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diff --git a/old/13495.txt b/old/13495.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..31216c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/13495.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2073 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and +Instruction, No. 470, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, No. 470 + Volume XVII, No. 470, Saturday, January 8, 1831 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: September 18, 2004 [EBook #13495] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Victoria Woosley and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + + + + + + + + + + +THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION. + + + * * * * * + +VOL XVII, NO. 470.] SATURDAY, JANUARY 8, 1831. [PRICE 2d. + + * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: CHICHESTER CROSS.] + +Few places in Britain can boast of higher antiquity than the city of +Chichester. Its origin is supposed to date back beyond the invasion of +Britain by the Romans. It was destroyed towards the close of the fifth +century, by Ella, but rebuilt by his son, Cissa, the second king of +the South Saxons, who named it after himself, and made it the royal +residence and capital of his dominions. + +Chichester, as may be expected, is a fertile field for antiquarian +research. Its cathedral, churches, and ecclesiastical buildings abound +with fine architecture; and its Cross is entitled to special mention. +It is thus minutely described in the _Beauties of England and Wales_: + +The Cross stands in the centre of the city, at the intersection of the +four principal streets. According to the inscription upon it, this +Cross was built by Edward Story, who was translated to this see from +that of Carlisle, in 1475. It was repaired during the reign of Charles +II., and at the expense of the Duke of Richmond, in 1746; though we +are told that Bishop Story left an estate at Amberley, worth full +25_l._ per annum, to keep it in constant repair; but a few years +afterwards the mayor and corporation sold it, in order to purchase +another nearer home. The date of the erection of this structure is not +mentioned in the inscription; but, from the style and ornaments, it +must be referred to the time of Edward IV. This Cross is universally +acknowledged to be one of the most elegant buildings of the kind +existing in England. Its form is octangular, having a strong butment +at each angle, surmounted with pinnacles. On each of its faces is an +entrance through a pointed arch, ornamented with crockets and a +finial. Above this, on four of its sides, is a tablet, to commemorate +its reparation in the reign of Charles II. Above each tablet is a +dial, exhibiting the hour to each of the three principal streets; the +fourth being excluded from this advantage by standing at an angle. In +the centre is a large circular column, the basement of which forms a +seat: into this column is inserted a number of groinings, which, +spreading from the centre, form the roof beautifully moulded. The +central column appears to continue through the roof, and is supported +without by eight flying buttresses, which rest on the several corners +of the building. Till a few years since this Cross was used as a +market-place; but the increased population of the city requiring a +more extensive area for that purpose, a large and convenient +market-house was, about the year 1807, erected in the North-street; on +the completion of which, it was proposed to take down this Cross, then +considered as a nuisance. Fortunately, however, the city was exempted +from the reproach of such a proceeding by the public spirit of some of +the members of the corporation, who purchased several houses on the +north side of the Cross, in order to widen that part of the street, by +their demolition. + + * * * * * + + + +THE TOPOGRAPHER + + +COUNTY COLLECTIONS. + +(_For the Mirror._) + + +Kent. + + He that will not live long, + Let him dwell at Murston, Tenham, or Tong. + + +_Queen Elizabeth's Gun at Dover._ + + "O'er hill and dale I throw my ball, + Breaker my name of mound and wall." + + Deal famed much vaunts of new turrets high, + A place well known by Caesar's victory. + + Leland. + + Dover, Sandwich, and Winchelsea, + Rumney and Rye the Five Ports be. + + +Hampshire--Sir Bevis of Southampton. + + Bevis conquered Ascupart + And after slew the Boar, + And then he crossed beyond the seas + To combat with the Moor. + + +Westmoreland. + + I came to Lonsdale where I staid + At hall, into a tavern made, + Neat gates, white walls, nought was sparing, + Pots brimful, no thought of caring. + They eat, drink, laugh, are still mirth making-- + Nought they see, that's worth care taking. + + _Drunken Barnaby's Journal._ + + +Cheshire. + + Chester of Castria took the name, + As if that Castria were the same. + + +SHROPSHIRE. + + "To all friends round the Wrekin." + + +LINCOLNSHIRE.--STAMFORD. + + Doctrinae studium, quod nunc viget ad vada Boum + Tempore venture celebrabitur ad vada Saxi. + Science that now o'er Oxford sheds her ray + Shall bless fair Stamford at some future day. + _Merlin._ + + +STAFFORDSHIRE. + + Or Trent who like some earth-born giant spreads + His thirsty arms along the indented meads. + _Milton._ + + And beauteous Trent that in himself enseams (fattens) + Both thirty sorts of fish and thirty sundry streams. + _Spenser._ + + +BERKSHIRE.--ABINGDON. + + (_From Piers Plowman's MSS. 1400._) + + And there shall come a king and confess you religious, + And beat you as the Bible telleth, for breaking of your rule, + And then shall the Abbot of Abingdon and all his issue for ever + Have a knock of a king, and incurable the wound. + + +WILTSHIRE.--SALISBURY CATHEDRAL, + + As many days as in one year there be, + So many windows in this church you see, + As many marble pillars here appear + As there are hours throughout the fleeting year, + As many gates as moons one here does view, + Strange tale to tell, yet not more strange than true. + + A noble park near Sarum's stately town, + In form a mount's clear top call'd Clarendon; + There twenty groves, and each a mile in space, + With grateful shades, at once protect the place. + + _Chippenham.--On a Stone._ + + Hither extendeth Maud Heath's Gift, + For where I stand is Chippenham Clift. + + +GLOUCESTERSHIRE. + + An owl shall build her nest upon the walls of Gloucester, + And in her nest shall be brought forth an ass. + + The Severn sea shall discharge itself through seven mouths, + And the river Usk shall burn seven months. + _Merlin._ + + +YORKSHIRE. + + Robin Hood in Barnesdale stood, + An arrow to head drew he, + "How far I can shoot," quoth he, "by the rood + My merry men shall see." + + +SURREY.--ON THE MARKET HOUSE, FARNHAM. + + You who do like me, give money to end me, + You who dislike me, give as much to mend me. + And Mole that like a nousling mole doth make + His way still underground till Thames he over-take. + _Spenser._ + + The chalky Wey that rolls a milky wave. + _Pope._ + + +SOMERSETSHIRE. + + What ear so empty is, that hath not heard the sound + Of Tannton's fruitful Deane; not matched by any ground. + _Drayton._ + + "Stanton Drew, + One mile from Pensford, and another from Chew." + + _Bristol Castle._ + + The castle there and noble tower, + Of all the towers of England is held the flower. + + _Redcliffe Church._ + + Stay curious traveller, and pass not bye, + Until this fetive (elegant) pile astound thine eye, + That shoots aloft into the realms of day, + The Record of the Builder's fame for aie-- + The pride of Bristowe and the Western Lande. + _Chatterton._ + + +WALES.--GLAMORGANSHIRE. + + When the hoarse waves of Severn are screaming aloud, + And Penline's lofty castle involv'd in a cloud, + If true, the old proverb, a shower of rain, + Is brooding above, and will soon drench the plain. + + +PEMBROKESHIRE. + + Once to Rome thy steps incline. + But visit twice St. David's shrine. + + When Percelly weareth a hat, + All Pembrokeshire shall weet of that. + + +SCOTLAND.--STIRLINGSHIRE--BANNOCKBURN, 1314. + + "Maidens of England, sore may ye mourn, + For your lemans ye've lost at Bannockburn" + + +ROXBURGH. + + "Some of his skill he taught to me, + And, warrior, I could say to thee, + The words that cleft Eildon Hills in three, + And bridled the Tweed with a curb of stone." + _Scott._ + + +WESTERN ISLES. + + Seven years before that awful day, + When time shall be no more, + A watery deluge will o'ersweep + Hibernia's mossy shore. + The green clad Isla too shall sink, + While with the great and good, + Columba's happy isle shall rear + Her towers above the flood. + +This prophecy is said to be the reason why so many kings of Scotland, +Norway, and Ireland have selected Icombkill for the place of their +interment. + + +DUMBARTON. + + So cold the waters are of Lomond Lake, + What once were sticks, they hardened stones will make. + + +PERTH. + + "Fear not till Birnam Wood + Do come to Dunsinane" + + * * * * * + + + +RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS + + +GREEK BALLOT.--VOTING AMONG THE ANCIENT GREEKS. + + +The manner of giving their suffrages (says Potter) was by holding up +their hands. This was the common method of voting among the citizens +in the civil government; but in some cases, particularly when they +deprived magistrates of their offices for mal-administration, they +gave their votes in private, lest the power and greatness of the +persons accused should lay a restraint upon them, and cause them to +act contrary to their judgments and inclinations. + +The manner of voting privately was by casting pebbles into vessels or +urns. Before the use of pebbles, they voted with beans: the beans were +of two sorts, black and white. In the Senate of Five Hundred, when all +had done speaking, the business designed to be passed into a decree +was drawn up in writing by any of the prytanes, or other senators, and +repeated openly in the house; after which, leave being given by the +epistata, or prytanes, the senators proceeded to vote, which they did +privately, by casting beans in a vessel placed there for that purpose. +If the number of black beans was found to be the greatest, the +proposal was rejected; if white, it was enacted into a decree, then +agreed upon in the senate, and afterwards propounded to an assembly of +the people, that it might receive from them a farther ratification, +without which it could not be passed into a law, nor have any force or +obligatory power, after the end of that year, which was the time that +the senators, and almost all the other magistrates, laid down their +commissions. + +In the reign of Cecrops, women were said to have been allowed voices +in the popular assembly; where Minerva contending with Neptune which +of the two should be declared Protector of Athens, and gaining the +women to her party, was reported by their voices, which were more +numerous than those of the men, to have obtained the victory. + +P.T.W. + + * * * * * + + +CLARENCE AND ITS ROYAL DUKES. + +_(To the Editor.)_ + + +Clarentia, or Clarence, now Clare, a town in Suffolk, seated on a +creek of the river Stour, is of more antiquity than beauty; but has +long been celebrated for men of great fame, who have borne the titles +of earls and dukes. It has the remains of a noble castle, of great +strength and considerable extent and fortification (perhaps some of +your readers could favour you with a drawing and history of it); and +ruins of a collegiate church. It had once a monastery of canons, of +the order of St. Augustine, or of St. Benedict, founded in the year +1248, by Richard Clare, Earl of Gloucester. This house was a cell to +the Abbey of Becaherliven, in Normandy, but was made indigenous by +King Henry II., who gave it to the Abbey of St. Peter, at Westminster. +In after time, King John changed it into a college of a dean and +secular canons. At the suppression, its revenues were 324_l._ a +year. + +Seated on the banks of Stour river is a priory of the Benedictine +order, translated thither from the castle, by Richard De Tonebridge, +Earl of Clare, about the year 1315. Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March, +converted it into a collegiate church. Elizabeth, the wife of Lionell, +Duke of Clarence, was buried in the chancel of this priory, 1363; as +was also the duke. + +The first duke was the third son of King Edward III. He created his +third son, Lionell of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence, in 1362. His first +wife was Elizabeth of Clare, daughter of William De Burgh, Earl of +Ulster; she died in 1363. His second wife was Violante, daughter of +the Duke of Milan. He died in Italy, 1370. + +Clarencieux, the second king-at-arms, so called by Lionell, who first +held it. King Henry IV. created his second son, Thomas of Lancaster, +to the earldom of Albemarle and duchy of Clarence. He was slain in +Anjou, in 1421. + +The third duke was the second son of Richard of Plantagenet, Duke of +York, George Duke of Clarence, in Suffolk. He was accused of high +treason, and was secretly suffocated in a butt of Malmsley, or sack +wine, in a place called Bowyer Tower, in the Tower of London, 1478, by +order of his brother, King Edward IV. + +The fourth duke. There was an interregnum of 311 years before another +Duke of Clarence. George III. created his third son, William Henry, to +the duchy of Clarence, August 16, 1789. The only Duke of Clarence who +ever was raised to the throne is King William IV. of England. + +CARACTACUS. + + * * * * * + + + +SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS. + + +SIR WALTER SCOTT. + +(_From the first of "Living Literary Characters," in the New Monthly +Magazine._) + + +It would be superfluous to continue the list of his prose works: they +are numerous; but they are in all people's hands, and censure or +praise would come equally late. He has triumphed over every difficulty +of subject, place, or time--exhibited characters humble and high, +cowardly and brave, selfish and generous, vulgar and polished, and is +at home in them all. I was present one evening, when Coleridge, in a +long and eloquent harangue, accused the author of Waverley of treason +against Nature, in not drawing his characters after the fashion of +Shakspeare, but in a manner of his own. This, without being meant, was +the highest praise Scott could well receive. Perhaps the finest +compliment ever paid him, was at the time of the late coronation, I +think. The streets were crowded so densely, that he could not make his +way from Charing Cross down to Rose's, in Abingdon-street, though he +elbowed ever so stoutly. He applied for help to a sergeant of the +Scotch Greys, whose regiment lined the streets. "Countryman," said the +soldier, "I am sorry I cannot help you," and made no exertion. Scott +whispered his name--the blood rushed to the soldier's brow--he raised +his bridle-hand, and exclaimed, "Then, by G-d, sir, you shall go +down--Corporal Gordon, here--see this gentleman safely to +Abingdon-street, come what will!" It is needless to say how well the +order was obeyed. + +I have related how I travelled to Edinburgh to see Scott, and how +curiously my wishes were fulfilled; years rolled on, and when he came +to London to be knighted, I was not so undistinguished as to be +unknown to him by name, or to be thought unworthy of his acquaintance. +I was given to understand, from what his own Ailie Gourlay calls a +sure hand, that a call from me was expected, and that I would be well +received. I went to his lodgings, in Piccadilly, with much of the same +palpitation of heart which Boswell experienced when introduced to +Johnson. I was welcomed with both hands, and such kind, and +complimentary words, that confusion and fear alike forsook me. When I +saw him in Edinburgh, he was in the very pith and flush of life--even +in my opinion a thought more fat than bard beseems; when I looked on +him now, thirteen years had not passed over him and left no mark +behind: his hair was growing thin and grey; the stamp of years and +study was on his brow: he told me he had suffered much lately from +ill-health, and that he once doubted of recovery. His eldest son, a +tall, handsome youth--now a major in the army--was with him. From that +time, till he left London, I was frequently in his company. He spoke +of my pursuits and prospects in life with interest and with +feeling--of my little attempts in verse and prose with a knowledge +that he had read them carefully--offered to help me to such +information as I should require, and even mentioned a subject in which +he thought I could appear to advantage. "If you try your hand on a +story," he observed, "I would advise you to prepare a kind of +skeleton, and when you have pleased yourself with the line of +narrative, you may then leisurely clothe it with flesh and blood." +Some years afterwards, I reminded him of this advice. "Did you follow +it?" he inquired. "I tried," I said; "but I had not gone far on the +road till some confounded Will-o-wisp came in and dazzled my sight, so +that I deviated from the path, and never found it again."--"It is the +same way with myself," said he, smiling; "I form my plan, and then I +deviate."--"Ay, ay," I replied, "I understand--we both deviate--- but +you deviate into excellence, and I into absurdity." + +I have seen many distinguished poets, Burns, Byron, Southey, +Wordsworth, Campbell, Rogers, Wilson, Crabbe, and Coleridge; but, with +the exception of Burns, Scott, for personal vigour, surpasses them +all. Burns was, indeed, a powerful man, and Wilson is celebrated for +feats of strength and agility; I think, however, the stalworth frame, +the long nervous arms, and well-knit joints of Scott, are worthy of +the best days of the Border, and would have gained him distinction at +the foray which followed the feast of spurs. On one occasion he talked +of his ancestry, Sir Thomas Lawrence, I think, was present. One of his +forefathers, if my memory is just, sided with the Parliament in the +Civil War, and the family estate suffered curtailment in consequence. +To make amends, however, his son, resolving not to commit the error of +his father, joined the Pretender, and with his brother was engaged in +that unfortunate adventure which ended in a skirmish and captivity at +Preston, in 1715. It was the fashion of those times for all persons of +the rank of gentlemen to wear scarlet waistcoats--a ball had struck +one of the brothers, and carried a part of this dress into his body; +it was also the practice to strip the captives. Thus wounded, and +nearly naked, having only a shirt on and an old sack about him, the +ancestor of the great poet was sitting along with his brother and a +hundred and fifty unfortunate gentlemen, in a granary at Preston. The +wounded man fell sick, as the story goes, and vomited the scarlet +which the ball had forced into the wound. "L----d, Wattie!" cried his +brother, "if you have got a wardrobe in your wame, I wish you would +bring me a pair of breeks, for I have meikle need of them." The wound +healed; I know not whether he was one of those fortunate men who +mastered the guard at Newgate, and escaped to the continent. + +The mystery which hung so long over the authorship of the Waverley +Novels, was cleared up by a misfortune which all the world deplores, +and which would have crushed any other spirit save that of Scott. This +stroke of evil fortune did not, perhaps, come quite unexpected; it +was, however, unavoidable, and it arose from no mismanagement or +miscalculation of his own, unless I may consider--which I do not--his +embarking in the hazards of a printing-house, a piece of +miscalculation. It is said, that he received warnings: the paper of +Constable, the bookseller, or, to speak plainer, long money-bills were +much in circulation: one of them, for a large sum, made its appearance +in the Bank of Scotland, with Scott's name upon it, and a secretary +sent for Sir Walter. "Do you know," said he, "that Constable has many +such bills abroad--Sir Walter, I warn you."--"Well," answered Sir +Walter, "it is, perhaps, as you say, and I thank you; but," raising +his voice, "Archie Constable was a good friend to me when friends were +rarer than now, and I will not see him balked for the sake of a few +thousand pounds." The amount of the sum for which Scott, on the +failure of Constable, became responsible, I have heard various +accounts of--varying from fifty to seventy thousand pounds. Some +generous and wealthy person sent him a blank check, properly signed, +upon the bank, desiring him to fill in the sum, and relieve himself; +but he returned it, with proper acknowledgments. He took, as it were, +the debt upon himself, as a loan, the whole payable, with interest, in +ten years; and to work he went, with head, and heart, and hand, to +amend his broken fortunes. I had several letters from him during these +disastrous days: the language was cheerful, and there were no +allusions to what had happened. It is true, there was no occasion for +him to mention these occurrences to me: all that he said about them +was--"I miss my daughter, Mrs. Lockhart, who used to sing to me; I +have some need of her now." No general, after a bloody and disastrous +battle, ever set about preparing himself for a more successful contest +than did this distinguished man. Work succeeded work with unheard of +rapidity; the chief of which was, "The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte," +in nine volumes--a production of singular power, and an almost perfect +work, with the exception of the parts which treat of the French +Revolution, and the captivity of the great prisoner. I had the +curiosity, on seeing one of the reviews praising Hazlitt's description +of the Battle of the Pyramid's, to turn to the account of Scott. I +need not say which was best: Scott's was like the sounding of a +trumpet. The present cheap and truly elegant edition of the works of +the author of "Waverley" has, with its deservedly unrivalled sale, +relieved the poet from his difficulties, and the cloud which hung so +long over the towers of Abbotsford has given place to sunshine. + +Of Abbotsford itself, the best description ever given, at least the +briefest, was "A Romance in stone and lime." It would require a volume +to describe all the curiosities, ancient and modern, living and dead, +which are here gathered together;--I say living, because a menagerie +might be formed out of birds and beasts, sent as presents from distant +lands. A friend told me he was at Abbotsford one evening, when a +servant announced, "A present from"--I forget what chieftain in the +North.--"Bring it in," said the poet. The sound of strange feet were +soon heard, and in came two beautiful Shetland ponies, with long manes +and uncut tails, and so small that they might have been sent to +Elfland, to the Queen of the Fairies herself. One poor Scotsman, to +show his gratitude for some kindness Scott, as sheriff, had shown him, +sent two kangaroos from New Holland; and Washington Irving lately told +me, that some Spaniard or other, having caught two young wild +Andalusian boars, consulted him how he might have them sent to the +author of "The Vision of Don Roderick." + +This distinguished poet and novelist is now some sixty years +old--hale, fresh, and vigorous, with his imagination as bright, and +his conceptions as clear and graphic, as ever. I have now before me a +dozen or fifteen volumes of his poetry, including his latest--"Halidon +Hill"--one of the most heroically-touching poems of modern times--and +somewhere about eighty volumes of his prose: his letters, were they +collected, would amount to fifty volumes more. Some authors, though +not in this land, have been even more prolific; but their progeny were +ill-formed at their birth, and could never walk alone; whereas the +mental offspring of our illustrious countryman came healthy and +vigorous into the world, and promise long to continue. To vary the +metaphor--the tree of some other men's fancy bears fruit at the rate +of a pint of apples to a peck of crabs; whereas the tree of the great +magician bears the sweetest fruit--large and red-cheeked--fair to look +upon, and right pleasant to the taste. I shall conclude with the words +of Sir Walter, which no man can contradict, and which many can attest: +"I never refused a literary person of merit such services in smoothing +his way to the public as were in my power; and I had the +advantage--rather an uncommon one with our irritable race--to enjoy +general favour, without incurring permanent ill-will, so far as is +known to me, among any of my contemporaries." + + * * * * * + + +A CHRISTMAS CAROL.--IN HONOUR OF MAGA. (BLACKWOOD.) + +SUNG BY THE CONTRIBUTORS. + + +Noo--hearken till me--and I'll beat Matthews or Yates a' to sticks wi' +my impersonations. + + TICKLER. + + When Kit North is dead, + What will Maga do, sir? + She must go to bed, + And like him die too, sir! + Fal de ral, de ral, + Iram coram dago; + Fal de ral, de ral, + Here's success to Maga. + + SHEPHERD. + + When death has them flat, + I'll stitch on my weepers, + Put crape around my bat, + And a napkin to my peepers! + Fal de ral, de ral, &c. + + NORTH. + + Your words go to my heart, + I hear the death-owl flying, + I feel death's fatal dart-- + By jingo, I am dying! + Fal de ral, de ral, &c. + + COLONEL O'SHAUGHNESSY. + + See him, how he lies + Flat as any flounder! + Blow me! smoke his eyes-- + Death ne'er closed eyes sounder! + Fal de ral, de ral, &c. + + DELTA. + + Yet he can't be dead, + For he is immortal, + And to receive his head + Earth would not ope its portal! + Fal de ral, de ral, &c. + + O'DOHERTY. + + Kit will never die; + That I take for _sartain_! + Death "is all my eye"-- + An't it, Betty Martin? + Fal de ral, de ral, &c. + + MODERN PYTHAGOREAN. + + Suppose we feel his arm-- + Zounds' I never felt a + Human pulse more firm: + What's your opinion, Delta? + Fal de ral, de ral, &c + + CHARLES LAMB. + + Kit, I hope you're well, + Up, and join our ditty; + To lose such a fine old fel- + Low would be a pity! + Fal de ral, de ral, &c. + + NORTH. + + Let's resume our booze, + And tipple while we're able; + I've had a bit of a snooze, + And feel quite comfortable! + Fal de ral, de ral, &c. + + MULLION. + + Be he who he may, + Sultan, Czar, or Aga, + Let him soak his clay + To the health of Kit and Maga! + Fal de ral, de ral, &c. + + OPIUM-EATER. + + Search all the world around, + From Greenland to Malaga, + And nowhere will be found + A magazine like Maga! + Fal de ral, de ral, + Iram coram dago; + Fal de ral, de ral, + Here's success to Maga! + + _Blackwood--Noctes._ + + * * * * * + + + +NOTES OF A READER. + +KNOWLEDGE FOR THE PEOPLE; OR, THE PLAIN WHY AND BECAUSE. + +PART III.--_Origins and Antiquities._ + + +This contains the _Why and Because_ of the Curiosities of the +Calendar; the Customs and Ceremonies of Special Days; and a few of the +Origins and Antiquities of Social Life. We quote a page of articles, +perhaps, the longest in the Number:-- + + +_Cock-fighting._ + +Why was throwing at cocks formerly customary on Shrove Tuesday? + +Because the crowing of a cock once prevented our Saxon ancestors from +massacreing their conquerors, another part of our ancestors, the +Danes, on the morning of a Shrove Tuesday, while asleep in their beds. + +This is the account generally received, although two lines in an +epigram "On a Cock at Rochester," by the witty Sir Charles Sedley, +imply that the cock suffered this annual barbarity by way of +punishment for St. Peter's crime, in denying his Lord and Master-- + + "Mayst thou be punish'd for St. Peter's crime, + And on Shove Tuesday perish in thy prime." + +A writer in the _Gentleman's Magazine_ also says--"The barbarous +practice of throwing at a cock tied to a stake on Shrovetide, I think +I have read, has an allusion to the indignities offered by the Jews to +the Saviour of the World before his crucifixion."--_Ellis's Notes to +Brand._ + +Why was cock-fighting a popular sport in Greece? + +Because of its origin from the Athenians, on the following occasion: +When Themistocles was marching his army against the Persians, he, by +the way, espying two cocks fighting, caused his army to halt, and +addressed them as follows--"Behold! these do not fight for their +household gods, for the monuments of their ancestors, nor for glory, +nor for liberty, nor for the safety of their children, but only +because the one will not give way to the other."--This so encouraged +the Grecians, that they fought strenuously, and obtained the victory +over the Persians; upon which, cock-fighting was, by a particular law, +ordered to be annually celebrated by the Athenians. + +Caesar mentions the English cocks in his Commentaries; but the earliest +notice of cock-fighting in England, is by Fitzstephen the monk, who +died in 1191. + + +_St. George._ + +Why is St. George the patron saint of England? + +Because, when Robert, Duke of Normandy, the son of William the +Conqueror, was fighting against the Turks, and laying siege to the +famous city of Antioch, which was expected to be relieved by the +Saracens, St. George appeared with an innumerable army, coming down +from the hills, all clad in white, with a red cross on his banner, to +reinforce the Christians. This so terrified the infidels that they +fled, and left the Christians in possession of the town.--_Butler._ + +Why is St. George usually painted on horseback, and tilting at a +dragon under his feet? + +Because the representation is emblematical of his faith and fortitude, +by which he conquered the devil, called the dragon in the +Apocalypse.--_Butler._ + +Why was the Order of the Garter instituted? + +Because of the victory obtained over the French at the battle of +Cressy, when Edward ordered his garter to be displayed as a signal of +battle; to commemorate which, he made a garter the principal ornament +of an order, and a symbol of the indissoluble union of the knights. +The order is under the patronage or protection of St. George, whence +he figures in its insignia. Such is the account of Camden, Fern, and +others. The common story of the order being instituted in honour of a +garter of the Countess of Salisbury, which she dropped in dancing, and +which was picked up by King Edward, has been denounced as fabulous by +our best antiquaries. + + +_Cock-crow._ + +Why was it formerly supposed that cocks crowed all Christmas-eve? + +Because the weather is then usually cloudy and dark (whence "the dark +days before Christmas,") and cocks, during such weather, often crow +nearly all day and all night. Shakspeare alludes to this superstition +in Hamlet-- + + Some say that even 'gainst that hallow'd season, + At which our Saviour's birth is celebrated, + The Bird of Dawning croweth all night long. + The nights are wholesome, and no mildew falls; + No planet strikes, nor spirits walk abroad: + No fairy takes, nor witch hath power to charm, + So gracious and so hallowed is the time. + +The ancient Christians divided the night into four watches, called the +evening, midnight, and two morning cock-crowings. Their connexion with +the belief in walking spirits will be remembered-- + + The cock crows, and the morn prows on, + When 'tis decreed I must be gone."--_Butler._ + + --The tale + Of horrid apparition, tall and ghastly, + That walks at dead of night, or takes his stand + O'er some new-open'd grave; and, strange to tell, + Evanishes at crowing of the cock--_Blair._ + +Who can ever forget the night-watches proclaimed by the cock in that +scene in Comus, where the two brothers, in search of their sister, are +benighted in a forest?-- + + --Might we but hear + The folded flocks, penned in their wattled cotes, + Or sound of pastoral reed with oaten stops, + Or whistle from the lodge, or village cock + Count the night-watches to his feathery dames, + 'Twould be some solace yet, some little cheering, + In this close dungeon of innumerous boughs. + +Dr. Forster observes--"There is this remarkable circumstance about the +crowing of cocks--they seem to keep night-watches, or to have general +crowing-matches, at certain periods--as, soon after twelve, at two, +and again at day-break. These are the Alectrephones mentioned by St. +John. To us, these cock-crowings do not appear quite so regular in +their times of occurrence, though they actually observe certain +periods, when not interrupted by the changes of the weather, which +generally produce a great deal of crowing. Indeed, the song of all +birds is much influenced by the state of the air." Dr. F. also +mentions, "that cocks began to crow during the darkness of the eclipse +of the sun, Sept. 4, 1820; and it seems that _crepusculum_ (or +twilight) is the sort of light in which they crow most." + + +_Goes of Liquor._ + +Why did tavern-keepers originally call portions of liquor "goes?" + +Because of the following incident, which, though unimportant in +itself, convinces us how much custom is influenced by the most +trifling occurrences:--The tavern called the Queen's Head, in +Duke's-court, Bow-street, was once kept by a facetious individual of +the name of Jupp. Two celebrated characters, Annesley Spay and Bob +Todrington, a sporting man, meeting one evening at the above place, +went to the bar, and each asked for half a quartern of spirits, with a +little cold water. In the course of time, they drank four-and-twenty, +when Spay said to the other, "Now we'll go."--"O no," replied he, +"we'll have another, and then go."--This did not satisfy the gay +fellows, and they continued drinking on till three in the morning, +when both agreed to GO; so that under the idea of going, they made a +long stay. Such was the origin of drinking, or calling for, _goes_. + + +Why was the celebrated cabinet council of Charles II. called the +Cabal? + +Because the initials of the names of the five councillors formed that +word, thus-- + + Clifford, + Arlington, + Buckingham + Ashley, + Lauderdale. + + * * * * * + + +COMPANION TO THE ALMANAC. + + +The volume for the present year appears to bring into play all the +advantages of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. The +majority of the papers are of permanent value,--as the Division of the +Day--a Table of the difference between London and Country Time--the +continuation of the "Natural History of the Weather," commenced in +last year's _Companion_--Chronological Table of Political Treaties, +from 1326--a Literary Chronology of Contemporaneous Authors from the +earliest times, on the plan of last year's Regal Table--Tables for +calculating the Heights of Mountains by the Barometer--and +illustrative papers on Life Assurance, the Irish Poor, and East India +Trade. + +The condensations of the official documents of the year follow; and +from these we select two or three examples: + + +_Bankruptcy Analysis, from November 1, 1829, to November 1, 1830._ + +Agricultural Implement Maker, 1; Anchorsmiths, 3; Apothecaries, 7; +Auctioneers, 10; Bakers, 15; Bankers, 3; Barge-master, 1; +Basket-maker, 1; Blacksmiths, 2; Bleacher, 1; Boarding-house Keepers, +9; Boarding-school Keeper, 1; Boat-builder, 1; Bombasin Manufacturer, +1; Bone Merchant, 1; Bookbinders, 3; Booksellers, 20; Boot and +Shoemakers, 14; Brassfounders, 4; Brewers, 17; Bricklayers, 5; +Brickmakers, 4; Brokers, 10; Brush Manufacturer, 1; Builders, 38; +Butchers, 8; Cabinet Makers, 9; Calico Printers, 3; Canvass +Manufacturer, 1; Cap Manufacturer, 1; Carpenters, 12; Carpet +Manufacturer, 1; Carriers, 4; Carvers and Gilders, 2; Cattle Dealers, +13; Cement Maker, 1; Cheesemongers, 12; China Dealers, 2; Chemists and +Druggists, 16; Clothes' Salesman 1; Clothiers, 9; Cloth Merchants, 8; +Coach Builders, 10; Coach Proprietors, 9; Coal Merchants, 28; +Coffeehouse Keeper, 1; Colour Maker, 1; Commission Agents, 7; +Confectioners, 3; Cook, 1; Cork Merchants, 2; Corn Merchants, 36; +Cotton Manufacturers, 16; Curriers, 8; Cutlers, 3; Dairyman, 1; +Dealers, 20; Drapers, 35; Drysalter, 1; Dyers, 12; Earthenware +Manufacturers, 4; Edge-tool Maker, 1; Engineers, 5; Factors, 4; +Farmers, 15; Farrier, 1; Feather Merchants, 3; Fellmongers, 2; +Fishmongers, 2: Flannel Manufacturers, 2; Flax-dressers, &c., 2; Fruit +Salesman 1; Furriers, 3; Gardener, 1; Gingham Manufacturers, 2; Glass +Cutters, 2; Glass Dealers, 3; Glove Manufacturers, 2; Goldsmiths, 2; +Grazier, 1; Grocers, 98; Gunmakers, 4; Haberdashers, 4; Hardwareman, +1; Hat Manufacturers, 9; Hop Merchants, 2; Horse Dealers, 10; Hosiers, +9; Innkeepers, 40; Ironfounders, 5; Iron Masters, 4; Iron Merchants, +4; Ironmongers, 19; Jewellers, 7; Joiners, 7; Lace Dealer, 1; Lace +Manufacturers, 3; Lapidary 1; Leather Cutters, 2; Leather Dressers, 2; +Lime Burners, 5; Linendrapers, 62; Linen Manufacturers, 2; Livery +Stable Keepers, 9; Looking Glass Manufacturer, 1; Machine Makers, 2; +Maltsters, 9; Manchester Warehousemen, 2; Manufacturers, 10; +Manufacturing Chemist, 1; Master Mariners, 10; Mast Maker, 1; Mattress +Maker, 1; Mealman, 1; Mercers, 16; Merchants, 71; Millers, 22; +Milliners, 7; Miner, 1; Money Scriveners, 21; MusicSellers, 5; +Nurserymen, 4; Oil and Colourman, 8; Painters, 6; Paper Hanger, 1; +Paper Manufacturers, 8; Pawnbrokers, 2; Perfumers, 4; Picture Dealers, +3; Pill Box Maker, 1; Plasterer, 1; Plumbers, 12; Porter Dealers, 2; +Potter, 1; Poulterer, 1; Printers, 4; Provision Brokers, 2; Ribbon +Manufacturers, 6; Rope Manufacturer, 1; Sack Maker, 1; Saddlers, 6; +Sail Cloth Makers, 2; Sail Makers, 4; Salesmen, 3; Scavenger, 1; +Schoolmasters, 6; Seedsmen, 2; Ship Chandlers, 3; Ship Owners, 5; +Shipwrights, 8; Shopkeepers, 11; Silk Manufacturers, 6; Silk +Throwsters, 2; Silversmiths, 2; Slate Merchants, 2; Smiths, 2; Soap +Maker, 1; Stationers, 7; Statuaries, 2; Steam Boiler Manufacturers, 2; +Stock Brokers, 2; Stocking Manufacturer, 1; Stonemasons, 8; Stuff +Merchants, 7; Sugar Refiner, 1; Surgeons, 13; Surveyor, 1; Tailors, +25; Tallow Chandler, 1; Tanners, 7; Tavern Keepers, 3; Timber +Merchants, 18; Tinmen, 3; Tobacconists, 4; Toymen, 3; Turners, 2; +Umbrella Manufacturer, 1; Underwriter, 1; Upholsterers, 16; Veneer +Cutter, 1; Victuallers, 88; Warehousemen, 15; Watch and Clock Makers, +6; Wax Chandler 1; Wheelwright, 1; White Lead Manufacturer, 1; +Whitesmith, 1; Whitster, 1; Wine and Spirit Merchants, 50; Woollen +Drapers, 18; Woolstaplers, 5; Worsted Manufacturers, 6.--Total, 1467. + +This is but a gloomy page in the commercial annals. + + +_Duties on Soap and Candles._ + +The amount of the duty on Candles has been, for the year ending 5th of +Jan. 1826, 491,236_l._; 1827, 471,994_l._; 1828, 492,622_l._; 1829, +503,779_l._; 1830, 495,138_l._ + +The rate of duty on the above articles is--On hard soap, 3d. per lb.; +soft soap, 13/4d.; candles, tallow, 1d. per lb.; wax and spermaceti, +31/2d. These duties are payable by law one week after the accounts are +made up; but as the accounts for the country include the operations of +six or seven weeks alternately, the period allowed for payment depends +upon the locality of the traders, as those resident where the +collector attends latest upon the round have a proportionally longer +credit; the time allowed for payment may be stated generally at from +fourteen to twenty-eight days. Within the limits of the chief office +the duties on candles are paid weekly; but those on soap have, by +custom, been extended to fourteen days after the account has been made +up. + + +_Duties on Newspapers._ + +Amount of Stamp Duties on Newspapers and Advertisements in England and +Scotland, during the five years ending January 5, 1830: + +_Year_ | NEWSPAPERS. | ADVERTISEMENTS. | +_ending_ +-----------+----------+-----------------------+ +_Jan. 5. | England | Scotland | England. | Scotland. | + | L. | L. | L. | L. | +1826 | 425,154 | 24,419 | 144,751 | 18,708 | +1827 | 429,662 | 22,013 | 135,687 | 17,779 | +1828 | 428,629 | 29,929 | 133,978 | 18,400 | +1829 | 439,798 | 33,556 | 136,368 | 18,939 | +1830 | 438,667 | 42,301 | 136,052 | 17,592 | + +In Ireland the total number of Newspaper Stamps issued has been, in +the years ending 5th Jan. 1827, 3,473,014; 1828, 3,545,846; 1829, +3,790,272; and 1830, 3,953,550. + + * * * * * + + + +THE SELECTOR; + +AND + +LITERARY NOTICES OF + +_NEW WORKS_. + + +MOORE'S LIFE OF BYRON. VOL. II. + + +It is our intention to condense a sheet of extracts from the above +volume, upon the plan adopted by us on the appearance of the previous +portion of the work. Our publishing arrangements will not, however, +advantageously allow the appearance of this sheet until next Saturday +week. In the meantime, a few extracts, _per se_, may gratify the +curiosity of the reader, and not interfere with the interest of our +proposed Supplement. + + +_Extracts from Lord Byron's Journal._ + +"Diodati, near Geneva, Sept. 19th, 1816. + +"Rose at five. Crossed the mountains to Montbovon on horseback, and on +mules, and, by dint of scrambling, on foot also; the whole route +beautiful as a dream, and now to me almost as indistinct. I am so +tired;--for, though healthy, I have not the strength I possessed but a +few years ago. At Montbovon we breakfasted; afterwards, on a steep +ascent, dismounted; tumbled down; cut a finger open; the baggage also +got loose and fell down a ravine, till stopped by a large tree; +recovered baggage; horse tired and drooping; mounted mule. At the +approach of the summit of Dent Jument[1] dismounted again with +Hobhouse and all the party. Arrived at a lake in the very bosom of the +mountains; left our quadrupeds with a shepherd, and ascended farther; +came to some snow in patches, upon which my forehead's perspiration +fell like rain, making the same dints as in a sieve; the chill of the +wind and the snow turned me giddy, but I scrambled on and upwards. +Hobhouse went to the highest pinnacle; I did not, but paused within a +few yards (at an opening of the cliff.) In coming down, the guide +tumbled three times; I fell a laughing, and tumbled too--the descent +luckily soft, though steep and slippery; Hobhouse also fell, but +nobody hurt. The whole of the mountains superb. A shepherd on a very +steep and high cliff playing upon his _pipe_; very different from +_Arcadia_, where I saw the pastors with a long musket instead of a +crook, and pistols in their girdles. Our Swiss shepherd's pipe was +sweet, and his tune agreeable. I saw a cow strayed; am told that they +often break their necks on and over the crags. Descended to Montbovon; +pretty scraggy village, with a wild river and a wooden bridge. +Hobhouse went to fish--caught one. Our carriage not come; our horses, +mules, &c. knocked up; ourselves fatigued. + + [1] Dent de Jaman. + +"The view from the highest points of to-day's journey comprised on one +side the greatest part of Lake Leman; on the other, the valleys and +mountain of the Canton of Fribourg, and an immense plain, with the +Lakes of Neuchatel and Morat, and all which the borders of the Lake of +Geneva inherit; we had both sides of the Jura before us in one point +of view, with Alps in plenty. In passing a ravine, the guide +recommended strenuously a quickening of pace, as the stones fall with +great rapidity and occasional damage; the advice is excellent, but, +like most good advice, impracticable, the road being so rough that +neither mules, nor mankind, nor horses, can make any violent progress. +Passed without fractures or menace thereof. + +"The music of the cows' bells (for their wealth, like the patriarchs', +is cattle,) in the pastures, which reach to a height far above any +mountains in Britain, and the shepherds shouting to us from crag to +crag, and playing on their reeds where the steeps appeared almost +inaccessible, with the surrounding scenery, realized all that I have +ever heard or imagined of a pastoral existence;--much more so than +Greece or Asia Minor, for there we are a little too much of the sabre +and musket order--and if there is a crook in one hand, you are sure to +see a gun in the other;--but this was pure and unmixed--solitary, +savage, and patriarchal. As we went, they played the 'Ranz des Vaches' +and other airs by way of farewell. I have lately repeopled my mind +with nature. + +"Sept. 20th. + +"Up at six; off at eight. The whole of this day's journey at an +average of between from 2,700 to 3,000 feet above the level of the +sea. This valley, the longest, narrowest, and considered the finest of +the Alps, little traversed by travellers. Saw the bridge of La Roche. +The bed of the river very low and deep, between immense rocks, and +rapid as anger;--a man and mule said to have tumbled over without +damage. The people looked free, and happy, and _rich_ (which last +implies neither of the former;) the cows superb; a bull nearly leapt +into the char-a-banc--'agreeable companion in a post-chaise;' goats +and sheep very thriving. A mountain with enormous glaciers to the +right--the Klitzgerberg; further on, the Hockthorn--nice names--so +soft;--_Stockhorn_, I believe, very lofty and scraggy, patched with +snow only; no glaciers on it, but some good epaulettes of clouds. + +"Passed the boundaries, out of Vaud and into Berne canton; French +exchanged for bad German; the district famous for cheese, liberty, +property, and no taxes. Hobhouse went to fish--caught none. Strolled +to the river--saw boy and kid--kid followed him like a dog--kid could +not get over a fence, and bleated piteously--tried myself to help kid, +but nearly overset both self and kid into the river. Arrived here +about six in the evening. Nine o'clock--going to bed; not tired +to-day, but hope to sleep, nevertheless." + +"Sept. 22nd. + +"Left Thoun in a boat, which carried us the length of the lake in +three hours. The lake small, but the banks fine. Rocks down to the +water's edge. Landed at Newhause--passed Interlachen--entered upon a +range of scenes beyond all description, or previous conception. Passed +a rock: inscription--two brothers--one murdered the other; just the +place for it. After a variety of windings came to an enormous rock. +Arrived at the foot of the mountain (the Jungfrau, that is, the +Maiden)--glaciers--torrents: one of these torrents _nine hundred feet_ +in height of visible descent. Lodged at the curate's. Set out to see +the valley--heard an avalanche fall, like thunder--glaciers +enormous--storm came on, thunder, lightning, hail--all in perfection, +and beautiful. I was on horseback; guide wanted to carry my cane; I +was going to give it him, when I recollected that it was a +sword-stick, and I thought the lightning might be attracted towards +him; kept it myself; a good deal encumbered with it, as it was too +heavy for a whip, and the horse was stupid, and stood with every +other peal. Got in, not very wet, the cloak being stanch. Hobhouse +wet through; Hobhouse took refuge in cottage; sent man, umbrella, and +cloak, (from the curate's when I arrived) after him. Swiss curate's +house very good indeed--much better than most English vicarages. It is +immediately opposite the torrent I spoke of. The torrent is in shape +curving over the rock, like the _tail_ of a white horse streaming in +the wind, such as it might be conceived would be that of the 'pale +horse' on which Death is mounted in the Apocalypse.[2] It is neither +mist nor water, but a something between both; its immense height (nine +hundred feet) gives it a wave or curve, a spreading here, or +condensation there, wonderful and indescribable. I think, upon the +whole, that this day has been better than any of this present +excursion. + + [2] It is interesting to observe the use to which he + afterwards converted these hasty memorandums in his sublime + drama of Manfred:-- + + It is not noon--the sunbow's rays still arch + The torrent with the many hues of heaven, + And roll the sheeted silver's waving column, + O'er the crag's headlong perpendicular, + And fling its lines of foaming light along, + _And to and fro, like the pale courser's tail, + The Giant steed, to be bestrode by Death, + As told in the Apocalypse._ + + +"Sept. 23rd. + +"Before ascending the mountain, went to the torrent (seven in the +morning) again; the sun upon it, forming a _rainbow_ of the lower part +of all colours, but principally purple and gold; the bow moving as you +move; I never saw anything like this: it is only in the sunshine. +Ascended the Wengen mountain; at noon reached a valley on the summit; +left the horses, took off my coat, and went to the summit, seven +thousand feet (English feet) above the level of the _sea_, and about +five thousand above the valley we left in the morning. On one side, +our view comprised the Jungfrau, with all her glaciers; then the Dent +d'Argent, shining like truth; then the Little Giant (the Kleine +Eigher;) and the Great Giant (the Grosse Eigher,) and last, not least, +the Wetterhorn. The height of the Jungfrau is 13,000 feet above the +sea, 11,000 above the valley: she is the highest of this range. Heard +the avalanches falling every five minutes nearly. From whence we +stood, on the Wengen Alp, we had all these in view on one side; on the +other, the clouds rose from the opposite valley, curling up +perpendicular precipices like the foam of the ocean of hell, during a +spring tide--it was white and sulphury, and immeasurably deep in +appearance.[3] The side we ascended was, of course, not of so +precipitous a nature; but on arriving at the summit, we looked down +upon the other side upon a boiling sea of cloud, dashing against the +crags on which we stood (these crags on one side quite perpendicular.) +Staid a quarter of an hour--begun to descend--quite clear from cloud +on that side of the mountain. In passing the masses of snow, I made a +snowball and pelted Hobhouse with it. + + [3] Ye _avalanches_, whom a breath draws down + In mountainous o'erwhelming, come and crush me! + _I hear ye momently above, beneath, + Crash with a frequent conflict_ + * * * * * + The mists boil up around the glaciers; _clouds_ + _Rise curling_ fast beneath me, white and sulphury, + _Like foam from the roused ocean of deep hell!_ + MANFRED. + + [4] O'er the savage sea, + The glassy ocean of the mountain ice + We skim its rugged breakers, which put on + The aspect of a tumbling _tempest's_ foam + _Frozen in a moment_. + MANFRED. + +"Got down to our horses again; ate something; remounted; heard the +avalanches still: came to a morass; Hobhouse dismounted to get over +well; I tried to pass my horse over; the horse sunk up to the chin, +and of course he and I were in the mud together; bemired, but not +hurt; laughed, and rode on. Arrived at the Grindenwald; dined, mounted +again, and rode to the higher glacier--like _a frozen hurricane_.[4] +Starlight, beautiful, but a devil of a path! Never mind, got safe in; +a little lightning, but the whole of the day as fine in point of +weather as the day on which Paradise was made. Passed _whole woods of +withered pines, all withered_; trunks stripped and lifeless, branches +lifeless; done by a single winter."[5] + + + [5] Like these _blasted pines, + Wrecks of a single winter, barkless, branchless_ + MANFRED. + + +_Shelley and Byron,_ + +It appears, first met at Geneva:-- + +There was no want of disposition towards acquaintance on either side, +and an intimacy almost immediately sprung up between them. Among the +tastes common to both, that for boating was not the least strong; and +in this beautiful region they had more than ordinary temptations to +indulge in it. Every evening, during their residence under the same +roof at Secheron, they embarked, accompanied by the ladies and +Polidori, on the Lake; and to the feelings and fancies inspired by +these excursions, which were not unfrequently prolonged into the hour +of moonlight, we are indebted for some of those enchanting stanzas[6] +in which the poet has given way to his passionate love of Nature so +fervidly. + + [6] Childe Harold, Canto 3. + + "There breathes a living fragrance from the shore + Of flowers yet fresh with childhood; on the ear + Drips the light drop of the suspended oar. + * * * * * + At intervals, some bird from out the brakes + Starts into voice a moment, then is still + There seems a floating whisper on the hill, + But that is fancy,--for the starlight dews + All silently their tears of love instil, + Weeping themselves away." + +A person who was of these parties has thus described to me one of +their evenings. 'When the _bise_ or northeast wind blows, the waters +of the Lake are driven towards the town, and, with the stream of the +Rhone, which sets strongly in the same direction, combine to make a +very rapid current towards the harbour. Carelessly, one evening, we +had yielded to its course, till we found ourselves almost driven on +the piles; and it required all our rowers' strength to master the +tide. The waves were high and inspiriting,--we were all animated by +our contest with the elements. 'I will sing you an Albanian song,' +cried Lord Byron; 'now be sentimental, and give me all your +attention.' It was a strange, wild howl that he gave forth; but such +as, he declared, was an exact imitation of the savage Albanian mode, +laughing, the while, at our disappointment, who had expected a wild +Eastern melody. + +Sometimes the party landed, for a walk upon the shore, and, on such +occasions, Lord Byron would loiter behind the rest, lazily trailing +his sword-stick along, and moulding, as he went, his thronging +thoughts into shape. Often too, when in the boat, he would lean +abstractedly over he side, and surrender himself up, in silence, to +the same absorbing task. + +The conversation of Mr. Shelley, from the extent of his poetic reading +and the strange, mystic speculations into which his system of +philosophy led him, was of a nature strongly to arrest and interest +the attention of Lord Byron, and to turn him away from worldly +associations and topics into more abstract and untrodden ways of +thought. As far as contrast, indeed, is an enlivening ingredient of +such intercourse, it would be difficult to find two persons more +formed to whet each other's faculties by discussion, as on few points +of common interest between them did their opinions agree; and that +this difference had its root deep in the conformation of their +respective minds needs but a glance through the rich, glittering +labyrinth of Mr. Shelley's pages to assure us. + + +_Letter of Lord to Lady Byron._ + +"I have to acknowledge the receipt of 'Ada's hair,' which is very soft +and pretty, and nearly as dark already as mine was at twelve years +old, if I may judge from what I recollect of some in Augusta's +possession, taken at that age. But it don't curl--perhaps from its +being let grow. I also thank you for the inscription of the date and +name, and I will tell you why;--I believe that they are the only two +or three words of your hand-writing in my possession. For your letters +I returned, and except the two words, or rather the one word, +'household,' written twice in an old account book, I have no other. I +burnt your last note, for two reasons:--firstly, it was written in a +style not very agreeable; and, secondly, I wish to take your word +without documents, which are the worldly resources of suspicious +people. I suppose that this note will reach you somewhere about Ada's +birthday--the 10th of December, I believe. She will then be six; so +that in about twelve more I shall have some chance of meeting her; +perhaps sooner, if I am obliged to go to England by business or +otherwise. Recollect, however, one thing, either in distance or +nearness;--every day which keeps us asunder should, after so long a +period, rather soften our mutual feelings, which must always have one +rallying-point as long as our child exists, which I presume we both +hope will be long after either of her parents. The time which has +elapsed since the separation has been considerably more than the whole +brief period of our union, and the not much longer one of our prior +acquaintance. We both made a bitter mistake; but now it is over, and +irrevocably so. For, at thirty-three on my part, and a few years less +on yours, though it is no very extended period of life, still it is +one when the habits and thought are generally so formed as to admit of +no modification; and as we could not agree when younger, we should +with difficulty do so now. I say all this, because I own to you, that, +notwithstanding everything, I considered our re-union as not +impossible for more than a year after the separation; but then I gave +up the hope entirely and for ever. But this very impossibility of +reunion seems to me at least a reason why, on all the few points of +discussion which can arise between us, we should preserve the +courtesies of life, and as much of its kindness as people who are +never to meet may preserve perhaps more easily than nearer +connexions. For my own part, I am violent, but not malignant; for only +fresh provocations can awaken my resentments. To you, who are colder +and more concentrated, I would just hint, that you may sometimes +mistake the depth of a cold anger for dignity, and a worse feeling for +duty. I assure you, that I bear you _now_ (whatever I may have done) +no resentment whatever. Remember, that _if you have injured me_ in +aught, this forgiveness is something; and that, if I have _injured +you_, it is something more still, if it be true as the moralists say, +that the most offending are the least forgiving. Whether the offence +has been solely on my side, or reciprocal, or on yours chiefly, I have +ceased to reflect upon any but two things,--viz. that you are the +mother of my child, and that we shall never meet again. I think if you +also consider the two corresponding points with reference to myself, +it will be better for all three." + + * * * * * + + + +THE NATURALIST. + + +DANCING FISH--SEA-SERPENT, &c. + + +In a paper on "Oceanic Dangers," in the _United Service Journal_ is +the following:-- + +There is a species of grampus from two to three tons weight, and about +sixteen feet in length, that amuses itself with jumping, or rather +springing its ponderous body entirely out of the water, in a vertical +position, and falling upon its back; this effort of so large a fish is +almost incredible, and informs us how surprisingly great the power of +muscle must be in this class of animal. I have seen them spring out of +the water within ten yards of the ship's side, generally in the +evening, after having swam all the former part of the day in the +ship's _wake_, or on either quarter. When several of these fish take +it into their heads to dance a "hornpipe," as the sailors have termed +their gambols, at the distance of half a mile they, especially at or +just after sun-down, may easily be mistaken for the sharp points of +rocks sticking up out of the water, and the splashing and foam they +make and produce have the appearance of the action of the waves upon +rocks. An officer of the navy informed me, that after sunset, when +near the equator, he was not a little alarmed and surprised (because +quite unexpected) at the cry of "rocks on the starboard bow:" looking +forward through the dubious light (if the expression may be admitted,) +he indistinctly saw objects which he and all on board took to be the +pinnacles of several rocks of a black and white colour: in a short +time, however he discovered this formidable danger to be nothing more +than a company of dancing grampuses with white bellies: as one +disappeared, another rose, so that there were at least five or six +constantly above the surface! + +The uncertainty attending the visual organ during the continuance of +the _aurora_ and of the _twilight_, must have been noticed by all +those person's who have frequented the ocean. Most sailors have the +power of eye-sight strengthened from constant practice, and from +having an unobstructed view so generally before them; yet I have known +an officer, who was famous for his quickness of sight, declare that in +the evening and morning he found it difficult to retain sight for more +than a second or two at a time, of a strange sail; at night, even with +an inverting glass, his practised eye could retain the object more +steadily. + +The public were amused for some time, a few years ago, by the tales of +brother Jonathan respecting the huge sea-serpent. Without at all +disputing the existence of creatures of that nature in the ocean, I +have little doubt that a sight I witnessed in a voyage to the West +Indies, was precisely such as some of the Americans had construed into +a "sea-serpent a mile in length," agreeing, as it did, with one or two +of the accounts given. This was nothing more than a tribe of black +porpoises in one line, extending fully a quarter of a mile, fast +asleep! The appearance certainly was a little singular, not unlike a +raft of puncheons, or a ridge of rocks; but the moment it was seen, +some one exclaimed, (I believe the captain)--"here is a solution of +Jonathan's enigma"--and the resemblance to his "sea-serpent" was at +once striking. + +Ice, sometimes, when a-wash with the surface of the sea may be +mistaken for breakers; and that which is called "black ice" has, both +by Capt. Parry and Mr. Weddell, been taken for rocks until a close +approach convinced them of the contrary; and, I dare say, others have +been in like manner deceived, especially near Newfoundland. + +A _scole_ of or indeed, a single, devil fish (_Lophius_) when deep in +the water, may appear like a shoal; and I think, that of all the +various appearances of strange things seen at sea, this monstrous +animal is more likely to deceive the judgment into a belief of a +submarine danger being where none actually exists, than any other. I +have watched one of these extraordinary creatures, as it passed slowly +along, occupying a space two-thirds of the length of the ship (a +32-gun frigate;) its shape was nearly circular, of a dark green +colour, spotted with white and light green shades, like the _ray_, and +some other flat-fish. + +Mr. Kriukof gave a curious description to Capt. Kotzebue of a marine +serpent which pursued him off Behring's island: it was red and +enormously long, the head resembling that of the sea-lion, at the same +time two disproportionately large eyes gave it a frightful appearance. +Mr. Kriukof's situation seems to have been almost as perilous above +the surface of the sea, as Lieutenant Hardy's Spanish diver's was, +with the _tinterero_ underneath! + +In the History of Greenland, (which, by the by, may with propriety be +called Parrynese,) I think there is a well authenticated account of a +large sea-serpent seen upon the coast of that vast insular land in +Hudson's sea. + +Sea-Devil.--Extract from the log-book of the ship Douglas.--"Sailed +May 3rd from Curacoa. May 6th, at three P.M. in lat. 35 long. 68.40, +made, as we supposed, a vessel bottom up, five or six miles +distant--proceeded within forty feet of the object, which appeared in +the form of a turtle--its height above water ten or twelve feet; in +length twenty-five or thirty feet, and in breadth twelve feet, with +oars or flappers, one on each side; twelve or fifteen feet in length, +one-third of the way from his tail forward, and one on each side near +his tail five feet long. The tail twenty to twenty-five feet +long,--had a large lion face with large eyes. The shell or body looked +like a clinker-built boat of twenty-five or thirty tons, bottom up, +and the seams of the laps newly paid. There were some large branches +on him. This animal was standing south-east, and in the course of +Bermuda, and his velocity about two knots per hour. A vessel running +foul of this monster might be much injured."--_New York Paper_, May 22. + +Spawn of fish, minute _mollusca_, the small classes of _squilla_ and +_cancer_, are known to voyagers as causing a discolouration of the sea +in particular places. Patches and lines of these are often seen within +the tropics, of a brown colour, and sometimes of a yellow, and of a +red shade, floating upon the surface of the ocean, which, to those +unused to such sights, are considered as indications of danger +beneath. I met with two patches of this description lately in the +Torrid Zone, but the captain being familiar with such instances, +sailed through them without apprehension. The first consisted of +myriads of small orbicular _medusae_, about the size of a pea, of a +purple hue; the other patch of a reddish-brown colour, was produced by +small _mollusca_, the size of a needle, and about a _line_ in length. + + * * * * * + + + +THE GATHERER. + + A snapper up of unconsidered trifles. + SHAKSPEARE. + + +CURIOUS SIGN. + + +The following is on a violin maker's sign-board, at Limerick:--"New +Villins mad here and old ones rippard, also new heads, ribs, backs, +and bellys mad on the shortest notice. N.B. Choes mended, &c. + +"Pat O'Shegnassy, painter." + +W.G.C. + + * * * * * + + +ANCIENT PROPHECY. + + +The author of "_The Blasynge of Armes_,"[7] at the end of Dame Julian +Berners's celebrated Treatise on Hawking, Hunting, and Fishing, has +informed us that "Tharmes of the Kynge of Fraunce were certaynly sent +by an angel from heven, that is to saye, thre floures in manere of +swerdes in a feld of azure, the whyche certer armes were given to the +forsayd Kynge of Fraunce in sygne of everlastynge trowble, and that he +and his successours alway with batayle and swerdes sholde be +punysshyd." + + + [7] This book was printed at St. Albans in the year 1486, and + afterwards reprinted by Wynkyn de Worde, in 1496. + + * * * * * + + +BATHOS AND PATHOS. + +(_To the Editor._) + + +Perceiving that you sometimes admit curious and eccentric epitaphs +into your very amusing and instructive periodical, if the enclosed is +worthy a place, it at least has this merit, if no other, that it is a +_literal_ copy, from a tombstone in St. Edmund's churchyard, Sarum:-- + +_In Memory of 3 Children of Joseph and Arabella Maton, who all died in +their Infancy, 1770._ + +1. + + Innocence Embellishes Divinely Compleat + To Prescience Coegent Now Sublimely Great + In the Benign, Perfecting, Vivifying State. + +2. + + So Heavenly Guardian Occupy the Skies + The Pre-Existent God, Omnipotent Allwise + He can Surpassingly Immortalize thy Theme + And Permanent thy Soul Celestial Supreme. + +3. + + When Gracious Refulgence, bids the Grave Resign + The Creators Nursing Protection be Thine + Thus each Perspiring AEther will Joyfully Rise + Transcendantly Good Supereminently Wise. + +W.C. + + * * * * * + + +THE LETTER B. + + "Or like a lamb, whose dam away is fet, + He treble _baas_ for help, but none can get." + SIDNEY. + + +Its pronunciation is supposed to resemble the bleating of a sheep; +upon which account the Egyptians represented the sound of this letter +by the figure of that animal. It is also one of those letters which +the eastern grammarians call _labial_, because the principal organs +employed in its pronunciation are the lips. With the ancients, B as a +numeral stood for 300. When a line was drawn above it, it stood for +3,000, and with a kind of accent below it, for 200. + +P.T.W. + + * * * * * + + +A DOUBLE. + +(_To the Editor._) + + +I read your story of the cherry-coloured cat. The clergyman with whom +I was educated astonished me when a child, by saying, when at his +living at ----, he preached in a cherry-coloured gown and a +_rose_-coloured wig (white.) + +AN OLD ONE. + + * * * * * + + +PROPHECY OF LORD BYRON. + + +In his journal, under the date of January 13, 1821, Lord Byron writes: +"Dined--news come--the powers mean to war with the people. The +intelligence seems positive--let it be so--they will be beaten in the +end. The _King-times_ are fast finishing. There will be blood shed +like water, and tears like mist; but the people will conquer in the +end. I shall not live to see it--but I foresee it." + + * * * * * + + +HARDHAM'S 37 + + +Snuff-takers generally, especially the patrons of Hardham's 37 will +read the following record of benevolence with some gratification:--"In +1772, Mr. John Hardham, a tobacconist, in London, a native of +Chichester, left by his will the interest of all his estates to the +guardians of the poor, 'to ease the inhabitants in their poor-rates +for ever.' This valuable legacy amounting to 653_l._ per annum was +subject to the life of the housekeeper of the testator, so that it was +not till 1786 that it reverted to the city."--This is even better than +the plan for snuff-takers paying off the national debt. + + * * * * * + + +PRESTON, LANCASTER. + + +Preston is a market-town, borough, and parish; situated on the river +Ribble, in the hundred of Amounderness, county palatine of Lancaster. +It was incorporated by Henry II., in 1160; and the privileges and free +customs granted by this and subsequent royal grants were confirmed by +Charter of 36th Charles II. The body corporate consists of a mayor, +recorder, seven aldermen, and seventeen capital burgesses, who, +together, form the common council of the borough. The mayor, two +town-bailiffs, and two sergeants are elected annually, upon the Friday +preceding the festival of St. Wilfrid, who was formerly lord of this +town; and they are invested, on the 12th of October following, by a +jury of twenty-four guild burgesses. The members of the council, with +the exception of the mayor, retain their seats for life, or during the +pleasure of a majority, and vacancies are supplied by the remaining +members. The town sends two representatives to parliament, and affords +the nearest practical example of universal suffrage in the +kingdom--every male inhabitant, whether housekeeper or lodger, who has +resided six months in the town, and who has not, during the last +twelve months, been chargeable to any township as a pauper, having a +right to vote for two candidates at elections. This principle was +established by a decision of the House of Commons, on an appeal, in +the year 1766, and has ever since been acted upon. The burgesses are +entitled, by the charter of Henry II., to have a GUILD MERCHANT, with +the usual franchises annexed, of safe transit through the kingdom, +exemption from toll, pontage, and stallage; liberty to buy and sell +peaceably; and power to hold a guild for the renewal of freedom to the +burgesses, the confirming of by-laws, and other purposes. This +privilege is still made the occasion of great festivity. For a long +time after their first institution, the guilds were held at irregular +periods, but they have now, for more than a century, been uniformly +celebrated every twentieth year, commencing on the Monday next after +the Decollation of St. John, which generally happens in the last week +of August; the last was held in 1822, and commenced on the 22nd of +September. The amusements, which are of great variety, continue for a +fortnight; but, for civic purposes, the guild books are open for one +entire month. The corporation are obliged to hold this carnival, on +pain of forfeiting their elective franchises, and their rights as +burgesses. The _guild_ appears to be of the nature of the ancient +frank-pledge: it is of Saxon origin, and derived from the word _gile_, +signifying money, by which certain fraternities enter into an +association, and stipulate with each other to punish crimes, make +losses good, and acts of restitution proportioned to offences;--for +which purposes, they raised sums of money among themselves, forming a +common stock; they likewise endowed chantries for priests to perform +orisons for the defunct. Fraternities and guilds were, therefore, in +use, long before any formal licenses were granted to them; though, at +this day, they are a company combined together, with orders and laws +made by themselves, under sanction of royal authority. The +several trades of Preston are incorporated; twenty-five chartered +companies go in procession on the guild festival. + +W.G.C. + + * * * * * + + +EPIGRAM. + + + Bob scrubs his head, in search of wit, + And calls his follies phrenzy fit; + But Bob forgets, with all his wit, + Poeta nascitur, non _fit_! + +P.T. + + * * * * * + + +COMPLETION OF VOL. XVI. + +WITH THE PRESENT NUMBER + +A SUPPLEMENTARY NUMBER, + +With a Portrait of the Queen, and a Memoir of her Majesty; with +Title-page, Preface, and Index to Vol. XVI. + + * * * * * + +[***] Books are flocking fast around us. Among them are Mr. Boaden's +Life of Mrs. Jordan--the Romance of History--Vols. 13 and 14 of +Lardner's Cyclopaedia--Dr. Dibdin's Sunday Library--Vol 1 of the +Cabinet Library--and three other volumes of the periodical libraries. +Our preference of Moore's Byron is, we hope, borne out by its +paramount interest. + + * * * * * + +_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset +House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; +and by all Newsmen and Booksellers._ + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, +and Instruction, No. 470, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, *** + +***** This file should be named 13495.txt or 13495.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/3/4/9/13495/ + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Victoria Woosley and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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