seated, attended by the officers and servants belonging to him; to whom +the Lord Mayor was conducted and presented, and sworn in the same manner +as before the Barons of the Exchequer." +</p> +<p> +On the 28th of March, being Easter Eve, the sheriff's attended the Lord +Mayor "through the streets, to collect charity for the prisoners in the +city prisons, according to annual custom;" and on the Monday following, +they accompanied his lordship, in procession, with the rest of the court +of aldermen to St. Bride's church to hear the '<i>Spital</i> or <i>Hospital +Sermon</i> preached before the governors of the several hospitals and +charity schools of the city; and to which "all the charity children +of the several schools, as also those of Christ's hospital, go in +procession, and are seated in the galleries." This sermon is "generally +preached by a bishop," and that on the following day, in the same church +(which is likewise attended by the corporation,) by a dean. On the third +day in Easter week, the 'Spital sermon is preached by a doctor in +divinity. +</p> +<p> +Speaking of the <i>Easter Entertainments</i>, our journalist states the +following particulars as the cause of their origin:— +</p> +<p> +"The original institution of those entertainments was occasioned by the +Lord Mayor and the two sheriffs being accustomed to, separately, ask +such of their friends who were aldermen or governors of the hospitals, +whom they saw at church, to dine with them at their own houses. But in +process of time, it was agreed that the Lord Mayor should invite all +that were at church on the first day; and the two sheriff's, in their +turn, on the next succeeding days. Hence, by degrees, they began to +invite other of their friends; and the aldermen bringing their ladies, +other ladies were also invited, so that the private houses not being +large enough, they began to entertain at their respective halls: whence +it is now brought to pass, that these Easter entertainments are become +the chiefest articles of expense both to the Lord Mayor and the two +sheriffs. +</p> +<p> +"Monday, April 6th. The sessions began at Guildhall, but the Lord Mayor +dispensed with the presence of the sheriffs, on account that we this +day were obliged to attend at Westminster, where we were to make our +proffers at the Exchequer by a tender of 40<i>s</i>.; and which was +accordingly made by one of the secondaries at the Tally-office; by +which, and the annual rent of 300<i>l</i>., the citizens of London hold +and enjoy the <i>Sheriffwick</i> of London and Middlesex according to +their charter. Afterwards we entertained all the Exchequer officers, +according to ancient custom, with <i>fifty-two calves</i>' heads, +dressed in different manners." +</p> +<p> +On the 20th of April the sheriffs accompanied the Lord Mayor to +hold a Court Baron and Court Leet at the Mitre in St. James's parish, +in <i>Duke's-place</i>, which is "a franchise within the liberty of +London." After a jury had been sworn, &c., the names of the inhabitants +being called over, those who were absent and sent no excuse were +amerced, but those who sent "their excuses by their friends, paid only +leet pence." The court then granted licenses to the public houses, and +swore in the headboroughs, constables, and other officers. +</p> +<p> +On the 27th of May the sheriffs (by invitation, they having no concern +with the jurisdiction of the court,) attended the Lord Mayor to +Stratford, in Essex, and Greenwich in Kent, to hold "his <i>Court of +Conservancy</i> of the navigation and fishery of the River Thames, from +Staines bridge, in Middlesex, down to the mouth of the river Medway, at +Sheerness, beyond the Nore;" he "being personally himself, by virtue of +his office, the sole Conservator." On returning, "a little after ten +o'clock," the party attempted to land at the King's Stairs at the tower, +"but they being shut, and, after waiting some time, the wardour refusing +to open them," they were obliged to proceed to the common stairs near +that fortress. +</p> +<p> +"Soon after, the major of the tower came to my Lord Mayor to acquaint +him, that 'he was sorry for the refusal of which the wardour had been +guilty, whom he had ordered to strict duty, and would oblige him to come +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page214" name="page214"></a>[pg 214]</span> +and ask pardon for his insolence.' Upon this apology, it was agreed that +no further notice or complaint should be made; for it is to be known +that the Lord Mayor of this city has the privilege of going through the +Tower to take water, or on his landing at the King's Stairs, sending +reasonable notice of such his intention." +</p> +<p> +At a Common Council, held on the 17th of June, it was ordered that every +person who had paid the customary fine of 400<i>l</i>. and twenty marks more +towards the maintenance of the ministers of the several prisons of this +city," with the usual fees, should be exempted for ever from serving the +office of sheriff, "unless he should at any time become an alderman." +Previously to that act, the payment of the fine excused only for one +year. +</p> +<p> +"Tuesday, June 23rd. Attended the Lord Mayor to a court of aldermen, at +which Abel Aldridge, who had been nominated for sheriff, came with +<i>six Compurgators</i>, and, (according to the act of Common Council, +Sir J. Barnard, Mayor,) swore he was not of the value of 15,000<i>l</i>. in +money and separate debts; and his Compurgators swearing also, that they +believed what he swore to be true, he was excused from serving the said +office, without payment of any fine." +</p> +<p> +On the 22nd of August the sheriffs waited on the Lord Mayor at +Guildhall, "and from thence went in procession to Smithfield, with city +officers and trumpets to proclaim Bartholomew Fair." On the 2nd of +September, "this day being kept solemn in commemoration of the fire of +London," they went to St. Paul's in their "black gowns, and no chains, +and heard a sermon on the said occasion." On the 8th of September the +sheriffs waited on the Lord Mayor, in procession, "the city music going +before, to proclaim <i>Southwark Fair</i>, as it is commonly called, +although the ceremony is no more than our going in our coaches through +the Borough, and turning round by Saint George's church, back again to +the Bridge House; and this to signify the license to begin the fair." +The journalist adds:—"On this day the sword-bearer wears a fine +<i>embroidered cap</i>, said to have been worked and presented to the +city by a monastery." +</p> +<p> +"Monday, September 21st, being St. Matthew's Day, waited on my Lord +Mayor to the great hall in Christ's Hospital, where we were met by +several of the presidents and governors of the other hospitals within +the city; and being seated at the upper end, the children passed +two by two, whom we followed to the church, and after hearing a sermon, +came back to the grammar school, where two boys made speeches in +commemoration of their benefactors, one in English, the other in Latin; +to each of whom it is customary for the Lord Mayor to give one guinea, +and the two sheriffs half-a-guinea a piece, as we did. Afterwards, the +clerk of the hospital delivered to the Lord Mayor a list of the several +governors to the several hospitals nominated the preceding year. Then +the several beadles of all the hospitals came in, and laying down their +staves on the middle of the floor, retired to the bottom of the hall. +Thereupon the Lord Mayor addressed himself to the City Marshal, +enquiring after their conduct, and if any complaint was to be made +against any one in particular; and no objection being made, the Lord +Mayor ordered them to take up their staves again: all which is done in +token of their submission to the chief magistrate, and that they hold +their places at his will, though elected by their respective governors. +We were afterwards treated in the customary manner with <i>sweet cakes +and burnt wine</i>." +</p> +<p> +The shrievalty of Mr. Hoare, and his brother officer, expired on the +28th of September, and about seven o'clock in the evening the indentures +with the new sheriffs were executed at Guildhall, "and the charge of the +gaols and all other trusts relating to this great and hazardous, though +otherwise honourable, employment, delivered over to them. And after +being regaled with <i>sack and walnuts</i>, I returned to my own house +in my private capacity, to my great consolation and comfort." +</p> +<p> +In concluding this account of a manuscript, which illustrates so many of +the customs and privileges of the city, it should be mentioned that it +includes various notices of the treats or dinners which the Lord Mayor +and the sheriffs give by turns to the judges, sergeants, &c. at the +beginning and end of the respective terms; as well as of the manner of +delivering petitions to the House of Commons, which is generally done by +the sheriff; the city having a right to present petitions by an officer +of its own, and without the intervention of any member. +</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2> + THE NATURALIST. +</h2> +<hr /> +<h3> + THE NIGHTINGALE. +</h3> +<p> +The nightingale is universally admitted to be the most enchanting of +warblers; and many might be tempted to encage the mellifluous songster, +but for the supposed difficulty of procuring proper food for it. In the +village of Cossey, near Norwich, an individual has had a nightingale in +cage since last April; it is very healthy and lively, and has been wont +to charm its owner with its sweet and powerful strains. The bird appears +about two years old: it has gone through this year's moulting. It is +kept in a darksome cage, with three sides wood, and the fourth wired. +The bottom of the cage is covered with moss. Its constant food is a +paste, which is composed of fresh beef or mutton, scraped fine with a +knife, and in equal portions mixed +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page215" name="page215"></a>[pg 215]</span> +with the yolk of an egg boiled hard. The owner, however, about once +a-day, gives it also a <i>mealworm</i>; he does not think this last +dainty to be necessary, but only calculated to keep the nightingale in +better spirits. The paste should be changed before it becomes sour and +tainted. +</p> +<h4> +PHILOMELOS. +</h4> +<hr /> +<h3> + NOTES +</h3> +<center> +<i>Abridged from the Magazine of Natural History.</i> +</center> +<p> +<i>Silkworm</i>.—(<i>By a Correspondent.)</i>—It has occurred to me, and I have +not seen it remarked elsewhere, as a striking and interesting +peculiarity of this insect, that it does not wander about as all other +caterpillars do, but that it is nearly stationary in the open box or +tray where it is placed and fed: after consuming the immediate supply of +mulberry leaves, it waits patiently for more being provided. I apprehend +this cannot be said of any other insect whatever. This docile quality of +the worm harmonizes beautifully with its vast importance to mankind, in +furnishing a material which affords our most elegant and beautiful, if +not most useful, of garments. The same remark applies to the insect in +the fly or moth state, the female being quite incapable of flight, and +the male, although of a much lighter make, and more active, can fly but +very imperfectly; the latter circumstance ensures to us the eggs for the +following season, and thus completes the adaptation of the insect, in +its different stages, to the useful purpose it is destined to fulfil for +our advantage. +</p> +<p> +<i>The Possibility of introducing and naturalizing that beautiful Insect +the Fire Fly</i>.—It abounds not only in Canada, where the winters are +so severe, but in the villages of the Vaudois in Piedmont. These are a +poor people much attached to the English: and, at 10<i>s</i>. a dozen, +would, no doubt, deliver in Paris, in boxes properly contrived, any +number of these creatures, in every stage of their existence, and even +in the egg, should that be desired: and if twenty dozen were turned out +in different parts of England, there cannot remain a doubt but that, in +a few years, they would be common through the country; and, in our +summer evenings, be exquisitely beautiful. +</p> +<p> +Vigne, in his <i>Six Months in America</i>, says:—"At Baltimore I first +saw the fire-fly. They begin to appear about sunset, after which they +are sparkling in all directions. In some places ladies wear them in +their hair, and the effect is said to be very brilliant. Mischievous +boys will sometimes catch a bull-frog, and fasten them all over him. +They show to great advantage; while the poor frog, who cannot understand +the 'new lights' that are breaking upon him, affords amusement to his +tormentors by hopping about in a state of desperation." +</p> +<p> +<i>The Vampire Bat</i>.—Bishop Heber's opinion of the innocence of this +creature by no means agrees with what one has read of his bloodthirsty +habits; and particularly the instances given by Captain Stedman, in his +<i>Travels of Surinam</i>, who, more than once, individually, experienced +the inconvenience of the Sangrado system of blood-letting, or, more +properly, blood-taking, pursued by this practitioner. +</p> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> + <p> "Non missura cutern, nisi plena cruoris hirudo."</p> +<p style="text-align: right;"> HOR.</p> +</div></div> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> + <p> "This leech will suck the vein, until</p> + <p> From your heart's blood he gets his fill."</p> +</div></div> +<p> +In answer to a query, "whether the vampire of India and that of South +America be of one species," Mr. Waterton replies, "I beg to say that I +consider them distinct species. I have never yet seen a bat from India +with a membrane rising perpendicularly from the end of its nose; nor +have I ever been able to learn that bats in India suck animals, though +I have questioned many people on this subject. I could only find two +species of bats in Guiana, with a membrane rising from the nose. Both +these kinds suck animals and eat fruit; while those bats without a +membrane on the nose seem to live entirely upon fruit and insects, but +chiefly insects. A gentleman, by name Walcott, from Barbadoes, lived +high up the river Demerara. While I was passing a day or two at his +house, the vampires sucked his son a boy of about ten or eleven years +old, some of his fowls and his jack-ass. The youth showed me his +forehead at daybreak: the wound was still bleeding apace, and I examined +it with minute attention. The poor ass was doomed to be a prey to these +sanguinary imps of night: he looked like misery steeped in vinegar. +I saw, by the numerous sores on his body, and by his apparent debility, +that he would soon sink under his afflictions. Mr. Walcott told me that +it was with the greatest difficulty he could keep a few fowls, on +account of the smaller vampire; and that the larger kind were killing +his poor ass by inches. It was the only quadruped he had brought up with +him into the forest. +</p> +<p> +"Although I was so long in Dutch Guiana and visited the Orinoco and +Cayenne, and ranged through part of the interior of Portuguese Guiana, +still I could never find out how the vampires actually draw the blood; +and, at this day, I am as ignorant of the real process as though I had +never been in th« vampire's country. I should not feel so mortified at +my total failure in attempting the discovery, had. I not made such +diligent search after the vampire, and examined its haunts. Europeans +may consider as fabulous the stories related of the vampire; but, for +my own part, I must believe in its powers of sucking blood from living +animals, as I have repeatedly seen both men and beasts which had been +sucked, and, moreover, I have examined very minutely their bleeding +wounds. +</p> +<p> +"Wishful of having it in my power to say +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page216" name="page216"></a>[pg 216]</span> +that I had been sucked by the vampire, and not caring for the loss of +ten or twelve ounces of blood, I frequently and designedly put myself in +the way of trial. But the vampire seemed to take a personal dislike to +me; and the provoking brute would refuse to give my clavet one solitary +trial, though he would tap the more favoured Indian's toe, in a hammock +within a few yards of mine. For the space of eleven months, I slept +alone in the loft of a woodcutter's abandoned house in the forest; and +though the vampire came in and out every night, and I had the finest +opportunity of seeing him, as the moon shone through apertures where +windows had once been, I never could be certain that I saw him make a +positive attempt to quench his thirst from my veins, though he often +hovered over the hammock." +</p> +<hr /> +<h3> + THE STORK +</h3> +<p> +Is now rarely seen in Britain; one was killed a short time since in +the neighbourhood of Ethie House, and is to be seen in Mr. Mollison's +Museum, Bridge-street, Montrose. The editor of the Montrose Review +believes that a stork had not been killed in Scotland since the year +1766. +</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2> + FINE ARTS. +</h2> +<hr /> +<h3> + THE GRAVE OF TITIAN. +</h3> +<div class="figure" style="width: 50%; float: right;"> +<a href="images/569-2.png"><img width="100%" src="images/569-2.png" +alt="QVI GIACE IL GRAN TIZIANO DE VECELLI EMULATOR DE ZEUSI E DEGLI APELLI." /></a> +</div> +<p> +Beneath this plain sepulchral stone, in the church of Santa Maria de +Frari, at Venice—rest the ashes of TITIAN, the prince of the Venetian +school of painters, and who, "was worthy of being waited upon by +Cæsar." Yes, this alone denotes his grave at the foot dell'Altare di +Crocisfisso. +</p> +<p> +Titian was born at a sequestered town in the Alps of Friuli, in the year +1477, his father being of the ancient family of Vecelli. He began very +early to show a turn for drawing, and designed a figure of the Virgin, +with the juice of flowers, the only colours probably within his reach. +He was the scholar of Giovanni Bellino, but adopted the manner of +Giorgione so successfully, that to several portraits their respective +claims could not be ascertained. The Duke of Ferrara was so attached to +Titian, that he frequently invited him to accompany him in his barge +from Venice to Ferrara. At the latter place he became acquainted with +Ariosto. In 1647, at the invitation of Charles V. Titian joined the +imperial court. The emperor then advanced in years sat to him for the +third time. During the time of sitting, Titian happened to drop one +of his pencils, the emperor took it up; and on the artist expressing +how unworthy he was of such an honour, Charles replied, "that Titian +was worthy of being waited upon by Cæsar." But, "to reckon up the +protectors and friends of Titian, would be to name nearly all the +persons of the age, to whom rank, talent, and exalted character, +appertained. Being full of years and honours, he fell a victim to the +plague in 1576, at the age of ninety-nine. To perpetuate his memory, the +artists at Venice proposed celebrating his obsequies, with great pomp +and magnificence in the church of St. Luke, the programme of which is +given at length, by Ridolfi; but, owing to the prevalence of the plague, +no funeral ceremony was allowed by the state: the authorities, however, +made an exception in Titian's favour, and suffered him to be buried in +the church of Friari, as we have stated." +</p> +<p> +Sir Abraham Hume, the accomplished annotator of the <i>Life and Works of +Titian</i>, observes: "It appears to be generally understood that Titian +had, in the different periods of life, three distinct manners of +painting; the first hard and dry, resembling his master, Giovanni +Bellino; the second, acquired from studying the works of Giorgione, was +more bold, round, rich in colour, and exquisitely wrought up; the third +was the result of his matured taste and judgment, and properly speaking, +may be termed his own; in which he introduced more cool tints into the +shadows and flesh, approaching nearer to nature than the universal glow +of Giorgione." After stating what little is known of the mechanical +means employed by Titian in the colouring of his pictures, Sir Abraham +observes: "Titian's grand secret of all, appears to have consisted in +the unremitting exercise of application, patience, and perseverance, +joined to an enthusiastic attachment to his art: his custom was to +employ considerable time in finishing his pictures, working on them +repeatedly, till he brought them to perfection; and his maxim was, that +whatever was done in a hurry, could not be well done." In manners and +character, as well as talent, Titian may not inappropriately be +associated with "the most eminent painter this country ever +produced"—Sir Joshua Reynolds. +</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page217" name="page217"></a>[pg 217]</span> +</p> +<h2> + HOSPITAL OF ST. CROSS, HANTS. +</h2> +<div class="figure" style="width: 100%;"> +<a href="images/569-3.png"><img width="100%" src="images/569-3.png" +alt="(The Church.)" /></a><br /> +<b>(The Church.)</b> +</div> +<p> +This is one of the most interesting structures in Great Britain. It +stands about one mile west from Winchester, on the banks of the river +Itchin. Its architectural character is of the first importance in +illustrating the superior skill of our ancestors; while it has retained +more of its original character than any similar record of ancient piety +and charity in our island. Dr. Milner, in allusion to its principal +features, observes: "the lofty tower, with the grated door, and porter's +lodge beneath it; the retired ambulatory; the separate cells; the common +refectory; the venerable church; the black flowing dress and the silver +cross worn by the members; the conventual appellation of <i>brother</i>, +with which they salute each other; in short, the silence, the order, and +the neatness, that here reign, seem to recall the idea of a monastery to +those who have seen one, and will give no imperfect idea of such an +establishment to those who have not had that advantage."<a id="footnotetag3" name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a> +</p> +<p> +St. Cross, however, "never was a monastery, but only an hospital for +the support of ancient and infirm men, living together in a regular +and devout manner." The original founder was Henry de Blois, bishop of +Winchester, who instituted it, between the years 1132 and 1136; and +required that "thirteen poor men, so decayed and past their strength +that without charitable assistance they cannot maintain themselves, +shall abide continually in the hospital, who shall be provided with +proper clothing and beds suitable to their infirmities; and shall have +an allowance daily of good wheat bread, good beer, three messes each for +dinner, and one for supper. That beside these thirteen poor, a hundred +other poor, of modest behaviour and the most indigent that can be found, +shall be received daily at dinner-time, and shall have each a loaf of +coarser bread, one mess, and a proper allowance of beer, with leave to +carry away with them whatever remains of their meat and drink after +dinner." They were to dine in a hall appointed for the purpose, and +called <i>Hundred Mennes Hall</i>, from this circumstance. The +establishment also contained an endowment for a master, a steward, +four chaplains, thirteen clerks, and seven choristers. +</p> +<p> +But, in those "good old times," abuses in institutions formed for +the best and wisest purposes were not uncommon; and in the case of +St. Cross, so early did evil begin to counteract good, that, in little +more than two centuries from its foundation, the revenues assigned for +the annual fulfilment of the founder's wishes, were grossly misapplied. +They had increased in value, and the masters and brethren of +the hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, who were guardians and +administrators, seized the surplus and put it into their own pockets. +Bishop Wykeham, who was appointed to the see of Winchester, in 1366, +set about the reform of these abuses, which he was enabled to do by his +canonical jurisdiction:—"he determined that the whole revenue of the +hospital should be dedicated to the poor, as was the intention of the +founder, and having in vain tried admonition and remonstrance, summoned +the four masters to appear before him and answer for their stewardship. +They were bold enough to set Wykeham at defiance, and availed themselves +of all the subtleties of the law, and of all manner of evasion, by +appeal and otherwise, to thwart and throw him. The upright bishop +persisted—he called them to the severest account—had them fined, and +till they made restitution, excommunicated—and finally restored the +whole endowment to its primitive purpose."<a id="footnotetag4" name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a> +</p> +<p> +The propriety and good effects of Wykeham's +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page218" name="page218"></a>[pg 218]</span> +restoration were so apparent, that his successor, Cardinal Beaufort, +having determined to engage in some permanent charity, resolved rather +to enlarge this institution, than to found a new one. "He therefore +endowed it for the additional support of two priests, and thirty-five +poor men, who were to become residents, and three hospital nuns, who +were to attend upon the sick brethren: he also caused a considerable +portion of the hospital to be rebuilt."<a id="footnotetag5" name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a> Of the present establishment +we shall presently speak in detail. "The hospital," says Lowth, "though +much diminished in its revenues, by what means I cannot say, yet still +subsists upon the remains of both endowments." +</p> +<p> +The buildings of the hospital composed two courts; but the south side of +the interior quadrangle has been pulled down. The entrance to the first +court from the north is through a capacious gateway.<a id="footnotetag6" name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a> On the east side +is the <b>Hundred-Mennes Hall</b>, which is about forty feet long, and +has been converted into a brewhouse; the roof is of Irish oak, and left +open to the timbers, adjoining are the master's apartments. On the +west is a range of offices; and, on the south, with portions of other +buildings, is the lofty and handsome tower gateway, erected by Cardinal +Beaufort, whose statue, in his Cardinal's habit, is represented kneeling +in an elegant niche in the upper part: two other niches, of the same +form, but deprived of their statues, appear also on the same level. +Milner describes the embellishments of this tower: "in a cornice over +the gates we behold the Cardinal's hat displayed, together with the +busts of his father, John of Gaunt, of his royal nephews, Henry IV. and +Henry V., and of his predecessor, Wykeham: in the spandrils, on each +side, are the founder's arms. The centre boss in the groining of the +gateway is carved into a curious cross, composed of leaves, and +surrounded with a crown of thorns: on the left is the door of the +porter's lodge.<a id="footnotetag7" name="footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a> Passing through this gateway, the spectator sees, +on his right, a long line of buildings, of the age of the original +foundation, for the use of the brethren, each of whom has a house and +garden to himself. On the left is an ambulatory, or cloister, 135 feet +in length, and extending to the church on the south-east. Above the +ambulatory is the ancient infirmary, and chambers called the Nuns's +rooms, from their having been allotted to three hospital sisters on +the foundation of Cardinal Beaufort. The centre of the court has a +grass-plot, and gravel walks intersecting parterres of flowers, +shrubs, &c." +</p> +<p> +Dr. Milner observes "the present establishment of St. Cross is but the +wreck of its two ancient institutions; it having been severely fleeced, +though not quite destroyed, like so many other hospitals at the +Reformation. Instead of seventy residents, as well clergy as laity, who +were here entirely supported, besides one hundred out-members, who daily +received their meat and drink, the charity consists at present but +of ten residing brethren and three out-pensioners, exclusive of one +chaplain and the master. It is true, however, that certain "doles" of +bread continue to be distributed to the poor of the neighbourhood; and +what is, perhaps, the only vestige left in the kingdom of the simplicity +and hospitality of ancient times, the porter is daily furnished with a +certain quantity of good bread and beer, of which every traveller, or +other person whosoever, that knocks at the lodge, and calls for relief, +is entitled to partake gratuitously." +</p> +<p> +Such was the state of the charity when Dr. Milner wrote, or, in the year +1809. Our Correspondent, <i>P.Q.</i> has furnished us with the following +information to the 20th of last May. +</p> +<p> +"The funds of this hospital are very ample; for, after providing the +master (the present Earl of Guildford)<a id="footnotetag8" name="footnotetag8"></a><a href="#footnote8"><sup>8</sup></a> with a liberal sinecure, +supporting the brethren and servants, and upholding the very extensive +buildings, there are distributed the following 'doles:' +</p> +<p> +"On the 3rd of May, 10th of August, and the eve of the festivals of +Easter, Whitsuntide, and Christmas, annually, the whole of the brethren +and the steward of the house assemble and form two lines or ranks, at +sunset, within the door of the outer gateway; when, to every person +(even to infants) who applies at the gate, is given a loaf of brown +bread, weighing about three pounds. This distribution is continued until +all the bread is given away; and if the applicants should exceed the +loaves in number, to each of the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page219" name="page219"></a>[pg 219]</span> +remaining persons is given an halfpenny, be they ever so numerous. +</p> +<p> +"These 'doles' are very beneficial to the poor of Winchester and +vicinity; for to all who attend and obtain an early admission a loaf is +given. I know, that when I was a boy, and never missed going to the +'doles,' some families, where the children were numerous, received from +seven to ten loaves. +</p> +<p> +"Likewise every traveller who applies at the porter's lodge at the outer +gate of this hospital is entitled to, and receives, a horn of good beer +and a loaf or slice of bread. This demand is frequently made by persons +of a different quality from that intended by the founder, for the sake +of attesting the peculiarity of the custom. The quantity of bread given +to each person is about four ounces—of beer about three-fourths of a +pint." +</p> +<p> +We next proceed to describe the exterior of the venerable church: the +<i>interior</i> will form the subject of a future article. +</p> +<p> +On entering the second court the first object that usually attracts +attention is <i>the Church of St. Cross</i>, which extends a considerable +distance into the court, and destroys its regularity on the east side. +The exterior of the church is not altogether imposing. "The windows, with +one exception, are seen to disadvantage from without, and the whole +building is enveloped in a shroud of yellow gravelly plaister, strangely +dissonant with ideas of Norman masonry."<a id="footnotetag9" name="footnotetag9"></a><a href="#footnote9"><sup>9</sup></a> The church is built in the +cathedral form, with a nave and transept, and a low and massive tower, +rising from the intersection: the whole length of the church is 150 +feet; the length of the transept is 120 feet. The architecture of this +structure is singularly curious, and deserving the attention of the +antiquary, as it appears to throw a light on the progress, if not on the +origin, of the pointed or English style. Our Correspondent states the +whole to have been repaired about twenty-two years since, at a very +considerable expense. +</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2> + THE PUBLIC JOURNALS. +</h2> +<hr /> +<h3> + SCRAPS FROM THE DIARY OF A TRAVELLER. +</h3> +<h4> + BY THOMAS MOORE, ESQ. +</h4> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> + <p> O poets, poets, dream at home,</p> +<p class="i2"> If you would <i>still</i> have visions haunt you;</p> + <p> Trust me, if once abroad you roam,</p> +<p class="i2"> That mar-all, Truth, will disenchant you.</p> + <p> Still think of VENICE, as in dreams</p> + <p> You've seen her, by her ocean-streams;—</p> + <p> Fancy the calm and cool delights</p> + <p> Of gondolas on summer nights:</p> + <p> Of sailing o'er the bright Lagoon,</p> +<p class="i2"> And listening, as you glide along,</p> + <p> To lays from TASSO, by that moon</p> +<p class="i2"> Whose beams, alas! he felt too strong,</p> + <p> And of whose mad'ning philters all,</p> + <p> Who feel the Muse's genuine call,</p> + <p> Are doom'd, at times, to drink as deep,</p> + <p> As did Endymion in his sleep!</p> +</div><div class="stanza"> + <p> Still by your fire-sides sit, and think</p> + <p> Of palaces, along the brink</p> + <p> Of ocean-floods,—whose shadows there</p> + <p> Look like the ruins, grand and fair,</p> + <p> Of some lost ATALANTIS, seen</p> + <p> Beneath the wave, when heaven's serene.</p> + <p> People those palaces with forms</p> +<p class="i2"> Lovely as TITIAN ever drew—</p> + <p> Bright creatures, whom the sunbeam warms</p> +<p class="i2"> With that ethereal gas, all through.</p> + <p> Which finds a vent at lips and eyes,</p> + <p> And lights up in a lover's sighs.</p> + <p> Fancy these young Venetian maids</p> + <p> Listening, at night, to serenades</p> + <p> From amorous lutes, where Music, such</p> +<p class="i2"> As southern skies alone afford,</p> + <p> Echoes to every burning touch,</p> +<p class="i2"> And thrills in each impassion'd chord.</p> +</div><div class="stanza"> + <p> All this imagine, and still more,—</p> + <p> For whither may not Fancy soar,</p> + <p> If Truth do not, alas! too soon,</p> + <p> Puncture her brilliant air-balloon—</p> + <p> But go not to the spot, I pray;</p> + <p> O do not, <i>do</i> not, some fine day.</p> + <p> Order, like STERNE, your travelling breeches;—</p> + <p> All's lost, if once upon your way,</p> + <p> The passport of Lord ——</p> +<p class="i2"> Is death to Fancy—like his speeches.</p> +</div><div class="stanza"> + <p> If you would save <i>some</i> dreams of youth</p> + <p> From the torpedo touch of Truth,</p> + <p> Go not to VENICE—do not blight</p> + <p> Your early fancies with the sight</p> + <p> Of her true, real, dismal state—</p> + <p> Her mansions, foul and desolate,—</p> + <p> Her close canals, exhaling wide</p> +<p class="i2"> Such fetid airs as—with those domes</p> + <p> Of silent grandeur, by their side,</p> +<p class="i2"> Where step of life ne'er goes or comes,</p> + <p> And those black barges plying round</p> + <p> With melancholy, plashing sound,—</p> + <p> Seem like a city, where the Pest</p> +<p class="i2"> Is holding her last visitation,</p> + <p> And all, ere long, will be at rest,</p> +<p class="i2"> The dead, sure rest of desolation.</p> +</div><div class="stanza"> + <p> So look'd, at night-fall, oft to me</p> + <p> That ruin'd City of the Sea;</p> + <p> And, as the gloomy fancy grew</p> + <p> Still darker with night's darkening hue,</p> + <p> All round me seem'd by Death o'ercast,—</p> + <p> Each footstep in those halls the last;</p> + <p> And the dim boats, as slow they pass'd,</p> + <p> All burial-barks, with each its load</p> + <p> Of livid corpses, feebly row'd</p> + <p> By fading hands, to find a bed</p> + <p> In waters less choked up with dead.—<i>Metropolitan</i>.</p> +</div></div> +<hr /> +<h3> + ON THE DEATH OF SIR WALTER SCOTT. +</h3> +<center> +<i>By the Author of "Eugene Aram."</i> +</center> +<p> +The blow is struck—the lyre is shattered—the music is hushed at +length. The greatest—the most various—the most commanding genius of +modern times has left us to seek for that successor to his renown which, +in all probability, a remote generation alone will furnish forth. It is +true that we have been long prepared for the event—it does not fall +upon us suddenly—leaf after leaf was stripped from that noble tree +before it was felled to the earth at last;—our sympathy +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page220" name="page220"></a>[pg 220]</span> +in his decay has softened us to the sorrow for his death. It is not now +our intention to trace the character or to enumerate the works of the +great man whose career is run;—to every eye that reads—every ear that +hears—every heart that remembers, this much at least, of his character +is already known,—that he had all the exuberance of genius and none of +its excesses; that he was at once equitable and generous—that his heart +was ever open to charity—that his life has probably been shortened by +his scrupulous regard for justice. His career was one splendid +refutation of the popular fallacy, that genius has of necessity +vices—that its light must be meteoric—and its courses wayward and +uncontrolled. He has left mankind two great lessons,—we scarcely know +which is the most valuable. He has taught us how much delight one human +being can confer upon the world; he has taught us also that the +imagination may aspire to the wildest flights without wandering into +error. Of whom else among our great list of names—the heir-looms of our +nation—can we say that he has left us everything to admire, and nothing +to forgive? +</p> +<p> +It is in four different paths of intellectual eminence that Sir Walter +Scott has won his fame; as a poet, a biographer, an historian, and a +novellist. It is not now a time (with the great man's clay scarce cold) +to enter into the niceties of critical discussion. We cannot now weigh, +and sift, and compare. We feel too deeply at this moment to reason +well—-but we ourselves would incline to consider him greatest as a +poet. Never, indeed, has there been a poet so thoroughly Homeric as +Scott—the battle—the feast—the council—the guard-room at +Stirling—the dying warrior at Flodden—the fierce Bertram speeding up +the aisle—all are Homeric;—all live—move—breathe and burn—alike +poetry, but alike life! There is this difference, too, marked and +prominent—between his verse and his prose;—the first is emphatically +the verse of Scott—the latter (we mean in its style) may be the prose +of any one—the striking originality, the daring boldness, the +astonishing vigour of the style, in the <i>Lay of the Last Minstrel</i>, +are lost in <i>The Antiquary and Guy Mannering</i>. +</p> +<p> +Scott may be said, in prose, to have <i>no style</i>. There are those, +we know, who call this very absence of style a merit—we will not +dispute it: if it be so, Scott is the first great prose writer from +Bacon to Gibbon,—nay, from Herodotus, in Greek, to Paul Courier, in +French—who has laid claim to it. For our own part, we think him great, +in spite of the want of style, and not because of it. As a biographer, +he has been unfortunate in his subjects; the two most important of the +various lives he has either delineated or sketched—that of Dryden and +that of Swift—are men, to whose inexpiable baseness genius could +neither give the dignity of virtue nor the interest of error. +</p> +<p> +As an historian, we confess that we prize him more highly than as a +biographer: it is true that the same faults are apparent in both, but +there is in the grand History of Napoleon more scope for redeeming +beauties. His great, his unrivalled, excellence in description is here +brought into full and ample display: his battles are vivid, with colours +which no other historian ever could command. And all the errors of the +history still leave scenes and touches of unrivalled majesty to the +book. +</p> +<p> +As a novelist, Scott has been blamed for not imparting a more useful +moral to his fictions, and for dwelling with too inconsiderate an +interest on the chivalric illusions of the past. To charges of this +nature all writers are liable. Mankind are divided into two classes; and +he who belongs to the one will ever incur the reproach of not seeing +through the medium of the other. Certain it is, that we, with utterly +different notions on political truths from the great writer who is no +more, might feel some regret—some natural pain—that that cause which +we believe the best, was not honoured by his advocacy; but when we +reflect on the <i>real</i> influence of his works, we are satisfied they +have been directed to the noblest ends, and have embraced the largest +circle of human interests. We do not speak of the delight he has poured +forth over the earth—of the lonely hours he has charmed—of the sad +hearts he has beguiled—of the beauty and the music which he has +summoned to a world where all travail and none repose; this, indeed, is +something—this, indeed, is a moral—this, indeed, has been a benefit +to mankind. And this is a new corroborant of one among the noblest of +intellectual truths, viz. that the books which please, are always books +that, in one sense, benefit; and that the work which is largely and +permanently popular—which sways, moulds, and softens the universal +heart—cannot appeal to vulgar and unworthy passions (such appeals are +never widely or long triumphant!); the delight it occasions is a proof +of the moral it inspires. +</p> +<p> +But this power to charm and to beguile is not that moral excellence to +which we refer. Scott has been the first great genius—Fielding alone +excepted—who invited our thorough and uncondescending sympathy to the +wide mass of the human family—who has <i>stricken</i> (for in this +artificial world it requires an effort) into our hearts a love and a +respect for those chosen from the people. Shakspeare has not done +this—Shakspeare paints the follies of the mob with a strong and +unfriendly hand. Where, in Skakspeare, is there a Jeanie Deans? Take up +which you will of those numerous works which have +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page221" name="page221"></a>[pg 221]</span> +appeared, from <i>Waverley</i> to the <i>Chronicles of the +Canongate</i>,—open where you please, you will find portraits from the +people—and your interest keeping watch beside the poor man's hearth. +Not, in Scott, as they were in the dramatists of our language, are the +peasant, the artificer, the farmer, dragged on the stage merely to be +laughed at for their brogue, and made to seem ridiculous because they +are useful. +</p> +<p> +He paints them, it is true, in their natural language, but the language +is subservient to the character; he does not bow the man to the phrase, +but the phrase to the man. Neither does he flatter on the one hand, as +he does not slight on the other. Unlike the maudlin pastoralists of +France he contents himself with the simple truth—he contrasts the dark +shadows of Meg Merrilies, or of Edie Ochiltree, with the holy and pure +lights that redeem and sanctify them—he gives us the poor, even to the +gipsey and the beggar, as they really are—contented, if our interest is +excited, and knowing that nature is sufficient to excite it. From the +palaces of kings—from the tents of warriors, he comes—equally at home +with man in all aspects—to the cotter's hearth:—he bids us turn from +the pomp of the Plantagenets to bow the knee to the poor Jew's +daughter—he makes us sicken at the hollowness of the royal Rothsay, to +sympathize with the honest love of Hugh the smith. No never was there +one—not even Burns himself—who forced us more intimately to +acknowledge, or more deeply to feel, that +</p> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> + <p> "The rank is but the guinea stamp,</p> + <p> The man's the gowd, for a' that."</p> + <hr /> +</div></div> +<p> +Scott, is not, we apprehend, justly liable to the charge of wanting a +sound moral—even a great <i>political</i> moral—(and political morals +are the greatest of all)—in the general tenor of works which have +compelled the highest classes to examine and respect the lowest. In +this, with far less learning, far less abstract philosophy, than +Fielding, he is only exceeded by him in one character—(and that, +indeed, the most admirable in English fiction)—the character of Parson +Adams. Jeanie Deans is worth a thousand such as Fanny Andrews. Fielding, +Le Sage, and Cervantes are the only three writers, since the world +began, with whom, as a novelist, he can be compared. And perhaps he +excels them, as Voltaire excelled all the writers of his nation, not by +the superior merits of one work, but by the brilliant aggregate of many. +<i>Tom Jones, Gil Blas, Don Quixote</i>, are, without doubt, greater, +<i>much</i> greater, productions than Waverley; but the <i>authors</i> +of <i>Tom Jones, Gil Blas</i>, and even of <i>Don Quixote</i>, have not +manifested the same fertile and mighty genius as <i>author</i> of the +Waverley Novels. +</p> +<p> +And <i>that</i> genius—seemingly so inexhaustible—is quenched at +length! We can be charmed no more—the eloquent tongue is mute—the +master's wand is broken up—the right hand hath forgot its cunning-the +cord that is loosened was indeed of silver—and the bowl that is broken +at the dark well was of gold beyond all price. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +When a great man dies, he leaves a chasm which eternity cannot fill. +Others succeed to his fame—but never to the exact place which he held +in the world's eye;—they may be greater than the one we have lost—but +they are not he. Shakspeare built not his throne on the same site as +Homer—nor Scott on that whence Shakspeare looked down upon the +universe. The gap which Scott leaves in the world is the token of the +space he filled in the homage of his times. A hundred ages hence our +posterity will still see that wide interval untenanted—a vast and +mighty era in the intellectual world, which will prove how spacious were +"the city and the temple, whose summit has reached to Heaven." +</p> +<p style="text-align: right;"> +<i>New Monthly Magazine</i>. +</p> +<hr /> +<h3> + TO A ROSE. +</h3> +<center> +THE THOUGHT FROM THE ITALIAN. +</center> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> + <p> Queen of Flora's emerald bowers,</p> + <p> Imperial Rose, thou flower of flowers,</p> + <p> Wave thy moss-enwreathen stem,</p> + <p> Wave thy dewy diadem;</p> + <p> Thy crimson luxury unfold,</p> + <p> And drink the sunny blaze of gold.</p> +</div><div class="stanza"> + <p> O'er the Zephyr, sportive minion,</p> + <p> Spreads the blue, aurelian pinion.</p> + <p> Now in love's low whispers winging,</p> + <p> Now in giddy fondness clinging,</p> + <p> With all a lover's warmth he wooes thee,</p> + <p> With all a lover's wiles pursues thee.</p> +</div><div class="stanza"> + <p> And thou wilt yield, and thou wilt give</p> + <p> The sigh that none can breathe and live.</p> + <p> Like lovelier things, deluded flower,</p> + <p> Thy date is short; the very hour</p> + <p> That sees thee flourish, sees thee fade;</p> + <p> Thy blush, thy being, all a shade.</p> + <p> Yet, flower, I'll lay thee on a shrine,</p> + <p> That makes thy very death divine.</p> +</div><div class="stanza"> + <p> Couch'd on a bed of living snows,</p> + <p> Then breathe thy last, too happy rose!</p> + <p> Sweet Queen, thou'lt die upon a throne,</p> + <p> Where even thy sweetness is outdone;</p> + <p> Young weeper, thou shalt close thine eyes</p> + <p> Beside the gates of Paradise.</p> + <p> On my Idalia's bosom, thou,</p> + <p> Beneath the lustres of her brow,</p> + <p> Like pilgrims, all their sorrows past,</p> + <p> On Heaven their dying glances cast,</p> + <p> Thy crimson beauty shalt recline,</p> + <p> Oh, that thy rapturous fate were mine!</p> +</div></div> +<p style="text-align: right;"> +<i>Blackwood's Magazine</i>. +</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2> + NEW BOOKS. +</h2> +<p> +LIVES OF SCOTTISH WORTHIES, VOL. II., [Or the 34th volume of the +<i>Family Library</i>, is rife with interesting details of the proudest +areas of Scottish history; but more especially of the chivalric courses +of Robert Bruce and James the First. We quote half-a-dozen +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page222" name="page222"></a>[pg 222]</span> +vividly written pages, from the former, describing the memorable Siege +of Berwick, in 1319.] +</p> +<p> +Considering the importance of Berwick, and the care and expense with +which it had been fortified by the king, it was natural that any attempt +against it should be viewed with much interest; and when it was known +that the son-in-law of Bruce,—a young warrior, whose high rank was +rendered more conspicuous by the services he had already rendered to the +country,—had been selected as its governor, and that the whole army of +England, headed by king Edward, and under the command of the flower of +the nobility, had invested it by sea and land, the intense interest with +which the siege was watched by both countries may be easily imagined. +It concluded, however, in the complete triumph of the steward, and the +repulse of the English army; yet not before every device then known in +the rude engineering of the times had been essayed by the besiegers, +and effectually baffled by the ingenuity and persevering courage of the +enemy. After their earthen mounds had been completed, the English, on +St. Mary's eve, made a simultaneous assault both by land and by sea. +Whilst their force, led by the bravest of their captains, and carrying +with them, besides their usual offensive arms, the ladders, crows, +pick-axes, and other assistances for an escalade, rushed onwards to the +walls with the sound of their trumpets, and the display of innumerable +banners, a large vessel, prepared for the purpose, was towed towards the +town from the mouth of the river. She was filled with armed soldiers, +a party of whom were placed in her boat drawn up mid-mast high; whilst +to the bow of the boat was fixed a species of drawbridge, which it was +intended to drop upon the wall, and thus afford a passage from the +vessel into the town. Yet these complicated preparations failed of +success, although seconded by the greatest gallantry; and the English, +after being baffled in every attempt to fix their ladders and maintain +themselves upon the walls, were compelled to retire, leaving their +vessel to be burnt by the Scots, who slew many of her crew, and made +prisoner the engineer who superintended and directed the attack. +</p> +<p> +This unsuccessful attack was, after five days' active preparation, +followed by another still more desperate, in which the besiegers +made use of a huge machine moving upon wheels, and including several +platforms or stages, which held various parties of armed soldiers, who +were defended by a strong roofing of boards and hides, beneath which +they could work their battering-rams with impunity. To co-operate with +this unwieldy and bulky instrument, which, from its shape and covering, +they called a "sow," movable scaffolds had been constructed, of such a +height as to overtop the walls, from which they proposed to storm the +town; and, instead of a single vessel, as on the former occasion, a +squadron of ships, with their top castles manned by picked bodies of +archers, and their armed boats slung mast high, were ready to sail +in with the tide, and anchor beneath the walls. Aware of these great +preparations, the Scots, under the encouragement and direction of their +governor, laboured incessantly to be in a situation to render them +unavailing. By Crab, the Flemish engineer, machines similar to the Roman +catapult, moving on wheels, and of enormous strength and dimensions, +were constructed and placed on the walls at the spot where it was +expected the sow would make its approach. In addition to this, they +fixed a crane upon the rampart, armed with iron chains and grappling +hooks, and large masses of combustibles and fire-faggots, shaped like +tuns, and composed of pitch and flax, bound strongly together with tar +ropes, were piled up in readiness for the attack. At different intervals +on the walls were fixed the espringalds for the discharge of their heavy +darts, which carried on their barbed points little bundles of flaming +tow dipped in oil or sulphur; the ramparts were lined by the archers, +spearmen, and crossbows; and to each leader was assigned a certain +station, to which he could repair on a moment's warning. +</p> +<p> +Having inspected his whole works, the steward cheerfully and confidently +awaited the attack; to which the English moved forward in great +strength, and led by the king in person, on the 13th of September. +Irritated by their late repulse, and animated by the presence of their +nobility, the different squadrons rushed forward with an impetuosity +which at first defied all efforts to repel them; so that the ladders +were fixed, the ditch filled up by fascines, and the ramparts attacked +with an impetuous valour which promised to carry all before it. But the +Scots, who knew their own strength, allowed this ebullition of gallantry +to expend itself; and, after a short interval advanced with levelled +spears in close array, and with a weight and resolution which +effectually checked the enemy. Considerable ground, however, had been +gained in the first assault; and the battle was maintained, from sunrise +till noon, with excessive obstinacy on both sides; but it at last +concluded in favour of the resolution and endurance of the Scots, who +repulsed the enemy on every quarter, and cleared their ramparts of their +assailants. At this moment, by Edward's orders, the sow began its +advance towards the walls; and the cran, or catapult, armed with a mass +of rock, was seen straining its timbers, and taking its aim against the +approaching monster. On +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page223" name="page223"></a>[pg 223]</span> +the first discharge the stone flew far beyond; and, as its conductors +hurried forward the immense machine, the second missile fell short of +it. A third block of granite was now got ready, and an English engineer +who had been taken prisoner was commanded, on pain of death, to direct +the aim; whilst the sow was moving forward with a rapidity which in a +few seconds must have brought it to the foot of the walls. All gazed on +for an instant in breathless suspense,—but only for an instant. The +catapult was discharged,—a loud booming noise in the air accompanied +the progress of its deadly projectile,—and, in a moment afterwards, a +tremendous crash, mingled with the shrieks of the victims and the shouts +of the soldiers from the walls, declared the destruction of the huge +machine. It had been hit so truly, that the stone passed through the +roofs, shivering its timbers into a thousand pieces; and crushing and +mangling in a frightful manner the unhappy soldiers who manned its +different platforms. As those amongst them who escaped rushed out from +its broken fragments, the Scottish soldiers, imitating the witticism of +black Agnis at the siege of Dunbar, shouted out that the English sow had +farrowed. Crab now cast his chains and grappling-hooks over the ruins of +the machine, and, dragging it nearer the walls, poured down his +combustibles in such quantity, that it was soon consumed to ashes. The +complete failure in this land attack seems to have cast a damp over the +naval operations; and, although the ships attempted to move on to the +walls at flood-tide, they were driven back without difficulty; whilst a +last effort to enter the city by burning the gate of St. Mary's was +repulsed by the steward in person. It was now near night-fall; and, +foiled on every side, the English entirely withdrew from the assault. +</p> +<hr /> +<h3> + NUMISMATICS. +</h3> +<p> +[Addison, in commenting on the Usefulness of Ancient Medals, says, +"A series of an Emperor's Coins is his life digested into Annals." +Who shall, therefore, gainsay the the utility of <i>A Numismatic Manual, +or Guide to the Study of Coins</i>. The author, Mr. John Y. Akerman, +does not intend his volume exclusively for the use of the experienced +medallist, so that much popular interest may be expected in its pages. +The title bespeaks its contents, but we quote a few brief extracts +relating to rare English coins.] +</p> +<p> +<i>Ecclesiastic Money</i>.—This money was coined by prelates prior to +the Norman Conquest. Of these there are pennies of Jænbearht, +archbishop of Canterbury, with the reverse of Offa, king of Mercia, +Aethileard, Wulfred, Ceolnoth, Plegmund, and Ethered. They are all +extremely rare, excepting those of Ceolnoth, which are not so rare as +the others. Besides these there are pennies of St. Martin, coined at +Lincoln, and St. Peter's pennies, struck at York, which are supposed to +be as old as the time of the Heptarchy. Those of St. Edmund, coined at +Bury, are prior to the Norman Conquest. The pennies of St. Paul are, it +would seem, by the cross and pellets on the reverse, not older than the +reign of Henry III. +</p> +<p> +All Stephen's money is very scarce, and one or two types are exceedingly +rare. At a sale in London, in 1827, the penny of Stephen with the +horseman's mace, brought thirteen pounds. His coins are generally very +rude and illegible. This king coined pennies only. +</p> +<p> +The groat of Edward I. is of the first rarity.<a id="footnotetag10" name="footnotetag10"></a><a href="#footnote10"><sup>10</sup></a> The pennies of +Hadleigh, Chester, and Kingston, are scarce; the other pennies are +extremely common, and scarcely a year passes without a discovery of new +hoards. The half-pennies and farthings are somewhat scarce. From this +time to the reign of Henry VII., the English coins bear a great +resemblance to each other. +</p> +<p> +<i>Edward IV</i>.—The groats common, except those of Norwich and +Coventry, spelled "Norwic" and "Covetre." The half-groat and halfpenny +scarce, the penny and farthing rare. The Bristol penny is extremely +rare. +</p> +<p> +<i>Richard III</i>.—All this king's coins are very rare, except the +groat, which is less rare than the others, some groats having lately +been discovered. The Canterbury-penny of Richard III. CIVITAS CANTOR, +supposed <i>unique</i>, sold at a public sale a short time since, for +seven pounds ten shillings. The Durham penny of the same king brought +four guineas. +</p> +<p> +<i>Henry VII</i>.—Folkes, in his <i>Table of English Silver Coins</i>, +after describing the various pieces coined by Henry VII., says, "We may +further in this place take notice of a very uncommon and singular coin, +charged with the royal arms, but without a name. The arms are surmounted +with an arched crown, and placed between a <i>fleur-de-lis</i> and a +rose, legend DOMINE-SALVVM. FAC. REGEM; on the other side is +<i>fleur-de-lis</i> and a lion of England, and an arched crown between +them above, and a rose below, with this inscription, MANA. TECKEL. +PHARES. 1494. An English lion also for a mint mark. It is, by the make +and size, a French gross, and is supposed to have been coined by the +Duchess of Burgundy, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page224" name="page224"></a>[pg 224]</span> +for Perkin Warbeck, when he set out to invade England." There are also +half-groats of this coinage, with the same date, one of which brought +<i>twenty guineas</i> at a sale in London in 1827. +</p> +<p> +<i>Milled Money</i>.—The artist first employed on the milled money of +England was a Frenchman, named Philip Mestrelle, who was executed at +Tyburn, on the 27th of January, 1569, having been found guilty of making +counterfeit money. +</p> +<p> +<i>Charles I</i>.—The obsidional, or <i>siege pieces</i>, struck by the partizans +of this monarch during the civil wars, are extremely interesting, and, +with the exception of those coined at Newark, are all rare. They may be +known by their shape from every other English coin, as well as by their +legends. Those of Newark are of a diamond or lozenge form, some are +octangular, and others of a shape that would puzzle a geometrician. Some +have the rude representation of a castle; others, a crown; and many have +the initials, C.R., and the legend DVM. SPIRO. SPERO. +</p> +<p> +<i>Oliver Cromwell</i>.—The coins of Oliver were the production of the +inimitable Simon, whose works are to this day admired and prized. Some +have doubted whether they ever were in circulation, but it is now pretty +generally allowed that they were. +</p> +<p> +<i>Charles II</i>.—The milled money of this king is of a very different +style, and has the head laureated. All the pieces of this coinage are +common. To the eternal disgrace of Charles, he encouraged an artist whom +he had brought over from Antwerp, and gave the preference to his works +before those of Simon, who produced in the year 1663, a pattern crown of +most extraordinary workmanship, <i>on the edge of which</i> was the +following petition in two lines: +</p> +<p class="quote"> +"THOMAS SIMON <i>most humbly prays your</i> MAJESTY <i>to compare this his +tryal-piece with the Dutch, and if more truly drawn and embossed, more +gracefully ordered, and more accurately engraven, to relieve him</i>." +</p> +<p> +To any one but the heartless profligate whose portrait occupied the +obverse of the medal, this appeal would have been irresistible, but it +does not appear that the unfortunate artist was relieved. He probably +died of grief and disappointment at the unjust preference shown to his +rival. +</p> +<p> +<i>James II</i>.—The base money struck by James the Second, in Ireland, +in 1689 and 1690, is common, except the crown of white metal, with the +figure of James on horseback. Some of his half-crowns and shillings were +struck of metal, the produce of old cannon, which were melted down for +the purpose, and are in consequence termed "gun money." +</p> +<p> +<i>Anne's Farthing</i>.—The common current farthing of Anne is scarce, +but scarcer with the broad rim. The patterns of 1713 and 1714 are rare, +but those with the reverse of Britannia under a kind of arch, or with +Peace in a car drawn by two horses, and the legend PAX MISSA PER ORBEM, +are the scarcest of all. +</p> +<p> +At a public sale of the coins of the late Mr. Dimsdale, the banker, +the Oxford crown with the city under the horse, was knocked down at +sixty-nine pounds. At the same time the rial of Mary brought sixty-three +pounds, and the rial of Elizabeth twenty-one pounds ten shillings. +</p> +<p> +A friend of the author is of opinion, that the coins of Henry VII., +with the head <i>in profile</i>, are the first English money bearing a +likeness of the sovereign. +</p> +<p> +[The work is illustrated with, several lithographic <i>fac similia</i> +of coins; and the vignette is from a very beautiful gold coin of Hiero +II. of Syracuse, in the possession of Mr. Till, of Great Russell-street, +Covent-garden. This morsel of antiquity, not larger than one's little +finger nail, must be upwards of <i>two thousand</i> years old!] +</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2> + THE GATHERER. +</h2> +<hr /> +<p> +<i>The Red Sea</i>.—The water of the Red Sea is so very clear, that Mr. +Buckingham read on the wooden stock of an anchor the name of the ship at +the depth of 25 fathoms (150 feet). +</p> +<h4> +T. GILL. +</h4> +<hr /> +<p> +<i>Curious Appeal</i>.—Philip, Alexander's father, gave sentence +against a prisoner at a time he was drowsy, and seemed to give small +attention. The prisoner, after sentence was pronounced, said, I appeal: +the king; somewhat stirred, said, To whom do you appeal? The prisoner +answered, From Philip, when he gave <i>no ear</i>, to Philip, when he +shall give ear.—<i>Bacon</i>. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +<i>An Emperor's Crown kicked off his head by the Pope</i>.—Pope +Celestine III. kicked the Emperor Henry IV.'s crown off his head, while +kneeling, to show his prerogative of making and unmaking kings. +</p> +<h4> +T. GILL. +</h4> +<hr class="full" /> +<h3> + THE LATE SIR. WALTER SCOTT, BART. +</h3> +<hr /> +<p> +Instead of the "Brief Memoir," announced in our last, we intend to +publish with our next number, a <i>Supplementary Sheet</i>, containing +</p> +<center><b> +AN ILLUSTRATED MEMOIR OF +<br /> +THE LATE SIR WALTER SCOTT, BART. +</b></center> +<p>With Anecdotes of his Life and Works, Characteristics, Tributes to +his Memory, from accredited sources, and interspersed with Original +Observations: with +</p> +<center><b> +FIVE ENGRAVINGS, +<br /> +Price Twopence. +</b></center> +<hr class="full" /> +<blockquote class="footnote"> +<a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a> +<b>Footnote 1</b>: +<a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a> +Published by Messrs. Moon, Boys and Graves Booksellers, Pall Mall. +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"> +<a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a> +<b>Footnote 2</b>: +<a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a> +Mr. McCreery left Liverpool to reside in London, he died a short time since of cholera, at Paris. +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"> +<a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"></a> +<b>Footnote 3</b>: +<a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a> +Milner's Winchester, vol. ii. p. 141. +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"> +<a id="footnote4" name="footnote4"></a> +<b>Footnote 4</b>: +<a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a> +Life of Wykeham. By Allan Cunningham—in the <i>Family Library</i>. +The reference to the "<i>four</i> masters" is evidently an error. +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"> +<a id="footnote5" name="footnote5"></a> +<b>Footnote 5</b>: +<a href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a> +Beauties of England and Wales, vol. vi. p. 108, Hants. Mr. +Cunningham states these additions to have been made by Wykeham. +We shall presently come to the details of Beaufort's additions +to the building. +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"> +<a id="footnote6" name="footnote6"></a> +<b>Footnote 6</b>: +<a href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a> +A zealous Correspondent, <i>P.Q.</i>, whose contribution appears +in the next page, describes this gateway as resembling St. John's +Gate, Clerkenwell, which Mr. Malcom thinks "one of the most +perfect remains of monastic buildings in London." It consists of +one capacious arch, with an arched mullioned window in the centre +above it; and is flanked by two square towers. From this place +issued the early numbers of the <i>Gentleman's Magazine;</i> and a +wood-cut of the building appears to this day on the wrapper of +that valuable work, which, for knowledge and utility, is as +superior to the Magazine frippery of the present day as Michael +Angelo to John Nash. +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"> +<a id="footnote7" name="footnote7"></a> +<b>Footnote 7</b>: +<a href="#footnotetag7">(return)</a> +Milner's Winchester, vol. ii. p. 146. +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"> +<a id="footnote8" name="footnote8"></a> +<b>Footnote 8</b>: +<a href="#footnotetag8">(return)</a> +The present Earl succeeded to the title on the death of his +cousin, Francis, the learned Chancellor of the University of the +Ionian Islands, founded by himself, and which he richly endowed +with a noble bequest and a splendid library. His Lordship is +Rector of St. Mary's, Southampton, Old and New Abresford and +Medstead, in Hampshire, a Prebendary of Winchester, and Master +of St. Cross, Hospital. +<br /> +<br /> +Among many famous men who have presided over the Hospital, was +Colonel John Lisle, of Moyles Court, Regicide, and M.P. for the +City of Winchester. +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"> +<a id="footnote9" name="footnote9"></a> +<b>Footnote 9</b>: +<a href="#footnotetag9">(return)</a> +From a paper in <i>The Crypt</i>, an antiquarian journal, printed +at Ringwood, Hants, in the year 1827. The writer observes that +Dr. Milner has uniformly applied the term <i>Saxon</i> to the +circular arches in this structure, as well as to similar +specimens; but subsequent topographers have arrived at the more +probable conclusion, that very slight remains, if any, now exist +of ecclesiastical edifices by the Saxons. +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"> +<a id="footnote10" name="footnote10"></a> +<b>Footnote 10</b>: +<a href="#footnotetag10">(return)</a> +The groat of Edward I. sold for five and a half guineas, at a +public sale in London, in March, 1827. It is quite evident +that the effigies of the English monarchs on their coins are not +<i>likenesses</i>, until the time of Henry VIII. whatever the +Ingenious may say to the contrary. Some have supposed that the +rude figures on the Saxon coins use likenesses, but the idea +is ridiculous. Folkes, in his "Table of English Silver Coins," +remarks that the Kings of England are represented <i>bearded</i> on +their great seals, but always <i>smooth-faced</i> on their coins. +</blockquote> +<hr class="full" /> +<p> +<i>Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset +House,) London, sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; +G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen +and Booksellers.</i> +</p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14007 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/14007-h/images/569-1.png b/14007-h/images/569-1.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6ff4c8b --- /dev/null +++ b/14007-h/images/569-1.png diff --git a/14007-h/images/569-2.png b/14007-h/images/569-2.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4294d08 --- /dev/null +++ b/14007-h/images/569-2.png diff --git a/14007-h/images/569-3.png b/14007-h/images/569-3.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..dfe1245 --- /dev/null +++ b/14007-h/images/569-3.png diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9cacf5a --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #14007 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14007) diff --git a/old/14007-8.txt b/old/14007-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a6384ad --- /dev/null +++ b/old/14007-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2034 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and +Instruction, No. 569, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, No. 569 + Volume XX., No. 569. Saturday, October 6, 1832 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: November 10, 2004 [EBook #14007] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David Garcia and the PG Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + + + + + + + + + + + +THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION. + +VOLUME XX., NO. 569.] SATURDAY, OCTOBER 6, 1832. [PRICE 2d. + + * * * * * + + + + +LISBON. + + +[Illustration: LISBON.] + + +Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, was called by the ancients Ulyssippo, +and the foundation is fabulously ascribed to Ulysses. The situation is +grand, on the north bank of the river Tagus, in lat. 38° 42-1/3' N., +lon. 9° 8-1/3' W. The harbour, or rather road, of Lisbon, is one of the +finest in the world; and the quays are at once convenient and beautiful. +On entering the river, and passing the forts of St. Julian and of Bugio, +situated respectively at the extremities of the northern and southern +shores, we obtain a view of Lisbon crowning the hills on the north bank, +about three leagues distant above the mouth of the Tagus. The quintas or +villas scattered over the country, between the villages, become more +numerous the further we advance; till, at length, on approaching Belem, +an uninterrupted chain of edifices is seen extending along the margin of +the noble river, to the remotest part of the ancient capital, being a +distance of full six miles. Opposite Belem Castle, and on the southern +shore of the Tagus, is the small fort of Torre Velha. These two forts, +situated at the narrowest part of the river, guard the approach to the +capital by sea; and all vessels arriving at its port have their papers +examined at Belem Castle. The salutes of ships of war are, in like +manner, answered by its guns. Proceeding onward, we pass the Convent of +St. Geronymo, a splendid pile of Moorish architecture, "the picturesque +appearance of the scene being heightened by groups of boats peculiar in +their construction to the Tagus." From Belem we trace a range of +buildings, connecting it with Alcantara and Buenos Ayres, and finally +with the ancient city of Lisbon. Alcantara is situated at the mouth of a +narrow valley opening upon the Tagus. Upon the brow of the hill, on the +eastern side, is another of the royal residences, called the palace of +Necessiades; and, stretching across the valley, about a mile above this +point, is the far-famed aqueduct, which conveys the chief supply of +water to the capital. The new and populous quarter of Buenos Ayres +(so called from its being considered the healthiest situation around +the capital,) covers the steep hills situated in the angle formed by +the Alcantara valley and the Tagus. Miss Baillie, in her amusing +_Letters_, describes Buenos Ayres as "a suburb of Lisbon, standing +upon higher ground than the city itself, and a favourite resort of the +English, being generally considered as a cooler and more cleanly (or +rather a _less filthy_) situation than the latter." The splendid +river scenery from Belem to Lisbon, the luxuriant prospect from the +adjoining heights; the city itself, with its domes, and towers, and +gorgeous buildings--all this proud assemblage of nature and art--remind +us that + + It is a goodly sight to see + What Heaven hath done for this delicious land! + What fruits of fragrance blush on ev'ry tree! + What goodly prospects o'er the hill expand; + But man would mar them with an impious hand. + + BYRON. + + +The Engraving represents one of the most comprehensive views of the +city, obtained from an eminence crowned by the chapel of Nossa Senhora +da Monte. It has been copied from one of Colonel Batty's faithful +Views,[1] and its details cannot better be explained than in the words +of the clever artist: + +"From this elevation, the spectator, on turning to the south, has before +him the principal part of the busy capital. The Castle Hill, crowned by +a variety of buildings, and encircled by the old walls of its Moorish +fortifications, stands conspicuously on the left. Its northern slope is +planted with olive-trees, which add to its picturesque appearance, and +afford an agreeable relief to the eye in this widely extended scene of a +dense and populous city. On the right hand is another range of heights, +less elevated than the Castle Hill, but covered with buildings, amidst +which churches, convents, and hospitals, form prominent objects. The +valley, in the centre of the view, appears from this point to be choked +up with an almost impenetrable labyrinth of houses. This is, however, +now the most regular portion of the capital. Having been that part which +suffered most severely from the great earthquake of 1755, it has since +been rebuilt upon a uniform plan, with its streets intersecting each +other at right angles. In this quarter also are the two principal +pracas, or squares, in the city. The largest of these is the Praca do +Commercio, opening to the south upon the broad expanse of the Tagus. +Here formerly stood the royal palace, which was almost instantaneously +destroyed by the same memorable earthquake. The centre of this square is +ornamented by an equestrian statue of King Joseph I. The other square is +situated a little more to the north, about the centre of the valley. +It is called the Rocio, and was formerly styled the Square of the +Inquisition, from that tribunal having held its sittings in a large +building at its northern extremity. The Castle Hill conceals from our +view a portion of the ancient city, which, it is remarkable, escaped +with comparatively trifling damage from the earthquake, though +immediately contiguous to the part just described, which, in a few +moments, was rendered a complete mass of ruins, burying thousands of the +wretched inhabitants. Beyond the Tagus, the heights of Almada are seen +bounding the view, and extending westward towards the sea." + + [1] Published by Messrs. Moon, Boys and Graves Booksellers, Pall Mall. + + + * * * * * + + +MRS. HEMANS. + +(_To the Editor_.) + + +In No. 550, of _The Mirror_, in some account of Mrs. Hemans, by +_The Author of a Tradesman's Lays_, it is erroneously stated that +Mrs. Hemans is a native of Denbighshire. She was born in Liverpool, and +was the daughter of Mr. George Brown, of the firm of Messrs. George and +Henry Brown, extensive merchants in the Irish trade. Mr. Brown removed +with his family, from Liverpool, to near Abergele, North Wales, where he +resided some years. He married a Miss Wagner, daughter of Paul Wagner, +Esq., a German, and a respectable merchant in Liverpool. Mrs. Hemans's +early poems were published by subscription in 1808; they were +beautifully printed in quarto, at the press of the late Mr. John +McCreery,[2] who long resided in Liverpool. Mrs. Hemans, after her +marriage, lived near St. Asaph, with her mother and brother, Sir Henry +Brown; after which she took up her residence at the village of +Wavertree, three miles from Liverpool. + +_Liverpool._ + +A CONSTANT READER. + + [2] Mr. McCreery left Liverpool to reside in London, he died a + short time since of cholera, at Paris. + + + * * * * * + + +SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION. + +(_To the Editor_.) + + +The remarks of your Correspondent, _A. Booth_, in No. 567, of +_The Mirror_, with respect to what is generally called "Spontaneous +Combustion," are very just. My present object is to show that the term +"spontaneous" as applied to the subject in question, is incorrect. Mons. +Pierre Aimee Laire, in an "Essay on Human Combustion from the abuse of +Spirituous Liquors," states that it is the breath of the individuals +coming in contact with some flame, and being thus communicated inwardly, +that is the cause of the combustion, and therefore it cannot be +spontaneous; and he cites several instances of persons addicted to +spirituous liquors being thus burnt. Moreover, it is stated that an +anatomical lecturer, at Pisa, in the year 1597, happening to hold a +lighted candle near a subject he was dissecting, on a sudden set fire to +the vapours that came out of the stomach he had just opened. In the same +year, as Dr. Ruisch, then anatomical professor at Pisa, was dissecting a +woman, and a student holding a candle to give him light, he no sooner +opened the stomach than there issued a yellow, greenish flame. Also at +Lyons, in dissecting a woman, the stomach was no sooner opened than a +considerable flame burst out and filled the room. This has been +accounted for by experiments made by Dr. Vulpari, anatomical professor +at Bologna. He affirms that any one may see, issuing from the stomach of +an animal, a matter that burns like spirits of wine, if the upper and +lower orifices are bound fast with a strong thread, and the stomach +being thus tied, be cut above and under the ligature, and afterwards +pressed with both hands, so as to make all that it contains pass on +one side, and to produce a swelling on that part which contains the +incision, which must be held with the left hand, to prevent the +inflammable air escaping. This hand being removed, and a candle applied +about an inch from the stomach, a blueish flame will issue, which will +last nearly a minute. The circumstances of the case of Grace Pitt, to +which your Correspondent refers, perfectly coincide with the foregoing +remarks. She was accustomed for several years to go down stairs after +she was undressed, to _smoke a pipe_. Her daughter, who slept with +her, did not miss her till the morning, when on going down stairs, she +found her mother's body extended _over the hearth_, and appearing +like a block of wood burning with a glowing fire, without flame. She +was, no doubt, in the act of lighting her pipe, either at the fire or +candle, and the breath issuing from her mouth during respiration, being +impregnated with the spirits she had lately drunk, caught fire, and +communicated with the animal substance, also impregnated with spirit, +and thus the body was destroyed. Indeed, in nearly all the cases of this +nature reported, the bodies have been found on the hearth, or the +persons have been left with a candle near them. The combustion of the +human body in these cases is generally entirely inward, and it is very +seldom that any of the contiguous articles are destroyed. In the +instance mentioned above, a child's clothes on one side of the woman, +and a paper screen were untouched, and the deal floor on which she lay +was not even discoloured. + +The most remarkable instance of this nature on record, is that of the +Countess Cornelia Bandi; she was in the sixty-second year of her age, +and on the day before well as usual. After she was in bed she conversed +with her maid for two or three hours, and then fell asleep. The servant +on going into her chamber in the morning, saw her lady's two feet +distant from the bed, a heap of ashes, and two legs with the stockings +on. Between the latter was part of the head, but the brains, half the +skull, and the chin, were burnt to ashes, which, when taken up in the +hand, left a greasy and offensive moisture. The bed received no damage, +and the clothes were elevated on one side, as by a person rising from +beneath them. She appears to have been burnt standing, from the skull +being found between her legs; the back was damaged more than the front +of the head, partly because of the hair, and partly because in the face +there were several openings, out of which the flames are likely to +have issued. In this account it is not stated either that she was of +intemperate habits, or that a candle was left in the room with her; but +the latter is very likely, she being advanced in years; and it may be +conjectured, that in rising from her bed, she caught fire. + +One Borelli observes, that such accidents often happen to great drinkers +of wine and brandy, and that it would be of much more frequent +occurrence, were it not for the natural moisture of the body. +Notwithstanding this, your readers must not think that I am opposed to +the "cheerful draught:" I would say, + + "Let each indulge his genius, each be glad, + Jocund and free, and swell the feast with mirth. + The sprightly bowl go cheerfully round. + Let none be grave, nor too severely wise; + Losses and disappointments, cares and poverty, + The rich man's insolence, and great man's scorn, + In wine be all forgotten."--ROWE. + + +_St. Pancras._ + +W.A.R. + + * * * * * + + + + +RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS. + + * * * * * + + +EARLY PARLIAMENTS. + + +When the Saxon government was first established in England, there +was no distinction of freehold and copyhold; the latter, according +to Blackstone, was a possession acquired by a vassal subsequent to the +Norman feudal system. Copyholders being thus considered as slaves, were, +notwithstanding their possessions, deemed unworthy of the franchise; and +from this refinement, on the arbitrary principles of the Normans, every +copyholder was deprived of a vote, unless he could claim it by some +other tenure. + +The term borough originally meant a company consisting of ten families, +which were bound together as each other's pledge. Afterwards boroughs +came to signify a town, having a wall, or some sort of enclosure round; +and all places that, in old times, had the name of boroughs, it is said, +were fortified or fenced in some shape or other. + +In the time of the West Saxons, a parliament was holden by King Ina, +by these words: "I, Ina, King of the West Saxons, have caused all my +fatherhood, aldermen, and wisest commons, with the goodly men of my +kingdom, to consult of weighty matters." + +William the Conqueror, in the fourth year of his reign, called a +parliament, which consisted of twelve representatives for each county, +and the cities and boroughs were wholly omitted. After the battle of +Lewes, in which Henry III. was defeated by the barons, they called a +parliament, and made the king sign an order to summon four knights to +represent each county, and four for the cities of London, York, and +Lincoln. These representatives were chosen by universal suffrage of +the householders, and although the king regained his authority by the +subsequent defeat of the barons, two members for each county continued +to be elected in the same manner till the 8th of Henry VI. In the +parliament held in the 49th of Henry III., he sent writs to the nobles +and to the sheriffs of several counties, to return two knights for each +county, two citizens for each city, and two burgesses for each borough. + +It was contrary to an ancient rule of the constitution, that any person +should be allowed to vote at elections who did not reside in the place +or county where the election was made; that rule says, that "ineddem +comitata commercentes et residentes" only shall vote; and this was +confirmed by an act of parliament, (1 Henry V. c. i.) but recently +repealed. + +In 1429, an important change was made as to the qualifications of the +voters for knights of the shires. The voters were obliged to prove +themselves worth 40_s._ per annum. Before this time, every freeholder +might vote, and the vast concourse of electors brought on riots and +murders. Seventy pounds would, in modern days, be barely an equivalent +for our ancestors' 40_s._ The freeholders were, at the same time, +directed to choose two of the fittest and most discreet knights resident +in their county; or, if none could be found, notable esquires, gentlemen +by birth, and qualified to be made knights; but no yeoman or persons of +inferior rank. + +W.G.C. + + * * * * * + + + + +MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. + + * * * * * + + +MARVELLOUS CURE OF THE TOOTHACH. + +(_From a Correspondent_.) + + +A friend, who has recently returned from India, relates that he +received a perfect cure for the toothach, in a very remarkable way. He +had occasion to land on the Isle of Bourbon, at the time of his being +afflicted with a tormenting toothach; and a handkerchief being tied +about his head, his appearance excited the curiosity of the natives, who +approached him, and inquired, by signs and gestures, the nature of his +complaint. Having been satisfied on this point, they made him understand +that _they_ could cure him, if he would consent to their method; +which he did with great willingness, as he was maddened with pain, and +eager to make any experiment to gain relief. They first kindled a fire +on the ground with a few dry sticks, and then directed their patient to +hold the fore finger of his right hand to the tooth that was affected, +while they articulated a sort of jargon among themselves. When they had +finished, and the sticks were all burnt, they told him to withdraw his +hand, and the pain would cease. He did so, when his joy and astonishment +exceeded all bounds to find that the pain had _actually left him!_ + +This story may appear somewhat strange, yet I have no reason to doubt +the veracity of my friend, who supposes that the artful natives burned +some kind of herb in order to impregnate the air with its qualities, +which being admitted into the cavity of the tooth, effectually removed +the pain. He says he has never experienced a return of the complaint +since. + +G.W.N. + + * * * * * + + +JOURNAL OF A SHERIFF OF LONDON. + +(_Concluded from page 198_.) + + +"Wednesday, Oct. 29th. This being our grand feast day, my Lord Mayor, +Humphry Parsons, Esq., sent his summons to attend at Guildhall, by +ten o'clock, and that he would set out from thence, to Westminster, +precisely at eleven, in order to be back to our entertainment more +early. What added magnificence to this day's _Shew_ was, that his +lordship's coach was drawn by six horses, adorned with grand harnesses, +ribbons, &c., a sight never before seen on this occasion.--The Lord +Chancellor and some of the Judges dined with us; the whole entertainment +was happily conducted with great order and decency, and the company was +broken up by about one o'clock in the morning. + +"Wednesday, Nov. 5th. This being the commemoration of the Gunpowder +Plot, we, the sheriff's, attended my Lord Mayor from Guildhall to St. +Paul's: and as his lordship's coach was, on this occasion, drawn as +before by six horses, which he intended to do on every public occasion, +it caused a more than ordinary concourse of people in the streets." + +On Sunday, the 11th of January, Mr. Hoare, in his scarlet gown, with the +Lord Mayor, and several of the aldermen, received the holy communion, +in St. Lawrence's church, in pursuance of the statutes, to qualify +themselves to act as magistrates; and on the following day, being Plough +Monday, he attended the Lord Mayor at Guildhall, "to receive the several +presentments of the respective wardmote inquests of each ward,--and at +the same time to swear in all new constables for the ensuing year." On +Wednesday, the 14th the quarter sessions commenced, "when it is usual +for the several common councilmen to take the oaths of allegiance;" +which was done accordingly. + +"Friday, February 20th. Waited on my Lord Mayor to Bow church, in my +scarlet, to hear a sermon upon the propagation of the gospel in foreign +parts; to which the Archbishop of Canterbury also came in his state +coach, and with grand solemnity, attended by seven or eight bishops, and +great numbers of gentlemen of that society." + +The Lord Mayor (Humphry Parsons) died on the evening of March the 21st, +1741; on the 23rd, Daniel Lambert, Esq. was elected to succeed him, and +the same evening he was presented to the Lord Chancellor, and approved +of in the usual manner. + +"Wednesday, March 15th. This day the new Lord Mayor went in grand state +and procession by land to the Tower-gate, on Tower-hill, to be there +presented to and sworn in before the Constable of the Tower, according +to the charter and ancient custom and usage when a Lord Mayor happened, +as in this case, to be chosen out of term time; and, consequently, +cannot be presented to the Barons of the Exchequer sitting at +Westminster. Just at the entrance of the Tower-gate, a large booth was +built up, with seats and benches at the upper end, in the middle of +which the right honourable Lord Cornwallis, Constable of the Tower, was +seated, attended by the officers and servants belonging to him; to whom +the Lord Mayor was conducted and presented, and sworn in the same manner +as before the Barons of the Exchequer." + +On the 28th of March, being Easter Eve, the sheriff's attended the Lord +Mayor "through the streets, to collect charity for the prisoners in the +city prisons, according to annual custom;" and on the Monday following, +they accompanied his lordship, in procession, with the rest of the court +of aldermen to St. Bride's church to hear the '_Spital_ or _Hospital +Sermon_ preached before the governors of the several hospitals and +charity schools of the city; and to which "all the charity children +of the several schools, as also those of Christ's hospital, go in +procession, and are seated in the galleries." This sermon is "generally +preached by a bishop," and that on the following day, in the same church +(which is likewise attended by the corporation,) by a dean. On the third +day in Easter week, the 'Spital sermon is preached by a doctor in +divinity. + +Speaking of the _Easter Entertainments_, our journalist states the +following particulars as the cause of their origin:-- + +"The original institution of those entertainments was occasioned by the +Lord Mayor and the two sheriffs being accustomed to, separately, ask +such of their friends who were aldermen or governors of the hospitals, +whom they saw at church, to dine with them at their own houses. But in +process of time, it was agreed that the Lord Mayor should invite all +that were at church on the first day; and the two sheriff's, in their +turn, on the next succeeding days. Hence, by degrees, they began to +invite other of their friends; and the aldermen bringing their ladies, +other ladies were also invited, so that the private houses not being +large enough, they began to entertain at their respective halls: whence +it is now brought to pass, that these Easter entertainments are become +the chiefest articles of expense both to the Lord Mayor and the two +sheriffs. + +"Monday, April 6th. The sessions began at Guildhall, but the Lord Mayor +dispensed with the presence of the sheriffs, on account that we this +day were obliged to attend at Westminster, where we were to make our +proffers at the Exchequer by a tender of 40_s_.; and which was +accordingly made by one of the secondaries at the Tally-office; by +which, and the annual rent of 300_l_., the citizens of London hold +and enjoy the _Sheriffwick_ of London and Middlesex according to +their charter. Afterwards we entertained all the Exchequer officers, +according to ancient custom, with _fifty-two calves_' heads, +dressed in different manners." + +On the 20th of April the sheriffs accompanied the Lord Mayor to +hold a Court Baron and Court Leet at the Mitre in St. James's parish, +in _Duke's-place_, which is "a franchise within the liberty of +London." After a jury had been sworn, &c., the names of the inhabitants +being called over, those who were absent and sent no excuse were +amerced, but those who sent "their excuses by their friends, paid only +leet pence." The court then granted licenses to the public houses, and +swore in the headboroughs, constables, and other officers. + +On the 27th of May the sheriffs (by invitation, they having no concern +with the jurisdiction of the court,) attended the Lord Mayor to +Stratford, in Essex, and Greenwich in Kent, to hold "his _Court of +Conservancy_ of the navigation and fishery of the River Thames, from +Staines bridge, in Middlesex, down to the mouth of the river Medway, at +Sheerness, beyond the Nore;" he "being personally himself, by virtue of +his office, the sole Conservator." On returning, "a little after ten +o'clock," the party attempted to land at the King's Stairs at the tower, +"but they being shut, and, after waiting some time, the wardour refusing +to open them," they were obliged to proceed to the common stairs near +that fortress. + +"Soon after, the major of the tower came to my Lord Mayor to acquaint +him, that 'he was sorry for the refusal of which the wardour had been +guilty, whom he had ordered to strict duty, and would oblige him to come +and ask pardon for his insolence.' Upon this apology, it was agreed that +no further notice or complaint should be made; for it is to be known +that the Lord Mayor of this city has the privilege of going through the +Tower to take water, or on his landing at the King's Stairs, sending +reasonable notice of such his intention." + +At a Common Council, held on the 17th of June, it was ordered that every +person who had paid the customary fine of 400_l_. and twenty marks more +towards the maintenance of the ministers of the several prisons of this +city," with the usual fees, should be exempted for ever from serving the +office of sheriff, "unless he should at any time become an alderman." +Previously to that act, the payment of the fine excused only for one +year. + +"Tuesday, June 23rd. Attended the Lord Mayor to a court of aldermen, +at which Abel Aldridge, who had been nominated for sheriff, came with +_six Compurgators_, and, (according to the act of Common Council, +Sir J. Barnard, Mayor,) swore he was not of the value of 15,000_l_. in +money and separate debts; and his Compurgators swearing also, that they +believed what he swore to be true, he was excused from serving the said +office, without payment of any fine." + +On the 22nd of August the sheriffs waited on the Lord Mayor at +Guildhall, "and from thence went in procession to Smithfield, with city +officers and trumpets to proclaim Bartholomew Fair." On the 2nd of +September, "this day being kept solemn in commemoration of the fire of +London," they went to St. Paul's in their "black gowns, and no chains, +and heard a sermon on the said occasion." On the 8th of September the +sheriffs waited on the Lord Mayor, in procession, "the city music going +before, to proclaim _Southwark Fair_, as it is commonly called, +although the ceremony is no more than our going in our coaches through +the Borough, and turning round by Saint George's church, back again to +the Bridge House; and this to signify the license to begin the fair." +The journalist adds:--"On this day the sword-bearer wears a fine +_embroidered cap_, said to have been worked and presented to the +city by a monastery." + +"Monday, September 21st, being St. Matthew's Day, waited on my Lord +Mayor to the great hall in Christ's Hospital, where we were met by +several of the presidents and governors of the other hospitals within +the city; and being seated at the upper end, the children passed +two by two, whom we followed to the church, and after hearing a sermon, +came back to the grammar school, where two boys made speeches in +commemoration of their benefactors, one in English, the other in Latin; +to each of whom it is customary for the Lord Mayor to give one guinea, +and the two sheriffs half-a-guinea a piece, as we did. Afterwards, the +clerk of the hospital delivered to the Lord Mayor a list of the several +governors to the several hospitals nominated the preceding year. Then +the several beadles of all the hospitals came in, and laying down their +staves on the middle of the floor, retired to the bottom of the hall. +Thereupon the Lord Mayor addressed himself to the City Marshal, +enquiring after their conduct, and if any complaint was to be made +against any one in particular; and no objection being made, the Lord +Mayor ordered them to take up their staves again: all which is done in +token of their submission to the chief magistrate, and that they hold +their places at his will, though elected by their respective governors. +We were afterwards treated in the customary manner with _sweet cakes +and burnt wine_." + +The shrievalty of Mr. Hoare, and his brother officer, expired on the +28th of September, and about seven o'clock in the evening the indentures +with the new sheriffs were executed at Guildhall, "and the charge of the +gaols and all other trusts relating to this great and hazardous, though +otherwise honourable, employment, delivered over to them. And after +being regaled with _sack and walnuts_, I returned to my own house +in my private capacity, to my great consolation and comfort." + +In concluding this account of a manuscript, which illustrates so many of +the customs and privileges of the city, it should be mentioned that it +includes various notices of the treats or dinners which the Lord Mayor +and the sheriffs give by turns to the judges, sergeants, &c. at the +beginning and end of the respective terms; as well as of the manner of +delivering petitions to the House of Commons, which is generally done by +the sheriff; the city having a right to present petitions by an officer +of its own, and without the intervention of any member. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE NATURALIST. + + * * * * * + + +THE NIGHTINGALE. + + +The nightingale is universally admitted to be the most enchanting of +warblers; and many might be tempted to encage the mellifluous songster, +but for the supposed difficulty of procuring proper food for it. In the +village of Cossey, near Norwich, an individual has had a nightingale in +cage since last April; it is very healthy and lively, and has been wont +to charm its owner with its sweet and powerful strains. The bird appears +about two years old: it has gone through this year's moulting. It is +kept in a darksome cage, with three sides wood, and the fourth wired. +The bottom of the cage is covered with moss. Its constant food is a +paste, which is composed of fresh beef or mutton, scraped fine with a +knife, and in equal portions mixed with the yolk of an egg boiled hard. +The owner, however, about once a-day, gives it also a _mealworm_; +he does not think this last dainty to be necessary, but only calculated +to keep the nightingale in better spirits. The paste should be changed +before it becomes sour and tainted. + +PHILOMELOS. + + * * * * * + + +NOTES + +_Abridged from the Magazine of Natural History._ + + +_Silkworm_.--(_By a Correspondent.)_--It has occurred to me, and I have +not seen it remarked elsewhere, as a striking and interesting +peculiarity of this insect, that it does not wander about as all other +caterpillars do, but that it is nearly stationary in the open box or +tray where it is placed and fed: after consuming the immediate supply of +mulberry leaves, it waits patiently for more being provided. I apprehend +this cannot be said of any other insect whatever. This docile quality of +the worm harmonizes beautifully with its vast importance to mankind, in +furnishing a material which affords our most elegant and beautiful, if +not most useful, of garments. The same remark applies to the insect in +the fly or moth state, the female being quite incapable of flight, and +the male, although of a much lighter make, and more active, can fly but +very imperfectly; the latter circumstance ensures to us the eggs for the +following season, and thus completes the adaptation of the insect, in +its different stages, to the useful purpose it is destined to fulfil for +our advantage. + +_The Possibility of introducing and naturalizing that beautiful Insect +the Fire Fly_.--It abounds not only in Canada, where the winters are +so severe, but in the villages of the Vaudois in Piedmont. These are +a poor people much attached to the English: and, at 10_s_. a dozen, +would, no doubt, deliver in Paris, in boxes properly contrived, any +number of these creatures, in every stage of their existence, and even +in the egg, should that be desired: and if twenty dozen were turned out +in different parts of England, there cannot remain a doubt but that, +in a few years, they would be common through the country; and, in our +summer evenings, be exquisitely beautiful. + +Vigne, in his _Six Months in America_, says:--"At Baltimore I first +saw the fire-fly. They begin to appear about sunset, after which they +are sparkling in all directions. In some places ladies wear them in +their hair, and the effect is said to be very brilliant. Mischievous +boys will sometimes catch a bull-frog, and fasten them all over him. +They show to great advantage; while the poor frog, who cannot understand +the 'new lights' that are breaking upon him, affords amusement to his +tormentors by hopping about in a state of desperation." + +_The Vampire Bat_.--Bishop Heber's opinion of the innocence of this +creature by no means agrees with what one has read of his bloodthirsty +habits; and particularly the instances given by Captain Stedman, in his +_Travels of Surinam_, who, more than once, individually, experienced +the inconvenience of the Sangrado system of blood-letting, or, more +properly, blood-taking, pursued by this practitioner. + + "Non missura cutern, nisi plena cruoris hirudo." + +HOR. + + "This leech will suck the vein, until + From your heart's blood he gets his fill." + + +In answer to a query, "whether the vampire of India and that of South +America be of one species," Mr. Waterton replies, "I beg to say that I +consider them distinct species. I have never yet seen a bat from India +with a membrane rising perpendicularly from the end of its nose; nor +have I ever been able to learn that bats in India suck animals, though +I have questioned many people on this subject. I could only find two +species of bats in Guiana, with a membrane rising from the nose. Both +these kinds suck animals and eat fruit; while those bats without a +membrane on the nose seem to live entirely upon fruit and insects, but +chiefly insects. A gentleman, by name Walcott, from Barbadoes, lived +high up the river Demerara. While I was passing a day or two at his +house, the vampires sucked his son a boy of about ten or eleven years +old, some of his fowls and his jack-ass. The youth showed me his +forehead at daybreak: the wound was still bleeding apace, and I examined +it with minute attention. The poor ass was doomed to be a prey to these +sanguinary imps of night: he looked like misery steeped in vinegar. +I saw, by the numerous sores on his body, and by his apparent debility, +that he would soon sink under his afflictions. Mr. Walcott told me that +it was with the greatest difficulty he could keep a few fowls, on +account of the smaller vampire; and that the larger kind were killing +his poor ass by inches. It was the only quadruped he had brought up with +him into the forest. + +"Although I was so long in Dutch Guiana and visited the Orinoco and +Cayenne, and ranged through part of the interior of Portuguese Guiana, +still I could never find out how the vampires actually draw the blood; +and, at this day, I am as ignorant of the real process as though I had +never been in th« vampire's country. I should not feel so mortified at +my total failure in attempting the discovery, had. I not made such +diligent search after the vampire, and examined its haunts. Europeans +may consider as fabulous the stories related of the vampire; but, for +my own part, I must believe in its powers of sucking blood from living +animals, as I have repeatedly seen both men and beasts which had been +sucked, and, moreover, I have examined very minutely their bleeding +wounds. + +"Wishful of having it in my power to say that I had been sucked by the +vampire, and not caring for the loss of ten or twelve ounces of blood, +I frequently and designedly put myself in the way of trial. But the +vampire seemed to take a personal dislike to me; and the provoking brute +would refuse to give my clavet one solitary trial, though he would tap +the more favoured Indian's toe, in a hammock within a few yards of +mine. For the space of eleven months, I slept alone in the loft of a +woodcutter's abandoned house in the forest; and though the vampire came +in and out every night, and I had the finest opportunity of seeing him, +as the moon shone through apertures where windows had once been, I never +could be certain that I saw him make a positive attempt to quench his +thirst from my veins, though he often hovered over the hammock." + + * * * * * + + +THE STORK + + +Is now rarely seen in Britain; one was killed a short time since in +the neighbourhood of Ethie House, and is to be seen in Mr. Mollison's +Museum, Bridge-street, Montrose. The editor of the Montrose Review +believes that a stork had not been killed in Scotland since the year +1766. + + * * * * * + + + + +FINE ARTS. + + * * * * * + + +THE GRAVE OF TITIAN. + + +[Illustration: QVI GIACE IL GRAN TIZIANO DE VECELLI EMULATOR DE ZEUSI E +DEGLI APELLI.] + + +Beneath this plain sepulchral stone, in the church of Santa Maria de +Frari, at Venice--rest the ashes of TITIAN, the prince of the Venetian +school of painters, and who, "was worthy of being waited upon by +Cæsar." Yes, this alone denotes his grave at the foot dell'Altare di +Crocisfisso. + +Titian was born at a sequestered town in the Alps of Friuli, in the year +1477, his father being of the ancient family of Vecelli. He began very +early to show a turn for drawing, and designed a figure of the Virgin, +with the juice of flowers, the only colours probably within his reach. +He was the scholar of Giovanni Bellino, but adopted the manner of +Giorgione so successfully, that to several portraits their respective +claims could not be ascertained. The Duke of Ferrara was so attached to +Titian, that he frequently invited him to accompany him in his barge +from Venice to Ferrara. At the latter place he became acquainted with +Ariosto. In 1647, at the invitation of Charles V. Titian joined the +imperial court. The emperor then advanced in years sat to him for the +third time. During the time of sitting, Titian happened to drop one +of his pencils, the emperor took it up; and on the artist expressing +how unworthy he was of such an honour, Charles replied, "that Titian +was worthy of being waited upon by Cæsar." But, "to reckon up the +protectors and friends of Titian, would be to name nearly all the +persons of the age, to whom rank, talent, and exalted character, +appertained. Being full of years and honours, he fell a victim to the +plague in 1576, at the age of ninety-nine. To perpetuate his memory, the +artists at Venice proposed celebrating his obsequies, with great pomp +and magnificence in the church of St. Luke, the programme of which is +given at length, by Ridolfi; but, owing to the prevalence of the plague, +no funeral ceremony was allowed by the state: the authorities, however, +made an exception in Titian's favour, and suffered him to be buried in +the church of Friari, as we have stated." + +Sir Abraham Hume, the accomplished annotator of the _Life and Works of +Titian_, observes: "It appears to be generally understood that Titian +had, in the different periods of life, three distinct manners of +painting; the first hard and dry, resembling his master, Giovanni +Bellino; the second, acquired from studying the works of Giorgione, was +more bold, round, rich in colour, and exquisitely wrought up; the third +was the result of his matured taste and judgment, and properly speaking, +may be termed his own; in which he introduced more cool tints into the +shadows and flesh, approaching nearer to nature than the universal glow +of Giorgione." After stating what little is known of the mechanical +means employed by Titian in the colouring of his pictures, Sir Abraham +observes: "Titian's grand secret of all, appears to have consisted in +the unremitting exercise of application, patience, and perseverance, +joined to an enthusiastic attachment to his art: his custom was to +employ considerable time in finishing his pictures, working on them +repeatedly, till he brought them to perfection; and his maxim was, that +whatever was done in a hurry, could not be well done." In manners and +character, as well as talent, Titian may not inappropriately be +associated with "the most eminent painter this country ever +produced"--Sir Joshua Reynolds. + + * * * * * + + + + +HOSPITAL OF ST. CROSS, HANTS. + + +[Illustration: (_The Church_.)] + + +This is one of the most interesting structures in Great Britain. It +stands about one mile west from Winchester, on the banks of the river +Itchin. Its architectural character is of the first importance in +illustrating the superior skill of our ancestors; while it has retained +more of its original character than any similar record of ancient piety +and charity in our island. Dr. Milner, in allusion to its principal +features, observes: "the lofty tower, with the grated door, and porter's +lodge beneath it; the retired ambulatory; the separate cells; the common +refectory; the venerable church; the black flowing dress and the silver +cross worn by the members; the conventual appellation of _brother_, +with which they salute each other; in short, the silence, the order, and +the neatness, that here reign, seem to recall the idea of a monastery to +those who have seen one, and will give no imperfect idea of such an +establishment to those who have not had that advantage."[3] + +St. Cross, however, "never was a monastery, but only an hospital for +the support of ancient and infirm men, living together in a regular +and devout manner." The original founder was Henry de Blois, bishop of +Winchester, who instituted it, between the years 1132 and 1136; and +required that "thirteen poor men, so decayed and past their strength +that without charitable assistance they cannot maintain themselves, +shall abide continually in the hospital, who shall be provided with +proper clothing and beds suitable to their infirmities; and shall have +an allowance daily of good wheat bread, good beer, three messes each for +dinner, and one for supper. That beside these thirteen poor, a hundred +other poor, of modest behaviour and the most indigent that can be found, +shall be received daily at dinner-time, and shall have each a loaf of +coarser bread, one mess, and a proper allowance of beer, with leave to +carry away with them whatever remains of their meat and drink after +dinner." They were to dine in a hall appointed for the purpose, and +called _Hundred Mennes Hall_, from this circumstance. The establishment +also contained an endowment for a master, a steward, four chaplains, +thirteen clerks, and seven choristers. + +But, in those "good old times," abuses in institutions formed for the +best and wisest purposes were not uncommon; and in the case of St. +Cross, so early did evil begin to counteract good, that, in little more +than two centuries from its foundation, the revenues assigned for the +annual fulfilment of the founder's wishes, were grossly misapplied. +They had increased in value, and the masters and brethren of +the hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, who were guardians and +administrators, seized the surplus and put it into their own pockets. +Bishop Wykeham, who was appointed to the see of Winchester, in 1366, +set about the reform of these abuses, which he was enabled to do by his +canonical jurisdiction:--"he determined that the whole revenue of the +hospital should be dedicated to the poor, as was the intention of the +founder, and having in vain tried admonition and remonstrance, summoned +the four masters to appear before him and answer for their stewardship. +They were bold enough to set Wykeham at defiance, and availed themselves +of all the subtleties of the law, and of all manner of evasion, by +appeal and otherwise, to thwart and throw him. The upright bishop +persisted--he called them to the severest account--had them fined, and +till they made restitution, excommunicated--and finally restored the +whole endowment to its primitive purpose."[4] + +The propriety and good effects of Wykeham's restoration were so +apparent, that his successor, Cardinal Beaufort, having determined +to engage in some permanent charity, resolved rather to enlarge this +institution, than to found a new one. "He therefore endowed it for the +additional support of two priests, and thirty-five poor men, who were to +become residents, and three hospital nuns, who were to attend upon the +sick brethren: he also caused a considerable portion of the hospital to +be rebuilt."[5] Of the present establishment we shall presently speak +in detail. "The hospital," says Lowth, "though much diminished in its +revenues, by what means I cannot say, yet still subsists upon the +remains of both endowments." + +The buildings of the hospital composed two courts; but the south side of +the interior quadrangle has been pulled down. The entrance to the first +court from the north is through a capacious gateway.[6] On the east side +is the +Hundred-Mennes Hall+, which is about forty feet long, and +has been converted into a brewhouse; the roof is of Irish oak, and left +open to the timbers, adjoining are the master's apartments. On the +west is a range of offices; and, on the south, with portions of other +buildings, is the lofty and handsome tower gateway, erected by Cardinal +Beaufort, whose statue, in his Cardinal's habit, is represented kneeling +in an elegant niche in the upper part: two other niches, of the same +form, but deprived of their statues, appear also on the same level. +Milner describes the embellishments of this tower: "in a cornice over +the gates we behold the Cardinal's hat displayed, together with the +busts of his father, John of Gaunt, of his royal nephews, Henry IV. and +Henry V., and of his predecessor, Wykeham: in the spandrils, on each +side, are the founder's arms. The centre boss in the groining of the +gateway is carved into a curious cross, composed of leaves, and +surrounded with a crown of thorns: on the left is the door of the +porter's lodge.[7] Passing through this gateway, the spectator sees, +on his right, a long line of buildings, of the age of the original +foundation, for the use of the brethren, each of whom has a house and +garden to himself. On the left is an ambulatory, or cloister, 135 feet +in length, and extending to the church on the south-east. Above the +ambulatory is the ancient infirmary, and chambers called the Nuns's +rooms, from their having been allotted to three hospital sisters on +the foundation of Cardinal Beaufort. The centre of the court has a +grass-plot, and gravel walks intersecting parterres of flowers, +shrubs, &c." + +Dr. Milner observes "the present establishment of St. Cross is but the +wreck of its two ancient institutions; it having been severely fleeced, +though not quite destroyed, like so many other hospitals at the +Reformation. Instead of seventy residents, as well clergy as laity, who +were here entirely supported, besides one hundred out-members, who daily +received their meat and drink, the charity consists at present but +of ten residing brethren and three out-pensioners, exclusive of one +chaplain and the master. It is true, however, that certain "doles" of +bread continue to be distributed to the poor of the neighbourhood; and +what is, perhaps, the only vestige left in the kingdom of the simplicity +and hospitality of ancient times, the porter is daily furnished with a +certain quantity of good bread and beer, of which every traveller, or +other person whosoever, that knocks at the lodge, and calls for relief, +is entitled to partake gratuitously." + +Such was the state of the charity when Dr. Milner wrote, or, in the year +1809. Our Correspondent, _P.Q._ has furnished us with the following +information to the 20th of last May. + +"The funds of this hospital are very ample; for, after providing the +master (the present Earl of Guildford)[8] with a liberal sinecure, +supporting the brethren and servants, and upholding the very extensive +buildings, there are distributed the following 'doles:' + +"On the 3rd of May, 10th of August, and the eve of the festivals of +Easter, Whitsuntide, and Christmas, annually, the whole of the brethren +and the steward of the house assemble and form two lines or ranks, at +sunset, within the door of the outer gateway; when, to every person +(even to infants) who applies at the gate, is given a loaf of brown +bread, weighing about three pounds. This distribution is continued until +all the bread is given away; and if the applicants should exceed the +loaves in number, to each of the remaining persons is given an +halfpenny, be they ever so numerous. + +"These 'doles' are very beneficial to the poor of Winchester and +vicinity; for to all who attend and obtain an early admission a loaf is +given. I know, that when I was a boy, and never missed going to the +'doles,' some families, where the children were numerous, received from +seven to ten loaves. + +"Likewise every traveller who applies at the porter's lodge at the outer +gate of this hospital is entitled to, and receives, a horn of good beer +and a loaf or slice of bread. This demand is frequently made by persons +of a different quality from that intended by the founder, for the sake +of attesting the peculiarity of the custom. The quantity of bread given +to each person is about four ounces--of beer about three-fourths of a +pint." + +We next proceed to describe the exterior of the venerable church: the +_interior_ will form the subject of a future article. + +On entering the second court the first object that usually attracts +attention is _the Church of St. Cross_, which extends a considerable +distance into the court, and destroys its regularity on the east side. +The exterior of the church is not altogether imposing. "The windows, +with one exception, are seen to disadvantage from without, and the whole +building is enveloped in a shroud of yellow gravelly plaister, strangely +dissonant with ideas of Norman masonry."[9] The church is built in the +cathedral form, with a nave and transept, and a low and massive tower, +rising from the intersection: the whole length of the church is 150 +feet; the length of the transept is 120 feet. The architecture of this +structure is singularly curious, and deserving the attention of the +antiquary, as it appears to throw a light on the progress, if not on the +origin, of the pointed or English style. Our Correspondent states the +whole to have been repaired about twenty-two years since, at a very +considerable expense. + + [3] Milner's Winchester, vol. ii. p. 141. + + [4] Life of Wykeham. By Allan Cunningham--in the _Family Library_. + The reference to the "_four_ masters" is evidently an error. + + [5] Beauties of England and Wales, vol. vi. p. 108, Hants. Mr. + Cunningham states these additions to have been made by Wykeham. + We shall presently come to the details of Beaufort's additions + to the building. + + [6] A zealous Correspondent, _P.Q._, whose contribution appears + in the next page, describes this gateway as resembling St. John's + Gate, Clerkenwell, which Mr. Malcom thinks "one of the most + perfect remains of monastic buildings in London." It consists of + one capacious arch, with an arched mullioned window in the centre + above it; and is flanked by two square towers. From this place + issued the early numbers of the _Gentleman's Magazine;_ and a + wood-cut of the building appears to this day on the wrapper of + that valuable work, which, for knowledge and utility, is as + superior to the Magazine frippery of the present day as Michael + Angelo to John Nash. + + [7] Milner's Winchester, vol. ii. p. 146. + + + [8] The present Earl succeeded to the title on the death of his + cousin, Francis, the learned Chancellor of the University of the + Ionian Islands, founded by himself, and which he richly endowed + with a noble bequest and a splendid library. His Lordship is + Rector of St. Mary's, Southampton, Old and New Abresford and + Medstead, in Hampshire, a Prebendary of Winchester, and Master + of St. Cross, Hospital. + + Among many famous men who have presided over the Hospital, was + Colonel John Lisle, of Moyles Court, Regicide, and M.P. for the + City of Winchester. + + [9] From a paper in _The Crypt_, an antiquarian journal, printed + at Ringwood, Hants, in the year 1827. The writer observes that + Dr. Milner has uniformly applied the term _Saxon_ to the + circular arches in this structure, as well as to similar + specimens; but subsequent topographers have arrived at the more + probable conclusion, that very slight remains, if any, now exist + of ecclesiastical edifices by the Saxons. + + + * * * * * + + + + +THE PUBLIC JOURNALS. + + * * * * * + + +SCRAPS FROM THE DIARY OF A TRAVELLER. + + +BY THOMAS MOORE, ESQ. + + + O poets, poets, dream at home, + If you would _still_ have visions haunt you; + Trust me, if once abroad you roam, + That mar-all, Truth, will disenchant you. + Still think of VENICE, as in dreams + You've seen her, by her ocean-streams;-- + Fancy the calm and cool delights + Of gondolas on summer nights: + Of sailing o'er the bright Lagoon, + And listening, as you glide along, + To lays from TASSO, by that moon + Whose beams, alas! he felt too strong, + And of whose mad'ning philters all, + Who feel the Muse's genuine call, + Are doom'd, at times, to drink as deep, + As did Endymion in his sleep! + + Still by your fire-sides sit, and think + Of palaces, along the brink + Of ocean-floods,--whose shadows there + Look like the ruins, grand and fair, + Of some lost ATALANTIS, seen + Beneath the wave, when heaven's serene. + People those palaces with forms + Lovely as TITIAN ever drew-- + Bright creatures, whom the sunbeam warms + With that ethereal gas, all through. + Which finds a vent at lips and eyes, + And lights up in a lover's sighs. + Fancy these young Venetian maids + Listening, at night, to serenades + From amorous lutes, where Music, such + As southern skies alone afford, + Echoes to every burning touch, + And thrills in each impassion'd chord. + + All this imagine, and still more,-- + For whither may not Fancy soar, + If Truth do not, alas! too soon, + Puncture her brilliant air-balloon-- + But go not to the spot, I pray; + O do not, _do_ not, some fine day. + Order, like STERNE, your travelling breeches;-- + All's lost, if once upon your way, + The passport of Lord ---- + Is death to Fancy--like his speeches. + + If you would save _some_ dreams of youth + From the torpedo touch of Truth, + Go not to VENICE--do not blight + Your early fancies with the sight + Of her true, real, dismal state-- + Her mansions, foul and desolate,-- + Her close canals, exhaling wide + Such fetid airs as--with those domes + Of silent grandeur, by their side, + Where step of life ne'er goes or comes, + And those black barges plying round + With melancholy, plashing sound,-- + Seem like a city, where the Pest + Is holding her last visitation, + And all, ere long, will be at rest, + The dead, sure rest of desolation. + + So look'd, at night-fall, oft to me + That ruin'd City of the Sea; + And, as the gloomy fancy grew + Still darker with night's darkening hue, + All round me seem'd by Death o'ercast,-- + Each footstep in those halls the last; + And the dim boats, as slow they pass'd, + All burial-barks, with each its load + Of livid corpses, feebly row'd + By fading hands, to find a bed + In waters less choked up with dead.--_Metropolitan_. + + + * * * * * + + +ON THE DEATH OF SIR WALTER SCOTT. + +_By the Author of "Eugene Aram."_ + + +The blow is struck--the lyre is shattered--the music is hushed at +length. The greatest--the most various--the most commanding genius of +modern times has left us to seek for that successor to his renown which, +in all probability, a remote generation alone will furnish forth. It is +true that we have been long prepared for the event--it does not fall +upon us suddenly--leaf after leaf was stripped from that noble tree +before it was felled to the earth at last;--our sympathy in his decay +has softened us to the sorrow for his death. It is not now our intention +to trace the character or to enumerate the works of the great man whose +career is run;--to every eye that reads--every ear that hears--every +heart that remembers, this much at least, of his character is already +known,--that he had all the exuberance of genius and none of its +excesses; that he was at once equitable and generous--that his heart was +ever open to charity--that his life has probably been shortened by his +scrupulous regard for justice. His career was one splendid refutation of +the popular fallacy, that genius has of necessity vices--that its light +must be meteoric--and its courses wayward and uncontrolled. He has left +mankind two great lessons,--we scarcely know which is the most valuable. +He has taught us how much delight one human being can confer upon the +world; he has taught us also that the imagination may aspire to the +wildest flights without wandering into error. Of whom else among our +great list of names--the heir-looms of our nation--can we say that he +has left us everything to admire, and nothing to forgive? + +It is in four different paths of intellectual eminence that Sir Walter +Scott has won his fame; as a poet, a biographer, an historian, and a +novellist. It is not now a time (with the great man's clay scarce cold) +to enter into the niceties of critical discussion. We cannot now weigh, +and sift, and compare. We feel too deeply at this moment to reason +well---but we ourselves would incline to consider him greatest as a +poet. Never, indeed, has there been a poet so thoroughly Homeric as +Scott--the battle--the feast--the council--the guard-room at +Stirling--the dying warrior at Flodden--the fierce Bertram speeding up +the aisle--all are Homeric;--all live--move--breathe and burn--alike +poetry, but alike life! There is this difference, too, marked and +prominent--between his verse and his prose;--the first is emphatically +the verse of Scott--the latter (we mean in its style) may be the prose +of any one--the striking originality, the daring boldness, the +astonishing vigour of the style, in the _Lay of the Last Minstrel_, +are lost in _The Antiquary and Guy Mannering_. + +Scott may be said, in prose, to have _no style_. There are those, +we know, who call this very absence of style a merit--we will not +dispute it: if it be so, Scott is the first great prose writer from +Bacon to Gibbon,--nay, from Herodotus, in Greek, to Paul Courier, in +French--who has laid claim to it. For our own part, we think him great, +in spite of the want of style, and not because of it. As a biographer, +he has been unfortunate in his subjects; the two most important of the +various lives he has either delineated or sketched--that of Dryden and +that of Swift--are men, to whose inexpiable baseness genius could +neither give the dignity of virtue nor the interest of error. + +As an historian, we confess that we prize him more highly than as a +biographer: it is true that the same faults are apparent in both, but +there is in the grand History of Napoleon more scope for redeeming +beauties. His great, his unrivalled, excellence in description is here +brought into full and ample display: his battles are vivid, with colours +which no other historian ever could command. And all the errors of the +history still leave scenes and touches of unrivalled majesty to the +book. + +As a novelist, Scott has been blamed for not imparting a more useful +moral to his fictions, and for dwelling with too inconsiderate an +interest on the chivalric illusions of the past. To charges of this +nature all writers are liable. Mankind are divided into two classes; and +he who belongs to the one will ever incur the reproach of not seeing +through the medium of the other. Certain it is, that we, with utterly +different notions on political truths from the great writer who is no +more, might feel some regret--some natural pain--that that cause which +we believe the best, was not honoured by his advocacy; but when we +reflect on the _real_ influence of his works, we are satisfied they +have been directed to the noblest ends, and have embraced the largest +circle of human interests. We do not speak of the delight he has poured +forth over the earth--of the lonely hours he has charmed--of the sad +hearts he has beguiled--of the beauty and the music which he has +summoned to a world where all travail and none repose; this, indeed, is +something--this, indeed, is a moral--this, indeed, has been a benefit +to mankind. And this is a new corroborant of one among the noblest of +intellectual truths, viz. that the books which please, are always books +that, in one sense, benefit; and that the work which is largely and +permanently popular--which sways, moulds, and softens the universal +heart--cannot appeal to vulgar and unworthy passions (such appeals are +never widely or long triumphant!); the delight it occasions is a proof +of the moral it inspires. + +But this power to charm and to beguile is not that moral excellence to +which we refer. Scott has been the first great genius--Fielding alone +excepted--who invited our thorough and uncondescending sympathy to the +wide mass of the human family--who has _stricken_ (for in this +artificial world it requires an effort) into our hearts a love and a +respect for those chosen from the people. Shakspeare has not done +this--Shakspeare paints the follies of the mob with a strong and +unfriendly hand. Where, in Skakspeare, is there a Jeanie Deans? Take up +which you will of those numerous works which have appeared, from +_Waverley_ to the _Chronicles of the Canongate_,--open where +you please, you will find portraits from the people--and your interest +keeping watch beside the poor man's hearth. Not, in Scott, as they were +in the dramatists of our language, are the peasant, the artificer, the +farmer, dragged on the stage merely to be laughed at for their brogue, +and made to seem ridiculous because they are useful. + +He paints them, it is true, in their natural language, but the language +is subservient to the character; he does not bow the man to the phrase, +but the phrase to the man. Neither does he flatter on the one hand, as +he does not slight on the other. Unlike the maudlin pastoralists of +France he contents himself with the simple truth--he contrasts the dark +shadows of Meg Merrilies, or of Edie Ochiltree, with the holy and pure +lights that redeem and sanctify them--he gives us the poor, even to the +gipsey and the beggar, as they really are--contented, if our interest is +excited, and knowing that nature is sufficient to excite it. From the +palaces of kings--from the tents of warriors, he comes--equally at home +with man in all aspects--to the cotter's hearth:--he bids us turn from +the pomp of the Plantagenets to bow the knee to the poor Jew's +daughter--he makes us sicken at the hollowness of the royal Rothsay, to +sympathize with the honest love of Hugh the smith. No never was there +one--not even Burns himself--who forced us more intimately to +acknowledge, or more deeply to feel, that + + "The rank is but the guinea stamp, + The man's the gowd, for a' that." + + + * * * * * + +Scott, is not, we apprehend, justly liable to the charge of wanting a +sound moral--even a great _political_ moral--(and political morals +are the greatest of all)--in the general tenor of works which have +compelled the highest classes to examine and respect the lowest. In +this, with far less learning, far less abstract philosophy, than +Fielding, he is only exceeded by him in one character--(and that, +indeed, the most admirable in English fiction)--the character of Parson +Adams. Jeanie Deans is worth a thousand such as Fanny Andrews. Fielding, +Le Sage, and Cervantes are the only three writers, since the world +began, with whom, as a novelist, he can be compared. And perhaps he +excels them, as Voltaire excelled all the writers of his nation, not by +the superior merits of one work, but by the brilliant aggregate of many. +_Tom Jones, Gil Blas, Don Quixote_, are, without doubt, greater, +_much_ greater, productions than Waverley; but the _authors_ +of _Tom Jones, Gil Blas_, and even of _Don Quixote_, have not +manifested the same fertile and mighty genius as _author_ of the +Waverley Novels. + +And _that_ genius--seemingly so inexhaustible--is quenched at +length! We can be charmed no more--the eloquent tongue is mute--the +master's wand is broken up--the right hand hath forgot its cunning-the +cord that is loosened was indeed of silver--and the bowl that is broken +at the dark well was of gold beyond all price. + + * * * * * + +When a great man dies, he leaves a chasm which eternity cannot fill. +Others succeed to his fame--but never to the exact place which he held +in the world's eye;--they may be greater than the one we have lost--but +they are not he. Shakspeare built not his throne on the same site as +Homer--nor Scott on that whence Shakspeare looked down upon the +universe. The gap which Scott leaves in the world is the token of the +space he filled in the homage of his times. A hundred ages hence our +posterity will still see that wide interval untenanted--a vast and +mighty era in the intellectual world, which will prove how spacious were +"the city and the temple, whose summit has reached to Heaven." + +_New Monthly Magazine_. + + * * * * * + + +TO A ROSE. + +THE THOUGHT FROM THE ITALIAN. + + + Queen of Flora's emerald bowers, + Imperial Rose, thou flower of flowers, + Wave thy moss-enwreathen stem, + Wave thy dewy diadem; + Thy crimson luxury unfold, + And drink the sunny blaze of gold. + + O'er the Zephyr, sportive minion, + Spreads the blue, aurelian pinion. + Now in love's low whispers winging, + Now in giddy fondness clinging, + With all a lover's warmth he wooes thee, + With all a lover's wiles pursues thee. + + And thou wilt yield, and thou wilt give + The sigh that none can breathe and live. + Like lovelier things, deluded flower, + Thy date is short; the very hour + That sees thee flourish, sees thee fade; + Thy blush, thy being, all a shade. + Yet, flower, I'll lay thee on a shrine, + That makes thy very death divine. + + Couch'd on a bed of living snows, + Then breathe thy last, too happy rose! + Sweet Queen, thou'lt die upon a throne, + Where even thy sweetness is outdone; + Young weeper, thou shalt close thine eyes + Beside the gates of Paradise. + On my Idalia's bosom, thou, + Beneath the lustres of her brow, + Like pilgrims, all their sorrows past, + On Heaven their dying glances cast, + Thy crimson beauty shalt recline, + Oh, that thy rapturous fate were mine! + + +_Blackwood's Magazine_. + + * * * * * + + + + +NEW BOOKS. + + +LIVES OF SCOTTISH WORTHIES, VOL. II., [Or the 34th volume of the +_Family Library_, is rife with interesting details of the proudest +areas of Scottish history; but more especially of the chivalric courses +of Robert Bruce and James the First. We quote half-a-dozen vividly +written pages, from the former, describing the memorable Siege of +Berwick, in 1319.] + +Considering the importance of Berwick, and the care and expense with +which it had been fortified by the king, it was natural that any attempt +against it should be viewed with much interest; and when it was known +that the son-in-law of Bruce,--a young warrior, whose high rank was +rendered more conspicuous by the services he had already rendered to the +country,--had been selected as its governor, and that the whole army of +England, headed by king Edward, and under the command of the flower of +the nobility, had invested it by sea and land, the intense interest with +which the siege was watched by both countries may be easily imagined. +It concluded, however, in the complete triumph of the steward, and the +repulse of the English army; yet not before every device then known in +the rude engineering of the times had been essayed by the besiegers, +and effectually baffled by the ingenuity and persevering courage of the +enemy. After their earthen mounds had been completed, the English, on +St. Mary's eve, made a simultaneous assault both by land and by sea. +Whilst their force, led by the bravest of their captains, and carrying +with them, besides their usual offensive arms, the ladders, crows, +pick-axes, and other assistances for an escalade, rushed onwards to the +walls with the sound of their trumpets, and the display of innumerable +banners, a large vessel, prepared for the purpose, was towed towards the +town from the mouth of the river. She was filled with armed soldiers, +a party of whom were placed in her boat drawn up mid-mast high; whilst +to the bow of the boat was fixed a species of drawbridge, which it was +intended to drop upon the wall, and thus afford a passage from the +vessel into the town. Yet these complicated preparations failed of +success, although seconded by the greatest gallantry; and the English, +after being baffled in every attempt to fix their ladders and maintain +themselves upon the walls, were compelled to retire, leaving their +vessel to be burnt by the Scots, who slew many of her crew, and made +prisoner the engineer who superintended and directed the attack. + +This unsuccessful attack was, after five days' active preparation, +followed by another still more desperate, in which the besiegers +made use of a huge machine moving upon wheels, and including several +platforms or stages, which held various parties of armed soldiers, who +were defended by a strong roofing of boards and hides, beneath which +they could work their battering-rams with impunity. To co-operate with +this unwieldy and bulky instrument, which, from its shape and covering, +they called a "sow," movable scaffolds had been constructed, of such a +height as to overtop the walls, from which they proposed to storm the +town; and, instead of a single vessel, as on the former occasion, a +squadron of ships, with their top castles manned by picked bodies of +archers, and their armed boats slung mast high, were ready to sail +in with the tide, and anchor beneath the walls. Aware of these great +preparations, the Scots, under the encouragement and direction of their +governor, laboured incessantly to be in a situation to render them +unavailing. By Crab, the Flemish engineer, machines similar to the Roman +catapult, moving on wheels, and of enormous strength and dimensions, +were constructed and placed on the walls at the spot where it was +expected the sow would make its approach. In addition to this, they +fixed a crane upon the rampart, armed with iron chains and grappling +hooks, and large masses of combustibles and fire-faggots, shaped like +tuns, and composed of pitch and flax, bound strongly together with tar +ropes, were piled up in readiness for the attack. At different intervals +on the walls were fixed the espringalds for the discharge of their heavy +darts, which carried on their barbed points little bundles of flaming +tow dipped in oil or sulphur; the ramparts were lined by the archers, +spearmen, and crossbows; and to each leader was assigned a certain +station, to which he could repair on a moment's warning. + +Having inspected his whole works, the steward cheerfully and confidently +awaited the attack; to which the English moved forward in great +strength, and led by the king in person, on the 13th of September. +Irritated by their late repulse, and animated by the presence of their +nobility, the different squadrons rushed forward with an impetuosity +which at first defied all efforts to repel them; so that the ladders +were fixed, the ditch filled up by fascines, and the ramparts attacked +with an impetuous valour which promised to carry all before it. But the +Scots, who knew their own strength, allowed this ebullition of gallantry +to expend itself; and, after a short interval advanced with levelled +spears in close array, and with a weight and resolution which +effectually checked the enemy. Considerable ground, however, had been +gained in the first assault; and the battle was maintained, from sunrise +till noon, with excessive obstinacy on both sides; but it at last +concluded in favour of the resolution and endurance of the Scots, who +repulsed the enemy on every quarter, and cleared their ramparts of their +assailants. At this moment, by Edward's orders, the sow began its +advance towards the walls; and the cran, or catapult, armed with a mass +of rock, was seen straining its timbers, and taking its aim against the +approaching monster. On the first discharge the stone flew far beyond; +and, as its conductors hurried forward the immense machine, the second +missile fell short of it. A third block of granite was now got ready, +and an English engineer who had been taken prisoner was commanded, on +pain of death, to direct the aim; whilst the sow was moving forward with +a rapidity which in a few seconds must have brought it to the foot of +the walls. All gazed on for an instant in breathless suspense,--but only +for an instant. The catapult was discharged,--a loud booming noise in +the air accompanied the progress of its deadly projectile,--and, in a +moment afterwards, a tremendous crash, mingled with the shrieks of the +victims and the shouts of the soldiers from the walls, declared the +destruction of the huge machine. It had been hit so truly, that the +stone passed through the roofs, shivering its timbers into a thousand +pieces; and crushing and mangling in a frightful manner the unhappy +soldiers who manned its different platforms. As those amongst them who +escaped rushed out from its broken fragments, the Scottish soldiers, +imitating the witticism of black Agnis at the siege of Dunbar, shouted +out that the English sow had farrowed. Crab now cast his chains and +grappling-hooks over the ruins of the machine, and, dragging it nearer +the walls, poured down his combustibles in such quantity, that it was +soon consumed to ashes. The complete failure in this land attack seems +to have cast a damp over the naval operations; and, although the ships +attempted to move on to the walls at flood-tide, they were driven back +without difficulty; whilst a last effort to enter the city by burning +the gate of St. Mary's was repulsed by the steward in person. It was +now near night-fall; and, foiled on every side, the English entirely +withdrew from the assault. + + * * * * * + + +NUMISMATICS. + + +[Addison, in commenting on the Usefulness of Ancient Medals, says, +"A series of an Emperor's Coins is his life digested into Annals." +Who shall, therefore, gainsay the the utility of _A Numismatic Manual, +or Guide to the Study of Coins_. The author, Mr. John Y. Akerman, +does not intend his volume exclusively for the use of the experienced +medallist, so that much popular interest may be expected in its pages. +The title bespeaks its contents, but we quote a few brief extracts +relating to rare English coins.] + + +_Ecclesiastic Money_.--This money was coined by prelates prior to +the Norman Conquest. Of these there are pennies of Jænbearht, +archbishop of Canterbury, with the reverse of Offa, king of Mercia, +Aethileard, Wulfred, Ceolnoth, Plegmund, and Ethered. They are all +extremely rare, excepting those of Ceolnoth, which are not so rare as +the others. Besides these there are pennies of St. Martin, coined at +Lincoln, and St. Peter's pennies, struck at York, which are supposed to +be as old as the time of the Heptarchy. Those of St. Edmund, coined at +Bury, are prior to the Norman Conquest. The pennies of St. Paul are, it +would seem, by the cross and pellets on the reverse, not older than the +reign of Henry III. + +All Stephen's money is very scarce, and one or two types are exceedingly +rare. At a sale in London, in 1827, the penny of Stephen with the +horseman's mace, brought thirteen pounds. His coins are generally very +rude and illegible. This king coined pennies only. + +The groat of Edward I. is of the first rarity.[10] The pennies of +Hadleigh, Chester, and Kingston, are scarce; the other pennies are +extremely common, and scarcely a year passes without a discovery of new +hoards. The half-pennies and farthings are somewhat scarce. From this +time to the reign of Henry VII., the English coins bear a great +resemblance to each other. + +_Edward IV_.--The groats common, except those of Norwich and +Coventry, spelled "Norwic" and "Covetre." The half-groat and halfpenny +scarce, the penny and farthing rare. The Bristol penny is extremely +rare. + +_Richard III_.--All this king's coins are very rare, except the +groat, which is less rare than the others, some groats having lately +been discovered. The Canterbury-penny of Richard III. CIVITAS CANTOR, +supposed _unique_, sold at a public sale a short time since, for +seven pounds ten shillings. The Durham penny of the same king brought +four guineas. + +_Henry VII_.--Folkes, in his _Table of English Silver Coins_, +after describing the various pieces coined by Henry VII., says, "We may +further in this place take notice of a very uncommon and singular coin, +charged with the royal arms, but without a name. The arms are surmounted +with an arched crown, and placed between a _fleur-de-lis_ and a +rose, legend DOMINE-SALVVM. FAC. REGEM; on the other side is +_fleur-de-lis_ and a lion of England, and an arched crown between +them above, and a rose below, with this inscription, MANA. TECKEL. +PHARES. 1494. An English lion also for a mint mark. It is, by the make +and size, a French gross, and is supposed to have been coined by the +Duchess of Burgundy, for Perkin Warbeck, when he set out to invade +England." There are also half-groats of this coinage, with the same +date, one of which brought _twenty guineas_ at a sale in London in +1827. + +_Milled Money_.--The artist first employed on the milled money of +England was a Frenchman, named Philip Mestrelle, who was executed at +Tyburn, on the 27th of January, 1569, having been found guilty of making +counterfeit money. + +_Charles I_.--The obsidional, or _siege pieces_, struck by the partizans +of this monarch during the civil wars, are extremely interesting, and, +with the exception of those coined at Newark, are all rare. They may be +known by their shape from every other English coin, as well as by their +legends. Those of Newark are of a diamond or lozenge form, some are +octangular, and others of a shape that would puzzle a geometrician. Some +have the rude representation of a castle; others, a crown; and many have +the initials, C.R., and the legend DVM. SPIRO. SPERO. + +_Oliver Cromwell_.--The coins of Oliver were the production of the +inimitable Simon, whose works are to this day admired and prized. Some +have doubted whether they ever were in circulation, but it is now pretty +generally allowed that they were. + +_Charles II_.--The milled money of this king is of a very different +style, and has the head laureated. All the pieces of this coinage are +common. To the eternal disgrace of Charles, he encouraged an artist whom +he had brought over from Antwerp, and gave the preference to his works +before those of Simon, who produced in the year 1663, a pattern crown of +most extraordinary workmanship, _on the edge of which_ was the +following petition in two lines: + + "THOMAS SIMON _most humbly prays your_ MAJESTY _to compare this his + tryal-piece with the Dutch, and if more truly drawn and embossed, more + gracefully ordered, and more accurately engraven, to relieve him_." + + +To any one but the heartless profligate whose portrait occupied the +obverse of the medal, this appeal would have been irresistible, but it +does not appear that the unfortunate artist was relieved. He probably +died of grief and disappointment at the unjust preference shown to his +rival. + +_James II_.--The base money struck by James the Second, in Ireland, +in 1689 and 1690, is common, except the crown of white metal, with the +figure of James on horseback. Some of his half-crowns and shillings were +struck of metal, the produce of old cannon, which were melted down for +the purpose, and are in consequence termed "gun money." + +_Anne's Farthing_.--The common current farthing of Anne is scarce, +but scarcer with the broad rim. The patterns of 1713 and 1714 are rare, +but those with the reverse of Britannia under a kind of arch, or with +Peace in a car drawn by two horses, and the legend PAX MISSA PER ORBEM, +are the scarcest of all. + +At a public sale of the coins of the late Mr. Dimsdale, the banker, +the Oxford crown with the city under the horse, was knocked down at +sixty-nine pounds. At the same time the rial of Mary brought sixty-three +pounds, and the rial of Elizabeth twenty-one pounds ten shillings. + +A friend of the author is of opinion, that the coins of Henry VII., +with the head _in profile_, are the first English money bearing a +likeness of the sovereign. + +[The work is illustrated with, several lithographic _fac similia_ +of coins; and the vignette is from a very beautiful gold coin of Hiero +II. of Syracuse, in the possession of Mr. Till, of Great Russell-street, +Covent-garden. This morsel of antiquity, not larger than one's little +finger nail, must be upwards of _two thousand_ years old!] + + [10] The groat of Edward I. sold for five and a half guineas, at a + public sale in London, in March, 1827. It is quite evident + that the effigies of the English monarchs on their coins are not + _likenesses_, until the time of Henry VIII. whatever the + Ingenious may say to the contrary. Some have supposed that the + rude figures on the Saxon coins use likenesses, but the idea + is ridiculous. Folkes, in his "Table of English Silver Coins," + remarks that the Kings of England are represented _bearded_ on + their great seals, but always _smooth-faced_ on their coins. + + + * * * * * + + + + +THE GATHERER. + + * * * * * + + +_The Red Sea_.--The water of the Red Sea is so very clear, that Mr. +Buckingham read on the wooden stock of an anchor the name of the ship at +the depth of 25 fathoms (150 feet). + +T. GILL. + + * * * * * + + +_Curious Appeal_.--Philip, Alexander's father, gave sentence +against a prisoner at a time he was drowsy, and seemed to give small +attention. The prisoner, after sentence was pronounced, said, I appeal: +the king; somewhat stirred, said, To whom do you appeal? The prisoner +answered, From Philip, when he gave _no ear_, to Philip, when he +shall give ear.--_Bacon_. + + * * * * * + + +_An Emperor's Crown kicked off his head by the Pope_.--Pope +Celestine III. kicked the Emperor Henry IV.'s crown off his head, while +kneeling, to show his prerogative of making and unmaking kings. + +T. GILL. + + * * * * * + + +THE LATE SIR. WALTER SCOTT, BART. + + * * * * * + +Instead of the "Brief Memoir," announced in our last, we intend to +publish with our next number, a _Supplementary Sheet_, containing + + + AN ILLUSTRATED MEMOIR OF + THE LATE SIR WALTER SCOTT, BART. + + With Anecdotes of his Life and Works, Characteristics, Tributes to + his Memory, from accredited sources, and interspersed with Original + Observations: with + + FIVE ENGRAVINGS, + Price Twopence. + + + * * * * * + +_Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset +House,) London, sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; +G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen +and Booksellers._ + + + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, +and Instruction, No. 569, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, *** + +***** This file should be named 14007-8.txt or 14007-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/4/0/0/14007/ + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David Garcia and the PG Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, No. 569 + Volume XX., No. 569. Saturday, October 6, 1832 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: November 10, 2004 [EBook #14007] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David Garcia and the PG Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + + + + + +</pre> + + <hr class="full" /> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page209" name="page209"></a>[pg 209]</span> + <h1>THE MIRROR<br /> + OF<br /> + LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1> + <hr class="full" /> + <table width="100%" summary="Banner"> + <tr> + <td align="left"><b>VOL. XX., NO. 569.]</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, OCTOBER 6, 1832.</b></td> + <td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td> + </tr> + </table> + <hr class="full" /> +<h2> + LISBON. +</h2> +<div class="figure" style="width: 100%;"> +<a href="images/569-1.png"><img width="100%" src="images/569-1.png" +alt="Lisbon." /></a><br /> +<b>LISBON.</b> +</div> +<p> +Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, was called by the ancients Ulyssippo, +and the foundation is fabulously ascribed to Ulysses. The situation is +grand, on the north bank of the river Tagus, in lat. 38° 42-1/3′ N., +lon. 9° 8-1/3′ W. The harbour, or rather road, of Lisbon, is one of the +finest in the world; and the quays are at once convenient and beautiful. +On entering the river, and passing the forts of St. Julian and of Bugio, +situated respectively at the extremities of the northern and southern +shores, we obtain a view of Lisbon crowning the hills on the north bank, +about three leagues distant above the mouth of the Tagus. The quintas or +villas scattered over the country, between the villages, become more +numerous the further we advance; till, at length, on approaching Belem, +an uninterrupted chain of edifices is seen extending along the margin of +the noble river, to the remotest part of the ancient capital, being a +distance of full six miles. Opposite Belem Castle, and on the southern +shore of the Tagus, is the small fort of Torre Velha. These two forts, +situated at the narrowest part of the river, guard the approach to the +capital by sea; and all vessels arriving at its port have their papers +examined at Belem Castle. The salutes of ships of war are, in like +manner, answered by its guns. Proceeding onward, we pass the Convent of +St. Geronymo, a splendid pile of Moorish architecture, "the picturesque +appearance of the scene being heightened by groups of boats peculiar in +their construction to the Tagus." From Belem we trace a range of +buildings, connecting it with Alcantara and Buenos Ayres, and finally +with the ancient city of Lisbon. Alcantara is situated at the mouth of a +narrow valley opening upon the Tagus. Upon the brow of the hill, on the +eastern side, is another of the royal residences, called the palace of +Necessiades; and, stretching across the valley, about a mile above this +point, is the far-famed aqueduct, which conveys +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page210" name="page210"></a>[pg 210]</span> +the chief supply of water to the capital. The new and populous quarter +of Buenos Ayres (so called from its being considered the healthiest +situation around the capital,) covers the steep hills situated in the +angle formed by the Alcantara valley and the Tagus. Miss Baillie, in her +amusing <i>Letters</i>, describes Buenos Ayres as "a suburb of Lisbon, +standing upon higher ground than the city itself, and a favourite resort +of the English, being generally considered as a cooler and more cleanly +(or rather a <i>less filthy</i>) situation than the latter." The +splendid river scenery from Belem to Lisbon, the luxuriant prospect from +the adjoining heights; the city itself, with its domes, and towers, and +gorgeous buildings—all this proud assemblage of nature and art—remind +us that +</p> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p class="i4"> It is a goodly sight to see</p> + <p> What Heaven hath done for this delicious land!</p> + <p> What fruits of fragrance blush on ev'ry tree!</p> + <p> What goodly prospects o'er the hill expand;</p> + <p> But man would mar them with an impious hand.</p> +</div><div class="stanza"> + <p style="text-align: right;"> BYRON.</p> +</div></div> +<p> +The Engraving represents one of the most comprehensive views of the +city, obtained from an eminence crowned by the chapel of Nossa Senhora +da Monte. It has been copied from one of Colonel Batty's faithful +Views,<a id="footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a> and its details cannot better be explained than in the words +of the clever artist: +</p> +<p> +"From this elevation, the spectator, on turning to the south, has before +him the principal part of the busy capital. The Castle Hill, crowned by +a variety of buildings, and encircled by the old walls of its Moorish +fortifications, stands conspicuously on the left. Its northern slope is +planted with olive-trees, which add to its picturesque appearance, and +afford an agreeable relief to the eye in this widely extended scene of a +dense and populous city. On the right hand is another range of heights, +less elevated than the Castle Hill, but covered with buildings, amidst +which churches, convents, and hospitals, form prominent objects. The +valley, in the centre of the view, appears from this point to be choked +up with an almost impenetrable labyrinth of houses. This is, however, +now the most regular portion of the capital. Having been that part which +suffered most severely from the great earthquake of 1755, it has since +been rebuilt upon a uniform plan, with its streets intersecting each +other at right angles. In this quarter also are the two principal +pracas, or squares, in the city. The largest of these is the Praca do +Commercio, opening to the south upon the broad expanse of the Tagus. +Here formerly stood the royal palace, which was almost instantaneously +destroyed by the same memorable earthquake. The centre of this square is +ornamented by an equestrian statue of King Joseph I. The other square is +situated a little more to the north, about the centre of the valley. +It is called the Rocio, and was formerly styled the Square of the +Inquisition, from that tribunal having held its sittings in a large +building at its northern extremity. The Castle Hill conceals from our +view a portion of the ancient city, which, it is remarkable, escaped +with comparatively trifling damage from the earthquake, though +immediately contiguous to the part just described, which, in a few +moments, was rendered a complete mass of ruins, burying thousands of the +wretched inhabitants. Beyond the Tagus, the heights of Almada are seen +bounding the view, and extending westward towards the sea." +</p> +<hr /> +<h3> + MRS. HEMANS. +</h3> +<center> +(<i>To the Editor</i>.) +</center> +<p> +In No. 550, of <i>The Mirror</i>, in some account of Mrs. Hemans, by +<i>The Author of a Tradesman's Lays</i>, it is erroneously stated that +Mrs. Hemans is a native of Denbighshire. She was born in Liverpool, and +was the daughter of Mr. George Brown, of the firm of Messrs. George and +Henry Brown, extensive merchants in the Irish trade. Mr. Brown removed +with his family, from Liverpool, to near Abergele, North Wales, where he +resided some years. He married a Miss Wagner, daughter of Paul Wagner, +Esq., a German, and a respectable merchant in Liverpool. Mrs. Hemans's +early poems were published by subscription in 1808; they were +beautifully printed in quarto, at the press of the late Mr. John +McCreery,<a id="footnotetag2" name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> who long resided in Liverpool. Mrs. Hemans, after her +marriage, lived near St. Asaph, with her mother and brother, Sir Henry +Brown; after which she took up her residence at the village of +Wavertree, three miles from Liverpool. +</p> +<p> +<i>Liverpool.</i> +</p> +<h4> +A CONSTANT READER. +</h4> +<hr /> +<h3> + SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION. +</h3> +<center> +(<i>To the Editor</i>.) +</center> +<p> +The remarks of your Correspondent, <i>A. Booth</i>, in No. 567, of +<i>The Mirror</i>, with respect to what is generally called "Spontaneous +Combustion," are very just. My present object is to show that the term +"spontaneous" as applied to the subject in question, is incorrect. Mons. +Pierre Aimee Laire, in an "Essay on Human Combustion from the abuse of +Spirituous Liquors," states that it is the breath of the individuals +coming in contact with some flame, and being thus communicated inwardly, +that is the cause of the combustion, and therefore it cannot be +spontaneous; and he cites several instances of persons addicted to +spirituous liquors being +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page211" name="page211"></a>[pg 211]</span> +thus burnt. Moreover, it is stated that an anatomical lecturer, at Pisa, +in the year 1597, happening to hold a lighted candle near a subject he +was dissecting, on a sudden set fire to the vapours that came out of the +stomach he had just opened. In the same year, as Dr. Ruisch, then +anatomical professor at Pisa, was dissecting a woman, and a student +holding a candle to give him light, he no sooner opened the stomach than +there issued a yellow, greenish flame. Also at Lyons, in dissecting a +woman, the stomach was no sooner opened than a considerable flame burst +out and filled the room. This has been accounted for by experiments made +by Dr. Vulpari, anatomical professor at Bologna. He affirms that any one +may see, issuing from the stomach of an animal, a matter that burns like +spirits of wine, if the upper and lower orifices are bound fast with a +strong thread, and the stomach being thus tied, be cut above and under +the ligature, and afterwards pressed with both hands, so as to make all +that it contains pass on one side, and to produce a swelling on that +part which contains the incision, which must be held with the left hand, +to prevent the inflammable air escaping. This hand being removed, and a +candle applied about an inch from the stomach, a blueish flame will +issue, which will last nearly a minute. The circumstances of the case of +Grace Pitt, to which your Correspondent refers, perfectly coincide with +the foregoing remarks. She was accustomed for several years to go down +stairs after she was undressed, to <i>smoke a pipe</i>. Her daughter, +who slept with her, did not miss her till the morning, when on going +down stairs, she found her mother's body extended <i>over the +hearth</i>, and appearing like a block of wood burning with a glowing +fire, without flame. She was, no doubt, in the act of lighting her pipe, +either at the fire or candle, and the breath issuing from her mouth +during respiration, being impregnated with the spirits she had lately +drunk, caught fire, and communicated with the animal substance, also +impregnated with spirit, and thus the body was destroyed. Indeed, in +nearly all the cases of this nature reported, the bodies have been found +on the hearth, or the persons have been left with a candle near them. +The combustion of the human body in these cases is generally entirely +inward, and it is very seldom that any of the contiguous articles are +destroyed. In the instance mentioned above, a child's clothes on one +side of the woman, and a paper screen were untouched, and the deal floor +on which she lay was not even discoloured. +</p> +<p> +The most remarkable instance of this nature on record, is that of the +Countess Cornelia Bandi; she was in the sixty-second year of her age, +and on the day before well as usual. After she was in bed she conversed +with her maid for two or three hours, and then fell asleep. The servant +on going into her chamber in the morning, saw her lady's two feet +distant from the bed, a heap of ashes, and two legs with the stockings +on. Between the latter was part of the head, but the brains, half the +skull, and the chin, were burnt to ashes, which, when taken up in the +hand, left a greasy and offensive moisture. The bed received no damage, +and the clothes were elevated on one side, as by a person rising from +beneath them. She appears to have been burnt standing, from the skull +being found between her legs; the back was damaged more than the front +of the head, partly because of the hair, and partly because in the face +there were several openings, out of which the flames are likely to +have issued. In this account it is not stated either that she was of +intemperate habits, or that a candle was left in the room with her; but +the latter is very likely, she being advanced in years; and it may be +conjectured, that in rising from her bed, she caught fire. +</p> +<p> +One Borelli observes, that such accidents often happen to great drinkers +of wine and brandy, and that it would be of much more frequent +occurrence, were it not for the natural moisture of the body. +Notwithstanding this, your readers must not think that I am opposed to +the "cheerful draught:" I would say, +</p> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> + <p> "Let each indulge his genius, each be glad,</p> + <p> Jocund and free, and swell the feast with mirth.</p> + <p> The sprightly bowl go cheerfully round.</p> + <p> Let none be grave, nor too severely wise;</p> + <p> Losses and disappointments, cares and poverty,</p> + <p> The rich man's insolence, and great man's scorn,</p> + <p> In wine be all forgotten."—ROWE.</p> +</div></div> +<p> +<i>St. Pancras.</i> +</p> +<h4> +W.A.R. +</h4> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2> + RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS. +</h2> +<hr /> +<h3> + EARLY PARLIAMENTS. +</h3> +<p> +When the Saxon government was first established in England, there +was no distinction of freehold and copyhold; the latter, according +to Blackstone, was a possession acquired by a vassal subsequent to the +Norman feudal system. Copyholders being thus considered as slaves, were, +notwithstanding their possessions, deemed unworthy of the franchise; and +from this refinement, on the arbitrary principles of the Normans, every +copyholder was deprived of a vote, unless he could claim it by some +other tenure. +</p> +<p> +The term borough originally meant a company consisting of ten families, +which were bound together as each other's pledge. Afterwards boroughs +came to signify a town, having a wall, or some sort of enclosure round; +and all places that, in old times, had the name of boroughs, it is said, +were fortified or fenced in some shape or other. +</p> +<p> +In the time of the West Saxons, a parliament +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page212" name="page212"></a>[pg 212]</span> +was holden by King Ina, by these words: "I, Ina, King of the West +Saxons, have caused all my fatherhood, aldermen, and wisest commons, +with the goodly men of my kingdom, to consult of weighty matters." +</p> +<p> +William the Conqueror, in the fourth year of his reign, called a +parliament, which consisted of twelve representatives for each county, +and the cities and boroughs were wholly omitted. After the battle of +Lewes, in which Henry III. was defeated by the barons, they called a +parliament, and made the king sign an order to summon four knights to +represent each county, and four for the cities of London, York, and +Lincoln. These representatives were chosen by universal suffrage of +the householders, and although the king regained his authority by the +subsequent defeat of the barons, two members for each county continued +to be elected in the same manner till the 8th of Henry VI. In the +parliament held in the 49th of Henry III., he sent writs to the nobles +and to the sheriffs of several counties, to return two knights for each +county, two citizens for each city, and two burgesses for each borough. +</p> +<p> +It was contrary to an ancient rule of the constitution, that any person +should be allowed to vote at elections who did not reside in the place +or county where the election was made; that rule says, that "ineddem +comitata commercentes et residentes" only shall vote; and this was +confirmed by an act of parliament, (1 Henry V. c. i.) but recently +repealed. +</p> +<p> +In 1429, an important change was made as to the qualifications of the +voters for knights of the shires. The voters were obliged to prove +themselves worth 40<i>s.</i> per annum. Before this time, every freeholder +might vote, and the vast concourse of electors brought on riots and +murders. Seventy pounds would, in modern days, be barely an equivalent +for our ancestors' 40<i>s.</i> The freeholders were, at the same time, +directed to choose two of the fittest and most discreet knights resident +in their county; or, if none could be found, notable esquires, gentlemen +by birth, and qualified to be made knights; but no yeoman or persons of +inferior rank. +</p> +<h4> +W.G.C. +</h4> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2> + MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. +</h2> +<hr /> +<h3> + MARVELLOUS CURE OF THE TOOTHACH. +</h3> +<center> +(<i>From a Correspondent</i>.) +</center> +<p> +A friend, who has recently returned from India, relates that he +received a perfect cure for the toothach, in a very remarkable way. He +had occasion to land on the Isle of Bourbon, at the time of his being +afflicted with a tormenting toothach; and a handkerchief being tied +about his head, his appearance excited the curiosity of the natives, who +approached him, and inquired, by signs and gestures, the nature of his +complaint. Having been satisfied on this point, they made him understand +that <i>they</i> could cure him, if he would consent to their method; +which he did with great willingness, as he was maddened with pain, and +eager to make any experiment to gain relief. They first kindled a fire +on the ground with a few dry sticks, and then directed their patient to +hold the fore finger of his right hand to the tooth that was affected, +while they articulated a sort of jargon among themselves. When they had +finished, and the sticks were all burnt, they told him to withdraw his +hand, and the pain would cease. He did so, when his joy and astonishment +exceeded all bounds to find that the pain had <i>actually left him!</i> +</p> +<p> +This story may appear somewhat strange, yet I have no reason to doubt +the veracity of my friend, who supposes that the artful natives burned +some kind of herb in order to impregnate the air with its qualities, +which being admitted into the cavity of the tooth, effectually removed +the pain. He says he has never experienced a return of the complaint +since. +</p> +<h4> +G.W.N. +</h4> +<hr /> +<h3> + JOURNAL OF A SHERIFF OF LONDON. +</h3> +<center> +(<i>Concluded from page 198</i>.) +</center> +<p> +"Wednesday, Oct. 29th. This being our grand feast day, my Lord Mayor, +Humphry Parsons, Esq., sent his summons to attend at Guildhall, by +ten o'clock, and that he would set out from thence, to Westminster, +precisely at eleven, in order to be back to our entertainment more +early. What added magnificence to this day's <i>Shew</i> was, that his +lordship's coach was drawn by six horses, adorned with grand harnesses, +ribbons, &c., a sight never before seen on this occasion.—The Lord +Chancellor and some of the Judges dined with us; the whole entertainment +was happily conducted with great order and decency, and the company was +broken up by about one o'clock in the morning. +</p> +<p> +"Wednesday, Nov. 5th. This being the commemoration of the Gunpowder +Plot, we, the sheriff's, attended my Lord Mayor from Guildhall to St. +Paul's: and as his lordship's coach was, on this occasion, drawn as +before by six horses, which he intended to do on every public occasion, +it caused a more than ordinary concourse of people in the streets." +</p> +<p> +On Sunday, the 11th of January, Mr. Hoare, in his scarlet gown, with the +Lord Mayor, and several of the aldermen, received the holy communion, +in St. Lawrence's church, in pursuance of the statutes, to qualify +themselves to act as magistrates; and on the following day, being Plough +Monday, he attended the Lord Mayor at Guildhall, "to receive the several +presentments of the respective wardmote inquests of each ward,—and at +the same time to swear in all new constables for the ensuing year." On +Wednesday, the 14th +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page213" name="page213"></a>[pg 213]</span> +the quarter sessions commenced, "when it is usual for the several common +councilmen to take the oaths of allegiance;" which was done accordingly. +</p> +<p> +"Friday, February 20th. Waited on my Lord Mayor to Bow church, in my +scarlet, to hear a sermon upon the propagation of the gospel in foreign +parts; to which the Archbishop of Canterbury also came in his state +coach, and with grand solemnity, attended by seven or eight bishops, and +great numbers of gentlemen of that society." +</p> +<p> +The Lord Mayor (Humphry Parsons) died on the evening of March the 21st, +1741; on the 23rd, Daniel Lambert, Esq. was elected to succeed him, and +the same evening he was presented to the Lord Chancellor, and approved +of in the usual manner. +</p> +<p> +"Wednesday, March 15th. This day the new Lord Mayor went in grand state +and procession by land to the Tower-gate, on Tower-hill, to be there +presented to and sworn in before the Constable of the Tower, according +to the charter and ancient custom and usage when a Lord Mayor happened, +as in this case, to be chosen out of term time; and, consequently, +cannot be presented to the Barons of the Exchequer sitting at +Westminster. Just at the entrance of the Tower-gate, a large booth was +built up, with seats and benches at the upper end, in the middle of +which the right honourable Lord Cornwallis, Constable of the Tower, was +seated, attended by the officers and servants belonging to him; to whom +the Lord Mayor was conducted and presented, and sworn in the same manner +as before the Barons of the Exchequer." +</p> +<p> +On the 28th of March, being Easter Eve, the sheriff's attended the Lord +Mayor "through the streets, to collect charity for the prisoners in the +city prisons, according to annual custom;" and on the Monday following, +they accompanied his lordship, in procession, with the rest of the court +of aldermen to St. Bride's church to hear the '<i>Spital</i> or <i>Hospital +Sermon</i> preached before the governors of the several hospitals and +charity schools of the city; and to which "all the charity children +of the several schools, as also those of Christ's hospital, go in +procession, and are seated in the galleries." This sermon is "generally +preached by a bishop," and that on the following day, in the same church +(which is likewise attended by the corporation,) by a dean. On the third +day in Easter week, the 'Spital sermon is preached by a doctor in +divinity. +</p> +<p> +Speaking of the <i>Easter Entertainments</i>, our journalist states the +following particulars as the cause of their origin:— +</p> +<p> +"The original institution of those entertainments was occasioned by the +Lord Mayor and the two sheriffs being accustomed to, separately, ask +such of their friends who were aldermen or governors of the hospitals, +whom they saw at church, to dine with them at their own houses. But in +process of time, it was agreed that the Lord Mayor should invite all +that were at church on the first day; and the two sheriff's, in their +turn, on the next succeeding days. Hence, by degrees, they began to +invite other of their friends; and the aldermen bringing their ladies, +other ladies were also invited, so that the private houses not being +large enough, they began to entertain at their respective halls: whence +it is now brought to pass, that these Easter entertainments are become +the chiefest articles of expense both to the Lord Mayor and the two +sheriffs. +</p> +<p> +"Monday, April 6th. The sessions began at Guildhall, but the Lord Mayor +dispensed with the presence of the sheriffs, on account that we this +day were obliged to attend at Westminster, where we were to make our +proffers at the Exchequer by a tender of 40<i>s</i>.; and which was +accordingly made by one of the secondaries at the Tally-office; by +which, and the annual rent of 300<i>l</i>., the citizens of London hold +and enjoy the <i>Sheriffwick</i> of London and Middlesex according to +their charter. Afterwards we entertained all the Exchequer officers, +according to ancient custom, with <i>fifty-two calves</i>' heads, +dressed in different manners." +</p> +<p> +On the 20th of April the sheriffs accompanied the Lord Mayor to +hold a Court Baron and Court Leet at the Mitre in St. James's parish, +in <i>Duke's-place</i>, which is "a franchise within the liberty of +London." After a jury had been sworn, &c., the names of the inhabitants +being called over, those who were absent and sent no excuse were +amerced, but those who sent "their excuses by their friends, paid only +leet pence." The court then granted licenses to the public houses, and +swore in the headboroughs, constables, and other officers. +</p> +<p> +On the 27th of May the sheriffs (by invitation, they having no concern +with the jurisdiction of the court,) attended the Lord Mayor to +Stratford, in Essex, and Greenwich in Kent, to hold "his <i>Court of +Conservancy</i> of the navigation and fishery of the River Thames, from +Staines bridge, in Middlesex, down to the mouth of the river Medway, at +Sheerness, beyond the Nore;" he "being personally himself, by virtue of +his office, the sole Conservator." On returning, "a little after ten +o'clock," the party attempted to land at the King's Stairs at the tower, +"but they being shut, and, after waiting some time, the wardour refusing +to open them," they were obliged to proceed to the common stairs near +that fortress. +</p> +<p> +"Soon after, the major of the tower came to my Lord Mayor to acquaint +him, that 'he was sorry for the refusal of which the wardour had been +guilty, whom he had ordered to strict duty, and would oblige him to come +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page214" name="page214"></a>[pg 214]</span> +and ask pardon for his insolence.' Upon this apology, it was agreed that +no further notice or complaint should be made; for it is to be known +that the Lord Mayor of this city has the privilege of going through the +Tower to take water, or on his landing at the King's Stairs, sending +reasonable notice of such his intention." +</p> +<p> +At a Common Council, held on the 17th of June, it was ordered that every +person who had paid the customary fine of 400<i>l</i>. and twenty marks more +towards the maintenance of the ministers of the several prisons of this +city," with the usual fees, should be exempted for ever from serving the +office of sheriff, "unless he should at any time become an alderman." +Previously to that act, the payment of the fine excused only for one +year. +</p> +<p> +"Tuesday, June 23rd. Attended the Lord Mayor to a court of aldermen, at +which Abel Aldridge, who had been nominated for sheriff, came with +<i>six Compurgators</i>, and, (according to the act of Common Council, +Sir J. Barnard, Mayor,) swore he was not of the value of 15,000<i>l</i>. in +money and separate debts; and his Compurgators swearing also, that they +believed what he swore to be true, he was excused from serving the said +office, without payment of any fine." +</p> +<p> +On the 22nd of August the sheriffs waited on the Lord Mayor at +Guildhall, "and from thence went in procession to Smithfield, with city +officers and trumpets to proclaim Bartholomew Fair." On the 2nd of +September, "this day being kept solemn in commemoration of the fire of +London," they went to St. Paul's in their "black gowns, and no chains, +and heard a sermon on the said occasion." On the 8th of September the +sheriffs waited on the Lord Mayor, in procession, "the city music going +before, to proclaim <i>Southwark Fair</i>, as it is commonly called, +although the ceremony is no more than our going in our coaches through +the Borough, and turning round by Saint George's church, back again to +the Bridge House; and this to signify the license to begin the fair." +The journalist adds:—"On this day the sword-bearer wears a fine +<i>embroidered cap</i>, said to have been worked and presented to the +city by a monastery." +</p> +<p> +"Monday, September 21st, being St. Matthew's Day, waited on my Lord +Mayor to the great hall in Christ's Hospital, where we were met by +several of the presidents and governors of the other hospitals within +the city; and being seated at the upper end, the children passed +two by two, whom we followed to the church, and after hearing a sermon, +came back to the grammar school, where two boys made speeches in +commemoration of their benefactors, one in English, the other in Latin; +to each of whom it is customary for the Lord Mayor to give one guinea, +and the two sheriffs half-a-guinea a piece, as we did. Afterwards, the +clerk of the hospital delivered to the Lord Mayor a list of the several +governors to the several hospitals nominated the preceding year. Then +the several beadles of all the hospitals came in, and laying down their +staves on the middle of the floor, retired to the bottom of the hall. +Thereupon the Lord Mayor addressed himself to the City Marshal, +enquiring after their conduct, and if any complaint was to be made +against any one in particular; and no objection being made, the Lord +Mayor ordered them to take up their staves again: all which is done in +token of their submission to the chief magistrate, and that they hold +their places at his will, though elected by their respective governors. +We were afterwards treated in the customary manner with <i>sweet cakes +and burnt wine</i>." +</p> +<p> +The shrievalty of Mr. Hoare, and his brother officer, expired on the +28th of September, and about seven o'clock in the evening the indentures +with the new sheriffs were executed at Guildhall, "and the charge of the +gaols and all other trusts relating to this great and hazardous, though +otherwise honourable, employment, delivered over to them. And after +being regaled with <i>sack and walnuts</i>, I returned to my own house +in my private capacity, to my great consolation and comfort." +</p> +<p> +In concluding this account of a manuscript, which illustrates so many of +the customs and privileges of the city, it should be mentioned that it +includes various notices of the treats or dinners which the Lord Mayor +and the sheriffs give by turns to the judges, sergeants, &c. at the +beginning and end of the respective terms; as well as of the manner of +delivering petitions to the House of Commons, which is generally done by +the sheriff; the city having a right to present petitions by an officer +of its own, and without the intervention of any member. +</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2> + THE NATURALIST. +</h2> +<hr /> +<h3> + THE NIGHTINGALE. +</h3> +<p> +The nightingale is universally admitted to be the most enchanting of +warblers; and many might be tempted to encage the mellifluous songster, +but for the supposed difficulty of procuring proper food for it. In the +village of Cossey, near Norwich, an individual has had a nightingale in +cage since last April; it is very healthy and lively, and has been wont +to charm its owner with its sweet and powerful strains. The bird appears +about two years old: it has gone through this year's moulting. It is +kept in a darksome cage, with three sides wood, and the fourth wired. +The bottom of the cage is covered with moss. Its constant food is a +paste, which is composed of fresh beef or mutton, scraped fine with a +knife, and in equal portions mixed +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page215" name="page215"></a>[pg 215]</span> +with the yolk of an egg boiled hard. The owner, however, about once +a-day, gives it also a <i>mealworm</i>; he does not think this last +dainty to be necessary, but only calculated to keep the nightingale in +better spirits. The paste should be changed before it becomes sour and +tainted. +</p> +<h4> +PHILOMELOS. +</h4> +<hr /> +<h3> + NOTES +</h3> +<center> +<i>Abridged from the Magazine of Natural History.</i> +</center> +<p> +<i>Silkworm</i>.—(<i>By a Correspondent.)</i>—It has occurred to me, and I have +not seen it remarked elsewhere, as a striking and interesting +peculiarity of this insect, that it does not wander about as all other +caterpillars do, but that it is nearly stationary in the open box or +tray where it is placed and fed: after consuming the immediate supply of +mulberry leaves, it waits patiently for more being provided. I apprehend +this cannot be said of any other insect whatever. This docile quality of +the worm harmonizes beautifully with its vast importance to mankind, in +furnishing a material which affords our most elegant and beautiful, if +not most useful, of garments. The same remark applies to the insect in +the fly or moth state, the female being quite incapable of flight, and +the male, although of a much lighter make, and more active, can fly but +very imperfectly; the latter circumstance ensures to us the eggs for the +following season, and thus completes the adaptation of the insect, in +its different stages, to the useful purpose it is destined to fulfil for +our advantage. +</p> +<p> +<i>The Possibility of introducing and naturalizing that beautiful Insect +the Fire Fly</i>.—It abounds not only in Canada, where the winters are +so severe, but in the villages of the Vaudois in Piedmont. These are a +poor people much attached to the English: and, at 10<i>s</i>. a dozen, +would, no doubt, deliver in Paris, in boxes properly contrived, any +number of these creatures, in every stage of their existence, and even +in the egg, should that be desired: and if twenty dozen were turned out +in different parts of England, there cannot remain a doubt but that, in +a few years, they would be common through the country; and, in our +summer evenings, be exquisitely beautiful. +</p> +<p> +Vigne, in his <i>Six Months in America</i>, says:—"At Baltimore I first +saw the fire-fly. They begin to appear about sunset, after which they +are sparkling in all directions. In some places ladies wear them in +their hair, and the effect is said to be very brilliant. Mischievous +boys will sometimes catch a bull-frog, and fasten them all over him. +They show to great advantage; while the poor frog, who cannot understand +the 'new lights' that are breaking upon him, affords amusement to his +tormentors by hopping about in a state of desperation." +</p> +<p> +<i>The Vampire Bat</i>.—Bishop Heber's opinion of the innocence of this +creature by no means agrees with what one has read of his bloodthirsty +habits; and particularly the instances given by Captain Stedman, in his +<i>Travels of Surinam</i>, who, more than once, individually, experienced +the inconvenience of the Sangrado system of blood-letting, or, more +properly, blood-taking, pursued by this practitioner. +</p> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> + <p> "Non missura cutern, nisi plena cruoris hirudo."</p> +<p style="text-align: right;"> HOR.</p> +</div></div> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> + <p> "This leech will suck the vein, until</p> + <p> From your heart's blood he gets his fill."</p> +</div></div> +<p> +In answer to a query, "whether the vampire of India and that of South +America be of one species," Mr. Waterton replies, "I beg to say that I +consider them distinct species. I have never yet seen a bat from India +with a membrane rising perpendicularly from the end of its nose; nor +have I ever been able to learn that bats in India suck animals, though +I have questioned many people on this subject. I could only find two +species of bats in Guiana, with a membrane rising from the nose. Both +these kinds suck animals and eat fruit; while those bats without a +membrane on the nose seem to live entirely upon fruit and insects, but +chiefly insects. A gentleman, by name Walcott, from Barbadoes, lived +high up the river Demerara. While I was passing a day or two at his +house, the vampires sucked his son a boy of about ten or eleven years +old, some of his fowls and his jack-ass. The youth showed me his +forehead at daybreak: the wound was still bleeding apace, and I examined +it with minute attention. The poor ass was doomed to be a prey to these +sanguinary imps of night: he looked like misery steeped in vinegar. +I saw, by the numerous sores on his body, and by his apparent debility, +that he would soon sink under his afflictions. Mr. Walcott told me that +it was with the greatest difficulty he could keep a few fowls, on +account of the smaller vampire; and that the larger kind were killing +his poor ass by inches. It was the only quadruped he had brought up with +him into the forest. +</p> +<p> +"Although I was so long in Dutch Guiana and visited the Orinoco and +Cayenne, and ranged through part of the interior of Portuguese Guiana, +still I could never find out how the vampires actually draw the blood; +and, at this day, I am as ignorant of the real process as though I had +never been in th« vampire's country. I should not feel so mortified at +my total failure in attempting the discovery, had. I not made such +diligent search after the vampire, and examined its haunts. Europeans +may consider as fabulous the stories related of the vampire; but, for +my own part, I must believe in its powers of sucking blood from living +animals, as I have repeatedly seen both men and beasts which had been +sucked, and, moreover, I have examined very minutely their bleeding +wounds. +</p> +<p> +"Wishful of having it in my power to say +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page216" name="page216"></a>[pg 216]</span> +that I had been sucked by the vampire, and not caring for the loss of +ten or twelve ounces of blood, I frequently and designedly put myself in +the way of trial. But the vampire seemed to take a personal dislike to +me; and the provoking brute would refuse to give my clavet one solitary +trial, though he would tap the more favoured Indian's toe, in a hammock +within a few yards of mine. For the space of eleven months, I slept +alone in the loft of a woodcutter's abandoned house in the forest; and +though the vampire came in and out every night, and I had the finest +opportunity of seeing him, as the moon shone through apertures where +windows had once been, I never could be certain that I saw him make a +positive attempt to quench his thirst from my veins, though he often +hovered over the hammock." +</p> +<hr /> +<h3> + THE STORK +</h3> +<p> +Is now rarely seen in Britain; one was killed a short time since in +the neighbourhood of Ethie House, and is to be seen in Mr. Mollison's +Museum, Bridge-street, Montrose. The editor of the Montrose Review +believes that a stork had not been killed in Scotland since the year +1766. +</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2> + FINE ARTS. +</h2> +<hr /> +<h3> + THE GRAVE OF TITIAN. +</h3> +<div class="figure" style="width: 50%; float: right;"> +<a href="images/569-2.png"><img width="100%" src="images/569-2.png" +alt="QVI GIACE IL GRAN TIZIANO DE VECELLI EMULATOR DE ZEUSI E DEGLI APELLI." /></a> +</div> +<p> +Beneath this plain sepulchral stone, in the church of Santa Maria de +Frari, at Venice—rest the ashes of TITIAN, the prince of the Venetian +school of painters, and who, "was worthy of being waited upon by +Cæsar." Yes, this alone denotes his grave at the foot dell'Altare di +Crocisfisso. +</p> +<p> +Titian was born at a sequestered town in the Alps of Friuli, in the year +1477, his father being of the ancient family of Vecelli. He began very +early to show a turn for drawing, and designed a figure of the Virgin, +with the juice of flowers, the only colours probably within his reach. +He was the scholar of Giovanni Bellino, but adopted the manner of +Giorgione so successfully, that to several portraits their respective +claims could not be ascertained. The Duke of Ferrara was so attached to +Titian, that he frequently invited him to accompany him in his barge +from Venice to Ferrara. At the latter place he became acquainted with +Ariosto. In 1647, at the invitation of Charles V. Titian joined the +imperial court. The emperor then advanced in years sat to him for the +third time. During the time of sitting, Titian happened to drop one +of his pencils, the emperor took it up; and on the artist expressing +how unworthy he was of such an honour, Charles replied, "that Titian +was worthy of being waited upon by Cæsar." But, "to reckon up the +protectors and friends of Titian, would be to name nearly all the +persons of the age, to whom rank, talent, and exalted character, +appertained. Being full of years and honours, he fell a victim to the +plague in 1576, at the age of ninety-nine. To perpetuate his memory, the +artists at Venice proposed celebrating his obsequies, with great pomp +and magnificence in the church of St. Luke, the programme of which is +given at length, by Ridolfi; but, owing to the prevalence of the plague, +no funeral ceremony was allowed by the state: the authorities, however, +made an exception in Titian's favour, and suffered him to be buried in +the church of Friari, as we have stated." +</p> +<p> +Sir Abraham Hume, the accomplished annotator of the <i>Life and Works of +Titian</i>, observes: "It appears to be generally understood that Titian +had, in the different periods of life, three distinct manners of +painting; the first hard and dry, resembling his master, Giovanni +Bellino; the second, acquired from studying the works of Giorgione, was +more bold, round, rich in colour, and exquisitely wrought up; the third +was the result of his matured taste and judgment, and properly speaking, +may be termed his own; in which he introduced more cool tints into the +shadows and flesh, approaching nearer to nature than the universal glow +of Giorgione." After stating what little is known of the mechanical +means employed by Titian in the colouring of his pictures, Sir Abraham +observes: "Titian's grand secret of all, appears to have consisted in +the unremitting exercise of application, patience, and perseverance, +joined to an enthusiastic attachment to his art: his custom was to +employ considerable time in finishing his pictures, working on them +repeatedly, till he brought them to perfection; and his maxim was, that +whatever was done in a hurry, could not be well done." In manners and +character, as well as talent, Titian may not inappropriately be +associated with "the most eminent painter this country ever +produced"—Sir Joshua Reynolds. +</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page217" name="page217"></a>[pg 217]</span> +</p> +<h2> + HOSPITAL OF ST. CROSS, HANTS. +</h2> +<div class="figure" style="width: 100%;"> +<a href="images/569-3.png"><img width="100%" src="images/569-3.png" +alt="(The Church.)" /></a><br /> +<b>(The Church.)</b> +</div> +<p> +This is one of the most interesting structures in Great Britain. It +stands about one mile west from Winchester, on the banks of the river +Itchin. Its architectural character is of the first importance in +illustrating the superior skill of our ancestors; while it has retained +more of its original character than any similar record of ancient piety +and charity in our island. Dr. Milner, in allusion to its principal +features, observes: "the lofty tower, with the grated door, and porter's +lodge beneath it; the retired ambulatory; the separate cells; the common +refectory; the venerable church; the black flowing dress and the silver +cross worn by the members; the conventual appellation of <i>brother</i>, +with which they salute each other; in short, the silence, the order, and +the neatness, that here reign, seem to recall the idea of a monastery to +those who have seen one, and will give no imperfect idea of such an +establishment to those who have not had that advantage."<a id="footnotetag3" name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a> +</p> +<p> +St. Cross, however, "never was a monastery, but only an hospital for +the support of ancient and infirm men, living together in a regular +and devout manner." The original founder was Henry de Blois, bishop of +Winchester, who instituted it, between the years 1132 and 1136; and +required that "thirteen poor men, so decayed and past their strength +that without charitable assistance they cannot maintain themselves, +shall abide continually in the hospital, who shall be provided with +proper clothing and beds suitable to their infirmities; and shall have +an allowance daily of good wheat bread, good beer, three messes each for +dinner, and one for supper. That beside these thirteen poor, a hundred +other poor, of modest behaviour and the most indigent that can be found, +shall be received daily at dinner-time, and shall have each a loaf of +coarser bread, one mess, and a proper allowance of beer, with leave to +carry away with them whatever remains of their meat and drink after +dinner." They were to dine in a hall appointed for the purpose, and +called <i>Hundred Mennes Hall</i>, from this circumstance. The +establishment also contained an endowment for a master, a steward, +four chaplains, thirteen clerks, and seven choristers. +</p> +<p> +But, in those "good old times," abuses in institutions formed for +the best and wisest purposes were not uncommon; and in the case of +St. Cross, so early did evil begin to counteract good, that, in little +more than two centuries from its foundation, the revenues assigned for +the annual fulfilment of the founder's wishes, were grossly misapplied. +They had increased in value, and the masters and brethren of +the hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, who were guardians and +administrators, seized the surplus and put it into their own pockets. +Bishop Wykeham, who was appointed to the see of Winchester, in 1366, +set about the reform of these abuses, which he was enabled to do by his +canonical jurisdiction:—"he determined that the whole revenue of the +hospital should be dedicated to the poor, as was the intention of the +founder, and having in vain tried admonition and remonstrance, summoned +the four masters to appear before him and answer for their stewardship. +They were bold enough to set Wykeham at defiance, and availed themselves +of all the subtleties of the law, and of all manner of evasion, by +appeal and otherwise, to thwart and throw him. The upright bishop +persisted—he called them to the severest account—had them fined, and +till they made restitution, excommunicated—and finally restored the +whole endowment to its primitive purpose."<a id="footnotetag4" name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a> +</p> +<p> +The propriety and good effects of Wykeham's +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page218" name="page218"></a>[pg 218]</span> +restoration were so apparent, that his successor, Cardinal Beaufort, +having determined to engage in some permanent charity, resolved rather +to enlarge this institution, than to found a new one. "He therefore +endowed it for the additional support of two priests, and thirty-five +poor men, who were to become residents, and three hospital nuns, who +were to attend upon the sick brethren: he also caused a considerable +portion of the hospital to be rebuilt."<a id="footnotetag5" name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a> Of the present establishment +we shall presently speak in detail. "The hospital," says Lowth, "though +much diminished in its revenues, by what means I cannot say, yet still +subsists upon the remains of both endowments." +</p> +<p> +The buildings of the hospital composed two courts; but the south side of +the interior quadrangle has been pulled down. The entrance to the first +court from the north is through a capacious gateway.<a id="footnotetag6" name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a> On the east side +is the <b>Hundred-Mennes Hall</b>, which is about forty feet long, and +has been converted into a brewhouse; the roof is of Irish oak, and left +open to the timbers, adjoining are the master's apartments. On the +west is a range of offices; and, on the south, with portions of other +buildings, is the lofty and handsome tower gateway, erected by Cardinal +Beaufort, whose statue, in his Cardinal's habit, is represented kneeling +in an elegant niche in the upper part: two other niches, of the same +form, but deprived of their statues, appear also on the same level. +Milner describes the embellishments of this tower: "in a cornice over +the gates we behold the Cardinal's hat displayed, together with the +busts of his father, John of Gaunt, of his royal nephews, Henry IV. and +Henry V., and of his predecessor, Wykeham: in the spandrils, on each +side, are the founder's arms. The centre boss in the groining of the +gateway is carved into a curious cross, composed of leaves, and +surrounded with a crown of thorns: on the left is the door of the +porter's lodge.<a id="footnotetag7" name="footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a> Passing through this gateway, the spectator sees, +on his right, a long line of buildings, of the age of the original +foundation, for the use of the brethren, each of whom has a house and +garden to himself. On the left is an ambulatory, or cloister, 135 feet +in length, and extending to the church on the south-east. Above the +ambulatory is the ancient infirmary, and chambers called the Nuns's +rooms, from their having been allotted to three hospital sisters on +the foundation of Cardinal Beaufort. The centre of the court has a +grass-plot, and gravel walks intersecting parterres of flowers, +shrubs, &c." +</p> +<p> +Dr. Milner observes "the present establishment of St. Cross is but the +wreck of its two ancient institutions; it having been severely fleeced, +though not quite destroyed, like so many other hospitals at the +Reformation. Instead of seventy residents, as well clergy as laity, who +were here entirely supported, besides one hundred out-members, who daily +received their meat and drink, the charity consists at present but +of ten residing brethren and three out-pensioners, exclusive of one +chaplain and the master. It is true, however, that certain "doles" of +bread continue to be distributed to the poor of the neighbourhood; and +what is, perhaps, the only vestige left in the kingdom of the simplicity +and hospitality of ancient times, the porter is daily furnished with a +certain quantity of good bread and beer, of which every traveller, or +other person whosoever, that knocks at the lodge, and calls for relief, +is entitled to partake gratuitously." +</p> +<p> +Such was the state of the charity when Dr. Milner wrote, or, in the year +1809. Our Correspondent, <i>P.Q.</i> has furnished us with the following +information to the 20th of last May. +</p> +<p> +"The funds of this hospital are very ample; for, after providing the +master (the present Earl of Guildford)<a id="footnotetag8" name="footnotetag8"></a><a href="#footnote8"><sup>8</sup></a> with a liberal sinecure, +supporting the brethren and servants, and upholding the very extensive +buildings, there are distributed the following 'doles:' +</p> +<p> +"On the 3rd of May, 10th of August, and the eve of the festivals of +Easter, Whitsuntide, and Christmas, annually, the whole of the brethren +and the steward of the house assemble and form two lines or ranks, at +sunset, within the door of the outer gateway; when, to every person +(even to infants) who applies at the gate, is given a loaf of brown +bread, weighing about three pounds. This distribution is continued until +all the bread is given away; and if the applicants should exceed the +loaves in number, to each of the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page219" name="page219"></a>[pg 219]</span> +remaining persons is given an halfpenny, be they ever so numerous. +</p> +<p> +"These 'doles' are very beneficial to the poor of Winchester and +vicinity; for to all who attend and obtain an early admission a loaf is +given. I know, that when I was a boy, and never missed going to the +'doles,' some families, where the children were numerous, received from +seven to ten loaves. +</p> +<p> +"Likewise every traveller who applies at the porter's lodge at the outer +gate of this hospital is entitled to, and receives, a horn of good beer +and a loaf or slice of bread. This demand is frequently made by persons +of a different quality from that intended by the founder, for the sake +of attesting the peculiarity of the custom. The quantity of bread given +to each person is about four ounces—of beer about three-fourths of a +pint." +</p> +<p> +We next proceed to describe the exterior of the venerable church: the +<i>interior</i> will form the subject of a future article. +</p> +<p> +On entering the second court the first object that usually attracts +attention is <i>the Church of St. Cross</i>, which extends a considerable +distance into the court, and destroys its regularity on the east side. +The exterior of the church is not altogether imposing. "The windows, with +one exception, are seen to disadvantage from without, and the whole +building is enveloped in a shroud of yellow gravelly plaister, strangely +dissonant with ideas of Norman masonry."<a id="footnotetag9" name="footnotetag9"></a><a href="#footnote9"><sup>9</sup></a> The church is built in the +cathedral form, with a nave and transept, and a low and massive tower, +rising from the intersection: the whole length of the church is 150 +feet; the length of the transept is 120 feet. The architecture of this +structure is singularly curious, and deserving the attention of the +antiquary, as it appears to throw a light on the progress, if not on the +origin, of the pointed or English style. Our Correspondent states the +whole to have been repaired about twenty-two years since, at a very +considerable expense. +</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2> + THE PUBLIC JOURNALS. +</h2> +<hr /> +<h3> + SCRAPS FROM THE DIARY OF A TRAVELLER. +</h3> +<h4> + BY THOMAS MOORE, ESQ. +</h4> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> + <p> O poets, poets, dream at home,</p> +<p class="i2"> If you would <i>still</i> have visions haunt you;</p> + <p> Trust me, if once abroad you roam,</p> +<p class="i2"> That mar-all, Truth, will disenchant you.</p> + <p> Still think of VENICE, as in dreams</p> + <p> You've seen her, by her ocean-streams;—</p> + <p> Fancy the calm and cool delights</p> + <p> Of gondolas on summer nights:</p> + <p> Of sailing o'er the bright Lagoon,</p> +<p class="i2"> And listening, as you glide along,</p> + <p> To lays from TASSO, by that moon</p> +<p class="i2"> Whose beams, alas! he felt too strong,</p> + <p> And of whose mad'ning philters all,</p> + <p> Who feel the Muse's genuine call,</p> + <p> Are doom'd, at times, to drink as deep,</p> + <p> As did Endymion in his sleep!</p> +</div><div class="stanza"> + <p> Still by your fire-sides sit, and think</p> + <p> Of palaces, along the brink</p> + <p> Of ocean-floods,—whose shadows there</p> + <p> Look like the ruins, grand and fair,</p> + <p> Of some lost ATALANTIS, seen</p> + <p> Beneath the wave, when heaven's serene.</p> + <p> People those palaces with forms</p> +<p class="i2"> Lovely as TITIAN ever drew—</p> + <p> Bright creatures, whom the sunbeam warms</p> +<p class="i2"> With that ethereal gas, all through.</p> + <p> Which finds a vent at lips and eyes,</p> + <p> And lights up in a lover's sighs.</p> + <p> Fancy these young Venetian maids</p> + <p> Listening, at night, to serenades</p> + <p> From amorous lutes, where Music, such</p> +<p class="i2"> As southern skies alone afford,</p> + <p> Echoes to every burning touch,</p> +<p class="i2"> And thrills in each impassion'd chord.</p> +</div><div class="stanza"> + <p> All this imagine, and still more,—</p> + <p> For whither may not Fancy soar,</p> + <p> If Truth do not, alas! too soon,</p> + <p> Puncture her brilliant air-balloon—</p> + <p> But go not to the spot, I pray;</p> + <p> O do not, <i>do</i> not, some fine day.</p> + <p> Order, like STERNE, your travelling breeches;—</p> + <p> All's lost, if once upon your way,</p> + <p> The passport of Lord ——</p> +<p class="i2"> Is death to Fancy—like his speeches.</p> +</div><div class="stanza"> + <p> If you would save <i>some</i> dreams of youth</p> + <p> From the torpedo touch of Truth,</p> + <p> Go not to VENICE—do not blight</p> + <p> Your early fancies with the sight</p> + <p> Of her true, real, dismal state—</p> + <p> Her mansions, foul and desolate,—</p> + <p> Her close canals, exhaling wide</p> +<p class="i2"> Such fetid airs as—with those domes</p> + <p> Of silent grandeur, by their side,</p> +<p class="i2"> Where step of life ne'er goes or comes,</p> + <p> And those black barges plying round</p> + <p> With melancholy, plashing sound,—</p> + <p> Seem like a city, where the Pest</p> +<p class="i2"> Is holding her last visitation,</p> + <p> And all, ere long, will be at rest,</p> +<p class="i2"> The dead, sure rest of desolation.</p> +</div><div class="stanza"> + <p> So look'd, at night-fall, oft to me</p> + <p> That ruin'd City of the Sea;</p> + <p> And, as the gloomy fancy grew</p> + <p> Still darker with night's darkening hue,</p> + <p> All round me seem'd by Death o'ercast,—</p> + <p> Each footstep in those halls the last;</p> + <p> And the dim boats, as slow they pass'd,</p> + <p> All burial-barks, with each its load</p> + <p> Of livid corpses, feebly row'd</p> + <p> By fading hands, to find a bed</p> + <p> In waters less choked up with dead.—<i>Metropolitan</i>.</p> +</div></div> +<hr /> +<h3> + ON THE DEATH OF SIR WALTER SCOTT. +</h3> +<center> +<i>By the Author of "Eugene Aram."</i> +</center> +<p> +The blow is struck—the lyre is shattered—the music is hushed at +length. The greatest—the most various—the most commanding genius of +modern times has left us to seek for that successor to his renown which, +in all probability, a remote generation alone will furnish forth. It is +true that we have been long prepared for the event—it does not fall +upon us suddenly—leaf after leaf was stripped from that noble tree +before it was felled to the earth at last;—our sympathy +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page220" name="page220"></a>[pg 220]</span> +in his decay has softened us to the sorrow for his death. It is not now +our intention to trace the character or to enumerate the works of the +great man whose career is run;—to every eye that reads—every ear that +hears—every heart that remembers, this much at least, of his character +is already known,—that he had all the exuberance of genius and none of +its excesses; that he was at once equitable and generous—that his heart +was ever open to charity—that his life has probably been shortened by +his scrupulous regard for justice. His career was one splendid +refutation of the popular fallacy, that genius has of necessity +vices—that its light must be meteoric—and its courses wayward and +uncontrolled. He has left mankind two great lessons,—we scarcely know +which is the most valuable. He has taught us how much delight one human +being can confer upon the world; he has taught us also that the +imagination may aspire to the wildest flights without wandering into +error. Of whom else among our great list of names—the heir-looms of our +nation—can we say that he has left us everything to admire, and nothing +to forgive? +</p> +<p> +It is in four different paths of intellectual eminence that Sir Walter +Scott has won his fame; as a poet, a biographer, an historian, and a +novellist. It is not now a time (with the great man's clay scarce cold) +to enter into the niceties of critical discussion. We cannot now weigh, +and sift, and compare. We feel too deeply at this moment to reason +well—-but we ourselves would incline to consider him greatest as a +poet. Never, indeed, has there been a poet so thoroughly Homeric as +Scott—the battle—the feast—the council—the guard-room at +Stirling—the dying warrior at Flodden—the fierce Bertram speeding up +the aisle—all are Homeric;—all live—move—breathe and burn—alike +poetry, but alike life! There is this difference, too, marked and +prominent—between his verse and his prose;—the first is emphatically +the verse of Scott—the latter (we mean in its style) may be the prose +of any one—the striking originality, the daring boldness, the +astonishing vigour of the style, in the <i>Lay of the Last Minstrel</i>, +are lost in <i>The Antiquary and Guy Mannering</i>. +</p> +<p> +Scott may be said, in prose, to have <i>no style</i>. There are those, +we know, who call this very absence of style a merit—we will not +dispute it: if it be so, Scott is the first great prose writer from +Bacon to Gibbon,—nay, from Herodotus, in Greek, to Paul Courier, in +French—who has laid claim to it. For our own part, we think him great, +in spite of the want of style, and not because of it. As a biographer, +he has been unfortunate in his subjects; the two most important of the +various lives he has either delineated or sketched—that of Dryden and +that of Swift—are men, to whose inexpiable baseness genius could +neither give the dignity of virtue nor the interest of error. +</p> +<p> +As an historian, we confess that we prize him more highly than as a +biographer: it is true that the same faults are apparent in both, but +there is in the grand History of Napoleon more scope for redeeming +beauties. His great, his unrivalled, excellence in description is here +brought into full and ample display: his battles are vivid, with colours +which no other historian ever could command. And all the errors of the +history still leave scenes and touches of unrivalled majesty to the +book. +</p> +<p> +As a novelist, Scott has been blamed for not imparting a more useful +moral to his fictions, and for dwelling with too inconsiderate an +interest on the chivalric illusions of the past. To charges of this +nature all writers are liable. Mankind are divided into two classes; and +he who belongs to the one will ever incur the reproach of not seeing +through the medium of the other. Certain it is, that we, with utterly +different notions on political truths from the great writer who is no +more, might feel some regret—some natural pain—that that cause which +we believe the best, was not honoured by his advocacy; but when we +reflect on the <i>real</i> influence of his works, we are satisfied they +have been directed to the noblest ends, and have embraced the largest +circle of human interests. We do not speak of the delight he has poured +forth over the earth—of the lonely hours he has charmed—of the sad +hearts he has beguiled—of the beauty and the music which he has +summoned to a world where all travail and none repose; this, indeed, is +something—this, indeed, is a moral—this, indeed, has been a benefit +to mankind. And this is a new corroborant of one among the noblest of +intellectual truths, viz. that the books which please, are always books +that, in one sense, benefit; and that the work which is largely and +permanently popular—which sways, moulds, and softens the universal +heart—cannot appeal to vulgar and unworthy passions (such appeals are +never widely or long triumphant!); the delight it occasions is a proof +of the moral it inspires. +</p> +<p> +But this power to charm and to beguile is not that moral excellence to +which we refer. Scott has been the first great genius—Fielding alone +excepted—who invited our thorough and uncondescending sympathy to the +wide mass of the human family—who has <i>stricken</i> (for in this +artificial world it requires an effort) into our hearts a love and a +respect for those chosen from the people. Shakspeare has not done +this—Shakspeare paints the follies of the mob with a strong and +unfriendly hand. Where, in Skakspeare, is there a Jeanie Deans? Take up +which you will of those numerous works which have +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page221" name="page221"></a>[pg 221]</span> +appeared, from <i>Waverley</i> to the <i>Chronicles of the +Canongate</i>,—open where you please, you will find portraits from the +people—and your interest keeping watch beside the poor man's hearth. +Not, in Scott, as they were in the dramatists of our language, are the +peasant, the artificer, the farmer, dragged on the stage merely to be +laughed at for their brogue, and made to seem ridiculous because they +are useful. +</p> +<p> +He paints them, it is true, in their natural language, but the language +is subservient to the character; he does not bow the man to the phrase, +but the phrase to the man. Neither does he flatter on the one hand, as +he does not slight on the other. Unlike the maudlin pastoralists of +France he contents himself with the simple truth—he contrasts the dark +shadows of Meg Merrilies, or of Edie Ochiltree, with the holy and pure +lights that redeem and sanctify them—he gives us the poor, even to the +gipsey and the beggar, as they really are—contented, if our interest is +excited, and knowing that nature is sufficient to excite it. From the +palaces of kings—from the tents of warriors, he comes—equally at home +with man in all aspects—to the cotter's hearth:—he bids us turn from +the pomp of the Plantagenets to bow the knee to the poor Jew's +daughter—he makes us sicken at the hollowness of the royal Rothsay, to +sympathize with the honest love of Hugh the smith. No never was there +one—not even Burns himself—who forced us more intimately to +acknowledge, or more deeply to feel, that +</p> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> + <p> "The rank is but the guinea stamp,</p> + <p> The man's the gowd, for a' that."</p> + <hr /> +</div></div> +<p> +Scott, is not, we apprehend, justly liable to the charge of wanting a +sound moral—even a great <i>political</i> moral—(and political morals +are the greatest of all)—in the general tenor of works which have +compelled the highest classes to examine and respect the lowest. In +this, with far less learning, far less abstract philosophy, than +Fielding, he is only exceeded by him in one character—(and that, +indeed, the most admirable in English fiction)—the character of Parson +Adams. Jeanie Deans is worth a thousand such as Fanny Andrews. Fielding, +Le Sage, and Cervantes are the only three writers, since the world +began, with whom, as a novelist, he can be compared. And perhaps he +excels them, as Voltaire excelled all the writers of his nation, not by +the superior merits of one work, but by the brilliant aggregate of many. +<i>Tom Jones, Gil Blas, Don Quixote</i>, are, without doubt, greater, +<i>much</i> greater, productions than Waverley; but the <i>authors</i> +of <i>Tom Jones, Gil Blas</i>, and even of <i>Don Quixote</i>, have not +manifested the same fertile and mighty genius as <i>author</i> of the +Waverley Novels. +</p> +<p> +And <i>that</i> genius—seemingly so inexhaustible—is quenched at +length! We can be charmed no more—the eloquent tongue is mute—the +master's wand is broken up—the right hand hath forgot its cunning-the +cord that is loosened was indeed of silver—and the bowl that is broken +at the dark well was of gold beyond all price. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +When a great man dies, he leaves a chasm which eternity cannot fill. +Others succeed to his fame—but never to the exact place which he held +in the world's eye;—they may be greater than the one we have lost—but +they are not he. Shakspeare built not his throne on the same site as +Homer—nor Scott on that whence Shakspeare looked down upon the +universe. The gap which Scott leaves in the world is the token of the +space he filled in the homage of his times. A hundred ages hence our +posterity will still see that wide interval untenanted—a vast and +mighty era in the intellectual world, which will prove how spacious were +"the city and the temple, whose summit has reached to Heaven." +</p> +<p style="text-align: right;"> +<i>New Monthly Magazine</i>. +</p> +<hr /> +<h3> + TO A ROSE. +</h3> +<center> +THE THOUGHT FROM THE ITALIAN. +</center> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> + <p> Queen of Flora's emerald bowers,</p> + <p> Imperial Rose, thou flower of flowers,</p> + <p> Wave thy moss-enwreathen stem,</p> + <p> Wave thy dewy diadem;</p> + <p> Thy crimson luxury unfold,</p> + <p> And drink the sunny blaze of gold.</p> +</div><div class="stanza"> + <p> O'er the Zephyr, sportive minion,</p> + <p> Spreads the blue, aurelian pinion.</p> + <p> Now in love's low whispers winging,</p> + <p> Now in giddy fondness clinging,</p> + <p> With all a lover's warmth he wooes thee,</p> + <p> With all a lover's wiles pursues thee.</p> +</div><div class="stanza"> + <p> And thou wilt yield, and thou wilt give</p> + <p> The sigh that none can breathe and live.</p> + <p> Like lovelier things, deluded flower,</p> + <p> Thy date is short; the very hour</p> + <p> That sees thee flourish, sees thee fade;</p> + <p> Thy blush, thy being, all a shade.</p> + <p> Yet, flower, I'll lay thee on a shrine,</p> + <p> That makes thy very death divine.</p> +</div><div class="stanza"> + <p> Couch'd on a bed of living snows,</p> + <p> Then breathe thy last, too happy rose!</p> + <p> Sweet Queen, thou'lt die upon a throne,</p> + <p> Where even thy sweetness is outdone;</p> + <p> Young weeper, thou shalt close thine eyes</p> + <p> Beside the gates of Paradise.</p> + <p> On my Idalia's bosom, thou,</p> + <p> Beneath the lustres of her brow,</p> + <p> Like pilgrims, all their sorrows past,</p> + <p> On Heaven their dying glances cast,</p> + <p> Thy crimson beauty shalt recline,</p> + <p> Oh, that thy rapturous fate were mine!</p> +</div></div> +<p style="text-align: right;"> +<i>Blackwood's Magazine</i>. +</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2> + NEW BOOKS. +</h2> +<p> +LIVES OF SCOTTISH WORTHIES, VOL. II., [Or the 34th volume of the +<i>Family Library</i>, is rife with interesting details of the proudest +areas of Scottish history; but more especially of the chivalric courses +of Robert Bruce and James the First. We quote half-a-dozen +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page222" name="page222"></a>[pg 222]</span> +vividly written pages, from the former, describing the memorable Siege +of Berwick, in 1319.] +</p> +<p> +Considering the importance of Berwick, and the care and expense with +which it had been fortified by the king, it was natural that any attempt +against it should be viewed with much interest; and when it was known +that the son-in-law of Bruce,—a young warrior, whose high rank was +rendered more conspicuous by the services he had already rendered to the +country,—had been selected as its governor, and that the whole army of +England, headed by king Edward, and under the command of the flower of +the nobility, had invested it by sea and land, the intense interest with +which the siege was watched by both countries may be easily imagined. +It concluded, however, in the complete triumph of the steward, and the +repulse of the English army; yet not before every device then known in +the rude engineering of the times had been essayed by the besiegers, +and effectually baffled by the ingenuity and persevering courage of the +enemy. After their earthen mounds had been completed, the English, on +St. Mary's eve, made a simultaneous assault both by land and by sea. +Whilst their force, led by the bravest of their captains, and carrying +with them, besides their usual offensive arms, the ladders, crows, +pick-axes, and other assistances for an escalade, rushed onwards to the +walls with the sound of their trumpets, and the display of innumerable +banners, a large vessel, prepared for the purpose, was towed towards the +town from the mouth of the river. She was filled with armed soldiers, +a party of whom were placed in her boat drawn up mid-mast high; whilst +to the bow of the boat was fixed a species of drawbridge, which it was +intended to drop upon the wall, and thus afford a passage from the +vessel into the town. Yet these complicated preparations failed of +success, although seconded by the greatest gallantry; and the English, +after being baffled in every attempt to fix their ladders and maintain +themselves upon the walls, were compelled to retire, leaving their +vessel to be burnt by the Scots, who slew many of her crew, and made +prisoner the engineer who superintended and directed the attack. +</p> +<p> +This unsuccessful attack was, after five days' active preparation, +followed by another still more desperate, in which the besiegers +made use of a huge machine moving upon wheels, and including several +platforms or stages, which held various parties of armed soldiers, who +were defended by a strong roofing of boards and hides, beneath which +they could work their battering-rams with impunity. To co-operate with +this unwieldy and bulky instrument, which, from its shape and covering, +they called a "sow," movable scaffolds had been constructed, of such a +height as to overtop the walls, from which they proposed to storm the +town; and, instead of a single vessel, as on the former occasion, a +squadron of ships, with their top castles manned by picked bodies of +archers, and their armed boats slung mast high, were ready to sail +in with the tide, and anchor beneath the walls. Aware of these great +preparations, the Scots, under the encouragement and direction of their +governor, laboured incessantly to be in a situation to render them +unavailing. By Crab, the Flemish engineer, machines similar to the Roman +catapult, moving on wheels, and of enormous strength and dimensions, +were constructed and placed on the walls at the spot where it was +expected the sow would make its approach. In addition to this, they +fixed a crane upon the rampart, armed with iron chains and grappling +hooks, and large masses of combustibles and fire-faggots, shaped like +tuns, and composed of pitch and flax, bound strongly together with tar +ropes, were piled up in readiness for the attack. At different intervals +on the walls were fixed the espringalds for the discharge of their heavy +darts, which carried on their barbed points little bundles of flaming +tow dipped in oil or sulphur; the ramparts were lined by the archers, +spearmen, and crossbows; and to each leader was assigned a certain +station, to which he could repair on a moment's warning. +</p> +<p> +Having inspected his whole works, the steward cheerfully and confidently +awaited the attack; to which the English moved forward in great +strength, and led by the king in person, on the 13th of September. +Irritated by their late repulse, and animated by the presence of their +nobility, the different squadrons rushed forward with an impetuosity +which at first defied all efforts to repel them; so that the ladders +were fixed, the ditch filled up by fascines, and the ramparts attacked +with an impetuous valour which promised to carry all before it. But the +Scots, who knew their own strength, allowed this ebullition of gallantry +to expend itself; and, after a short interval advanced with levelled +spears in close array, and with a weight and resolution which +effectually checked the enemy. Considerable ground, however, had been +gained in the first assault; and the battle was maintained, from sunrise +till noon, with excessive obstinacy on both sides; but it at last +concluded in favour of the resolution and endurance of the Scots, who +repulsed the enemy on every quarter, and cleared their ramparts of their +assailants. At this moment, by Edward's orders, the sow began its +advance towards the walls; and the cran, or catapult, armed with a mass +of rock, was seen straining its timbers, and taking its aim against the +approaching monster. On +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page223" name="page223"></a>[pg 223]</span> +the first discharge the stone flew far beyond; and, as its conductors +hurried forward the immense machine, the second missile fell short of +it. A third block of granite was now got ready, and an English engineer +who had been taken prisoner was commanded, on pain of death, to direct +the aim; whilst the sow was moving forward with a rapidity which in a +few seconds must have brought it to the foot of the walls. All gazed on +for an instant in breathless suspense,—but only for an instant. The +catapult was discharged,—a loud booming noise in the air accompanied +the progress of its deadly projectile,—and, in a moment afterwards, a +tremendous crash, mingled with the shrieks of the victims and the shouts +of the soldiers from the walls, declared the destruction of the huge +machine. It had been hit so truly, that the stone passed through the +roofs, shivering its timbers into a thousand pieces; and crushing and +mangling in a frightful manner the unhappy soldiers who manned its +different platforms. As those amongst them who escaped rushed out from +its broken fragments, the Scottish soldiers, imitating the witticism of +black Agnis at the siege of Dunbar, shouted out that the English sow had +farrowed. Crab now cast his chains and grappling-hooks over the ruins of +the machine, and, dragging it nearer the walls, poured down his +combustibles in such quantity, that it was soon consumed to ashes. The +complete failure in this land attack seems to have cast a damp over the +naval operations; and, although the ships attempted to move on to the +walls at flood-tide, they were driven back without difficulty; whilst a +last effort to enter the city by burning the gate of St. Mary's was +repulsed by the steward in person. It was now near night-fall; and, +foiled on every side, the English entirely withdrew from the assault. +</p> +<hr /> +<h3> + NUMISMATICS. +</h3> +<p> +[Addison, in commenting on the Usefulness of Ancient Medals, says, +"A series of an Emperor's Coins is his life digested into Annals." +Who shall, therefore, gainsay the the utility of <i>A Numismatic Manual, +or Guide to the Study of Coins</i>. The author, Mr. John Y. Akerman, +does not intend his volume exclusively for the use of the experienced +medallist, so that much popular interest may be expected in its pages. +The title bespeaks its contents, but we quote a few brief extracts +relating to rare English coins.] +</p> +<p> +<i>Ecclesiastic Money</i>.—This money was coined by prelates prior to +the Norman Conquest. Of these there are pennies of Jænbearht, +archbishop of Canterbury, with the reverse of Offa, king of Mercia, +Aethileard, Wulfred, Ceolnoth, Plegmund, and Ethered. They are all +extremely rare, excepting those of Ceolnoth, which are not so rare as +the others. Besides these there are pennies of St. Martin, coined at +Lincoln, and St. Peter's pennies, struck at York, which are supposed to +be as old as the time of the Heptarchy. Those of St. Edmund, coined at +Bury, are prior to the Norman Conquest. The pennies of St. Paul are, it +would seem, by the cross and pellets on the reverse, not older than the +reign of Henry III. +</p> +<p> +All Stephen's money is very scarce, and one or two types are exceedingly +rare. At a sale in London, in 1827, the penny of Stephen with the +horseman's mace, brought thirteen pounds. His coins are generally very +rude and illegible. This king coined pennies only. +</p> +<p> +The groat of Edward I. is of the first rarity.<a id="footnotetag10" name="footnotetag10"></a><a href="#footnote10"><sup>10</sup></a> The pennies of +Hadleigh, Chester, and Kingston, are scarce; the other pennies are +extremely common, and scarcely a year passes without a discovery of new +hoards. The half-pennies and farthings are somewhat scarce. From this +time to the reign of Henry VII., the English coins bear a great +resemblance to each other. +</p> +<p> +<i>Edward IV</i>.—The groats common, except those of Norwich and +Coventry, spelled "Norwic" and "Covetre." The half-groat and halfpenny +scarce, the penny and farthing rare. The Bristol penny is extremely +rare. +</p> +<p> +<i>Richard III</i>.—All this king's coins are very rare, except the +groat, which is less rare than the others, some groats having lately +been discovered. The Canterbury-penny of Richard III. CIVITAS CANTOR, +supposed <i>unique</i>, sold at a public sale a short time since, for +seven pounds ten shillings. The Durham penny of the same king brought +four guineas. +</p> +<p> +<i>Henry VII</i>.—Folkes, in his <i>Table of English Silver Coins</i>, +after describing the various pieces coined by Henry VII., says, "We may +further in this place take notice of a very uncommon and singular coin, +charged with the royal arms, but without a name. The arms are surmounted +with an arched crown, and placed between a <i>fleur-de-lis</i> and a +rose, legend DOMINE-SALVVM. FAC. REGEM; on the other side is +<i>fleur-de-lis</i> and a lion of England, and an arched crown between +them above, and a rose below, with this inscription, MANA. TECKEL. +PHARES. 1494. An English lion also for a mint mark. It is, by the make +and size, a French gross, and is supposed to have been coined by the +Duchess of Burgundy, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page224" name="page224"></a>[pg 224]</span> +for Perkin Warbeck, when he set out to invade England." There are also +half-groats of this coinage, with the same date, one of which brought +<i>twenty guineas</i> at a sale in London in 1827. +</p> +<p> +<i>Milled Money</i>.—The artist first employed on the milled money of +England was a Frenchman, named Philip Mestrelle, who was executed at +Tyburn, on the 27th of January, 1569, having been found guilty of making +counterfeit money. +</p> +<p> +<i>Charles I</i>.—The obsidional, or <i>siege pieces</i>, struck by the partizans +of this monarch during the civil wars, are extremely interesting, and, +with the exception of those coined at Newark, are all rare. They may be +known by their shape from every other English coin, as well as by their +legends. Those of Newark are of a diamond or lozenge form, some are +octangular, and others of a shape that would puzzle a geometrician. Some +have the rude representation of a castle; others, a crown; and many have +the initials, C.R., and the legend DVM. SPIRO. SPERO. +</p> +<p> +<i>Oliver Cromwell</i>.—The coins of Oliver were the production of the +inimitable Simon, whose works are to this day admired and prized. Some +have doubted whether they ever were in circulation, but it is now pretty +generally allowed that they were. +</p> +<p> +<i>Charles II</i>.—The milled money of this king is of a very different +style, and has the head laureated. All the pieces of this coinage are +common. To the eternal disgrace of Charles, he encouraged an artist whom +he had brought over from Antwerp, and gave the preference to his works +before those of Simon, who produced in the year 1663, a pattern crown of +most extraordinary workmanship, <i>on the edge of which</i> was the +following petition in two lines: +</p> +<p class="quote"> +"THOMAS SIMON <i>most humbly prays your</i> MAJESTY <i>to compare this his +tryal-piece with the Dutch, and if more truly drawn and embossed, more +gracefully ordered, and more accurately engraven, to relieve him</i>." +</p> +<p> +To any one but the heartless profligate whose portrait occupied the +obverse of the medal, this appeal would have been irresistible, but it +does not appear that the unfortunate artist was relieved. He probably +died of grief and disappointment at the unjust preference shown to his +rival. +</p> +<p> +<i>James II</i>.—The base money struck by James the Second, in Ireland, +in 1689 and 1690, is common, except the crown of white metal, with the +figure of James on horseback. Some of his half-crowns and shillings were +struck of metal, the produce of old cannon, which were melted down for +the purpose, and are in consequence termed "gun money." +</p> +<p> +<i>Anne's Farthing</i>.—The common current farthing of Anne is scarce, +but scarcer with the broad rim. The patterns of 1713 and 1714 are rare, +but those with the reverse of Britannia under a kind of arch, or with +Peace in a car drawn by two horses, and the legend PAX MISSA PER ORBEM, +are the scarcest of all. +</p> +<p> +At a public sale of the coins of the late Mr. Dimsdale, the banker, +the Oxford crown with the city under the horse, was knocked down at +sixty-nine pounds. At the same time the rial of Mary brought sixty-three +pounds, and the rial of Elizabeth twenty-one pounds ten shillings. +</p> +<p> +A friend of the author is of opinion, that the coins of Henry VII., +with the head <i>in profile</i>, are the first English money bearing a +likeness of the sovereign. +</p> +<p> +[The work is illustrated with, several lithographic <i>fac similia</i> +of coins; and the vignette is from a very beautiful gold coin of Hiero +II. of Syracuse, in the possession of Mr. Till, of Great Russell-street, +Covent-garden. This morsel of antiquity, not larger than one's little +finger nail, must be upwards of <i>two thousand</i> years old!] +</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2> + THE GATHERER. +</h2> +<hr /> +<p> +<i>The Red Sea</i>.—The water of the Red Sea is so very clear, that Mr. +Buckingham read on the wooden stock of an anchor the name of the ship at +the depth of 25 fathoms (150 feet). +</p> +<h4> +T. GILL. +</h4> +<hr /> +<p> +<i>Curious Appeal</i>.—Philip, Alexander's father, gave sentence +against a prisoner at a time he was drowsy, and seemed to give small +attention. The prisoner, after sentence was pronounced, said, I appeal: +the king; somewhat stirred, said, To whom do you appeal? The prisoner +answered, From Philip, when he gave <i>no ear</i>, to Philip, when he +shall give ear.—<i>Bacon</i>. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +<i>An Emperor's Crown kicked off his head by the Pope</i>.—Pope +Celestine III. kicked the Emperor Henry IV.'s crown off his head, while +kneeling, to show his prerogative of making and unmaking kings. +</p> +<h4> +T. GILL. +</h4> +<hr class="full" /> +<h3> + THE LATE SIR. WALTER SCOTT, BART. +</h3> +<hr /> +<p> +Instead of the "Brief Memoir," announced in our last, we intend to +publish with our next number, a <i>Supplementary Sheet</i>, containing +</p> +<center><b> +AN ILLUSTRATED MEMOIR OF +<br /> +THE LATE SIR WALTER SCOTT, BART. +</b></center> +<p>With Anecdotes of his Life and Works, Characteristics, Tributes to +his Memory, from accredited sources, and interspersed with Original +Observations: with +</p> +<center><b> +FIVE ENGRAVINGS, +<br /> +Price Twopence. +</b></center> +<hr class="full" /> +<blockquote class="footnote"> +<a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a> +<b>Footnote 1</b>: +<a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a> +Published by Messrs. Moon, Boys and Graves Booksellers, Pall Mall. +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"> +<a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a> +<b>Footnote 2</b>: +<a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a> +Mr. McCreery left Liverpool to reside in London, he died a short time since of cholera, at Paris. +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"> +<a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"></a> +<b>Footnote 3</b>: +<a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a> +Milner's Winchester, vol. ii. p. 141. +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"> +<a id="footnote4" name="footnote4"></a> +<b>Footnote 4</b>: +<a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a> +Life of Wykeham. By Allan Cunningham—in the <i>Family Library</i>. +The reference to the "<i>four</i> masters" is evidently an error. +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"> +<a id="footnote5" name="footnote5"></a> +<b>Footnote 5</b>: +<a href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a> +Beauties of England and Wales, vol. vi. p. 108, Hants. Mr. +Cunningham states these additions to have been made by Wykeham. +We shall presently come to the details of Beaufort's additions +to the building. +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"> +<a id="footnote6" name="footnote6"></a> +<b>Footnote 6</b>: +<a href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a> +A zealous Correspondent, <i>P.Q.</i>, whose contribution appears +in the next page, describes this gateway as resembling St. John's +Gate, Clerkenwell, which Mr. Malcom thinks "one of the most +perfect remains of monastic buildings in London." It consists of +one capacious arch, with an arched mullioned window in the centre +above it; and is flanked by two square towers. From this place +issued the early numbers of the <i>Gentleman's Magazine;</i> and a +wood-cut of the building appears to this day on the wrapper of +that valuable work, which, for knowledge and utility, is as +superior to the Magazine frippery of the present day as Michael +Angelo to John Nash. +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"> +<a id="footnote7" name="footnote7"></a> +<b>Footnote 7</b>: +<a href="#footnotetag7">(return)</a> +Milner's Winchester, vol. ii. p. 146. +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"> +<a id="footnote8" name="footnote8"></a> +<b>Footnote 8</b>: +<a href="#footnotetag8">(return)</a> +The present Earl succeeded to the title on the death of his +cousin, Francis, the learned Chancellor of the University of the +Ionian Islands, founded by himself, and which he richly endowed +with a noble bequest and a splendid library. His Lordship is +Rector of St. Mary's, Southampton, Old and New Abresford and +Medstead, in Hampshire, a Prebendary of Winchester, and Master +of St. Cross, Hospital. +<br /> +<br /> +Among many famous men who have presided over the Hospital, was +Colonel John Lisle, of Moyles Court, Regicide, and M.P. for the +City of Winchester. +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"> +<a id="footnote9" name="footnote9"></a> +<b>Footnote 9</b>: +<a href="#footnotetag9">(return)</a> +From a paper in <i>The Crypt</i>, an antiquarian journal, printed +at Ringwood, Hants, in the year 1827. The writer observes that +Dr. Milner has uniformly applied the term <i>Saxon</i> to the +circular arches in this structure, as well as to similar +specimens; but subsequent topographers have arrived at the more +probable conclusion, that very slight remains, if any, now exist +of ecclesiastical edifices by the Saxons. +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"> +<a id="footnote10" name="footnote10"></a> +<b>Footnote 10</b>: +<a href="#footnotetag10">(return)</a> +The groat of Edward I. sold for five and a half guineas, at a +public sale in London, in March, 1827. It is quite evident +that the effigies of the English monarchs on their coins are not +<i>likenesses</i>, until the time of Henry VIII. whatever the +Ingenious may say to the contrary. Some have supposed that the +rude figures on the Saxon coins use likenesses, but the idea +is ridiculous. Folkes, in his "Table of English Silver Coins," +remarks that the Kings of England are represented <i>bearded</i> on +their great seals, but always <i>smooth-faced</i> on their coins. +</blockquote> +<hr class="full" /> +<p> +<i>Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset +House,) London, sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; +G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen +and Booksellers.</i> +</p> +<hr class="full" /> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, +and Instruction, No. 569, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, *** + +***** This file should be named 14007-h.htm or 14007-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/4/0/0/14007/ + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David Garcia and the PG Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, No. 569 + Volume XX., No. 569. Saturday, October 6, 1832 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: November 10, 2004 [EBook #14007] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David Garcia and the PG Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + + + + + + + + + + + +THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION. + +VOLUME XX., NO. 569.] SATURDAY, OCTOBER 6, 1832. [PRICE 2d. + + * * * * * + + + + +LISBON. + + +[Illustration: LISBON.] + + +Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, was called by the ancients Ulyssippo, +and the foundation is fabulously ascribed to Ulysses. The situation is +grand, on the north bank of the river Tagus, in lat. 38 deg. 42-1/3' N., +lon. 9 deg. 8-1/3' W. The harbour, or rather road, of Lisbon, is one of the +finest in the world; and the quays are at once convenient and beautiful. +On entering the river, and passing the forts of St. Julian and of Bugio, +situated respectively at the extremities of the northern and southern +shores, we obtain a view of Lisbon crowning the hills on the north bank, +about three leagues distant above the mouth of the Tagus. The quintas or +villas scattered over the country, between the villages, become more +numerous the further we advance; till, at length, on approaching Belem, +an uninterrupted chain of edifices is seen extending along the margin of +the noble river, to the remotest part of the ancient capital, being a +distance of full six miles. Opposite Belem Castle, and on the southern +shore of the Tagus, is the small fort of Torre Velha. These two forts, +situated at the narrowest part of the river, guard the approach to the +capital by sea; and all vessels arriving at its port have their papers +examined at Belem Castle. The salutes of ships of war are, in like +manner, answered by its guns. Proceeding onward, we pass the Convent of +St. Geronymo, a splendid pile of Moorish architecture, "the picturesque +appearance of the scene being heightened by groups of boats peculiar in +their construction to the Tagus." From Belem we trace a range of +buildings, connecting it with Alcantara and Buenos Ayres, and finally +with the ancient city of Lisbon. Alcantara is situated at the mouth of a +narrow valley opening upon the Tagus. Upon the brow of the hill, on the +eastern side, is another of the royal residences, called the palace of +Necessiades; and, stretching across the valley, about a mile above this +point, is the far-famed aqueduct, which conveys the chief supply of +water to the capital. The new and populous quarter of Buenos Ayres +(so called from its being considered the healthiest situation around +the capital,) covers the steep hills situated in the angle formed by +the Alcantara valley and the Tagus. Miss Baillie, in her amusing +_Letters_, describes Buenos Ayres as "a suburb of Lisbon, standing +upon higher ground than the city itself, and a favourite resort of the +English, being generally considered as a cooler and more cleanly (or +rather a _less filthy_) situation than the latter." The splendid +river scenery from Belem to Lisbon, the luxuriant prospect from the +adjoining heights; the city itself, with its domes, and towers, and +gorgeous buildings--all this proud assemblage of nature and art--remind +us that + + It is a goodly sight to see + What Heaven hath done for this delicious land! + What fruits of fragrance blush on ev'ry tree! + What goodly prospects o'er the hill expand; + But man would mar them with an impious hand. + + BYRON. + + +The Engraving represents one of the most comprehensive views of the +city, obtained from an eminence crowned by the chapel of Nossa Senhora +da Monte. It has been copied from one of Colonel Batty's faithful +Views,[1] and its details cannot better be explained than in the words +of the clever artist: + +"From this elevation, the spectator, on turning to the south, has before +him the principal part of the busy capital. The Castle Hill, crowned by +a variety of buildings, and encircled by the old walls of its Moorish +fortifications, stands conspicuously on the left. Its northern slope is +planted with olive-trees, which add to its picturesque appearance, and +afford an agreeable relief to the eye in this widely extended scene of a +dense and populous city. On the right hand is another range of heights, +less elevated than the Castle Hill, but covered with buildings, amidst +which churches, convents, and hospitals, form prominent objects. The +valley, in the centre of the view, appears from this point to be choked +up with an almost impenetrable labyrinth of houses. This is, however, +now the most regular portion of the capital. Having been that part which +suffered most severely from the great earthquake of 1755, it has since +been rebuilt upon a uniform plan, with its streets intersecting each +other at right angles. In this quarter also are the two principal +pracas, or squares, in the city. The largest of these is the Praca do +Commercio, opening to the south upon the broad expanse of the Tagus. +Here formerly stood the royal palace, which was almost instantaneously +destroyed by the same memorable earthquake. The centre of this square is +ornamented by an equestrian statue of King Joseph I. The other square is +situated a little more to the north, about the centre of the valley. +It is called the Rocio, and was formerly styled the Square of the +Inquisition, from that tribunal having held its sittings in a large +building at its northern extremity. The Castle Hill conceals from our +view a portion of the ancient city, which, it is remarkable, escaped +with comparatively trifling damage from the earthquake, though +immediately contiguous to the part just described, which, in a few +moments, was rendered a complete mass of ruins, burying thousands of the +wretched inhabitants. Beyond the Tagus, the heights of Almada are seen +bounding the view, and extending westward towards the sea." + + [1] Published by Messrs. Moon, Boys and Graves Booksellers, Pall Mall. + + + * * * * * + + +MRS. HEMANS. + +(_To the Editor_.) + + +In No. 550, of _The Mirror_, in some account of Mrs. Hemans, by +_The Author of a Tradesman's Lays_, it is erroneously stated that +Mrs. Hemans is a native of Denbighshire. She was born in Liverpool, and +was the daughter of Mr. George Brown, of the firm of Messrs. George and +Henry Brown, extensive merchants in the Irish trade. Mr. Brown removed +with his family, from Liverpool, to near Abergele, North Wales, where he +resided some years. He married a Miss Wagner, daughter of Paul Wagner, +Esq., a German, and a respectable merchant in Liverpool. Mrs. Hemans's +early poems were published by subscription in 1808; they were +beautifully printed in quarto, at the press of the late Mr. John +McCreery,[2] who long resided in Liverpool. Mrs. Hemans, after her +marriage, lived near St. Asaph, with her mother and brother, Sir Henry +Brown; after which she took up her residence at the village of +Wavertree, three miles from Liverpool. + +_Liverpool._ + +A CONSTANT READER. + + [2] Mr. McCreery left Liverpool to reside in London, he died a + short time since of cholera, at Paris. + + + * * * * * + + +SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION. + +(_To the Editor_.) + + +The remarks of your Correspondent, _A. Booth_, in No. 567, of +_The Mirror_, with respect to what is generally called "Spontaneous +Combustion," are very just. My present object is to show that the term +"spontaneous" as applied to the subject in question, is incorrect. Mons. +Pierre Aimee Laire, in an "Essay on Human Combustion from the abuse of +Spirituous Liquors," states that it is the breath of the individuals +coming in contact with some flame, and being thus communicated inwardly, +that is the cause of the combustion, and therefore it cannot be +spontaneous; and he cites several instances of persons addicted to +spirituous liquors being thus burnt. Moreover, it is stated that an +anatomical lecturer, at Pisa, in the year 1597, happening to hold a +lighted candle near a subject he was dissecting, on a sudden set fire to +the vapours that came out of the stomach he had just opened. In the same +year, as Dr. Ruisch, then anatomical professor at Pisa, was dissecting a +woman, and a student holding a candle to give him light, he no sooner +opened the stomach than there issued a yellow, greenish flame. Also at +Lyons, in dissecting a woman, the stomach was no sooner opened than a +considerable flame burst out and filled the room. This has been +accounted for by experiments made by Dr. Vulpari, anatomical professor +at Bologna. He affirms that any one may see, issuing from the stomach of +an animal, a matter that burns like spirits of wine, if the upper and +lower orifices are bound fast with a strong thread, and the stomach +being thus tied, be cut above and under the ligature, and afterwards +pressed with both hands, so as to make all that it contains pass on +one side, and to produce a swelling on that part which contains the +incision, which must be held with the left hand, to prevent the +inflammable air escaping. This hand being removed, and a candle applied +about an inch from the stomach, a blueish flame will issue, which will +last nearly a minute. The circumstances of the case of Grace Pitt, to +which your Correspondent refers, perfectly coincide with the foregoing +remarks. She was accustomed for several years to go down stairs after +she was undressed, to _smoke a pipe_. Her daughter, who slept with +her, did not miss her till the morning, when on going down stairs, she +found her mother's body extended _over the hearth_, and appearing +like a block of wood burning with a glowing fire, without flame. She +was, no doubt, in the act of lighting her pipe, either at the fire or +candle, and the breath issuing from her mouth during respiration, being +impregnated with the spirits she had lately drunk, caught fire, and +communicated with the animal substance, also impregnated with spirit, +and thus the body was destroyed. Indeed, in nearly all the cases of this +nature reported, the bodies have been found on the hearth, or the +persons have been left with a candle near them. The combustion of the +human body in these cases is generally entirely inward, and it is very +seldom that any of the contiguous articles are destroyed. In the +instance mentioned above, a child's clothes on one side of the woman, +and a paper screen were untouched, and the deal floor on which she lay +was not even discoloured. + +The most remarkable instance of this nature on record, is that of the +Countess Cornelia Bandi; she was in the sixty-second year of her age, +and on the day before well as usual. After she was in bed she conversed +with her maid for two or three hours, and then fell asleep. The servant +on going into her chamber in the morning, saw her lady's two feet +distant from the bed, a heap of ashes, and two legs with the stockings +on. Between the latter was part of the head, but the brains, half the +skull, and the chin, were burnt to ashes, which, when taken up in the +hand, left a greasy and offensive moisture. The bed received no damage, +and the clothes were elevated on one side, as by a person rising from +beneath them. She appears to have been burnt standing, from the skull +being found between her legs; the back was damaged more than the front +of the head, partly because of the hair, and partly because in the face +there were several openings, out of which the flames are likely to +have issued. In this account it is not stated either that she was of +intemperate habits, or that a candle was left in the room with her; but +the latter is very likely, she being advanced in years; and it may be +conjectured, that in rising from her bed, she caught fire. + +One Borelli observes, that such accidents often happen to great drinkers +of wine and brandy, and that it would be of much more frequent +occurrence, were it not for the natural moisture of the body. +Notwithstanding this, your readers must not think that I am opposed to +the "cheerful draught:" I would say, + + "Let each indulge his genius, each be glad, + Jocund and free, and swell the feast with mirth. + The sprightly bowl go cheerfully round. + Let none be grave, nor too severely wise; + Losses and disappointments, cares and poverty, + The rich man's insolence, and great man's scorn, + In wine be all forgotten."--ROWE. + + +_St. Pancras._ + +W.A.R. + + * * * * * + + + + +RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS. + + * * * * * + + +EARLY PARLIAMENTS. + + +When the Saxon government was first established in England, there +was no distinction of freehold and copyhold; the latter, according +to Blackstone, was a possession acquired by a vassal subsequent to the +Norman feudal system. Copyholders being thus considered as slaves, were, +notwithstanding their possessions, deemed unworthy of the franchise; and +from this refinement, on the arbitrary principles of the Normans, every +copyholder was deprived of a vote, unless he could claim it by some +other tenure. + +The term borough originally meant a company consisting of ten families, +which were bound together as each other's pledge. Afterwards boroughs +came to signify a town, having a wall, or some sort of enclosure round; +and all places that, in old times, had the name of boroughs, it is said, +were fortified or fenced in some shape or other. + +In the time of the West Saxons, a parliament was holden by King Ina, +by these words: "I, Ina, King of the West Saxons, have caused all my +fatherhood, aldermen, and wisest commons, with the goodly men of my +kingdom, to consult of weighty matters." + +William the Conqueror, in the fourth year of his reign, called a +parliament, which consisted of twelve representatives for each county, +and the cities and boroughs were wholly omitted. After the battle of +Lewes, in which Henry III. was defeated by the barons, they called a +parliament, and made the king sign an order to summon four knights to +represent each county, and four for the cities of London, York, and +Lincoln. These representatives were chosen by universal suffrage of +the householders, and although the king regained his authority by the +subsequent defeat of the barons, two members for each county continued +to be elected in the same manner till the 8th of Henry VI. In the +parliament held in the 49th of Henry III., he sent writs to the nobles +and to the sheriffs of several counties, to return two knights for each +county, two citizens for each city, and two burgesses for each borough. + +It was contrary to an ancient rule of the constitution, that any person +should be allowed to vote at elections who did not reside in the place +or county where the election was made; that rule says, that "ineddem +comitata commercentes et residentes" only shall vote; and this was +confirmed by an act of parliament, (1 Henry V. c. i.) but recently +repealed. + +In 1429, an important change was made as to the qualifications of the +voters for knights of the shires. The voters were obliged to prove +themselves worth 40_s._ per annum. Before this time, every freeholder +might vote, and the vast concourse of electors brought on riots and +murders. Seventy pounds would, in modern days, be barely an equivalent +for our ancestors' 40_s._ The freeholders were, at the same time, +directed to choose two of the fittest and most discreet knights resident +in their county; or, if none could be found, notable esquires, gentlemen +by birth, and qualified to be made knights; but no yeoman or persons of +inferior rank. + +W.G.C. + + * * * * * + + + + +MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. + + * * * * * + + +MARVELLOUS CURE OF THE TOOTHACH. + +(_From a Correspondent_.) + + +A friend, who has recently returned from India, relates that he +received a perfect cure for the toothach, in a very remarkable way. He +had occasion to land on the Isle of Bourbon, at the time of his being +afflicted with a tormenting toothach; and a handkerchief being tied +about his head, his appearance excited the curiosity of the natives, who +approached him, and inquired, by signs and gestures, the nature of his +complaint. Having been satisfied on this point, they made him understand +that _they_ could cure him, if he would consent to their method; +which he did with great willingness, as he was maddened with pain, and +eager to make any experiment to gain relief. They first kindled a fire +on the ground with a few dry sticks, and then directed their patient to +hold the fore finger of his right hand to the tooth that was affected, +while they articulated a sort of jargon among themselves. When they had +finished, and the sticks were all burnt, they told him to withdraw his +hand, and the pain would cease. He did so, when his joy and astonishment +exceeded all bounds to find that the pain had _actually left him!_ + +This story may appear somewhat strange, yet I have no reason to doubt +the veracity of my friend, who supposes that the artful natives burned +some kind of herb in order to impregnate the air with its qualities, +which being admitted into the cavity of the tooth, effectually removed +the pain. He says he has never experienced a return of the complaint +since. + +G.W.N. + + * * * * * + + +JOURNAL OF A SHERIFF OF LONDON. + +(_Concluded from page 198_.) + + +"Wednesday, Oct. 29th. This being our grand feast day, my Lord Mayor, +Humphry Parsons, Esq., sent his summons to attend at Guildhall, by +ten o'clock, and that he would set out from thence, to Westminster, +precisely at eleven, in order to be back to our entertainment more +early. What added magnificence to this day's _Shew_ was, that his +lordship's coach was drawn by six horses, adorned with grand harnesses, +ribbons, &c., a sight never before seen on this occasion.--The Lord +Chancellor and some of the Judges dined with us; the whole entertainment +was happily conducted with great order and decency, and the company was +broken up by about one o'clock in the morning. + +"Wednesday, Nov. 5th. This being the commemoration of the Gunpowder +Plot, we, the sheriff's, attended my Lord Mayor from Guildhall to St. +Paul's: and as his lordship's coach was, on this occasion, drawn as +before by six horses, which he intended to do on every public occasion, +it caused a more than ordinary concourse of people in the streets." + +On Sunday, the 11th of January, Mr. Hoare, in his scarlet gown, with the +Lord Mayor, and several of the aldermen, received the holy communion, +in St. Lawrence's church, in pursuance of the statutes, to qualify +themselves to act as magistrates; and on the following day, being Plough +Monday, he attended the Lord Mayor at Guildhall, "to receive the several +presentments of the respective wardmote inquests of each ward,--and at +the same time to swear in all new constables for the ensuing year." On +Wednesday, the 14th the quarter sessions commenced, "when it is usual +for the several common councilmen to take the oaths of allegiance;" +which was done accordingly. + +"Friday, February 20th. Waited on my Lord Mayor to Bow church, in my +scarlet, to hear a sermon upon the propagation of the gospel in foreign +parts; to which the Archbishop of Canterbury also came in his state +coach, and with grand solemnity, attended by seven or eight bishops, and +great numbers of gentlemen of that society." + +The Lord Mayor (Humphry Parsons) died on the evening of March the 21st, +1741; on the 23rd, Daniel Lambert, Esq. was elected to succeed him, and +the same evening he was presented to the Lord Chancellor, and approved +of in the usual manner. + +"Wednesday, March 15th. This day the new Lord Mayor went in grand state +and procession by land to the Tower-gate, on Tower-hill, to be there +presented to and sworn in before the Constable of the Tower, according +to the charter and ancient custom and usage when a Lord Mayor happened, +as in this case, to be chosen out of term time; and, consequently, +cannot be presented to the Barons of the Exchequer sitting at +Westminster. Just at the entrance of the Tower-gate, a large booth was +built up, with seats and benches at the upper end, in the middle of +which the right honourable Lord Cornwallis, Constable of the Tower, was +seated, attended by the officers and servants belonging to him; to whom +the Lord Mayor was conducted and presented, and sworn in the same manner +as before the Barons of the Exchequer." + +On the 28th of March, being Easter Eve, the sheriff's attended the Lord +Mayor "through the streets, to collect charity for the prisoners in the +city prisons, according to annual custom;" and on the Monday following, +they accompanied his lordship, in procession, with the rest of the court +of aldermen to St. Bride's church to hear the '_Spital_ or _Hospital +Sermon_ preached before the governors of the several hospitals and +charity schools of the city; and to which "all the charity children +of the several schools, as also those of Christ's hospital, go in +procession, and are seated in the galleries." This sermon is "generally +preached by a bishop," and that on the following day, in the same church +(which is likewise attended by the corporation,) by a dean. On the third +day in Easter week, the 'Spital sermon is preached by a doctor in +divinity. + +Speaking of the _Easter Entertainments_, our journalist states the +following particulars as the cause of their origin:-- + +"The original institution of those entertainments was occasioned by the +Lord Mayor and the two sheriffs being accustomed to, separately, ask +such of their friends who were aldermen or governors of the hospitals, +whom they saw at church, to dine with them at their own houses. But in +process of time, it was agreed that the Lord Mayor should invite all +that were at church on the first day; and the two sheriff's, in their +turn, on the next succeeding days. Hence, by degrees, they began to +invite other of their friends; and the aldermen bringing their ladies, +other ladies were also invited, so that the private houses not being +large enough, they began to entertain at their respective halls: whence +it is now brought to pass, that these Easter entertainments are become +the chiefest articles of expense both to the Lord Mayor and the two +sheriffs. + +"Monday, April 6th. The sessions began at Guildhall, but the Lord Mayor +dispensed with the presence of the sheriffs, on account that we this +day were obliged to attend at Westminster, where we were to make our +proffers at the Exchequer by a tender of 40_s_.; and which was +accordingly made by one of the secondaries at the Tally-office; by +which, and the annual rent of 300_l_., the citizens of London hold +and enjoy the _Sheriffwick_ of London and Middlesex according to +their charter. Afterwards we entertained all the Exchequer officers, +according to ancient custom, with _fifty-two calves_' heads, +dressed in different manners." + +On the 20th of April the sheriffs accompanied the Lord Mayor to +hold a Court Baron and Court Leet at the Mitre in St. James's parish, +in _Duke's-place_, which is "a franchise within the liberty of +London." After a jury had been sworn, &c., the names of the inhabitants +being called over, those who were absent and sent no excuse were +amerced, but those who sent "their excuses by their friends, paid only +leet pence." The court then granted licenses to the public houses, and +swore in the headboroughs, constables, and other officers. + +On the 27th of May the sheriffs (by invitation, they having no concern +with the jurisdiction of the court,) attended the Lord Mayor to +Stratford, in Essex, and Greenwich in Kent, to hold "his _Court of +Conservancy_ of the navigation and fishery of the River Thames, from +Staines bridge, in Middlesex, down to the mouth of the river Medway, at +Sheerness, beyond the Nore;" he "being personally himself, by virtue of +his office, the sole Conservator." On returning, "a little after ten +o'clock," the party attempted to land at the King's Stairs at the tower, +"but they being shut, and, after waiting some time, the wardour refusing +to open them," they were obliged to proceed to the common stairs near +that fortress. + +"Soon after, the major of the tower came to my Lord Mayor to acquaint +him, that 'he was sorry for the refusal of which the wardour had been +guilty, whom he had ordered to strict duty, and would oblige him to come +and ask pardon for his insolence.' Upon this apology, it was agreed that +no further notice or complaint should be made; for it is to be known +that the Lord Mayor of this city has the privilege of going through the +Tower to take water, or on his landing at the King's Stairs, sending +reasonable notice of such his intention." + +At a Common Council, held on the 17th of June, it was ordered that every +person who had paid the customary fine of 400_l_. and twenty marks more +towards the maintenance of the ministers of the several prisons of this +city," with the usual fees, should be exempted for ever from serving the +office of sheriff, "unless he should at any time become an alderman." +Previously to that act, the payment of the fine excused only for one +year. + +"Tuesday, June 23rd. Attended the Lord Mayor to a court of aldermen, +at which Abel Aldridge, who had been nominated for sheriff, came with +_six Compurgators_, and, (according to the act of Common Council, +Sir J. Barnard, Mayor,) swore he was not of the value of 15,000_l_. in +money and separate debts; and his Compurgators swearing also, that they +believed what he swore to be true, he was excused from serving the said +office, without payment of any fine." + +On the 22nd of August the sheriffs waited on the Lord Mayor at +Guildhall, "and from thence went in procession to Smithfield, with city +officers and trumpets to proclaim Bartholomew Fair." On the 2nd of +September, "this day being kept solemn in commemoration of the fire of +London," they went to St. Paul's in their "black gowns, and no chains, +and heard a sermon on the said occasion." On the 8th of September the +sheriffs waited on the Lord Mayor, in procession, "the city music going +before, to proclaim _Southwark Fair_, as it is commonly called, +although the ceremony is no more than our going in our coaches through +the Borough, and turning round by Saint George's church, back again to +the Bridge House; and this to signify the license to begin the fair." +The journalist adds:--"On this day the sword-bearer wears a fine +_embroidered cap_, said to have been worked and presented to the +city by a monastery." + +"Monday, September 21st, being St. Matthew's Day, waited on my Lord +Mayor to the great hall in Christ's Hospital, where we were met by +several of the presidents and governors of the other hospitals within +the city; and being seated at the upper end, the children passed +two by two, whom we followed to the church, and after hearing a sermon, +came back to the grammar school, where two boys made speeches in +commemoration of their benefactors, one in English, the other in Latin; +to each of whom it is customary for the Lord Mayor to give one guinea, +and the two sheriffs half-a-guinea a piece, as we did. Afterwards, the +clerk of the hospital delivered to the Lord Mayor a list of the several +governors to the several hospitals nominated the preceding year. Then +the several beadles of all the hospitals came in, and laying down their +staves on the middle of the floor, retired to the bottom of the hall. +Thereupon the Lord Mayor addressed himself to the City Marshal, +enquiring after their conduct, and if any complaint was to be made +against any one in particular; and no objection being made, the Lord +Mayor ordered them to take up their staves again: all which is done in +token of their submission to the chief magistrate, and that they hold +their places at his will, though elected by their respective governors. +We were afterwards treated in the customary manner with _sweet cakes +and burnt wine_." + +The shrievalty of Mr. Hoare, and his brother officer, expired on the +28th of September, and about seven o'clock in the evening the indentures +with the new sheriffs were executed at Guildhall, "and the charge of the +gaols and all other trusts relating to this great and hazardous, though +otherwise honourable, employment, delivered over to them. And after +being regaled with _sack and walnuts_, I returned to my own house +in my private capacity, to my great consolation and comfort." + +In concluding this account of a manuscript, which illustrates so many of +the customs and privileges of the city, it should be mentioned that it +includes various notices of the treats or dinners which the Lord Mayor +and the sheriffs give by turns to the judges, sergeants, &c. at the +beginning and end of the respective terms; as well as of the manner of +delivering petitions to the House of Commons, which is generally done by +the sheriff; the city having a right to present petitions by an officer +of its own, and without the intervention of any member. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE NATURALIST. + + * * * * * + + +THE NIGHTINGALE. + + +The nightingale is universally admitted to be the most enchanting of +warblers; and many might be tempted to encage the mellifluous songster, +but for the supposed difficulty of procuring proper food for it. In the +village of Cossey, near Norwich, an individual has had a nightingale in +cage since last April; it is very healthy and lively, and has been wont +to charm its owner with its sweet and powerful strains. The bird appears +about two years old: it has gone through this year's moulting. It is +kept in a darksome cage, with three sides wood, and the fourth wired. +The bottom of the cage is covered with moss. Its constant food is a +paste, which is composed of fresh beef or mutton, scraped fine with a +knife, and in equal portions mixed with the yolk of an egg boiled hard. +The owner, however, about once a-day, gives it also a _mealworm_; +he does not think this last dainty to be necessary, but only calculated +to keep the nightingale in better spirits. The paste should be changed +before it becomes sour and tainted. + +PHILOMELOS. + + * * * * * + + +NOTES + +_Abridged from the Magazine of Natural History._ + + +_Silkworm_.--(_By a Correspondent.)_--It has occurred to me, and I have +not seen it remarked elsewhere, as a striking and interesting +peculiarity of this insect, that it does not wander about as all other +caterpillars do, but that it is nearly stationary in the open box or +tray where it is placed and fed: after consuming the immediate supply of +mulberry leaves, it waits patiently for more being provided. I apprehend +this cannot be said of any other insect whatever. This docile quality of +the worm harmonizes beautifully with its vast importance to mankind, in +furnishing a material which affords our most elegant and beautiful, if +not most useful, of garments. The same remark applies to the insect in +the fly or moth state, the female being quite incapable of flight, and +the male, although of a much lighter make, and more active, can fly but +very imperfectly; the latter circumstance ensures to us the eggs for the +following season, and thus completes the adaptation of the insect, in +its different stages, to the useful purpose it is destined to fulfil for +our advantage. + +_The Possibility of introducing and naturalizing that beautiful Insect +the Fire Fly_.--It abounds not only in Canada, where the winters are +so severe, but in the villages of the Vaudois in Piedmont. These are +a poor people much attached to the English: and, at 10_s_. a dozen, +would, no doubt, deliver in Paris, in boxes properly contrived, any +number of these creatures, in every stage of their existence, and even +in the egg, should that be desired: and if twenty dozen were turned out +in different parts of England, there cannot remain a doubt but that, +in a few years, they would be common through the country; and, in our +summer evenings, be exquisitely beautiful. + +Vigne, in his _Six Months in America_, says:--"At Baltimore I first +saw the fire-fly. They begin to appear about sunset, after which they +are sparkling in all directions. In some places ladies wear them in +their hair, and the effect is said to be very brilliant. Mischievous +boys will sometimes catch a bull-frog, and fasten them all over him. +They show to great advantage; while the poor frog, who cannot understand +the 'new lights' that are breaking upon him, affords amusement to his +tormentors by hopping about in a state of desperation." + +_The Vampire Bat_.--Bishop Heber's opinion of the innocence of this +creature by no means agrees with what one has read of his bloodthirsty +habits; and particularly the instances given by Captain Stedman, in his +_Travels of Surinam_, who, more than once, individually, experienced +the inconvenience of the Sangrado system of blood-letting, or, more +properly, blood-taking, pursued by this practitioner. + + "Non missura cutern, nisi plena cruoris hirudo." + +HOR. + + "This leech will suck the vein, until + From your heart's blood he gets his fill." + + +In answer to a query, "whether the vampire of India and that of South +America be of one species," Mr. Waterton replies, "I beg to say that I +consider them distinct species. I have never yet seen a bat from India +with a membrane rising perpendicularly from the end of its nose; nor +have I ever been able to learn that bats in India suck animals, though +I have questioned many people on this subject. I could only find two +species of bats in Guiana, with a membrane rising from the nose. Both +these kinds suck animals and eat fruit; while those bats without a +membrane on the nose seem to live entirely upon fruit and insects, but +chiefly insects. A gentleman, by name Walcott, from Barbadoes, lived +high up the river Demerara. While I was passing a day or two at his +house, the vampires sucked his son a boy of about ten or eleven years +old, some of his fowls and his jack-ass. The youth showed me his +forehead at daybreak: the wound was still bleeding apace, and I examined +it with minute attention. The poor ass was doomed to be a prey to these +sanguinary imps of night: he looked like misery steeped in vinegar. +I saw, by the numerous sores on his body, and by his apparent debility, +that he would soon sink under his afflictions. Mr. Walcott told me that +it was with the greatest difficulty he could keep a few fowls, on +account of the smaller vampire; and that the larger kind were killing +his poor ass by inches. It was the only quadruped he had brought up with +him into the forest. + +"Although I was so long in Dutch Guiana and visited the Orinoco and +Cayenne, and ranged through part of the interior of Portuguese Guiana, +still I could never find out how the vampires actually draw the blood; +and, at this day, I am as ignorant of the real process as though I had +never been in th" vampire's country. I should not feel so mortified at +my total failure in attempting the discovery, had. I not made such +diligent search after the vampire, and examined its haunts. Europeans +may consider as fabulous the stories related of the vampire; but, for +my own part, I must believe in its powers of sucking blood from living +animals, as I have repeatedly seen both men and beasts which had been +sucked, and, moreover, I have examined very minutely their bleeding +wounds. + +"Wishful of having it in my power to say that I had been sucked by the +vampire, and not caring for the loss of ten or twelve ounces of blood, +I frequently and designedly put myself in the way of trial. But the +vampire seemed to take a personal dislike to me; and the provoking brute +would refuse to give my clavet one solitary trial, though he would tap +the more favoured Indian's toe, in a hammock within a few yards of +mine. For the space of eleven months, I slept alone in the loft of a +woodcutter's abandoned house in the forest; and though the vampire came +in and out every night, and I had the finest opportunity of seeing him, +as the moon shone through apertures where windows had once been, I never +could be certain that I saw him make a positive attempt to quench his +thirst from my veins, though he often hovered over the hammock." + + * * * * * + + +THE STORK + + +Is now rarely seen in Britain; one was killed a short time since in +the neighbourhood of Ethie House, and is to be seen in Mr. Mollison's +Museum, Bridge-street, Montrose. The editor of the Montrose Review +believes that a stork had not been killed in Scotland since the year +1766. + + * * * * * + + + + +FINE ARTS. + + * * * * * + + +THE GRAVE OF TITIAN. + + +[Illustration: QVI GIACE IL GRAN TIZIANO DE VECELLI EMULATOR DE ZEUSI E +DEGLI APELLI.] + + +Beneath this plain sepulchral stone, in the church of Santa Maria de +Frari, at Venice--rest the ashes of TITIAN, the prince of the Venetian +school of painters, and who, "was worthy of being waited upon by +Caesar." Yes, this alone denotes his grave at the foot dell'Altare di +Crocisfisso. + +Titian was born at a sequestered town in the Alps of Friuli, in the year +1477, his father being of the ancient family of Vecelli. He began very +early to show a turn for drawing, and designed a figure of the Virgin, +with the juice of flowers, the only colours probably within his reach. +He was the scholar of Giovanni Bellino, but adopted the manner of +Giorgione so successfully, that to several portraits their respective +claims could not be ascertained. The Duke of Ferrara was so attached to +Titian, that he frequently invited him to accompany him in his barge +from Venice to Ferrara. At the latter place he became acquainted with +Ariosto. In 1647, at the invitation of Charles V. Titian joined the +imperial court. The emperor then advanced in years sat to him for the +third time. During the time of sitting, Titian happened to drop one +of his pencils, the emperor took it up; and on the artist expressing +how unworthy he was of such an honour, Charles replied, "that Titian +was worthy of being waited upon by Caesar." But, "to reckon up the +protectors and friends of Titian, would be to name nearly all the +persons of the age, to whom rank, talent, and exalted character, +appertained. Being full of years and honours, he fell a victim to the +plague in 1576, at the age of ninety-nine. To perpetuate his memory, the +artists at Venice proposed celebrating his obsequies, with great pomp +and magnificence in the church of St. Luke, the programme of which is +given at length, by Ridolfi; but, owing to the prevalence of the plague, +no funeral ceremony was allowed by the state: the authorities, however, +made an exception in Titian's favour, and suffered him to be buried in +the church of Friari, as we have stated." + +Sir Abraham Hume, the accomplished annotator of the _Life and Works of +Titian_, observes: "It appears to be generally understood that Titian +had, in the different periods of life, three distinct manners of +painting; the first hard and dry, resembling his master, Giovanni +Bellino; the second, acquired from studying the works of Giorgione, was +more bold, round, rich in colour, and exquisitely wrought up; the third +was the result of his matured taste and judgment, and properly speaking, +may be termed his own; in which he introduced more cool tints into the +shadows and flesh, approaching nearer to nature than the universal glow +of Giorgione." After stating what little is known of the mechanical +means employed by Titian in the colouring of his pictures, Sir Abraham +observes: "Titian's grand secret of all, appears to have consisted in +the unremitting exercise of application, patience, and perseverance, +joined to an enthusiastic attachment to his art: his custom was to +employ considerable time in finishing his pictures, working on them +repeatedly, till he brought them to perfection; and his maxim was, that +whatever was done in a hurry, could not be well done." In manners and +character, as well as talent, Titian may not inappropriately be +associated with "the most eminent painter this country ever +produced"--Sir Joshua Reynolds. + + * * * * * + + + + +HOSPITAL OF ST. CROSS, HANTS. + + +[Illustration: (_The Church_.)] + + +This is one of the most interesting structures in Great Britain. It +stands about one mile west from Winchester, on the banks of the river +Itchin. Its architectural character is of the first importance in +illustrating the superior skill of our ancestors; while it has retained +more of its original character than any similar record of ancient piety +and charity in our island. Dr. Milner, in allusion to its principal +features, observes: "the lofty tower, with the grated door, and porter's +lodge beneath it; the retired ambulatory; the separate cells; the common +refectory; the venerable church; the black flowing dress and the silver +cross worn by the members; the conventual appellation of _brother_, +with which they salute each other; in short, the silence, the order, and +the neatness, that here reign, seem to recall the idea of a monastery to +those who have seen one, and will give no imperfect idea of such an +establishment to those who have not had that advantage."[3] + +St. Cross, however, "never was a monastery, but only an hospital for +the support of ancient and infirm men, living together in a regular +and devout manner." The original founder was Henry de Blois, bishop of +Winchester, who instituted it, between the years 1132 and 1136; and +required that "thirteen poor men, so decayed and past their strength +that without charitable assistance they cannot maintain themselves, +shall abide continually in the hospital, who shall be provided with +proper clothing and beds suitable to their infirmities; and shall have +an allowance daily of good wheat bread, good beer, three messes each for +dinner, and one for supper. That beside these thirteen poor, a hundred +other poor, of modest behaviour and the most indigent that can be found, +shall be received daily at dinner-time, and shall have each a loaf of +coarser bread, one mess, and a proper allowance of beer, with leave to +carry away with them whatever remains of their meat and drink after +dinner." They were to dine in a hall appointed for the purpose, and +called _Hundred Mennes Hall_, from this circumstance. The establishment +also contained an endowment for a master, a steward, four chaplains, +thirteen clerks, and seven choristers. + +But, in those "good old times," abuses in institutions formed for the +best and wisest purposes were not uncommon; and in the case of St. +Cross, so early did evil begin to counteract good, that, in little more +than two centuries from its foundation, the revenues assigned for the +annual fulfilment of the founder's wishes, were grossly misapplied. +They had increased in value, and the masters and brethren of +the hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, who were guardians and +administrators, seized the surplus and put it into their own pockets. +Bishop Wykeham, who was appointed to the see of Winchester, in 1366, +set about the reform of these abuses, which he was enabled to do by his +canonical jurisdiction:--"he determined that the whole revenue of the +hospital should be dedicated to the poor, as was the intention of the +founder, and having in vain tried admonition and remonstrance, summoned +the four masters to appear before him and answer for their stewardship. +They were bold enough to set Wykeham at defiance, and availed themselves +of all the subtleties of the law, and of all manner of evasion, by +appeal and otherwise, to thwart and throw him. The upright bishop +persisted--he called them to the severest account--had them fined, and +till they made restitution, excommunicated--and finally restored the +whole endowment to its primitive purpose."[4] + +The propriety and good effects of Wykeham's restoration were so +apparent, that his successor, Cardinal Beaufort, having determined +to engage in some permanent charity, resolved rather to enlarge this +institution, than to found a new one. "He therefore endowed it for the +additional support of two priests, and thirty-five poor men, who were to +become residents, and three hospital nuns, who were to attend upon the +sick brethren: he also caused a considerable portion of the hospital to +be rebuilt."[5] Of the present establishment we shall presently speak +in detail. "The hospital," says Lowth, "though much diminished in its +revenues, by what means I cannot say, yet still subsists upon the +remains of both endowments." + +The buildings of the hospital composed two courts; but the south side of +the interior quadrangle has been pulled down. The entrance to the first +court from the north is through a capacious gateway.[6] On the east side +is the +Hundred-Mennes Hall+, which is about forty feet long, and +has been converted into a brewhouse; the roof is of Irish oak, and left +open to the timbers, adjoining are the master's apartments. On the +west is a range of offices; and, on the south, with portions of other +buildings, is the lofty and handsome tower gateway, erected by Cardinal +Beaufort, whose statue, in his Cardinal's habit, is represented kneeling +in an elegant niche in the upper part: two other niches, of the same +form, but deprived of their statues, appear also on the same level. +Milner describes the embellishments of this tower: "in a cornice over +the gates we behold the Cardinal's hat displayed, together with the +busts of his father, John of Gaunt, of his royal nephews, Henry IV. and +Henry V., and of his predecessor, Wykeham: in the spandrils, on each +side, are the founder's arms. The centre boss in the groining of the +gateway is carved into a curious cross, composed of leaves, and +surrounded with a crown of thorns: on the left is the door of the +porter's lodge.[7] Passing through this gateway, the spectator sees, +on his right, a long line of buildings, of the age of the original +foundation, for the use of the brethren, each of whom has a house and +garden to himself. On the left is an ambulatory, or cloister, 135 feet +in length, and extending to the church on the south-east. Above the +ambulatory is the ancient infirmary, and chambers called the Nuns's +rooms, from their having been allotted to three hospital sisters on +the foundation of Cardinal Beaufort. The centre of the court has a +grass-plot, and gravel walks intersecting parterres of flowers, +shrubs, &c." + +Dr. Milner observes "the present establishment of St. Cross is but the +wreck of its two ancient institutions; it having been severely fleeced, +though not quite destroyed, like so many other hospitals at the +Reformation. Instead of seventy residents, as well clergy as laity, who +were here entirely supported, besides one hundred out-members, who daily +received their meat and drink, the charity consists at present but +of ten residing brethren and three out-pensioners, exclusive of one +chaplain and the master. It is true, however, that certain "doles" of +bread continue to be distributed to the poor of the neighbourhood; and +what is, perhaps, the only vestige left in the kingdom of the simplicity +and hospitality of ancient times, the porter is daily furnished with a +certain quantity of good bread and beer, of which every traveller, or +other person whosoever, that knocks at the lodge, and calls for relief, +is entitled to partake gratuitously." + +Such was the state of the charity when Dr. Milner wrote, or, in the year +1809. Our Correspondent, _P.Q._ has furnished us with the following +information to the 20th of last May. + +"The funds of this hospital are very ample; for, after providing the +master (the present Earl of Guildford)[8] with a liberal sinecure, +supporting the brethren and servants, and upholding the very extensive +buildings, there are distributed the following 'doles:' + +"On the 3rd of May, 10th of August, and the eve of the festivals of +Easter, Whitsuntide, and Christmas, annually, the whole of the brethren +and the steward of the house assemble and form two lines or ranks, at +sunset, within the door of the outer gateway; when, to every person +(even to infants) who applies at the gate, is given a loaf of brown +bread, weighing about three pounds. This distribution is continued until +all the bread is given away; and if the applicants should exceed the +loaves in number, to each of the remaining persons is given an +halfpenny, be they ever so numerous. + +"These 'doles' are very beneficial to the poor of Winchester and +vicinity; for to all who attend and obtain an early admission a loaf is +given. I know, that when I was a boy, and never missed going to the +'doles,' some families, where the children were numerous, received from +seven to ten loaves. + +"Likewise every traveller who applies at the porter's lodge at the outer +gate of this hospital is entitled to, and receives, a horn of good beer +and a loaf or slice of bread. This demand is frequently made by persons +of a different quality from that intended by the founder, for the sake +of attesting the peculiarity of the custom. The quantity of bread given +to each person is about four ounces--of beer about three-fourths of a +pint." + +We next proceed to describe the exterior of the venerable church: the +_interior_ will form the subject of a future article. + +On entering the second court the first object that usually attracts +attention is _the Church of St. Cross_, which extends a considerable +distance into the court, and destroys its regularity on the east side. +The exterior of the church is not altogether imposing. "The windows, +with one exception, are seen to disadvantage from without, and the whole +building is enveloped in a shroud of yellow gravelly plaister, strangely +dissonant with ideas of Norman masonry."[9] The church is built in the +cathedral form, with a nave and transept, and a low and massive tower, +rising from the intersection: the whole length of the church is 150 +feet; the length of the transept is 120 feet. The architecture of this +structure is singularly curious, and deserving the attention of the +antiquary, as it appears to throw a light on the progress, if not on the +origin, of the pointed or English style. Our Correspondent states the +whole to have been repaired about twenty-two years since, at a very +considerable expense. + + [3] Milner's Winchester, vol. ii. p. 141. + + [4] Life of Wykeham. By Allan Cunningham--in the _Family Library_. + The reference to the "_four_ masters" is evidently an error. + + [5] Beauties of England and Wales, vol. vi. p. 108, Hants. Mr. + Cunningham states these additions to have been made by Wykeham. + We shall presently come to the details of Beaufort's additions + to the building. + + [6] A zealous Correspondent, _P.Q._, whose contribution appears + in the next page, describes this gateway as resembling St. John's + Gate, Clerkenwell, which Mr. Malcom thinks "one of the most + perfect remains of monastic buildings in London." It consists of + one capacious arch, with an arched mullioned window in the centre + above it; and is flanked by two square towers. From this place + issued the early numbers of the _Gentleman's Magazine;_ and a + wood-cut of the building appears to this day on the wrapper of + that valuable work, which, for knowledge and utility, is as + superior to the Magazine frippery of the present day as Michael + Angelo to John Nash. + + [7] Milner's Winchester, vol. ii. p. 146. + + + [8] The present Earl succeeded to the title on the death of his + cousin, Francis, the learned Chancellor of the University of the + Ionian Islands, founded by himself, and which he richly endowed + with a noble bequest and a splendid library. His Lordship is + Rector of St. Mary's, Southampton, Old and New Abresford and + Medstead, in Hampshire, a Prebendary of Winchester, and Master + of St. Cross, Hospital. + + Among many famous men who have presided over the Hospital, was + Colonel John Lisle, of Moyles Court, Regicide, and M.P. for the + City of Winchester. + + [9] From a paper in _The Crypt_, an antiquarian journal, printed + at Ringwood, Hants, in the year 1827. The writer observes that + Dr. Milner has uniformly applied the term _Saxon_ to the + circular arches in this structure, as well as to similar + specimens; but subsequent topographers have arrived at the more + probable conclusion, that very slight remains, if any, now exist + of ecclesiastical edifices by the Saxons. + + + * * * * * + + + + +THE PUBLIC JOURNALS. + + * * * * * + + +SCRAPS FROM THE DIARY OF A TRAVELLER. + + +BY THOMAS MOORE, ESQ. + + + O poets, poets, dream at home, + If you would _still_ have visions haunt you; + Trust me, if once abroad you roam, + That mar-all, Truth, will disenchant you. + Still think of VENICE, as in dreams + You've seen her, by her ocean-streams;-- + Fancy the calm and cool delights + Of gondolas on summer nights: + Of sailing o'er the bright Lagoon, + And listening, as you glide along, + To lays from TASSO, by that moon + Whose beams, alas! he felt too strong, + And of whose mad'ning philters all, + Who feel the Muse's genuine call, + Are doom'd, at times, to drink as deep, + As did Endymion in his sleep! + + Still by your fire-sides sit, and think + Of palaces, along the brink + Of ocean-floods,--whose shadows there + Look like the ruins, grand and fair, + Of some lost ATALANTIS, seen + Beneath the wave, when heaven's serene. + People those palaces with forms + Lovely as TITIAN ever drew-- + Bright creatures, whom the sunbeam warms + With that ethereal gas, all through. + Which finds a vent at lips and eyes, + And lights up in a lover's sighs. + Fancy these young Venetian maids + Listening, at night, to serenades + From amorous lutes, where Music, such + As southern skies alone afford, + Echoes to every burning touch, + And thrills in each impassion'd chord. + + All this imagine, and still more,-- + For whither may not Fancy soar, + If Truth do not, alas! too soon, + Puncture her brilliant air-balloon-- + But go not to the spot, I pray; + O do not, _do_ not, some fine day. + Order, like STERNE, your travelling breeches;-- + All's lost, if once upon your way, + The passport of Lord ---- + Is death to Fancy--like his speeches. + + If you would save _some_ dreams of youth + From the torpedo touch of Truth, + Go not to VENICE--do not blight + Your early fancies with the sight + Of her true, real, dismal state-- + Her mansions, foul and desolate,-- + Her close canals, exhaling wide + Such fetid airs as--with those domes + Of silent grandeur, by their side, + Where step of life ne'er goes or comes, + And those black barges plying round + With melancholy, plashing sound,-- + Seem like a city, where the Pest + Is holding her last visitation, + And all, ere long, will be at rest, + The dead, sure rest of desolation. + + So look'd, at night-fall, oft to me + That ruin'd City of the Sea; + And, as the gloomy fancy grew + Still darker with night's darkening hue, + All round me seem'd by Death o'ercast,-- + Each footstep in those halls the last; + And the dim boats, as slow they pass'd, + All burial-barks, with each its load + Of livid corpses, feebly row'd + By fading hands, to find a bed + In waters less choked up with dead.--_Metropolitan_. + + + * * * * * + + +ON THE DEATH OF SIR WALTER SCOTT. + +_By the Author of "Eugene Aram."_ + + +The blow is struck--the lyre is shattered--the music is hushed at +length. The greatest--the most various--the most commanding genius of +modern times has left us to seek for that successor to his renown which, +in all probability, a remote generation alone will furnish forth. It is +true that we have been long prepared for the event--it does not fall +upon us suddenly--leaf after leaf was stripped from that noble tree +before it was felled to the earth at last;--our sympathy in his decay +has softened us to the sorrow for his death. It is not now our intention +to trace the character or to enumerate the works of the great man whose +career is run;--to every eye that reads--every ear that hears--every +heart that remembers, this much at least, of his character is already +known,--that he had all the exuberance of genius and none of its +excesses; that he was at once equitable and generous--that his heart was +ever open to charity--that his life has probably been shortened by his +scrupulous regard for justice. His career was one splendid refutation of +the popular fallacy, that genius has of necessity vices--that its light +must be meteoric--and its courses wayward and uncontrolled. He has left +mankind two great lessons,--we scarcely know which is the most valuable. +He has taught us how much delight one human being can confer upon the +world; he has taught us also that the imagination may aspire to the +wildest flights without wandering into error. Of whom else among our +great list of names--the heir-looms of our nation--can we say that he +has left us everything to admire, and nothing to forgive? + +It is in four different paths of intellectual eminence that Sir Walter +Scott has won his fame; as a poet, a biographer, an historian, and a +novellist. It is not now a time (with the great man's clay scarce cold) +to enter into the niceties of critical discussion. We cannot now weigh, +and sift, and compare. We feel too deeply at this moment to reason +well---but we ourselves would incline to consider him greatest as a +poet. Never, indeed, has there been a poet so thoroughly Homeric as +Scott--the battle--the feast--the council--the guard-room at +Stirling--the dying warrior at Flodden--the fierce Bertram speeding up +the aisle--all are Homeric;--all live--move--breathe and burn--alike +poetry, but alike life! There is this difference, too, marked and +prominent--between his verse and his prose;--the first is emphatically +the verse of Scott--the latter (we mean in its style) may be the prose +of any one--the striking originality, the daring boldness, the +astonishing vigour of the style, in the _Lay of the Last Minstrel_, +are lost in _The Antiquary and Guy Mannering_. + +Scott may be said, in prose, to have _no style_. There are those, +we know, who call this very absence of style a merit--we will not +dispute it: if it be so, Scott is the first great prose writer from +Bacon to Gibbon,--nay, from Herodotus, in Greek, to Paul Courier, in +French--who has laid claim to it. For our own part, we think him great, +in spite of the want of style, and not because of it. As a biographer, +he has been unfortunate in his subjects; the two most important of the +various lives he has either delineated or sketched--that of Dryden and +that of Swift--are men, to whose inexpiable baseness genius could +neither give the dignity of virtue nor the interest of error. + +As an historian, we confess that we prize him more highly than as a +biographer: it is true that the same faults are apparent in both, but +there is in the grand History of Napoleon more scope for redeeming +beauties. His great, his unrivalled, excellence in description is here +brought into full and ample display: his battles are vivid, with colours +which no other historian ever could command. And all the errors of the +history still leave scenes and touches of unrivalled majesty to the +book. + +As a novelist, Scott has been blamed for not imparting a more useful +moral to his fictions, and for dwelling with too inconsiderate an +interest on the chivalric illusions of the past. To charges of this +nature all writers are liable. Mankind are divided into two classes; and +he who belongs to the one will ever incur the reproach of not seeing +through the medium of the other. Certain it is, that we, with utterly +different notions on political truths from the great writer who is no +more, might feel some regret--some natural pain--that that cause which +we believe the best, was not honoured by his advocacy; but when we +reflect on the _real_ influence of his works, we are satisfied they +have been directed to the noblest ends, and have embraced the largest +circle of human interests. We do not speak of the delight he has poured +forth over the earth--of the lonely hours he has charmed--of the sad +hearts he has beguiled--of the beauty and the music which he has +summoned to a world where all travail and none repose; this, indeed, is +something--this, indeed, is a moral--this, indeed, has been a benefit +to mankind. And this is a new corroborant of one among the noblest of +intellectual truths, viz. that the books which please, are always books +that, in one sense, benefit; and that the work which is largely and +permanently popular--which sways, moulds, and softens the universal +heart--cannot appeal to vulgar and unworthy passions (such appeals are +never widely or long triumphant!); the delight it occasions is a proof +of the moral it inspires. + +But this power to charm and to beguile is not that moral excellence to +which we refer. Scott has been the first great genius--Fielding alone +excepted--who invited our thorough and uncondescending sympathy to the +wide mass of the human family--who has _stricken_ (for in this +artificial world it requires an effort) into our hearts a love and a +respect for those chosen from the people. Shakspeare has not done +this--Shakspeare paints the follies of the mob with a strong and +unfriendly hand. Where, in Skakspeare, is there a Jeanie Deans? Take up +which you will of those numerous works which have appeared, from +_Waverley_ to the _Chronicles of the Canongate_,--open where +you please, you will find portraits from the people--and your interest +keeping watch beside the poor man's hearth. Not, in Scott, as they were +in the dramatists of our language, are the peasant, the artificer, the +farmer, dragged on the stage merely to be laughed at for their brogue, +and made to seem ridiculous because they are useful. + +He paints them, it is true, in their natural language, but the language +is subservient to the character; he does not bow the man to the phrase, +but the phrase to the man. Neither does he flatter on the one hand, as +he does not slight on the other. Unlike the maudlin pastoralists of +France he contents himself with the simple truth--he contrasts the dark +shadows of Meg Merrilies, or of Edie Ochiltree, with the holy and pure +lights that redeem and sanctify them--he gives us the poor, even to the +gipsey and the beggar, as they really are--contented, if our interest is +excited, and knowing that nature is sufficient to excite it. From the +palaces of kings--from the tents of warriors, he comes--equally at home +with man in all aspects--to the cotter's hearth:--he bids us turn from +the pomp of the Plantagenets to bow the knee to the poor Jew's +daughter--he makes us sicken at the hollowness of the royal Rothsay, to +sympathize with the honest love of Hugh the smith. No never was there +one--not even Burns himself--who forced us more intimately to +acknowledge, or more deeply to feel, that + + "The rank is but the guinea stamp, + The man's the gowd, for a' that." + + + * * * * * + +Scott, is not, we apprehend, justly liable to the charge of wanting a +sound moral--even a great _political_ moral--(and political morals +are the greatest of all)--in the general tenor of works which have +compelled the highest classes to examine and respect the lowest. In +this, with far less learning, far less abstract philosophy, than +Fielding, he is only exceeded by him in one character--(and that, +indeed, the most admirable in English fiction)--the character of Parson +Adams. Jeanie Deans is worth a thousand such as Fanny Andrews. Fielding, +Le Sage, and Cervantes are the only three writers, since the world +began, with whom, as a novelist, he can be compared. And perhaps he +excels them, as Voltaire excelled all the writers of his nation, not by +the superior merits of one work, but by the brilliant aggregate of many. +_Tom Jones, Gil Blas, Don Quixote_, are, without doubt, greater, +_much_ greater, productions than Waverley; but the _authors_ +of _Tom Jones, Gil Blas_, and even of _Don Quixote_, have not +manifested the same fertile and mighty genius as _author_ of the +Waverley Novels. + +And _that_ genius--seemingly so inexhaustible--is quenched at +length! We can be charmed no more--the eloquent tongue is mute--the +master's wand is broken up--the right hand hath forgot its cunning-the +cord that is loosened was indeed of silver--and the bowl that is broken +at the dark well was of gold beyond all price. + + * * * * * + +When a great man dies, he leaves a chasm which eternity cannot fill. +Others succeed to his fame--but never to the exact place which he held +in the world's eye;--they may be greater than the one we have lost--but +they are not he. Shakspeare built not his throne on the same site as +Homer--nor Scott on that whence Shakspeare looked down upon the +universe. The gap which Scott leaves in the world is the token of the +space he filled in the homage of his times. A hundred ages hence our +posterity will still see that wide interval untenanted--a vast and +mighty era in the intellectual world, which will prove how spacious were +"the city and the temple, whose summit has reached to Heaven." + +_New Monthly Magazine_. + + * * * * * + + +TO A ROSE. + +THE THOUGHT FROM THE ITALIAN. + + + Queen of Flora's emerald bowers, + Imperial Rose, thou flower of flowers, + Wave thy moss-enwreathen stem, + Wave thy dewy diadem; + Thy crimson luxury unfold, + And drink the sunny blaze of gold. + + O'er the Zephyr, sportive minion, + Spreads the blue, aurelian pinion. + Now in love's low whispers winging, + Now in giddy fondness clinging, + With all a lover's warmth he wooes thee, + With all a lover's wiles pursues thee. + + And thou wilt yield, and thou wilt give + The sigh that none can breathe and live. + Like lovelier things, deluded flower, + Thy date is short; the very hour + That sees thee flourish, sees thee fade; + Thy blush, thy being, all a shade. + Yet, flower, I'll lay thee on a shrine, + That makes thy very death divine. + + Couch'd on a bed of living snows, + Then breathe thy last, too happy rose! + Sweet Queen, thou'lt die upon a throne, + Where even thy sweetness is outdone; + Young weeper, thou shalt close thine eyes + Beside the gates of Paradise. + On my Idalia's bosom, thou, + Beneath the lustres of her brow, + Like pilgrims, all their sorrows past, + On Heaven their dying glances cast, + Thy crimson beauty shalt recline, + Oh, that thy rapturous fate were mine! + + +_Blackwood's Magazine_. + + * * * * * + + + + +NEW BOOKS. + + +LIVES OF SCOTTISH WORTHIES, VOL. II., [Or the 34th volume of the +_Family Library_, is rife with interesting details of the proudest +areas of Scottish history; but more especially of the chivalric courses +of Robert Bruce and James the First. We quote half-a-dozen vividly +written pages, from the former, describing the memorable Siege of +Berwick, in 1319.] + +Considering the importance of Berwick, and the care and expense with +which it had been fortified by the king, it was natural that any attempt +against it should be viewed with much interest; and when it was known +that the son-in-law of Bruce,--a young warrior, whose high rank was +rendered more conspicuous by the services he had already rendered to the +country,--had been selected as its governor, and that the whole army of +England, headed by king Edward, and under the command of the flower of +the nobility, had invested it by sea and land, the intense interest with +which the siege was watched by both countries may be easily imagined. +It concluded, however, in the complete triumph of the steward, and the +repulse of the English army; yet not before every device then known in +the rude engineering of the times had been essayed by the besiegers, +and effectually baffled by the ingenuity and persevering courage of the +enemy. After their earthen mounds had been completed, the English, on +St. Mary's eve, made a simultaneous assault both by land and by sea. +Whilst their force, led by the bravest of their captains, and carrying +with them, besides their usual offensive arms, the ladders, crows, +pick-axes, and other assistances for an escalade, rushed onwards to the +walls with the sound of their trumpets, and the display of innumerable +banners, a large vessel, prepared for the purpose, was towed towards the +town from the mouth of the river. She was filled with armed soldiers, +a party of whom were placed in her boat drawn up mid-mast high; whilst +to the bow of the boat was fixed a species of drawbridge, which it was +intended to drop upon the wall, and thus afford a passage from the +vessel into the town. Yet these complicated preparations failed of +success, although seconded by the greatest gallantry; and the English, +after being baffled in every attempt to fix their ladders and maintain +themselves upon the walls, were compelled to retire, leaving their +vessel to be burnt by the Scots, who slew many of her crew, and made +prisoner the engineer who superintended and directed the attack. + +This unsuccessful attack was, after five days' active preparation, +followed by another still more desperate, in which the besiegers +made use of a huge machine moving upon wheels, and including several +platforms or stages, which held various parties of armed soldiers, who +were defended by a strong roofing of boards and hides, beneath which +they could work their battering-rams with impunity. To co-operate with +this unwieldy and bulky instrument, which, from its shape and covering, +they called a "sow," movable scaffolds had been constructed, of such a +height as to overtop the walls, from which they proposed to storm the +town; and, instead of a single vessel, as on the former occasion, a +squadron of ships, with their top castles manned by picked bodies of +archers, and their armed boats slung mast high, were ready to sail +in with the tide, and anchor beneath the walls. Aware of these great +preparations, the Scots, under the encouragement and direction of their +governor, laboured incessantly to be in a situation to render them +unavailing. By Crab, the Flemish engineer, machines similar to the Roman +catapult, moving on wheels, and of enormous strength and dimensions, +were constructed and placed on the walls at the spot where it was +expected the sow would make its approach. In addition to this, they +fixed a crane upon the rampart, armed with iron chains and grappling +hooks, and large masses of combustibles and fire-faggots, shaped like +tuns, and composed of pitch and flax, bound strongly together with tar +ropes, were piled up in readiness for the attack. At different intervals +on the walls were fixed the espringalds for the discharge of their heavy +darts, which carried on their barbed points little bundles of flaming +tow dipped in oil or sulphur; the ramparts were lined by the archers, +spearmen, and crossbows; and to each leader was assigned a certain +station, to which he could repair on a moment's warning. + +Having inspected his whole works, the steward cheerfully and confidently +awaited the attack; to which the English moved forward in great +strength, and led by the king in person, on the 13th of September. +Irritated by their late repulse, and animated by the presence of their +nobility, the different squadrons rushed forward with an impetuosity +which at first defied all efforts to repel them; so that the ladders +were fixed, the ditch filled up by fascines, and the ramparts attacked +with an impetuous valour which promised to carry all before it. But the +Scots, who knew their own strength, allowed this ebullition of gallantry +to expend itself; and, after a short interval advanced with levelled +spears in close array, and with a weight and resolution which +effectually checked the enemy. Considerable ground, however, had been +gained in the first assault; and the battle was maintained, from sunrise +till noon, with excessive obstinacy on both sides; but it at last +concluded in favour of the resolution and endurance of the Scots, who +repulsed the enemy on every quarter, and cleared their ramparts of their +assailants. At this moment, by Edward's orders, the sow began its +advance towards the walls; and the cran, or catapult, armed with a mass +of rock, was seen straining its timbers, and taking its aim against the +approaching monster. On the first discharge the stone flew far beyond; +and, as its conductors hurried forward the immense machine, the second +missile fell short of it. A third block of granite was now got ready, +and an English engineer who had been taken prisoner was commanded, on +pain of death, to direct the aim; whilst the sow was moving forward with +a rapidity which in a few seconds must have brought it to the foot of +the walls. All gazed on for an instant in breathless suspense,--but only +for an instant. The catapult was discharged,--a loud booming noise in +the air accompanied the progress of its deadly projectile,--and, in a +moment afterwards, a tremendous crash, mingled with the shrieks of the +victims and the shouts of the soldiers from the walls, declared the +destruction of the huge machine. It had been hit so truly, that the +stone passed through the roofs, shivering its timbers into a thousand +pieces; and crushing and mangling in a frightful manner the unhappy +soldiers who manned its different platforms. As those amongst them who +escaped rushed out from its broken fragments, the Scottish soldiers, +imitating the witticism of black Agnis at the siege of Dunbar, shouted +out that the English sow had farrowed. Crab now cast his chains and +grappling-hooks over the ruins of the machine, and, dragging it nearer +the walls, poured down his combustibles in such quantity, that it was +soon consumed to ashes. The complete failure in this land attack seems +to have cast a damp over the naval operations; and, although the ships +attempted to move on to the walls at flood-tide, they were driven back +without difficulty; whilst a last effort to enter the city by burning +the gate of St. Mary's was repulsed by the steward in person. It was +now near night-fall; and, foiled on every side, the English entirely +withdrew from the assault. + + * * * * * + + +NUMISMATICS. + + +[Addison, in commenting on the Usefulness of Ancient Medals, says, +"A series of an Emperor's Coins is his life digested into Annals." +Who shall, therefore, gainsay the the utility of _A Numismatic Manual, +or Guide to the Study of Coins_. The author, Mr. John Y. Akerman, +does not intend his volume exclusively for the use of the experienced +medallist, so that much popular interest may be expected in its pages. +The title bespeaks its contents, but we quote a few brief extracts +relating to rare English coins.] + + +_Ecclesiastic Money_.--This money was coined by prelates prior to +the Norman Conquest. Of these there are pennies of Jaenbearht, +archbishop of Canterbury, with the reverse of Offa, king of Mercia, +Aethileard, Wulfred, Ceolnoth, Plegmund, and Ethered. They are all +extremely rare, excepting those of Ceolnoth, which are not so rare as +the others. Besides these there are pennies of St. Martin, coined at +Lincoln, and St. Peter's pennies, struck at York, which are supposed to +be as old as the time of the Heptarchy. Those of St. Edmund, coined at +Bury, are prior to the Norman Conquest. The pennies of St. Paul are, it +would seem, by the cross and pellets on the reverse, not older than the +reign of Henry III. + +All Stephen's money is very scarce, and one or two types are exceedingly +rare. At a sale in London, in 1827, the penny of Stephen with the +horseman's mace, brought thirteen pounds. His coins are generally very +rude and illegible. This king coined pennies only. + +The groat of Edward I. is of the first rarity.[10] The pennies of +Hadleigh, Chester, and Kingston, are scarce; the other pennies are +extremely common, and scarcely a year passes without a discovery of new +hoards. The half-pennies and farthings are somewhat scarce. From this +time to the reign of Henry VII., the English coins bear a great +resemblance to each other. + +_Edward IV_.--The groats common, except those of Norwich and +Coventry, spelled "Norwic" and "Covetre." The half-groat and halfpenny +scarce, the penny and farthing rare. The Bristol penny is extremely +rare. + +_Richard III_.--All this king's coins are very rare, except the +groat, which is less rare than the others, some groats having lately +been discovered. The Canterbury-penny of Richard III. CIVITAS CANTOR, +supposed _unique_, sold at a public sale a short time since, for +seven pounds ten shillings. The Durham penny of the same king brought +four guineas. + +_Henry VII_.--Folkes, in his _Table of English Silver Coins_, +after describing the various pieces coined by Henry VII., says, "We may +further in this place take notice of a very uncommon and singular coin, +charged with the royal arms, but without a name. The arms are surmounted +with an arched crown, and placed between a _fleur-de-lis_ and a +rose, legend DOMINE-SALVVM. FAC. REGEM; on the other side is +_fleur-de-lis_ and a lion of England, and an arched crown between +them above, and a rose below, with this inscription, MANA. TECKEL. +PHARES. 1494. An English lion also for a mint mark. It is, by the make +and size, a French gross, and is supposed to have been coined by the +Duchess of Burgundy, for Perkin Warbeck, when he set out to invade +England." There are also half-groats of this coinage, with the same +date, one of which brought _twenty guineas_ at a sale in London in +1827. + +_Milled Money_.--The artist first employed on the milled money of +England was a Frenchman, named Philip Mestrelle, who was executed at +Tyburn, on the 27th of January, 1569, having been found guilty of making +counterfeit money. + +_Charles I_.--The obsidional, or _siege pieces_, struck by the partizans +of this monarch during the civil wars, are extremely interesting, and, +with the exception of those coined at Newark, are all rare. They may be +known by their shape from every other English coin, as well as by their +legends. Those of Newark are of a diamond or lozenge form, some are +octangular, and others of a shape that would puzzle a geometrician. Some +have the rude representation of a castle; others, a crown; and many have +the initials, C.R., and the legend DVM. SPIRO. SPERO. + +_Oliver Cromwell_.--The coins of Oliver were the production of the +inimitable Simon, whose works are to this day admired and prized. Some +have doubted whether they ever were in circulation, but it is now pretty +generally allowed that they were. + +_Charles II_.--The milled money of this king is of a very different +style, and has the head laureated. All the pieces of this coinage are +common. To the eternal disgrace of Charles, he encouraged an artist whom +he had brought over from Antwerp, and gave the preference to his works +before those of Simon, who produced in the year 1663, a pattern crown of +most extraordinary workmanship, _on the edge of which_ was the +following petition in two lines: + + "THOMAS SIMON _most humbly prays your_ MAJESTY _to compare this his + tryal-piece with the Dutch, and if more truly drawn and embossed, more + gracefully ordered, and more accurately engraven, to relieve him_." + + +To any one but the heartless profligate whose portrait occupied the +obverse of the medal, this appeal would have been irresistible, but it +does not appear that the unfortunate artist was relieved. He probably +died of grief and disappointment at the unjust preference shown to his +rival. + +_James II_.--The base money struck by James the Second, in Ireland, +in 1689 and 1690, is common, except the crown of white metal, with the +figure of James on horseback. Some of his half-crowns and shillings were +struck of metal, the produce of old cannon, which were melted down for +the purpose, and are in consequence termed "gun money." + +_Anne's Farthing_.--The common current farthing of Anne is scarce, +but scarcer with the broad rim. The patterns of 1713 and 1714 are rare, +but those with the reverse of Britannia under a kind of arch, or with +Peace in a car drawn by two horses, and the legend PAX MISSA PER ORBEM, +are the scarcest of all. + +At a public sale of the coins of the late Mr. Dimsdale, the banker, +the Oxford crown with the city under the horse, was knocked down at +sixty-nine pounds. At the same time the rial of Mary brought sixty-three +pounds, and the rial of Elizabeth twenty-one pounds ten shillings. + +A friend of the author is of opinion, that the coins of Henry VII., +with the head _in profile_, are the first English money bearing a +likeness of the sovereign. + +[The work is illustrated with, several lithographic _fac similia_ +of coins; and the vignette is from a very beautiful gold coin of Hiero +II. of Syracuse, in the possession of Mr. Till, of Great Russell-street, +Covent-garden. This morsel of antiquity, not larger than one's little +finger nail, must be upwards of _two thousand_ years old!] + + [10] The groat of Edward I. sold for five and a half guineas, at a + public sale in London, in March, 1827. It is quite evident + that the effigies of the English monarchs on their coins are not + _likenesses_, until the time of Henry VIII. whatever the + Ingenious may say to the contrary. Some have supposed that the + rude figures on the Saxon coins use likenesses, but the idea + is ridiculous. Folkes, in his "Table of English Silver Coins," + remarks that the Kings of England are represented _bearded_ on + their great seals, but always _smooth-faced_ on their coins. + + + * * * * * + + + + +THE GATHERER. + + * * * * * + + +_The Red Sea_.--The water of the Red Sea is so very clear, that Mr. +Buckingham read on the wooden stock of an anchor the name of the ship at +the depth of 25 fathoms (150 feet). + +T. GILL. + + * * * * * + + +_Curious Appeal_.--Philip, Alexander's father, gave sentence +against a prisoner at a time he was drowsy, and seemed to give small +attention. The prisoner, after sentence was pronounced, said, I appeal: +the king; somewhat stirred, said, To whom do you appeal? The prisoner +answered, From Philip, when he gave _no ear_, to Philip, when he +shall give ear.--_Bacon_. + + * * * * * + + +_An Emperor's Crown kicked off his head by the Pope_.--Pope +Celestine III. kicked the Emperor Henry IV.'s crown off his head, while +kneeling, to show his prerogative of making and unmaking kings. + +T. GILL. + + * * * * * + + +THE LATE SIR. WALTER SCOTT, BART. + + * * * * * + +Instead of the "Brief Memoir," announced in our last, we intend to +publish with our next number, a _Supplementary Sheet_, containing + + + AN ILLUSTRATED MEMOIR OF + THE LATE SIR WALTER SCOTT, BART. + + With Anecdotes of his Life and Works, Characteristics, Tributes to + his Memory, from accredited sources, and interspersed with Original + Observations: with + + FIVE ENGRAVINGS, + Price Twopence. + + + * * * * * + +_Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset +House,) London, sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; +G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen +and Booksellers._ + + + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, +and Instruction, No. 569, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, *** + +***** This file should be named 14007.txt or 14007.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/4/0/0/14007/ + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David Garcia and the PG Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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