diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'old')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/13495-8.txt | 2073 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/13495-8.zip | bin | 0 -> 39500 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/13495-h.zip | bin | 0 -> 137264 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/13495-h/13495-h.htm | 2593 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/13495-h/images/470-1.png | bin | 0 -> 94470 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/13495.txt | 2073 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/13495.zip | bin | 0 -> 39469 bytes |
7 files changed, 6739 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/old/13495-8.txt b/old/13495-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..386bd3e --- /dev/null +++ b/old/13495-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2073 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and +Instruction, No. 470, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, No. 470 + Volume XVII, No. 470, Saturday, January 8, 1831 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: September 18, 2004 [EBook #13495] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Victoria Woosley and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + + + + + + + + + + +THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION. + + + * * * * * + +VOL XVII, NO. 470.] SATURDAY, JANUARY 8, 1831. [PRICE 2d. + + * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: CHICHESTER CROSS.] + +Few places in Britain can boast of higher antiquity than the city of +Chichester. Its origin is supposed to date back beyond the invasion of +Britain by the Romans. It was destroyed towards the close of the fifth +century, by Ella, but rebuilt by his son, Cissa, the second king of +the South Saxons, who named it after himself, and made it the royal +residence and capital of his dominions. + +Chichester, as may be expected, is a fertile field for antiquarian +research. Its cathedral, churches, and ecclesiastical buildings abound +with fine architecture; and its Cross is entitled to special mention. +It is thus minutely described in the _Beauties of England and Wales_: + +The Cross stands in the centre of the city, at the intersection of the +four principal streets. According to the inscription upon it, this +Cross was built by Edward Story, who was translated to this see from +that of Carlisle, in 1475. It was repaired during the reign of Charles +II., and at the expense of the Duke of Richmond, in 1746; though we +are told that Bishop Story left an estate at Amberley, worth full +25_l._ per annum, to keep it in constant repair; but a few years +afterwards the mayor and corporation sold it, in order to purchase +another nearer home. The date of the erection of this structure is not +mentioned in the inscription; but, from the style and ornaments, it +must be referred to the time of Edward IV. This Cross is universally +acknowledged to be one of the most elegant buildings of the kind +existing in England. Its form is octangular, having a strong butment +at each angle, surmounted with pinnacles. On each of its faces is an +entrance through a pointed arch, ornamented with crockets and a +finial. Above this, on four of its sides, is a tablet, to commemorate +its reparation in the reign of Charles II. Above each tablet is a +dial, exhibiting the hour to each of the three principal streets; the +fourth being excluded from this advantage by standing at an angle. In +the centre is a large circular column, the basement of which forms a +seat: into this column is inserted a number of groinings, which, +spreading from the centre, form the roof beautifully moulded. The +central column appears to continue through the roof, and is supported +without by eight flying buttresses, which rest on the several corners +of the building. Till a few years since this Cross was used as a +market-place; but the increased population of the city requiring a +more extensive area for that purpose, a large and convenient +market-house was, about the year 1807, erected in the North-street; on +the completion of which, it was proposed to take down this Cross, then +considered as a nuisance. Fortunately, however, the city was exempted +from the reproach of such a proceeding by the public spirit of some of +the members of the corporation, who purchased several houses on the +north side of the Cross, in order to widen that part of the street, by +their demolition. + + * * * * * + + + +THE TOPOGRAPHER + + +COUNTY COLLECTIONS. + +(_For the Mirror._) + + +Kent. + + He that will not live long, + Let him dwell at Murston, Tenham, or Tong. + + +_Queen Elizabeth's Gun at Dover._ + + "O'er hill and dale I throw my ball, + Breaker my name of mound and wall." + + Deal famed much vaunts of new turrets high, + A place well known by Cęsar's victory. + + Leland. + + Dover, Sandwich, and Winchelsea, + Rumney and Rye the Five Ports be. + + +Hampshire--Sir Bevis of Southampton. + + Bevis conquered Ascupart + And after slew the Boar, + And then he crossed beyond the seas + To combat with the Moor. + + +Westmoreland. + + I came to Lonsdale where I staid + At hall, into a tavern made, + Neat gates, white walls, nought was sparing, + Pots brimful, no thought of caring. + They eat, drink, laugh, are still mirth making-- + Nought they see, that's worth care taking. + + _Drunken Barnaby's Journal._ + + +Cheshire. + + Chester of Castria took the name, + As if that Castria were the same. + + +SHROPSHIRE. + + "To all friends round the Wrekin." + + +LINCOLNSHIRE.--STAMFORD. + + Doctrinę studium, quod nunc viget ad vada Boum + Tempore venture celebrabitur ad vada Saxi. + Science that now o'er Oxford sheds her ray + Shall bless fair Stamford at some future day. + _Merlin._ + + +STAFFORDSHIRE. + + Or Trent who like some earth-born giant spreads + His thirsty arms along the indented meads. + _Milton._ + + And beauteous Trent that in himself enseams (fattens) + Both thirty sorts of fish and thirty sundry streams. + _Spenser._ + + +BERKSHIRE.--ABINGDON. + + (_From Piers Plowman's MSS. 1400._) + + And there shall come a king and confess you religious, + And beat you as the Bible telleth, for breaking of your rule, + And then shall the Abbot of Abingdon and all his issue for ever + Have a knock of a king, and incurable the wound. + + +WILTSHIRE.--SALISBURY CATHEDRAL, + + As many days as in one year there be, + So many windows in this church you see, + As many marble pillars here appear + As there are hours throughout the fleeting year, + As many gates as moons one here does view, + Strange tale to tell, yet not more strange than true. + + A noble park near Sarum's stately town, + In form a mount's clear top call'd Clarendon; + There twenty groves, and each a mile in space, + With grateful shades, at once protect the place. + + _Chippenham.--On a Stone._ + + Hither extendeth Maud Heath's Gift, + For where I stand is Chippenham Clift. + + +GLOUCESTERSHIRE. + + An owl shall build her nest upon the walls of Gloucester, + And in her nest shall be brought forth an ass. + + The Severn sea shall discharge itself through seven mouths, + And the river Usk shall burn seven months. + _Merlin._ + + +YORKSHIRE. + + Robin Hood in Barnesdale stood, + An arrow to head drew he, + "How far I can shoot," quoth he, "by the rood + My merry men shall see." + + +SURREY.--ON THE MARKET HOUSE, FARNHAM. + + You who do like me, give money to end me, + You who dislike me, give as much to mend me. + And Mole that like a nousling mole doth make + His way still underground till Thames he over-take. + _Spenser._ + + The chalky Wey that rolls a milky wave. + _Pope._ + + +SOMERSETSHIRE. + + What ear so empty is, that hath not heard the sound + Of Tannton's fruitful Deane; not matched by any ground. + _Drayton._ + + "Stanton Drew, + One mile from Pensford, and another from Chew." + + _Bristol Castle._ + + The castle there and noble tower, + Of all the towers of England is held the flower. + + _Redcliffe Church._ + + Stay curious traveller, and pass not bye, + Until this fetive (elegant) pile astound thine eye, + That shoots aloft into the realms of day, + The Record of the Builder's fame for aie-- + The pride of Bristowe and the Western Lande. + _Chatterton._ + + +WALES.--GLAMORGANSHIRE. + + When the hoarse waves of Severn are screaming aloud, + And Penline's lofty castle involv'd in a cloud, + If true, the old proverb, a shower of rain, + Is brooding above, and will soon drench the plain. + + +PEMBROKESHIRE. + + Once to Rome thy steps incline. + But visit twice St. David's shrine. + + When Percelly weareth a hat, + All Pembrokeshire shall weet of that. + + +SCOTLAND.--STIRLINGSHIRE--BANNOCKBURN, 1314. + + "Maidens of England, sore may ye mourn, + For your lemans ye've lost at Bannockburn" + + +ROXBURGH. + + "Some of his skill he taught to me, + And, warrior, I could say to thee, + The words that cleft Eildon Hills in three, + And bridled the Tweed with a curb of stone." + _Scott._ + + +WESTERN ISLES. + + Seven years before that awful day, + When time shall be no more, + A watery deluge will o'ersweep + Hibernia's mossy shore. + The green clad Isla too shall sink, + While with the great and good, + Columba's happy isle shall rear + Her towers above the flood. + +This prophecy is said to be the reason why so many kings of Scotland, +Norway, and Ireland have selected Icombkill for the place of their +interment. + + +DUMBARTON. + + So cold the waters are of Lomond Lake, + What once were sticks, they hardened stones will make. + + +PERTH. + + "Fear not till Birnam Wood + Do come to Dunsinane" + + * * * * * + + + +RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS + + +GREEK BALLOT.--VOTING AMONG THE ANCIENT GREEKS. + + +The manner of giving their suffrages (says Potter) was by holding up +their hands. This was the common method of voting among the citizens +in the civil government; but in some cases, particularly when they +deprived magistrates of their offices for mal-administration, they +gave their votes in private, lest the power and greatness of the +persons accused should lay a restraint upon them, and cause them to +act contrary to their judgments and inclinations. + +The manner of voting privately was by casting pebbles into vessels or +urns. Before the use of pebbles, they voted with beans: the beans were +of two sorts, black and white. In the Senate of Five Hundred, when all +had done speaking, the business designed to be passed into a decree +was drawn up in writing by any of the prytanes, or other senators, and +repeated openly in the house; after which, leave being given by the +epistata, or prytanes, the senators proceeded to vote, which they did +privately, by casting beans in a vessel placed there for that purpose. +If the number of black beans was found to be the greatest, the +proposal was rejected; if white, it was enacted into a decree, then +agreed upon in the senate, and afterwards propounded to an assembly of +the people, that it might receive from them a farther ratification, +without which it could not be passed into a law, nor have any force or +obligatory power, after the end of that year, which was the time that +the senators, and almost all the other magistrates, laid down their +commissions. + +In the reign of Cecrops, women were said to have been allowed voices +in the popular assembly; where Minerva contending with Neptune which +of the two should be declared Protector of Athens, and gaining the +women to her party, was reported by their voices, which were more +numerous than those of the men, to have obtained the victory. + +P.T.W. + + * * * * * + + +CLARENCE AND ITS ROYAL DUKES. + +_(To the Editor.)_ + + +Clarentia, or Clarence, now Clare, a town in Suffolk, seated on a +creek of the river Stour, is of more antiquity than beauty; but has +long been celebrated for men of great fame, who have borne the titles +of earls and dukes. It has the remains of a noble castle, of great +strength and considerable extent and fortification (perhaps some of +your readers could favour you with a drawing and history of it); and +ruins of a collegiate church. It had once a monastery of canons, of +the order of St. Augustine, or of St. Benedict, founded in the year +1248, by Richard Clare, Earl of Gloucester. This house was a cell to +the Abbey of Becaherliven, in Normandy, but was made indigenous by +King Henry II., who gave it to the Abbey of St. Peter, at Westminster. +In after time, King John changed it into a college of a dean and +secular canons. At the suppression, its revenues were 324_l._ a +year. + +Seated on the banks of Stour river is a priory of the Benedictine +order, translated thither from the castle, by Richard De Tonebridge, +Earl of Clare, about the year 1315. Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March, +converted it into a collegiate church. Elizabeth, the wife of Lionell, +Duke of Clarence, was buried in the chancel of this priory, 1363; as +was also the duke. + +The first duke was the third son of King Edward III. He created his +third son, Lionell of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence, in 1362. His first +wife was Elizabeth of Clare, daughter of William De Burgh, Earl of +Ulster; she died in 1363. His second wife was Violante, daughter of +the Duke of Milan. He died in Italy, 1370. + +Clarencieux, the second king-at-arms, so called by Lionell, who first +held it. King Henry IV. created his second son, Thomas of Lancaster, +to the earldom of Albemarle and duchy of Clarence. He was slain in +Anjou, in 1421. + +The third duke was the second son of Richard of Plantagenet, Duke of +York, George Duke of Clarence, in Suffolk. He was accused of high +treason, and was secretly suffocated in a butt of Malmsley, or sack +wine, in a place called Bowyer Tower, in the Tower of London, 1478, by +order of his brother, King Edward IV. + +The fourth duke. There was an interregnum of 311 years before another +Duke of Clarence. George III. created his third son, William Henry, to +the duchy of Clarence, August 16, 1789. The only Duke of Clarence who +ever was raised to the throne is King William IV. of England. + +CARACTACUS. + + * * * * * + + + +SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS. + + +SIR WALTER SCOTT. + +(_From the first of "Living Literary Characters," in the New Monthly +Magazine._) + + +It would be superfluous to continue the list of his prose works: they +are numerous; but they are in all people's hands, and censure or +praise would come equally late. He has triumphed over every difficulty +of subject, place, or time--exhibited characters humble and high, +cowardly and brave, selfish and generous, vulgar and polished, and is +at home in them all. I was present one evening, when Coleridge, in a +long and eloquent harangue, accused the author of Waverley of treason +against Nature, in not drawing his characters after the fashion of +Shakspeare, but in a manner of his own. This, without being meant, was +the highest praise Scott could well receive. Perhaps the finest +compliment ever paid him, was at the time of the late coronation, I +think. The streets were crowded so densely, that he could not make his +way from Charing Cross down to Rose's, in Abingdon-street, though he +elbowed ever so stoutly. He applied for help to a sergeant of the +Scotch Greys, whose regiment lined the streets. "Countryman," said the +soldier, "I am sorry I cannot help you," and made no exertion. Scott +whispered his name--the blood rushed to the soldier's brow--he raised +his bridle-hand, and exclaimed, "Then, by G-d, sir, you shall go +down--Corporal Gordon, here--see this gentleman safely to +Abingdon-street, come what will!" It is needless to say how well the +order was obeyed. + +I have related how I travelled to Edinburgh to see Scott, and how +curiously my wishes were fulfilled; years rolled on, and when he came +to London to be knighted, I was not so undistinguished as to be +unknown to him by name, or to be thought unworthy of his acquaintance. +I was given to understand, from what his own Ailie Gourlay calls a +sure hand, that a call from me was expected, and that I would be well +received. I went to his lodgings, in Piccadilly, with much of the same +palpitation of heart which Boswell experienced when introduced to +Johnson. I was welcomed with both hands, and such kind, and +complimentary words, that confusion and fear alike forsook me. When I +saw him in Edinburgh, he was in the very pith and flush of life--even +in my opinion a thought more fat than bard beseems; when I looked on +him now, thirteen years had not passed over him and left no mark +behind: his hair was growing thin and grey; the stamp of years and +study was on his brow: he told me he had suffered much lately from +ill-health, and that he once doubted of recovery. His eldest son, a +tall, handsome youth--now a major in the army--was with him. From that +time, till he left London, I was frequently in his company. He spoke +of my pursuits and prospects in life with interest and with +feeling--of my little attempts in verse and prose with a knowledge +that he had read them carefully--offered to help me to such +information as I should require, and even mentioned a subject in which +he thought I could appear to advantage. "If you try your hand on a +story," he observed, "I would advise you to prepare a kind of +skeleton, and when you have pleased yourself with the line of +narrative, you may then leisurely clothe it with flesh and blood." +Some years afterwards, I reminded him of this advice. "Did you follow +it?" he inquired. "I tried," I said; "but I had not gone far on the +road till some confounded Will-o-wisp came in and dazzled my sight, so +that I deviated from the path, and never found it again."--"It is the +same way with myself," said he, smiling; "I form my plan, and then I +deviate."--"Ay, ay," I replied, "I understand--we both deviate--- but +you deviate into excellence, and I into absurdity." + +I have seen many distinguished poets, Burns, Byron, Southey, +Wordsworth, Campbell, Rogers, Wilson, Crabbe, and Coleridge; but, with +the exception of Burns, Scott, for personal vigour, surpasses them +all. Burns was, indeed, a powerful man, and Wilson is celebrated for +feats of strength and agility; I think, however, the stalworth frame, +the long nervous arms, and well-knit joints of Scott, are worthy of +the best days of the Border, and would have gained him distinction at +the foray which followed the feast of spurs. On one occasion he talked +of his ancestry, Sir Thomas Lawrence, I think, was present. One of his +forefathers, if my memory is just, sided with the Parliament in the +Civil War, and the family estate suffered curtailment in consequence. +To make amends, however, his son, resolving not to commit the error of +his father, joined the Pretender, and with his brother was engaged in +that unfortunate adventure which ended in a skirmish and captivity at +Preston, in 1715. It was the fashion of those times for all persons of +the rank of gentlemen to wear scarlet waistcoats--a ball had struck +one of the brothers, and carried a part of this dress into his body; +it was also the practice to strip the captives. Thus wounded, and +nearly naked, having only a shirt on and an old sack about him, the +ancestor of the great poet was sitting along with his brother and a +hundred and fifty unfortunate gentlemen, in a granary at Preston. The +wounded man fell sick, as the story goes, and vomited the scarlet +which the ball had forced into the wound. "L----d, Wattie!" cried his +brother, "if you have got a wardrobe in your wame, I wish you would +bring me a pair of breeks, for I have meikle need of them." The wound +healed; I know not whether he was one of those fortunate men who +mastered the guard at Newgate, and escaped to the continent. + +The mystery which hung so long over the authorship of the Waverley +Novels, was cleared up by a misfortune which all the world deplores, +and which would have crushed any other spirit save that of Scott. This +stroke of evil fortune did not, perhaps, come quite unexpected; it +was, however, unavoidable, and it arose from no mismanagement or +miscalculation of his own, unless I may consider--which I do not--his +embarking in the hazards of a printing-house, a piece of +miscalculation. It is said, that he received warnings: the paper of +Constable, the bookseller, or, to speak plainer, long money-bills were +much in circulation: one of them, for a large sum, made its appearance +in the Bank of Scotland, with Scott's name upon it, and a secretary +sent for Sir Walter. "Do you know," said he, "that Constable has many +such bills abroad--Sir Walter, I warn you."--"Well," answered Sir +Walter, "it is, perhaps, as you say, and I thank you; but," raising +his voice, "Archie Constable was a good friend to me when friends were +rarer than now, and I will not see him balked for the sake of a few +thousand pounds." The amount of the sum for which Scott, on the +failure of Constable, became responsible, I have heard various +accounts of--varying from fifty to seventy thousand pounds. Some +generous and wealthy person sent him a blank check, properly signed, +upon the bank, desiring him to fill in the sum, and relieve himself; +but he returned it, with proper acknowledgments. He took, as it were, +the debt upon himself, as a loan, the whole payable, with interest, in +ten years; and to work he went, with head, and heart, and hand, to +amend his broken fortunes. I had several letters from him during these +disastrous days: the language was cheerful, and there were no +allusions to what had happened. It is true, there was no occasion for +him to mention these occurrences to me: all that he said about them +was--"I miss my daughter, Mrs. Lockhart, who used to sing to me; I +have some need of her now." No general, after a bloody and disastrous +battle, ever set about preparing himself for a more successful contest +than did this distinguished man. Work succeeded work with unheard of +rapidity; the chief of which was, "The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte," +in nine volumes--a production of singular power, and an almost perfect +work, with the exception of the parts which treat of the French +Revolution, and the captivity of the great prisoner. I had the +curiosity, on seeing one of the reviews praising Hazlitt's description +of the Battle of the Pyramid's, to turn to the account of Scott. I +need not say which was best: Scott's was like the sounding of a +trumpet. The present cheap and truly elegant edition of the works of +the author of "Waverley" has, with its deservedly unrivalled sale, +relieved the poet from his difficulties, and the cloud which hung so +long over the towers of Abbotsford has given place to sunshine. + +Of Abbotsford itself, the best description ever given, at least the +briefest, was "A Romance in stone and lime." It would require a volume +to describe all the curiosities, ancient and modern, living and dead, +which are here gathered together;--I say living, because a menagerie +might be formed out of birds and beasts, sent as presents from distant +lands. A friend told me he was at Abbotsford one evening, when a +servant announced, "A present from"--I forget what chieftain in the +North.--"Bring it in," said the poet. The sound of strange feet were +soon heard, and in came two beautiful Shetland ponies, with long manes +and uncut tails, and so small that they might have been sent to +Elfland, to the Queen of the Fairies herself. One poor Scotsman, to +show his gratitude for some kindness Scott, as sheriff, had shown him, +sent two kangaroos from New Holland; and Washington Irving lately told +me, that some Spaniard or other, having caught two young wild +Andalusian boars, consulted him how he might have them sent to the +author of "The Vision of Don Roderick." + +This distinguished poet and novelist is now some sixty years +old--hale, fresh, and vigorous, with his imagination as bright, and +his conceptions as clear and graphic, as ever. I have now before me a +dozen or fifteen volumes of his poetry, including his latest--"Halidon +Hill"--one of the most heroically-touching poems of modern times--and +somewhere about eighty volumes of his prose: his letters, were they +collected, would amount to fifty volumes more. Some authors, though +not in this land, have been even more prolific; but their progeny were +ill-formed at their birth, and could never walk alone; whereas the +mental offspring of our illustrious countryman came healthy and +vigorous into the world, and promise long to continue. To vary the +metaphor--the tree of some other men's fancy bears fruit at the rate +of a pint of apples to a peck of crabs; whereas the tree of the great +magician bears the sweetest fruit--large and red-cheeked--fair to look +upon, and right pleasant to the taste. I shall conclude with the words +of Sir Walter, which no man can contradict, and which many can attest: +"I never refused a literary person of merit such services in smoothing +his way to the public as were in my power; and I had the +advantage--rather an uncommon one with our irritable race--to enjoy +general favour, without incurring permanent ill-will, so far as is +known to me, among any of my contemporaries." + + * * * * * + + +A CHRISTMAS CAROL.--IN HONOUR OF MAGA. (BLACKWOOD.) + +SUNG BY THE CONTRIBUTORS. + + +Noo--hearken till me--and I'll beat Matthews or Yates a' to sticks wi' +my impersonations. + + TICKLER. + + When Kit North is dead, + What will Maga do, sir? + She must go to bed, + And like him die too, sir! + Fal de ral, de ral, + Iram coram dago; + Fal de ral, de ral, + Here's success to Maga. + + SHEPHERD. + + When death has them flat, + I'll stitch on my weepers, + Put crape around my bat, + And a napkin to my peepers! + Fal de ral, de ral, &c. + + NORTH. + + Your words go to my heart, + I hear the death-owl flying, + I feel death's fatal dart-- + By jingo, I am dying! + Fal de ral, de ral, &c. + + COLONEL O'SHAUGHNESSY. + + See him, how he lies + Flat as any flounder! + Blow me! smoke his eyes-- + Death ne'er closed eyes sounder! + Fal de ral, de ral, &c. + + DELTA. + + Yet he can't be dead, + For he is immortal, + And to receive his head + Earth would not ope its portal! + Fal de ral, de ral, &c. + + O'DOHERTY. + + Kit will never die; + That I take for _sartain_! + Death "is all my eye"-- + An't it, Betty Martin? + Fal de ral, de ral, &c. + + MODERN PYTHAGOREAN. + + Suppose we feel his arm-- + Zounds' I never felt a + Human pulse more firm: + What's your opinion, Delta? + Fal de ral, de ral, &c + + CHARLES LAMB. + + Kit, I hope you're well, + Up, and join our ditty; + To lose such a fine old fel- + Low would be a pity! + Fal de ral, de ral, &c. + + NORTH. + + Let's resume our booze, + And tipple while we're able; + I've had a bit of a snooze, + And feel quite comfortable! + Fal de ral, de ral, &c. + + MULLION. + + Be he who he may, + Sultan, Czar, or Aga, + Let him soak his clay + To the health of Kit and Maga! + Fal de ral, de ral, &c. + + OPIUM-EATER. + + Search all the world around, + From Greenland to Malaga, + And nowhere will be found + A magazine like Maga! + Fal de ral, de ral, + Iram coram dago; + Fal de ral, de ral, + Here's success to Maga! + + _Blackwood--Noctes._ + + * * * * * + + + +NOTES OF A READER. + +KNOWLEDGE FOR THE PEOPLE; OR, THE PLAIN WHY AND BECAUSE. + +PART III.--_Origins and Antiquities._ + + +This contains the _Why and Because_ of the Curiosities of the +Calendar; the Customs and Ceremonies of Special Days; and a few of the +Origins and Antiquities of Social Life. We quote a page of articles, +perhaps, the longest in the Number:-- + + +_Cock-fighting._ + +Why was throwing at cocks formerly customary on Shrove Tuesday? + +Because the crowing of a cock once prevented our Saxon ancestors from +massacreing their conquerors, another part of our ancestors, the +Danes, on the morning of a Shrove Tuesday, while asleep in their beds. + +This is the account generally received, although two lines in an +epigram "On a Cock at Rochester," by the witty Sir Charles Sedley, +imply that the cock suffered this annual barbarity by way of +punishment for St. Peter's crime, in denying his Lord and Master-- + + "Mayst thou be punish'd for St. Peter's crime, + And on Shove Tuesday perish in thy prime." + +A writer in the _Gentleman's Magazine_ also says--"The barbarous +practice of throwing at a cock tied to a stake on Shrovetide, I think +I have read, has an allusion to the indignities offered by the Jews to +the Saviour of the World before his crucifixion."--_Ellis's Notes to +Brand._ + +Why was cock-fighting a popular sport in Greece? + +Because of its origin from the Athenians, on the following occasion: +When Themistocles was marching his army against the Persians, he, by +the way, espying two cocks fighting, caused his army to halt, and +addressed them as follows--"Behold! these do not fight for their +household gods, for the monuments of their ancestors, nor for glory, +nor for liberty, nor for the safety of their children, but only +because the one will not give way to the other."--This so encouraged +the Grecians, that they fought strenuously, and obtained the victory +over the Persians; upon which, cock-fighting was, by a particular law, +ordered to be annually celebrated by the Athenians. + +Cęsar mentions the English cocks in his Commentaries; but the earliest +notice of cock-fighting in England, is by Fitzstephen the monk, who +died in 1191. + + +_St. George._ + +Why is St. George the patron saint of England? + +Because, when Robert, Duke of Normandy, the son of William the +Conqueror, was fighting against the Turks, and laying siege to the +famous city of Antioch, which was expected to be relieved by the +Saracens, St. George appeared with an innumerable army, coming down +from the hills, all clad in white, with a red cross on his banner, to +reinforce the Christians. This so terrified the infidels that they +fled, and left the Christians in possession of the town.--_Butler._ + +Why is St. George usually painted on horseback, and tilting at a +dragon under his feet? + +Because the representation is emblematical of his faith and fortitude, +by which he conquered the devil, called the dragon in the +Apocalypse.--_Butler._ + +Why was the Order of the Garter instituted? + +Because of the victory obtained over the French at the battle of +Cressy, when Edward ordered his garter to be displayed as a signal of +battle; to commemorate which, he made a garter the principal ornament +of an order, and a symbol of the indissoluble union of the knights. +The order is under the patronage or protection of St. George, whence +he figures in its insignia. Such is the account of Camden, Fern, and +others. The common story of the order being instituted in honour of a +garter of the Countess of Salisbury, which she dropped in dancing, and +which was picked up by King Edward, has been denounced as fabulous by +our best antiquaries. + + +_Cock-crow._ + +Why was it formerly supposed that cocks crowed all Christmas-eve? + +Because the weather is then usually cloudy and dark (whence "the dark +days before Christmas,") and cocks, during such weather, often crow +nearly all day and all night. Shakspeare alludes to this superstition +in Hamlet-- + + Some say that even 'gainst that hallow'd season, + At which our Saviour's birth is celebrated, + The Bird of Dawning croweth all night long. + The nights are wholesome, and no mildew falls; + No planet strikes, nor spirits walk abroad: + No fairy takes, nor witch hath power to charm, + So gracious and so hallowed is the time. + +The ancient Christians divided the night into four watches, called the +evening, midnight, and two morning cock-crowings. Their connexion with +the belief in walking spirits will be remembered-- + + The cock crows, and the morn prows on, + When 'tis decreed I must be gone."--_Butler._ + + --The tale + Of horrid apparition, tall and ghastly, + That walks at dead of night, or takes his stand + O'er some new-open'd grave; and, strange to tell, + Evanishes at crowing of the cock--_Blair._ + +Who can ever forget the night-watches proclaimed by the cock in that +scene in Comus, where the two brothers, in search of their sister, are +benighted in a forest?-- + + --Might we but hear + The folded flocks, penned in their wattled cotes, + Or sound of pastoral reed with oaten stops, + Or whistle from the lodge, or village cock + Count the night-watches to his feathery dames, + 'Twould be some solace yet, some little cheering, + In this close dungeon of innumerous boughs. + +Dr. Forster observes--"There is this remarkable circumstance about the +crowing of cocks--they seem to keep night-watches, or to have general +crowing-matches, at certain periods--as, soon after twelve, at two, +and again at day-break. These are the Alectrephones mentioned by St. +John. To us, these cock-crowings do not appear quite so regular in +their times of occurrence, though they actually observe certain +periods, when not interrupted by the changes of the weather, which +generally produce a great deal of crowing. Indeed, the song of all +birds is much influenced by the state of the air." Dr. F. also +mentions, "that cocks began to crow during the darkness of the eclipse +of the sun, Sept. 4, 1820; and it seems that _crepusculum_ (or +twilight) is the sort of light in which they crow most." + + +_Goes of Liquor._ + +Why did tavern-keepers originally call portions of liquor "goes?" + +Because of the following incident, which, though unimportant in +itself, convinces us how much custom is influenced by the most +trifling occurrences:--The tavern called the Queen's Head, in +Duke's-court, Bow-street, was once kept by a facetious individual of +the name of Jupp. Two celebrated characters, Annesley Spay and Bob +Todrington, a sporting man, meeting one evening at the above place, +went to the bar, and each asked for half a quartern of spirits, with a +little cold water. In the course of time, they drank four-and-twenty, +when Spay said to the other, "Now we'll go."--"O no," replied he, +"we'll have another, and then go."--This did not satisfy the gay +fellows, and they continued drinking on till three in the morning, +when both agreed to GO; so that under the idea of going, they made a +long stay. Such was the origin of drinking, or calling for, _goes_. + + +Why was the celebrated cabinet council of Charles II. called the +Cabal? + +Because the initials of the names of the five councillors formed that +word, thus-- + + Clifford, + Arlington, + Buckingham + Ashley, + Lauderdale. + + * * * * * + + +COMPANION TO THE ALMANAC. + + +The volume for the present year appears to bring into play all the +advantages of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. The +majority of the papers are of permanent value,--as the Division of the +Day--a Table of the difference between London and Country Time--the +continuation of the "Natural History of the Weather," commenced in +last year's _Companion_--Chronological Table of Political Treaties, +from 1326--a Literary Chronology of Contemporaneous Authors from the +earliest times, on the plan of last year's Regal Table--Tables for +calculating the Heights of Mountains by the Barometer--and +illustrative papers on Life Assurance, the Irish Poor, and East India +Trade. + +The condensations of the official documents of the year follow; and +from these we select two or three examples: + + +_Bankruptcy Analysis, from November 1, 1829, to November 1, 1830._ + +Agricultural Implement Maker, 1; Anchorsmiths, 3; Apothecaries, 7; +Auctioneers, 10; Bakers, 15; Bankers, 3; Barge-master, 1; +Basket-maker, 1; Blacksmiths, 2; Bleacher, 1; Boarding-house Keepers, +9; Boarding-school Keeper, 1; Boat-builder, 1; Bombasin Manufacturer, +1; Bone Merchant, 1; Bookbinders, 3; Booksellers, 20; Boot and +Shoemakers, 14; Brassfounders, 4; Brewers, 17; Bricklayers, 5; +Brickmakers, 4; Brokers, 10; Brush Manufacturer, 1; Builders, 38; +Butchers, 8; Cabinet Makers, 9; Calico Printers, 3; Canvass +Manufacturer, 1; Cap Manufacturer, 1; Carpenters, 12; Carpet +Manufacturer, 1; Carriers, 4; Carvers and Gilders, 2; Cattle Dealers, +13; Cement Maker, 1; Cheesemongers, 12; China Dealers, 2; Chemists and +Druggists, 16; Clothes' Salesman 1; Clothiers, 9; Cloth Merchants, 8; +Coach Builders, 10; Coach Proprietors, 9; Coal Merchants, 28; +Coffeehouse Keeper, 1; Colour Maker, 1; Commission Agents, 7; +Confectioners, 3; Cook, 1; Cork Merchants, 2; Corn Merchants, 36; +Cotton Manufacturers, 16; Curriers, 8; Cutlers, 3; Dairyman, 1; +Dealers, 20; Drapers, 35; Drysalter, 1; Dyers, 12; Earthenware +Manufacturers, 4; Edge-tool Maker, 1; Engineers, 5; Factors, 4; +Farmers, 15; Farrier, 1; Feather Merchants, 3; Fellmongers, 2; +Fishmongers, 2: Flannel Manufacturers, 2; Flax-dressers, &c., 2; Fruit +Salesman 1; Furriers, 3; Gardener, 1; Gingham Manufacturers, 2; Glass +Cutters, 2; Glass Dealers, 3; Glove Manufacturers, 2; Goldsmiths, 2; +Grazier, 1; Grocers, 98; Gunmakers, 4; Haberdashers, 4; Hardwareman, +1; Hat Manufacturers, 9; Hop Merchants, 2; Horse Dealers, 10; Hosiers, +9; Innkeepers, 40; Ironfounders, 5; Iron Masters, 4; Iron Merchants, +4; Ironmongers, 19; Jewellers, 7; Joiners, 7; Lace Dealer, 1; Lace +Manufacturers, 3; Lapidary 1; Leather Cutters, 2; Leather Dressers, 2; +Lime Burners, 5; Linendrapers, 62; Linen Manufacturers, 2; Livery +Stable Keepers, 9; Looking Glass Manufacturer, 1; Machine Makers, 2; +Maltsters, 9; Manchester Warehousemen, 2; Manufacturers, 10; +Manufacturing Chemist, 1; Master Mariners, 10; Mast Maker, 1; Mattress +Maker, 1; Mealman, 1; Mercers, 16; Merchants, 71; Millers, 22; +Milliners, 7; Miner, 1; Money Scriveners, 21; MusicSellers, 5; +Nurserymen, 4; Oil and Colourman, 8; Painters, 6; Paper Hanger, 1; +Paper Manufacturers, 8; Pawnbrokers, 2; Perfumers, 4; Picture Dealers, +3; Pill Box Maker, 1; Plasterer, 1; Plumbers, 12; Porter Dealers, 2; +Potter, 1; Poulterer, 1; Printers, 4; Provision Brokers, 2; Ribbon +Manufacturers, 6; Rope Manufacturer, 1; Sack Maker, 1; Saddlers, 6; +Sail Cloth Makers, 2; Sail Makers, 4; Salesmen, 3; Scavenger, 1; +Schoolmasters, 6; Seedsmen, 2; Ship Chandlers, 3; Ship Owners, 5; +Shipwrights, 8; Shopkeepers, 11; Silk Manufacturers, 6; Silk +Throwsters, 2; Silversmiths, 2; Slate Merchants, 2; Smiths, 2; Soap +Maker, 1; Stationers, 7; Statuaries, 2; Steam Boiler Manufacturers, 2; +Stock Brokers, 2; Stocking Manufacturer, 1; Stonemasons, 8; Stuff +Merchants, 7; Sugar Refiner, 1; Surgeons, 13; Surveyor, 1; Tailors, +25; Tallow Chandler, 1; Tanners, 7; Tavern Keepers, 3; Timber +Merchants, 18; Tinmen, 3; Tobacconists, 4; Toymen, 3; Turners, 2; +Umbrella Manufacturer, 1; Underwriter, 1; Upholsterers, 16; Veneer +Cutter, 1; Victuallers, 88; Warehousemen, 15; Watch and Clock Makers, +6; Wax Chandler 1; Wheelwright, 1; White Lead Manufacturer, 1; +Whitesmith, 1; Whitster, 1; Wine and Spirit Merchants, 50; Woollen +Drapers, 18; Woolstaplers, 5; Worsted Manufacturers, 6.--Total, 1467. + +This is but a gloomy page in the commercial annals. + + +_Duties on Soap and Candles._ + +The amount of the duty on Candles has been, for the year ending 5th of +Jan. 1826, 491,236_l._; 1827, 471,994_l._; 1828, 492,622_l._; 1829, +503,779_l._; 1830, 495,138_l._ + +The rate of duty on the above articles is--On hard soap, 3d. per lb.; +soft soap, 1¾d.; candles, tallow, 1d. per lb.; wax and spermaceti, +3½d. These duties are payable by law one week after the accounts are +made up; but as the accounts for the country include the operations of +six or seven weeks alternately, the period allowed for payment depends +upon the locality of the traders, as those resident where the +collector attends latest upon the round have a proportionally longer +credit; the time allowed for payment may be stated generally at from +fourteen to twenty-eight days. Within the limits of the chief office +the duties on candles are paid weekly; but those on soap have, by +custom, been extended to fourteen days after the account has been made +up. + + +_Duties on Newspapers._ + +Amount of Stamp Duties on Newspapers and Advertisements in England and +Scotland, during the five years ending January 5, 1830: + +_Year_ | NEWSPAPERS. | ADVERTISEMENTS. | +_ending_ +-----------+----------+-----------------------+ +_Jan. 5. | England | Scotland | England. | Scotland. | + | £. | £. | £. | £. | +1826 | 425,154 | 24,419 | 144,751 | 18,708 | +1827 | 429,662 | 22,013 | 135,687 | 17,779 | +1828 | 428,629 | 29,929 | 133,978 | 18,400 | +1829 | 439,798 | 33,556 | 136,368 | 18,939 | +1830 | 438,667 | 42,301 | 136,052 | 17,592 | + +In Ireland the total number of Newspaper Stamps issued has been, in +the years ending 5th Jan. 1827, 3,473,014; 1828, 3,545,846; 1829, +3,790,272; and 1830, 3,953,550. + + * * * * * + + + +THE SELECTOR; + +AND + +LITERARY NOTICES OF + +_NEW WORKS_. + + +MOORE'S LIFE OF BYRON. VOL. II. + + +It is our intention to condense a sheet of extracts from the above +volume, upon the plan adopted by us on the appearance of the previous +portion of the work. Our publishing arrangements will not, however, +advantageously allow the appearance of this sheet until next Saturday +week. In the meantime, a few extracts, _per se_, may gratify the +curiosity of the reader, and not interfere with the interest of our +proposed Supplement. + + +_Extracts from Lord Byron's Journal._ + +"Diodati, near Geneva, Sept. 19th, 1816. + +"Rose at five. Crossed the mountains to Montbovon on horseback, and on +mules, and, by dint of scrambling, on foot also; the whole route +beautiful as a dream, and now to me almost as indistinct. I am so +tired;--for, though healthy, I have not the strength I possessed but a +few years ago. At Montbovon we breakfasted; afterwards, on a steep +ascent, dismounted; tumbled down; cut a finger open; the baggage also +got loose and fell down a ravine, till stopped by a large tree; +recovered baggage; horse tired and drooping; mounted mule. At the +approach of the summit of Dent Jument[1] dismounted again with +Hobhouse and all the party. Arrived at a lake in the very bosom of the +mountains; left our quadrupeds with a shepherd, and ascended farther; +came to some snow in patches, upon which my forehead's perspiration +fell like rain, making the same dints as in a sieve; the chill of the +wind and the snow turned me giddy, but I scrambled on and upwards. +Hobhouse went to the highest pinnacle; I did not, but paused within a +few yards (at an opening of the cliff.) In coming down, the guide +tumbled three times; I fell a laughing, and tumbled too--the descent +luckily soft, though steep and slippery; Hobhouse also fell, but +nobody hurt. The whole of the mountains superb. A shepherd on a very +steep and high cliff playing upon his _pipe_; very different from +_Arcadia_, where I saw the pastors with a long musket instead of a +crook, and pistols in their girdles. Our Swiss shepherd's pipe was +sweet, and his tune agreeable. I saw a cow strayed; am told that they +often break their necks on and over the crags. Descended to Montbovon; +pretty scraggy village, with a wild river and a wooden bridge. +Hobhouse went to fish--caught one. Our carriage not come; our horses, +mules, &c. knocked up; ourselves fatigued. + + [1] Dent de Jaman. + +"The view from the highest points of to-day's journey comprised on one +side the greatest part of Lake Leman; on the other, the valleys and +mountain of the Canton of Fribourg, and an immense plain, with the +Lakes of Neuchātel and Morat, and all which the borders of the Lake of +Geneva inherit; we had both sides of the Jura before us in one point +of view, with Alps in plenty. In passing a ravine, the guide +recommended strenuously a quickening of pace, as the stones fall with +great rapidity and occasional damage; the advice is excellent, but, +like most good advice, impracticable, the road being so rough that +neither mules, nor mankind, nor horses, can make any violent progress. +Passed without fractures or menace thereof. + +"The music of the cows' bells (for their wealth, like the patriarchs', +is cattle,) in the pastures, which reach to a height far above any +mountains in Britain, and the shepherds shouting to us from crag to +crag, and playing on their reeds where the steeps appeared almost +inaccessible, with the surrounding scenery, realized all that I have +ever heard or imagined of a pastoral existence;--much more so than +Greece or Asia Minor, for there we are a little too much of the sabre +and musket order--and if there is a crook in one hand, you are sure to +see a gun in the other;--but this was pure and unmixed--solitary, +savage, and patriarchal. As we went, they played the 'Ranz des Vaches' +and other airs by way of farewell. I have lately repeopled my mind +with nature. + +"Sept. 20th. + +"Up at six; off at eight. The whole of this day's journey at an +average of between from 2,700 to 3,000 feet above the level of the +sea. This valley, the longest, narrowest, and considered the finest of +the Alps, little traversed by travellers. Saw the bridge of La Roche. +The bed of the river very low and deep, between immense rocks, and +rapid as anger;--a man and mule said to have tumbled over without +damage. The people looked free, and happy, and _rich_ (which last +implies neither of the former;) the cows superb; a bull nearly leapt +into the char-ą-banc--'agreeable companion in a post-chaise;' goats +and sheep very thriving. A mountain with enormous glaciers to the +right--the Klitzgerberg; further on, the Hockthorn--nice names--so +soft;--_Stockhorn_, I believe, very lofty and scraggy, patched with +snow only; no glaciers on it, but some good epaulettes of clouds. + +"Passed the boundaries, out of Vaud and into Berne canton; French +exchanged for bad German; the district famous for cheese, liberty, +property, and no taxes. Hobhouse went to fish--caught none. Strolled +to the river--saw boy and kid--kid followed him like a dog--kid could +not get over a fence, and bleated piteously--tried myself to help kid, +but nearly overset both self and kid into the river. Arrived here +about six in the evening. Nine o'clock--going to bed; not tired +to-day, but hope to sleep, nevertheless." + +"Sept. 22nd. + +"Left Thoun in a boat, which carried us the length of the lake in +three hours. The lake small, but the banks fine. Rocks down to the +water's edge. Landed at Newhause--passed Interlachen--entered upon a +range of scenes beyond all description, or previous conception. Passed +a rock: inscription--two brothers--one murdered the other; just the +place for it. After a variety of windings came to an enormous rock. +Arrived at the foot of the mountain (the Jungfrau, that is, the +Maiden)--glaciers--torrents: one of these torrents _nine hundred feet_ +in height of visible descent. Lodged at the curate's. Set out to see +the valley--heard an avalanche fall, like thunder--glaciers +enormous--storm came on, thunder, lightning, hail--all in perfection, +and beautiful. I was on horseback; guide wanted to carry my cane; I +was going to give it him, when I recollected that it was a +sword-stick, and I thought the lightning might be attracted towards +him; kept it myself; a good deal encumbered with it, as it was too +heavy for a whip, and the horse was stupid, and stood with every +other peal. Got in, not very wet, the cloak being stanch. Hobhouse +wet through; Hobhouse took refuge in cottage; sent man, umbrella, and +cloak, (from the curate's when I arrived) after him. Swiss curate's +house very good indeed--much better than most English vicarages. It is +immediately opposite the torrent I spoke of. The torrent is in shape +curving over the rock, like the _tail_ of a white horse streaming in +the wind, such as it might be conceived would be that of the 'pale +horse' on which Death is mounted in the Apocalypse.[2] It is neither +mist nor water, but a something between both; its immense height (nine +hundred feet) gives it a wave or curve, a spreading here, or +condensation there, wonderful and indescribable. I think, upon the +whole, that this day has been better than any of this present +excursion. + + [2] It is interesting to observe the use to which he + afterwards converted these hasty memorandums in his sublime + drama of Manfred:-- + + It is not noon--the sunbow's rays still arch + The torrent with the many hues of heaven, + And roll the sheeted silver's waving column, + O'er the crag's headlong perpendicular, + And fling its lines of foaming light along, + _And to and fro, like the pale courser's tail, + The Giant steed, to be bestrode by Death, + As told in the Apocalypse._ + + +"Sept. 23rd. + +"Before ascending the mountain, went to the torrent (seven in the +morning) again; the sun upon it, forming a _rainbow_ of the lower part +of all colours, but principally purple and gold; the bow moving as you +move; I never saw anything like this: it is only in the sunshine. +Ascended the Wengen mountain; at noon reached a valley on the summit; +left the horses, took off my coat, and went to the summit, seven +thousand feet (English feet) above the level of the _sea_, and about +five thousand above the valley we left in the morning. On one side, +our view comprised the Jungfrau, with all her glaciers; then the Dent +d'Argent, shining like truth; then the Little Giant (the Kleine +Eigher;) and the Great Giant (the Grosse Eigher,) and last, not least, +the Wetterhorn. The height of the Jungfrau is 13,000 feet above the +sea, 11,000 above the valley: she is the highest of this range. Heard +the avalanches falling every five minutes nearly. From whence we +stood, on the Wengen Alp, we had all these in view on one side; on the +other, the clouds rose from the opposite valley, curling up +perpendicular precipices like the foam of the ocean of hell, during a +spring tide--it was white and sulphury, and immeasurably deep in +appearance.[3] The side we ascended was, of course, not of so +precipitous a nature; but on arriving at the summit, we looked down +upon the other side upon a boiling sea of cloud, dashing against the +crags on which we stood (these crags on one side quite perpendicular.) +Staid a quarter of an hour--begun to descend--quite clear from cloud +on that side of the mountain. In passing the masses of snow, I made a +snowball and pelted Hobhouse with it. + + [3] Ye _avalanches_, whom a breath draws down + In mountainous o'erwhelming, come and crush me! + _I hear ye momently above, beneath, + Crash with a frequent conflict_ + * * * * * + The mists boil up around the glaciers; _clouds_ + _Rise curling_ fast beneath me, white and sulphury, + _Like foam from the roused ocean of deep hell!_ + MANFRED. + + [4] O'er the savage sea, + The glassy ocean of the mountain ice + We skim its rugged breakers, which put on + The aspect of a tumbling _tempest's_ foam + _Frozen in a moment_. + MANFRED. + +"Got down to our horses again; ate something; remounted; heard the +avalanches still: came to a morass; Hobhouse dismounted to get over +well; I tried to pass my horse over; the horse sunk up to the chin, +and of course he and I were in the mud together; bemired, but not +hurt; laughed, and rode on. Arrived at the Grindenwald; dined, mounted +again, and rode to the higher glacier--like _a frozen hurricane_.[4] +Starlight, beautiful, but a devil of a path! Never mind, got safe in; +a little lightning, but the whole of the day as fine in point of +weather as the day on which Paradise was made. Passed _whole woods of +withered pines, all withered_; trunks stripped and lifeless, branches +lifeless; done by a single winter."[5] + + + [5] Like these _blasted pines, + Wrecks of a single winter, barkless, branchless_ + MANFRED. + + +_Shelley and Byron,_ + +It appears, first met at Geneva:-- + +There was no want of disposition towards acquaintance on either side, +and an intimacy almost immediately sprung up between them. Among the +tastes common to both, that for boating was not the least strong; and +in this beautiful region they had more than ordinary temptations to +indulge in it. Every evening, during their residence under the same +roof at Sécheron, they embarked, accompanied by the ladies and +Polidori, on the Lake; and to the feelings and fancies inspired by +these excursions, which were not unfrequently prolonged into the hour +of moonlight, we are indebted for some of those enchanting stanzas[6] +in which the poet has given way to his passionate love of Nature so +fervidly. + + [6] Childe Harold, Canto 3. + + "There breathes a living fragrance from the shore + Of flowers yet fresh with childhood; on the ear + Drips the light drop of the suspended oar. + * * * * * + At intervals, some bird from out the brakes + Starts into voice a moment, then is still + There seems a floating whisper on the hill, + But that is fancy,--for the starlight dews + All silently their tears of love instil, + Weeping themselves away." + +A person who was of these parties has thus described to me one of +their evenings. 'When the _bise_ or northeast wind blows, the waters +of the Lake are driven towards the town, and, with the stream of the +Rhone, which sets strongly in the same direction, combine to make a +very rapid current towards the harbour. Carelessly, one evening, we +had yielded to its course, till we found ourselves almost driven on +the piles; and it required all our rowers' strength to master the +tide. The waves were high and inspiriting,--we were all animated by +our contest with the elements. 'I will sing you an Albanian song,' +cried Lord Byron; 'now be sentimental, and give me all your +attention.' It was a strange, wild howl that he gave forth; but such +as, he declared, was an exact imitation of the savage Albanian mode, +laughing, the while, at our disappointment, who had expected a wild +Eastern melody. + +Sometimes the party landed, for a walk upon the shore, and, on such +occasions, Lord Byron would loiter behind the rest, lazily trailing +his sword-stick along, and moulding, as he went, his thronging +thoughts into shape. Often too, when in the boat, he would lean +abstractedly over he side, and surrender himself up, in silence, to +the same absorbing task. + +The conversation of Mr. Shelley, from the extent of his poetic reading +and the strange, mystic speculations into which his system of +philosophy led him, was of a nature strongly to arrest and interest +the attention of Lord Byron, and to turn him away from worldly +associations and topics into more abstract and untrodden ways of +thought. As far as contrast, indeed, is an enlivening ingredient of +such intercourse, it would be difficult to find two persons more +formed to whet each other's faculties by discussion, as on few points +of common interest between them did their opinions agree; and that +this difference had its root deep in the conformation of their +respective minds needs but a glance through the rich, glittering +labyrinth of Mr. Shelley's pages to assure us. + + +_Letter of Lord to Lady Byron._ + +"I have to acknowledge the receipt of 'Ada's hair,' which is very soft +and pretty, and nearly as dark already as mine was at twelve years +old, if I may judge from what I recollect of some in Augusta's +possession, taken at that age. But it don't curl--perhaps from its +being let grow. I also thank you for the inscription of the date and +name, and I will tell you why;--I believe that they are the only two +or three words of your hand-writing in my possession. For your letters +I returned, and except the two words, or rather the one word, +'household,' written twice in an old account book, I have no other. I +burnt your last note, for two reasons:--firstly, it was written in a +style not very agreeable; and, secondly, I wish to take your word +without documents, which are the worldly resources of suspicious +people. I suppose that this note will reach you somewhere about Ada's +birthday--the 10th of December, I believe. She will then be six; so +that in about twelve more I shall have some chance of meeting her; +perhaps sooner, if I am obliged to go to England by business or +otherwise. Recollect, however, one thing, either in distance or +nearness;--every day which keeps us asunder should, after so long a +period, rather soften our mutual feelings, which must always have one +rallying-point as long as our child exists, which I presume we both +hope will be long after either of her parents. The time which has +elapsed since the separation has been considerably more than the whole +brief period of our union, and the not much longer one of our prior +acquaintance. We both made a bitter mistake; but now it is over, and +irrevocably so. For, at thirty-three on my part, and a few years less +on yours, though it is no very extended period of life, still it is +one when the habits and thought are generally so formed as to admit of +no modification; and as we could not agree when younger, we should +with difficulty do so now. I say all this, because I own to you, that, +notwithstanding everything, I considered our re-union as not +impossible for more than a year after the separation; but then I gave +up the hope entirely and for ever. But this very impossibility of +reunion seems to me at least a reason why, on all the few points of +discussion which can arise between us, we should preserve the +courtesies of life, and as much of its kindness as people who are +never to meet may preserve perhaps more easily than nearer +connexions. For my own part, I am violent, but not malignant; for only +fresh provocations can awaken my resentments. To you, who are colder +and more concentrated, I would just hint, that you may sometimes +mistake the depth of a cold anger for dignity, and a worse feeling for +duty. I assure you, that I bear you _now_ (whatever I may have done) +no resentment whatever. Remember, that _if you have injured me_ in +aught, this forgiveness is something; and that, if I have _injured +you_, it is something more still, if it be true as the moralists say, +that the most offending are the least forgiving. Whether the offence +has been solely on my side, or reciprocal, or on yours chiefly, I have +ceased to reflect upon any but two things,--viz. that you are the +mother of my child, and that we shall never meet again. I think if you +also consider the two corresponding points with reference to myself, +it will be better for all three." + + * * * * * + + + +THE NATURALIST. + + +DANCING FISH--SEA-SERPENT, &c. + + +In a paper on "Oceanic Dangers," in the _United Service Journal_ is +the following:-- + +There is a species of grampus from two to three tons weight, and about +sixteen feet in length, that amuses itself with jumping, or rather +springing its ponderous body entirely out of the water, in a vertical +position, and falling upon its back; this effort of so large a fish is +almost incredible, and informs us how surprisingly great the power of +muscle must be in this class of animal. I have seen them spring out of +the water within ten yards of the ship's side, generally in the +evening, after having swam all the former part of the day in the +ship's _wake_, or on either quarter. When several of these fish take +it into their heads to dance a "hornpipe," as the sailors have termed +their gambols, at the distance of half a mile they, especially at or +just after sun-down, may easily be mistaken for the sharp points of +rocks sticking up out of the water, and the splashing and foam they +make and produce have the appearance of the action of the waves upon +rocks. An officer of the navy informed me, that after sunset, when +near the equator, he was not a little alarmed and surprised (because +quite unexpected) at the cry of "rocks on the starboard bow:" looking +forward through the dubious light (if the expression may be admitted,) +he indistinctly saw objects which he and all on board took to be the +pinnacles of several rocks of a black and white colour: in a short +time, however he discovered this formidable danger to be nothing more +than a company of dancing grampuses with white bellies: as one +disappeared, another rose, so that there were at least five or six +constantly above the surface! + +The uncertainty attending the visual organ during the continuance of +the _aurora_ and of the _twilight_, must have been noticed by all +those person's who have frequented the ocean. Most sailors have the +power of eye-sight strengthened from constant practice, and from +having an unobstructed view so generally before them; yet I have known +an officer, who was famous for his quickness of sight, declare that in +the evening and morning he found it difficult to retain sight for more +than a second or two at a time, of a strange sail; at night, even with +an inverting glass, his practised eye could retain the object more +steadily. + +The public were amused for some time, a few years ago, by the tales of +brother Jonathan respecting the huge sea-serpent. Without at all +disputing the existence of creatures of that nature in the ocean, I +have little doubt that a sight I witnessed in a voyage to the West +Indies, was precisely such as some of the Americans had construed into +a "sea-serpent a mile in length," agreeing, as it did, with one or two +of the accounts given. This was nothing more than a tribe of black +porpoises in one line, extending fully a quarter of a mile, fast +asleep! The appearance certainly was a little singular, not unlike a +raft of puncheons, or a ridge of rocks; but the moment it was seen, +some one exclaimed, (I believe the captain)--"here is a solution of +Jonathan's enigma"--and the resemblance to his "sea-serpent" was at +once striking. + +Ice, sometimes, when a-wash with the surface of the sea may be +mistaken for breakers; and that which is called "black ice" has, both +by Capt. Parry and Mr. Weddell, been taken for rocks until a close +approach convinced them of the contrary; and, I dare say, others have +been in like manner deceived, especially near Newfoundland. + +A _scole_ of or indeed, a single, devil fish (_Lophius_) when deep in +the water, may appear like a shoal; and I think, that of all the +various appearances of strange things seen at sea, this monstrous +animal is more likely to deceive the judgment into a belief of a +submarine danger being where none actually exists, than any other. I +have watched one of these extraordinary creatures, as it passed slowly +along, occupying a space two-thirds of the length of the ship (a +32-gun frigate;) its shape was nearly circular, of a dark green +colour, spotted with white and light green shades, like the _ray_, and +some other flat-fish. + +Mr. Kriukof gave a curious description to Capt. Kotzebue of a marine +serpent which pursued him off Behring's island: it was red and +enormously long, the head resembling that of the sea-lion, at the same +time two disproportionately large eyes gave it a frightful appearance. +Mr. Kriukof's situation seems to have been almost as perilous above +the surface of the sea, as Lieutenant Hardy's Spanish diver's was, +with the _tinterero_ underneath! + +In the History of Greenland, (which, by the by, may with propriety be +called Parrynese,) I think there is a well authenticated account of a +large sea-serpent seen upon the coast of that vast insular land in +Hudson's sea. + +Sea-Devil.--Extract from the log-book of the ship Douglas.--"Sailed +May 3rd from Curaēoa. May 6th, at three P.M. in lat. 35 long. 68.40, +made, as we supposed, a vessel bottom up, five or six miles +distant--proceeded within forty feet of the object, which appeared in +the form of a turtle--its height above water ten or twelve feet; in +length twenty-five or thirty feet, and in breadth twelve feet, with +oars or flappers, one on each side; twelve or fifteen feet in length, +one-third of the way from his tail forward, and one on each side near +his tail five feet long. The tail twenty to twenty-five feet +long,--had a large lion face with large eyes. The shell or body looked +like a clinker-built boat of twenty-five or thirty tons, bottom up, +and the seams of the laps newly paid. There were some large branches +on him. This animal was standing south-east, and in the course of +Bermuda, and his velocity about two knots per hour. A vessel running +foul of this monster might be much injured."--_New York Paper_, May 22. + +Spawn of fish, minute _mollusca_, the small classes of _squilla_ and +_cancer_, are known to voyagers as causing a discolouration of the sea +in particular places. Patches and lines of these are often seen within +the tropics, of a brown colour, and sometimes of a yellow, and of a +red shade, floating upon the surface of the ocean, which, to those +unused to such sights, are considered as indications of danger +beneath. I met with two patches of this description lately in the +Torrid Zone, but the captain being familiar with such instances, +sailed through them without apprehension. The first consisted of +myriads of small orbicular _medusę_, about the size of a pea, of a +purple hue; the other patch of a reddish-brown colour, was produced by +small _mollusca_, the size of a needle, and about a _line_ in length. + + * * * * * + + + +THE GATHERER. + + A snapper up of unconsidered trifles. + SHAKSPEARE. + + +CURIOUS SIGN. + + +The following is on a violin maker's sign-board, at Limerick:--"New +Villins mad here and old ones rippard, also new heads, ribs, backs, +and bellys mad on the shortest notice. N.B. Choes mended, &c. + +"Pat O'Shegnassy, painter." + +W.G.C. + + * * * * * + + +ANCIENT PROPHECY. + + +The author of "_The Blasynge of Armes_,"[7] at the end of Dame Julian +Berners's celebrated Treatise on Hawking, Hunting, and Fishing, has +informed us that "Tharmes of the Kynge of Fraunce were certaynly sent +by an angel from heven, that is to saye, thre floures in manere of +swerdes in a feld of azure, the whyche certer armes were given to the +forsayd Kynge of Fraunce in sygne of everlastynge trowble, and that he +and his successours alway with batayle and swerdes sholde be +punysshyd." + + + [7] This book was printed at St. Albans in the year 1486, and + afterwards reprinted by Wynkyn de Worde, in 1496. + + * * * * * + + +BATHOS AND PATHOS. + +(_To the Editor._) + + +Perceiving that you sometimes admit curious and eccentric epitaphs +into your very amusing and instructive periodical, if the enclosed is +worthy a place, it at least has this merit, if no other, that it is a +_literal_ copy, from a tombstone in St. Edmund's churchyard, Sarum:-- + +_In Memory of 3 Children of Joseph and Arabella Maton, who all died in +their Infancy, 1770._ + +1. + + Innocence Embellishes Divinely Compleat + To Prescience Coegent Now Sublimely Great + In the Benign, Perfecting, Vivifying State. + +2. + + So Heavenly Guardian Occupy the Skies + The Pre-Existent God, Omnipotent Allwise + He can Surpassingly Immortalize thy Theme + And Permanent thy Soul Celestial Supreme. + +3. + + When Gracious Refulgence, bids the Grave Resign + The Creators Nursing Protection be Thine + Thus each Perspiring Ęther will Joyfully Rise + Transcendantly Good Supereminently Wise. + +W.C. + + * * * * * + + +THE LETTER B. + + "Or like a lamb, whose dam away is fet, + He treble _baas_ for help, but none can get." + SIDNEY. + + +Its pronunciation is supposed to resemble the bleating of a sheep; +upon which account the Egyptians represented the sound of this letter +by the figure of that animal. It is also one of those letters which +the eastern grammarians call _labial_, because the principal organs +employed in its pronunciation are the lips. With the ancients, B as a +numeral stood for 300. When a line was drawn above it, it stood for +3,000, and with a kind of accent below it, for 200. + +P.T.W. + + * * * * * + + +A DOUBLE. + +(_To the Editor._) + + +I read your story of the cherry-coloured cat. The clergyman with whom +I was educated astonished me when a child, by saying, when at his +living at ----, he preached in a cherry-coloured gown and a +_rose_-coloured wig (white.) + +AN OLD ONE. + + * * * * * + + +PROPHECY OF LORD BYRON. + + +In his journal, under the date of January 13, 1821, Lord Byron writes: +"Dined--news come--the powers mean to war with the people. The +intelligence seems positive--let it be so--they will be beaten in the +end. The _King-times_ are fast finishing. There will be blood shed +like water, and tears like mist; but the people will conquer in the +end. I shall not live to see it--but I foresee it." + + * * * * * + + +HARDHAM'S 37 + + +Snuff-takers generally, especially the patrons of Hardham's 37 will +read the following record of benevolence with some gratification:--"In +1772, Mr. John Hardham, a tobacconist, in London, a native of +Chichester, left by his will the interest of all his estates to the +guardians of the poor, 'to ease the inhabitants in their poor-rates +for ever.' This valuable legacy amounting to 653_l._ per annum was +subject to the life of the housekeeper of the testator, so that it was +not till 1786 that it reverted to the city."--This is even better than +the plan for snuff-takers paying off the national debt. + + * * * * * + + +PRESTON, LANCASTER. + + +Preston is a market-town, borough, and parish; situated on the river +Ribble, in the hundred of Amounderness, county palatine of Lancaster. +It was incorporated by Henry II., in 1160; and the privileges and free +customs granted by this and subsequent royal grants were confirmed by +Charter of 36th Charles II. The body corporate consists of a mayor, +recorder, seven aldermen, and seventeen capital burgesses, who, +together, form the common council of the borough. The mayor, two +town-bailiffs, and two sergeants are elected annually, upon the Friday +preceding the festival of St. Wilfrid, who was formerly lord of this +town; and they are invested, on the 12th of October following, by a +jury of twenty-four guild burgesses. The members of the council, with +the exception of the mayor, retain their seats for life, or during the +pleasure of a majority, and vacancies are supplied by the remaining +members. The town sends two representatives to parliament, and affords +the nearest practical example of universal suffrage in the +kingdom--every male inhabitant, whether housekeeper or lodger, who has +resided six months in the town, and who has not, during the last +twelve months, been chargeable to any township as a pauper, having a +right to vote for two candidates at elections. This principle was +established by a decision of the House of Commons, on an appeal, in +the year 1766, and has ever since been acted upon. The burgesses are +entitled, by the charter of Henry II., to have a GUILD MERCHANT, with +the usual franchises annexed, of safe transit through the kingdom, +exemption from toll, pontage, and stallage; liberty to buy and sell +peaceably; and power to hold a guild for the renewal of freedom to the +burgesses, the confirming of by-laws, and other purposes. This +privilege is still made the occasion of great festivity. For a long +time after their first institution, the guilds were held at irregular +periods, but they have now, for more than a century, been uniformly +celebrated every twentieth year, commencing on the Monday next after +the Decollation of St. John, which generally happens in the last week +of August; the last was held in 1822, and commenced on the 22nd of +September. The amusements, which are of great variety, continue for a +fortnight; but, for civic purposes, the guild books are open for one +entire month. The corporation are obliged to hold this carnival, on +pain of forfeiting their elective franchises, and their rights as +burgesses. The _guild_ appears to be of the nature of the ancient +frank-pledge: it is of Saxon origin, and derived from the word _gile_, +signifying money, by which certain fraternities enter into an +association, and stipulate with each other to punish crimes, make +losses good, and acts of restitution proportioned to offences;--for +which purposes, they raised sums of money among themselves, forming a +common stock; they likewise endowed chantries for priests to perform +orisons for the defunct. Fraternities and guilds were, therefore, in +use, long before any formal licenses were granted to them; though, at +this day, they are a company combined together, with orders and laws +made by themselves, under sanction of royal authority. The +several trades of Preston are incorporated; twenty-five chartered +companies go in procession on the guild festival. + +W.G.C. + + * * * * * + + +EPIGRAM. + + + Bob scrubs his head, in search of wit, + And calls his follies phrenzy fit; + But Bob forgets, with all his wit, + Poėta nascitur, non _fit_! + +P.T. + + * * * * * + + +COMPLETION OF VOL. XVI. + +WITH THE PRESENT NUMBER + +A SUPPLEMENTARY NUMBER, + +With a Portrait of the Queen, and a Memoir of her Majesty; with +Title-page, Preface, and Index to Vol. XVI. + + * * * * * + +[***] Books are flocking fast around us. Among them are Mr. Boaden's +Life of Mrs. Jordan--the Romance of History--Vols. 13 and 14 of +Lardner's Cyclopaedia--Dr. Dibdin's Sunday Library--Vol 1 of the +Cabinet Library--and three other volumes of the periodical libraries. +Our preference of Moore's Byron is, we hope, borne out by its +paramount interest. + + * * * * * + +_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset +House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; +and by all Newsmen and Booksellers._ + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, +and Instruction, No. 470, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, *** + +***** This file should be named 13495-8.txt or 13495-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/3/4/9/13495/ + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Victoria Woosley and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/old/13495-8.zip b/old/13495-8.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0602f56 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/13495-8.zip diff --git a/old/13495-h.zip b/old/13495-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9c55754 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/13495-h.zip diff --git a/old/13495-h/13495-h.htm b/old/13495-h/13495-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..71a4726 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/13495-h/13495-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2593 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title>The Mirror of Literature, Issue 470.</title> + <style type="text/css"> + <!-- + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + p {text-align: justify;} + blockquote {text-align: justify;} + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center;} + pre {font-size: 0.7em;} + hr {text-align: center; width: 50%;} + html>body hr {margin-right: 25%; margin-left: 25%; width: 50%;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + html>body hr.full {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;} + hr.short {text-align: center; width: 20%;} + html>body hr.short {margin-right: 40%; margin-left: 40%; width: 20%;} + .note, .footnote + {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + span.pagenum + {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt;} + .poem + {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem p {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem p.i2 {margin-left: 1em;} + .poem p.i4 {margin-left: 2em;} + .poem p.i6 {margin-left: 3em;} + .poem p.i8 {margin-left: 4em;} + .poem p.i10 {margin-left: 5em;} + .ctr {text-align: center;} + .right {text-align: right;} + .figure + {padding: 1em; margin: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em; margin: auto;} + .figure img + {border: none;} + .figure p + .side { float:right; + font-size: 75%; + width: 25%; + padding-left:10px; + border-left: dashed thin; + margin-left: 10px; + text-align: left; + text-indent: 0; + font-weight: bold; + font-style: italic;} + --> + </style> +</head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and +Instruction, No. 470, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, No. 470 + Volume XVII, No. 470, Saturday, January 8, 1831 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: September 18, 2004 [EBook #13495] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Victoria Woosley and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + + + + + +</pre> + + <hr class="full" /> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page17" name="page17"></a>[pg 17]</span> + <h1>THE MIRROR<br /> + OF<br /> + LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1> + <hr class="full" /> + <table width="100%" summary="Volume, Number, and Date"> + <tr> + <td align="left"><b>Vol. XVII. No. 470.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b> SATURDAY, JANUARY 8, 1831.</b></td> + <td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td> + </tr> + </table> + <hr class="full" /> +<div class="figure" style="width:100%;"><a href="images/470-1.png"><img width="100%" src="images/470-1.png" alt="" /></a> CHICHESTER CROSS.</div> +<p>Few places in Britain can boast of +higher antiquity than the city of Chichester. +Its origin is supposed to date +back beyond the invasion of Britain by +the Romans. It was destroyed towards the +close of the fifth century, by Ella, but +rebuilt by his son, Cissa, the second +king of the South Saxons, who named +it after himself, and made it the royal +residence and capital of his dominions.</p> +<p>Chichester, as may be expected, is a +fertile field for antiquarian research. Its +cathedral, churches, and ecclesiastical +buildings abound with fine architecture; +and its Cross is entitled to special +mention. It is thus minutely described +in the <i>Beauties of England and Wales</i>:</p> +<p>The Cross stands in the centre of the +city, at the intersection of the four +principal streets. According to the inscription +upon it, this Cross was built by +Edward Story, who was translated to +this see from that of Carlisle, in 1475. +It was repaired during the reign of +Charles II., and at the expense of the +Duke of Richmond, in 1746; though +we are told that Bishop Story left an +estate at Amberley, worth full 25<i>l.</i> per +annum, to keep it in constant repair; +but a few years afterwards the mayor +and corporation sold it, in order to purchase +another nearer home. The date +of the erection of this structure is not +mentioned in the inscription; but, from +the style and ornaments, it must be referred +to the time of Edward IV. This +Cross is universally acknowledged to be +one of the most elegant buildings of the +kind existing in England. Its form is +octangular, having a strong butment at +each angle, surmounted with pinnacles. +On each of its faces is an entrance +through a pointed arch, ornamented +with crockets and a finial. Above this, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page18" id="page18"></a>[pg 18]</span> +on four of its sides, is a tablet, to commemorate +its reparation in the reign of +Charles II. Above each tablet is a dial, +exhibiting the hour to each of the three +principal streets; the fourth being excluded +from this advantage by standing +at an angle. In the centre is a large +circular column, the basement of which +forms a seat: into this column is inserted +a number of groinings, which, +spreading from the centre, form the +roof beautifully moulded. The central +column appears to continue through the +roof, and is supported without by eight +flying buttresses, which rest on the several +corners of the building. Till a few +years since this Cross was used as a +market-place; but the increased population +of the city requiring a more extensive +area for that purpose, a large +and convenient market-house was, about +the year 1807, erected in the North-street; +on the completion of which, it +was proposed to take down this Cross, +then considered as a nuisance. Fortunately, +however, the city was exempted +from the reproach of such a proceeding +by the public spirit of some of the +members of the corporation, who purchased +several houses on the north side +of the Cross, in order to widen that part +of the street, by their demolition.</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2>The Topographer</h2> +<h3>COUNTY COLLECTIONS.</h3> +<center>(<i>For the Mirror.</i>)</center> +<p style="margin-left:20%">Kent.</p> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>He that will not live long,</p> +<p>Let him dwell at Murston, Tenham, or Tong.</p> + </div> </div> +<p style="margin-left:20%"><i>Queen Elizabeth's Gun at Dover.</i></p> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>"O'er hill and dale I throw my ball,</p> +<p>Breaker my name of mound and wall."</p> + </div><div class="stanza"> +<p>Deal famed much vaunts of new turrets high,</p> +<p>A place well known by Cęsar's victory.</p> +<p style="margin-left:50%">Leland.</p> </div> </div> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>Dover, Sandwich, and Winchelsea,</p> +<p>Rumney and Rye the Five Ports be.</p> + </div> </div> +<p style="margin-left:20%">Hampshire—Sir Bevis of Southampton.</p> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>Bevis conquered Ascupart</p> +<p>And after slew the Boar,</p> +<p>And then he crossed beyond the seas</p> +<p>To combat with the Moor.</p> + </div> </div> +<p style="margin-left:20%">Westmoreland.</p> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>I came to Lonsdale where I staid</p> +<p>At hall, into a tavern made,</p> +<p>Neat gates, white walls, nought was sparing,</p> +<p>Pots brimful, no thought of caring.</p> +<p>They eat, drink, laugh, are still mirth making—</p> +<p>Nought they see, that's worth care taking.</p> + </div></div> +<p style="margin-left:50%"><i>Drunken Barnaby's Journal.</i></p> +<p style="margin-left:20%">Cheshire.</p> +<div class="poem"> +<p>Chester of Castria took the name,</p> +<p>As if that Castria were the same.</p> + </div> +<p style="margin-left:20%">SHROPSHIRE.</p> +<div class="poem"> +<p>"To all friends round the Wrekin."</p> + </div> +<p style="margin-left:20%">LINCOLNSHIRE.—STAMFORD.</p> +<div class="poem"> +<p>Doctrinę studium, quod nunc viget ad vada Boum</p> +<p>Tempore venture celebrabitur ad vada Saxi.</p> +<p>Science that now o'er Oxford sheds her ray</p> +<p>Shall bless fair Stamford at some future day.</p> </div> +<p style="margin-left:50%"><i>Merlin.</i></p> +<p style="margin-left:20%">STAFFORDSHIRE.</p> +<div class="poem"> +<p>Or Trent who like some earth-born giant spreads</p> +<p>His thirsty arms along the indented meads.</p> </div> +<p style="margin-left:50%"><i>Milton.</i></p> +<div class="poem"> +<p>And beauteous Trent that in himself enseams (fattens)</p> +<p>Both thirty sorts of fish and thirty sundry streams.</p></div> +<p style="margin-left:50%"><i>Spenser.</i></p> + +<p style="margin-left:20%">BERKSHIRE.—ABINGDON.</p> +<p style="margin-left:20%">(<i>From Piers Plowman's MSS. 1400.</i>)</p> +<div class="poem"> +<p>And there shall come a king and confess you religious,</p> +<p>And beat you as the Bible telleth, for breaking of your rule,</p> +<p>And then shall the Abbot of Abingdon and all his issue for ever</p> +<p>Have a knock of a king, and incurable the wound.</p> + </div> +<p style="margin-left:20%">WILTSHIRE.—SALISBURY CATHEDRAL,</p> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>As many days as in one year there be,</p> +<p>So many windows in this church you see,</p> +<p>As many marble pillars here appear</p> +<p>As there are hours throughout the fleeting year,</p> +<p>As many gates as moons one here does view,</p> +<p>Strange tale to tell, yet not more strange than true.</p> + </div><div class="stanza"> +<p>A noble park near Sarum's stately town,</p> +<p>In form a mount's clear top call'd Clarendon;</p> +<p>There twenty groves, and each a mile in space,</p> +<p>With grateful shades, at once protect the place.</p> + </div> </div> +<p style="margin-left:20%"><i>Chippenham.—On a Stone.</i></p> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>Hither extendeth Maud Heath's Gift,</p> +<p>For where I stand is Chippenham Clift.</p> + </div> </div> +<p style="margin-left:20%">GLOUCESTERSHIRE.</p> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>An owl shall build her nest upon the walls of Gloucester,</p> +<p>And in her nest shall be brought forth an ass.</p> + </div><div class="stanza"> +<p>The Severn sea shall discharge itself through seven mouths,</p> +<p>And the river Usk shall burn seven months.</p> + </div> </div> +<p style="margin-left:50%"><i>Merlin.</i></p> +<p style="margin-left:20%">YORKSHIRE.</p> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>Robin Hood in Barnesdale stood,</p> +<p> An arrow to head drew he,</p> +<p>"How far I can shoot," quoth he, "by the rood</p> +<p> "My merry men shall see."</p> + </div> </div> +<p style="margin-left:20%">SURREY.—ON THE MARKET HOUSE, FARNHAM.</p> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>You who do like me, give money to end me,</p> +<p>You who dislike me, give as much to mend me.</p> +<p>And Mole that like a nousling mole doth make</p> +<p>His way still underground till Thames he over-take.</p> + </div> </div> +<p style="margin-left:50%"><i>Spenser.</i></p> +<div class="poem"> +<p>The chalky Wey that rolls a milky wave. <i>Pope.</i></p> + </div> +<p style="margin-left:20%">SOMERSETSHIRE.</p> +<div class="poem"> +<p>What ear so empty is, that hath not heard the sound</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page19" id="page19"></a>[pg 19]</span> +<p>Of Tannton's fruitful Deane; not matched by any ground.</p> + </div> +<p style="margin-left:50%"><i>Drayton.</i></p> +<div class="poem"> +<p>"Stanton Drew,</p> +<p>One mile from Pensford, and another from Chew."</p> + </div> +<p style="margin-left:20%"><i>Bristol Castle.</i></p> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>The castle there and noble tower,</p> +<p>Of all the towers of England is held the flower.</p> + </div> </div> +<p style="margin-left:20%"><i>Redcliffe Church.</i></p> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>Stay curious traveller, and pass not bye,</p> +<p>Until this fetive (elegant) pile astound thine eye,</p> +<p>That shoots aloft into the realms of day,</p> +<p>The Record of the Builder's fame for aie—</p> +<p>The pride of Bristowe and the Western Lande.</p> + </div> </div> +<p style="margin-left:50%"><i>Chatterton.</i></p> +<p style="margin-left:20%">WALES.—GLAMORGANSHIRE.</p> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>When the hoarse waves of Severn are screaming aloud,</p> +<p>And Penline's lofty castle involv'd in a cloud,</p> +<p>If true, the old proverb, a shower of rain,</p> +<p>Is brooding above, and will soon drench the plain.</p> + </div> </div> +<p style="margin-left:20%">PEMBROKESHIRE.</p> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>Once to Rome thy steps incline.</p> +<p>But visit twice St. David's shrine.</p> + </div><div class="stanza"> +<p>When Percelly weareth a hat,</p> +<p>All Pembrokeshire shall weet of that.</p> + </div> </div> +<p style="margin-left:10%">SCOTLAND.—STIRLINGSHIRE—BANNOCKBURN, 1314.</p> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>"Maidens of England, sore may ye mourn,</p> +<p>For your lemans ye've lost at Bannockburn"</p> + </div> </div> +<p style="margin-left:20%">ROXBURGH.</p> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>"Some of his skill he taught to me,</p> +<p>And, warrior, I could say to thee,</p> +<p>The words that cleft Eildon Hills in three,</p> +<p>And bridled the Tweed with a curb of stone."</p> +<p style="margin-left:50%"><i>Scott.</i></p> + </div> </div> +<p style="margin-left:20%">WESTERN ISLES.</p> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>Seven years before that awful day,</p> +<p class="i2">When time shall be no more,</p> +<p>A watery deluge will o'ersweep</p> +<p class="i2">Hibernia's mossy shore.</p> +<p>The green clad Isla too shall sink,</p> +<p class="i2">While with the great and good,</p> +<p>Columba's happy isle shall rear</p> +<p class="i2">Her towers above the flood.</p> + </div> </div> +<p>This prophecy is said to be the reason why so +many kings of Scotland, Norway, and Ireland +have selected Icombkill for the place of their +interment.</p> +<p style="margin-left:20%">DUMBARTON.</p> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>So cold the waters are of Lomond Lake,</p> +<p>What once were sticks, they hardened stones will make.</p> + </div> </div> +<p style="margin-left:20%">PERTH.</p> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>"Fear not till Birnam Wood</p> +<p>Do come to Dunsinane"</p> + </div> </div> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2>Retrospective Gleanings</h2> +<h3>GREEK BALLOT.—VOTING AMONG THE +ANCIENT GREEKS.</h3> +<p>The manner of giving their suffrages +(says Potter) was by holding up their +hands. This was the common method +of voting among the citizens in the civil +government; but in some cases, particularly +when they deprived magistrates +of their offices for mal-administration, +they gave their votes in private, lest the +power and greatness of the persons accused +should lay a restraint upon them, +and cause them to act contrary to their +judgments and inclinations.</p> +<p>The manner of voting privately was +by casting pebbles into vessels or urns. +Before the use of pebbles, they voted +with beans: the beans were of two +sorts, black and white. In the Senate +of Five Hundred, when all had done +speaking, the business designed to be +passed into a decree was drawn up in +writing by any of the prytanes, or other +senators, and repeated openly in the +house; after which, leave being given +by the epistata, or prytanes, the senators +proceeded to vote, which they did +privately, by casting beans in a vessel +placed there for that purpose. If the +number of black beans was found to be +the greatest, the proposal was rejected; +if white, it was enacted into a decree, +then agreed upon in the senate, and +afterwards propounded to an assembly +of the people, that it might receive +from them a farther ratification, without +which it could not be passed into a law, +nor have any force or obligatory power, +after the end of that year, which was +the time that the senators, and almost +all the other magistrates, laid down +their commissions.</p> +<p>In the reign of Cecrops, women were +said to have been allowed voices in the +popular assembly; where Minerva contending +with Neptune which of the two +should be declared Protector of Athens, +and gaining the women to her party, was +reported by their voices, which were +more numerous than those of the men, +to have obtained the victory.</p> +<h4>P.T.W.</h4> +<hr /> +<h3>CLARENCE AND ITS ROYAL DUKES.</h3> +<center><i>(To the Editor.)</i></center> +<p>Clarentia, or Clarence, now Clare, a +town in Suffolk, seated on a creek of +the river Stour, is of more antiquity than +beauty; but has long been celebrated for +men of great fame, who have borne the +titles of earls and dukes. It has the remains +of a noble castle, of great strength +and considerable extent and fortification +(perhaps some of your readers could +favour you with a drawing and history +of it); and ruins of a collegiate church. +It had once a monastery of canons, of +the order of St. Augustine, or of St. +Benedict, founded in the year 1248, by +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page20" id="page20"></a>[pg 20]</span> +Richard Clare, Earl of Gloucester. This +house was a cell to the Abbey of Becaherliven, +in Normandy, but was made +indigenous by King Henry II., who gave +it to the Abbey of St. Peter, at Westminster. +In after time, King John +changed it into a college of a dean and +secular canons. At the suppression, +its revenues were 324<i>l.</i> a year.</p> +<p>Seated on the banks of Stour river is +a priory of the Benedictine order, translated +thither from the castle, by Richard +De Tonebridge, Earl of Clare, about the +year 1315. Edmund Mortimer, Earl of +March, converted it into a collegiate +church. Elizabeth, the wife of Lionell, +Duke of Clarence, was buried in the +chancel of this priory, 1363; as was +also the duke.</p> +<p>The first duke was the third son of +King Edward III. He created his third +son, Lionell of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence, +in 1362. His first wife was +Elizabeth of Clare, daughter of William +De Burgh, Earl of Ulster; she died in +1363. His second wife was Violante, +daughter of the Duke of Milan. He +died in Italy, 1370.</p> +<p>Clarencieux, the second king-at-arms, +so called by Lionell, who first +held it. King Henry IV. created his +second son, Thomas of Lancaster, to the +earldom of Albemarle and duchy of Clarence. +He was slain in Anjou, in 1421.</p> +<p>The third duke was the second son of +Richard of Plantagenet, Duke of York, +George Duke of Clarence, in Suffolk. +He was accused of high treason, and +was secretly suffocated in a butt of +Malmsley, or sack wine, in a place called +Bowyer Tower, in the Tower of London, +1478, by order of his brother, King +Edward IV.</p> +<p>The fourth duke. There was an interregnum +of 311 years before another +Duke of Clarence. George III. created +his third son, William Henry, to the +duchy of Clarence, August 16, 1789. +The only Duke of Clarence who ever +was raised to the throne is King +William IV. of England. </p> +<h4>CARACTACUS.</h4> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2>SPIRIT OF THE +Public Journals.</h2> +<h3>SIR WALTER SCOTT.</h3> +<h4>(<i>From the first of "Living Literary +Characters," in the New Monthly +Magazine.</i>)</h4> +<p>It would be superfluous to continue the +list of his prose works: they are numerous; +but they are in all people's hands, +and censure or praise would come equally +late. He has triumphed over every difficulty +of subject, place, or time—exhibited +characters humble and high, cowardly +and brave, selfish and generous, +vulgar and polished, and is at home in +them all. I was present one evening, +when Coleridge, in a long and eloquent +harangue, accused the author of Waverley +of treason against Nature, in not +drawing his characters after the fashion +of Shakspeare, but in a manner of his +own. This, without being meant, was +the highest praise Scott could well receive. +Perhaps the finest compliment +ever paid him, was at the time of the +late coronation, I think. The streets +were crowded so densely, that he could +not make his way from Charing Cross +down to Rose's, in Abingdon-street, +though he elbowed ever so stoutly. He +applied for help to a sergeant of the +Scotch Greys, whose regiment lined the +streets. "Countryman," said the soldier, +"I am sorry I cannot help you," +and made no exertion. Scott whispered +his name—the blood rushed to the soldier's +brow—he raised his bridle-hand, +and exclaimed, "Then, by G-d, sir, you +shall go down—Corporal Gordon, here—see +this gentleman safely to Abingdon-street, +come what will!" It is needless +to say how well the order was obeyed.</p> +<p>I have related how I travelled to Edinburgh +to see Scott, and how curiously +my wishes were fulfilled; years rolled +on, and when he came to London to be +knighted, I was not so undistinguished +as to be unknown to him by name, or to +be thought unworthy of his acquaintance. +I was given to understand, from +what his own Ailie Gourlay calls a sure +hand, that a call from me was expected, +and that I would be well received. I +went to his lodgings, in Piccadilly, with +much of the same palpitation of heart +which Boswell experienced when introduced +to Johnson. I was welcomed +with both hands, and such kind, and +complimentary words, that confusion +and fear alike forsook me. When I saw +him in Edinburgh, he was in the very +pith and flush of life—even in my opinion +a thought more fat than bard beseems; +when I looked on him now, +thirteen years had not passed over him +and left no mark behind: his hair was +growing thin and grey; the stamp of +years and study was on his brow: he +told me he had suffered much lately +from ill-health, and that he once doubted +of recovery. His eldest son, a tall, +handsome youth—now a major in the +army—was with him. From that time, +till he left London, I was frequently in +his company. He spoke of my pursuits +and prospects in life with interest and +with feeling—of my little attempts in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page21" id="page21"></a>[pg 21]</span> +verse and prose with a knowledge that +he had read them carefully—offered to +help me to such information as I should +require, and even mentioned a subject +in which he thought I could appear to +advantage. "If you try your hand on a +story," he observed, "I would advise +you to prepare a kind of skeleton, and +when you have pleased yourself with +the line of narrative, you may then leisurely +clothe it with flesh and blood." +Some years afterwards, I reminded him +of this advice. "Did you follow it?" +he inquired. "I tried," I said; "but +I had not gone far on the road till some +confounded Will-o-wisp came in and dazzled +my sight, so that I deviated from +the path, and never found it again."—"It +is the same way with myself," said +he, smiling; "I form my plan, and then +I deviate."—"Ay, ay," I replied, "I +understand—we both deviate—- but you +deviate into excellence, and I into absurdity."</p> +<p>I have seen many distinguished poets, +Burns, Byron, Southey, Wordsworth, +Campbell, Rogers, Wilson, Crabbe, and +Coleridge; but, with the exception of +Burns, Scott, for personal vigour, surpasses +them all. Burns was, indeed, a +powerful man, and Wilson is celebrated +for feats of strength and agility; I +think, however, the stalworth frame, the +long nervous arms, and well-knit joints +of Scott, are worthy of the best days of +the Border, and would have gained him +distinction at the foray which followed +the feast of spurs. On one occasion he +talked of his ancestry, Sir Thomas Lawrence, +I think, was present. One of his +forefathers, if my memory is just, sided +with the Parliament in the Civil War, +and the family estate suffered curtailment +in consequence. To make amends, +however, his son, resolving not to commit +the error of his father, joined the +Pretender, and with his brother was +engaged in that unfortunate adventure +which ended in a skirmish and captivity +at Preston, in 1715. It was the fashion +of those times for all persons of the +rank of gentlemen to wear scarlet waistcoats—a +ball had struck one of the +brothers, and carried a part of this dress +into his body; it was also the practice +to strip the captives. Thus wounded, +and nearly naked, having only a shirt on +and an old sack about him, the ancestor +of the great poet was sitting along with +his brother and a hundred and fifty +unfortunate gentlemen, in a granary at +Preston. The wounded man fell sick, +as the story goes, and vomited the scarlet +which the ball had forced into the +wound. "L——d, Wattie!" cried his +brother, "if you have got a wardrobe in +your wame, I wish you would bring me +a pair of breeks, for I have meikle need +of them." The wound healed; I know +not whether he was one of those fortunate +men who mastered the guard at +Newgate, and escaped to the continent.</p> +<p>The mystery which hung so long +over the authorship of the Waverley +Novels, was cleared up by a misfortune +which all the world deplores, and which +would have crushed any other spirit +save that of Scott. This stroke of evil +fortune did not, perhaps, come quite +unexpected; it was, however, unavoidable, +and it arose from no mismanagement +or miscalculation of his own, unless +I may consider—which I do not—his +embarking in the hazards of a printing-house, +a piece of miscalculation. It is +said, that he received warnings: the +paper of Constable, the bookseller, or, +to speak plainer, long money-bills were +much in circulation: one of them, for a +large sum, made its appearance in the +Bank of Scotland, with Scott's name +upon it, and a secretary sent for Sir +Walter. "Do you know," said he, +"that Constable has many such bills +abroad—Sir Walter, I warn you."—"Well," +answered Sir Walter, "it is, +perhaps, as you say, and I thank you; +but," raising his voice, "Archie Constable +was a good friend to me when +friends were rarer than now, and I will +not see him balked for the sake of a +few thousand pounds." The amount +of the sum for which Scott, on the failure +of Constable, became responsible, I have +heard various accounts of—varying from +fifty to seventy thousand pounds. Some +generous and wealthy person sent him +a blank check, properly signed, upon +the bank, desiring him to fill in the sum, +and relieve himself; but he returned it, +with proper acknowledgments. He took, +as it were, the debt upon himself, as a +loan, the whole payable, with interest, +in ten years; and to work he went, with +head, and heart, and hand, to amend +his broken fortunes. I had several letters +from him during these disastrous +days: the language was cheerful, and +there were no allusions to what had +happened. It is true, there was no +occasion for him to mention these occurrences +to me: all that he said about +them was—"I miss my daughter, Mrs. +Lockhart, who used to sing to me; I +have some need of her now." No general, +after a bloody and disastrous battle, +ever set about preparing himself for a +more successful contest than did this +distinguished man. Work succeeded +work with unheard of rapidity; the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page22" id="page22"></a>[pg 22]</span> +chief of which was, "The Life of Napoleon +Bonaparte," in nine volumes—a +production of singular power, and an +almost perfect work, with the exception +of the parts which treat of the French +Revolution, and the captivity of the +great prisoner. I had the curiosity, on +seeing one of the reviews praising Hazlitt's +description of the Battle of the +Pyramid's, to turn to the account of +Scott. I need not say which was best: +Scott's was like the sounding of a trumpet. +The present cheap and truly elegant +edition of the works of the author +of "Waverley" has, with its deservedly +unrivalled sale, relieved the poet from +his difficulties, and the cloud which +hung so long over the towers of Abbotsford +has given place to sunshine.</p> +<p>Of Abbotsford itself, the best description +ever given, at least the briefest, was +"A Romance in stone and lime." It +would require a volume to describe all +the curiosities, ancient and modern, +living and dead, which are here gathered +together;—I say living, because a menagerie +might be formed out of birds and +beasts, sent as presents from distant +lands. A friend told me he was at +Abbotsford one evening, when a servant +announced, "A present from"—I forget +what chieftain in the North.—"Bring +it in," said the poet. The sound of +strange feet were soon heard, and in +came two beautiful Shetland ponies, +with long manes and uncut tails, and so +small that they might have been sent to +Elfland, to the Queen of the Fairies +herself. One poor Scotsman, to show +his gratitude for some kindness Scott, +as sheriff, had shown him, sent two +kangaroos from New Holland; and +Washington Irving lately told me, that +some Spaniard or other, having caught +two young wild Andalusian boars, consulted +him how he might have them +sent to the author of "The Vision of +Don Roderick."</p> +<p>This distinguished poet and novelist +is now some sixty years old—hale, fresh, +and vigorous, with his imagination as +bright, and his conceptions as clear and +graphic, as ever. I have now before +me a dozen or fifteen volumes of his +poetry, including his latest—"Halidon +Hill"—one of the most heroically-touching +poems of modern times—and +somewhere about eighty volumes of his +prose: his letters, were they collected, +would amount to fifty volumes more. +Some authors, though not in this land, +have been even more prolific; but their +progeny were ill-formed at their birth, +and could never walk alone; whereas +the mental offspring of our illustrious +countryman came healthy and vigorous +into the world, and promise long to continue. +To vary the metaphor—the tree +of some other men's fancy bears fruit +at the rate of a pint of apples to a peck +of crabs; whereas the tree of the great +magician bears the sweetest fruit—large +and red-cheeked—fair to look upon, and +right pleasant to the taste. I shall conclude +with the words of Sir Walter, +which no man can contradict, and which +many can attest: "I never refused a +literary person of merit such services in +smoothing his way to the public as were +in my power; and I had the advantage—rather +an uncommon one with our +irritable race—to enjoy general favour, +without incurring permanent ill-will, so +far as is known to me, among any of my +contemporaries."</p> +<hr /> +<h3>A CHRISTMAS CAROL.—IN HONOUR OF +MAGA. (BLACKWOOD.) +</h3> +<h4>SUNG BY THE CONTRIBUTORS.</h4> +<p>Noo—hearken till me—and I'll beat Matthews +or Yates a' to sticks wi' my impersonations.</p> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p class="i8">TICKLER.</p> + </div><div class="stanza"> +<p>When Kit North is dead,</p> +<p class="i2">What will Maga do, sir?</p> +<p>She must go to bed,</p> +<p class="i2">And like him die too, sir!</p> +<p class="i4">Fal de ral, de ral,</p> +<p class="i6">Iram coram dago;</p> +<p class="i4">Fal de ral, de ral,</p> +<p class="i6">Here's success to Maga.</p> + </div><div class="stanza"> +<p class="i6"> SHEPHERD.</p> + </div><div class="stanza"> +<p>When death has them flat,</p> +<p class="i2">I'll stitch on my weepers,</p> +<p>Put crape around my bat,</p> +<p class="i2">And a napkin to my peepers!</p> +<p class="i4">Fal de ral, de ral, &c.</p> + </div><div class="stanza"> +<p class="i8">NORTH.</p> + </div><div class="stanza"> +<p>Your words go to my heart,</p> +<p class="i2">I hear the death-owl flying,</p> +<p>I feel death's fatal dart—</p> +<p class="i2">By jingo, I am dying!</p> +<p class="i4">Fal de ral, de ral, &c.</p> + </div><div class="stanza"> +<p> COLONEL O'SHAUGHNESSY.</p> + </div><div class="stanza"> +<p>See him, how he lies</p> +<p class="i2">Flat as any flounder!</p> +<p>Blow me! smoke his eyes—</p> +<p class="i2">Death ne'er closed eyes sounder!</p> +<p class="i4">Fal de ral, de ral, &c.</p> + </div><div class="stanza"> +<p class="i6"> DELTA.</p> + </div><div class="stanza"> +<p>Yet he can't be dead,</p> +<p class="i2">For he is immortal,</p> +<p>And to receive his head</p> +<p class="i2">Earth would not ope its portal!</p> +<p class="i4">Fal de ral, de ral, &c.</p> + </div><div class="stanza"> +<p class="i4">O'DOHERTY.</p> + </div><div class="stanza"> +<p>Kit will never die;</p> +<p class="i2">That I take for <i>sartain</i>!</p> +<p>Death "is all my eye"—</p> +<p class="i2">An't it, Betty Martin?</p> +<p class="i4">Fal de ral, de ral, &c.</p> + </div><div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2">MODERN PYTHAGOREAN.</p> + </div><div class="stanza"> +<p>Suppose we feel his arm—</p> +<p class="i2">Zounds' I never felt a</p> +<p>Human pulse more firm:</p> +<p class="i2">What's your opinion, Delta?</p> +<p class="i4">Fal de ral, de ral, &c</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page23" id="page23"></a>[pg 23]</span> + </div><div class="stanza"> +<p class="i4">CHARLES LAMB.</p> + </div><div class="stanza"> +<p>Kit, I hope you're well,</p> +<p class="i2">Up, and join our ditty;</p> +<p>To lose such a fine old fel-</p> +<p class="i2">Low would be a pity!</p> +<p class="i6">Fal de ral, de ral, &c.</p> + </div><div class="stanza"> +<p class="i6"> NORTH.</p> + </div><div class="stanza"> +<p>Let's resume our booze,</p> +<p class="i2">And tipple while we're able;</p> +<p>I've had a bit of a snooze,</p> +<p class="i2">And feel quite comfortable!</p> +<p class="i6">Fal de ral, de ral, &c.</p> + </div><div class="stanza"> +<p class="i6"> MULLION.</p> + </div><div class="stanza"> +<p>Be he who he may,</p> +<p class="i2">Sultan, Czar, or Aga,</p> +<p>Let him soak his clay</p> +<p class="i2">To the health of Kit and Maga!</p> +<p class="i6">Fal de ral, de ral, &c.</p> + </div><div class="stanza"> +<p class="i4"> OPIUM-EATER.</p> + </div><div class="stanza"> +<p>Search all the world around,</p> +<p class="i2">From Greenland to Malaga,</p> +<p>And nowhere will be found</p> +<p class="i2">A magazine like Maga!</p> +<p class="i6">Fal de ral, de ral,</p> +<p class="i8">Iram coram dago;</p> +<p class="i6">Fal de ral, de ral,</p> +<p class="i8">Here's success to Maga!</p> + </div> </div> +<h4><i>Blackwood—Noctes.</i></h4> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2>Notes of a Reader.</h2> +<h3>KNOWLEDGE FOR THE PEOPLE; OR, +THE PLAIN WHY AND BECAUSE.</h3> +<h4>PART III.—<i>Origins and Antiquities.</i></h4> +<p>This contains the <i>Why and Because</i> of +the Curiosities of the Calendar; the Customs +and Ceremonies of Special Days; +and a few of the Origins and Antiquities +of Social Life. We quote a page of +articles, perhaps, the longest in the +Number:—</p> +<p class="ctr"><i>Cock-fighting.</i></p> +<p>Why was throwing at cocks formerly +customary on Shrove Tuesday?</p> +<p>Because the crowing of a cock once +prevented our Saxon ancestors from +massacreing their conquerors, another +part of our ancestors, the Danes, on the +morning of a Shrove Tuesday, while +asleep in their beds.</p> +<p>This is the account generally received, +although two lines in an epigram +"On a Cock at Rochester," by the witty +Sir Charles Sedley, imply that the cock +suffered this annual barbarity by way of +punishment for St. Peter's crime, in denying +his Lord and Master—</p> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>"Mayst thou be punish'd for St. Peter's crime,</p> +<p>And on Shove Tuesday perish in thy prime."</p> + </div> </div> +<p>A writer in the <i>Gentleman's Magazine</i> +also says—"The barbarous practice of +throwing at a cock tied to a stake on +Shrovetide, I think I have read, has an +allusion to the indignities offered by the +Jews to the Saviour of the World before +his crucifixion."—<i>Ellis's Notes to Brand.</i></p> +<p>Why was cock-fighting a popular +sport in Greece?</p> +<p>Because of its origin from the Athenians, +on the following occasion: When +Themistocles was marching his army +against the Persians, he, by the way, +espying two cocks fighting, caused his +army to halt, and addressed them as +follows—"Behold! these do not fight +for their household gods, for the monuments +of their ancestors, nor for glory, +nor for liberty, nor for the safety of +their children, but only because the one +will not give way to the other."—This +so encouraged the Grecians, that they +fought strenuously, and obtained the +victory over the Persians; upon which, +cock-fighting was, by a particular law, +ordered to be annually celebrated by the +Athenians.</p> +<p>Cęsar mentions the English cocks in +his Commentaries; but the earliest +notice of cock-fighting in England, is by +Fitzstephen the monk, who died in 1191.</p> +<hr class="short" /> +<p class="ctr"><i>St. George.</i></p> +<p>Why is St. George the patron saint of +England?</p> +<p>Because, when Robert, Duke of Normandy, +the son of William the Conqueror, +was fighting against the Turks, +and laying siege to the famous city of +Antioch, which was expected to be relieved +by the Saracens, St. George appeared +with an innumerable army, +coming down from the hills, all clad in +white, with a red cross on his banner, +to reinforce the Christians. This so +terrified the infidels that they fled, and +left the Christians in possession of the +town.—<i>Butler.</i></p> +<p>Why is St. George usually painted on +horseback, and tilting at a dragon under +his feet?</p> +<p>Because the representation is emblematical +of his faith and fortitude, by +which he conquered the devil, called the +dragon in the Apocalypse.—<i>Butler.</i></p> +<p>Why was the Order of the Garter instituted?</p> +<p>Because of the victory obtained over +the French at the battle of Cressy, when +Edward ordered his garter to be displayed +as a signal of battle; to commemorate +which, he made a garter the +principal ornament of an order, and a +symbol of the indissoluble union of the +knights. The order is under the patronage +or protection of St. George, +whence he figures in its insignia. Such +is the account of Camden, Fern, and +others. The common story of the order +being instituted in honour of a garter of +the Countess of Salisbury, which she +dropped in dancing, and which was +picked up by King Edward, has been +denounced as fabulous by our best antiquaries.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page24" id="page24"></a>[pg 24]</span> +<hr class="short" /> +<p class="ctr"><i>Cock-crow.</i></p> +<p>Why was it formerly supposed that +cocks crowed all Christmas-eve?</p> +<p>Because the weather is then usually +cloudy and dark (whence "the dark days +before Christmas,") and cocks, during +such weather, often crow nearly all day +and all night. Shakspeare alludes to +this superstition in Hamlet—</p> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>Some say that even 'gainst that hallow'd season,</p> +<p>At which our Saviour's birth is celebrated,</p> +<p>The Bird of Dawning croweth all night long.</p> +<p>The nights are wholesome, and no mildew falls;</p> +<p>No planet strikes, nor spirits walk abroad:</p> +<p>No fairy takes, nor witch hath power to charm,</p> +<p>So gracious and so hallowed is the time.</p> + </div> </div> +<p>The ancient Christians divided the +night into four watches, called the evening, +midnight, and two morning cock-crowings. +Their connexion with the +belief in walking spirits will be remembered—</p> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>The cock crows, and the morn prows on,</p> +<p>When 'tis decreed I must be gone."—<i>Butler.</i></p> + </div> </div> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p class="i6">—The tale</p> +<p>Of horrid apparition, tall and ghastly,</p> +<p>That walks at dead of night, or takes his stand</p> +<p>O'er some new-open'd grave; and, strange to tell,</p> +<p>Evanishes at crowing of the cock—<i>Blair.</i></p> + </div> </div> +<p>Who can ever forget the night-watches +proclaimed by the cock in that scene in +Comus, where the two brothers, in +search of their sister, are benighted in a +forest?—</p> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p class="i6">—Might we but hear</p> +<p>The folded flocks, penned in their wattled cotes,</p> +<p>Or sound of pastoral reed with oaten stops,</p> +<p>Or whistle from the lodge, or village cock</p> +<p>Count the night-watches to his feathery dames,</p> +<p>'Twould be some solace yet, some little cheering,</p> +<p>In this close dungeon of innumerous boughs.</p> + </div> </div> +<p>Dr. Forster observes—"There is this +remarkable circumstance about the crowing +of cocks—they seem to keep night-watches, +or to have general crowing-matches, +at certain periods—as, soon +after twelve, at two, and again at day-break. +These are the Alectrephones +mentioned by St. John. To us, these +cock-crowings do not appear quite so +regular in their times of occurrence, +though they actually observe certain +periods, when not interrupted by the +changes of the weather, which generally +produce a great deal of crowing. Indeed, +the song of all birds is much influenced +by the state of the air." Dr. F. also +mentions, "that cocks began to crow +during the darkness of the eclipse of the +sun, Sept. 4, 1820; and it seems that +<i>crepusculum</i> (or twilight) is the sort of +light in which they crow most."</p> +<hr class="short" /> +<p class="ctr"><i>Goes of Liquor.</i></p> +<p>Why did tavern-keepers originally call +portions of liquor "goes?"</p> +<p>Because of the following incident, +which, though unimportant in itself, +convinces us how much custom is influenced +by the most trifling occurrences:—The +tavern called the Queen's +Head, in Duke's-court, Bow-street, was +once kept by a facetious individual of +the name of Jupp. Two celebrated +characters, Annesley Spay and Bob +Todrington, a sporting man, meeting +one evening at the above place, went to +the bar, and each asked for half a quartern +of spirits, with a little cold water. +In the course of time, they drank four-and-twenty, +when Spay said to the other, +"Now we'll go."—"O no," replied he, +"we'll have another, and then go."—This +did not satisfy the gay fellows, and +they continued drinking on till three in +the morning, when both agreed to GO; +so that under the idea of going, they +made a long stay. Such was the origin +of drinking, or calling for, <i>goes</i>.</p> +<p>Why was the celebrated cabinet council +of Charles II. called the Cabal?</p> +<p>Because the initials of the names of +the five councillors formed that word, +thus—</p> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>Clifford,</p> +<p>Arlington,</p> +<p>Buckingham</p> +<p>Ashley,</p> +<p>Lauderdale.</p> + </div> </div> +<hr /> +<h3>COMPANION TO THE ALMANAC.</h3> +<p>The volume for the present year appears +to bring into play all the advantages +of the Society for the Diffusion of +Useful Knowledge. The majority of +the papers are of permanent value,—as +the Division of the Day—a Table of the +difference between London and Country +Time—the continuation of the "Natural +History of the Weather," commenced +in last year's <i>Companion</i>—Chronological +Table of Political Treaties, +from 1326—a Literary Chronology +of Contemporaneous Authors from the +earliest times, on the plan of last year's +Regal Table—Tables for calculating the +Heights of Mountains by the Barometer—and +illustrative papers on Life Assurance, +the Irish Poor, and East India +Trade.</p> +<p>The condensations of the official documents +of the year follow; and from +these we select two or three examples:</p> +<p class="ctr"><i>Bankruptcy Analysis, from November 1, +1829, to November 1, 1830.</i></p> +<p>Agricultural Implement Maker, 1; +Anchorsmiths, 3; Apothecaries, 7; +Auctioneers, 10; Bakers, 15; Bankers, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page25" id="page25"></a>[pg 25]</span> +3; Barge-master, 1; Basket-maker, 1; +Blacksmiths, 2; Bleacher, 1; Boarding-house +Keepers, 9; Boarding-school +Keeper, 1; Boat-builder, 1; Bombasin +Manufacturer, 1; Bone Merchant, 1; +Bookbinders, 3; Booksellers, 20; Boot +and Shoemakers, 14; Brassfounders, 4; +Brewers, 17; Bricklayers, 5; Brickmakers, +4; Brokers, 10; Brush Manufacturer, +1; Builders, 38; Butchers, 8; +Cabinet Makers, 9; Calico Printers, +3; Canvass Manufacturer, 1; Cap +Manufacturer, 1; Carpenters, 12; +Carpet Manufacturer, 1; Carriers, +4; Carvers and Gilders, 2; Cattle +Dealers, 13; Cement Maker, 1; Cheesemongers, +12; China Dealers, 2; Chemists +and Druggists, 16; Clothes' Salesman +1; Clothiers, 9; Cloth Merchants, +8; Coach Builders, 10; Coach Proprietors, +9; Coal Merchants, 28; Coffeehouse +Keeper, 1; Colour Maker, 1; +Commission Agents, 7; Confectioners, +3; Cook, 1; Cork Merchants, 2; Corn +Merchants, 36; Cotton Manufacturers, +16; Curriers, 8; Cutlers, 3; Dairyman, +1; Dealers, 20; Drapers, 35; +Drysalter, 1; Dyers, 12; Earthenware +Manufacturers, 4; Edge-tool Maker, 1; +Engineers, 5; Factors, 4; Farmers, +15; Farrier, 1; Feather Merchants, 3; +Fellmongers, 2; Fishmongers, 2: Flannel +Manufacturers, 2; Flax-dressers, +&c., 2; Fruit Salesman 1; Furriers, 3; +Gardener, 1; Gingham Manufacturers, +2; Glass Cutters, 2; Glass Dealers, 3; +Glove Manufacturers, 2; Goldsmiths, +2; Grazier, 1; Grocers, 98; Gunmakers, +4; Haberdashers, 4; Hardwareman, +1; Hat Manufacturers, 9; +Hop Merchants, 2; Horse Dealers, 10; +Hosiers, 9; Innkeepers, 40; Ironfounders, +5; Iron Masters, 4; Iron +Merchants, 4; Ironmongers, 19; Jewellers, +7; Joiners, 7; Lace Dealer, 1; +Lace Manufacturers, 3; Lapidary 1; +Leather Cutters, 2; Leather Dressers, +2; Lime Burners, 5; Linendrapers, 62; +Linen Manufacturers, 2; Livery Stable +Keepers, 9; Looking Glass Manufacturer, +1; Machine Makers, 2; Maltsters, +9; Manchester Warehousemen, +2; Manufacturers, 10; Manufacturing +Chemist, 1; Master Mariners, 10; +Mast Maker, 1; Mattress Maker, 1; +Mealman, 1; Mercers, 16; Merchants, +71; Millers, 22; Milliners, 7; Miner, +1; Money Scriveners, 21; MusicSellers, +5; Nurserymen, 4; Oil and Colourman, +8; Painters, 6; Paper Hanger, 1; +Paper Manufacturers, 8; Pawnbrokers, +2; Perfumers, 4; Picture Dealers, 3; +Pill Box Maker, 1; Plasterer, 1; +Plumbers, 12; Porter Dealers, 2; Potter, +1; Poulterer, 1; Printers, 4; Provision +Brokers, 2; Ribbon Manufacturers, +6; Rope Manufacturer, 1; Sack +Maker, 1; Saddlers, 6; Sail Cloth +Makers, 2; Sail Makers, 4; Salesmen, +3; Scavenger, 1; Schoolmasters, 6; +Seedsmen, 2; Ship Chandlers, 3; Ship +Owners, 5; Shipwrights, 8; Shopkeepers, +11; Silk Manufacturers, 6; +Silk Throwsters, 2; Silversmiths, 2; +Slate Merchants, 2; Smiths, 2; Soap +Maker, 1; Stationers, 7; Statuaries, +2; Steam Boiler Manufacturers, 2; +Stock Brokers, 2; Stocking Manufacturer, +1; Stonemasons, 8; Stuff Merchants, +7; Sugar Refiner, 1; Surgeons, +13; Surveyor, 1; Tailors, 25; Tallow +Chandler, 1; Tanners, 7; Tavern +Keepers, 3; Timber Merchants, 18; +Tinmen, 3; Tobacconists, 4; Toymen, +3; Turners, 2; Umbrella Manufacturer, +1; Underwriter, 1; Upholsterers, +16; Veneer Cutter, 1; Victuallers, 88; +Warehousemen, 15; Watch and Clock +Makers, 6; Wax Chandler 1; Wheelwright, +1; White Lead Manufacturer, +1; Whitesmith, 1; Whitster, 1; Wine +and Spirit Merchants, 50; Woollen +Drapers, 18; Woolstaplers, 5; Worsted +Manufacturers, 6.—Total, 1467.</p> +<p>This is but a gloomy page in the +commercial annals.</p> +<hr class="short" /> +<p class="ctr"><i>Duties on Soap and Candles.</i></p> +<p>The amount of the duty on Candles +has been, for the year ending 5th of +Jan. 1826, 491,236<i>l.</i>; 1827, 471,994<i>l.</i>; +1828, 492,622<i>l.</i>; 1829, 503,779<i>l.</i>; 1830, +495,138<i>l.</i></p> +<p>The rate of duty on the above articles +is—On hard soap, 3<i>d.</i> per lb.; soft soap, +1¾<i>d.</i>; candles, tallow, 1<i>d.</i> per lb.; wax +and spermaceti, 3½<i>d.</i> These duties are +payable by law one week after the accounts +are made up; but as the accounts +for the country include the operations +of six or seven weeks alternately, +the period allowed for payment depends +upon the locality of the traders, as those +resident where the collector attends +latest upon the round have a proportionally +longer credit; the time allowed +for payment may be stated generally at +from fourteen to twenty-eight days. +Within the limits of the chief office the +duties on candles are paid weekly; but +those on soap have, by custom, been extended +to fourteen days after the account +has been made up.</p> +<hr class="short" /> +<p class="ctr"><i>Duties on Newspapers.</i></p> +<p>Amount of Stamp Duties on Newspapers +and Advertisements in England +and Scotland, during the five +years ending January 5, 1830:</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page26" id="page26"></a>[pg 26]</span> +<table summary="Stamp Duties" align="center" cellspacing="15" cellpadding="0"> +<colgroup span="5" align="center"></colgroup> +<tr><td>Year</td><td colspan="2">NEWSPAPERS. </td><td colspan="2">ADVERTISEMENTS. </td></tr> +<tr><td>ending </td><td> England </td><td> Scotland </td><td> England. </td><td> Scotland. </td></tr> +<tr><td>Jan. 5.</td><td>£.</td><td>£.</td><td>£.</td><td>£. </td></tr> +<tr><td>1826</td><td>425,154</td><td>24,419</td><td>144,751</td><td>18,708</td></tr> +<tr><td>1827</td><td>429,662</td><td>22,013</td><td>135,687</td><td>17,779</td></tr> +<tr><td>1828</td><td>428,629</td><td>29,929</td><td>133,978</td><td>18,400</td></tr> +<tr><td>1829</td><td>439,798</td><td>33,556</td><td>136,368</td><td>18,939</td></tr> +<tr><td>1830</td><td>438,667</td><td>42,301</td><td>136,052</td><td>17,592</td></tr> +</table> +<p>In Ireland the total number of Newspaper +Stamps issued has been, in the +years ending 5th Jan. 1827, 3,473,014; +1828, 3,545,846; 1829, 3,790,272; and +1830, 3,953,550.</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2>The Selector;<br/> +AND +LITERARY NOTICES OF +<i>NEW WORKS</i>. +</h2> +<h3>MOORE'S LIFE OF BYRON. VOL. II.</h3> +<p>It is our intention to condense a sheet of +extracts from the above volume, upon the +plan adopted by us on the appearance +of the previous portion of the work. +Our publishing arrangements will not, +however, advantageously allow the appearance +of this sheet until next Saturday +week. In the meantime, a few extracts, +<i>per se</i>, may gratify the curiosity +of the reader, and not interfere with the +interest of our proposed Supplement.</p> +<p class="ctr"><i>Extracts from Lord Byron's Journal.</i></p> +<p>"Diodati, near Geneva, Sept. 19th, 1816.</p> +<p>"Rose at five. Crossed the mountains +to Montbovon on horseback, and +on mules, and, by dint of scrambling, +on foot also; the whole route +beautiful as a dream, and now to me +almost as indistinct. I am so tired;—for, +though healthy, I have not the +strength I possessed but a few years +ago. At Montbovon we breakfasted; +afterwards, on a steep ascent, dismounted; +tumbled down; cut a finger open; +the baggage also got loose and fell down +a ravine, till stopped by a large tree; +recovered baggage; horse tired and +drooping; mounted mule. At the approach +of the summit of Dent Jument<a id="footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a> +dismounted again with Hobhouse and +all the party. Arrived at a lake in the +very bosom of the mountains; left our +quadrupeds with a shepherd, and ascended +farther; came to some snow in +patches, upon which my forehead's perspiration +fell like rain, making the same +dints as in a sieve; the chill of the wind +and the snow turned me giddy, but I +scrambled on and upwards. Hobhouse +went to the highest pinnacle; I did not, +but paused within a few yards (at an +opening of the cliff.) In coming down, +the guide tumbled three times; I fell a +laughing, and tumbled too—the descent +luckily soft, though steep and slippery; +Hobhouse also fell, but nobody hurt. +The whole of the mountains superb. A +shepherd on a very steep and high cliff +playing upon his <i>pipe</i>; very different +from <i>Arcadia</i>, where I saw the pastors +with a long musket instead of a crook, +and pistols in their girdles. Our Swiss +shepherd's pipe was sweet, and his tune +agreeable. I saw a cow strayed; am +told that they often break their necks +on and over the crags. Descended to +Montbovon; pretty scraggy village, with +a wild river and a wooden bridge. Hobhouse +went to fish—caught one. Our +carriage not come; our horses, mules, +&c. knocked up; ourselves fatigued.</p> +<p>"The view from the highest points +of to-day's journey comprised on one +side the greatest part of Lake Leman; +on the other, the valleys and mountain +of the Canton of Fribourg, and an immense +plain, with the Lakes of Neuchātel +and Morat, and all which the +borders of the Lake of Geneva inherit; +we had both sides of the Jura before us +in one point of view, with Alps in +plenty. In passing a ravine, the guide +recommended strenuously a quickening +of pace, as the stones fall with great +rapidity and occasional damage; the +advice is excellent, but, like most good +advice, impracticable, the road being so +rough that neither mules, nor mankind, +nor horses, can make any violent progress. +Passed without fractures or menace +thereof.</p> +<p>"The music of the cows' bells (for +their wealth, like the patriarchs', is +cattle,) in the pastures, which reach to +a height far above any mountains in +Britain, and the shepherds shouting to +us from crag to crag, and playing on +their reeds where the steeps appeared +almost inaccessible, with the surrounding +scenery, realized all that I have ever +heard or imagined of a pastoral existence;—much +more so than Greece or +Asia Minor, for there we are a little too +much of the sabre and musket order—and +if there is a crook in one hand, you +are sure to see a gun in the other;—but +this was pure and unmixed—solitary, +savage, and patriarchal. As we +went, they played the 'Ranz des +Vaches' and other airs by way of farewell. +I have lately repeopled my mind +with nature.</p> +<p class="right">"Sept. 20th.</p> +<p>"Up at six; off at eight. The whole +of this day's journey at an average of +between from 2,700 to 3,000 feet above +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page27" id="page27"></a>[pg 27]</span> +the level of the sea. This valley, the +longest, narrowest, and considered the +finest of the Alps, little traversed by +travellers. Saw the bridge of La Roche. +The bed of the river very low and deep, +between immense rocks, and rapid as +anger;—a man and mule said to have +tumbled over without damage. The +people looked free, and happy, and +<i>rich</i> (which last implies neither of the +former;) the cows superb; a bull +nearly leapt into the char-ą-banc—'agreeable +companion in a post-chaise;' +goats and sheep very thriving. A mountain +with enormous glaciers to the right—the +Klitzgerberg; further on, the +Hockthorn—nice names—so soft;—<i>Stockhorn</i>, +I believe, very lofty and +scraggy, patched with snow only; no +glaciers on it, but some good epaulettes +of clouds.</p> +<p>"Passed the boundaries, out of Vaud +and into Berne canton; French exchanged +for bad German; the district +famous for cheese, liberty, property, +and no taxes. Hobhouse went to fish—caught +none. Strolled to the river—saw +boy and kid—kid followed him like +a dog—kid could not get over a fence, +and bleated piteously—tried myself to +help kid, but nearly overset both self +and kid into the river. Arrived here +about six in the evening. Nine o'clock—going +to bed; not tired to-day, but +hope to sleep, nevertheless."</p> +<p class="right">"Sept. 22nd.</p> +<p>"Left Thoun in a boat, which carried +us the length of the lake in three +hours. The lake small, but the banks +fine. Rocks down to the water's edge. +Landed at Newhause—passed Interlachen—entered +upon a range of scenes +beyond all description, or previous conception. +Passed a rock: inscription—two +brothers—one murdered the other; +just the place for it. After a variety of +windings came to an enormous rock. +Arrived at the foot of the mountain (the +Jungfrau, that is, the Maiden)—glaciers—torrents: +one of these torrents +<i>nine hundred feet</i> in height of visible +descent. Lodged at the curate's. Set +out to see the valley—heard an avalanche +fall, like thunder—glaciers enormous—storm +came on, thunder, lightning, hail—all +in perfection, and beautiful. I +was on horseback; guide wanted to +carry my cane; I was going to give it +him, when I recollected that it was a +sword-stick, and I thought the lightning +might be attracted towards him; kept it +myself; a good deal encumbered with it, +as it was too heavy for a whip, and the +horse was stupid, and stood with every +other peal. Got in, not very wet, the +cloak being stanch. Hobhouse wet +through; Hobhouse took refuge in cottage; +sent man, umbrella, and cloak, +(from the curate's when I arrived) after +him. Swiss curate's house very good +indeed—much better than most English +vicarages. It is immediately opposite +the torrent I spoke of. The torrent is +in shape curving over the rock, like the +<i>tail</i> of a white horse streaming in the +wind, such as it might be conceived +would be that of the 'pale horse' on +which Death is mounted in the Apocalypse.<a id="footnotetag2" name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> +It is neither mist nor water, +but a something between both; its immense +height (nine hundred feet) gives +it a wave or curve, a spreading here, or +condensation there, wonderful and indescribable. +I think, upon the whole, +that this day has been better than any +of this present excursion.</p> +<p class="right">"Sept. 23rd.</p> +<p>"Before ascending the mountain, +went to the torrent (seven in the morning) +again; the sun upon it, forming a +<i>rainbow</i> of the lower part of all colours, +but principally purple and gold; the +bow moving as you move; I never saw +anything like this: it is only in the sunshine. +Ascended the Wengen mountain; +at noon reached a valley on the +summit; left the horses, took off my +coat, and went to the summit, seven +thousand feet (English feet) above the +level of the <i>sea</i>, and about five thousand +above the valley we left in the morning. +On one side, our view comprised the +Jungfrau, with all her glaciers; then +the Dent d'Argent, shining like truth; +then the Little Giant (the Kleine +Eigher;) and the Great Giant (the +Grosse Eigher,) and last, not least, +the Wetterhorn. The height of the +Jungfrau is 13,000 feet above the sea, +11,000 above the valley: she is the +highest of this range. Heard the avalanches +falling every five minutes nearly. +From whence we stood, on the Wengen +Alp, we had all these in view on one +side; on the other, the clouds rose from +the opposite valley, curling up perpendicular +precipices like the foam of the +ocean of hell, during a spring tide—it +was white and sulphury, and immeasurably +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page28" id="page28"></a>[pg 28]</span> +deep in appearance.<a id="footnotetag3" name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a> The side +we ascended was, of course, not of so +precipitous a nature; but on arriving at +the summit, we looked down upon the +other side upon a boiling sea of cloud, +dashing against the crags on which we +stood (these crags on one side quite perpendicular.) +Staid a quarter of an hour—begun +to descend—quite clear from +cloud on that side of the mountain. In +passing the masses of snow, I made a +snowball and pelted Hobhouse with it.</p> +<p>"Got down to our horses again; ate +something; remounted; heard the avalanches +still: came to a morass; Hobhouse +dismounted to get over well; I +tried to pass my horse over; the horse +sunk up to the chin, and of course he +and I were in the mud together; bemired, +but not hurt; laughed, and rode +on. Arrived at the Grindenwald; dined, +mounted again, and rode to the higher +glacier—like <i>a frozen hurricane</i>.<a id="footnotetag4" name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a> Starlight, +beautiful, but a devil of a path! +Never mind, got safe in; a little lightning, +but the whole of the day as fine +in point of weather as the day on which +Paradise was made. Passed <i>whole woods +of withered pines, all withered</i>; trunks +stripped and lifeless, branches lifeless; +done by a single winter."<a id="footnotetag5" name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a></p> +<hr class="short" /> +<p class="ctr"><i>Shelley and Byron,</i></p> +<p>It appears, first met at Geneva:—</p> +<p>There was no want of disposition +towards acquaintance on either side, +and an intimacy almost immediately +sprung up between them. Among the +tastes common to both, that for boating +was not the least strong; and in this +beautiful region they had more than +ordinary temptations to indulge in it. +Every evening, during their residence +under the same roof at Sécheron, they +embarked, accompanied by the ladies +and Polidori, on the Lake; and to the +feelings and fancies inspired by these +excursions, which were not unfrequently +prolonged into the hour of moonlight, +we are indebted for some of those enchanting +stanzas<a id="footnotetag6" name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a> in which the poet has +given way to his passionate love of Nature +so fervidly.</p> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>"There breathes a living fragrance from the shore</p> +<p>Of flowers yet fresh with childhood; on the ear</p> +<p>Drips the light drop of the suspended oar.</p> +<hr class="short" /> +<p>At intervals, some bird from out the brakes</p> +<p>Starts into voice a moment, then is still</p> +<p>There seems a floating whisper on the hill,</p> +<p>But that is fancy,—for the starlight dews</p> +<p>All silently their tears of love instil,</p> +<p>Weeping themselves away."</p> + </div> </div> +<p>A person who was of these parties +has thus described to me one of their +evenings. 'When the <i>bise</i> or northeast +wind blows, the waters of the Lake +are driven towards the town, and, with +the stream of the Rhone, which sets +strongly in the same direction, combine +to make a very rapid current towards the +harbour. Carelessly, one evening, we +had yielded to its course, till we found +ourselves almost driven on the piles; +and it required all our rowers' strength +to master the tide. The waves were +high and inspiriting,—we were all animated +by our contest with the elements. +'I will sing you an Albanian song,' cried +Lord Byron; 'now be sentimental, and +give me all your attention.' It was a +strange, wild howl that he gave forth; +but such as, he declared, was an exact +imitation of the savage Albanian mode, +laughing, the while, at our disappointment, +who had expected a wild Eastern +melody.</p> +<p>Sometimes the party landed, for a +walk upon the shore, and, on such +occasions, Lord Byron would loiter behind +the rest, lazily trailing his sword-*stick +along, and moulding, as he went, +his thronging thoughts into shape. +Often too, when in the boat, he would +lean abstractedly over he side, and surrender +himself up, in silence, to the +same absorbing task.</p> +<p>The conversation of Mr. Shelley, +from the extent of his poetic reading +and the strange, mystic speculations +into which his system of philosophy led +him, was of a nature strongly to arrest +and interest the attention of Lord Byron, +and to turn him away from worldly associations +and topics into more abstract +and untrodden ways of thought. As +far as contrast, indeed, is an enlivening +ingredient of such intercourse, it would +be difficult to find two persons more +formed to whet each other's faculties by +discussion, as on few points of common +interest between them did their opinions +agree; and that this difference +had its root deep in the conformation +of their respective minds needs but a +glance through the rich, glittering labyrinth +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page29" id="page29"></a>[pg 29]</span> +of Mr. Shelley's pages to assure +us.</p> +<hr class="short" /> +<p class="ctr"><i>Letter of Lord to Lady Byron.</i></p> +<p>"I have to acknowledge the receipt +of 'Ada's hair,' which is very soft and +pretty, and nearly as dark already as +mine was at twelve years old, if I may +judge from what I recollect of some in +Augusta's possession, taken at that age. +But it don't curl—perhaps from its being +let grow. I also thank you for the +inscription of the date and name, and I +will tell you why;—I believe that they +are the only two or three words of your +hand-writing in my possession. For +your letters I returned, and except the +two words, or rather the one word, +'household,' written twice in an old account +book, I have no other. I burnt +your last note, for two reasons:—firstly, +it was written in a style not very agreeable; +and, secondly, I wish to take your +word without documents, which are the +worldly resources of suspicious people. +I suppose that this note will reach you +somewhere about Ada's birthday—the +10th of December, I believe. She will +then be six; so that in about twelve more +I shall have some chance of meeting her; +perhaps sooner, if I am obliged to go +to England by business or otherwise. +Recollect, however, one thing, either in +distance or nearness;—every day which +keeps us asunder should, after so long +a period, rather soften our mutual feelings, +which must always have one rallying-point +as long as our child exists, +which I presume we both hope will be +long after either of her parents. The +time which has elapsed since the separation +has been considerably more than +the whole brief period of our union, +and the not much longer one of our +prior acquaintance. We both made a +bitter mistake; but now it is over, and +irrevocably so. For, at thirty-three on +my part, and a few years less on yours, +though it is no very extended period of +life, still it is one when the habits and +thought are generally so formed as to +admit of no modification; and as we +could not agree when younger, we +should with difficulty do so now. I say +all this, because I own to you, that, +notwithstanding everything, I considered +our re-union as not impossible for more +than a year after the separation; but +then I gave up the hope entirely and for +ever. But this very impossibility of reunion +seems to me at least a reason why, +on all the few points of discussion which +can arise between us, we should preserve +the courtesies of life, and as much +of its kindness as people who are never +to meet may preserve perhaps more +easily than nearer connexions. For my +own part, I am violent, but not malignant; +for only fresh provocations can +awaken my resentments. To you, who +are colder and more concentrated, I +would just hint, that you may sometimes +mistake the depth of a cold anger +for dignity, and a worse feeling for duty. +I assure you, that I bear you <i>now</i> (whatever +I may have done) no resentment +whatever. Remember, that <i>if you have +injured me</i> in aught, this forgiveness is +something; and that, if I have <i>injured +you</i>, it is something more still, if it be +true as the moralists say, that the most +offending are the least forgiving. Whether +the offence has been solely on my side, +or reciprocal, or on yours chiefly, I have +ceased to reflect upon any but two +things,—viz. that you are the mother of +my child, and that we shall never meet +again. I think if you also consider the +two corresponding points with reference +to myself, it will be better for all three."</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2>The Naturalist.</h2> +<h3>DANCING FISH—SEA-SERPENT, &c.</h3> +<p>In a paper on "Oceanic Dangers," in +the <i>United Service Journal</i> is the following:—</p> +<p>There is a species of grampus from +two to three tons weight, and about sixteen +feet in length, that amuses itself +with jumping, or rather springing its +ponderous body entirely out of the water, +in a vertical position, and falling +upon its back; this effort of so large a +fish is almost incredible, and informs us +how surprisingly great the power of +muscle must be in this class of animal. +I have seen them spring out of the water +within ten yards of the ship's side, +generally in the evening, after having +swam all the former part of the day in +the ship's <i>wake</i>, or on either quarter. +When several of these fish take it into +their heads to dance a "hornpipe," as +the sailors have termed their gambols, +at the distance of half a mile they, especially +at or just after sun-down, may +easily be mistaken for the sharp points +of rocks sticking up out of the water, +and the splashing and foam they make +and produce have the appearance of the +action of the waves upon rocks. An +officer of the navy informed me, that +after sunset, when near the equator, he +was not a little alarmed and surprised +(because quite unexpected) at the cry of +"rocks on the starboard bow:" looking +forward through the dubious light (if +the expression may be admitted,) he indistinctly +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page30" id="page30"></a>[pg 30]</span> +saw objects which he and all +on board took to be the pinnacles of several +rocks of a black and white colour: +in a short time, however he discovered +this formidable danger to be nothing +more than a company of dancing grampuses +with white bellies: as one disappeared, +another rose, so that there were +at least five or six constantly above the +surface!</p> +<p>The uncertainty attending the visual +organ during the continuance of the <i>aurora</i> +and of the <i>twilight</i>, must have been +noticed by all those person's who have +frequented the ocean. Most sailors have +the power of eye-sight strengthened +from constant practice, and from having +an unobstructed view so generally before +them; yet I have known an officer, +who was famous for his quickness of +sight, declare that in the evening and +morning he found it difficult to retain +sight for more than a second or two at a +time, of a strange sail; at night, even +with an inverting glass, his practised eye +could retain the object more steadily.</p> +<p>The public were amused for some +time, a few years ago, by the tales of +brother Jonathan respecting the huge +sea-serpent. Without at all disputing +the existence of creatures of that nature +in the ocean, I have little doubt that a +sight I witnessed in a voyage to the +West Indies, was precisely such as some +of the Americans had construed into a +"sea-serpent a mile in length," agreeing, +as it did, with one or two of the +accounts given. This was nothing more +than a tribe of black porpoises in one +line, extending fully a quarter of a mile, +fast asleep! The appearance certainly +was a little singular, not unlike a raft of +puncheons, or a ridge of rocks; but the +moment it was seen, some one exclaimed, +(I believe the captain)—"here is a +solution of Jonathan's enigma"—and +the resemblance to his "sea-serpent" +was at once striking.</p> +<p>Ice, sometimes, when a-wash with the +surface of the sea may be mistaken for +breakers; and that which is called +"black ice" has, both by Capt. Parry +and Mr. Weddell, been taken for rocks +until a close approach convinced them +of the contrary; and, I dare say, others +have been in like manner deceived, especially +near Newfoundland.</p> +<p>A <i>scole</i> of or indeed, a single, devil +fish (<i>Lophius</i>) when deep in the water, +may appear like a shoal; and I think, that +of all the various appearances of strange +things seen at sea, this monstrous animal +is more likely to deceive the judgment +into a belief of a submarine danger +being where none actually exists, +than any other. I have watched one of +these extraordinary creatures, as it passed +slowly along, occupying a space two-thirds +of the length of the ship (a 32-gun +frigate;) its shape was nearly circular, +of a dark green colour, spotted +with white and light green shades, like +the <i>ray</i>, and some other flat-fish.</p> +<p>Mr. Kriukof gave a curious description +to Capt. Kotzebue of a marine serpent +which pursued him off Behring's +island: it was red and enormously long, +the head resembling that of the sea-lion, +at the same time two disproportionately +large eyes gave it a frightful appearance. +Mr. Kriukof's situation seems to have +been almost as perilous above the surface +of the sea, as Lieutenant Hardy's +Spanish diver's was, with the <i>tinterero</i> +underneath!</p> +<p>In the History of Greenland, (which, +by the by, may with propriety be called +Parrynese,) I think there is a well authenticated +account of a large sea-serpent +seen upon the coast of that vast +insular land in Hudson's sea.</p> +<p>Sea-Devil.—Extract from the log-book +of the ship Douglas.—"Sailed +May 3rd from Curaēoa. May 6th, at +three P.M. in lat. 35 long. 68.40, made, +as we supposed, a vessel bottom up, five +or six miles distant—proceeded within +forty feet of the object, which appeared +in the form of a turtle—its height above +water ten or twelve feet; in length +twenty-five or thirty feet, and in breadth +twelve feet, with oars or flappers, one +on each side; twelve or fifteen feet in +length, one-third of the way from his +tail forward, and one on each side near +his tail five feet long. The tail twenty +to twenty-five feet long,—had a large +lion face with large eyes. The shell or +body looked like a clinker-built boat of +twenty-five or thirty tons, bottom up, +and the seams of the laps newly paid. +There were some large branches on him. +This animal was standing south-east, +and in the course of Bermuda, and his +velocity about two knots per hour. A +vessel running foul of this monster +might be much injured.—<i>New York +Paper</i>, May 22.</p> +<p>Spawn of fish, minute <i>mollusca</i>, the +small classes of <i>squilla</i> and <i>cancer</i>, are +known to voyagers as causing a discolouration +of the sea in particular +places. Patches and lines of these are +often seen within the tropics, of a brown +colour, and sometimes of a yellow, and +of a red shade, floating upon the surface +of the ocean, which, to those unused +to such sights, are considered as +indications of danger beneath. I met +with two patches of this description +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page31" id="page31"></a>[pg 31]</span> +lately in the Torrid Zone, but the captain +being familiar with such instances, +sailed through them without apprehension. +The first consisted of myriads of +small orbicular <i>medusę</i>, about the size +of a pea, of a purple hue; the other +patch of a reddish-brown colour, was +produced by small <i>mollusca</i>, the size of +a needle, and about a <i>line</i> in length.</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2>The Gatherer.</h2> +<blockquote><p> +A snapper up of unconsidered trifles. +</p></blockquote> +<p style="margin-left:40%">SHAKSPEARE.</p> +<h3>CURIOUS SIGN.</h3> +<p>The following is on a violin maker's +sign-board, at Limerick:—"New Villins +mad here and old ones rippard, also +new heads, ribs, backs, and bellys mad +on the shortest notice. N.B. Choes +mended, &c.</p> +<p class="right">"Pat O'Shegnassy, painter."</p> +<h4>W.G.C.</h4> +<hr /> +<h3>ANCIENT PROPHECY.</h3> +<p>The author of "<i>The Blasynge of +Armes</i>,"<a id="footnotetag7" name="footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a> at the end of Dame Julian +Berners's celebrated Treatise on Hawking, +Hunting, and Fishing, has informed +us that "Tharmes of the Kynge of +Fraunce were certaynly sent by an angel +from heven, that is to saye, thre floures +in manere of swerdes in a feld of azure, +the whyche certer armes were given to +the forsayd Kynge of Fraunce in sygne +of everlastynge trowble, and that he +and his successours alway with batayle +and swerdes sholde be punysshyd."</p> +<hr /> +<h3>BATHOS AND PATHOS.</h3> +<center>(<i>To the Editor.</i>)</center> +<p>Perceiving that you sometimes admit +curious and eccentric epitaphs into your +very amusing and instructive periodical, +if the enclosed is worthy a place, it at +least has this merit, if no other, that it +is a <i>literal</i> copy, from a tombstone in +St. Edmund's churchyard, Sarum:—</p> +<p><i>In Memory of 3 Children of Joseph and +Arabella Maton, who all died in their +Infancy, 1770.</i></p> +<p class="ctr">1.</p> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>Innocence Embellishes Divinely Compleat</p> +<p>To Prescience Coegent Now Sublimely Great</p> +<p>In the Benign, Perfecting, Vivifying State.</p> + </div> </div> +<p class="ctr">2.</p> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>So Heavenly Guardian Occupy the Skies</p> +<p>The Pre-Existent God, Omnipotent Allwise</p> +<p>He can Surpassingly Immortalize thy Theme</p> +<p>And Permanent thy Soul Celestial Supreme.</p> + </div> </div> +<p class="ctr">3.</p> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>When Gracious Refulgence, bids the Grave Resign</p> +<p>The Creators Nursing Protection be Thine</p> +<p>Thus each Perspiring Ęther will Joyfully Rise</p> +<p>Transcendantly Good Supereminently Wise.</p> + </div> </div> +<h4>W.C.</h4> +<hr /> +<h3>THE LETTER B.</h3> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>"Or like a lamb, whose dam away is fet,</p> +<p>He treble <i>baas</i> for help, but none can get."</p> +<p style="margin-left:50%"> SIDNEY.</p> + </div> </div> +<p>Its pronunciation is supposed to resemble +the bleating of a sheep; upon +which account the Egyptians represented +the sound of this letter by the figure +of that animal. It is also one of those +letters which the eastern grammarians +call <i>labial</i>, because the principal organs +employed in its pronunciation are the +lips. With the ancients, B as a numeral +stood for 300. When a line was drawn +above it, it stood for 3,000, and with a +kind of accent below it, for 200.</p> +<h4>P.T.W.</h4> +<hr /> +<h3>A DOUBLE.</h3> +<center>(<i>To the Editor.</i>)</center> +<p>I read your story of the cherry-coloured +cat. The clergyman with whom I was +educated astonished me when a child, +by saying, when at his living at ——, +he preached in a cherry-coloured gown +and a <i>rose</i>-coloured wig (white.)</p> +<h4>AN OLD ONE.</h4> +<hr /> +<h3>PROPHECY OF LORD BYRON.</h3> +<p>In his journal, under the date of January +13, 1821, Lord Byron writes: +"Dined—news come—the powers mean +to war with the people. The intelligence +seems positive—let it be so—they +will be beaten in the end. The <i>King-times</i> +are fast finishing. There will be +blood shed like water, and tears like +mist; but the people will conquer in +the end. I shall not live to see it—but +I foresee it."</p> +<hr /> +<h3>HARDHAM'S 37</h3> +<p>Snuff-takers generally, especially the +patrons of Hardham's 37 will read the +following record of benevolence with +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page32" id="page32"></a>[pg 32]</span> +some gratification:—"In 1772, Mr. +John Hardham, a tobacconist, in London, +a native of Chichester, left by his +will the interest of all his estates to the +guardians of the poor, 'to ease the inhabitants +in their poor-rates for ever.' +This valuable legacy amounting to 653<i>l.</i> +per annum was subject to the life of the +housekeeper of the testator, so that it +was not till 1786 that it reverted to the +city."—This is even better than the +plan for snuff-takers paying off the +national debt.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>PRESTON, LANCASTER.</h3> +<p>Preston is a market-town, borough, and +parish; situated on the river Ribble, in +the hundred of Amounderness, county +palatine of Lancaster. It was incorporated +by Henry II., in 1160; and the +privileges and free customs granted by +this and subsequent royal grants were +confirmed by Charter of 36th Charles II. +The body corporate consists of a mayor, +recorder, seven aldermen, and seventeen +capital burgesses, who, together, form +the common council of the borough. +The mayor, two town-bailiffs, and two +sergeants are elected annually, upon the +Friday preceding the festival of St. Wilfrid, +who was formerly lord of this town; +and they are invested, on the 12th of +October following, by a jury of twenty-four +guild burgesses. The members of +the council, with the exception of the +mayor, retain their seats for life, or +during the pleasure of a majority, and +vacancies are supplied by the remaining +members. The town sends two representatives +to parliament, and affords the +nearest practical example of universal +suffrage in the kingdom—every male +inhabitant, whether housekeeper or +lodger, who has resided six months in +the town, and who has not, during the +last twelve months, been chargeable to +any township as a pauper, having a right +to vote for two candidates at elections. +This principle was established by a decision +of the House of Commons, on an +appeal, in the year 1766, and has ever +since been acted upon. The burgesses +are entitled, by the charter of Henry II., +to have a GUILD MERCHANT, with the +usual franchises annexed, of safe transit +through the kingdom, exemption from +toll, pontage, and stallage; liberty to +buy and sell peaceably; and power to +hold a guild for the renewal of freedom +to the burgesses, the confirming of by-laws, +and other purposes. This privilege +is still made the occasion of great +festivity. For a long time after their +first institution, the guilds were held at +irregular periods, but they have now, +for more than a century, been uniformly +celebrated every twentieth year, commencing +on the Monday next after the +Decollation of St. John, which generally +happens in the last week of August; +the last was held in 1822, and commenced +on the 22nd of September. The +amusements, which are of great variety, +continue for a fortnight; but, for civic +purposes, the guild books are open for +one entire month. The corporation are +obliged to hold this carnival, on pain of +forfeiting their elective franchises, and +their rights as burgesses. The <i>guild</i> +appears to be of the nature of the ancient +frank-pledge: it is of Saxon origin, and +derived from the word <i>gile</i>, signifying +money, by which certain fraternities +enter into an association, and stipulate +with each other to punish crimes, make +losses good, and acts of restitution proportioned +to offences;—for which purposes, +they raised sums of money among +themselves, forming a common stock; +they likewise endowed chantries for +priests to perform orisons for the defunct. +Fraternities and guilds were, +therefore, in use, long before any formal +licenses were granted to them; though, +at this day, they are a company combined +together, with orders and laws +made by themselves, under sanction of +royal authority. The several trades of +Preston are incorporated; twenty-five +chartered companies go in procession on +the guild festival.</p> +<h4>W.G.C.</h4> +<hr /> +<h3>EPIGRAM.</h3> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>Bob scrubs his head, in search of wit,</p> +<p>And calls his follies phrenzy fit;</p> +<p>But Bob forgets, with all his wit,</p> +<p>Poėta nascitur, non <i>fit</i>! </p> + </div> </div> +<h4>P.T.</h4> +<hr class="full" /> +<h3>COMPLETION OF VOL. XVI.</h3> +<h4>WITH THE PRESENT NUMBER</h4> +<h4>A SUPPLEMENTARY NUMBER,</h4> +<p>With a Portrait of the Queen, and a Memoir of +her Majesty; with Title-page, Preface, and +Index to Vol. XVI.</p> +<hr /> +<p> +<sup>*</sup><small>*</small><sup>*</sup> Books are flocking fast around us. Among +them are Mr. Boaden's Life of Mrs. Jordan—the +Romance of History—Vols. 13 and 14 of +Lardner's Cyclopaedia—Dr. Dibdin's Sunday +Library—Vol 1 of the Cabinet Library—and +three other volumes of the periodical libraries. +Our preference of Moore's Byron is, we hope, +borne out by its paramount interest.</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b><a href="#footnotetag1"> (return) </a><p>Dent de Jaman.</p></blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b><a href="#footnotetag2"> (return) </a> +<p>It is interesting to observe the use to which +he afterwards converted these hasty memorandums +in his sublime drama of Manfred:—</p> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>It is not noon—the sunbow's rays still arch</p> +<p>The torrent with the many hues of heaven,</p> +<p>And roll the sheeted silver's waving column,</p> +<p>O'er the crag's headlong perpendicular,</p> +<p>And fling its lines of foaming light along,</p> +<p><i>And to and fro, like the pale courser's tail,</i></p> +<p><i>The Giant steed, to be bestrode by Death,</i></p> +<p><i>As told in the Apocalypse.</i></p> + </div> </div></blockquote> + +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b><a href="#footnotetag3"> (return) </a> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p>Ye <i>avalanches</i>, whom a breath draws down</p> +<p>In mountainous o'erwhelming, come and crush me!</p> +<p><i>I hear ye momently above, beneath,</i></p> +<p><i>Crash with a frequent conflict</i></p> +<hr /> +<p>The mists boil up around the glaciers; <i>clouds</i></p> +<p><i>Rise curling</i> fast beneath me, white and sulphury,</p> +<p><i>Like foam from the roused ocean of deep hell!</i></p> +<p style="margin-left:50%">MANFRED.</p> </div> </div> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote4" name="footnote4"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b><a href="#footnotetag4"> (return) </a> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p class="i8">O'er the savage sea,</p> +<p>The glassy ocean of the mountain ice</p> +<p>We skim its rugged breakers, which put on</p> +<p>The aspect of a tumbling <i>tempest's</i> foam</p> +<p><i>Frozen in a moment</i>.</p> +<p style="margin-left:50%">MANFRED.</p> + </div> </div></blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote5" name="footnote5"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b><a href="#footnotetag5"> (return) </a> +<div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> +<p class="i10"> Like these <i>blasted pines,</i></p> +<p><i>Wrecks of a single winter, barkless, branchless</i></p> +<p style="margin-left:50%">MANFRED.</p> </div> </div> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote6" name="footnote6"></a><b>Footnote 6:</b><a href="#footnotetag6"> (return) </a><p>Childe Harold, Canto 3.</p></blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote7" name="footnote7"></a><b>Footnote 7:</b><a href="#footnotetag7"> (return) </a><p>This book was printed at St. Albans in the +year 1486, and afterwards reprinted by Wynkyn +de Worde, in 1496.</p></blockquote> +<hr class="full" /> +<p><i>Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, +Strand, (near Somerset House,) London; sold +by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, +Leipsic; and by all Newsmen and Booksellers.</i></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, +and Instruction, No. 470, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, *** + +***** This file should be named 13495-h.htm or 13495-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/3/4/9/13495/ + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Victoria Woosley and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + +</pre> + +</body> +</html> + diff --git a/old/13495-h/images/470-1.png b/old/13495-h/images/470-1.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b4e6c8e --- /dev/null +++ b/old/13495-h/images/470-1.png diff --git a/old/13495.txt b/old/13495.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..31216c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/13495.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2073 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and +Instruction, No. 470, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, No. 470 + Volume XVII, No. 470, Saturday, January 8, 1831 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: September 18, 2004 [EBook #13495] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Victoria Woosley and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + + + + + + + + + + +THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION. + + + * * * * * + +VOL XVII, NO. 470.] SATURDAY, JANUARY 8, 1831. [PRICE 2d. + + * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: CHICHESTER CROSS.] + +Few places in Britain can boast of higher antiquity than the city of +Chichester. Its origin is supposed to date back beyond the invasion of +Britain by the Romans. It was destroyed towards the close of the fifth +century, by Ella, but rebuilt by his son, Cissa, the second king of +the South Saxons, who named it after himself, and made it the royal +residence and capital of his dominions. + +Chichester, as may be expected, is a fertile field for antiquarian +research. Its cathedral, churches, and ecclesiastical buildings abound +with fine architecture; and its Cross is entitled to special mention. +It is thus minutely described in the _Beauties of England and Wales_: + +The Cross stands in the centre of the city, at the intersection of the +four principal streets. According to the inscription upon it, this +Cross was built by Edward Story, who was translated to this see from +that of Carlisle, in 1475. It was repaired during the reign of Charles +II., and at the expense of the Duke of Richmond, in 1746; though we +are told that Bishop Story left an estate at Amberley, worth full +25_l._ per annum, to keep it in constant repair; but a few years +afterwards the mayor and corporation sold it, in order to purchase +another nearer home. The date of the erection of this structure is not +mentioned in the inscription; but, from the style and ornaments, it +must be referred to the time of Edward IV. This Cross is universally +acknowledged to be one of the most elegant buildings of the kind +existing in England. Its form is octangular, having a strong butment +at each angle, surmounted with pinnacles. On each of its faces is an +entrance through a pointed arch, ornamented with crockets and a +finial. Above this, on four of its sides, is a tablet, to commemorate +its reparation in the reign of Charles II. Above each tablet is a +dial, exhibiting the hour to each of the three principal streets; the +fourth being excluded from this advantage by standing at an angle. In +the centre is a large circular column, the basement of which forms a +seat: into this column is inserted a number of groinings, which, +spreading from the centre, form the roof beautifully moulded. The +central column appears to continue through the roof, and is supported +without by eight flying buttresses, which rest on the several corners +of the building. Till a few years since this Cross was used as a +market-place; but the increased population of the city requiring a +more extensive area for that purpose, a large and convenient +market-house was, about the year 1807, erected in the North-street; on +the completion of which, it was proposed to take down this Cross, then +considered as a nuisance. Fortunately, however, the city was exempted +from the reproach of such a proceeding by the public spirit of some of +the members of the corporation, who purchased several houses on the +north side of the Cross, in order to widen that part of the street, by +their demolition. + + * * * * * + + + +THE TOPOGRAPHER + + +COUNTY COLLECTIONS. + +(_For the Mirror._) + + +Kent. + + He that will not live long, + Let him dwell at Murston, Tenham, or Tong. + + +_Queen Elizabeth's Gun at Dover._ + + "O'er hill and dale I throw my ball, + Breaker my name of mound and wall." + + Deal famed much vaunts of new turrets high, + A place well known by Caesar's victory. + + Leland. + + Dover, Sandwich, and Winchelsea, + Rumney and Rye the Five Ports be. + + +Hampshire--Sir Bevis of Southampton. + + Bevis conquered Ascupart + And after slew the Boar, + And then he crossed beyond the seas + To combat with the Moor. + + +Westmoreland. + + I came to Lonsdale where I staid + At hall, into a tavern made, + Neat gates, white walls, nought was sparing, + Pots brimful, no thought of caring. + They eat, drink, laugh, are still mirth making-- + Nought they see, that's worth care taking. + + _Drunken Barnaby's Journal._ + + +Cheshire. + + Chester of Castria took the name, + As if that Castria were the same. + + +SHROPSHIRE. + + "To all friends round the Wrekin." + + +LINCOLNSHIRE.--STAMFORD. + + Doctrinae studium, quod nunc viget ad vada Boum + Tempore venture celebrabitur ad vada Saxi. + Science that now o'er Oxford sheds her ray + Shall bless fair Stamford at some future day. + _Merlin._ + + +STAFFORDSHIRE. + + Or Trent who like some earth-born giant spreads + His thirsty arms along the indented meads. + _Milton._ + + And beauteous Trent that in himself enseams (fattens) + Both thirty sorts of fish and thirty sundry streams. + _Spenser._ + + +BERKSHIRE.--ABINGDON. + + (_From Piers Plowman's MSS. 1400._) + + And there shall come a king and confess you religious, + And beat you as the Bible telleth, for breaking of your rule, + And then shall the Abbot of Abingdon and all his issue for ever + Have a knock of a king, and incurable the wound. + + +WILTSHIRE.--SALISBURY CATHEDRAL, + + As many days as in one year there be, + So many windows in this church you see, + As many marble pillars here appear + As there are hours throughout the fleeting year, + As many gates as moons one here does view, + Strange tale to tell, yet not more strange than true. + + A noble park near Sarum's stately town, + In form a mount's clear top call'd Clarendon; + There twenty groves, and each a mile in space, + With grateful shades, at once protect the place. + + _Chippenham.--On a Stone._ + + Hither extendeth Maud Heath's Gift, + For where I stand is Chippenham Clift. + + +GLOUCESTERSHIRE. + + An owl shall build her nest upon the walls of Gloucester, + And in her nest shall be brought forth an ass. + + The Severn sea shall discharge itself through seven mouths, + And the river Usk shall burn seven months. + _Merlin._ + + +YORKSHIRE. + + Robin Hood in Barnesdale stood, + An arrow to head drew he, + "How far I can shoot," quoth he, "by the rood + My merry men shall see." + + +SURREY.--ON THE MARKET HOUSE, FARNHAM. + + You who do like me, give money to end me, + You who dislike me, give as much to mend me. + And Mole that like a nousling mole doth make + His way still underground till Thames he over-take. + _Spenser._ + + The chalky Wey that rolls a milky wave. + _Pope._ + + +SOMERSETSHIRE. + + What ear so empty is, that hath not heard the sound + Of Tannton's fruitful Deane; not matched by any ground. + _Drayton._ + + "Stanton Drew, + One mile from Pensford, and another from Chew." + + _Bristol Castle._ + + The castle there and noble tower, + Of all the towers of England is held the flower. + + _Redcliffe Church._ + + Stay curious traveller, and pass not bye, + Until this fetive (elegant) pile astound thine eye, + That shoots aloft into the realms of day, + The Record of the Builder's fame for aie-- + The pride of Bristowe and the Western Lande. + _Chatterton._ + + +WALES.--GLAMORGANSHIRE. + + When the hoarse waves of Severn are screaming aloud, + And Penline's lofty castle involv'd in a cloud, + If true, the old proverb, a shower of rain, + Is brooding above, and will soon drench the plain. + + +PEMBROKESHIRE. + + Once to Rome thy steps incline. + But visit twice St. David's shrine. + + When Percelly weareth a hat, + All Pembrokeshire shall weet of that. + + +SCOTLAND.--STIRLINGSHIRE--BANNOCKBURN, 1314. + + "Maidens of England, sore may ye mourn, + For your lemans ye've lost at Bannockburn" + + +ROXBURGH. + + "Some of his skill he taught to me, + And, warrior, I could say to thee, + The words that cleft Eildon Hills in three, + And bridled the Tweed with a curb of stone." + _Scott._ + + +WESTERN ISLES. + + Seven years before that awful day, + When time shall be no more, + A watery deluge will o'ersweep + Hibernia's mossy shore. + The green clad Isla too shall sink, + While with the great and good, + Columba's happy isle shall rear + Her towers above the flood. + +This prophecy is said to be the reason why so many kings of Scotland, +Norway, and Ireland have selected Icombkill for the place of their +interment. + + +DUMBARTON. + + So cold the waters are of Lomond Lake, + What once were sticks, they hardened stones will make. + + +PERTH. + + "Fear not till Birnam Wood + Do come to Dunsinane" + + * * * * * + + + +RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS + + +GREEK BALLOT.--VOTING AMONG THE ANCIENT GREEKS. + + +The manner of giving their suffrages (says Potter) was by holding up +their hands. This was the common method of voting among the citizens +in the civil government; but in some cases, particularly when they +deprived magistrates of their offices for mal-administration, they +gave their votes in private, lest the power and greatness of the +persons accused should lay a restraint upon them, and cause them to +act contrary to their judgments and inclinations. + +The manner of voting privately was by casting pebbles into vessels or +urns. Before the use of pebbles, they voted with beans: the beans were +of two sorts, black and white. In the Senate of Five Hundred, when all +had done speaking, the business designed to be passed into a decree +was drawn up in writing by any of the prytanes, or other senators, and +repeated openly in the house; after which, leave being given by the +epistata, or prytanes, the senators proceeded to vote, which they did +privately, by casting beans in a vessel placed there for that purpose. +If the number of black beans was found to be the greatest, the +proposal was rejected; if white, it was enacted into a decree, then +agreed upon in the senate, and afterwards propounded to an assembly of +the people, that it might receive from them a farther ratification, +without which it could not be passed into a law, nor have any force or +obligatory power, after the end of that year, which was the time that +the senators, and almost all the other magistrates, laid down their +commissions. + +In the reign of Cecrops, women were said to have been allowed voices +in the popular assembly; where Minerva contending with Neptune which +of the two should be declared Protector of Athens, and gaining the +women to her party, was reported by their voices, which were more +numerous than those of the men, to have obtained the victory. + +P.T.W. + + * * * * * + + +CLARENCE AND ITS ROYAL DUKES. + +_(To the Editor.)_ + + +Clarentia, or Clarence, now Clare, a town in Suffolk, seated on a +creek of the river Stour, is of more antiquity than beauty; but has +long been celebrated for men of great fame, who have borne the titles +of earls and dukes. It has the remains of a noble castle, of great +strength and considerable extent and fortification (perhaps some of +your readers could favour you with a drawing and history of it); and +ruins of a collegiate church. It had once a monastery of canons, of +the order of St. Augustine, or of St. Benedict, founded in the year +1248, by Richard Clare, Earl of Gloucester. This house was a cell to +the Abbey of Becaherliven, in Normandy, but was made indigenous by +King Henry II., who gave it to the Abbey of St. Peter, at Westminster. +In after time, King John changed it into a college of a dean and +secular canons. At the suppression, its revenues were 324_l._ a +year. + +Seated on the banks of Stour river is a priory of the Benedictine +order, translated thither from the castle, by Richard De Tonebridge, +Earl of Clare, about the year 1315. Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March, +converted it into a collegiate church. Elizabeth, the wife of Lionell, +Duke of Clarence, was buried in the chancel of this priory, 1363; as +was also the duke. + +The first duke was the third son of King Edward III. He created his +third son, Lionell of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence, in 1362. His first +wife was Elizabeth of Clare, daughter of William De Burgh, Earl of +Ulster; she died in 1363. His second wife was Violante, daughter of +the Duke of Milan. He died in Italy, 1370. + +Clarencieux, the second king-at-arms, so called by Lionell, who first +held it. King Henry IV. created his second son, Thomas of Lancaster, +to the earldom of Albemarle and duchy of Clarence. He was slain in +Anjou, in 1421. + +The third duke was the second son of Richard of Plantagenet, Duke of +York, George Duke of Clarence, in Suffolk. He was accused of high +treason, and was secretly suffocated in a butt of Malmsley, or sack +wine, in a place called Bowyer Tower, in the Tower of London, 1478, by +order of his brother, King Edward IV. + +The fourth duke. There was an interregnum of 311 years before another +Duke of Clarence. George III. created his third son, William Henry, to +the duchy of Clarence, August 16, 1789. The only Duke of Clarence who +ever was raised to the throne is King William IV. of England. + +CARACTACUS. + + * * * * * + + + +SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS. + + +SIR WALTER SCOTT. + +(_From the first of "Living Literary Characters," in the New Monthly +Magazine._) + + +It would be superfluous to continue the list of his prose works: they +are numerous; but they are in all people's hands, and censure or +praise would come equally late. He has triumphed over every difficulty +of subject, place, or time--exhibited characters humble and high, +cowardly and brave, selfish and generous, vulgar and polished, and is +at home in them all. I was present one evening, when Coleridge, in a +long and eloquent harangue, accused the author of Waverley of treason +against Nature, in not drawing his characters after the fashion of +Shakspeare, but in a manner of his own. This, without being meant, was +the highest praise Scott could well receive. Perhaps the finest +compliment ever paid him, was at the time of the late coronation, I +think. The streets were crowded so densely, that he could not make his +way from Charing Cross down to Rose's, in Abingdon-street, though he +elbowed ever so stoutly. He applied for help to a sergeant of the +Scotch Greys, whose regiment lined the streets. "Countryman," said the +soldier, "I am sorry I cannot help you," and made no exertion. Scott +whispered his name--the blood rushed to the soldier's brow--he raised +his bridle-hand, and exclaimed, "Then, by G-d, sir, you shall go +down--Corporal Gordon, here--see this gentleman safely to +Abingdon-street, come what will!" It is needless to say how well the +order was obeyed. + +I have related how I travelled to Edinburgh to see Scott, and how +curiously my wishes were fulfilled; years rolled on, and when he came +to London to be knighted, I was not so undistinguished as to be +unknown to him by name, or to be thought unworthy of his acquaintance. +I was given to understand, from what his own Ailie Gourlay calls a +sure hand, that a call from me was expected, and that I would be well +received. I went to his lodgings, in Piccadilly, with much of the same +palpitation of heart which Boswell experienced when introduced to +Johnson. I was welcomed with both hands, and such kind, and +complimentary words, that confusion and fear alike forsook me. When I +saw him in Edinburgh, he was in the very pith and flush of life--even +in my opinion a thought more fat than bard beseems; when I looked on +him now, thirteen years had not passed over him and left no mark +behind: his hair was growing thin and grey; the stamp of years and +study was on his brow: he told me he had suffered much lately from +ill-health, and that he once doubted of recovery. His eldest son, a +tall, handsome youth--now a major in the army--was with him. From that +time, till he left London, I was frequently in his company. He spoke +of my pursuits and prospects in life with interest and with +feeling--of my little attempts in verse and prose with a knowledge +that he had read them carefully--offered to help me to such +information as I should require, and even mentioned a subject in which +he thought I could appear to advantage. "If you try your hand on a +story," he observed, "I would advise you to prepare a kind of +skeleton, and when you have pleased yourself with the line of +narrative, you may then leisurely clothe it with flesh and blood." +Some years afterwards, I reminded him of this advice. "Did you follow +it?" he inquired. "I tried," I said; "but I had not gone far on the +road till some confounded Will-o-wisp came in and dazzled my sight, so +that I deviated from the path, and never found it again."--"It is the +same way with myself," said he, smiling; "I form my plan, and then I +deviate."--"Ay, ay," I replied, "I understand--we both deviate--- but +you deviate into excellence, and I into absurdity." + +I have seen many distinguished poets, Burns, Byron, Southey, +Wordsworth, Campbell, Rogers, Wilson, Crabbe, and Coleridge; but, with +the exception of Burns, Scott, for personal vigour, surpasses them +all. Burns was, indeed, a powerful man, and Wilson is celebrated for +feats of strength and agility; I think, however, the stalworth frame, +the long nervous arms, and well-knit joints of Scott, are worthy of +the best days of the Border, and would have gained him distinction at +the foray which followed the feast of spurs. On one occasion he talked +of his ancestry, Sir Thomas Lawrence, I think, was present. One of his +forefathers, if my memory is just, sided with the Parliament in the +Civil War, and the family estate suffered curtailment in consequence. +To make amends, however, his son, resolving not to commit the error of +his father, joined the Pretender, and with his brother was engaged in +that unfortunate adventure which ended in a skirmish and captivity at +Preston, in 1715. It was the fashion of those times for all persons of +the rank of gentlemen to wear scarlet waistcoats--a ball had struck +one of the brothers, and carried a part of this dress into his body; +it was also the practice to strip the captives. Thus wounded, and +nearly naked, having only a shirt on and an old sack about him, the +ancestor of the great poet was sitting along with his brother and a +hundred and fifty unfortunate gentlemen, in a granary at Preston. The +wounded man fell sick, as the story goes, and vomited the scarlet +which the ball had forced into the wound. "L----d, Wattie!" cried his +brother, "if you have got a wardrobe in your wame, I wish you would +bring me a pair of breeks, for I have meikle need of them." The wound +healed; I know not whether he was one of those fortunate men who +mastered the guard at Newgate, and escaped to the continent. + +The mystery which hung so long over the authorship of the Waverley +Novels, was cleared up by a misfortune which all the world deplores, +and which would have crushed any other spirit save that of Scott. This +stroke of evil fortune did not, perhaps, come quite unexpected; it +was, however, unavoidable, and it arose from no mismanagement or +miscalculation of his own, unless I may consider--which I do not--his +embarking in the hazards of a printing-house, a piece of +miscalculation. It is said, that he received warnings: the paper of +Constable, the bookseller, or, to speak plainer, long money-bills were +much in circulation: one of them, for a large sum, made its appearance +in the Bank of Scotland, with Scott's name upon it, and a secretary +sent for Sir Walter. "Do you know," said he, "that Constable has many +such bills abroad--Sir Walter, I warn you."--"Well," answered Sir +Walter, "it is, perhaps, as you say, and I thank you; but," raising +his voice, "Archie Constable was a good friend to me when friends were +rarer than now, and I will not see him balked for the sake of a few +thousand pounds." The amount of the sum for which Scott, on the +failure of Constable, became responsible, I have heard various +accounts of--varying from fifty to seventy thousand pounds. Some +generous and wealthy person sent him a blank check, properly signed, +upon the bank, desiring him to fill in the sum, and relieve himself; +but he returned it, with proper acknowledgments. He took, as it were, +the debt upon himself, as a loan, the whole payable, with interest, in +ten years; and to work he went, with head, and heart, and hand, to +amend his broken fortunes. I had several letters from him during these +disastrous days: the language was cheerful, and there were no +allusions to what had happened. It is true, there was no occasion for +him to mention these occurrences to me: all that he said about them +was--"I miss my daughter, Mrs. Lockhart, who used to sing to me; I +have some need of her now." No general, after a bloody and disastrous +battle, ever set about preparing himself for a more successful contest +than did this distinguished man. Work succeeded work with unheard of +rapidity; the chief of which was, "The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte," +in nine volumes--a production of singular power, and an almost perfect +work, with the exception of the parts which treat of the French +Revolution, and the captivity of the great prisoner. I had the +curiosity, on seeing one of the reviews praising Hazlitt's description +of the Battle of the Pyramid's, to turn to the account of Scott. I +need not say which was best: Scott's was like the sounding of a +trumpet. The present cheap and truly elegant edition of the works of +the author of "Waverley" has, with its deservedly unrivalled sale, +relieved the poet from his difficulties, and the cloud which hung so +long over the towers of Abbotsford has given place to sunshine. + +Of Abbotsford itself, the best description ever given, at least the +briefest, was "A Romance in stone and lime." It would require a volume +to describe all the curiosities, ancient and modern, living and dead, +which are here gathered together;--I say living, because a menagerie +might be formed out of birds and beasts, sent as presents from distant +lands. A friend told me he was at Abbotsford one evening, when a +servant announced, "A present from"--I forget what chieftain in the +North.--"Bring it in," said the poet. The sound of strange feet were +soon heard, and in came two beautiful Shetland ponies, with long manes +and uncut tails, and so small that they might have been sent to +Elfland, to the Queen of the Fairies herself. One poor Scotsman, to +show his gratitude for some kindness Scott, as sheriff, had shown him, +sent two kangaroos from New Holland; and Washington Irving lately told +me, that some Spaniard or other, having caught two young wild +Andalusian boars, consulted him how he might have them sent to the +author of "The Vision of Don Roderick." + +This distinguished poet and novelist is now some sixty years +old--hale, fresh, and vigorous, with his imagination as bright, and +his conceptions as clear and graphic, as ever. I have now before me a +dozen or fifteen volumes of his poetry, including his latest--"Halidon +Hill"--one of the most heroically-touching poems of modern times--and +somewhere about eighty volumes of his prose: his letters, were they +collected, would amount to fifty volumes more. Some authors, though +not in this land, have been even more prolific; but their progeny were +ill-formed at their birth, and could never walk alone; whereas the +mental offspring of our illustrious countryman came healthy and +vigorous into the world, and promise long to continue. To vary the +metaphor--the tree of some other men's fancy bears fruit at the rate +of a pint of apples to a peck of crabs; whereas the tree of the great +magician bears the sweetest fruit--large and red-cheeked--fair to look +upon, and right pleasant to the taste. I shall conclude with the words +of Sir Walter, which no man can contradict, and which many can attest: +"I never refused a literary person of merit such services in smoothing +his way to the public as were in my power; and I had the +advantage--rather an uncommon one with our irritable race--to enjoy +general favour, without incurring permanent ill-will, so far as is +known to me, among any of my contemporaries." + + * * * * * + + +A CHRISTMAS CAROL.--IN HONOUR OF MAGA. (BLACKWOOD.) + +SUNG BY THE CONTRIBUTORS. + + +Noo--hearken till me--and I'll beat Matthews or Yates a' to sticks wi' +my impersonations. + + TICKLER. + + When Kit North is dead, + What will Maga do, sir? + She must go to bed, + And like him die too, sir! + Fal de ral, de ral, + Iram coram dago; + Fal de ral, de ral, + Here's success to Maga. + + SHEPHERD. + + When death has them flat, + I'll stitch on my weepers, + Put crape around my bat, + And a napkin to my peepers! + Fal de ral, de ral, &c. + + NORTH. + + Your words go to my heart, + I hear the death-owl flying, + I feel death's fatal dart-- + By jingo, I am dying! + Fal de ral, de ral, &c. + + COLONEL O'SHAUGHNESSY. + + See him, how he lies + Flat as any flounder! + Blow me! smoke his eyes-- + Death ne'er closed eyes sounder! + Fal de ral, de ral, &c. + + DELTA. + + Yet he can't be dead, + For he is immortal, + And to receive his head + Earth would not ope its portal! + Fal de ral, de ral, &c. + + O'DOHERTY. + + Kit will never die; + That I take for _sartain_! + Death "is all my eye"-- + An't it, Betty Martin? + Fal de ral, de ral, &c. + + MODERN PYTHAGOREAN. + + Suppose we feel his arm-- + Zounds' I never felt a + Human pulse more firm: + What's your opinion, Delta? + Fal de ral, de ral, &c + + CHARLES LAMB. + + Kit, I hope you're well, + Up, and join our ditty; + To lose such a fine old fel- + Low would be a pity! + Fal de ral, de ral, &c. + + NORTH. + + Let's resume our booze, + And tipple while we're able; + I've had a bit of a snooze, + And feel quite comfortable! + Fal de ral, de ral, &c. + + MULLION. + + Be he who he may, + Sultan, Czar, or Aga, + Let him soak his clay + To the health of Kit and Maga! + Fal de ral, de ral, &c. + + OPIUM-EATER. + + Search all the world around, + From Greenland to Malaga, + And nowhere will be found + A magazine like Maga! + Fal de ral, de ral, + Iram coram dago; + Fal de ral, de ral, + Here's success to Maga! + + _Blackwood--Noctes._ + + * * * * * + + + +NOTES OF A READER. + +KNOWLEDGE FOR THE PEOPLE; OR, THE PLAIN WHY AND BECAUSE. + +PART III.--_Origins and Antiquities._ + + +This contains the _Why and Because_ of the Curiosities of the +Calendar; the Customs and Ceremonies of Special Days; and a few of the +Origins and Antiquities of Social Life. We quote a page of articles, +perhaps, the longest in the Number:-- + + +_Cock-fighting._ + +Why was throwing at cocks formerly customary on Shrove Tuesday? + +Because the crowing of a cock once prevented our Saxon ancestors from +massacreing their conquerors, another part of our ancestors, the +Danes, on the morning of a Shrove Tuesday, while asleep in their beds. + +This is the account generally received, although two lines in an +epigram "On a Cock at Rochester," by the witty Sir Charles Sedley, +imply that the cock suffered this annual barbarity by way of +punishment for St. Peter's crime, in denying his Lord and Master-- + + "Mayst thou be punish'd for St. Peter's crime, + And on Shove Tuesday perish in thy prime." + +A writer in the _Gentleman's Magazine_ also says--"The barbarous +practice of throwing at a cock tied to a stake on Shrovetide, I think +I have read, has an allusion to the indignities offered by the Jews to +the Saviour of the World before his crucifixion."--_Ellis's Notes to +Brand._ + +Why was cock-fighting a popular sport in Greece? + +Because of its origin from the Athenians, on the following occasion: +When Themistocles was marching his army against the Persians, he, by +the way, espying two cocks fighting, caused his army to halt, and +addressed them as follows--"Behold! these do not fight for their +household gods, for the monuments of their ancestors, nor for glory, +nor for liberty, nor for the safety of their children, but only +because the one will not give way to the other."--This so encouraged +the Grecians, that they fought strenuously, and obtained the victory +over the Persians; upon which, cock-fighting was, by a particular law, +ordered to be annually celebrated by the Athenians. + +Caesar mentions the English cocks in his Commentaries; but the earliest +notice of cock-fighting in England, is by Fitzstephen the monk, who +died in 1191. + + +_St. George._ + +Why is St. George the patron saint of England? + +Because, when Robert, Duke of Normandy, the son of William the +Conqueror, was fighting against the Turks, and laying siege to the +famous city of Antioch, which was expected to be relieved by the +Saracens, St. George appeared with an innumerable army, coming down +from the hills, all clad in white, with a red cross on his banner, to +reinforce the Christians. This so terrified the infidels that they +fled, and left the Christians in possession of the town.--_Butler._ + +Why is St. George usually painted on horseback, and tilting at a +dragon under his feet? + +Because the representation is emblematical of his faith and fortitude, +by which he conquered the devil, called the dragon in the +Apocalypse.--_Butler._ + +Why was the Order of the Garter instituted? + +Because of the victory obtained over the French at the battle of +Cressy, when Edward ordered his garter to be displayed as a signal of +battle; to commemorate which, he made a garter the principal ornament +of an order, and a symbol of the indissoluble union of the knights. +The order is under the patronage or protection of St. George, whence +he figures in its insignia. Such is the account of Camden, Fern, and +others. The common story of the order being instituted in honour of a +garter of the Countess of Salisbury, which she dropped in dancing, and +which was picked up by King Edward, has been denounced as fabulous by +our best antiquaries. + + +_Cock-crow._ + +Why was it formerly supposed that cocks crowed all Christmas-eve? + +Because the weather is then usually cloudy and dark (whence "the dark +days before Christmas,") and cocks, during such weather, often crow +nearly all day and all night. Shakspeare alludes to this superstition +in Hamlet-- + + Some say that even 'gainst that hallow'd season, + At which our Saviour's birth is celebrated, + The Bird of Dawning croweth all night long. + The nights are wholesome, and no mildew falls; + No planet strikes, nor spirits walk abroad: + No fairy takes, nor witch hath power to charm, + So gracious and so hallowed is the time. + +The ancient Christians divided the night into four watches, called the +evening, midnight, and two morning cock-crowings. Their connexion with +the belief in walking spirits will be remembered-- + + The cock crows, and the morn prows on, + When 'tis decreed I must be gone."--_Butler._ + + --The tale + Of horrid apparition, tall and ghastly, + That walks at dead of night, or takes his stand + O'er some new-open'd grave; and, strange to tell, + Evanishes at crowing of the cock--_Blair._ + +Who can ever forget the night-watches proclaimed by the cock in that +scene in Comus, where the two brothers, in search of their sister, are +benighted in a forest?-- + + --Might we but hear + The folded flocks, penned in their wattled cotes, + Or sound of pastoral reed with oaten stops, + Or whistle from the lodge, or village cock + Count the night-watches to his feathery dames, + 'Twould be some solace yet, some little cheering, + In this close dungeon of innumerous boughs. + +Dr. Forster observes--"There is this remarkable circumstance about the +crowing of cocks--they seem to keep night-watches, or to have general +crowing-matches, at certain periods--as, soon after twelve, at two, +and again at day-break. These are the Alectrephones mentioned by St. +John. To us, these cock-crowings do not appear quite so regular in +their times of occurrence, though they actually observe certain +periods, when not interrupted by the changes of the weather, which +generally produce a great deal of crowing. Indeed, the song of all +birds is much influenced by the state of the air." Dr. F. also +mentions, "that cocks began to crow during the darkness of the eclipse +of the sun, Sept. 4, 1820; and it seems that _crepusculum_ (or +twilight) is the sort of light in which they crow most." + + +_Goes of Liquor._ + +Why did tavern-keepers originally call portions of liquor "goes?" + +Because of the following incident, which, though unimportant in +itself, convinces us how much custom is influenced by the most +trifling occurrences:--The tavern called the Queen's Head, in +Duke's-court, Bow-street, was once kept by a facetious individual of +the name of Jupp. Two celebrated characters, Annesley Spay and Bob +Todrington, a sporting man, meeting one evening at the above place, +went to the bar, and each asked for half a quartern of spirits, with a +little cold water. In the course of time, they drank four-and-twenty, +when Spay said to the other, "Now we'll go."--"O no," replied he, +"we'll have another, and then go."--This did not satisfy the gay +fellows, and they continued drinking on till three in the morning, +when both agreed to GO; so that under the idea of going, they made a +long stay. Such was the origin of drinking, or calling for, _goes_. + + +Why was the celebrated cabinet council of Charles II. called the +Cabal? + +Because the initials of the names of the five councillors formed that +word, thus-- + + Clifford, + Arlington, + Buckingham + Ashley, + Lauderdale. + + * * * * * + + +COMPANION TO THE ALMANAC. + + +The volume for the present year appears to bring into play all the +advantages of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. The +majority of the papers are of permanent value,--as the Division of the +Day--a Table of the difference between London and Country Time--the +continuation of the "Natural History of the Weather," commenced in +last year's _Companion_--Chronological Table of Political Treaties, +from 1326--a Literary Chronology of Contemporaneous Authors from the +earliest times, on the plan of last year's Regal Table--Tables for +calculating the Heights of Mountains by the Barometer--and +illustrative papers on Life Assurance, the Irish Poor, and East India +Trade. + +The condensations of the official documents of the year follow; and +from these we select two or three examples: + + +_Bankruptcy Analysis, from November 1, 1829, to November 1, 1830._ + +Agricultural Implement Maker, 1; Anchorsmiths, 3; Apothecaries, 7; +Auctioneers, 10; Bakers, 15; Bankers, 3; Barge-master, 1; +Basket-maker, 1; Blacksmiths, 2; Bleacher, 1; Boarding-house Keepers, +9; Boarding-school Keeper, 1; Boat-builder, 1; Bombasin Manufacturer, +1; Bone Merchant, 1; Bookbinders, 3; Booksellers, 20; Boot and +Shoemakers, 14; Brassfounders, 4; Brewers, 17; Bricklayers, 5; +Brickmakers, 4; Brokers, 10; Brush Manufacturer, 1; Builders, 38; +Butchers, 8; Cabinet Makers, 9; Calico Printers, 3; Canvass +Manufacturer, 1; Cap Manufacturer, 1; Carpenters, 12; Carpet +Manufacturer, 1; Carriers, 4; Carvers and Gilders, 2; Cattle Dealers, +13; Cement Maker, 1; Cheesemongers, 12; China Dealers, 2; Chemists and +Druggists, 16; Clothes' Salesman 1; Clothiers, 9; Cloth Merchants, 8; +Coach Builders, 10; Coach Proprietors, 9; Coal Merchants, 28; +Coffeehouse Keeper, 1; Colour Maker, 1; Commission Agents, 7; +Confectioners, 3; Cook, 1; Cork Merchants, 2; Corn Merchants, 36; +Cotton Manufacturers, 16; Curriers, 8; Cutlers, 3; Dairyman, 1; +Dealers, 20; Drapers, 35; Drysalter, 1; Dyers, 12; Earthenware +Manufacturers, 4; Edge-tool Maker, 1; Engineers, 5; Factors, 4; +Farmers, 15; Farrier, 1; Feather Merchants, 3; Fellmongers, 2; +Fishmongers, 2: Flannel Manufacturers, 2; Flax-dressers, &c., 2; Fruit +Salesman 1; Furriers, 3; Gardener, 1; Gingham Manufacturers, 2; Glass +Cutters, 2; Glass Dealers, 3; Glove Manufacturers, 2; Goldsmiths, 2; +Grazier, 1; Grocers, 98; Gunmakers, 4; Haberdashers, 4; Hardwareman, +1; Hat Manufacturers, 9; Hop Merchants, 2; Horse Dealers, 10; Hosiers, +9; Innkeepers, 40; Ironfounders, 5; Iron Masters, 4; Iron Merchants, +4; Ironmongers, 19; Jewellers, 7; Joiners, 7; Lace Dealer, 1; Lace +Manufacturers, 3; Lapidary 1; Leather Cutters, 2; Leather Dressers, 2; +Lime Burners, 5; Linendrapers, 62; Linen Manufacturers, 2; Livery +Stable Keepers, 9; Looking Glass Manufacturer, 1; Machine Makers, 2; +Maltsters, 9; Manchester Warehousemen, 2; Manufacturers, 10; +Manufacturing Chemist, 1; Master Mariners, 10; Mast Maker, 1; Mattress +Maker, 1; Mealman, 1; Mercers, 16; Merchants, 71; Millers, 22; +Milliners, 7; Miner, 1; Money Scriveners, 21; MusicSellers, 5; +Nurserymen, 4; Oil and Colourman, 8; Painters, 6; Paper Hanger, 1; +Paper Manufacturers, 8; Pawnbrokers, 2; Perfumers, 4; Picture Dealers, +3; Pill Box Maker, 1; Plasterer, 1; Plumbers, 12; Porter Dealers, 2; +Potter, 1; Poulterer, 1; Printers, 4; Provision Brokers, 2; Ribbon +Manufacturers, 6; Rope Manufacturer, 1; Sack Maker, 1; Saddlers, 6; +Sail Cloth Makers, 2; Sail Makers, 4; Salesmen, 3; Scavenger, 1; +Schoolmasters, 6; Seedsmen, 2; Ship Chandlers, 3; Ship Owners, 5; +Shipwrights, 8; Shopkeepers, 11; Silk Manufacturers, 6; Silk +Throwsters, 2; Silversmiths, 2; Slate Merchants, 2; Smiths, 2; Soap +Maker, 1; Stationers, 7; Statuaries, 2; Steam Boiler Manufacturers, 2; +Stock Brokers, 2; Stocking Manufacturer, 1; Stonemasons, 8; Stuff +Merchants, 7; Sugar Refiner, 1; Surgeons, 13; Surveyor, 1; Tailors, +25; Tallow Chandler, 1; Tanners, 7; Tavern Keepers, 3; Timber +Merchants, 18; Tinmen, 3; Tobacconists, 4; Toymen, 3; Turners, 2; +Umbrella Manufacturer, 1; Underwriter, 1; Upholsterers, 16; Veneer +Cutter, 1; Victuallers, 88; Warehousemen, 15; Watch and Clock Makers, +6; Wax Chandler 1; Wheelwright, 1; White Lead Manufacturer, 1; +Whitesmith, 1; Whitster, 1; Wine and Spirit Merchants, 50; Woollen +Drapers, 18; Woolstaplers, 5; Worsted Manufacturers, 6.--Total, 1467. + +This is but a gloomy page in the commercial annals. + + +_Duties on Soap and Candles._ + +The amount of the duty on Candles has been, for the year ending 5th of +Jan. 1826, 491,236_l._; 1827, 471,994_l._; 1828, 492,622_l._; 1829, +503,779_l._; 1830, 495,138_l._ + +The rate of duty on the above articles is--On hard soap, 3d. per lb.; +soft soap, 13/4d.; candles, tallow, 1d. per lb.; wax and spermaceti, +31/2d. These duties are payable by law one week after the accounts are +made up; but as the accounts for the country include the operations of +six or seven weeks alternately, the period allowed for payment depends +upon the locality of the traders, as those resident where the +collector attends latest upon the round have a proportionally longer +credit; the time allowed for payment may be stated generally at from +fourteen to twenty-eight days. Within the limits of the chief office +the duties on candles are paid weekly; but those on soap have, by +custom, been extended to fourteen days after the account has been made +up. + + +_Duties on Newspapers._ + +Amount of Stamp Duties on Newspapers and Advertisements in England and +Scotland, during the five years ending January 5, 1830: + +_Year_ | NEWSPAPERS. | ADVERTISEMENTS. | +_ending_ +-----------+----------+-----------------------+ +_Jan. 5. | England | Scotland | England. | Scotland. | + | L. | L. | L. | L. | +1826 | 425,154 | 24,419 | 144,751 | 18,708 | +1827 | 429,662 | 22,013 | 135,687 | 17,779 | +1828 | 428,629 | 29,929 | 133,978 | 18,400 | +1829 | 439,798 | 33,556 | 136,368 | 18,939 | +1830 | 438,667 | 42,301 | 136,052 | 17,592 | + +In Ireland the total number of Newspaper Stamps issued has been, in +the years ending 5th Jan. 1827, 3,473,014; 1828, 3,545,846; 1829, +3,790,272; and 1830, 3,953,550. + + * * * * * + + + +THE SELECTOR; + +AND + +LITERARY NOTICES OF + +_NEW WORKS_. + + +MOORE'S LIFE OF BYRON. VOL. II. + + +It is our intention to condense a sheet of extracts from the above +volume, upon the plan adopted by us on the appearance of the previous +portion of the work. Our publishing arrangements will not, however, +advantageously allow the appearance of this sheet until next Saturday +week. In the meantime, a few extracts, _per se_, may gratify the +curiosity of the reader, and not interfere with the interest of our +proposed Supplement. + + +_Extracts from Lord Byron's Journal._ + +"Diodati, near Geneva, Sept. 19th, 1816. + +"Rose at five. Crossed the mountains to Montbovon on horseback, and on +mules, and, by dint of scrambling, on foot also; the whole route +beautiful as a dream, and now to me almost as indistinct. I am so +tired;--for, though healthy, I have not the strength I possessed but a +few years ago. At Montbovon we breakfasted; afterwards, on a steep +ascent, dismounted; tumbled down; cut a finger open; the baggage also +got loose and fell down a ravine, till stopped by a large tree; +recovered baggage; horse tired and drooping; mounted mule. At the +approach of the summit of Dent Jument[1] dismounted again with +Hobhouse and all the party. Arrived at a lake in the very bosom of the +mountains; left our quadrupeds with a shepherd, and ascended farther; +came to some snow in patches, upon which my forehead's perspiration +fell like rain, making the same dints as in a sieve; the chill of the +wind and the snow turned me giddy, but I scrambled on and upwards. +Hobhouse went to the highest pinnacle; I did not, but paused within a +few yards (at an opening of the cliff.) In coming down, the guide +tumbled three times; I fell a laughing, and tumbled too--the descent +luckily soft, though steep and slippery; Hobhouse also fell, but +nobody hurt. The whole of the mountains superb. A shepherd on a very +steep and high cliff playing upon his _pipe_; very different from +_Arcadia_, where I saw the pastors with a long musket instead of a +crook, and pistols in their girdles. Our Swiss shepherd's pipe was +sweet, and his tune agreeable. I saw a cow strayed; am told that they +often break their necks on and over the crags. Descended to Montbovon; +pretty scraggy village, with a wild river and a wooden bridge. +Hobhouse went to fish--caught one. Our carriage not come; our horses, +mules, &c. knocked up; ourselves fatigued. + + [1] Dent de Jaman. + +"The view from the highest points of to-day's journey comprised on one +side the greatest part of Lake Leman; on the other, the valleys and +mountain of the Canton of Fribourg, and an immense plain, with the +Lakes of Neuchatel and Morat, and all which the borders of the Lake of +Geneva inherit; we had both sides of the Jura before us in one point +of view, with Alps in plenty. In passing a ravine, the guide +recommended strenuously a quickening of pace, as the stones fall with +great rapidity and occasional damage; the advice is excellent, but, +like most good advice, impracticable, the road being so rough that +neither mules, nor mankind, nor horses, can make any violent progress. +Passed without fractures or menace thereof. + +"The music of the cows' bells (for their wealth, like the patriarchs', +is cattle,) in the pastures, which reach to a height far above any +mountains in Britain, and the shepherds shouting to us from crag to +crag, and playing on their reeds where the steeps appeared almost +inaccessible, with the surrounding scenery, realized all that I have +ever heard or imagined of a pastoral existence;--much more so than +Greece or Asia Minor, for there we are a little too much of the sabre +and musket order--and if there is a crook in one hand, you are sure to +see a gun in the other;--but this was pure and unmixed--solitary, +savage, and patriarchal. As we went, they played the 'Ranz des Vaches' +and other airs by way of farewell. I have lately repeopled my mind +with nature. + +"Sept. 20th. + +"Up at six; off at eight. The whole of this day's journey at an +average of between from 2,700 to 3,000 feet above the level of the +sea. This valley, the longest, narrowest, and considered the finest of +the Alps, little traversed by travellers. Saw the bridge of La Roche. +The bed of the river very low and deep, between immense rocks, and +rapid as anger;--a man and mule said to have tumbled over without +damage. The people looked free, and happy, and _rich_ (which last +implies neither of the former;) the cows superb; a bull nearly leapt +into the char-a-banc--'agreeable companion in a post-chaise;' goats +and sheep very thriving. A mountain with enormous glaciers to the +right--the Klitzgerberg; further on, the Hockthorn--nice names--so +soft;--_Stockhorn_, I believe, very lofty and scraggy, patched with +snow only; no glaciers on it, but some good epaulettes of clouds. + +"Passed the boundaries, out of Vaud and into Berne canton; French +exchanged for bad German; the district famous for cheese, liberty, +property, and no taxes. Hobhouse went to fish--caught none. Strolled +to the river--saw boy and kid--kid followed him like a dog--kid could +not get over a fence, and bleated piteously--tried myself to help kid, +but nearly overset both self and kid into the river. Arrived here +about six in the evening. Nine o'clock--going to bed; not tired +to-day, but hope to sleep, nevertheless." + +"Sept. 22nd. + +"Left Thoun in a boat, which carried us the length of the lake in +three hours. The lake small, but the banks fine. Rocks down to the +water's edge. Landed at Newhause--passed Interlachen--entered upon a +range of scenes beyond all description, or previous conception. Passed +a rock: inscription--two brothers--one murdered the other; just the +place for it. After a variety of windings came to an enormous rock. +Arrived at the foot of the mountain (the Jungfrau, that is, the +Maiden)--glaciers--torrents: one of these torrents _nine hundred feet_ +in height of visible descent. Lodged at the curate's. Set out to see +the valley--heard an avalanche fall, like thunder--glaciers +enormous--storm came on, thunder, lightning, hail--all in perfection, +and beautiful. I was on horseback; guide wanted to carry my cane; I +was going to give it him, when I recollected that it was a +sword-stick, and I thought the lightning might be attracted towards +him; kept it myself; a good deal encumbered with it, as it was too +heavy for a whip, and the horse was stupid, and stood with every +other peal. Got in, not very wet, the cloak being stanch. Hobhouse +wet through; Hobhouse took refuge in cottage; sent man, umbrella, and +cloak, (from the curate's when I arrived) after him. Swiss curate's +house very good indeed--much better than most English vicarages. It is +immediately opposite the torrent I spoke of. The torrent is in shape +curving over the rock, like the _tail_ of a white horse streaming in +the wind, such as it might be conceived would be that of the 'pale +horse' on which Death is mounted in the Apocalypse.[2] It is neither +mist nor water, but a something between both; its immense height (nine +hundred feet) gives it a wave or curve, a spreading here, or +condensation there, wonderful and indescribable. I think, upon the +whole, that this day has been better than any of this present +excursion. + + [2] It is interesting to observe the use to which he + afterwards converted these hasty memorandums in his sublime + drama of Manfred:-- + + It is not noon--the sunbow's rays still arch + The torrent with the many hues of heaven, + And roll the sheeted silver's waving column, + O'er the crag's headlong perpendicular, + And fling its lines of foaming light along, + _And to and fro, like the pale courser's tail, + The Giant steed, to be bestrode by Death, + As told in the Apocalypse._ + + +"Sept. 23rd. + +"Before ascending the mountain, went to the torrent (seven in the +morning) again; the sun upon it, forming a _rainbow_ of the lower part +of all colours, but principally purple and gold; the bow moving as you +move; I never saw anything like this: it is only in the sunshine. +Ascended the Wengen mountain; at noon reached a valley on the summit; +left the horses, took off my coat, and went to the summit, seven +thousand feet (English feet) above the level of the _sea_, and about +five thousand above the valley we left in the morning. On one side, +our view comprised the Jungfrau, with all her glaciers; then the Dent +d'Argent, shining like truth; then the Little Giant (the Kleine +Eigher;) and the Great Giant (the Grosse Eigher,) and last, not least, +the Wetterhorn. The height of the Jungfrau is 13,000 feet above the +sea, 11,000 above the valley: she is the highest of this range. Heard +the avalanches falling every five minutes nearly. From whence we +stood, on the Wengen Alp, we had all these in view on one side; on the +other, the clouds rose from the opposite valley, curling up +perpendicular precipices like the foam of the ocean of hell, during a +spring tide--it was white and sulphury, and immeasurably deep in +appearance.[3] The side we ascended was, of course, not of so +precipitous a nature; but on arriving at the summit, we looked down +upon the other side upon a boiling sea of cloud, dashing against the +crags on which we stood (these crags on one side quite perpendicular.) +Staid a quarter of an hour--begun to descend--quite clear from cloud +on that side of the mountain. In passing the masses of snow, I made a +snowball and pelted Hobhouse with it. + + [3] Ye _avalanches_, whom a breath draws down + In mountainous o'erwhelming, come and crush me! + _I hear ye momently above, beneath, + Crash with a frequent conflict_ + * * * * * + The mists boil up around the glaciers; _clouds_ + _Rise curling_ fast beneath me, white and sulphury, + _Like foam from the roused ocean of deep hell!_ + MANFRED. + + [4] O'er the savage sea, + The glassy ocean of the mountain ice + We skim its rugged breakers, which put on + The aspect of a tumbling _tempest's_ foam + _Frozen in a moment_. + MANFRED. + +"Got down to our horses again; ate something; remounted; heard the +avalanches still: came to a morass; Hobhouse dismounted to get over +well; I tried to pass my horse over; the horse sunk up to the chin, +and of course he and I were in the mud together; bemired, but not +hurt; laughed, and rode on. Arrived at the Grindenwald; dined, mounted +again, and rode to the higher glacier--like _a frozen hurricane_.[4] +Starlight, beautiful, but a devil of a path! Never mind, got safe in; +a little lightning, but the whole of the day as fine in point of +weather as the day on which Paradise was made. Passed _whole woods of +withered pines, all withered_; trunks stripped and lifeless, branches +lifeless; done by a single winter."[5] + + + [5] Like these _blasted pines, + Wrecks of a single winter, barkless, branchless_ + MANFRED. + + +_Shelley and Byron,_ + +It appears, first met at Geneva:-- + +There was no want of disposition towards acquaintance on either side, +and an intimacy almost immediately sprung up between them. Among the +tastes common to both, that for boating was not the least strong; and +in this beautiful region they had more than ordinary temptations to +indulge in it. Every evening, during their residence under the same +roof at Secheron, they embarked, accompanied by the ladies and +Polidori, on the Lake; and to the feelings and fancies inspired by +these excursions, which were not unfrequently prolonged into the hour +of moonlight, we are indebted for some of those enchanting stanzas[6] +in which the poet has given way to his passionate love of Nature so +fervidly. + + [6] Childe Harold, Canto 3. + + "There breathes a living fragrance from the shore + Of flowers yet fresh with childhood; on the ear + Drips the light drop of the suspended oar. + * * * * * + At intervals, some bird from out the brakes + Starts into voice a moment, then is still + There seems a floating whisper on the hill, + But that is fancy,--for the starlight dews + All silently their tears of love instil, + Weeping themselves away." + +A person who was of these parties has thus described to me one of +their evenings. 'When the _bise_ or northeast wind blows, the waters +of the Lake are driven towards the town, and, with the stream of the +Rhone, which sets strongly in the same direction, combine to make a +very rapid current towards the harbour. Carelessly, one evening, we +had yielded to its course, till we found ourselves almost driven on +the piles; and it required all our rowers' strength to master the +tide. The waves were high and inspiriting,--we were all animated by +our contest with the elements. 'I will sing you an Albanian song,' +cried Lord Byron; 'now be sentimental, and give me all your +attention.' It was a strange, wild howl that he gave forth; but such +as, he declared, was an exact imitation of the savage Albanian mode, +laughing, the while, at our disappointment, who had expected a wild +Eastern melody. + +Sometimes the party landed, for a walk upon the shore, and, on such +occasions, Lord Byron would loiter behind the rest, lazily trailing +his sword-stick along, and moulding, as he went, his thronging +thoughts into shape. Often too, when in the boat, he would lean +abstractedly over he side, and surrender himself up, in silence, to +the same absorbing task. + +The conversation of Mr. Shelley, from the extent of his poetic reading +and the strange, mystic speculations into which his system of +philosophy led him, was of a nature strongly to arrest and interest +the attention of Lord Byron, and to turn him away from worldly +associations and topics into more abstract and untrodden ways of +thought. As far as contrast, indeed, is an enlivening ingredient of +such intercourse, it would be difficult to find two persons more +formed to whet each other's faculties by discussion, as on few points +of common interest between them did their opinions agree; and that +this difference had its root deep in the conformation of their +respective minds needs but a glance through the rich, glittering +labyrinth of Mr. Shelley's pages to assure us. + + +_Letter of Lord to Lady Byron._ + +"I have to acknowledge the receipt of 'Ada's hair,' which is very soft +and pretty, and nearly as dark already as mine was at twelve years +old, if I may judge from what I recollect of some in Augusta's +possession, taken at that age. But it don't curl--perhaps from its +being let grow. I also thank you for the inscription of the date and +name, and I will tell you why;--I believe that they are the only two +or three words of your hand-writing in my possession. For your letters +I returned, and except the two words, or rather the one word, +'household,' written twice in an old account book, I have no other. I +burnt your last note, for two reasons:--firstly, it was written in a +style not very agreeable; and, secondly, I wish to take your word +without documents, which are the worldly resources of suspicious +people. I suppose that this note will reach you somewhere about Ada's +birthday--the 10th of December, I believe. She will then be six; so +that in about twelve more I shall have some chance of meeting her; +perhaps sooner, if I am obliged to go to England by business or +otherwise. Recollect, however, one thing, either in distance or +nearness;--every day which keeps us asunder should, after so long a +period, rather soften our mutual feelings, which must always have one +rallying-point as long as our child exists, which I presume we both +hope will be long after either of her parents. The time which has +elapsed since the separation has been considerably more than the whole +brief period of our union, and the not much longer one of our prior +acquaintance. We both made a bitter mistake; but now it is over, and +irrevocably so. For, at thirty-three on my part, and a few years less +on yours, though it is no very extended period of life, still it is +one when the habits and thought are generally so formed as to admit of +no modification; and as we could not agree when younger, we should +with difficulty do so now. I say all this, because I own to you, that, +notwithstanding everything, I considered our re-union as not +impossible for more than a year after the separation; but then I gave +up the hope entirely and for ever. But this very impossibility of +reunion seems to me at least a reason why, on all the few points of +discussion which can arise between us, we should preserve the +courtesies of life, and as much of its kindness as people who are +never to meet may preserve perhaps more easily than nearer +connexions. For my own part, I am violent, but not malignant; for only +fresh provocations can awaken my resentments. To you, who are colder +and more concentrated, I would just hint, that you may sometimes +mistake the depth of a cold anger for dignity, and a worse feeling for +duty. I assure you, that I bear you _now_ (whatever I may have done) +no resentment whatever. Remember, that _if you have injured me_ in +aught, this forgiveness is something; and that, if I have _injured +you_, it is something more still, if it be true as the moralists say, +that the most offending are the least forgiving. Whether the offence +has been solely on my side, or reciprocal, or on yours chiefly, I have +ceased to reflect upon any but two things,--viz. that you are the +mother of my child, and that we shall never meet again. I think if you +also consider the two corresponding points with reference to myself, +it will be better for all three." + + * * * * * + + + +THE NATURALIST. + + +DANCING FISH--SEA-SERPENT, &c. + + +In a paper on "Oceanic Dangers," in the _United Service Journal_ is +the following:-- + +There is a species of grampus from two to three tons weight, and about +sixteen feet in length, that amuses itself with jumping, or rather +springing its ponderous body entirely out of the water, in a vertical +position, and falling upon its back; this effort of so large a fish is +almost incredible, and informs us how surprisingly great the power of +muscle must be in this class of animal. I have seen them spring out of +the water within ten yards of the ship's side, generally in the +evening, after having swam all the former part of the day in the +ship's _wake_, or on either quarter. When several of these fish take +it into their heads to dance a "hornpipe," as the sailors have termed +their gambols, at the distance of half a mile they, especially at or +just after sun-down, may easily be mistaken for the sharp points of +rocks sticking up out of the water, and the splashing and foam they +make and produce have the appearance of the action of the waves upon +rocks. An officer of the navy informed me, that after sunset, when +near the equator, he was not a little alarmed and surprised (because +quite unexpected) at the cry of "rocks on the starboard bow:" looking +forward through the dubious light (if the expression may be admitted,) +he indistinctly saw objects which he and all on board took to be the +pinnacles of several rocks of a black and white colour: in a short +time, however he discovered this formidable danger to be nothing more +than a company of dancing grampuses with white bellies: as one +disappeared, another rose, so that there were at least five or six +constantly above the surface! + +The uncertainty attending the visual organ during the continuance of +the _aurora_ and of the _twilight_, must have been noticed by all +those person's who have frequented the ocean. Most sailors have the +power of eye-sight strengthened from constant practice, and from +having an unobstructed view so generally before them; yet I have known +an officer, who was famous for his quickness of sight, declare that in +the evening and morning he found it difficult to retain sight for more +than a second or two at a time, of a strange sail; at night, even with +an inverting glass, his practised eye could retain the object more +steadily. + +The public were amused for some time, a few years ago, by the tales of +brother Jonathan respecting the huge sea-serpent. Without at all +disputing the existence of creatures of that nature in the ocean, I +have little doubt that a sight I witnessed in a voyage to the West +Indies, was precisely such as some of the Americans had construed into +a "sea-serpent a mile in length," agreeing, as it did, with one or two +of the accounts given. This was nothing more than a tribe of black +porpoises in one line, extending fully a quarter of a mile, fast +asleep! The appearance certainly was a little singular, not unlike a +raft of puncheons, or a ridge of rocks; but the moment it was seen, +some one exclaimed, (I believe the captain)--"here is a solution of +Jonathan's enigma"--and the resemblance to his "sea-serpent" was at +once striking. + +Ice, sometimes, when a-wash with the surface of the sea may be +mistaken for breakers; and that which is called "black ice" has, both +by Capt. Parry and Mr. Weddell, been taken for rocks until a close +approach convinced them of the contrary; and, I dare say, others have +been in like manner deceived, especially near Newfoundland. + +A _scole_ of or indeed, a single, devil fish (_Lophius_) when deep in +the water, may appear like a shoal; and I think, that of all the +various appearances of strange things seen at sea, this monstrous +animal is more likely to deceive the judgment into a belief of a +submarine danger being where none actually exists, than any other. I +have watched one of these extraordinary creatures, as it passed slowly +along, occupying a space two-thirds of the length of the ship (a +32-gun frigate;) its shape was nearly circular, of a dark green +colour, spotted with white and light green shades, like the _ray_, and +some other flat-fish. + +Mr. Kriukof gave a curious description to Capt. Kotzebue of a marine +serpent which pursued him off Behring's island: it was red and +enormously long, the head resembling that of the sea-lion, at the same +time two disproportionately large eyes gave it a frightful appearance. +Mr. Kriukof's situation seems to have been almost as perilous above +the surface of the sea, as Lieutenant Hardy's Spanish diver's was, +with the _tinterero_ underneath! + +In the History of Greenland, (which, by the by, may with propriety be +called Parrynese,) I think there is a well authenticated account of a +large sea-serpent seen upon the coast of that vast insular land in +Hudson's sea. + +Sea-Devil.--Extract from the log-book of the ship Douglas.--"Sailed +May 3rd from Curacoa. May 6th, at three P.M. in lat. 35 long. 68.40, +made, as we supposed, a vessel bottom up, five or six miles +distant--proceeded within forty feet of the object, which appeared in +the form of a turtle--its height above water ten or twelve feet; in +length twenty-five or thirty feet, and in breadth twelve feet, with +oars or flappers, one on each side; twelve or fifteen feet in length, +one-third of the way from his tail forward, and one on each side near +his tail five feet long. The tail twenty to twenty-five feet +long,--had a large lion face with large eyes. The shell or body looked +like a clinker-built boat of twenty-five or thirty tons, bottom up, +and the seams of the laps newly paid. There were some large branches +on him. This animal was standing south-east, and in the course of +Bermuda, and his velocity about two knots per hour. A vessel running +foul of this monster might be much injured."--_New York Paper_, May 22. + +Spawn of fish, minute _mollusca_, the small classes of _squilla_ and +_cancer_, are known to voyagers as causing a discolouration of the sea +in particular places. Patches and lines of these are often seen within +the tropics, of a brown colour, and sometimes of a yellow, and of a +red shade, floating upon the surface of the ocean, which, to those +unused to such sights, are considered as indications of danger +beneath. I met with two patches of this description lately in the +Torrid Zone, but the captain being familiar with such instances, +sailed through them without apprehension. The first consisted of +myriads of small orbicular _medusae_, about the size of a pea, of a +purple hue; the other patch of a reddish-brown colour, was produced by +small _mollusca_, the size of a needle, and about a _line_ in length. + + * * * * * + + + +THE GATHERER. + + A snapper up of unconsidered trifles. + SHAKSPEARE. + + +CURIOUS SIGN. + + +The following is on a violin maker's sign-board, at Limerick:--"New +Villins mad here and old ones rippard, also new heads, ribs, backs, +and bellys mad on the shortest notice. N.B. Choes mended, &c. + +"Pat O'Shegnassy, painter." + +W.G.C. + + * * * * * + + +ANCIENT PROPHECY. + + +The author of "_The Blasynge of Armes_,"[7] at the end of Dame Julian +Berners's celebrated Treatise on Hawking, Hunting, and Fishing, has +informed us that "Tharmes of the Kynge of Fraunce were certaynly sent +by an angel from heven, that is to saye, thre floures in manere of +swerdes in a feld of azure, the whyche certer armes were given to the +forsayd Kynge of Fraunce in sygne of everlastynge trowble, and that he +and his successours alway with batayle and swerdes sholde be +punysshyd." + + + [7] This book was printed at St. Albans in the year 1486, and + afterwards reprinted by Wynkyn de Worde, in 1496. + + * * * * * + + +BATHOS AND PATHOS. + +(_To the Editor._) + + +Perceiving that you sometimes admit curious and eccentric epitaphs +into your very amusing and instructive periodical, if the enclosed is +worthy a place, it at least has this merit, if no other, that it is a +_literal_ copy, from a tombstone in St. Edmund's churchyard, Sarum:-- + +_In Memory of 3 Children of Joseph and Arabella Maton, who all died in +their Infancy, 1770._ + +1. + + Innocence Embellishes Divinely Compleat + To Prescience Coegent Now Sublimely Great + In the Benign, Perfecting, Vivifying State. + +2. + + So Heavenly Guardian Occupy the Skies + The Pre-Existent God, Omnipotent Allwise + He can Surpassingly Immortalize thy Theme + And Permanent thy Soul Celestial Supreme. + +3. + + When Gracious Refulgence, bids the Grave Resign + The Creators Nursing Protection be Thine + Thus each Perspiring AEther will Joyfully Rise + Transcendantly Good Supereminently Wise. + +W.C. + + * * * * * + + +THE LETTER B. + + "Or like a lamb, whose dam away is fet, + He treble _baas_ for help, but none can get." + SIDNEY. + + +Its pronunciation is supposed to resemble the bleating of a sheep; +upon which account the Egyptians represented the sound of this letter +by the figure of that animal. It is also one of those letters which +the eastern grammarians call _labial_, because the principal organs +employed in its pronunciation are the lips. With the ancients, B as a +numeral stood for 300. When a line was drawn above it, it stood for +3,000, and with a kind of accent below it, for 200. + +P.T.W. + + * * * * * + + +A DOUBLE. + +(_To the Editor._) + + +I read your story of the cherry-coloured cat. The clergyman with whom +I was educated astonished me when a child, by saying, when at his +living at ----, he preached in a cherry-coloured gown and a +_rose_-coloured wig (white.) + +AN OLD ONE. + + * * * * * + + +PROPHECY OF LORD BYRON. + + +In his journal, under the date of January 13, 1821, Lord Byron writes: +"Dined--news come--the powers mean to war with the people. The +intelligence seems positive--let it be so--they will be beaten in the +end. The _King-times_ are fast finishing. There will be blood shed +like water, and tears like mist; but the people will conquer in the +end. I shall not live to see it--but I foresee it." + + * * * * * + + +HARDHAM'S 37 + + +Snuff-takers generally, especially the patrons of Hardham's 37 will +read the following record of benevolence with some gratification:--"In +1772, Mr. John Hardham, a tobacconist, in London, a native of +Chichester, left by his will the interest of all his estates to the +guardians of the poor, 'to ease the inhabitants in their poor-rates +for ever.' This valuable legacy amounting to 653_l._ per annum was +subject to the life of the housekeeper of the testator, so that it was +not till 1786 that it reverted to the city."--This is even better than +the plan for snuff-takers paying off the national debt. + + * * * * * + + +PRESTON, LANCASTER. + + +Preston is a market-town, borough, and parish; situated on the river +Ribble, in the hundred of Amounderness, county palatine of Lancaster. +It was incorporated by Henry II., in 1160; and the privileges and free +customs granted by this and subsequent royal grants were confirmed by +Charter of 36th Charles II. The body corporate consists of a mayor, +recorder, seven aldermen, and seventeen capital burgesses, who, +together, form the common council of the borough. The mayor, two +town-bailiffs, and two sergeants are elected annually, upon the Friday +preceding the festival of St. Wilfrid, who was formerly lord of this +town; and they are invested, on the 12th of October following, by a +jury of twenty-four guild burgesses. The members of the council, with +the exception of the mayor, retain their seats for life, or during the +pleasure of a majority, and vacancies are supplied by the remaining +members. The town sends two representatives to parliament, and affords +the nearest practical example of universal suffrage in the +kingdom--every male inhabitant, whether housekeeper or lodger, who has +resided six months in the town, and who has not, during the last +twelve months, been chargeable to any township as a pauper, having a +right to vote for two candidates at elections. This principle was +established by a decision of the House of Commons, on an appeal, in +the year 1766, and has ever since been acted upon. The burgesses are +entitled, by the charter of Henry II., to have a GUILD MERCHANT, with +the usual franchises annexed, of safe transit through the kingdom, +exemption from toll, pontage, and stallage; liberty to buy and sell +peaceably; and power to hold a guild for the renewal of freedom to the +burgesses, the confirming of by-laws, and other purposes. This +privilege is still made the occasion of great festivity. For a long +time after their first institution, the guilds were held at irregular +periods, but they have now, for more than a century, been uniformly +celebrated every twentieth year, commencing on the Monday next after +the Decollation of St. John, which generally happens in the last week +of August; the last was held in 1822, and commenced on the 22nd of +September. The amusements, which are of great variety, continue for a +fortnight; but, for civic purposes, the guild books are open for one +entire month. The corporation are obliged to hold this carnival, on +pain of forfeiting their elective franchises, and their rights as +burgesses. The _guild_ appears to be of the nature of the ancient +frank-pledge: it is of Saxon origin, and derived from the word _gile_, +signifying money, by which certain fraternities enter into an +association, and stipulate with each other to punish crimes, make +losses good, and acts of restitution proportioned to offences;--for +which purposes, they raised sums of money among themselves, forming a +common stock; they likewise endowed chantries for priests to perform +orisons for the defunct. Fraternities and guilds were, therefore, in +use, long before any formal licenses were granted to them; though, at +this day, they are a company combined together, with orders and laws +made by themselves, under sanction of royal authority. The +several trades of Preston are incorporated; twenty-five chartered +companies go in procession on the guild festival. + +W.G.C. + + * * * * * + + +EPIGRAM. + + + Bob scrubs his head, in search of wit, + And calls his follies phrenzy fit; + But Bob forgets, with all his wit, + Poeta nascitur, non _fit_! + +P.T. + + * * * * * + + +COMPLETION OF VOL. XVI. + +WITH THE PRESENT NUMBER + +A SUPPLEMENTARY NUMBER, + +With a Portrait of the Queen, and a Memoir of her Majesty; with +Title-page, Preface, and Index to Vol. XVI. + + * * * * * + +[***] Books are flocking fast around us. Among them are Mr. Boaden's +Life of Mrs. Jordan--the Romance of History--Vols. 13 and 14 of +Lardner's Cyclopaedia--Dr. Dibdin's Sunday Library--Vol 1 of the +Cabinet Library--and three other volumes of the periodical libraries. +Our preference of Moore's Byron is, we hope, borne out by its +paramount interest. + + * * * * * + +_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset +House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; +and by all Newsmen and Booksellers._ + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, +and Instruction, No. 470, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, *** + +***** This file should be named 13495.txt or 13495.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/3/4/9/13495/ + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Victoria Woosley and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/old/13495.zip b/old/13495.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..39ef990 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/13495.zip |
