1 files changed, 2034 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/old/14007.txt b/old/14007.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec53acf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/14007.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2034 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, No. 569, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, No. 569
+       Volume XX., No. 569. Saturday, October 6, 1832
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: November 10, 2004 [EBook #14007]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David Garcia and the PG Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOLUME XX., NO. 569.] SATURDAY, OCTOBER 6, 1832. [PRICE 2d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+LISBON.
+
+
+[Illustration: LISBON.]
+
+
+Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, was called by the ancients Ulyssippo,
+and the foundation is fabulously ascribed to Ulysses. The situation is
+grand, on the north bank of the river Tagus, in lat. 38 deg. 42-1/3' N.,
+lon. 9 deg. 8-1/3' W. The harbour, or rather road, of Lisbon, is one of the
+finest in the world; and the quays are at once convenient and beautiful.
+On entering the river, and passing the forts of St. Julian and of Bugio,
+situated respectively at the extremities of the northern and southern
+shores, we obtain a view of Lisbon crowning the hills on the north bank,
+about three leagues distant above the mouth of the Tagus. The quintas or
+villas scattered over the country, between the villages, become more
+numerous the further we advance; till, at length, on approaching Belem,
+an uninterrupted chain of edifices is seen extending along the margin of
+the noble river, to the remotest part of the ancient capital, being a
+distance of full six miles. Opposite Belem Castle, and on the southern
+shore of the Tagus, is the small fort of Torre Velha. These two forts,
+situated at the narrowest part of the river, guard the approach to the
+capital by sea; and all vessels arriving at its port have their papers
+examined at Belem Castle. The salutes of ships of war are, in like
+manner, answered by its guns. Proceeding onward, we pass the Convent of
+St. Geronymo, a splendid pile of Moorish architecture, "the picturesque
+appearance of the scene being heightened by groups of boats peculiar in
+their construction to the Tagus." From Belem we trace a range of
+buildings, connecting it with Alcantara and Buenos Ayres, and finally
+with the ancient city of Lisbon. Alcantara is situated at the mouth of a
+narrow valley opening upon the Tagus. Upon the brow of the hill, on the
+eastern side, is another of the royal residences, called the palace of
+Necessiades; and, stretching across the valley, about a mile above this
+point, is the far-famed aqueduct, which conveys the chief supply of
+water to the capital. The new and populous quarter of Buenos Ayres
+(so called from its being considered the healthiest situation around
+the capital,) covers the steep hills situated in the angle formed by
+the Alcantara valley and the Tagus. Miss Baillie, in her amusing
+_Letters_, describes Buenos Ayres as "a suburb of Lisbon, standing
+upon higher ground than the city itself, and a favourite resort of the
+English, being generally considered as a cooler and more cleanly (or
+rather a _less filthy_) situation than the latter." The splendid
+river scenery from Belem to Lisbon, the luxuriant prospect from the
+adjoining heights; the city itself, with its domes, and towers, and
+gorgeous buildings--all this proud assemblage of nature and art--remind
+us that
+
+      It is a goodly sight to see
+  What Heaven hath done for this delicious land!
+  What fruits of fragrance blush on ev'ry tree!
+  What goodly prospects o'er the hill expand;
+  But man would mar them with an impious hand.
+
+  BYRON.
+
+
+The Engraving represents one of the most comprehensive views of the
+city, obtained from an eminence crowned by the chapel of Nossa Senhora
+da Monte. It has been copied from one of Colonel Batty's faithful
+Views,[1] and its details cannot better be explained than in the words
+of the clever artist:
+
+"From this elevation, the spectator, on turning to the south, has before
+him the principal part of the busy capital. The Castle Hill, crowned by
+a variety of buildings, and encircled by the old walls of its Moorish
+fortifications, stands conspicuously on the left. Its northern slope is
+planted with olive-trees, which add to its picturesque appearance, and
+afford an agreeable relief to the eye in this widely extended scene of a
+dense and populous city. On the right hand is another range of heights,
+less elevated than the Castle Hill, but covered with buildings, amidst
+which churches, convents, and hospitals, form prominent objects. The
+valley, in the centre of the view, appears from this point to be choked
+up with an almost impenetrable labyrinth of houses. This is, however,
+now the most regular portion of the capital. Having been that part which
+suffered most severely from the great earthquake of 1755, it has since
+been rebuilt upon a uniform plan, with its streets intersecting each
+other at right angles. In this quarter also are the two principal
+pracas, or squares, in the city. The largest of these is the Praca do
+Commercio, opening to the south upon the broad expanse of the Tagus.
+Here formerly stood the royal palace, which was almost instantaneously
+destroyed by the same memorable earthquake. The centre of this square is
+ornamented by an equestrian statue of King Joseph I. The other square is
+situated a little more to the north, about the centre of the valley.
+It is called the Rocio, and was formerly styled the Square of the
+Inquisition, from that tribunal having held its sittings in a large
+building at its northern extremity. The Castle Hill conceals from our
+view a portion of the ancient city, which, it is remarkable, escaped
+with comparatively trifling damage from the earthquake, though
+immediately contiguous to the part just described, which, in a few
+moments, was rendered a complete mass of ruins, burying thousands of the
+wretched inhabitants. Beyond the Tagus, the heights of Almada are seen
+bounding the view, and extending westward towards the sea."
+
+    [1] Published by Messrs. Moon, Boys and Graves Booksellers, Pall Mall.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MRS. HEMANS.
+
+(_To the Editor_.)
+
+
+In No. 550, of _The Mirror_, in some account of Mrs. Hemans, by
+_The Author of a Tradesman's Lays_, it is erroneously stated that
+Mrs. Hemans is a native of Denbighshire. She was born in Liverpool, and
+was the daughter of Mr. George Brown, of the firm of Messrs. George and
+Henry Brown, extensive merchants in the Irish trade. Mr. Brown removed
+with his family, from Liverpool, to near Abergele, North Wales, where he
+resided some years. He married a Miss Wagner, daughter of Paul Wagner,
+Esq., a German, and a respectable merchant in Liverpool. Mrs. Hemans's
+early poems were published by subscription in 1808; they were
+beautifully printed in quarto, at the press of the late Mr. John
+McCreery,[2] who long resided in Liverpool. Mrs. Hemans, after her
+marriage, lived near St. Asaph, with her mother and brother, Sir Henry
+Brown; after which she took up her residence at the village of
+Wavertree, three miles from Liverpool.
+
+_Liverpool._
+
+A CONSTANT READER.
+
+    [2] Mr. McCreery left Liverpool to reside in London, he died a
+        short time since of cholera, at Paris.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION.
+
+(_To the Editor_.)
+
+
+The remarks of your Correspondent, _A. Booth_, in No. 567, of
+_The Mirror_, with respect to what is generally called "Spontaneous
+Combustion," are very just. My present object is to show that the term
+"spontaneous" as applied to the subject in question, is incorrect. Mons.
+Pierre Aimee Laire, in an "Essay on Human Combustion from the abuse of
+Spirituous Liquors," states that it is the breath of the individuals
+coming in contact with some flame, and being thus communicated inwardly,
+that is the cause of the combustion, and therefore it cannot be
+spontaneous; and he cites several instances of persons addicted to
+spirituous liquors being thus burnt. Moreover, it is stated that an
+anatomical lecturer, at Pisa, in the year 1597, happening to hold a
+lighted candle near a subject he was dissecting, on a sudden set fire to
+the vapours that came out of the stomach he had just opened. In the same
+year, as Dr. Ruisch, then anatomical professor at Pisa, was dissecting a
+woman, and a student holding a candle to give him light, he no sooner
+opened the stomach than there issued a yellow, greenish flame. Also at
+Lyons, in dissecting a woman, the stomach was no sooner opened than a
+considerable flame burst out and filled the room. This has been
+accounted for by experiments made by Dr. Vulpari, anatomical professor
+at Bologna. He affirms that any one may see, issuing from the stomach of
+an animal, a matter that burns like spirits of wine, if the upper and
+lower orifices are bound fast with a strong thread, and the stomach
+being thus tied, be cut above and under the ligature, and afterwards
+pressed with both hands, so as to make all that it contains pass on
+one side, and to produce a swelling on that part which contains the
+incision, which must be held with the left hand, to prevent the
+inflammable air escaping. This hand being removed, and a candle applied
+about an inch from the stomach, a blueish flame will issue, which will
+last nearly a minute. The circumstances of the case of Grace Pitt, to
+which your Correspondent refers, perfectly coincide with the foregoing
+remarks. She was accustomed for several years to go down stairs after
+she was undressed, to _smoke a pipe_. Her daughter, who slept with
+her, did not miss her till the morning, when on going down stairs, she
+found her mother's body extended _over the hearth_, and appearing
+like a block of wood burning with a glowing fire, without flame. She
+was, no doubt, in the act of lighting her pipe, either at the fire or
+candle, and the breath issuing from her mouth during respiration, being
+impregnated with the spirits she had lately drunk, caught fire, and
+communicated with the animal substance, also impregnated with spirit,
+and thus the body was destroyed. Indeed, in nearly all the cases of this
+nature reported, the bodies have been found on the hearth, or the
+persons have been left with a candle near them. The combustion of the
+human body in these cases is generally entirely inward, and it is very
+seldom that any of the contiguous articles are destroyed. In the
+instance mentioned above, a child's clothes on one side of the woman,
+and a paper screen were untouched, and the deal floor on which she lay
+was not even discoloured.
+
+The most remarkable instance of this nature on record, is that of the
+Countess Cornelia Bandi; she was in the sixty-second year of her age,
+and on the day before well as usual. After she was in bed she conversed
+with her maid for two or three hours, and then fell asleep. The servant
+on going into her chamber in the morning, saw her lady's two feet
+distant from the bed, a heap of ashes, and two legs with the stockings
+on. Between the latter was part of the head, but the brains, half the
+skull, and the chin, were burnt to ashes, which, when taken up in the
+hand, left a greasy and offensive moisture. The bed received no damage,
+and the clothes were elevated on one side, as by a person rising from
+beneath them. She appears to have been burnt standing, from the skull
+being found between her legs; the back was damaged more than the front
+of the head, partly because of the hair, and partly because in the face
+there were several openings, out of which the flames are likely to
+have issued. In this account it is not stated either that she was of
+intemperate habits, or that a candle was left in the room with her; but
+the latter is very likely, she being advanced in years; and it may be
+conjectured, that in rising from her bed, she caught fire.
+
+One Borelli observes, that such accidents often happen to great drinkers
+of wine and brandy, and that it would be of much more frequent
+occurrence, were it not for the natural moisture of the body.
+Notwithstanding this, your readers must not think that I am opposed to
+the "cheerful draught:" I would say,
+
+  "Let each indulge his genius, each be glad,
+  Jocund and free, and swell the feast with mirth.
+  The sprightly bowl go cheerfully round.
+  Let none be grave, nor too severely wise;
+  Losses and disappointments, cares and poverty,
+  The rich man's insolence, and great man's scorn,
+  In wine be all forgotten."--ROWE.
+
+
+_St. Pancras._
+
+W.A.R.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+EARLY PARLIAMENTS.
+
+
+When the Saxon government was first established in England, there
+was no distinction of freehold and copyhold; the latter, according
+to Blackstone, was a possession acquired by a vassal subsequent to the
+Norman feudal system. Copyholders being thus considered as slaves, were,
+notwithstanding their possessions, deemed unworthy of the franchise; and
+from this refinement, on the arbitrary principles of the Normans, every
+copyholder was deprived of a vote, unless he could claim it by some
+other tenure.
+
+The term borough originally meant a company consisting of ten families,
+which were bound together as each other's pledge. Afterwards boroughs
+came to signify a town, having a wall, or some sort of enclosure round;
+and all places that, in old times, had the name of boroughs, it is said,
+were fortified or fenced in some shape or other.
+
+In the time of the West Saxons, a parliament was holden by King Ina,
+by these words: "I, Ina, King of the West Saxons, have caused all my
+fatherhood, aldermen, and wisest commons, with the goodly men of my
+kingdom, to consult of weighty matters."
+
+William the Conqueror, in the fourth year of his reign, called a
+parliament, which consisted of twelve representatives for each county,
+and the cities and boroughs were wholly omitted. After the battle of
+Lewes, in which Henry III. was defeated by the barons, they called a
+parliament, and made the king sign an order to summon four knights to
+represent each county, and four for the cities of London, York, and
+Lincoln. These representatives were chosen by universal suffrage of
+the householders, and although the king regained his authority by the
+subsequent defeat of the barons, two members for each county continued
+to be elected in the same manner till the 8th of Henry VI. In the
+parliament held in the 49th of Henry III., he sent writs to the nobles
+and to the sheriffs of several counties, to return two knights for each
+county, two citizens for each city, and two burgesses for each borough.
+
+It was contrary to an ancient rule of the constitution, that any person
+should be allowed to vote at elections who did not reside in the place
+or county where the election was made; that rule says, that "ineddem
+comitata commercentes et residentes" only shall vote; and this was
+confirmed by an act of parliament, (1 Henry V. c. i.) but recently
+repealed.
+
+In 1429, an important change was made as to the qualifications of the
+voters for knights of the shires. The voters were obliged to prove
+themselves worth 40_s._ per annum. Before this time, every freeholder
+might vote, and the vast concourse of electors brought on riots and
+murders. Seventy pounds would, in modern days, be barely an equivalent
+for our ancestors' 40_s._ The freeholders were, at the same time,
+directed to choose two of the fittest and most discreet knights resident
+in their county; or, if none could be found, notable esquires, gentlemen
+by birth, and qualified to be made knights; but no yeoman or persons of
+inferior rank.
+
+W.G.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+MANNERS AND CUSTOMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MARVELLOUS CURE OF THE TOOTHACH.
+
+(_From a Correspondent_.)
+
+
+A friend, who has recently returned from India, relates that he
+received a perfect cure for the toothach, in a very remarkable way. He
+had occasion to land on the Isle of Bourbon, at the time of his being
+afflicted with a tormenting toothach; and a handkerchief being tied
+about his head, his appearance excited the curiosity of the natives, who
+approached him, and inquired, by signs and gestures, the nature of his
+complaint. Having been satisfied on this point, they made him understand
+that _they_ could cure him, if he would consent to their method;
+which he did with great willingness, as he was maddened with pain, and
+eager to make any experiment to gain relief. They first kindled a fire
+on the ground with a few dry sticks, and then directed their patient to
+hold the fore finger of his right hand to the tooth that was affected,
+while they articulated a sort of jargon among themselves. When they had
+finished, and the sticks were all burnt, they told him to withdraw his
+hand, and the pain would cease. He did so, when his joy and astonishment
+exceeded all bounds to find that the pain had _actually left him!_
+
+This story may appear somewhat strange, yet I have no reason to doubt
+the veracity of my friend, who supposes that the artful natives burned
+some kind of herb in order to impregnate the air with its qualities,
+which being admitted into the cavity of the tooth, effectually removed
+the pain. He says he has never experienced a return of the complaint
+since.
+
+G.W.N.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+JOURNAL OF A SHERIFF OF LONDON.
+
+(_Concluded from page 198_.)
+
+
+"Wednesday, Oct. 29th. This being our grand feast day, my Lord Mayor,
+Humphry Parsons, Esq., sent his summons to attend at Guildhall, by
+ten o'clock, and that he would set out from thence, to Westminster,
+precisely at eleven, in order to be back to our entertainment more
+early. What added magnificence to this day's _Shew_ was, that his
+lordship's coach was drawn by six horses, adorned with grand harnesses,
+ribbons, &c., a sight never before seen on this occasion.--The Lord
+Chancellor and some of the Judges dined with us; the whole entertainment
+was happily conducted with great order and decency, and the company was
+broken up by about one o'clock in the morning.
+
+"Wednesday, Nov. 5th. This being the commemoration of the Gunpowder
+Plot, we, the sheriff's, attended my Lord Mayor from Guildhall to St.
+Paul's: and as his lordship's coach was, on this occasion, drawn as
+before by six horses, which he intended to do on every public occasion,
+it caused a more than ordinary concourse of people in the streets."
+
+On Sunday, the 11th of January, Mr. Hoare, in his scarlet gown, with the
+Lord Mayor, and several of the aldermen, received the holy communion,
+in St. Lawrence's church, in pursuance of the statutes, to qualify
+themselves to act as magistrates; and on the following day, being Plough
+Monday, he attended the Lord Mayor at Guildhall, "to receive the several
+presentments of the respective wardmote inquests of each ward,--and at
+the same time to swear in all new constables for the ensuing year." On
+Wednesday, the 14th the quarter sessions commenced, "when it is usual
+for the several common councilmen to take the oaths of allegiance;"
+which was done accordingly.
+
+"Friday, February 20th. Waited on my Lord Mayor to Bow church, in my
+scarlet, to hear a sermon upon the propagation of the gospel in foreign
+parts; to which the Archbishop of Canterbury also came in his state
+coach, and with grand solemnity, attended by seven or eight bishops, and
+great numbers of gentlemen of that society."
+
+The Lord Mayor (Humphry Parsons) died on the evening of March the 21st,
+1741; on the 23rd, Daniel Lambert, Esq. was elected to succeed him, and
+the same evening he was presented to the Lord Chancellor, and approved
+of in the usual manner.
+
+"Wednesday, March 15th. This day the new Lord Mayor went in grand state
+and procession by land to the Tower-gate, on Tower-hill, to be there
+presented to and sworn in before the Constable of the Tower, according
+to the charter and ancient custom and usage when a Lord Mayor happened,
+as in this case, to be chosen out of term time; and, consequently,
+cannot be presented to the Barons of the Exchequer sitting at
+Westminster. Just at the entrance of the Tower-gate, a large booth was
+built up, with seats and benches at the upper end, in the middle of
+which the right honourable Lord Cornwallis, Constable of the Tower, was
+seated, attended by the officers and servants belonging to him; to whom
+the Lord Mayor was conducted and presented, and sworn in the same manner
+as before the Barons of the Exchequer."
+
+On the 28th of March, being Easter Eve, the sheriff's attended the Lord
+Mayor "through the streets, to collect charity for the prisoners in the
+city prisons, according to annual custom;" and on the Monday following,
+they accompanied his lordship, in procession, with the rest of the court
+of aldermen to St. Bride's church to hear the '_Spital_ or _Hospital
+Sermon_ preached before the governors of the several hospitals and
+charity schools of the city; and to which "all the charity children
+of the several schools, as also those of Christ's hospital, go in
+procession, and are seated in the galleries." This sermon is "generally
+preached by a bishop," and that on the following day, in the same church
+(which is likewise attended by the corporation,) by a dean. On the third
+day in Easter week, the 'Spital sermon is preached by a doctor in
+divinity.
+
+Speaking of the _Easter Entertainments_, our journalist states the
+following particulars as the cause of their origin:--
+
+"The original institution of those entertainments was occasioned by the
+Lord Mayor and the two sheriffs being accustomed to, separately, ask
+such of their friends who were aldermen or governors of the hospitals,
+whom they saw at church, to dine with them at their own houses. But in
+process of time, it was agreed that the Lord Mayor should invite all
+that were at church on the first day; and the two sheriff's, in their
+turn, on the next succeeding days. Hence, by degrees, they began to
+invite other of their friends; and the aldermen bringing their ladies,
+other ladies were also invited, so that the private houses not being
+large enough, they began to entertain at their respective halls: whence
+it is now brought to pass, that these Easter entertainments are become
+the chiefest articles of expense both to the Lord Mayor and the two
+sheriffs.
+
+"Monday, April 6th. The sessions began at Guildhall, but the Lord Mayor
+dispensed with the presence of the sheriffs, on account that we this
+day were obliged to attend at Westminster, where we were to make our
+proffers at the Exchequer by a tender of 40_s_.; and which was
+accordingly made by one of the secondaries at the Tally-office; by
+which, and the annual rent of 300_l_., the citizens of London hold
+and enjoy the _Sheriffwick_ of London and Middlesex according to
+their charter. Afterwards we entertained all the Exchequer officers,
+according to ancient custom, with _fifty-two calves_' heads,
+dressed in different manners."
+
+On the 20th of April the sheriffs accompanied the Lord Mayor to
+hold a Court Baron and Court Leet at the Mitre in St. James's parish,
+in _Duke's-place_, which is "a franchise within the liberty of
+London." After a jury had been sworn, &c., the names of the inhabitants
+being called over, those who were absent and sent no excuse were
+amerced, but those who sent "their excuses by their friends, paid only
+leet pence." The court then granted licenses to the public houses, and
+swore in the headboroughs, constables, and other officers.
+
+On the 27th of May the sheriffs (by invitation, they having no concern
+with the jurisdiction of the court,) attended the Lord Mayor to
+Stratford, in Essex, and Greenwich in Kent, to hold "his _Court of
+Conservancy_ of the navigation and fishery of the River Thames, from
+Staines bridge, in Middlesex, down to the mouth of the river Medway, at
+Sheerness, beyond the Nore;" he "being personally himself, by virtue of
+his office, the sole Conservator." On returning, "a little after ten
+o'clock," the party attempted to land at the King's Stairs at the tower,
+"but they being shut, and, after waiting some time, the wardour refusing
+to open them," they were obliged to proceed to the common stairs near
+that fortress.
+
+"Soon after, the major of the tower came to my Lord Mayor to acquaint
+him, that 'he was sorry for the refusal of which the wardour had been
+guilty, whom he had ordered to strict duty, and would oblige him to come
+and ask pardon for his insolence.' Upon this apology, it was agreed that
+no further notice or complaint should be made; for it is to be known
+that the Lord Mayor of this city has the privilege of going through the
+Tower to take water, or on his landing at the King's Stairs, sending
+reasonable notice of such his intention."
+
+At a Common Council, held on the 17th of June, it was ordered that every
+person who had paid the customary fine of 400_l_. and twenty marks more
+towards the maintenance of the ministers of the several prisons of this
+city," with the usual fees, should be exempted for ever from serving the
+office of sheriff, "unless he should at any time become an alderman."
+Previously to that act, the payment of the fine excused only for one
+year.
+
+"Tuesday, June 23rd. Attended the Lord Mayor to a court of aldermen,
+at which Abel Aldridge, who had been nominated for sheriff, came with
+_six Compurgators_, and, (according to the act of Common Council,
+Sir J. Barnard, Mayor,) swore he was not of the value of 15,000_l_. in
+money and separate debts; and his Compurgators swearing also, that they
+believed what he swore to be true, he was excused from serving the said
+office, without payment of any fine."
+
+On the 22nd of August the sheriffs waited on the Lord Mayor at
+Guildhall, "and from thence went in procession to Smithfield, with city
+officers and trumpets to proclaim Bartholomew Fair." On the 2nd of
+September, "this day being kept solemn in commemoration of the fire of
+London," they went to St. Paul's in their "black gowns, and no chains,
+and heard a sermon on the said occasion." On the 8th of September the
+sheriffs waited on the Lord Mayor, in procession, "the city music going
+before, to proclaim _Southwark Fair_, as it is commonly called,
+although the ceremony is no more than our going in our coaches through
+the Borough, and turning round by Saint George's church, back again to
+the Bridge House; and this to signify the license to begin the fair."
+The journalist adds:--"On this day the sword-bearer wears a fine
+_embroidered cap_, said to have been worked and presented to the
+city by a monastery."
+
+"Monday, September 21st, being St. Matthew's Day, waited on my Lord
+Mayor to the great hall in Christ's Hospital, where we were met by
+several of the presidents and governors of the other hospitals within
+the city; and being seated at the upper end, the children passed
+two by two, whom we followed to the church, and after hearing a sermon,
+came back to the grammar school, where two boys made speeches in
+commemoration of their benefactors, one in English, the other in Latin;
+to each of whom it is customary for the Lord Mayor to give one guinea,
+and the two sheriffs half-a-guinea a piece, as we did. Afterwards, the
+clerk of the hospital delivered to the Lord Mayor a list of the several
+governors to the several hospitals nominated the preceding year. Then
+the several beadles of all the hospitals came in, and laying down their
+staves on the middle of the floor, retired to the bottom of the hall.
+Thereupon the Lord Mayor addressed himself to the City Marshal,
+enquiring after their conduct, and if any complaint was to be made
+against any one in particular; and no objection being made, the Lord
+Mayor ordered them to take up their staves again: all which is done in
+token of their submission to the chief magistrate, and that they hold
+their places at his will, though elected by their respective governors.
+We were afterwards treated in the customary manner with _sweet cakes
+and burnt wine_."
+
+The shrievalty of Mr. Hoare, and his brother officer, expired on the
+28th of September, and about seven o'clock in the evening the indentures
+with the new sheriffs were executed at Guildhall, "and the charge of the
+gaols and all other trusts relating to this great and hazardous, though
+otherwise honourable, employment, delivered over to them. And after
+being regaled with _sack and walnuts_, I returned to my own house
+in my private capacity, to my great consolation and comfort."
+
+In concluding this account of a manuscript, which illustrates so many of
+the customs and privileges of the city, it should be mentioned that it
+includes various notices of the treats or dinners which the Lord Mayor
+and the sheriffs give by turns to the judges, sergeants, &c. at the
+beginning and end of the respective terms; as well as of the manner of
+delivering petitions to the House of Commons, which is generally done by
+the sheriff; the city having a right to present petitions by an officer
+of its own, and without the intervention of any member.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE NATURALIST.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE NIGHTINGALE.
+
+
+The nightingale is universally admitted to be the most enchanting of
+warblers; and many might be tempted to encage the mellifluous songster,
+but for the supposed difficulty of procuring proper food for it. In the
+village of Cossey, near Norwich, an individual has had a nightingale in
+cage since last April; it is very healthy and lively, and has been wont
+to charm its owner with its sweet and powerful strains. The bird appears
+about two years old: it has gone through this year's moulting. It is
+kept in a darksome cage, with three sides wood, and the fourth wired.
+The bottom of the cage is covered with moss. Its constant food is a
+paste, which is composed of fresh beef or mutton, scraped fine with a
+knife, and in equal portions mixed with the yolk of an egg boiled hard.
+The owner, however, about once a-day, gives it also a _mealworm_;
+he does not think this last dainty to be necessary, but only calculated
+to keep the nightingale in better spirits. The paste should be changed
+before it becomes sour and tainted.
+
+PHILOMELOS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NOTES
+
+_Abridged from the Magazine of Natural History._
+
+
+_Silkworm_.--(_By a Correspondent.)_--It has occurred to me, and I have
+not seen it remarked elsewhere, as a striking and interesting
+peculiarity of this insect, that it does not wander about as all other
+caterpillars do, but that it is nearly stationary in the open box or
+tray where it is placed and fed: after consuming the immediate supply of
+mulberry leaves, it waits patiently for more being provided. I apprehend
+this cannot be said of any other insect whatever. This docile quality of
+the worm harmonizes beautifully with its vast importance to mankind, in
+furnishing a material which affords our most elegant and beautiful, if
+not most useful, of garments. The same remark applies to the insect in
+the fly or moth state, the female being quite incapable of flight, and
+the male, although of a much lighter make, and more active, can fly but
+very imperfectly; the latter circumstance ensures to us the eggs for the
+following season, and thus completes the adaptation of the insect, in
+its different stages, to the useful purpose it is destined to fulfil for
+our advantage.
+
+_The Possibility of introducing and naturalizing that beautiful Insect
+the Fire Fly_.--It abounds not only in Canada, where the winters are
+so severe, but in the villages of the Vaudois in Piedmont. These are
+a poor people much attached to the English: and, at 10_s_. a dozen,
+would, no doubt, deliver in Paris, in boxes properly contrived, any
+number of these creatures, in every stage of their existence, and even
+in the egg, should that be desired: and if twenty dozen were turned out
+in different parts of England, there cannot remain a doubt but that,
+in a few years, they would be common through the country; and, in our
+summer evenings, be exquisitely beautiful.
+
+Vigne, in his _Six Months in America_, says:--"At Baltimore I first
+saw the fire-fly. They begin to appear about sunset, after which they
+are sparkling in all directions. In some places ladies wear them in
+their hair, and the effect is said to be very brilliant. Mischievous
+boys will sometimes catch a bull-frog, and fasten them all over him.
+They show to great advantage; while the poor frog, who cannot understand
+the 'new lights' that are breaking upon him, affords amusement to his
+tormentors by hopping about in a state of desperation."
+
+_The Vampire Bat_.--Bishop Heber's opinion of the innocence of this
+creature by no means agrees with what one has read of his bloodthirsty
+habits; and particularly the instances given by Captain Stedman, in his
+_Travels of Surinam_, who, more than once, individually, experienced
+the inconvenience of the Sangrado system of blood-letting, or, more
+properly, blood-taking, pursued by this practitioner.
+
+  "Non missura cutern, nisi plena cruoris hirudo."
+
+HOR.
+
+  "This leech will suck the vein, until
+  From your heart's blood he gets his fill."
+
+
+In answer to a query, "whether the vampire of India and that of South
+America be of one species," Mr. Waterton replies, "I beg to say that I
+consider them distinct species. I have never yet seen a bat from India
+with a membrane rising perpendicularly from the end of its nose; nor
+have I ever been able to learn that bats in India suck animals, though
+I have questioned many people on this subject. I could only find two
+species of bats in Guiana, with a membrane rising from the nose. Both
+these kinds suck animals and eat fruit; while those bats without a
+membrane on the nose seem to live entirely upon fruit and insects, but
+chiefly insects. A gentleman, by name Walcott, from Barbadoes, lived
+high up the river Demerara. While I was passing a day or two at his
+house, the vampires sucked his son a boy of about ten or eleven years
+old, some of his fowls and his jack-ass. The youth showed me his
+forehead at daybreak: the wound was still bleeding apace, and I examined
+it with minute attention. The poor ass was doomed to be a prey to these
+sanguinary imps of night: he looked like misery steeped in vinegar.
+I saw, by the numerous sores on his body, and by his apparent debility,
+that he would soon sink under his afflictions. Mr. Walcott told me that
+it was with the greatest difficulty he could keep a few fowls, on
+account of the smaller vampire; and that the larger kind were killing
+his poor ass by inches. It was the only quadruped he had brought up with
+him into the forest.
+
+"Although I was so long in Dutch Guiana and visited the Orinoco and
+Cayenne, and ranged through part of the interior of Portuguese Guiana,
+still I could never find out how the vampires actually draw the blood;
+and, at this day, I am as ignorant of the real process as though I had
+never been in th" vampire's country. I should not feel so mortified at
+my total failure in attempting the discovery, had. I not made such
+diligent search after the vampire, and examined its haunts. Europeans
+may consider as fabulous the stories related of the vampire; but, for
+my own part, I must believe in its powers of sucking blood from living
+animals, as I have repeatedly seen both men and beasts which had been
+sucked, and, moreover, I have examined very minutely their bleeding
+wounds.
+
+"Wishful of having it in my power to say that I had been sucked by the
+vampire, and not caring for the loss of ten or twelve ounces of blood,
+I frequently and designedly put myself in the way of trial. But the
+vampire seemed to take a personal dislike to me; and the provoking brute
+would refuse to give my clavet one solitary trial, though he would tap
+the more favoured Indian's toe, in a hammock within a few yards of
+mine. For the space of eleven months, I slept alone in the loft of a
+woodcutter's abandoned house in the forest; and though the vampire came
+in and out every night, and I had the finest opportunity of seeing him,
+as the moon shone through apertures where windows had once been, I never
+could be certain that I saw him make a positive attempt to quench his
+thirst from my veins, though he often hovered over the hammock."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE STORK
+
+
+Is now rarely seen in Britain; one was killed a short time since in
+the neighbourhood of Ethie House, and is to be seen in Mr. Mollison's
+Museum, Bridge-street, Montrose. The editor of the Montrose Review
+believes that a stork had not been killed in Scotland since the year
+1766.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+FINE ARTS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE GRAVE OF TITIAN.
+
+
+[Illustration: QVI GIACE IL GRAN TIZIANO DE VECELLI EMULATOR DE ZEUSI E
+DEGLI APELLI.]
+
+
+Beneath this plain sepulchral stone, in the church of Santa Maria de
+Frari, at Venice--rest the ashes of TITIAN, the prince of the Venetian
+school of painters, and who, "was worthy of being waited upon by
+Caesar." Yes, this alone denotes his grave at the foot dell'Altare di
+Crocisfisso.
+
+Titian was born at a sequestered town in the Alps of Friuli, in the year
+1477, his father being of the ancient family of Vecelli. He began very
+early to show a turn for drawing, and designed a figure of the Virgin,
+with the juice of flowers, the only colours probably within his reach.
+He was the scholar of Giovanni Bellino, but adopted the manner of
+Giorgione so successfully, that to several portraits their respective
+claims could not be ascertained. The Duke of Ferrara was so attached to
+Titian, that he frequently invited him to accompany him in his barge
+from Venice to Ferrara. At the latter place he became acquainted with
+Ariosto. In 1647, at the invitation of Charles V. Titian joined the
+imperial court. The emperor then advanced in years sat to him for the
+third time. During the time of sitting, Titian happened to drop one
+of his pencils, the emperor took it up; and on the artist expressing
+how unworthy he was of such an honour, Charles replied, "that Titian
+was worthy of being waited upon by Caesar." But, "to reckon up the
+protectors and friends of Titian, would be to name nearly all the
+persons of the age, to whom rank, talent, and exalted character,
+appertained. Being full of years and honours, he fell a victim to the
+plague in 1576, at the age of ninety-nine. To perpetuate his memory, the
+artists at Venice proposed celebrating his obsequies, with great pomp
+and magnificence in the church of St. Luke, the programme of which is
+given at length, by Ridolfi; but, owing to the prevalence of the plague,
+no funeral ceremony was allowed by the state: the authorities, however,
+made an exception in Titian's favour, and suffered him to be buried in
+the church of Friari, as we have stated."
+
+Sir Abraham Hume, the accomplished annotator of the _Life and Works of
+Titian_, observes: "It appears to be generally understood that Titian
+had, in the different periods of life, three distinct manners of
+painting; the first hard and dry, resembling his master, Giovanni
+Bellino; the second, acquired from studying the works of Giorgione, was
+more bold, round, rich in colour, and exquisitely wrought up; the third
+was the result of his matured taste and judgment, and properly speaking,
+may be termed his own; in which he introduced more cool tints into the
+shadows and flesh, approaching nearer to nature than the universal glow
+of Giorgione." After stating what little is known of the mechanical
+means employed by Titian in the colouring of his pictures, Sir Abraham
+observes: "Titian's grand secret of all, appears to have consisted in
+the unremitting exercise of application, patience, and perseverance,
+joined to an enthusiastic attachment to his art: his custom was to
+employ considerable time in finishing his pictures, working on them
+repeatedly, till he brought them to perfection; and his maxim was, that
+whatever was done in a hurry, could not be well done." In manners and
+character, as well as talent, Titian may not inappropriately be
+associated with "the most eminent painter this country ever
+produced"--Sir Joshua Reynolds.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+HOSPITAL OF ST. CROSS, HANTS.
+
+
+[Illustration: (_The Church_.)]
+
+
+This is one of the most interesting structures in Great Britain. It
+stands about one mile west from Winchester, on the banks of the river
+Itchin. Its architectural character is of the first importance in
+illustrating the superior skill of our ancestors; while it has retained
+more of its original character than any similar record of ancient piety
+and charity in our island. Dr. Milner, in allusion to its principal
+features, observes: "the lofty tower, with the grated door, and porter's
+lodge beneath it; the retired ambulatory; the separate cells; the common
+refectory; the venerable church; the black flowing dress and the silver
+cross worn by the members; the conventual appellation of _brother_,
+with which they salute each other; in short, the silence, the order, and
+the neatness, that here reign, seem to recall the idea of a monastery to
+those who have seen one, and will give no imperfect idea of such an
+establishment to those who have not had that advantage."[3]
+
+St. Cross, however, "never was a monastery, but only an hospital for
+the support of ancient and infirm men, living together in a regular
+and devout manner." The original founder was Henry de Blois, bishop of
+Winchester, who instituted it, between the years 1132 and 1136; and
+required that "thirteen poor men, so decayed and past their strength
+that without charitable assistance they cannot maintain themselves,
+shall abide continually in the hospital, who shall be provided with
+proper clothing and beds suitable to their infirmities; and shall have
+an allowance daily of good wheat bread, good beer, three messes each for
+dinner, and one for supper. That beside these thirteen poor, a hundred
+other poor, of modest behaviour and the most indigent that can be found,
+shall be received daily at dinner-time, and shall have each a loaf of
+coarser bread, one mess, and a proper allowance of beer, with leave to
+carry away with them whatever remains of their meat and drink after
+dinner." They were to dine in a hall appointed for the purpose, and
+called _Hundred Mennes Hall_, from this circumstance. The establishment
+also contained an endowment for a master, a steward, four chaplains,
+thirteen clerks, and seven choristers.
+
+But, in those "good old times," abuses in institutions formed for the
+best and wisest purposes were not uncommon; and in the case of St.
+Cross, so early did evil begin to counteract good, that, in little more
+than two centuries from its foundation, the revenues assigned for the
+annual fulfilment of the founder's wishes, were grossly misapplied.
+They had increased in value, and the masters and brethren of
+the hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, who were guardians and
+administrators, seized the surplus and put it into their own pockets.
+Bishop Wykeham, who was appointed to the see of Winchester, in 1366,
+set about the reform of these abuses, which he was enabled to do by his
+canonical jurisdiction:--"he determined that the whole revenue of the
+hospital should be dedicated to the poor, as was the intention of the
+founder, and having in vain tried admonition and remonstrance, summoned
+the four masters to appear before him and answer for their stewardship.
+They were bold enough to set Wykeham at defiance, and availed themselves
+of all the subtleties of the law, and of all manner of evasion, by
+appeal and otherwise, to thwart and throw him. The upright bishop
+persisted--he called them to the severest account--had them fined, and
+till they made restitution, excommunicated--and finally restored the
+whole endowment to its primitive purpose."[4]
+
+The propriety and good effects of Wykeham's restoration were so
+apparent, that his successor, Cardinal Beaufort, having determined
+to engage in some permanent charity, resolved rather to enlarge this
+institution, than to found a new one. "He therefore endowed it for the
+additional support of two priests, and thirty-five poor men, who were to
+become residents, and three hospital nuns, who were to attend upon the
+sick brethren: he also caused a considerable portion of the hospital to
+be rebuilt."[5] Of the present establishment we shall presently speak
+in detail. "The hospital," says Lowth, "though much diminished in its
+revenues, by what means I cannot say, yet still subsists upon the
+remains of both endowments."
+
+The buildings of the hospital composed two courts; but the south side of
+the interior quadrangle has been pulled down. The entrance to the first
+court from the north is through a capacious gateway.[6] On the east side
+is the +Hundred-Mennes Hall+, which is about forty feet long, and
+has been converted into a brewhouse; the roof is of Irish oak, and left
+open to the timbers, adjoining are the master's apartments. On the
+west is a range of offices; and, on the south, with portions of other
+buildings, is the lofty and handsome tower gateway, erected by Cardinal
+Beaufort, whose statue, in his Cardinal's habit, is represented kneeling
+in an elegant niche in the upper part: two other niches, of the same
+form, but deprived of their statues, appear also on the same level.
+Milner describes the embellishments of this tower: "in a cornice over
+the gates we behold the Cardinal's hat displayed, together with the
+busts of his father, John of Gaunt, of his royal nephews, Henry IV. and
+Henry V., and of his predecessor, Wykeham: in the spandrils, on each
+side, are the founder's arms. The centre boss in the groining of the
+gateway is carved into a curious cross, composed of leaves, and
+surrounded with a crown of thorns: on the left is the door of the
+porter's lodge.[7] Passing through this gateway, the spectator sees,
+on his right, a long line of buildings, of the age of the original
+foundation, for the use of the brethren, each of whom has a house and
+garden to himself. On the left is an ambulatory, or cloister, 135 feet
+in length, and extending to the church on the south-east. Above the
+ambulatory is the ancient infirmary, and chambers called the Nuns's
+rooms, from their having been allotted to three hospital sisters on
+the foundation of Cardinal Beaufort. The centre of the court has a
+grass-plot, and gravel walks intersecting parterres of flowers,
+shrubs, &c."
+
+Dr. Milner observes "the present establishment of St. Cross is but the
+wreck of its two ancient institutions; it having been severely fleeced,
+though not quite destroyed, like so many other hospitals at the
+Reformation. Instead of seventy residents, as well clergy as laity, who
+were here entirely supported, besides one hundred out-members, who daily
+received their meat and drink, the charity consists at present but
+of ten residing brethren and three out-pensioners, exclusive of one
+chaplain and the master. It is true, however, that certain "doles" of
+bread continue to be distributed to the poor of the neighbourhood; and
+what is, perhaps, the only vestige left in the kingdom of the simplicity
+and hospitality of ancient times, the porter is daily furnished with a
+certain quantity of good bread and beer, of which every traveller, or
+other person whosoever, that knocks at the lodge, and calls for relief,
+is entitled to partake gratuitously."
+
+Such was the state of the charity when Dr. Milner wrote, or, in the year
+1809. Our Correspondent, _P.Q._ has furnished us with the following
+information to the 20th of last May.
+
+"The funds of this hospital are very ample; for, after providing the
+master (the present Earl of Guildford)[8] with a liberal sinecure,
+supporting the brethren and servants, and upholding the very extensive
+buildings, there are distributed the following 'doles:'
+
+"On the 3rd of May, 10th of August, and the eve of the festivals of
+Easter, Whitsuntide, and Christmas, annually, the whole of the brethren
+and the steward of the house assemble and form two lines or ranks, at
+sunset, within the door of the outer gateway; when, to every person
+(even to infants) who applies at the gate, is given a loaf of brown
+bread, weighing about three pounds. This distribution is continued until
+all the bread is given away; and if the applicants should exceed the
+loaves in number, to each of the remaining persons is given an
+halfpenny, be they ever so numerous.
+
+"These 'doles' are very beneficial to the poor of Winchester and
+vicinity; for to all who attend and obtain an early admission a loaf is
+given. I know, that when I was a boy, and never missed going to the
+'doles,' some families, where the children were numerous, received from
+seven to ten loaves.
+
+"Likewise every traveller who applies at the porter's lodge at the outer
+gate of this hospital is entitled to, and receives, a horn of good beer
+and a loaf or slice of bread. This demand is frequently made by persons
+of a different quality from that intended by the founder, for the sake
+of attesting the peculiarity of the custom. The quantity of bread given
+to each person is about four ounces--of beer about three-fourths of a
+pint."
+
+We next proceed to describe the exterior of the venerable church: the
+_interior_ will form the subject of a future article.
+
+On entering the second court the first object that usually attracts
+attention is _the Church of St. Cross_, which extends a considerable
+distance into the court, and destroys its regularity on the east side.
+The exterior of the church is not altogether imposing. "The windows,
+with one exception, are seen to disadvantage from without, and the whole
+building is enveloped in a shroud of yellow gravelly plaister, strangely
+dissonant with ideas of Norman masonry."[9] The church is built in the
+cathedral form, with a nave and transept, and a low and massive tower,
+rising from the intersection: the whole length of the church is 150
+feet; the length of the transept is 120 feet. The architecture of this
+structure is singularly curious, and deserving the attention of the
+antiquary, as it appears to throw a light on the progress, if not on the
+origin, of the pointed or English style. Our Correspondent states the
+whole to have been repaired about twenty-two years since, at a very
+considerable expense.
+
+    [3] Milner's Winchester, vol. ii. p. 141.
+
+    [4] Life of Wykeham. By Allan Cunningham--in the _Family Library_.
+        The reference to the "_four_ masters" is evidently an error.
+
+    [5] Beauties of England and Wales, vol. vi. p. 108, Hants. Mr.
+        Cunningham states these additions to have been made by Wykeham.
+        We shall presently come to the details of Beaufort's additions
+        to the building.
+
+    [6] A zealous Correspondent, _P.Q._, whose contribution appears
+        in the next page, describes this gateway as resembling St. John's
+        Gate, Clerkenwell, which Mr. Malcom thinks "one of the most
+        perfect remains of monastic buildings in London." It consists of
+        one capacious arch, with an arched mullioned window in the centre
+        above it; and is flanked by two square towers. From this place
+        issued the early numbers of the _Gentleman's Magazine;_ and a
+        wood-cut of the building appears to this day on the wrapper of
+        that valuable work, which, for knowledge and utility, is as
+        superior to the Magazine frippery of the present day as Michael
+        Angelo to John Nash.
+
+    [7] Milner's Winchester, vol. ii. p. 146.
+
+
+    [8] The present Earl succeeded to the title on the death of his
+        cousin, Francis, the learned Chancellor of the University of the
+        Ionian Islands, founded by himself, and which he richly endowed
+        with a noble bequest and a splendid library. His Lordship is
+        Rector of St. Mary's, Southampton, Old and New Abresford and
+        Medstead, in Hampshire, a Prebendary of Winchester, and Master
+        of St. Cross, Hospital.
+
+        Among many famous men who have presided over the Hospital, was
+        Colonel John Lisle, of Moyles Court, Regicide, and M.P. for the
+        City of Winchester.
+
+    [9] From a paper in _The Crypt_, an antiquarian journal, printed
+        at Ringwood, Hants, in the year 1827. The writer observes that
+        Dr. Milner has uniformly applied the term _Saxon_ to the
+        circular arches in this structure, as well as to similar
+        specimens; but subsequent topographers have arrived at the more
+        probable conclusion, that very slight remains, if any, now exist
+        of ecclesiastical edifices by the Saxons.
+
+
+      *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SCRAPS FROM THE DIARY OF A TRAVELLER.
+
+
+BY THOMAS MOORE, ESQ.
+
+
+  O poets, poets, dream at home,
+    If you would _still_ have visions haunt you;
+  Trust me, if once abroad you roam,
+    That mar-all, Truth, will disenchant you.
+  Still think of VENICE, as in dreams
+  You've seen her, by her ocean-streams;--
+  Fancy the calm and cool delights
+  Of gondolas on summer nights:
+  Of sailing o'er the bright Lagoon,
+    And listening, as you glide along,
+  To lays from TASSO, by that moon
+    Whose beams, alas! he felt too strong,
+  And of whose mad'ning philters all,
+  Who feel the Muse's genuine call,
+  Are doom'd, at times, to drink as deep,
+  As did Endymion in his sleep!
+
+  Still by your fire-sides sit, and think
+  Of palaces, along the brink
+  Of ocean-floods,--whose shadows there
+  Look like the ruins, grand and fair,
+  Of some lost ATALANTIS, seen
+  Beneath the wave, when heaven's serene.
+  People those palaces with forms
+    Lovely as TITIAN ever drew--
+  Bright creatures, whom the sunbeam warms
+    With that ethereal gas, all through.
+  Which finds a vent at lips and eyes,
+  And lights up in a lover's sighs.
+  Fancy these young Venetian maids
+  Listening, at night, to serenades
+  From amorous lutes, where Music, such
+    As southern skies alone afford,
+  Echoes to every burning touch,
+    And thrills in each impassion'd chord.
+
+  All this imagine, and still more,--
+  For whither may not Fancy soar,
+  If Truth do not, alas! too soon,
+  Puncture her brilliant air-balloon--
+  But go not to the spot, I pray;
+  O do not, _do_ not, some fine day.
+  Order, like STERNE, your travelling breeches;--
+  All's lost, if once upon your way,
+  The passport of Lord ----
+    Is death to Fancy--like his speeches.
+
+  If you would save _some_ dreams of youth
+  From the torpedo touch of Truth,
+  Go not to VENICE--do not blight
+  Your early fancies with the sight
+  Of her true, real, dismal state--
+  Her mansions, foul and desolate,--
+  Her close canals, exhaling wide
+    Such fetid airs as--with those domes
+  Of silent grandeur, by their side,
+    Where step of life ne'er goes or comes,
+  And those black barges plying round
+  With melancholy, plashing sound,--
+  Seem like a city, where the Pest
+    Is holding her last visitation,
+  And all, ere long, will be at rest,
+    The dead, sure rest of desolation.
+
+  So look'd, at night-fall, oft to me
+  That ruin'd City of the Sea;
+  And, as the gloomy fancy grew
+  Still darker with night's darkening hue,
+  All round me seem'd by Death o'ercast,--
+  Each footstep in those halls the last;
+  And the dim boats, as slow they pass'd,
+  All burial-barks, with each its load
+  Of livid corpses, feebly row'd
+  By fading hands, to find a bed
+  In waters less choked up with dead.--_Metropolitan_.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ON THE DEATH OF SIR WALTER SCOTT.
+
+_By the Author of "Eugene Aram."_
+
+
+The blow is struck--the lyre is shattered--the music is hushed at
+length. The greatest--the most various--the most commanding genius of
+modern times has left us to seek for that successor to his renown which,
+in all probability, a remote generation alone will furnish forth. It is
+true that we have been long prepared for the event--it does not fall
+upon us suddenly--leaf after leaf was stripped from that noble tree
+before it was felled to the earth at last;--our sympathy in his decay
+has softened us to the sorrow for his death. It is not now our intention
+to trace the character or to enumerate the works of the great man whose
+career is run;--to every eye that reads--every ear that hears--every
+heart that remembers, this much at least, of his character is already
+known,--that he had all the exuberance of genius and none of its
+excesses; that he was at once equitable and generous--that his heart was
+ever open to charity--that his life has probably been shortened by his
+scrupulous regard for justice. His career was one splendid refutation of
+the popular fallacy, that genius has of necessity vices--that its light
+must be meteoric--and its courses wayward and uncontrolled. He has left
+mankind two great lessons,--we scarcely know which is the most valuable.
+He has taught us how much delight one human being can confer upon the
+world; he has taught us also that the imagination may aspire to the
+wildest flights without wandering into error. Of whom else among our
+great list of names--the heir-looms of our nation--can we say that he
+has left us everything to admire, and nothing to forgive?
+
+It is in four different paths of intellectual eminence that Sir Walter
+Scott has won his fame; as a poet, a biographer, an historian, and a
+novellist. It is not now a time (with the great man's clay scarce cold)
+to enter into the niceties of critical discussion. We cannot now weigh,
+and sift, and compare. We feel too deeply at this moment to reason
+well---but we ourselves would incline to consider him greatest as a
+poet. Never, indeed, has there been a poet so thoroughly Homeric as
+Scott--the battle--the feast--the council--the guard-room at
+Stirling--the dying warrior at Flodden--the fierce Bertram speeding up
+the aisle--all are Homeric;--all live--move--breathe and burn--alike
+poetry, but alike life! There is this difference, too, marked and
+prominent--between his verse and his prose;--the first is emphatically
+the verse of Scott--the latter (we mean in its style) may be the prose
+of any one--the striking originality, the daring boldness, the
+astonishing vigour of the style, in the _Lay of the Last Minstrel_,
+are lost in _The Antiquary and Guy Mannering_.
+
+Scott may be said, in prose, to have _no style_. There are those,
+we know, who call this very absence of style a merit--we will not
+dispute it: if it be so, Scott is the first great prose writer from
+Bacon to Gibbon,--nay, from Herodotus, in Greek, to Paul Courier, in
+French--who has laid claim to it. For our own part, we think him great,
+in spite of the want of style, and not because of it. As a biographer,
+he has been unfortunate in his subjects; the two most important of the
+various lives he has either delineated or sketched--that of Dryden and
+that of Swift--are men, to whose inexpiable baseness genius could
+neither give the dignity of virtue nor the interest of error.
+
+As an historian, we confess that we prize him more highly than as a
+biographer: it is true that the same faults are apparent in both, but
+there is in the grand History of Napoleon more scope for redeeming
+beauties. His great, his unrivalled, excellence in description is here
+brought into full and ample display: his battles are vivid, with colours
+which no other historian ever could command. And all the errors of the
+history still leave scenes and touches of unrivalled majesty to the
+book.
+
+As a novelist, Scott has been blamed for not imparting a more useful
+moral to his fictions, and for dwelling with too inconsiderate an
+interest on the chivalric illusions of the past. To charges of this
+nature all writers are liable. Mankind are divided into two classes; and
+he who belongs to the one will ever incur the reproach of not seeing
+through the medium of the other. Certain it is, that we, with utterly
+different notions on political truths from the great writer who is no
+more, might feel some regret--some natural pain--that that cause which
+we believe the best, was not honoured by his advocacy; but when we
+reflect on the _real_ influence of his works, we are satisfied they
+have been directed to the noblest ends, and have embraced the largest
+circle of human interests. We do not speak of the delight he has poured
+forth over the earth--of the lonely hours he has charmed--of the sad
+hearts he has beguiled--of the beauty and the music which he has
+summoned to a world where all travail and none repose; this, indeed, is
+something--this, indeed, is a moral--this, indeed, has been a benefit
+to mankind. And this is a new corroborant of one among the noblest of
+intellectual truths, viz. that the books which please, are always books
+that, in one sense, benefit; and that the work which is largely and
+permanently popular--which sways, moulds, and softens the universal
+heart--cannot appeal to vulgar and unworthy passions (such appeals are
+never widely or long triumphant!); the delight it occasions is a proof
+of the moral it inspires.
+
+But this power to charm and to beguile is not that moral excellence to
+which we refer. Scott has been the first great genius--Fielding alone
+excepted--who invited our thorough and uncondescending sympathy to the
+wide mass of the human family--who has _stricken_ (for in this
+artificial world it requires an effort) into our hearts a love and a
+respect for those chosen from the people. Shakspeare has not done
+this--Shakspeare paints the follies of the mob with a strong and
+unfriendly hand. Where, in Skakspeare, is there a Jeanie Deans? Take up
+which you will of those numerous works which have appeared, from
+_Waverley_ to the _Chronicles of the Canongate_,--open where
+you please, you will find portraits from the people--and your interest
+keeping watch beside the poor man's hearth. Not, in Scott, as they were
+in the dramatists of our language, are the peasant, the artificer, the
+farmer, dragged on the stage merely to be laughed at for their brogue,
+and made to seem ridiculous because they are useful.
+
+He paints them, it is true, in their natural language, but the language
+is subservient to the character; he does not bow the man to the phrase,
+but the phrase to the man. Neither does he flatter on the one hand, as
+he does not slight on the other. Unlike the maudlin pastoralists of
+France he contents himself with the simple truth--he contrasts the dark
+shadows of Meg Merrilies, or of Edie Ochiltree, with the holy and pure
+lights that redeem and sanctify them--he gives us the poor, even to the
+gipsey and the beggar, as they really are--contented, if our interest is
+excited, and knowing that nature is sufficient to excite it. From the
+palaces of kings--from the tents of warriors, he comes--equally at home
+with man in all aspects--to the cotter's hearth:--he bids us turn from
+the pomp of the Plantagenets to bow the knee to the poor Jew's
+daughter--he makes us sicken at the hollowness of the royal Rothsay, to
+sympathize with the honest love of Hugh the smith. No never was there
+one--not even Burns himself--who forced us more intimately to
+acknowledge, or more deeply to feel, that
+
+  "The rank is but the guinea stamp,
+  The man's the gowd, for a' that."
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Scott, is not, we apprehend, justly liable to the charge of wanting a
+sound moral--even a great _political_ moral--(and political morals
+are the greatest of all)--in the general tenor of works which have
+compelled the highest classes to examine and respect the lowest. In
+this, with far less learning, far less abstract philosophy, than
+Fielding, he is only exceeded by him in one character--(and that,
+indeed, the most admirable in English fiction)--the character of Parson
+Adams. Jeanie Deans is worth a thousand such as Fanny Andrews. Fielding,
+Le Sage, and Cervantes are the only three writers, since the world
+began, with whom, as a novelist, he can be compared. And perhaps he
+excels them, as Voltaire excelled all the writers of his nation, not by
+the superior merits of one work, but by the brilliant aggregate of many.
+_Tom Jones, Gil Blas, Don Quixote_, are, without doubt, greater,
+_much_ greater, productions than Waverley; but the _authors_
+of _Tom Jones, Gil Blas_, and even of _Don Quixote_, have not
+manifested the same fertile and mighty genius as _author_ of the
+Waverley Novels.
+
+And _that_ genius--seemingly so inexhaustible--is quenched at
+length! We can be charmed no more--the eloquent tongue is mute--the
+master's wand is broken up--the right hand hath forgot its cunning-the
+cord that is loosened was indeed of silver--and the bowl that is broken
+at the dark well was of gold beyond all price.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+When a great man dies, he leaves a chasm which eternity cannot fill.
+Others succeed to his fame--but never to the exact place which he held
+in the world's eye;--they may be greater than the one we have lost--but
+they are not he. Shakspeare built not his throne on the same site as
+Homer--nor Scott on that whence Shakspeare looked down upon the
+universe. The gap which Scott leaves in the world is the token of the
+space he filled in the homage of his times. A hundred ages hence our
+posterity will still see that wide interval untenanted--a vast and
+mighty era in the intellectual world, which will prove how spacious were
+"the city and the temple, whose summit has reached to Heaven."
+
+_New Monthly Magazine_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TO A ROSE.
+
+THE THOUGHT FROM THE ITALIAN.
+
+
+  Queen of Flora's emerald bowers,
+  Imperial Rose, thou flower of flowers,
+  Wave thy moss-enwreathen stem,
+  Wave thy dewy diadem;
+  Thy crimson luxury unfold,
+  And drink the sunny blaze of gold.
+
+  O'er the Zephyr, sportive minion,
+  Spreads the blue, aurelian pinion.
+  Now in love's low whispers winging,
+  Now in giddy fondness clinging,
+  With all a lover's warmth he wooes thee,
+  With all a lover's wiles pursues thee.
+
+  And thou wilt yield, and thou wilt give
+  The sigh that none can breathe and live.
+  Like lovelier things, deluded flower,
+  Thy date is short; the very hour
+  That sees thee flourish, sees thee fade;
+  Thy blush, thy being, all a shade.
+  Yet, flower, I'll lay thee on a shrine,
+  That makes thy very death divine.
+
+  Couch'd on a bed of living snows,
+  Then breathe thy last, too happy rose!
+  Sweet Queen, thou'lt die upon a throne,
+  Where even thy sweetness is outdone;
+  Young weeper, thou shalt close thine eyes
+  Beside the gates of Paradise.
+  On my Idalia's bosom, thou,
+  Beneath the lustres of her brow,
+  Like pilgrims, all their sorrows past,
+  On Heaven their dying glances cast,
+  Thy crimson beauty shalt recline,
+  Oh, that thy rapturous fate were mine!
+
+
+_Blackwood's Magazine_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NEW BOOKS.
+
+
+LIVES OF SCOTTISH WORTHIES, VOL. II., [Or the 34th volume of the
+_Family Library_, is rife with interesting details of the proudest
+areas of Scottish history; but more especially of the chivalric courses
+of Robert Bruce and James the First. We quote half-a-dozen vividly
+written pages, from the former, describing the memorable Siege of
+Berwick, in 1319.]
+
+Considering the importance of Berwick, and the care and expense with
+which it had been fortified by the king, it was natural that any attempt
+against it should be viewed with much interest; and when it was known
+that the son-in-law of Bruce,--a young warrior, whose high rank was
+rendered more conspicuous by the services he had already rendered to the
+country,--had been selected as its governor, and that the whole army of
+England, headed by king Edward, and under the command of the flower of
+the nobility, had invested it by sea and land, the intense interest with
+which the siege was watched by both countries may be easily imagined.
+It concluded, however, in the complete triumph of the steward, and the
+repulse of the English army; yet not before every device then known in
+the rude engineering of the times had been essayed by the besiegers,
+and effectually baffled by the ingenuity and persevering courage of the
+enemy. After their earthen mounds had been completed, the English, on
+St. Mary's eve, made a simultaneous assault both by land and by sea.
+Whilst their force, led by the bravest of their captains, and carrying
+with them, besides their usual offensive arms, the ladders, crows,
+pick-axes, and other assistances for an escalade, rushed onwards to the
+walls with the sound of their trumpets, and the display of innumerable
+banners, a large vessel, prepared for the purpose, was towed towards the
+town from the mouth of the river. She was filled with armed soldiers,
+a party of whom were placed in her boat drawn up mid-mast high; whilst
+to the bow of the boat was fixed a species of drawbridge, which it was
+intended to drop upon the wall, and thus afford a passage from the
+vessel into the town. Yet these complicated preparations failed of
+success, although seconded by the greatest gallantry; and the English,
+after being baffled in every attempt to fix their ladders and maintain
+themselves upon the walls, were compelled to retire, leaving their
+vessel to be burnt by the Scots, who slew many of her crew, and made
+prisoner the engineer who superintended and directed the attack.
+
+This unsuccessful attack was, after five days' active preparation,
+followed by another still more desperate, in which the besiegers
+made use of a huge machine moving upon wheels, and including several
+platforms or stages, which held various parties of armed soldiers, who
+were defended by a strong roofing of boards and hides, beneath which
+they could work their battering-rams with impunity. To co-operate with
+this unwieldy and bulky instrument, which, from its shape and covering,
+they called a "sow," movable scaffolds had been constructed, of such a
+height as to overtop the walls, from which they proposed to storm the
+town; and, instead of a single vessel, as on the former occasion, a
+squadron of ships, with their top castles manned by picked bodies of
+archers, and their armed boats slung mast high, were ready to sail
+in with the tide, and anchor beneath the walls. Aware of these great
+preparations, the Scots, under the encouragement and direction of their
+governor, laboured incessantly to be in a situation to render them
+unavailing. By Crab, the Flemish engineer, machines similar to the Roman
+catapult, moving on wheels, and of enormous strength and dimensions,
+were constructed and placed on the walls at the spot where it was
+expected the sow would make its approach. In addition to this, they
+fixed a crane upon the rampart, armed with iron chains and grappling
+hooks, and large masses of combustibles and fire-faggots, shaped like
+tuns, and composed of pitch and flax, bound strongly together with tar
+ropes, were piled up in readiness for the attack. At different intervals
+on the walls were fixed the espringalds for the discharge of their heavy
+darts, which carried on their barbed points little bundles of flaming
+tow dipped in oil or sulphur; the ramparts were lined by the archers,
+spearmen, and crossbows; and to each leader was assigned a certain
+station, to which he could repair on a moment's warning.
+
+Having inspected his whole works, the steward cheerfully and confidently
+awaited the attack; to which the English moved forward in great
+strength, and led by the king in person, on the 13th of September.
+Irritated by their late repulse, and animated by the presence of their
+nobility, the different squadrons rushed forward with an impetuosity
+which at first defied all efforts to repel them; so that the ladders
+were fixed, the ditch filled up by fascines, and the ramparts attacked
+with an impetuous valour which promised to carry all before it. But the
+Scots, who knew their own strength, allowed this ebullition of gallantry
+to expend itself; and, after a short interval advanced with levelled
+spears in close array, and with a weight and resolution which
+effectually checked the enemy. Considerable ground, however, had been
+gained in the first assault; and the battle was maintained, from sunrise
+till noon, with excessive obstinacy on both sides; but it at last
+concluded in favour of the resolution and endurance of the Scots, who
+repulsed the enemy on every quarter, and cleared their ramparts of their
+assailants. At this moment, by Edward's orders, the sow began its
+advance towards the walls; and the cran, or catapult, armed with a mass
+of rock, was seen straining its timbers, and taking its aim against the
+approaching monster. On the first discharge the stone flew far beyond;
+and, as its conductors hurried forward the immense machine, the second
+missile fell short of it. A third block of granite was now got ready,
+and an English engineer who had been taken prisoner was commanded, on
+pain of death, to direct the aim; whilst the sow was moving forward with
+a rapidity which in a few seconds must have brought it to the foot of
+the walls. All gazed on for an instant in breathless suspense,--but only
+for an instant. The catapult was discharged,--a loud booming noise in
+the air accompanied the progress of its deadly projectile,--and, in a
+moment afterwards, a tremendous crash, mingled with the shrieks of the
+victims and the shouts of the soldiers from the walls, declared the
+destruction of the huge machine. It had been hit so truly, that the
+stone passed through the roofs, shivering its timbers into a thousand
+pieces; and crushing and mangling in a frightful manner the unhappy
+soldiers who manned its different platforms. As those amongst them who
+escaped rushed out from its broken fragments, the Scottish soldiers,
+imitating the witticism of black Agnis at the siege of Dunbar, shouted
+out that the English sow had farrowed. Crab now cast his chains and
+grappling-hooks over the ruins of the machine, and, dragging it nearer
+the walls, poured down his combustibles in such quantity, that it was
+soon consumed to ashes. The complete failure in this land attack seems
+to have cast a damp over the naval operations; and, although the ships
+attempted to move on to the walls at flood-tide, they were driven back
+without difficulty; whilst a last effort to enter the city by burning
+the gate of St. Mary's was repulsed by the steward in person. It was
+now near night-fall; and, foiled on every side, the English entirely
+withdrew from the assault.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NUMISMATICS.
+
+
+[Addison, in commenting on the Usefulness of Ancient Medals, says,
+"A series of an Emperor's Coins is his life digested into Annals."
+Who shall, therefore, gainsay the the utility of _A Numismatic Manual,
+or Guide to the Study of Coins_. The author, Mr. John Y. Akerman,
+does not intend his volume exclusively for the use of the experienced
+medallist, so that much popular interest may be expected in its pages.
+The title bespeaks its contents, but we quote a few brief extracts
+relating to rare English coins.]
+
+
+_Ecclesiastic Money_.--This money was coined by prelates prior to
+the Norman Conquest. Of these there are pennies of Jaenbearht,
+archbishop of Canterbury, with the reverse of Offa, king of Mercia,
+Aethileard, Wulfred, Ceolnoth, Plegmund, and Ethered. They are all
+extremely rare, excepting those of Ceolnoth, which are not so rare as
+the others. Besides these there are pennies of St. Martin, coined at
+Lincoln, and St. Peter's pennies, struck at York, which are supposed to
+be as old as the time of the Heptarchy. Those of St. Edmund, coined at
+Bury, are prior to the Norman Conquest. The pennies of St. Paul are, it
+would seem, by the cross and pellets on the reverse, not older than the
+reign of Henry III.
+
+All Stephen's money is very scarce, and one or two types are exceedingly
+rare. At a sale in London, in 1827, the penny of Stephen with the
+horseman's mace, brought thirteen pounds. His coins are generally very
+rude and illegible. This king coined pennies only.
+
+The groat of Edward I. is of the first rarity.[10] The pennies of
+Hadleigh, Chester, and Kingston, are scarce; the other pennies are
+extremely common, and scarcely a year passes without a discovery of new
+hoards. The half-pennies and farthings are somewhat scarce. From this
+time to the reign of Henry VII., the English coins bear a great
+resemblance to each other.
+
+_Edward IV_.--The groats common, except those of Norwich and
+Coventry, spelled "Norwic" and "Covetre." The half-groat and halfpenny
+scarce, the penny and farthing rare. The Bristol penny is extremely
+rare.
+
+_Richard III_.--All this king's coins are very rare, except the
+groat, which is less rare than the others, some groats having lately
+been discovered. The Canterbury-penny of Richard III. CIVITAS CANTOR,
+supposed _unique_, sold at a public sale a short time since, for
+seven pounds ten shillings. The Durham penny of the same king brought
+four guineas.
+
+_Henry VII_.--Folkes, in his _Table of English Silver Coins_,
+after describing the various pieces coined by Henry VII., says, "We may
+further in this place take notice of a very uncommon and singular coin,
+charged with the royal arms, but without a name. The arms are surmounted
+with an arched crown, and placed between a _fleur-de-lis_ and a
+rose, legend DOMINE-SALVVM. FAC. REGEM; on the other side is
+_fleur-de-lis_ and a lion of England, and an arched crown between
+them above, and a rose below, with this inscription, MANA. TECKEL.
+PHARES. 1494. An English lion also for a mint mark. It is, by the make
+and size, a French gross, and is supposed to have been coined by the
+Duchess of Burgundy, for Perkin Warbeck, when he set out to invade
+England." There are also half-groats of this coinage, with the same
+date, one of which brought _twenty guineas_ at a sale in London in
+1827.
+
+_Milled Money_.--The artist first employed on the milled money of
+England was a Frenchman, named Philip Mestrelle, who was executed at
+Tyburn, on the 27th of January, 1569, having been found guilty of making
+counterfeit money.
+
+_Charles I_.--The obsidional, or _siege pieces_, struck by the partizans
+of this monarch during the civil wars, are extremely interesting, and,
+with the exception of those coined at Newark, are all rare. They may be
+known by their shape from every other English coin, as well as by their
+legends. Those of Newark are of a diamond or lozenge form, some are
+octangular, and others of a shape that would puzzle a geometrician. Some
+have the rude representation of a castle; others, a crown; and many have
+the initials, C.R., and the legend DVM. SPIRO. SPERO.
+
+_Oliver Cromwell_.--The coins of Oliver were the production of the
+inimitable Simon, whose works are to this day admired and prized. Some
+have doubted whether they ever were in circulation, but it is now pretty
+generally allowed that they were.
+
+_Charles II_.--The milled money of this king is of a very different
+style, and has the head laureated. All the pieces of this coinage are
+common. To the eternal disgrace of Charles, he encouraged an artist whom
+he had brought over from Antwerp, and gave the preference to his works
+before those of Simon, who produced in the year 1663, a pattern crown of
+most extraordinary workmanship, _on the edge of which_ was the
+following petition in two lines:
+
+  "THOMAS SIMON _most humbly prays your_ MAJESTY _to compare this his
+  tryal-piece with the Dutch, and if more truly drawn and embossed, more
+  gracefully ordered, and more accurately engraven, to relieve him_."
+
+
+To any one but the heartless profligate whose portrait occupied the
+obverse of the medal, this appeal would have been irresistible, but it
+does not appear that the unfortunate artist was relieved. He probably
+died of grief and disappointment at the unjust preference shown to his
+rival.
+
+_James II_.--The base money struck by James the Second, in Ireland,
+in 1689 and 1690, is common, except the crown of white metal, with the
+figure of James on horseback. Some of his half-crowns and shillings were
+struck of metal, the produce of old cannon, which were melted down for
+the purpose, and are in consequence termed "gun money."
+
+_Anne's Farthing_.--The common current farthing of Anne is scarce,
+but scarcer with the broad rim. The patterns of 1713 and 1714 are rare,
+but those with the reverse of Britannia under a kind of arch, or with
+Peace in a car drawn by two horses, and the legend PAX MISSA PER ORBEM,
+are the scarcest of all.
+
+At a public sale of the coins of the late Mr. Dimsdale, the banker,
+the Oxford crown with the city under the horse, was knocked down at
+sixty-nine pounds. At the same time the rial of Mary brought sixty-three
+pounds, and the rial of Elizabeth twenty-one pounds ten shillings.
+
+A friend of the author is of opinion, that the coins of Henry VII.,
+with the head _in profile_, are the first English money bearing a
+likeness of the sovereign.
+
+[The work is illustrated with, several lithographic _fac similia_
+of coins; and the vignette is from a very beautiful gold coin of Hiero
+II. of Syracuse, in the possession of Mr. Till, of Great Russell-street,
+Covent-garden. This morsel of antiquity, not larger than one's little
+finger nail, must be upwards of _two thousand_ years old!]
+
+    [10] The groat of Edward I. sold for five and a half guineas, at a
+         public sale in London, in March, 1827. It is quite evident
+         that the effigies of the English monarchs on their coins are not
+         _likenesses_, until the time of Henry VIII. whatever the
+         Ingenious may say to the contrary. Some have supposed that the
+         rude figures on the Saxon coins use likenesses, but the idea
+         is ridiculous. Folkes, in his "Table of English Silver Coins,"
+         remarks that the Kings of England are represented _bearded_ on
+         their great seals, but always _smooth-faced_ on their coins.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_The Red Sea_.--The water of the Red Sea is so very clear, that Mr.
+Buckingham read on the wooden stock of an anchor the name of the ship at
+the depth of 25 fathoms (150 feet).
+
+T. GILL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Curious Appeal_.--Philip, Alexander's father, gave sentence
+against a prisoner at a time he was drowsy, and seemed to give small
+attention. The prisoner, after sentence was pronounced, said, I appeal:
+the king; somewhat stirred, said, To whom do you appeal? The prisoner
+answered, From Philip, when he gave _no ear_, to Philip, when he
+shall give ear.--_Bacon_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_An Emperor's Crown kicked off his head by the Pope_.--Pope
+Celestine III. kicked the Emperor Henry IV.'s crown off his head, while
+kneeling, to show his prerogative of making and unmaking kings.
+
+T. GILL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE LATE SIR. WALTER SCOTT, BART.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Instead of the "Brief Memoir," announced in our last, we intend to
+publish with our next number, a _Supplementary Sheet_, containing
+
+
+                        AN ILLUSTRATED MEMOIR OF
+                    THE LATE SIR WALTER SCOTT, BART.
+
+  With Anecdotes of his Life and Works, Characteristics, Tributes to
+  his Memory, from accredited sources, and interspersed with Original
+  Observations: with
+
+                            FIVE ENGRAVINGS,
+                            Price Twopence.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) London, sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic;
+G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen
+and Booksellers._
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction, No. 569, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, ***
+
+***** This file should be named 14007.txt or 14007.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/1/4/0/0/14007/
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David Garcia and the PG Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.