diff options
| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:38:40 -0700 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:38:40 -0700 |
| commit | 7210fe7f51ddc621c8319b0a649c6cdc824b097f (patch) | |
| tree | 09b641b44b5772991c4ee0a1201546eb631f0d3e | |
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 12018-0.txt | 1978 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 12018-h/12018-h.htm | 2777 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/12018-8.txt | 2400 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/12018-8.zip | bin | 0 -> 46474 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/12018-h.zip | bin | 0 -> 50920 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/12018-h/12018-h.htm | 3224 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/12018.txt | 2400 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/12018.zip | bin | 0 -> 46410 bytes |
11 files changed, 12795 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/12018-0.txt b/12018-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a2b4604 --- /dev/null +++ b/12018-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1978 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 12018 *** + +NOTES AND QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, +ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + + * * * * * + +"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + + * * * * * + +No. 17.] Saturday, February 23. 1850. [Price Threepence. Stamped Edition 4d. + + * * * * *{257} + +CONTENTS. + +NOTES:--Page + Alfred's Orosius, by R.T. Hampson 257 + Folk Lore--Omens from Cattle--Horse's Head--Rush-bearings 258 + On Authors and Books, No. 5., by Bolton Corney 259 + Plagiarisms, or Parallel Passages, No. 2. 260 + St. Antholin's 260 + +QUERIES:-- + College Salting, by Rev. Dr. Maitland 261 + A few Dodo Queries, by H.E. Strictland 261 + Coleridge's Christabel, Byron's Lara: Tablet to Napoleon 262 + Minor Queries:--Howkey or Horkey--Lord Bacon's Psalms--Treatise of + Equivocation 263 + +REPLIES:-- + Etymology of Armagh, by Rev. Dr. Todd 264 + William Hasse and his Poems, by E.F. Rimbault, LL.D. 265 + Beaver Hats--Pisan, by T. Hudson Turner 266 + Replies to Minor Queries:--Norman Pedigrees--Translation of Ælian--Ave + Trici--Daysman--Saveguard--Calamity--Zero--Complutensian + Polyglot--Sir W. Rider--Pokership--Havior, Heavier or Hever--Sir W. + Hamilton--Dr. Johnson's Library 266 + +MISCELLANIES:-- + Etymology of News--The Golden Age 270 + +MISCELLANEOUS:-- + Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c. 270 + Books and Odd Volumes wanted 271 + Notices to Correspondents 271 + Advertisements 271 + + * * * * * + +KING ALFRED'S GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE. + +The sketch of Europe, which our illustrious Alfred has inserted in his +translation of _Orosius_, is justly considered, both here and on the +Continent, as a valuable fragment of antiquity[1]; and I am sorry that +I can commend little more than the pains taken by his translators, +the celebrated Daines Barrington and Dr. Ingram, to make it available +to ordinary readers. The learned judge had very good intentions, but +his knowledge of Anglo-Saxon was not equal to the task. Dr. Ingram +professedly applied himself to correct both Alfred's text and +Barrington's version, so far as relates to the description of Europe; +but in two instances, occurring in one passage, he has adopted the +judge's mistake of proper names for common nouns. I do not call +attention to the circumstance merely as a literary curiosity, but +to preserve the royal geographer from liability to imputations of +extraordinary ignorance of his subject, and also to show the accuracy +of his delineation of Europe at that interesting epoch, whence the +principal states of Europe must date their establishment. + +King Alfred, mentioning the seat of the Obotriti, or Obotritæ, as +they are sometimes named, a Venedic nation, who, in the 9th century, +occupied what is now the duchy of Mecklenburg, calls them _Apdrede_, +and says--"Be nor than him is apdrede, and cast north wylte the man +æfeldan hæt."[2] + +Barrington translates the words thus:--"To the north is Aprede, and to +the north east the wolds which are called Æfeldan."[3] + +Dr. Ingram has the following variation:--"And to the east north are +the wolds which are called Heath Wolds."[4] To the word _wolds_ +he appends a note:--"_Wylte_. See on this word a note hereafter." +Very well; the promised note is to justify the metamorphosis of the +warlike tribe, known in the annals and chronicles of the 9th century +as the Wilti, Wilzi, Weleti, and Welatibi, into heaths and wolds. +Thirty pages further on there is a note by J. Reinhold Forster, +the naturalist and navigator, who wrote it for Barrington in full +confidence that the translation was correct:--"The Æfeldan," he says, +"are, as king Alfred calls them, _wolds_; there are at present in +the middle part of Jutland, large tracts of high moors, covered with +_heath_ only." + +Of _wylte_, Dr. Ingram writes:--"This word has never been correctly +explained; its original signification is the same, whether written +felds, fields, velts, welds, wilds, wylte, wealds, walds, walz, wolds, +&c. &c." And on _heath_, he says:--"Mr. Forster seems to have read +Hæfeldan (or Hæthfeldan), which indeed, I find in the Junian MS. +inserted as a various reading by Dr. Marshall (_MSS. Jun. 15_.). It +also occurs, further on in the MS., without any various reading. I +have therefore inserted it in the text." {258} + +Dr. Marshall seems to have understood the passage. What King Alfred +says and means is this:--"On the north are the Apdrede (Obotritæ), and +on the north east of them are the Wylte, who are called Hæfeldi." + +The anonymous Saxon Poet, who wrote the life of Charlemagne, gives the +same situation as Alfred to the Wilti:-- + + "Gens est Slavorum Wilti cognomine dicta, + Proxima litoribus quæ possidet arva supremis + Jungit ubi oceano proprios Germania fines."[5] + +Helmold says that they inhabited the part of the coast opposite to the +island of Rugen; and hereabouts Adam of Bremen places the _Heveldi_, +and many other Slavonic tribes.[6] I am not aware that any other +author than Alfred says, that the Wilti and Heveldi were the +same people; but the fact is probable. The Heveldi are of rare +occurrence, but not so the Wilti.[7] Ptolemy calls them [Greek: +Beltai]--Veltæ or Weltæ--and places them in Prussian Pomerania, +between the Vistula and Niemen. Eginhard says that "they are +Slavonians who, in our manner, are called Wilsi, but in their own +language, Welatibi."[8] Their country was called Wilcia,[9] and, +as a branch of them were settled in Batavia about 560, it does not +seem very improbable that from them were derived the Wilsæton of the +Anglo-Saxon chronicles, meaning the _Wilts seated_, or settlers in +Wilts-shire. The name, as Eginhard has noticed, is Slavic, and is an +adoption of _welot_ or _weolot_, a giant, to denote the strength and +fierceness which rendered them formidable neighbours. _Heveldi_ seems +to be the same word made emphatic with a foreign addition. + +Two other names have been given much trouble to the translators, +as well as to Mr. Forster. These are, _Mægtha Land_ and _Horiti_ +or _Horithi_, for both occur, and the latter is not written with +the letter _thorn_, but with a distinct _t_ and _h_. Alfred has, +unquestionably, met with the Slavic _gorod_, which so frequesntly +occurs as the termination of the names of cities in the region where +he indicates the seat of his Horiti to be. It signifies a city, and +is an etymological equivalent of Goth. _gards_, a house, Lat. _cors, +cortis_; O.N. _gardr_, a district, A.-Sax. _geard_, whence our _yard_. +The Polish form is _grodz_, and the Sorabic, _hrodz_. He places the +Horiti to the east of the Slavi Dalamanti, who occupied the district +north east of Moravia, with the _Surpe_, that is, Serbi, Servi, on +their north, and the _Sisle_, Slusli, another Slavonic people, on the +west. This appears to be the site possessed by the Hunnic founders of +Kiow. In Helmold, Chunigord, _the city or station of the Huns_, is the +name of the part of Russia containing Kiow.[10] + +To the north of Horiti, says Alfred, is _Mægtha Land_.--A Finnic +tribe, called Magyar, were settled in the 9th century in Mazovia, +whence a part of them descended into Hungary. According to Mr. +Forster, Mazovia has been called _Magan Land_; but I can find no trace +of that name. I can easily conceive, however, that _Magyar_ and _Land_ +might become, in Saxon copying, Mægtha Land, for the country of the +Magyar. Elsewhere, Alfred uses Mægtha Land, the land of the Medes, for +Persia. + +Is there any other printed copy of the Saxon _Orosius_ than +Barrington's? for that forbids confidence by a number of needless and +unauthorised alterations in most of the pages. + +R.T. HAMPSON + + [1] "La précieuse géographie d'Alfred, roi d'Angleterre."--Le + Comte J. Gräberg. _La Scandinavie Vengée_, p. 36. + + [2] Cotton MSS., _Tiberius_, b. i. fol. 12b. + + [3] Transl. of _Orosius_, p. 8. + + [4] _Inaugural Lecture_, p. 72. + + [5] _Vita Karoli Magni_, ann. 789. + + [6] "Sunt et alii Slavorum populi qui inter Albiam et + Oderam degunt, sicut Heveldi, qui juxta Haliolam fluvium, et + Doxani, Liubuzzi, Wilini, et Stoderani, cum multis aliis."--_Hist. + Eccl._ p. 47, 48. + + [7] _Annales Sangall. Brev._, ann. 789.--_Ann. Lauresham_, &c. + + [8] _Vit. Kar. Mag._ and _Annal. Francor._, ann. 822. + + [9] _Annal. Petav._, ann 789. + + [10] _Chron. Slavorum_, l. i, c. 2. + + * * * * * + +FOLK LORE. + +_Omens from Cattle_.--I forward to you a _Note_, which, many years +ago, I inserted in my interleaved Brand's _Observations on Popular +Antiquities_, vol. ii. p. 519. 4to., in the hope that, as the subject +interested me _then_, it may not prove uninteresting to some _now_:-- + + "A bad omen seems to be drawn from _an ox or cow breaking into + a garden_. Though I laugh at the superstition, the omen was + painfully fulfilled in my case. + + "About the middle of March, 1843, some cattle were driven + close to my house; and, the back door being open, _three_ + got into our little bit of garden, and trampled it. When our + school-drudge came in the afternoon, and asked the cause of + the confusion, she expressed great sorrow and apprehension on + being told--said it was a bad sign--and that we should hear of + _three_ deaths within the next six months. Alas! in April, we + heard of dear J----'s murder; a fortnight after, A---- died; + and to-morrow, August 10th, I am to attend the funeral of my + excellent son-in-law. + + "I have just heard of the same omen from another quarter." + +This was added the next day:-- + + "But what is still more remarkable is, that when I went down + to Mr. ----'s burial, and was mentioning the superstition, + they told me that, while he was lying ill, a cow got into the + front garden, and was driven out with great difficulty." + +L.S. + + +_The Horse's Head--Rush-bearings._--The account of the Welch custom of +the "Grey Mare" in a late Number reminded me of something very similar +in Cheshire. In the parish of Lynn it is customary, for a week or ten +days before the 5th {259} of November, for the skeleton of a horse's +head, dressed up with ribbons, &c., having glass eyes inserted in the +sockets, and mounted on a short pole by way of handle, to be carried +by a man underneath, covered with a horse-cloth. There is generally +a chain attached to the nose, which is held by a second man, and +they are attended by several others. In houses to which they can gain +access, they go through some kind of performance, the man with the +chain telling the horse to rear, open its mouth, &c. Their object, of +course, is to obtain money. The horse will sometimes seize persons, +and hold them fast till they pay for being set free; but he is +generally very peaceable,--for in case of resistance being offered, +his companions frequently take flight, and leave the poor horse to +fight it out. I could never learn the origin of this strange custom. +I remember, when very young, having a perfect horror of meeting this +animal in the dark. + +Another custom, which I suppose prevails in some other places, is the +"Rush-bearing." At the annual Wakes a large quantity of rushes are +collected together, and loaded on a cart, almost to the height of a +load of hay. They are bound on the cart, and cut evenly at each end. +On the Saturday evening a number of men sit on the top of the rushes, +holding garlands of artificial flowers, tinsel, &c. The cart is +drawn round the parish by three or four spirited horses, decked out +with ribbons,--the collars being surrounded with small bells. It is +attended by morris-dancers, dressed in strange style,--men in women's +clothes, &c. One big man in woman's clothes, with his face blacked, +has a belt round his waist, to which is attached a large bell, and +carries a ladle, in which he collects money from the spectators. +The company stop and dance at the principal public-houses in their +route, and then proceed to the parish church(!), where the rushes are +deposited, and the garlands hung up very conspicuously, to remain +till the next year. I believe a custom somewhat similar exists in +the adjoining parish of Warburton, but not carried out in such grand +style. + +It would be very interesting if your correspondents in different parts +of the country would send accounts of these relics of the barbarous +ages. + +JULIUS. + +Runcorn, Feb. 13. 1850. + + * * * * * + +ON AUTHORS AND BOOKS, NO. 5. + +As a writer of dedications, Samuel Johnson was the giant of his time. +He once said to Boswell, the subject arising at a dinner-party, "Why, +I have dedicated to the royal family all round,"--and the _honest +chronicler_ proves that he spoke advisedly. + +Compositions of this nature admit much variety of character. A +dedication may be the pure homage which we owe to merit, or the +expression of gratitude for favours received, or a memorial of +cherished friendship; and such dedications, in point of motive, +are beyond the reach of censure--I may fairly assert, are very +commendable. Nevertheless, Johnson left no compositions of either +class: "the _loftiness_ of his mind," as Boswell gravely states, +"prevented him from ever dedicating in his own person." + +A more equivocal sort of dedication also prevailed. A book was +supposed to require the prefix of some eminent name as its patron, +in order to ensure its success. Now the author, though very capable +of writing with propriety on his chosen theme, might be unequal to +the courtly style which dedicators were wont to display, and as the +_complement_ was to be returned _substantially_, he might be tempted +to employ a superior artist on the occasion. It was chiefly under such +circumstances that the powers of Johnson were called into action. By +what arguments the stern moralist would have endeavoured to justify +the deception, for it deserves no better name, is more than I can +undertake to decide, and I submit the query to his enthusiastic +admirers. + +To the dedications enumerated by the faithful Boswell, and by his +sharp-sighted editors, Malone and Croker, I have to announce on +_internal_ evidence, a gorgeous addition! It is the dedication to +Edward Augustus, Duke of York, of _An Introduction to Geometry_, by +William Payne, London: T. Payne, at the Mews Gate, 1767. 4º., 1768. +8º. I transcribe it _literatim_. It wants no comment:-- + + "TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF YORK. + + "SIR, + + "They who are permitted to prefix the names of princes to + treatises of science generally enjoy the protection of a + patron, without fearing the censure of a judge. + + "The honour of approaching your royal highness has given + me many opportunities of knowing, that the work which I now + presume to offer will not partake of the usual security. + For as the knowledge which your royal highness has already + acquired of GEOMETRY extends beyond the limits of an + introduction. I expect not to inform you; I shall be happy + if I merit your approbation. + + "An address to such a patron admits no recommendation of the + science. It is superfluous to tell your royal highness that + GEOMETRY is the primary and fundamental art of life; that its + effects are extended through the principal operations of human + skill; that it conducts the soldier in the field, and the + seaman in the ocean; that it gives strength to the fortress, + and elegance to the palace. To your royal highness all this + is already known; GEOMETRY is secure of your regard, and your + opinion of its usefulness and value has sufficiently appeared, + by the condescension in which you have been pleased to honour + {260} one who has so little pretension to the notice of + princes, as + + "Sir, + "Your royal highnesses [sic]' + "Most obliged, + "Most obedient, + "And most humble servant, + "WILLIAM PAYNE." + +A short preface follows, which bears marks of reparation. It may have +received some touches from the same masterly hand. + +The _external_ evidence in favour of the ascription of the above piece +to Johnson, if slight in itself, is not devoid of significance. He had +dedicated a book for the same author, which book was also published by +Mr. Thomas Payne, who was his brother, in 1756. + +BOLTON CORNEY. + + * * * * * + +PLAGIARISMS, OR PARALLEL PASSAGES. NO. 2. + +[_CONTINUED FROM NO. 11. P. 163._] + + "Dans les premières passions les femmes aiment l'amant; dans + les autres elles aiment l'amour."--La Rouchefoucauld, _Max._ + 494. + + "In her first passions woman loves her lover, + In all the others all she loves is love, + Which grows a habit she can ne'er get over, + And fits her loosely--like an easy glove," etc. + + _Don Juan_, canto iii. st. iii. + +There is no note on _this_ passage; but on the concluding lines of the +_very next_ stanza, + + "Although, no doubt, her first of love affairs + Is that to which her heart is wholly granted; + Yet there are some, they say, who have had _none_, + But those who have ne'er end with only _one_, + +we have the following editorial comment:--"These two lines are a +versification of a saying of Montaigne." (!!!) The saying is _not_ +by Montaigne, but by La Rochefoucauld:-- + + "On peut trouver des femmes qui n'ont jamais eu de galanterie; + mais il est rare d'en trouver qui n'en aient jamais eu + qu'une."--_Max._ 73. + +Byron borrows the same idea again:-- + + "Writing grows a habit, like a woman's gallantry. There are + women who have had no intrigue, but few who have had but one + only; so there are millions of men who have never written a + book, but few who have written only one."--_Observations upon + an Article in Blackwood's Magazine_; _Byron's Works_, vol. xv. + p. 87, Moore's Edition, 17 vols duod. London, 1833. + +Both the silence of the author, and the blunder of his editor, seem +to me to prove that _Les Maximes_ are not as _generally_ known and +studied as they deserve to be. + +MELANION. + + * * * * * + +ST. ANTHOLIN'S. + +Your correspondent MR. RIMBAULT (No. 12.) has made rather a grave +charge against my predecessors in office as churchwardens and +overseers of this parish; and although, I regret to say, such +accusations of unjust stewardship and dereliction of duty are +frequently and with justice imputed to some parish officers, yet I am +happy to be able, in this instance, to remove the stigma which would +otherwise attach to those of St. Antholin. The churchwardens' accounts +are in good preservation, and present (in an unbroken series) the +parish expenditure for nearly three centuries. + +Mr. Rimbault has doubtless been misled by some error in the +description of the MSS. in Mr. Thorpe's catalogue (as advertised by +him for sale), which were probably merely extracts from the original +records. + +The first volume commences with the year 1574, and finishes in 1708; +the accounts are all written at the time of their respective dates, +and regularly signed by the auditors then and there present as +correct. + +I have made numerous extracts from these interesting documents, +and _notes_ thereon, which I shall at some future time be happy to +lay before your readers, if you should consider them of sufficient +importance. + +As a voucher for what I have stated with regard to their existence, +and to give some idea of their general character, I have selected (at +random) a few items from the year 1580-1:-- + + "The Accompte of Henrie Jaye, Churchwarden of the Parishe of + St. Antholyne, from the feaste of the Anunciacon of our Ladye + in Anno 1580 unto the same feaste followinge in Anno 1581." + +Among the "receaittes" we have-- + + "R'd of Mr. Thorowgoode for an olde font stone, + by the consente of a vestrie v's iiij'd + + "R'd for the clothe of _bodkine_[11] y't Ser Roger + Marten hade before in keppinge, and now + sold by the consente of a vestry and our + mynnister iij'll vj's viij'd + +"The Payments as followithe:-- + + "P'd to the wife of John Bakone _gwder_ of the + Lazer cotte at Myle End[12] in full of her due {261} + for keppinge of Evan Redde y't was Mr. + Hariots mane till his departtur and for his + Shete and Burialle as dothe apere xl's viij'd + + "P'd for makinge of the Longe pillowe & the + pulpit clothe ij's + + "P'd for a yard and a nale of fustane for the same + pillowe xvj'd + + "P'd for silke to the same pillowe xvj'd + + "P'd for xj'li of fethers for the same pillowe, at + v'd iiij's vij'd + + "P'd for brede and beer that day the quen cam + in xij'd + + "P'd for candells and mendinge the _baldrocke_[13] vj'd + + "P'd for paynttinge y'e stafe of the survayer iij'd + + "P'd for mendynge the lytell bell iij's + + "Pd to Mr. Sanders for the yearly rent of the + Laystall and skowringe the _harnes_[14] for + his yer iij's viij'd + + "P'd to Mr. Wright for the makinge of the Cloke[15] + mor than he gatheride, agred one at the laste + vestrie xvij's + + "P'd to Peter Medcalfe for mending the Cloke + when it neade due at o'r Ladies Daye laste + past in Anno 1581 iij's + + "P'd for entringe this account xx'd." + +W.C., JUNIOR, + +Overseer of St. Antholin, 1850. + + [11] _Brodekine_. A richly-gilt stuff. + + [12] It appears from an entry in the preceding year, that this + man was first sent to "Sentt Thomas Spittell in Soughwork," when + it was discovered that he was afflicted with the leprosy, or some + cutaneous disease, and immediately removed to the Lazar-house at + Mile End, it being strictly forbidden that such cases should + remain in the hospitals. These lazar-houses were built away from + the town; one was the Lock Hospital, in Southwark; one at + Kingsland, another at Knightsbridge, and that mentioned above + between Mile End and Stratford. The laws were very strict in the + expulsion of leprous people from the city; and if they attempted + to force their way into the hospitals, they were bound fast to + horses, and dragged away to the lazar-houses. + + [13] The _baldricke_ was the garter and buckle by means of + which the clapper was suspended inside the bell. + + [14] _Harnes_, or armour, which perhaps hung over some of the + monuments in the church. + + [15] It was about this time that clocks began to be generally + used in churches (although of a much earlier invention); and in + subsequent years we have several items of expenditure connected + with that above mentioned. In 1595:-- + + "Paid for a small bell for the _watche_ iiij's + + "Paid to the smith for Iron worke to it xx'd + + "Paid for a waight for the Clocke wayinge + 36'lb and for a ringe of Iron v's." + + Still, however, the hour-glass was used at the pulpit-desk, to + determine the length the parson should go in his discourse; and + xij'd for a new hour-glass frequently occurs. + + * * * * * + +QUERIES. + +COLLEGE SALTING. + +Mr. Editor.--If your very valuable work had existed in October, 1847, +when I published in the _British Magazine_ a part of Archibishop +Whitgift's accounts relative to his pupils while he was Master of +Trinity College, Cambridge, I should certainly have applied to you +for assistance. + +In several of the accounts there is a charge for the pupil's +"salting;" and after consulting gentlemen more accurately informed +with regard to the customs of the university than myself, I was +obliged to append a note to the word, when it occurred for the first +time in the account of Lord Edward Zouch, in which I said, "I must +confess my inability to explain this word; and do not know whether it +may be worth while to state that, on my mentioning it to a gentleman, +once a fellow-commoner of the college, he told me, that when, as a +freshman, he was getting his gown from the maker, he made some remark +on the long strips of sleeve by which such gowns are distinguished, +and was told that they were called 'salt-bags,' but he could not learn +why; and an Oxford friend tells me, that going to the buttery to +drink salt and water was part of the form of his admission.... This +nobleman's (i.e. Lord Edward Zouch's) amounted to 4s., and that of the +Earl of Cumberland to 3s. 4d., while in other cases it was as low as +8d." To this I added the suggestion that it was probably some fee, +or expense, which varied according to the rank of the parties. It +afterwards occurred to me that this "salting" was, perhaps, some +entertainment given by the new-comer, from and after which he ceased +to be "fresh;" and that while we seem to have lost the "salting" both +really and nominally, we retain the word to which it has reference. + +Be this as it may, my attention has just now been recalled to the +question by my accidentally meeting with one of Owen's epigrams, which +shows that in his time there was some sort of salting at Oxford, and +also of peppering at Winchester. As I doubt not that you have readers +well acquainted with the customs of both these seats of learning, +perhaps some may be good enough to afford information. Owen was at +Oxford not many years after Whitgift had been Master of Trinity at +Cambridge, if (as Wood states) he took his bachelor's degree in 1590. +The epigram is as follows:-- + + "Oxoniæ salsus (juvenis tum) more vetusto; + Wintoniæque (puer tum) piperatus eram. + Si quid inest nostro piperisve salisve libello, + Oxoniense sal est, Wintoniense piper." + +It is No. 64 in that book of epigrams which Owen inscribed "Ad Carolum +Eboracensem, fratrem Principis, filium Regis," p. 205, edit. Elz, +1628. 12mo. I give this full reference in order to express my most +hearty sympathy with the righteous indignation of my highly respected +friend, your correspondent "L.S." (No. 15 p. 230.), against imperfect +references. I do not, however, agree with him in thinking it fortunate +that he is not a "despotic monarch;" on the contrary, now that I have +not to take up verses, or construe Greek to him, I should like it of +all things; and I am sure the world would be much the better for it. + +S.R. MAITLAND. + +Gloucester, Feb. 18. 1850. + + * * * * * + +A FEW DODO QUERIES. + +The discovery and speedy extinction of that extraordinary bird the +DODO, belongs rather to {262} human history than to pure zoology, and +I therefore hope that a few Queries relating to this curious subject +will be admissible into your publication. I have already, in the work +entitled _The Dodo and its Kindred_, and in the Supplementary notices +inserted last year in the _Annals and Magazine of Natural History_ +(ser. 2. vol. iii. pp. 136, 259; vol. iv. p. 335), endeavoured to +collect together the _omne scitum_ of the Dodo-history, but I am +satisfied that the _omne scibile_ is not yet attained. + +_Query I._--Is there any historical record of the first discovery of +Mauritius and Bourbon by the Portuguese? These islands bore the name +of _Mascarenhas_ as early as 1598, when they were so indicated on one +of the De Bry's maps. Subsequent compilers state that they were thus +named after their Portuguese discoverer, but I have not succeeded in +finding any notice of them in the histories of Portuguese expeditions +to the East Indies which I have consulted. The only appartently +authentic indication of their discovery, that I am aware of, is the +pillar bearing the name of John III. of Portugal, and dated 1545, +which is stated by Leguat, on Du Quesne's authority, to have been +found in Bourbon by Flacour, when he took possession of the island +in 1653. + +_Query II_.--It appears from Leguat's _New Voyage to the East Indies_, +London, 1708, pp. 2, 37., that the Marquis Du Quesne, being desirous +of sending out a colony from Holland to the Isle of Bourbon in 1689 or +1690, published (probably in Dutch) an account of that Island, with a +view of inducing emigrants to go thither. I should be greatly obliged +if any of your readers can tell me the title, date, and place of +publication of this book, and where a copy of it is to be seen or +procured. + +_Query III_.--Are there in existence any original oil-paintings of +the Dodo by Savery or any other artist, besides the five described in +the _Dodo and its Kindred_--viz., the one at the Hague, at Berlin, +at Vienna, at the British Museum, and at Oxford? And are there any +original engravings of this bird, besides that in De Bry, in Clusius, +in Van den Broecke, in Herbert, in Bontekoc, and in Bontius, of all +which I have published fac-similes? + +_Query IV_.--Are there any _original_ authors who mention the Dodo +as a living bird, besides Van Neck, Clusius, Heemskerk, Willem van +West-Zanen, Matelief, Van der Hagen, Verhuffen, Van den Broecke, +Bontekoe, Herbert, Cauche, Lestrange, and Benjamin Harry? Or any +authority for the _Solitaire_ of Rodriguez besides Leguat and +D'Heguerty; or for the Dodo-like birds of Bourbon besides Castelton, +Carré Sieur D.B., and Billiard? + +_Query V_--In Rees' _Cyclopæia_, article BOURBON, we are told that +in that island there is "a kind of large bat, denominated _l'Oiseau +bleu_, which are skinned and eaten as a great delicacy." Where did the +compiler of the article pick up this statement? + +_Query VI_.--Is there in existence any figure, published or +unpublished, of the Dodo-like bird which once inhabited the Isle of +Bourbon? + +_Query VII_--What is the derivation or meaning of the words _Dodaers_ +and _Dronte_, as applied to the Dodo? + +_Query VIII_.--Sir Hamon Lestrange has recorded that about 1638 he +saw a living Dodo exhibited in London. (See _Sloane MSS_. 1839, v. p. +9. in Brit. Mus.; Wilkin's ed. of _Sir T. Browne's Works_, vol. i. p. +369.; vol. ii, p. 173.; _The Dodo and its Kindred_, p. 22.) Is there +any contemporary notice extant in print or in MS. which confirms this +statement? A splendidly bound copy of _The Dodo and its Kindred_ will +be given to any one who can answer this query affirmatively. + +_Query IX_.--In Holme's _Academy of Armory and Blazou_, Chester, 1688, +p. 289, we find a Dodo figured as an heraldic device, a fac-simile of +which is given in the _Annals of Natural History_, 2nd series, vol. +iii. p. 260. The author thus describes it: "He beareth Sable a _Dodo_ +or _Dronte_ proper. By the name of _Dronte_. This exotic bird doth +equal a swan in bigness," &c. &c. Now I wish to ask, where did this +family of _Dronte_ reside? Is anything known concerning them? How did +they come by these arms? and are any members of the family now living? + +_Query X._--From a passage in the _Histoire de l'Académie Royale des +Sciences_, 1776, p. 37, it appears that Pingré the French astronomer, +published, or at least wrote, a relation of his voyage to Rodriguez, +in which he speaks of _Solitaires_. Is this the fact? and if so, what +is the title of his work? + +H.E. STRICKLAND. + + * * * * * + +ON PASSAGES IN COLERIDGE'S CHRISTADEL AND BYRON'S LARA. TABLET TO +NAPOLEON. + +I am one of those who look upon the creations of our great poets as +deserving illustration almost as much as actual history; and I am +always distressed when I meet with passages representing events with +respect to which I cannot make up my mind as to what the author meant, +or intended his readers to believe. Two of these occur to me at this +moment, and I shall be much obliged by any of your correspondents +giving, in your pages, brief replies to my queries, or referring me +to any published works where I may find their solution. + +1. What did Coleridge mean to represent or imply in his tale of +_Christabel_? Who or what was Geraldine? What did Christabel see in +her, at times, so unutterably horrible? What is meant by "the ladye +strange" making Christabel _carry_ her over the sill of the portal? +&c., &c. {263} + +2. What does Byron mean us to infer that Lara _saw_ in his hall that +midnight, when he so alarmed his household with + + "A sound, a voice, a shriek, a fearful call, + A long loud shriek--and silence."? + +The poet, it is true, seems to refuse, purposely, to let his readers +into the truth, telling them:-- + + "Whate'er his frenzy dream'd or eye beheld, + If yet remember'd, ne'er to be reaveal'd, + Rests at his heart." + +But still, I conceive there can be no doubt that _he knew the truth_ +(I speak as of realities), --knew what he intended to represent by so +full and elaborate a delineation of a scene. And it is the author's +meaning and intention that I wish to come at. + +I will ask one more question relative to this magnificent poem +(which I don't think has had justice done it by the critics), but +one respecting which I hardly think there can be any doubt as to the +author's secret meaning:--Is not the _Kaled_ of _Lara_ the _Gulnare_ +of the _Giaour_? + +Before concluding, I will add a query on a very different subject. + +3. Many of your readers have, doubtless, seen the large marble tablet +erected by the Vallaisians in honour of Napoleon, in the Convent of +the Great St. Bernard. A recent traveller in Switzerland (Dr. Forbes) +has, I find, noticed the inscription, and questioned, as I had +done, both its meaning and Latinity. I extract this author's note as +expressing exactly the point on which I desiderate information:-- + + "Having doubts both as to the precise meaning and lingual + purity of the compound epithet _Bis Italicus_, here applied + to Napoleon, I subjoin the passage in which it occurs, for the + judgement of the learned:-- + + 'NAPOLEONI ... ÆGYPTIACO BIS ITALICO SEMPER INVICTO ... GRATA + RESPUBLICA.'"--_A Physician's Holiday_, p. 468. + +EMDEE. + +Athenæum, January 26. 1850. + + * * * * * + +MINOR QUERIES. + +_Howkey or Horkey._-- Can anybody explain the etymology of the +word _Howkey_ or _Horkey_, generally used to denote a harvest-home +merriment in our eastern counties? Forbes speaks of it as an +intractable word, and neither he nor Sir J. Cullum have succeeded +in explaining it satisfactorily. + +BRAYBROOKE. + +Audley End, Feb. 16. + + +_Lord Bacon's Metrical Version of the Psalms._--The answer in No. 15. +p. 235. to A CORNISHMAN'S Query (No. 13. p. 202) respecting "Bacon's +Metrical Version of the Psalms," suggests another query. The work in +question was a mere "exercise of sickness;" it contains only seven +psalms (the 1st, 12th, 90th, 104th, 126th, 137th, and 149th), and is, +without pretension of any kind, a very proper diversion for a mind +that could not be inactive and yet required rest; and very good verses +for a man unpractised in metrical composition. The _Collection of +Apophthegms_ (also a recreation in sickness), though considerably +larger and altogether weightier, was considered so trifling a work +that Dr. Rawley, in his "perfect list of his Lordship's true works, +&c.," appended to the first edition of the _Resuscitatio_ (1657), +either forgot or did not think fit to mention it. Yet both these +trifles were not only written but _published_, by Bacon himself the +year before his death--a thing quite contrary to his practice; for +though he had written and carefully preserved and circulated in +manuscript so much, he had till then published nothing that was not +of the weightiest and most solid kind. Can any of your correspondents +inform me how much two such books may possibly have been _worth_ to +a publisher in the year 1625; being works of low price and popular +character, proceeding from an author of great name? How much is +it reasonable to suppose that a publisher may have given for the +copyright? or how far may it have gone towards the payment of a +bookseller's bill? + +J.S. + +Feb. 7. 1850. + + +_Treatise of Equivocation._--I shall feel happy if, through your +very opportune medium, I can obtain some information respecting a +very extraordinary and mysterious book, as to its existence, local +habitation, and any other _material_ circumstance, which has the title +of _A Treatise of Equivocation._ The first recognition of the work is +in the _Relation of the Proceedings in the Trial for the Powder Plot_, +1604. At signat. I. the Attourney-General, Sir E. Coke, appeals to it, +and affirms that it was allowed by the Archpriest Blackwel, and that +the title was altered to _A Treatise against Lying and Fraudulent +Dissimulation_. He proceeds to describe some of its contents, as +if he were himself acquainted with the book. Thomas Morton, Bishop +of Lichfield, and Coventry, afterwards of Durham, in his _Full +Satisfaction concerning a double Romish Iniquitie; Rebellion and +Equivocation_, 1606, refers to the work as familiarly acquainted +with it. (See Ep. Dedic. A. 3.; likewise pages 88 & 94.) He gives +the authorship to Creswell or Tresham. He refers likewise to a Latin +work entitled _Resolutio Casuum_, to the same effect, possibly a +translation, to which he subjoins the names of Parsons and Allen. +Robert Abbot, in his _Antilogia_, 1613, pp. 13, 14. emphatically and +at length produces the same book and facts; but they are merely copied +from the _Relation_ of the Powder-treason Trial. Henry Mason, in his +most satisfactory work, _The New Art of Lying, &c._, 1624, has spoken +of the {264} _Treatise_ with the same familiarity (see p. 51.), and +elsewhere, if my memory does not deceive me. Dodd, in his _Church +history_,--when will the new edition begin to move again? Can +Stonyhurst tell?--ascribes the work to Tresham. Hardly any of the +similar works in these times belong to _one_ author. It may just be +added, that Parson's _Mitigation_ contains, perhaps, all the substance +of the Roman equivocation, with not much reserve or disguise. It was +published in answer to Bishop Morton's work in 1607. Foulis has, of +course, substantially all the above, but nothing more. + +Now, the questions which I want to have solved are these:--Was the +book ever extant in MS. Or print? Is it now extant, and where? Who +has seen a copy? What is its size, date, and extent? Has the Durham +Cathedral Library, in particular, a copy? Mr. Botfield might have +informed us. In fact, where is any effectual intelligence of the +fugitive to be found? + +J.M. + +Feb. 8. 1850. + + * * * * * + + +REPLIES. + +ETYMOLOGY OF "ARMAGH." + +Some of your correspondents have taken up the not unnatural idea, that +the last syllable of the word "Armagh" is identical with the Celtic +word _magh_, a plain. But there are two objections to this. In the +first place, the name is never spelt in Irish _Armagh_, nor even +_Ardmagh_, but always ARDMACHA. _Ardmagh_ or _Armagh_ is only the +anglicised spelling, adapted to English tongues and ears. It is +therefore clearly absurd to take this corrupt form of the word as +our _datum_, in the attempt to search for its etymology. Secondly, +the Irish names of places which are derived from, or compounded of, +_magh_, a plain, are always anglicised, _moy, moi, mow_, or _mo_, +to represent the pronunciation: as Fermoy, Athmoy, Knockmoy, Moira, +Moyagher, Moyaliffe (or Me-aliffe, as it is now commonly spelt), +Moville, Moyarta, and thousands of other cases. And those who are +acquainted with the Irish language will at once tell, by the ear, that +_Armagh_, as the word is pronounced by the native peasantry, even by +those who have lost that language (as most of them in that district +now have), could not be a compound of _magh_, a plain. + +The work of M. Bullet, quoted by your correspondent "HERMES," is full +of ignorant blunders similar to that which he commits, when he tells +us that Armagh in compounded of "_Ar_, article, and _mag_, ville." +The article, in Irish, is _An_, not _ar_; and _mag_ does not signify +a town. He adopts, your readers will perceive, the modern English +spelling, which could not lead to a correct result, even if M. Bullet +had been acquainted with the Celtic languages. The same remark applies +to the explanation given by the author of _Circles of Gomer_. _Ard_, +not _Ar_, is the word to be explained; and therefore, even though _Ar_ +and _Ararat_ meant, as he tells us, "earth, country, or upon and on +the earth," this would throw no light on the etymology of ARD_macha_. + +"HIBERNICUS" (No. 14. p. 217.) is partly right and partly wrong; he +adopts the anglicised spelling of the second syllable, although he +seems aware that the first syllable ought to be _Ard_; and he admits +also that this word is a substantive, signifying a _height_, not the +adjective _high_. "A high plain," in Irish, would be, not Ardmagh, +or Ardmoy (as it would have been anglicised), but _Magh-ard_ (Anglice +_Moyard_). Great light will be thrown on the whole subject of the +etymology of Irish typographical names, when the Index to my friend +Mr. O'Donovan's edition of the _Annals of the Four Masters_ makes its +appearance. + +I may add too, in conclusion, that Camden is wrong in suggesting that +_Armach_ (as he spells it, retaining, curiously enough, the correct +etymology of the last syllable) is identical with _Dearmach_ (where +the last syllable ought to be _magh_). This latter place is the +well-known Durrow, in the county Westmeath; and its name, in Irish, +is _Duir-magh_, which is really a compound from _magh_, a plain. Bede +tells us, that the word signified, in the Scottish language, _Campus +roborum_ (see Bede, _Hist. Eccl._ lib. iii. c. 4.); but Adamson (_Vit. +Columbæ_, c. 39.) more correctly translates it, "monasterium _Roboreti +Campi_." It is not likely that such authorities could confound Durrow, +in Westmeath, with the ecclesiastical metropolis of Ireland, and +patriarchal see of St. Patrick. + +Whoever the Mach or Macha was from whom Ardmacha has its name +(whether the queen called Macha-mong-ruadh, whose reign is assigned +by O'Flaherty to A.M. 3603, or the older Macha, who is said to be the +wife of Nemedius), it should be borne in mind, that the word whose +etymology is required is ARDMACHA[16], and not _Armagh._ What would +be thought of the critic who would now attempt to investigate the +etymology of the English word _bishop_, by dividing it into two +syllables, and seeking analogies in sound for each syllable. + +I have ventured to go at greater length into this matter than its +importance may seem to warrant, because it illustrates so clearly a +very general error, from which Celtic literature has deeply suffered, +of inventing fanciful etymologies adapted to the modern English +spellings, instead of the original Celtic forms of names; and this +error, as the question before us proves, is as old as Camden's time, +and older. + +J.H. TODD. + +Trin. Coll. Dublin, Feb. 2, 1850. + + [16] Those who have access to Colgan's _Acta Sanctorum + Hiberniæ_ will see that he always spells Armagh, _Ardmacha_; + and Durrow, _Durmugia_. + + * * * * *{265} + +WILLIAM BASSE AND HIS POEMS. + +I read with great pleasure MR. COLLIER'S interesting paper on "William +Basse and his Poems," inserted in your 13th Number. Very little is +known of this once popular poet, but it is very desirable that that +little should be collected together, which cannot be better effected +than through the friendly system of inter-communication established by +your valuable journal. + +From my limited researches upon this subject, it appears that there +were two poets of the name of William Basse. Anthony Wood (_Athen. +Oxon._, edit. Bliss. iv. 222.) speaks of one William Basse, of +Moreton, near Thame, in Oxfordshire, who was some time a retainer +of Lord Wenman, of Thame Park, i.e. Richard Viscount Wenman, in the +peerage of Ireland. And I find among my MS. biographical collections +that a William Basse, of Suffolk, was admitted a sizar of Emanuel +College, Cambridge, in 1629. A.B. 1632, and A.M. in 1636. The William +Basse who wrote _Great Brittaines Sunnes-set_ in 1613, was also the +author of the MS. collection of poems entitled _Polyhymnia_, mentioned +by MR. COLLIER. In proof of this it is merely necessary to notice +the dedication of the former "To his Honourable Master, Sir Richard +Wenman, Knight," and the verses and acrostics in the MS. "To the Right +Hon. the Lady Aungier Wenman, Mrs. Jane Wenman, and the truly noble, +vertuous, and learned Lady, the Lady Agnes Wenman." Basse's Poems +were evidently intended for the press, but we may conjecture that the +confusion of the times prevented them from appearing. Thomas Warton, +in his _Life and Literary Remains of Ralph Bathurst, M.D._, has a copy +of verses by the Dr. "To Mr. W. Basse, upon the intended publication +of his Poems, January 13, 1651;" to which the learned editor adds, "I +find no account of this writer or his poems." The whole consists of +forty-four verses, from which I extract the beginning and the end:-- + + Basse, whose rich mine of wit we here behold + As porcelain earth, more precious, 'cause more old; + Who, like an aged oak, so long hath stood, + And art religion now as well as food: + Though thy grey Muse grew up with elder times, + And our deceased grandsires lisp'd thy rhymes; + Yet we can sing thee too, and make the lays + Which deck thy brow look fresher with thy praise. + * * * * * + Though these, your happy births, have silent past + More years than some abortive wits shall last; + He still writes new, who once so well hath sung: + That Muse can ne'er be old, which ne'er was young." + +These verses are valuable as showing that Basse was living in 1651, +and that he was then an aged man. The Emanuelian of the same name, who +took his M.A. degree in 1636, might possibly be his son. At any rate, +the latter was a poet. There are some of his pieces among the MSS. in +the Public Library, Cambridge; and I have a small MS. volume of his +rhymes, scarcely soaring above mediocrity, which was presented to me +by an ancient family residing in Suffolk. + +A poem by William Basse is inserted in the _Annalia Dubrensia_, 1636, +in praise of Robert Dover and his revival of the Cotswold Games; but +it is not clear to which of these poets we may ascribe it. Malone +attributes two rare volumes to one or other of these poets. The first, +a translation or paraphrase of Juvenal's tenth satire, entitled _That +which seems Best is Worst_, 12mo., 1617; the second, "A Miscellany of +Merriment," entitled _A Helpe to Discourse_, 2nd edit. 8vo., 1620: +but the former is more probably the work of William Barkstead. I may +mention that a copy of Basse's _Sword and Buckler, or Serving Man's +Defence_, 1602, is among Malone's books in the Bodleian. + +Izaac Walton speaks of William Basse, "one that hath made the choice +songs of the _Hunter in His Career_, and of _Tom of Bedlam_, and many +others of note." The ballad mentioned by MR. COLLIER, "Maister Basse +his Career, or the Hunting of the Hare," is undoubtably the one +alluded to by Walton. I may add, that it is printed in _Wit and +Drollery_, edit. 1682. p. 64.; and also in _Old Ballads_, 1725, vol. +iii. p. 196. The tune is contained in the _Shene MS._, a curious +collection of old tunes in the Advocate's Library, Edinburgh; and a +ballad entitled _Hubert's Ghost_, to the tune of _Basse's Carrier_, is +preserved among the Bagford Collection of Old Ballads in the British +Museum. With regard to the second ballad mentioned by Walton, our +knowledge is not so perfect. Sir John Hawkins in a note (_Complete +Angler_, 5th edit. p. 73.) says:-- + + "This song, beginning-- + 'Forth from my dark and dismal cell,' + + with the music to it, set by Hen. Lawes, is printed in a book, + entitled _Choice Ayres, Songs and Dialogues, to sing to the + Theorbo Lute, and Bass Viol_, folio. 1675, and in Playfield's + _Antidote against Melancholy_, 8vo. 1669, and also in Dr. + Percy's _Reliques of Ancient English Poetry_, vol. ii. p. 350; + but in the latter with a mistake in the last line of the third + stanza, of the word _Pentarchy_ for _Pentateuch_." + +A copy of the _Choice Ayres_, 1675, is now before me, but Henry +Lawes's name does not appear to the song in question. Sir John has +evidently made a mistake; the air of _Mad Tom_ was composed by John +Cooper, alias _Giovanni Coperario_, for one of the Masques perfomed +by the Gentlemen of Gray's Inn. (See _The English Dancing Master_, +1651, in the British Museum, and Additional MS. 10,440, in the same +repository.) With regard to the ballad itself, there is an early copy +(of the latter part of the sixteenth century) {266} preserved in the +Harleian MSS., No. 7332, fol. 41. It purports to have been + + "Written (i.e. transcribed) be Feargod Barebone, who being + at many times idle and wanting employment, wrote out certain + songs and epigrams, with the idea of mending his hand in + writing." + +There is another copy among Malone's MSS. in the Bodleian (No. 16. p. +55.), where it is entitled _A new Tom of Bedlam_. But I contend there +is no evidence to show that this is the ballad alluded to by Walton; +none of the copies having the name of the author. We have two other +songs (probably more) bearing the same title of _Tom of Bedlam_; one +beginning, "From the top of high Caucasus;" the other commencing, +"From the hag and hungry goblin;" either of which are quite as likely +to have been intended as that mentioned above. + +It still remains a question, I think, which of the two Basses was +the author of the ballads mentioned by Walton. But I have already +trespassed so long upon your valuable space that I will leave the +further consideration of the subject until a future period: in the +meantime, perhaps some of your correspondents may be enabled to +"illuminate our darkness" upon the various knotty points. + +EDWARD F. RIMBAULT. + + * * * * * + +BEAVER HATS--PISAN. + +Allow me to say a few words in reply to your correspondent "GASTROS." +His quotation from Fairholt (_Costume in England_), who cites +Stubbes's _Anatomy of Abuses_ as the earliest authority for the use +of beaver hats in England, is not a satisfactory reply to my query; +inasmuch as I am aware that beaver hats were occasionally worn by +great people in this country some centuries before Stubbes was born. +For example, Henry III. possessed "unum capellum de Bevre cum apparatu +auri et lapidibus preciosis;" as appears from the "Wardrobe Account," +of the 55th year of his reign. I have, therefore, still to ask for +the _earliest_ instance of the use of hats or caps of this material +in England; such hats, as well as gloves, are mentioned in several +English inventories made between the thirteenth and sixteenth +centuries. Is there any example earlier than the time of Henry III.? + +"GASTROS" has also obligingly replied to my query as to "the meaning +of the term _Pisan_, used in old records for some part of defensive +armour," but he seems to have forgotten that I expressly stated that +term had no relation to "the fabrics of Pisa;" at least such is my +belief. With regard to the inventory of the arms and armour of Louis +le Hutin, taken in 1316, printed in Meyrick's _Ancient Armour_, to +which he kindly refers me, it may be observed that the said inventory +is so perversely translated in the first edition of that work (just +now I have no means of consulting the second), as to be all but +useless; indeed it might be termed one of the most extraordinary +literary performances of modern times, as the following instance +may suffice to show. One of the items of the inventory is, "une cote +gamboisée à arbroissiaus d'or broudées à chardonereus;" and it is thus +rendered into English, "a gamboised coat with a rough surface (like +a thicket;--_note_) of gold embroidered on the nap of the cloth!" +The real signification is "a gamboised coat embroidered in gold, +with little bushes (or trees), with gold-finches [on them]." But I +am rather wandering from my point: I never could ascertain on what +authority Sir Samuel Meyrick asserted that "jazeran armour," as +he calls it, was formed of "overlapping plates." The French word +_jazeran_ was derived from the Italian _ghiazarino_, or _ghiazzerino_, +which signified "a gorget of mail," or what some of our antiquaries +have termed "a standard of mail;" in France this word always preserved +its relation to mail, and in process of time came to be applied to +so lowly an object as a flagon-chain: see Cotgrave's _Fr. Dict._ ed. +1673. Roquefort, indeed, says a "jaserans" was a cuirass, but to +my apprehension the passage which he quotes from the _Roman +d'Alexandre_-- + + "Es haubers, _jazerans_, et ès elmes gemez"-- + +seems to prove that, in that instance at least, a gorget is meant. +At any rate, the translation of the passage in the inventory to which +"GASTROS" refers should be, "three Pisan collerets of steel mail," not +that given by Meyrick. Here we have clearly a fabric of Pisa: whereas +the _pisan_, of which I desire to know the meaning, invariable occurs +as an independent term, e.g. "_item, unum pisanum_," or "_unum par +pisanorum_." Of course I have my own conjecture on the subject, but +should be glad to hear other opinions; so I again put the question to +your correspondents. In conclusion I would observe to "GASTROS" that +they must be _very_ late MSS. indeed in which such a contraction as +_pisan_ for _partisan_ can be found. If you have room, and think it +worth while, I will from time to time send you some corrections of the +more flagrant errors of Meyrick. + +T. HUDSON TURNER. + + * * * * * + +REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES. + +_Norman Pedigrees_. In reference to your correspondent "B.'s" +inquiries, he will find much information in the Publications de +la Société des Antiquaires de Normandie. Under their auspices, M. +Estancelin published in 1828 a full history of the Earls of Eu. I am +not aware of any full collection of pedigrees of the companions of +William the Conqueror: the names of several of the lands from which +they took their designations yet remain. + +W. DURRANT COOPER. + +{267} + + +_Norman Pedigrees._--In answer to "B.'s" query (No. 14. p. 214.), +an excellent Gazetteer was published in Paris, 1831, entitled +_Dictionnaire Complet Géographique, Statistique, et Commercial de la +France et de ses Colonies; par M. Briand-de-Verzé_, pp. 856. Many of +the names of the Conqueror's Norman companions will be found in that +work; as, for instance, Geoffrey de "_Mandeville_, village. Calvados +arrondissement, 31½ O.N.O. de Bayeaux," &c. + +Norman de _Beauchamp_: three Beauchamps are mentioned; that 51. from +Avranches will be the one in question. + +C.I.R. + +Oxford, Feb. 19. 1850. + + +_Norman Pedigrees._--Your correspondent "B." (No. 14. p. 214.) would +probably find part of the information he seeks in _Domesday Book, seu +Censualis Willelmi Primi Regis Angliæ_. But query? Is "B." right in +supposing the prefix "De" to be _French_? Does it not rather originate +in the _Latin_? + +"Domesday" is written in Latin throughout; and the "de," denoting the +place, is there occasionally followed by what seems to be the Latin +ablative case. I copy an example:-- + + "Canonici de Hansone ten. l. hida de Sansone," (i.e. loc. in + co. Stafford.) + +Then of the person it is said-- + + "Sanson ten. de rege, &c.... iii. hid. træ in Hargedone," &c. + +J.S. + + +_Translation of Ælian._--In answer to the query of "G.M." in No. 15. +p. 232., I beg to state that in Lowndes's _Manual_, vol. i. p. 13., is +the following notice under the head of "Ælianus Claudius:"-- + + "Various Histories translated by T. Stanley, London, 1665, + 8vo. 5s. This translation is by the son of the learned editor + of Æschylus, and was reprinted 1670. 1677." + +C.I.R. + + +_Ave Trici and Gheeze Ysenoudi._--I regret that I cannot give "H.L.B." +any further information about these ladies than the colophon I +transcribed affords. To me, however, it is quite clear that they were +sisters of some convent in Flanders or Holland; the name of their +spiritual father, Nicolas Wyt, and the names of the ladies, clearly +indicate this. + +S.W.S. + + +_Daysman_ (No. 12. p. 188.)-- It seems to me that a preferable +etymology may be found to that given by Nares and Jacob. The arbiter +or judge might formerly have occupied a _dais_ or _lit de justice_, or +he might have been selected from those entitled to sit on the raised +parts of the courts of law, i.e. jurisconsulti, or barristers as we +call them. I have heard another etymology, which however I do not +favour, that the arbiter, chosen from men of the same rank as the +disputants, should be paid for loss of his day's work. + +GEORGE OLIVER. + + +Perhaps the following may be of some use in clearing up this point. +In the _Graphic Illustrator_, a literary and antiquarian miscellany +edited by E.W. Brayley, London, 1834, at p. 14, towards the end of +an article on the Tudor Style of Architecture, signed T.M. is the +following:-- + + "This room (talking of the great halls in old manor-houses) + was in every manor-house a necessary appendage for holding + 'the court,' the services belonging to which are equally + denominated 'the homage,' with those of the king's palace. The + _dais_, or raised part of the _upper end_ of the hall, _was + so called_, from the administration of justice. A _dais-man_ + is still a popular term for an arbitrator in the North, and + _Domesday-Book_ (with the name of which I suppose every one to + be familiar) is known to be a list of manor-houses." + +C.D. LAMONT. + +Greenock. + + [Our correspondents will probably find some confirmation of + their ingenious suggestion in the following passage from _The + Vision of Piers Ploughman_:-- + + "And at the day of dome + At the heighe deys sitte." + + Ll. 4898-9. ed. Wright.] + + +_Saveguard_.--"BURIENSIS" (No. 13. p. 202.) is informed that a +_saveguard_ was an article of dress worn by women, some fifty or sixty +years ago, over the skirts of their gowns when riding on horseback, +chiefly when they sat on pillions, on a _double horse_, as it was +called. + +It was a sort of outside petticoat, usually made of serge, +linsey-wolsey, or some other strong material: and its use was to +_guard_ the gown from injury by the dirt of the (then very dirty) +roads. It was succeeded by the well-known riding-habit; though I have +seen it used on a side-siddle by a rider who did not possess the more +modern dress. + +P.H.F. + + +Amongst the bequests to the Clothworkers' Company of London is one by +Barbara Burnell, by will dated 27th June, 1630, wherein she directs +the company to bestow 4l. 6s. yearly in woollen cloth to make six +waistcoats and six _safeguards_ for six poor women.[17] + +Also we find that John Skepworth, by will dated 17th Oct. 1678, gave +two closes of land to the parish of Louth, to the intent that the +churchwardens and overseers of the poor there should apply the rents +and profits of the same in providing so much coarse woollen cloth as +would make ten suits yearly to be given to ten poor people of Louth, +the men to have coats and breeches, and the women to have waistcoats +and _safeguards_.[18] {268} + +If "BURIENSIS" has a friend belonging to the Clothworkers' Company, it +is probable that he will acquire much information on this subject from +their old records. + +H. EDWARDS. + + [17] Reports from the Commissioners of Charities b. 235. 32nd + part 4.--696. + + [18] Ibid. + + +_Derivation of "Calamity"_ (No. 14. p. 215.)--"Calamity" is from +the Latin _calamitas_, from _calamus_ a straw or stalk of corn, +signifying, 1st, the agricultural misfortune of the corn being beaten +down or laid by a storm; and thence, any other trouble or disaster:-- + +"Ipsa egreditur nostri fundi _calamitas_." + +Ter. _Eun_. i. 1. + +Upon which the commentator in the Delph. ed. has this note:-- + + "_Calamitas_ est grando et tempestas, quæ calamos segetum + prosternit et conterit. Unde Cicero Verrem vocat '_calamitosam + tempestatem_.'" + +Ainsworth, quoting the above passage from Terence, adds:-- + + "Ubi Donatus. Proprie _calamitatem_ rustici vocant quod + comminuat _calamum_; h.e. culmen et segetem." + +The etymology of its synonym, "_disaster_," is more direct--[Greek: +dhus hasthaer], a star of evil influence, or, as we say, "born under +an ill planet." + +[Greek: Philologos] + + +Forcellini, _s.v. Calamitas_, says:-- + + "Proprie significat imminutionem clademque calamorum segetis, + quæ grandine vel impetuoso aliquo turbine aut alia quapiam de + causa fit." + +He then quotes Servius, _Ad Georg_, i. 151:-- + + "Robigo genus est vitii, quo culmi pereunt, quod a rusticanis + calamitas dicitur." + +Then follows the note of Donatus on Ter. _Eun_. i. 1. 34. + +It appears to me, if "_calamitas_" were derived from _calamus_, it +would mean something very different from what it does. + +Another suggestion is, that the first syllable is the same as the +root of _cad-o_, to fall; _l_ and _d_, everybody knows, are +easily interchangeable: as Odysseus, Ulixes: [Greek: dakruon], +_lacrima_, _tear_, &c. &c. If so, _calamitas_ is a corrupted form +of _cadamitas_. Mar. Victorinus, _De Orthogr_. p. 2456., says:-- + + "Gueius Pompeius Magnus et scribebat et dicebat _Kadamitatem_ + pro _Kalamitatem_."--(Quoted from Bothe's _Poetæ_," _Scenici + Latinorum_, vol. v. p. 21.) + +But how is the -_amitas_ to be explained? I may as well add, +that Döderlein, with his usual felicity, derives it from [Greek: +kolouo]. + +EDWARD S. JACKSON. + + +I beg to refer MR. F.S. MARTIN (No. 14. p. 215.), for the derivation +of "Calamity," to the _Etymologicon Linguæ Latinæ_ of Gerard Vossius, +or to the _Totius Latinitatis Lexicon_ of Facciolatus and Forcellinus. +He will there find that the word _calamitas_ was first used with +reference to the storms which destroyed the stalks (_calami_) of corn, +and afterwards came to signify metaphorically, any severe misfortune. +The terrific hail-storm of the summer of 1843, which destroyed the +crops of corn through several of the eastern and midland counties of +this kingdom, was a _calamity_ in the original sense of the word. + +"W.P.P." has also kindly replied to this query by furnishing a part of +the Article on _Calamitas_ in Vossius; and "J.F.M." adds, _Calamitas_ +means-- + + "The spindling of the corn, which with us is rare, but in + hotter countries common: insomuch as the word _calamitas_ was + first derived from _calamus_, when the corn could not get out + of the stalk."--Bacon, _Nat. Hist_. sect. 669. + + +_Derivation of "Zero"_ (No. 14. p. 215.).--_Zero_ Ital.; Fr. _un +chiffre_, _un rien_, a cipher in arithmetic, a nought; whence the +proverb _avere nel zero, mépriser souverainement_, to value at +nothing, to have a sovereign contempt for. I do not know what the +etymology of the word may be; but the application is obvious to that +point in the scale of the thermometer below the numbered degrees to +which, in ordinary temperatures, the mercury does not sink. + +[Greek: Philologos] + +Deanery of Gloucester, Feb. 7. 1850. + + +"_Zero_" (No. 14. p. 215.)--_Zero_, as is well known, is an Italian +word signifying the arithmetical figure of nought (0). It has been +conjectured that it is derived from the transposition from the Hebrew +word _ezor_, a girdle, the zero assuming that form. (See Furetière, +vol. iii.) Prof. le Moine, of Leyden (quoted by Ménage), claims for +it also an Eastern origin, and thinks we have received it from the +Arabians, together with their method of reckoning ciphers. He suggests +that it may be a corruption from the Hebrew [Hebrew: rphs], _safara_, +to number. + + +_Complutensian Polyglot_.--I cannot pretend to reply to "MR. JEBB'S" +inquiry under this head in No. 12. p. 213.; but perhaps it may assist +him in his researches, should he not have seen the pamphlet, to refer +to Bishop Smallridge's "Enquiry into the Authority of the Primitive +Complutensian Edition of the New Testament, as principally founded on +the most ancient Vatican MS., together with some research after that +MS. In order to decide the dispute about 1 John v. 7. In a letter to +Dr. Bentley. 8vo. London, 1722." + +J.M. + +Oxford, Feb. 5. + + +_Sir William Rider_.--In reply to the queries of "H.F.," No. 12. p. +186., respecting Sir William Rider, I beg to say that among the many +MS. notes which I have collected relating to the Rider family, {269} +&c., I find the following from the _Visitation of Surry_, 1623, and +from a MS. book of _Pedigrees of Peers_ in the Herald's College, with +additions. + + "Thomas Rider married a daughter of ---- Poole of Stafforde, + by whom he had Sir William Rider, born at Muchalstone, co. + Stafforde, Sheriff of London, 1591, Citizen and Haberdasher, + Lord Mayor, 1600. Will dated 1 Nov., and proved 9 Nov. + 1610, 8 Jas. I. (94 Wood); buried at Low Layton, Essex, &c. + Sir William married Elizabeth, da. of R. Stone, of Helme, + co. Norfolk; by whom he had, besides other children and + descendants, Mary daughter and coheiress, who married Sir + Thomas Lake, of Canons, Middlesex, from whose issue descended + Viscount Lake." + +S.S. + + +_Pokership_ (No. 12. p. 185., and No. 14. p. 218.).--It is to be +regretted that no information has been supplied respecting the meaning +of this remarkable word, either from local sources or from the surveys +of crown lands in the Exchequer or Land Revenue offices. In one or the +other of these quarters we should surely find something which would +dispense with further conjecture. In the meantime the following facts, +obtained from records easily accessible, will probably be sufficient +to dispose of the explanations hitherto suggested, and to show that +the _poker_ of Bringwood forest was neither a _parker_ nor a _purser_. + +The offices conveyed to Sir R. Harley by James I. had been, before +his reign, the subject of crown grants, after the honor of Wigmore had +become vested in the crown by the merger of the earldom of March in +the crown. Hence, I find that in the act 13 Edward IV. (A.D. 1473), +for the resumption of royal grants, there is a saving of a prior grant +of the "office of keeper of oure forest or chace of Boryngwode," +and of the fees for the "kepyng of the Dikes within oure counte of +Hereford, parcelles of oure seid forest." (6 _Rot. Parl._ p. 94.) + +In a similar act of resumption, 1 Henry VII., there is a like saving +in favour of Thomas Grove, to whom had been granted the keepership of +Boryngwood chase in "Wigmoresland," and "the _pokershipp_ and keping +of the diche of the same." The _parkership_ of Wigmore Park is saved +in the same act. (6 _Rot. Parl._ p. 353 and 383.) + +In the first year of Henry VIII. there is a Receiver's Account of +Wigmore, in which I observe the following deductions claimed in +respect of the fees and salaries of officers:- + + "In feodo Thomæ Grove, forestarii de Bringewod, + 6l. 1s. 6d. + -- ejusdem Thomæ, fossat'de Prestwode dych, + 18d. + -- Edm. Sharp, parcarii parci de Wiggemour, + 6l. 1s. 6d. + -- Thomæ Grove, pocar' omnium boscorum + in Wiggemourslonde 30s. 4d." + +There is another like account rendered in 23 & 24 Hen. VII. These, +and no doubt many other accounts and documents respecting the honor of +Wigmore and its appartenances, are among the Exchequer records, and +we are entitled to infer from them, firstly, that a _parcarius_ and a +_pocarius_ are two different offices; secondly, that, whether the duty +of the latter was performed on the dikes or in the woods of Boringwood +chase, the theory of Mr. Bolton Corney (pace cl. viri dixerim) is +very deficient in probability. If the above authorities had not fallen +under my notice, I should have confidently adopted the conjecture +of the noble Querist, who first drew attention to the word, and, +so far from considering the substitution of "poker" for "parker" +an improbable blunder of the copyist, I should have pronounced it +fortunate for the house of Harley that their founder had not been +converted into a porcarius or pig-driver. + +E. SMIRKE. + + +_Pokership_.--I had flattered myself that _Parkership_ was the real +interpretation of the above word, but I have once more doubts on +the subject. I this morning accidentally stumbled upon the word +"Porcellagium," which is interpreted in Ducange's _Glossary_, +"Tributum ex porcis seu porcellis." + +_Porcarius_ also occurs as _Porcorum custos_, and mention is made +of "Porcorum servitium quo quis porcos domini sui pascentes servare +tenetur." + +Now, considering how much value was formerly attached to the right +of turning out swine in wooded wastes, during the acorn season, it +seems probable that Sir R. Harley might be the king's "Porcarius," +or receiver of the money paid for an annual license to depasture hogs +in the royal forests; and, after all, _Porkership_ is as like to +_Pokership_ as _Parkership_, and one mistake would be as easily made +as the other. + +BRAYBROOKE. + +Audley End, Feb. 16. + + [We are enabled to confirm the accuracy of Lord Braybrooke's + conjecture as to _Pokership_ being the office conferred + upon Sir Robert Harley, inasmuch as we are in expectation of + receiving an account of the various forms of its name from + a gentleman who has not only the ability, but also peculiar + facilities for illustrating this and similar obscure terms.] + + +_Havior--Heavier or Hever_.-Supposed etymology of _Havior, Heavier_, +and _Hever_, as applied by park-keepers to an emasculated male +deer.--"NOTES AND QUERIES," (No. 15. p. 230.) + +Pennant, in his _British Zoology_, 8vo. edition, 1776, vol. i. p. +38., and 8vo. edition, 1812, vol. i. p. 45., under the article, +"Goat" says:-- + + "The meat of a castrated goat of six or seven years old, + (which is called _Hyfr_,) is reckoned the best; being + generally very sweet and fat. This makes an excellent pasty, + goes under the name of rock venison, and is little inferior + to that of the deer." + +As Pennant was a Welchman, a scholar and a {270} naturalist, he will +probably be considered good authority; and _Hyfr_, the most likely +origin of the altered terms of the deer park-keepers. + +The word occurs twice in page 61. vol. ii. of the _Sportsman's +Cabinet_, in the article on the Stag or Red Deer, where it is printed +_Heavier_; and it will be found also as _Hever_, in Mr. Jesse's +_Scenes and Tales of Country Life_, at page 349. + +WM. YARRELL. + +Ryder Street, St. James, Feb. 11. 1850. + + +Mr. Halliwell gives the words _haver_ and _havering_, in the same +sense as _havior_. Are not these words identical with _aver, averium_, +in the sense of cattle, tame beasts? _Averium_, from the old French, +_aveir_, i.e. _avoir_, originally meant any personal property; but +like _catalla_, chattels, it came to signify more particularly the +most important part of a peasant's possessions--namely, his live +stock. Thus, in the laws of William the Conqueror (Thorpe's _Ancient +Laws_, vol. ii. p. 469.), we find:-- + + "Si præpositus hundredi equos aut boves aut oves aut porcos + vel cujuscumque generis averia vagancia restare fecerit," &c. + +The word may naturally enough have been applied to deer reduced to the +state of tame and domesticated cattle. + +C.W.G. + + [TREBOR furnishes us with a reference to _Pegge's Anonymiana_, + who endeavours to show that the proper term is "halfer;" on + the same principle that an entire horse is spoken of, the word + being pronounced "hâver" by those who call half "hâfe," while + those who pronounce half with the open _a_ say "hauver:" while + J. Westby Gibson suggests that Havior is _Evir_, from the + Latin "_Eviro, Eviratus, Eviratio_," but admits that he can + give no authority for the use of _Evir_.] + + +_Sir W. Hamilton_ (No. 14. p. 216.).--Douglas says, that this Sir W. +Hamilton was not _son_, but grandson and brother of the 1st and 2nd +earls of Abercorn, his father having died _vitâ patris_. I therefore +doubt that the inscription has been miscopied. "He was," Douglas says, +"resident at Rome, on the part of the Queen Dowager;" but this could +hardly be the service alluded to. + +C. + + +_Dr. Johnson's Library_ (no. 14. p. 214.).--I have a copy of Dr. +Johnson's Sale Catalogue. The title is as follows: + + "A catalogue of the valuable Library of Books of the late + learned Samuel Johnson, Esq., LL.D., deceased, which will be + sold by auction (by Order of the Executors) by Mr. Christie, + at his Great Room in Pall Mall, on Wednesday, February 16. + 1785. and three following Days. To be viewed on Monday and + Tuesday preceding the Sale, which will begin each Day at 12 + o'Clock. Catalogues may be had as above." + +It is a Catalogue of 28 pages and 662 lots, of which 650 are books. +The twelve last are prints, chiefly "framed and glazed." The Catalogue +is very rare; there is not a copy in the British Museum, and Messrs. +Christie and Manson are without one. I may add, as your correspondent +is curious about Johnson's Library, that I have the presentation copy +to the Doctor of Twiss's _Travels in Spain_, with "the gift of the +Author" in Johnson's handwriting, immediately beneath Twiss's MS. +presentation. The Twiss was in Lot 284. + +PETER CUNNINGHAM. + + * * * * * + + +MISCELLANIES. + +_Etymology of "News_."--The word "news" is not derived, as many +suppose, from the adjective new, but from a practice that obtained +in newspapers of an early date, of prefixing to the title the letters +expressive of the cardinal points, thus:-- + + N. + E. W. + S. + +meaning that their intelligence was derived from all quarters of the +globe. This must, at any rate, be allowed as ingenious etymology. + +J.U.G. GUTCH. + + +THE GOLDEN AGE. + +(_FROM THE LATIN_.) + + Why "golden," when that age alone, we're told, + Was blest with happy ignorance of gold-- + More justly we our venal times might call + "The Golden Age," for gold is all in all. + +RUFUS. + + * * * * * + +NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC. + +Messrs. Sotheby and Co. will sell on Monday next two collections of +Autographs; the first consisting of Autograph Letters, the property +of a gentleman; which will be immediately followed by that belonging +to the late Mr. Rodd, and the extensive Correspondence of the late +William Upcott, Esq., comprising several thousand Autograph Letters. +Mr. Rodd's collection comprises many letters of great historical and +literary interest. + +Messrs. Puttick and Simpson will sell by auction on Friday, March the +8th, and seven following days, the extensive and very important Stock +of Books of Mr. James Carpenter, of Bond Street, who is retiring from +business. The characteristics of this fine collection are the numerous +books of prints and illustrated works which it contains, such as the +matchless Series of Piranesi's Works, being the dedication copy to +the king of Sweden: a copy of Boswell's _Life of Johnson_, in 8 vols. +{271} folio, illustrated with nearly six hundred Portraits and Views. + +We heard some time since that the long-established and +highly-respectable house of Payne and Foss, of Pall Mall, had +succeeded the late Mr. Rodd in the agency of purchasing for the +British Museum. The rumour proved to be unfounded, and now receives +a formal contradiction by the announcement that Messrs. Payne and +Foss are retiring from business, and that the first portion of their +extensive and valuable Stock of Books will be sold by auction by +Messrs. Sotheby and Co.; the first division in a ten days' sale, +commencing on the 18th and terminating on the 28th March; which will +be followed by the second division, which will also occupy ten days, +and commence on Monday the 8th April. The lovers of choice copies of +fine editions of first-class books will have, on this occasion, such +an opportunity of enriching their collections as rarely presents +itself. + +We have received the following Catalogues:-- + + "Number Two, for 1850, of John Miller's Catalogue of Books, + old and new, on sale at 43. Chandos Street, Trafalgar Square." + + "Catalogue of curious and rare Books, recently purchased, now + on sale by George Bumstead, 205. High Holborn." + + "Catalogue (No. 5.) of Books, Theological and Miscellaneous, + and Catalogue (No. 6.) of Books, consisting chiefly of Foreign + Literature and Theology, on sale by Andrew Clark, No. 4. City + Road." + + "Cheap List of useful and curious Books relating to + Ecclesiastical History, Councils, Ceremonies, the Puritans, + &c., on sale by S. and I. Palmer, 24. Red Lion Street, + Holborn." + + "A List of Books, chiefly curious ones, now selling by Thomas + Kerslake, Bookseller, at No. 3. Park Street, Bristol." + + * * * * * + +BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES + +WANTED TO PURCHASE. + +(_IN CONTINUATION OF LISTS IN FORMER NOS._) + + +HIERONYMUS MAGIUS DE TINTINABILIS. 12mo. 1608 and 1664. + +A. STOCKFLEET DE CAMPANARUM USU. + +REIMANU'S DISSERTATIO DE CAMPANIS. + +NICOL. EGGER'S DISSERTATIO DE ORIGINE ET NOMINE CAMPANARUM. EJUSDEM +DISSERTATIO DE CAMPANARUM MATERIA ET FORMA. + +PACICHELLI DE TINTINABULO NOTANO LUCUBRATIO. + +WALLERI DISSERTATIO DE CAMPANIS ET PRÆCIPUIS EARUM USIBUS. + +HILCHER DE CAMPANIS TEMPLORUM. + +ARNOLDUS DE CAMPANARUM USU. 12mo. 1665. + +ROCCHA DE CAMPANIS COMMENTARIUS. 1612. + +THIERS, TRAITE DES CLOCHES. + +MITZLER DE CAMPANIS. ESCHENWECKER DE EO QUOD IUSTUM EST CIRCA +CAMPANIS. + +PINGRE'S ACCOUNT OF HIS VOYAGE TO RODRIGUEZ, published (?) at Paris +about 1762. + +DUDLEY RYDER's REPORT ON THE PETITION OF BERKELEY SEYMOUR, ESQ., +CLAIMING THE BARONY OF SEYMOUR AND DUKEDOM OF SOMERSET. Published +1750, pp. 15. folio. + +PRIVATE ACT, 12 WM 3., FOR THE SALE OF THE ESTATES OF ARTHUR LACY, +ESQ., CO. SOMERSET. + +BELL ON THE HAND. Bridgewater Treatises. + +_Odd Volumes._ + +MADRAS JOURNAL OF LITERATURE AND SCIENCE. Vols I. to IX. CATALOGUE OF +HARLEIAN MSS., Vol. IV. WOODS'S ATHENÆ OXONIENSES (ed. Bliss.), Vol. +III. + +*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price. _carriage free_, +to be sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet +Street. + + * * * * * + +NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS. + +Among the many papers which we are unavoidably obliged to postpone +are an original and inedited _Letter by Horace Walpole_, Mr. Singer's +Reply to C.W.G. on _Ælfric's Colloquies_, an interesting communication +from Mr. Coles respecting _Arabella Stuart_, a paper by Mr. Rye on +the _Queen of Robert Bruce_, and T.S.D.'s able article on _Arabic +Numerals_. + +The Erectheum Club (like "The Parthenon") takes its name from the +Erectheum at Athens. + +H.M.A. declined with thanks. + +X.P. is informed that the _monotome_ edition of Boswell's Johnson +edited by Croker, is not an abridgment of the larger work, but a new +and thoroughly revised edition of it; and with a really good index. + +To correspondents inquiring as to the mode of procuring "NOTES AND +QUERIES," we have once more to explain, that every bookseller and +newsman will supply it regularly, if ordered; and that gentlemen +residing in the country, who may find a difficulty in getting it +through any bookseller in their neighbourhood, may be supplied +regularly with the stamped edition, by giving their orders direct to +the publisher, MR. GEORGE BELL, 186 Fleet Street, accompanied by a +Post-Office order for a quarter, 4s. 4d.; a half year, 8s. 8d.; or +one year, 17s. 4d. + +Errata. P. 242. col. 2. l. 11., for "coheir" read "cognate;" and line +16, for "Argidius" "Ægidius;" and p. 243, col 1. l. 35. read "anecdote +of Dionysius related by Cicero and by Plutarch, in his _Laconic +Apophthegms_, which Stobæus evidently followed." + + * * * * * + +Just published, in post 8vo., 10s. 6d., the Third Volume of + +THE ROMANCE OF THE PEERAGE; or, CURIOSITIES OF FAMILY HISTORY. + +By GEORGE LILLIE CRAIK. + +With a Portrait of Sir Robert Dudley. + +Contents:--The Hereditary Principle; Aristocracy and +Democracy--Charles Brandon's Widow and her Second Marriage--The Lady +Mary Grey--Sir Robert Dudley--Bess of Hardwick and the Talbots--The +Cavendishes and the Stanhopes--Lord Pembroke and Sir Richard +Wharton--The Wharton and Stuart Duel--The Bruce and Sackville +Duel--The Lord Crichton of Sanquahar--The Earldom of Monteith, +&c. &c. &c. + +London: CHAPMAN AND HALL, 186. Strand. + + * * * * * + +On the 1st of March will be published, price One Shilling, + +MODEL PRISONS; being No. 2. of LATTER-DAY PAMPHLETS. + +Edited by THOMAS CARLYLE. + +London: CHAPMAN AND HALL, 186. Strand. + + * * * * *{272} + +Early Antiquities of England Illustrated. + +THE PRIMÆVAL ANTIQUITIES OF DENMARK. By J.J.A. WORSAAE, M.R.S.A., +of Copenhagen. Translated and applied to the Illustration of similar +Remains in England, by WILLIAM J. THOMS, ESQ., F.S.A., Secretary of +the Camden Society. Illustrated with numerous Woodcuts. 8vo. 10s. 6d. + + "This is the best antiquarian handbook we have ever met + with--so clear is its arrangement, and so well and so plainly + is each subject illustrated by well-executed engravings, + that confusion for the future is impossible upon a variety of + points on which the most grievous mistakes have hitherto been + made by anxious and zealous antiquarians. * * * It is the + joint production of two men who have already distinguished + themselves as authors and antiquarians. It is a book of which + it may be said, that in every sentence is to be found an + interesting fact, and that every page teems with instruction, + and may be regarded as a sure guide to all antiquarians in + their future archæological inquiries."--_Morning Herald_. + +See also _Gentleman's Magazine_ for February, 1850. + +JOHN HENRY PARKES, Oxford, and 377. Strand, London. + + * * * * * + +Vols. I. and II. 8vo., price 28s. cloth. + +THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND; from the TIME of the CONQUEST. By EDWARD FOSS, +F.S.A. + + "A work in which a subject of great historical importance is + treated with the care, diligence, and learning it deserves; + in which Mr. Foss has brought to light many points previously + unknown, corrected many errors, and shown such ample knowledge + of his subject as to conduct it successfully through all the + intricacies of a difficult investigation, and such taste and + judgment as will enable him to quit, when occasion requires, + the dry details of a professional inquiry, and to impart + to his work, as he proceeds, the grace and dignity of a + philosophical history."--_Gent. Mag._ + +London: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, and LONGMANS. + + * * * * * + +Just published, price 4s. 6d. cloth. + +PINACOTHECÆ HISTORICÆ SPECIMEN; sive Illustrium Quorundam Ingenia, +Mores, Fortunæ, ad Inscriptionum formam Expressæ. Auctore F. KILVERT, +A.M. Pars Secunda. + + "The production of an English clergyman, and bears unequivocal + marks of refined taste, elegant scholarship, and a + liberal, generous, and candid mind. The idea--to us a novel + one--carried out in this work is, to bring up for judgment + (as the Egyptians used to do with their departed kings) the + characters that figure most in the page of history, and to + pass sentence upon them. Summoning them, as it were, into his + presence with the lamp of history to guide him, _exquiritque + auditque dolos_; and whether it be praise or blame, or a + mixture of both, that he awards, the judgment is pronounced in + a temperate spirit, and with judicial impartiality; and it + is expressed in pure and elegant Latin, and often with + epigrammatic felicity."--_Scotsman_. + +London: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street; of whom Part I., price 3s., +may be had. + + * * * * * + +Just published, price 3s. 6d. 12mo. cloth, 7s. calf or morocco. + +THE ENGLISH GENTLEMAN: his Principles, his Feelings, his Manners, his +Pursuits. + + "We like him so well as to wish heartily we might meet many + such."--_Theologian_. + + "The object of the first of the four essays is to form the + principles of a gentleman on a Christian standard. In the + other three subjects, of feelings, manners, and pursuits, + the views, though strict, are of a more worldly + kind."--_Spectator_. + +GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + +Just published, 12mo. cloth, 4s.; morocco (Hayday), 10s., + +A SELECTION FROM PERCY'S RELIQUES OF ANCIENT ENGLISH POETRY, and from +EVANS'S OLD BALLADS, with short Introductions and Notes. By the Rev. +HENRY TRIPP, M.A., Sub Warden of St. Columba's College. + + "The selection is made with good taste and + judgment."--_Christian Remembrancer_. + +12mo., cloth, 2s. 6d., + +SELECTIONS FROM HERRICK, for Translation into Latin Verse, with a +short Preface. By the Rev. A.J. MACLEANE, M.A., Trinity College, +Cambridge, Principal of Brighton College. + + "We cordially recommend it as a book well adapted to promote + a superior style of versification to that which has + hitherto prevailed even in the highest classes of our German + Schools."--_Educational Times_. + +GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + +12mo. boards. 3s. 6d. + +LYRA MEMORIALIS: Original Epitaphs and Churchyard Thoughts. In Verse. +By JOSEPH SNOW. With an Essay, by WILLIAM WORDSWORTH. Reprinted by his +permission. A new Edition, remodelled and enlarged. + + "The object of Mr. Snow in the volume before us is to suggest + a purer taste and a more impressive style in our churchyard + memorials, and by every word and thought to point through the + shadow of the tomb to the brightness and light beyond it. His + work is, in truth, a treasury of feeling, and we find in its + simplicity its highest merit. To the clergy this volume may be + of signal use."--_Theologian_. + + "This is truly a book of the affections; there is scarcely + a page which will not touch tenderly a chord in the heart of + every reader."--_Church of England Quarterly_. + +GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + +On a large sheet, price 7s. 6d. plain; 15s. richly coloured; in case, +10s. 6d. plain; 18s. coloured. + +A CHART of ANCIENT ARMOUR, from the ELEVENTH to the SEVENTEENTH +CENTURIES; containing Eighteen Figures, with a Description and a +Sketch of the Progress of European Armour. By JOHN HEWITT. + + "A graphic outline of the subject of military costume during + the period of its greatest interest to the English antiquary. + The author has made a judicious selection of examples, chiefly + from the rich series of monumental effigies; and, in the brief + text which accompanies these illustrations, a useful resumé + will be found of a subject which, not many years since, + was attainable only through the medium of costly + publications."--_Archæological Journal_. + +GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + +Royal 32mo., cloth, 2s.; morocco (Hayday), 7s. + +SELDEN'S TABLE TALK. + +Royal 32mo., price 2s. 6d. cloth, 7s. 6d. morocco (Hayday). + +THE TEMPLE, SACRED POEMS, and PRIVATE EJACULATIONS. By GEORGE HERBERT. + +Also, by the same Author, Price 2s. cloth, 7s. morocco (Hayday). + +A PRIEST TO THE TEMPLE; or, THE COUNTRY PARSON: his Character, and +Rule of Holy Life, &c. + +London: GEORGE BELL, Fleet Street. Leicester: J.S. CROSSLEY. + + * * * * * + +Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. +New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride in the City of London; +and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish +of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. +186. Fleet Street aforesaid.--Saturday, February 23. 1850. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries 1850.02.23, by Various + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 12018 *** diff --git a/12018-h/12018-h.htm b/12018-h/12018-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9bc437b --- /dev/null +++ b/12018-h/12018-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2777 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" + content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> + + <title>Notes And Queries, Issue 17.</title> + <style type="text/css"> + + /*<![CDATA[*/ + <!-- + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + p {text-align: justify;} + blockquote {text-align: justify;} + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center;} + pre {font-size: 0.7em;} + + hr {text-align: center; width: 50%;} + html>body hr {margin-right: 25%; margin-left: 25%; width: 50%;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + html>body hr.full {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;} + hr.adverts {width: 100%; height: 5px; color: black;} + html>body hr.adverts {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;} + hr.short {text-align: center; width: 20%;} + html>body hr.short {margin-right: 40%; margin-left: 40%; width: 20%;} + + + .note, .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; + font-size: 0.9em;} + + .poem {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; + text-align: left;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem p {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem p.i2 {margin-left: 2em;} + .poem p.i4 {margin-left: 4em;} + .poem p.i6 {margin-left: 6em;} + .poem p.i8 {margin-left: 8em;} + .poem p.i10 {margin-left: 10em;} + .poem .caesura {vertical-align: -200%;} + + span.pagenum {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; + font-size: 8pt;} + + p.author {text-align: right;} + --> + /*]]>*/ + </style> +</head> + +<body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 12018 ***</div> + + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page257" + id="page257"></a>{257}</span> + + <h1>NOTES AND QUERIES:</h1> + + <h2>A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, + ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.</h2> + <hr /> + + <h3><b>"When found, make a note of."</b>—CAPTAIN + CUTTLE.</h3> + <hr class="full" /> + + <table summary="masthead" + width="100%"> + <tr> + <td align="left" + width="25%"><b>No. 17.</b></td> + + <td align="center" + width="50%"><b>February 23. 1850</b></td> + + <td align="right" + width="25%"><b>Price Threepence.<br /> + Stamped Edition 4d.</b></td> + </tr> + </table> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h3>CONTENTS.</h3> + + <table summary="Contents" + align="center"> + <tr> + <td align="left">NOTES:—</td> + + <td align="right">Page</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">Alfred's Orosius, by R.T. Hampson</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page257">257</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">Folk Lore—Omens from + Cattle—Horse's Head—Rush-bearings</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page258">258</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">On Authors and Books, No. 5., by + Bolton Corney</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page259">259</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">Plagiarisms, or Parallel Passages, No. + 2.</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page260">260</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">St. Antholin's</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page260">260</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">QUERIES:—</td> + + <td></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">College Salting, by Rev. Dr. + Maitland</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page261">261</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">A few Dodo Queries, by H.E. + Strictland</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page261">261</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">Coleridge's Christabel, Byron's Lara: + Tablet to Napoleon</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page262">262</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">Minor Queries:—Howkey or + Horkey—Lord Bacon's Psalms—Treatise of + Equivocation</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page263">263</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">REPLIES:—</td> + + <td></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">Etymology of Armagh, by Rev. Dr. + Todd</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page264">264</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">William Hasse and his Poems, by E.F. + Rimbault, LL.D.</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page265">265</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">Beaver Hats—Pisan, by T. Hudson + Turner</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page266">266</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">Replies to Minor Queries:—Norman + Pedigrees—Translation of Ælian—Ave + Trici—Daysman—Saveguard—Calamity—Zero—Complutensian + Polyglot—Sir W. + Rider—Pokership—Havior, Heavier or + Hever—Sir W. Hamilton—Dr. Johnson's + Library</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page266">266</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">MISCELLANIES:—</td> + + <td></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">Etymology of News—The Golden + Age</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page270">270</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">MISCELLANEOUS:—</td> + + <td></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, + &c.</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page270">270</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">Books and Odd Volumes wanted</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page271">271</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">Notices to Correspondents</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page271">271</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">Advertisements</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page271">271</a></td> + </tr> + </table> + <hr /> + + <h3>KING ALFRED'S GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE.</h3> + + <p>The sketch of Europe, which our illustrious Alfred has + inserted in his translation of <i>Orosius</i>, is justly + considered, both here and on the Continent, as a valuable + fragment of antiquity<a id="footnotetag1" + name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a>; + and I am sorry that I can commend little more than the pains + taken by his translators, the celebrated Daines Barrington + and Dr. Ingram, to make it available to ordinary readers. + The learned judge had very good intentions, but his + knowledge of Anglo-Saxon was not equal to the task. Dr. + Ingram professedly applied himself to correct both Alfred's + text and Barrington's version, so far as relates to the + description of Europe; but in two instances, occurring in + one passage, he has adopted the judge's mistake of proper + names for common nouns. I do not call attention to the + circumstance merely as a literary curiosity, but to preserve + the royal geographer from liability to imputations of + extraordinary ignorance of his subject, and also to show the + accuracy of his delineation of Europe at that interesting + epoch, whence the principal states of Europe must date their + establishment.</p> + + <p>King Alfred, mentioning the seat of the Obotriti, or + Obotritæ, as they are sometimes named, a Venedic nation, + who, in the 9th century, occupied what is now the duchy of + Mecklenburg, calls them <i>Apdrede</i>, and says—"Be nor + than him is apdrede, and cast north wylte the man æfeldan + hæt."<a id="footnotetag2" + name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a></p> + + <p>Barrington translates the words thus:—"To the north is + Aprede, and to the north east the wolds which are called + Æfeldan."<a id="footnotetag3" + name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a></p> + + <p>Dr. Ingram has the following variation:—"And to the + east north are the wolds which are called Heath + Wolds."<a id="footnotetag4" + name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a> + To the word <i>wolds</i> he appends a + note:—"<i>Wylte</i>. See on this word a note + hereafter." Very well; the promised note is to justify the + metamorphosis of the warlike tribe, known in the annals and + chronicles of the 9th century as the Wilti, Wilzi, Weleti, + and Welatibi, into heaths and wolds. Thirty pages further on + there is a note by J. Reinhold Forster, the naturalist and + navigator, who wrote it for Barrington in full confidence + that the translation was correct:—"The Æfeldan," + he says, "are, as king Alfred calls them, <i>wolds</i>; + there are at present in the middle part of Jutland, large + tracts of high moors, covered with <i>heath</i> only."</p> + + <p>Of <i>wylte</i>, Dr. Ingram writes:—"This word has + never been correctly explained; its original signification is + the same, whether written felds, fields, velts, welds, wilds, + wylte, wealds, walds, walz, wolds, &c. &c." And on + <i>heath</i>, he says:—"Mr. Forster seems to have read + Hæfeldan (or Hæthfeldan), which indeed, I find in + the Junian MS. inserted as a various reading by Dr. Marshall + (<i>MSS. Jun. 15</i>.). It also occurs, further on in the MS., + without any various reading. I have therefore inserted it in + the text."</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page258" + id="page258"></a>{258}</span> + + <p>Dr. Marshall seems to have understood the passage. What King + Alfred says and means is this:—"On the north are the + Apdrede (Obotritæ), and on the north east of them are the + Wylte, who are called Hæfeldi."</p> + + <p>The anonymous Saxon Poet, who wrote the life of Charlemagne, + gives the same situation as Alfred to the Wilti:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"Gens est Slavorum Wilti cognomine dicta,</p> + + <p>Proxima litoribus quæ possidet arva + supremis</p> + + <p>Jungit ubi oceano proprios Germania + fines."<a id="footnotetag5" + name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a></p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>Helmold says that they inhabited the part of the coast + opposite to the island of Rugen; and hereabouts Adam of Bremen + places the <i>Heveldi</i>, and many other Slavonic + tribes.<a id="footnotetag6" + name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a> + I am not aware that any other author than Alfred says, that + the Wilti and Heveldi were the same people; but the fact is + probable. The Heveldi are of rare occurrence, but not so the + Wilti.<a id="footnotetag7" + name="footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a> + Ptolemy calls them + Βελται—Veltæ + or Weltæ—and places them in Prussian Pomerania, + between the Vistula and Niemen. Eginhard says that "they are + Slavonians who, in our manner, are called Wilsi, but in + their own language, Welatibi."<a id="footnotetag8" + name="footnotetag8"></a><a href="#footnote8"><sup>8</sup></a> + Their country was called Wilcia,<a id="footnotetag9" + name="footnotetag9"></a><a href="#footnote9"><sup>9</sup></a> + and, as a branch of them were settled in Batavia about 560, + it does not seem very improbable that from them were derived + the Wilsæton of the Anglo-Saxon chronicles, meaning + the <i>Wilts seated</i>, or settlers in Wilts-shire. The + name, as Eginhard has noticed, is Slavic, and is an adoption + of <i>welot</i> or <i>weolot</i>, a giant, to denote the + strength and fierceness which rendered them formidable + neighbours. <i>Heveldi</i> seems to be the same word made + emphatic with a foreign addition.</p> + + <p>Two other names have been given much trouble to the + translators, as well as to Mr. Forster. These are, + <i>Mægtha Land</i> and <i>Horiti</i> or <i>Horithi</i>, + for both occur, and the latter is not written with the letter + <i>thorn</i>, but with a distinct <i>t</i> and <i>h</i>. Alfred + has, unquestionably, met with the Slavic <i>gorod</i>, which so + frequesntly occurs as the termination of the names of cities in + the region where he indicates the seat of his Horiti to be. It + signifies a city, and is an etymological equivalent of Goth. + <i>gards</i>, a house, Lat. <i>cors, cortis</i>; O.N. + <i>gardr</i>, a district, A.-Sax. <i>geard</i>, whence our + <i>yard</i>. The Polish form is <i>grodz</i>, and the Sorabic, + <i>hrodz</i>. He places the Horiti to the east of the Slavi + Dalamanti, who occupied the district north east of Moravia, + with the <i>Surpe</i>, that is, Serbi, Servi, on their north, + and the <i>Sisle</i>, Slusli, another Slavonic people, on the + west. This appears to be the site possessed by the Hunnic + founders of Kiow. In Helmold, Chunigord, <i>the city or station + of the Huns</i>, is the name of the part of Russia containing + Kiow.<a id="footnotetag10" + name="footnotetag10"></a><a href="#footnote10"><sup>10</sup></a></p> + + <p>To the north of Horiti, says Alfred, is <i>Mægtha + Land</i>.—A Finnic tribe, called Magyar, were settled in + the 9th century in Mazovia, whence a part of them descended + into Hungary. According to Mr. Forster, Mazovia has been called + <i>Magan Land</i>; but I can find no trace of that name. I can + easily conceive, however, that <i>Magyar</i> and <i>Land</i> + might become, in Saxon copying, Mægtha Land, for the + country of the Magyar. Elsewhere, Alfred uses Mægtha + Land, the land of the Medes, for Persia.</p> + + <p>Is there any other printed copy of the Saxon <i>Orosius</i> + than Barrington's? for that forbids confidence by a number of + needless and unauthorised alterations in most of the pages.</p> + + <p class="author">R.T. HAMPSON</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>FOLK LORE.</h3> + + <p><i>Omens from Cattle</i>.—I forward to you a + <i>Note</i>, which, many years ago, I inserted in my + interleaved Brand's <i>Observations on Popular Antiquities</i>, + vol. ii. p. 519. 4to., in the hope that, as the subject + interested me <i>then</i>, it may not prove uninteresting to + some <i>now</i>:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"A bad omen seems to be drawn from <i>an ox or cow + breaking into a garden</i>. Though I laugh at the + superstition, the omen was painfully fulfilled in my + case.</p> + + <p>"About the middle of March, 1843, some cattle were + driven close to my house; and, the back door being open, + <i>three</i> got into our little bit of garden, and + trampled it. When our school-drudge came in the afternoon, + and asked the cause of the confusion, she expressed great + sorrow and apprehension on being told—said it was a + bad sign—and that we should hear of <i>three</i> + deaths within the next six months. Alas! in April, we heard + of dear J——'s murder; a fortnight after, + A—— died; and to-morrow, August 10th, I am to + attend the funeral of my excellent son-in-law.</p> + + <p>"I have just heard of the same omen from another + quarter."</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>This was added the next day:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"But what is still more remarkable is, that when I went + down to Mr. ——'s burial, and was mentioning the + superstition, they told me that, while he was lying ill, a + cow got into the front garden, and was driven out with + great difficulty."</p> + </blockquote> + + <p class="author">L.S.</p> + + <p><i>The Horse's Head—Rush-bearings.</i>—The + account of the Welch custom of the "Grey Mare" in a late Number + reminded me of something very similar in Cheshire. In the + parish of Lynn it is customary, for a week or ten days before + the 5th <span class="pagenum"><a name="page259" + id="page259"></a>{259}</span> of November, for the skeleton + of a horse's head, dressed up with ribbons, &c., having + glass eyes inserted in the sockets, and mounted on a short + pole by way of handle, to be carried by a man underneath, + covered with a horse-cloth. There is generally a chain + attached to the nose, which is held by a second man, and + they are attended by several others. In houses to which they + can gain access, they go through some kind of performance, + the man with the chain telling the horse to rear, open its + mouth, &c. Their object, of course, is to obtain money. + The horse will sometimes seize persons, and hold them fast + till they pay for being set free; but he is generally very + peaceable,—for in case of resistance being offered, + his companions frequently take flight, and leave the poor + horse to fight it out. I could never learn the origin of + this strange custom. I remember, when very young, having a + perfect horror of meeting this animal in the dark.</p> + + <p>Another custom, which I suppose prevails in some other + places, is the "Rush-bearing." At the annual Wakes a large + quantity of rushes are collected together, and loaded on a + cart, almost to the height of a load of hay. They are bound on + the cart, and cut evenly at each end. On the Saturday evening a + number of men sit on the top of the rushes, holding garlands of + artificial flowers, tinsel, &c. The cart is drawn round the + parish by three or four spirited horses, decked out with + ribbons,—the collars being surrounded with small bells. + It is attended by morris-dancers, dressed in strange + style,—men in women's clothes, &c. One big man in + woman's clothes, with his face blacked, has a belt round his + waist, to which is attached a large bell, and carries a ladle, + in which he collects money from the spectators. The company + stop and dance at the principal public-houses in their route, + and then proceed to the parish church(!), where the rushes are + deposited, and the garlands hung up very conspicuously, to + remain till the next year. I believe a custom somewhat similar + exists in the adjoining parish of Warburton, but not carried + out in such grand style.</p> + + <p>It would be very interesting if your correspondents in + different parts of the country would send accounts of these + relics of the barbarous ages.</p> + + <p class="author">JULIUS.</p> + + <p>Runcorn, Feb. 13. 1850.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>ON AUTHORS AND BOOKS, NO. 5.</h3> + + <p>As a writer of dedications, Samuel Johnson was the giant of + his time. He once said to Boswell, the subject arising at a + dinner-party, "Why, I have dedicated to the royal family all + round,"—and the <i>honest chronicler</i> proves that he + spoke advisedly.</p> + + <p>Compositions of this nature admit much variety of character. + A dedication may be the pure homage which we owe to merit, or + the expression of gratitude for favours received, or a memorial + of cherished friendship; and such dedications, in point of + motive, are beyond the reach of censure—I may fairly + assert, are very commendable. Nevertheless, Johnson left no + compositions of either class: "the <i>loftiness</i> of his + mind," as Boswell gravely states, "prevented him from ever + dedicating in his own person."</p> + + <p>A more equivocal sort of dedication also prevailed. A book + was supposed to require the prefix of some eminent name as its + patron, in order to ensure its success. Now the author, though + very capable of writing with propriety on his chosen theme, + might be unequal to the courtly style which dedicators were + wont to display, and as the <i>complement</i> was to be + returned <i>substantially</i>, he might be tempted to employ a + superior artist on the occasion. It was chiefly under such + circumstances that the powers of Johnson were called into + action. By what arguments the stern moralist would have + endeavoured to justify the deception, for it deserves no better + name, is more than I can undertake to decide, and I submit the + query to his enthusiastic admirers.</p> + + <p>To the dedications enumerated by the faithful Boswell, and + by his sharp-sighted editors, Malone and Croker, I have to + announce on <i>internal</i> evidence, a gorgeous addition! It + is the dedication to Edward Augustus, Duke of York, of <i>An + Introduction to Geometry</i>, by William Payne, London: T. + Payne, at the Mews Gate, 1767. 4º., 1768. 8º. I + transcribe it <i>literatim</i>. It wants no comment:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF YORK.</p> + + <p>"SIR,</p> + + <p>"They who are permitted to prefix the names of princes + to treatises of science generally enjoy the protection of a + patron, without fearing the censure of a judge.</p> + + <p>"The honour of approaching your royal highness has given + me many opportunities of knowing, that the work which I now + presume to offer will not partake of the usual security. + For as the knowledge which your royal highness has already + acquired of GEOMETRY extends beyond the limits of an + introduction. I expect not to inform you; I shall be happy + if I merit your approbation.</p> + + <p>"An address to such a patron admits no recommendation of + the science. It is superfluous to tell your royal highness + that GEOMETRY is the primary and fundamental art of life; + that its effects are extended through the principal + operations of human skill; that it conducts the soldier in + the field, and the seaman in the ocean; that it gives + strength to the fortress, and elegance to the palace. To + your royal highness all this is already known; GEOMETRY is + secure of your regard, and your opinion of its usefulness + and value has sufficiently appeared, by the condescension + in which you have been pleased to honour + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page260" + id="page260"></a>{260}</span> one who has so little + pretension to the notice of princes, as</p> + </blockquote> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"Sir,</p> + + <p class="i2">"Your royal highnesses [sic]'</p> + + <p class="i4">"Most obliged,</p> + + <p class="i6">"Most obedient,</p> + + <p class="i8">"And most humble servant,</p> + + <p class="i10">"WILLIAM PAYNE."</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>A short preface follows, which bears marks of reparation. It + may have received some touches from the same masterly hand.</p> + + <p>The <i>external</i> evidence in favour of the ascription of + the above piece to Johnson, if slight in itself, is not devoid + of significance. He had dedicated a book for the same author, + which book was also published by Mr. Thomas Payne, who was his + brother, in 1756.</p> + + <p class="author">BOLTON CORNEY.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>PLAGIARISMS, OR PARALLEL PASSAGES. No. 2.</h3> + + <h4>[<i>Continued from No. 11. p. 163.</i>]</h4> + + <blockquote> + <p>"Dans les premières passions les femmes aiment + l'amant; dans les autres elles aiment l'amour."—La + Rouchefoucauld, <i>Max.</i> 494.</p> + </blockquote> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"In her first passions woman loves her lover,</p> + + <p>In all the others all she loves is love,</p> + + <p>Which grows a habit she can ne'er get over,</p> + + <p>And fits her loosely—like an easy glove," + etc.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="author"><i>Don Juan</i>, canto iii. st. iii.</p> + + <p>There is no note on <i>this</i> passage; but on the + concluding lines of the <i>very next</i> stanza,</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"Although, no doubt, her first of love affairs</p> + + <p>Is that to which her heart is wholly granted;</p> + + <p>Yet there are some, they say, who have had + <i>none</i>,</p> + + <p>But those who have ne'er end with only + <i>one</i>,</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>we have the following editorial comment:—"These two + lines are a versification of a saying of Montaigne." (!!!) The + saying is <i>not</i> by Montaigne, but by La + Rochefoucauld:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"On peut trouver des femmes qui n'ont jamais eu de + galanterie; mais il est rare d'en trouver qui n'en aient + jamais eu qu'une."—<i>Max.</i> 73.</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>Byron borrows the same idea again:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"Writing grows a habit, like a woman's gallantry. There + are women who have had no intrigue, but few who have had + but one only; so there are millions of men who have never + written a book, but few who have written only + one."—<i>Observations upon an Article in Blackwood's + Magazine</i>; <i>Byron's Works</i>, vol. xv. p. 87, Moore's + Edition, 17 vols duod. London, 1833.</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>Both the silence of the author, and the blunder of his + editor, seem to me to prove that <i>Les Maximes</i> are not as + <i>generally</i> known and studied as they deserve to be.</p> + + <p class="author">MELANION.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>ST. ANTHOLIN'S.</h3> + + <p>Your correspondent MR. RIMBAULT (No. 12.) has made rather a + grave charge against my predecessors in office as churchwardens + and overseers of this parish; and although, I regret to say, + such accusations of unjust stewardship and dereliction of duty + are frequently and with justice imputed to some parish + officers, yet I am happy to be able, in this instance, to + remove the stigma which would otherwise attach to those of St. + Antholin. The churchwardens' accounts are in good preservation, + and present (in an unbroken series) the parish expenditure for + nearly three centuries.</p> + + <p>Mr. Rimbault has doubtless been misled by some error in the + description of the MSS. in Mr. Thorpe's catalogue (as + advertised by him for sale), which were probably merely + extracts from the original records.</p> + + <p>The first volume commences with the year 1574, and finishes + in 1708; the accounts are all written at the time of their + respective dates, and regularly signed by the auditors then and + there present as correct.</p> + + <p>I have made numerous extracts from these interesting + documents, and <i>notes</i> thereon, which I shall at some + future time be happy to lay before your readers, if you should + consider them of sufficient importance.</p> + + <p>As a voucher for what I have stated with regard to their + existence, and to give some idea of their general character, I + have selected (at random) a few items from the year + 1580-1:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"The Accompte of Henrie Jaye, Churchwarden of the + Parishe of St. Antholyne, from the feaste of the Anunciacon + of our Ladye in Anno 1580 unto the same feaste followinge + in Anno 1581."</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>Among the "receaittes" we have—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"R<sup>d</sup> of Mr. Thorowgoode for an olde font stone,</p> + + <p class="i2">by the consente of a vestrie v<sup>s</sup> + iiij<sup>d</sup></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"R<sup>d</sup> for the clothe of + <i>bodkine</i><a id="footnotetag11" + name="footnotetag11"></a><a href="#footnote11"><sup>11</sup></a> + y<sup>t</sup> Ser Roger</p> + + <p class="i2">Marten hade before in keppinge, and + now</p> + + <p class="i2">sold by the consente of a vestry and + our</p> + + <p class="i2">mynnister iij<sup>li</sup> vj<sup>s</sup> viij<sup>d</sup></p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>"The Payments as followithe:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"P<sup>d</sup> to the wife of John Bakone <i>gwder</i> of + the</p> + + <p class="i2">Lazer cotte at Myle + End<a id="footnotetag12" + name="footnotetag12"></a><a href="#footnote12"><sup>12</sup></a> + in full of her + due</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page261" + id="page261"></a>{261}</span> + + <p class="i2">for keppinge of Evan Redde y<sup>t</sup> was + Mr.</p> + + <p class="i2">Hariots mane till his departtur and for + his</p> + + <p class="i2">Shete and Burialle as dothe apere xl<sup>s</sup> + viij<sup>d</sup></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"P<sup>d</sup> for makinge of the Longe pillowe & the</p> + + <p class="i2">pulpit clothe ij<sup>s</sup></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"P<sup>d</sup> for a yard and a nale of fustane for the + same</p> + + <p class="i2">pillowe xvj<sup>d</sup></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"P<sup>d</sup> for silke to the same pillowe xvj<sup>d</sup></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"P<sup>d</sup> for xj<sup>li</sup> of fethers for the same pillowe, + at</p> + + <p class="i2">v<sup>d</sup> - - iiij<sup>s</sup> vij<sup>d</sup></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"P<sup>d</sup> for brede and beer that day the quen cam</p> + + <p class="i2">in xij<sup>d</sup></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"P<sup>d</sup> for candells and mendinge the + <i>baldrocke</i><a id="footnotetag13" + name="footnotetag13"></a><a href="#footnote13"><sup>13</sup></a> + vj<sup>d</sup></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"P<sup>d</sup> for paynttinge y<sup>e</sup> stafe of the survayer + iij<sup>d</sup></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"P<sup>d</sup> for mendynge the lytell bell iij<sup>s</sup></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"Pd to Mr. Sanders for the yearly rent of the</p> + + <p class="i2">Laystall and skowringe the + <i>harnes</i><a id="footnotetag14" + name="footnotetag14"></a><a href="#footnote14"><sup>14</sup></a> + for</p> + + <p class="i2">his yer iij<sup>s</sup> viij<sup>d</sup></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"P<sup>d</sup> to Mr. Wright for the makinge of the + Cloke<a id="footnotetag15" + name="footnotetag15"></a><a href="#footnote15"><sup>15</sup></a></p> + + <p class="i2">mor than he gatheride, agred one at the + laste</p> + + <p class="i2">vestrie xvij<sup>s</sup></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"P<sup>d</sup> to Peter Medcalfe for mending the Cloke</p> + + <p class="i2">when it neade due at o<sup>r</sup> Ladies Daye + laste</p> + + <p class="i2">past in Anno 1581 iij<sup>s</sup></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"P<sup>d</sup> for entringe this account xx<sup>d</sup>."</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="author">W.C., JUNIOR,</p> + + <p>Overseer of St. Antholin, 1850.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>QUERIES.</h2> + + <h3>COLLEGE SALTING.</h3> + + <p>Mr. Editor.—If your very valuable work had existed in + October, 1847, when I published in the <i>British Magazine</i> + a part of Archibishop Whitgift's accounts relative to his + pupils while he was Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, I + should certainly have applied to you for assistance.</p> + + <p>In several of the accounts there is a charge for the pupil's + "salting;" and after consulting gentlemen more accurately + informed with regard to the customs of the university than + myself, I was obliged to append a note to the word, when it + occurred for the first time in the account of Lord Edward + Zouch, in which I said, "I must confess my inability to explain + this word; and do not know whether it may be worth while to + state that, on my mentioning it to a gentleman, once a + fellow-commoner of the college, he told me, that when, as a + freshman, he was getting his gown from the maker, he made some + remark on the long strips of sleeve by which such gowns are + distinguished, and was told that they were called 'salt-bags,' + but he could not learn why; and an Oxford friend tells me, that + going to the buttery to drink salt and water was part of the + form of his admission.... This nobleman's (<i>i.e.</i> Lord + Edward Zouch's) amounted to 4<i>s.</i>, and that of the Earl of + Cumberland to 3<i>s.</i> 4<i>d.</i>, while in other cases it + was as low as 8<i>d.</i>" To this I added the suggestion that + it was probably some fee, or expense, which varied according to + the rank of the parties. It afterwards occurred to me that this + "salting" was, perhaps, some entertainment given by the + new-comer, from and after which he ceased to be "fresh;" and + that while we seem to have lost the "salting" both really and + nominally, we retain the word to which it has reference.</p> + + <p>Be this as it may, my attention has just now been recalled + to the question by my accidentally meeting with one of Owen's + epigrams, which shows that in his time there was some sort of + salting at Oxford, and also of peppering at Winchester. As I + doubt not that you have readers well acquainted with the + customs of both these seats of learning, perhaps some may be + good enough to afford information. Owen was at Oxford not many + years after Whitgift had been Master of Trinity at Cambridge, + if (as Wood states) he took his bachelor's degree in 1590. The + epigram is as follows:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"Oxoniæ salsus (juvenis tum) more vetusto;</p> + + <p class="i2">Wintoniæque (puer tum) piperatus + eram.</p> + + <p>Si quid inest nostro piperisve salisve libello,</p> + + <p class="i2">Oxoniense sal est, Wintoniense + piper."</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>It is No. 64 in that book of epigrams which Owen inscribed + "Ad Carolum Eboracensem, fratrem Principis, filium Regis," p. + 205, edit. Elz, 1628. 12mo. I give this full reference in order + to express my most hearty sympathy with the righteous + indignation of my highly respected friend, your correspondent + "L.S." (No. 15 p. 230.), against imperfect references. I do + not, however, agree with him in thinking it fortunate that he + is not a "despotic monarch;" on the contrary, now that I have + not to take up verses, or construe Greek to him, I should like + it of all things; and I am sure the world would be much the + better for it.</p> + + <p class="author">S.R. MAITLAND.</p> + + <p>Gloucester, Feb. 18. 1850.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>A FEW DODO QUERIES.</h3> + + <p>The discovery and speedy extinction of that extraordinary + bird the DODO, belongs rather to + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page262" + id="page262"></a>{262}</span> human history than to pure + zoology, and I therefore hope that a few Queries relating to + this curious subject will be admissible into your + publication. I have already, in the work entitled <i>The + Dodo and its Kindred</i>, and in the Supplementary notices + inserted last year in the <i>Annals and Magazine of Natural + History</i> (ser. 2. vol. iii. pp. 136, 259; vol. iv. p. + 335), endeavoured to collect together the <i>omne scitum</i> + of the Dodo-history, but I am satisfied that the <i>omne + scibile</i> is not yet attained.</p> + + <p><i>Query I.</i>—Is there any historical record of the + first discovery of Mauritius and Bourbon by the Portuguese? + These islands bore the name of <i>Mascarenhas</i> as early as + 1598, when they were so indicated on one of the De Bry's maps. + Subsequent compilers state that they were thus named after + their Portuguese discoverer, but I have not succeeded in + finding any notice of them in the histories of Portuguese + expeditions to the East Indies which I have consulted. The only + appartently authentic indication of their discovery, that I am + aware of, is the pillar bearing the name of John III. of + Portugal, and dated 1545, which is stated by Leguat, on Du + Quesne's authority, to have been found in Bourbon by Flacour, + when he took possession of the island in 1653.</p> + + <p><i>Query II</i>.—It appears from Leguat's <i>New + Voyage to the East Indies</i>, London, 1708, pp. 2, 37., that + the Marquis Du Quesne, being desirous of sending out a colony + from Holland to the Isle of Bourbon in 1689 or 1690, published + (probably in Dutch) an account of that Island, with a view of + inducing emigrants to go thither. I should be greatly obliged + if any of your readers can tell me the title, date, and place + of publication of this book, and where a copy of it is to be + seen or procured.</p> + + <p><i>Query III</i>.—Are there in existence any original + oil-paintings of the Dodo by Savery or any other artist, + besides the five described in the <i>Dodo and its + Kindred</i>—viz., the one at the Hague, at Berlin, at + Vienna, at the British Museum, and at Oxford? And are there any + original engravings of this bird, besides that in De Bry, in + Clusius, in Van den Broecke, in Herbert, in Bontekoc, and in + Bontius, of all which I have published fac-similes?</p> + + <p><i>Query IV</i>.—Are there any <i>original</i> authors + who mention the Dodo as a living bird, besides Van Neck, + Clusius, Heemskerk, Willem van West-Zanen, Matelief, Van der + Hagen, Verhuffen, Van den Broecke, Bontekoe, Herbert, Cauche, + Lestrange, and Benjamin Harry? Or any authority for the + <i>Solitaire</i> of Rodriguez besides Leguat and D'Heguerty; or + for the Dodo-like birds of Bourbon besides Castelton, + Carré Sieur D.B., and Billiard?</p> + + <p><i>Query V</i>—In Rees' <i>Cyclopæia</i>, + article BOURBON, we are told that in that island there is "a + kind of large bat, denominated <i>l'Oiseau bleu</i>, which are + skinned and eaten as a great delicacy." Where did the compiler + of the article pick up this statement?</p> + + <p><i>Query VI</i>.—Is there in existence any figure, + published or unpublished, of the Dodo-like bird which once + inhabited the Isle of Bourbon?</p> + + <p><i>Query VII</i>—What is the derivation or meaning of + the words <i>Dodaers</i> and <i>Dronte</i>, as applied to the + Dodo?</p> + + <p><i>Query VIII</i>.—Sir Hamon Lestrange has recorded + that about 1638 he saw a living Dodo exhibited in London. (See + <i>Sloane MSS</i>. 1839, v. p. 9. in Brit. Mus.; Wilkin's ed. + of <i>Sir T. Browne's Works</i>, vol. i. p. 369.; vol. ii, p. + 173.; <i>The Dodo and its Kindred</i>, p. 22.) Is there any + contemporary notice extant in print or in MS. which confirms + this statement? A splendidly bound copy of <i>The Dodo and its + Kindred</i> will be given to any one who can answer this query + affirmatively.</p> + + <p><i>Query IX</i>.—In Holme's <i>Academy of Armory and + Blazou</i>, Chester, 1688, p. 289, we find a Dodo figured as an + heraldic device, a fac-simile of which is given in the + <i>Annals of Natural History</i>, 2nd series, vol. iii. p. 260. + The author thus describes it: "He beareth Sable a <i>Dodo</i> + or <i>Dronte</i> proper. By the name of <i>Dronte</i>. This + exotic bird doth equal a swan in bigness," &c. &c. Now + I wish to ask, where did this family of <i>Dronte</i> reside? + Is anything known concerning them? How did they come by these + arms? and are any members of the family now living?</p> + + <p><i>Query X.</i>—From a passage in the <i>Histoire de + l'Académie Royale des Sciences</i>, 1776, p. 37, it + appears that Pingré the French astronomer, published, or + at least wrote, a relation of his voyage to Rodriguez, in which + he speaks of <i>Solitaires</i>. Is this the fact? and if so, + what is the title of his work?</p> + + <p class="author">H.E. STRICKLAND.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>ON PASSAGES IN COLERIDGE'S CHRISTADEL AND BYRON'S LARA. + TABLET TO NAPOLEON.</h3> + + <p>I am one of those who look upon the creations of our great + poets as deserving illustration almost as much as actual + history; and I am always distressed when I meet with passages + representing events with respect to which I cannot make up my + mind as to what the author meant, or intended his readers to + believe. Two of these occur to me at this moment, and I shall + be much obliged by any of your correspondents giving, in your + pages, brief replies to my queries, or referring me to any + published works where I may find their solution.</p> + + <p>1. What did Coleridge mean to represent or imply in his tale + of <i>Christabel</i>? Who or what was Geraldine? What did + Christabel see in her, at times, so unutterably horrible? What + is meant by "the ladye strange" making Christabel <i>carry</i> + her over the sill of the portal? &c., + &c.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page263" + id="page263"></a>{263}</span> + + <p>2. What does Byron mean us to infer that Lara <i>saw</i> in + his hall that midnight, when he so alarmed his household + with</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"A sound, a voice, a shriek, a fearful call,</p> + + <p>A long loud shriek—and silence."?</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>The poet, it is true, seems to refuse, purposely, to let his + readers into the truth, telling them:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"Whate'er his frenzy dream'd or eye beheld,</p> + + <p>If yet remember'd, ne'er to be reaveal'd,</p> + + <p>Rests at his heart."</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>But still, I conceive there can be no doubt that <i>he knew + the truth</i> (I speak as of realities), —knew what he + intended to represent by so full and elaborate a delineation of + a scene. And it is the author's meaning and intention that I + wish to come at.</p> + + <p>I will ask one more question relative to this magnificent + poem (which I don't think has had justice done it by the + critics), but one respecting which I hardly think there can be + any doubt as to the author's secret meaning:—Is not the + <i>Kaled</i> of <i>Lara</i> the <i>Gulnare</i> of the + <i>Giaour</i>?</p> + + <p>Before concluding, I will add a query on a very different + subject.</p> + + <p>3. Many of your readers have, doubtless, seen the large + marble tablet erected by the Vallaisians in honour of Napoleon, + in the Convent of the Great St. Bernard. A recent traveller in + Switzerland (Dr. Forbes) has, I find, noticed the inscription, + and questioned, as I had done, both its meaning and Latinity. I + extract this author's note as expressing exactly the point on + which I desiderate information:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"Having doubts both as to the precise meaning and + lingual purity of the compound epithet <i>Bis Italicus</i>, + here applied to Napoleon, I subjoin the passage in which it + occurs, for the judgement of the learned:—</p> + + <p>'NAPOLEONI ... ÆGYPTIACO BIS ITALICO SEMPER + INVICTO ... GRATA RESPUBLICA.'"—<i>A Physician's + Holiday</i>, p. 468.</p> + </blockquote> + + <p class="author">EMDEE.</p> + + <p>Athenæum, January 26. 1850.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>MINOR QUERIES.</h3> + + <p><i>Howkey or Horkey.</i>— Can anybody explain the + etymology of the word <i>Howkey</i> or <i>Horkey</i>, generally + used to denote a harvest-home merriment in our eastern + counties? Forbes speaks of it as an intractable word, and + neither he nor Sir J. Cullum have succeeded in explaining it + satisfactorily.</p> + + <p class="author">BRAYBROOKE.</p> + + <p>Audley End, Feb. 16.</p> + + <p><i>Lord Bacon's Metrical Version of the + Psalms.</i>—The answer in No. 15. p. 235. to A + CORNISHMAN'S Query (No. 13. p. 202) respecting "Bacon's + Metrical Version of the Psalms," suggests another query. The + work in question was a mere "exercise of sickness;" it contains + only seven psalms (the 1st, 12th, 90th, 104th, 126th, 137th, + and 149th), and is, without pretension of any kind, a very + proper diversion for a mind that could not be inactive and yet + required rest; and very good verses for a man unpractised in + metrical composition. The <i>Collection of Apophthegms</i> + (also a recreation in sickness), though considerably larger and + altogether weightier, was considered so trifling a work that + Dr. Rawley, in his "perfect list of his Lordship's true works, + &c.," appended to the first edition of the + <i>Resuscitatio</i> (1657), either forgot or did not think fit + to mention it. Yet both these trifles were not only written but + <i>published</i>, by Bacon himself the year before his + death—a thing quite contrary to his practice; for though + he had written and carefully preserved and circulated in + manuscript so much, he had till then published nothing that was + not of the weightiest and most solid kind. Can any of your + correspondents inform me how much two such books may possibly + have been <i>worth</i> to a publisher in the year 1625; being + works of low price and popular character, proceeding from an + author of great name? How much is it reasonable to suppose that + a publisher may have given for the copyright? or how far may it + have gone towards the payment of a bookseller's bill?</p> + + <p class="author">J.S.</p> + + <p>Feb. 7. 1850.</p> + + <p><i>Treatise of Equivocation.</i>—I shall feel happy + if, through your very opportune medium, I can obtain some + information respecting a very extraordinary and mysterious + book, as to its existence, local habitation, and any other + <i>material</i> circumstance, which has the title of <i>A + Treatise of Equivocation.</i> The first recognition of the work + is in the <i>Relation of the Proceedings in the Trial for the + Powder Plot</i>, 1604. At signat. I. the Attourney-General, Sir + E. Coke, appeals to it, and affirms that it was allowed by the + Archpriest Blackwel, and that the title was altered to <i>A + Treatise against Lying and Fraudulent Dissimulation</i>. He + proceeds to describe some of its contents, as if he were + himself acquainted with the book. Thomas Morton, Bishop of + Lichfield, and Coventry, afterwards of Durham, in his <i>Full + Satisfaction concerning a double Romish Iniquitie; Rebellion + and Equivocation</i>, 1606, refers to the work as familiarly + acquainted with it. (See Ep. Dedic. A. 3.; likewise pages 88 + & 94.) He gives the authorship to Creswell or Tresham. He + refers likewise to a Latin work entitled <i>Resolutio + Casuum</i>, to the same effect, possibly a translation, to + which he subjoins the names of Parsons and Allen. Robert Abbot, + in his <i>Antilogia</i>, 1613, pp. 13, 14. emphatically and at + length produces the same book and facts; but they are merely + copied from the <i>Relation</i> of the Powder-treason Trial. + Henry Mason, in his most satisfactory work, <i>The New Art of + Lying, &c.</i>, 1624, has spoken of the + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page264" + id="page264"></a>{264}</span> <i>Treatise</i> with the same + familiarity (see p. 51.), and elsewhere, if my memory does + not deceive me. Dodd, in his <i>Church + history</i>,—when will the new edition begin to move + again? Can Stonyhurst tell?—ascribes the work to + Tresham. Hardly any of the similar works in these times + belong to <i>one</i> author. It may just be added, that + Parson's <i>Mitigation</i> contains, perhaps, all the + substance of the Roman equivocation, with not much reserve + or disguise. It was published in answer to Bishop Morton's + work in 1607. Foulis has, of course, substantially all the + above, but nothing more.</p> + + <p>Now, the questions which I want to have solved are + these:—Was the book ever extant in MS. Or print? Is it + now extant, and where? Who has seen a copy? What is its size, + date, and extent? Has the Durham Cathedral Library, in + particular, a copy? Mr. Botfield might have informed us. In + fact, where is any effectual intelligence of the fugitive to be + found?</p> + + <p class="author">J.M.</p> + + <p>Feb. 8. 1850.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>REPLIES.</h2> + + <h3>ETYMOLOGY OF "ARMAGH."</h3> + + <p>Some of your correspondents have taken up the not unnatural + idea, that the last syllable of the word "Armagh" is identical + with the Celtic word <i>magh</i>, a plain. But there are two + objections to this. In the first place, the name is never spelt + in Irish <i>Armagh</i>, nor even <i>Ardmagh</i>, but always + ARDMACHA. <i>Ardmagh</i> or <i>Armagh</i> is only the + anglicised spelling, adapted to English tongues and ears. It is + therefore clearly absurd to take this corrupt form of the word + as our <i>datum</i>, in the attempt to search for its + etymology. Secondly, the Irish names of places which are + derived from, or compounded of, <i>magh</i>, a plain, are + always anglicised, <i>moy, moi, mow</i>, or <i>mo</i>, to + represent the pronunciation: as Fermoy, Athmoy, Knockmoy, + Moira, Moyagher, Moyaliffe (or Me-aliffe, as it is now commonly + spelt), Moville, Moyarta, and thousands of other cases. And + those who are acquainted with the Irish language will at once + tell, by the ear, that <i>Armagh</i>, as the word is pronounced + by the native peasantry, even by those who have lost that + language (as most of them in that district now have), could not + be a compound of <i>magh</i>, a plain.</p> + + <p>The work of M. Bullet, quoted by your correspondent + "HERMES," is full of ignorant blunders similar to that which he + commits, when he tells us that Armagh in compounded of + "<i>Ar</i>, article, and <i>mag</i>, ville." The article, in + Irish, is <i>An</i>, not <i>ar</i>; and <i>mag</i> does not + signify a town. He adopts, your readers will perceive, the + modern English spelling, which could not lead to a correct + result, even if M. Bullet had been acquainted with the Celtic + languages. The same remark applies to the explanation given by + the author of <i>Circles of Gomer</i>. <i>Ard</i>, not + <i>Ar</i>, is the word to be explained; and therefore, even + though <i>Ar</i> and <i>Ararat</i> meant, as he tells us, + "earth, country, or upon and on the earth," this would throw no + light on the etymology of ARD<i>macha</i>.</p> + + <p>"HIBERNICUS" (No. 14. p. 217.) is partly right and partly + wrong; he adopts the anglicised spelling of the second + syllable, although he seems aware that the first syllable ought + to be <i>Ard</i>; and he admits also that this word is a + substantive, signifying a <i>height</i>, not the adjective + <i>high</i>. "A high plain," in Irish, would be, not Ardmagh, + or Ardmoy (as it would have been anglicised), but + <i>Magh-ard</i> (Anglice <i>Moyard</i>). Great light will be + thrown on the whole subject of the etymology of Irish + typographical names, when the Index to my friend Mr. + O'Donovan's edition of the <i>Annals of the Four Masters</i> + makes its appearance.</p> + + <p>I may add too, in conclusion, that Camden is wrong in + suggesting that <i>Armach</i> (as he spells it, retaining, + curiously enough, the correct etymology of the last syllable) + is identical with <i>Dearmach</i> (where the last syllable + ought to be <i>magh</i>). This latter place is the well-known + Durrow, in the county Westmeath; and its name, in Irish, is + <i>Duir-magh</i>, which is really a compound from <i>magh</i>, + a plain. Bede tells us, that the word signified, in the + Scottish language, <i>Campus roborum</i> (see Bede, <i>Hist. + Eccl.</i> lib. iii. c. 4.); but Adamson (<i>Vit. + Columbæ</i>, c. 39.) more correctly translates it, + "monasterium <i>Roboreti Campi</i>." It is not likely that such + authorities could confound Durrow, in Westmeath, with the + ecclesiastical metropolis of Ireland, and patriarchal see of + St. Patrick.</p> + + <p>Whoever the Mach or Macha was from whom Ardmacha has its + name (whether the queen called Macha-mong-ruadh, whose reign is + assigned by O'Flaherty to A.M. 3603, or the older Macha, who is + said to be the wife of Nemedius), it should be borne in mind, + that the word whose etymology is required is + ARDMACHA<a id="footnotetag16" + name="footnotetag16"></a><a href="#footnote16"><sup>16</sup></a>, + and not <i>Armagh.</i> What would be thought of the critic + who would now attempt to investigate the etymology of the + English word <i>bishop</i>, by dividing it into two + syllables, and seeking analogies in sound for each + syllable.</p> + + <p>I have ventured to go at greater length into this matter + than its importance may seem to warrant, because it illustrates + so clearly a very general error, from which Celtic literature + has deeply suffered, of inventing fanciful etymologies adapted + to the modern English spellings, instead of the original Celtic + forms of names; and this error, as the question before us + proves, is as old as Camden's time, and older.</p> + + <p class="author">J.H. TODD.</p> + + <p>Trin. Coll. Dublin, Feb. 2, 1850.</p> + <hr /> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page265" + id="page265"></a>{265}</span> + + <h3>WILLIAM BASSE AND HIS POEMS.</h3> + + <p>I read with great pleasure MR. COLLIER'S interesting paper + on "William Basse and his Poems," inserted in your 13th Number. + Very little is known of this once popular poet, but it is very + desirable that that little should be collected together, which + cannot be better effected than through the friendly system of + inter-communication established by your valuable journal.</p> + + <p>From my limited researches upon this subject, it appears + that there were two poets of the name of William Basse. Anthony + Wood (<i>Athen. Oxon.</i>, edit. Bliss. iv. 222.) speaks of one + William Basse, of Moreton, near Thame, in Oxfordshire, who was + some time a retainer of Lord Wenman, of Thame Park, <i>i.e.</i> + Richard Viscount Wenman, in the peerage of Ireland. And I find + among my MS. biographical collections that a William Basse, of + Suffolk, was admitted a sizar of Emanuel College, Cambridge, in + 1629. A.B. 1632, and A.M. in 1636. The William Basse who wrote + <i>Great Brittaines Sunnes-set</i> in 1613, was also the author + of the MS. collection of poems entitled <i>Polyhymnia</i>, + mentioned by MR. COLLIER. In proof of this it is merely + necessary to notice the dedication of the former "To his + Honourable Master, Sir Richard Wenman, Knight," and the verses + and acrostics in the MS. "To the Right Hon. the Lady Aungier + Wenman, Mrs. Jane Wenman, and the truly noble, vertuous, and + learned Lady, the Lady Agnes Wenman." Basse's Poems were + evidently intended for the press, but we may conjecture that + the confusion of the times prevented them from appearing. + Thomas Warton, in his <i>Life and Literary Remains of Ralph + Bathurst, M.D.</i>, has a copy of verses by the Dr. "To Mr. W. + Basse, upon the intended publication of his Poems, January 13, + 1651;" to which the learned editor adds, "I find no account of + this writer or his poems." The whole consists of forty-four + verses, from which I extract the beginning and the + end:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Basse, whose rich mine of wit we here behold</p> + + <p>As porcelain earth, more precious, 'cause more + old;</p> + + <p>Who, like an aged oak, so long hath stood,</p> + + <p>And art religion now as well as food:</p> + + <p>Though thy grey Muse grew up with elder times,</p> + + <p>And our deceased grandsires lisp'd thy rhymes;</p> + + <p>Yet we can sing thee too, and make the lays</p> + + <p>Which deck thy brow look fresher with thy + praise.</p> + <hr /> + + <p>Though these, your happy births, have silent + past</p> + + <p>More years than some abortive wits shall last;</p> + + <p>He still writes new, who once so well hath sung:</p> + + <p>That Muse can ne'er be old, which ne'er was + young."</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>These verses are valuable as showing that Basse was living + in 1651, and that he was then an aged man. The Emanuelian of + the same name, who took his M.A. degree in 1636, might possibly + be his son. At any rate, the latter was a poet. There are some + of his pieces among the MSS. in the Public Library, Cambridge; + and I have a small MS. volume of his rhymes, scarcely soaring + above mediocrity, which was presented to me by an ancient + family residing in Suffolk.</p> + + <p>A poem by William Basse is inserted in the <i>Annalia + Dubrensia</i>, 1636, in praise of Robert Dover and his revival + of the Cotswold Games; but it is not clear to which of these + poets we may ascribe it. Malone attributes two rare volumes to + one or other of these poets. The first, a translation or + paraphrase of Juvenal's tenth satire, entitled <i>That which + seems Best is Worst</i>, 12mo., 1617; the second, "A Miscellany + of Merriment," entitled <i>A Helpe to Discourse</i>, 2nd edit. + 8vo., 1620: but the former is more probably the work of William + Barkstead. I may mention that a copy of Basse's <i>Sword and + Buckler, or Serving Man's Defence</i>, 1602, is among Malone's + books in the Bodleian.</p> + + <p>Izaac Walton speaks of William Basse, "one that hath made + the choice songs of the <i>Hunter in His Career</i>, and of + <i>Tom of Bedlam</i>, and many others of note." The ballad + mentioned by MR. COLLIER, "Maister Basse his Career, or the + Hunting of the Hare," is undoubtably the one alluded to by + Walton. I may add, that it is printed in <i>Wit and + Drollery</i>, edit. 1682. p. 64.; and also in <i>Old + Ballads</i>, 1725, vol. iii. p. 196. The tune is contained in + the <i>Shene MS.</i>, a curious collection of old tunes in the + Advocate's Library, Edinburgh; and a ballad entitled + <i>Hubert's Ghost</i>, to the tune of <i>Basse's Carrier</i>, + is preserved among the Bagford Collection of Old Ballads in the + British Museum. With regard to the second ballad mentioned by + Walton, our knowledge is not so perfect. Sir John Hawkins in a + note (<i>Complete Angler</i>, 5th edit. p. 73.) + says:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"This song, beginning—</p> + + <p class="i2">'Forth from my dark and dismal cell,'</p> + </div> + </div> + + <blockquote> + <p>with the music to it, set by Hen. Lawes, is printed in a + book, entitled <i>Choice Ayres, Songs and Dialogues, to + sing to the Theorbo Lute, and Bass Viol</i>, folio. 1675, + and in Playfield's <i>Antidote against Melancholy</i>, 8vo. + 1669, and also in Dr. Percy's <i>Reliques of Ancient + English Poetry</i>, vol. ii. p. 350; but in the latter with + a mistake in the last line of the third stanza, of the word + <i>Pentarchy</i> for <i>Pentateuch</i>."</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>A copy of the <i>Choice Ayres</i>, 1675, is now before me, + but Henry Lawes's name does not appear to the song in question. + Sir John has evidently made a mistake; the air of <i>Mad + Tom</i> was composed by John Cooper, alias <i>Giovanni + Coperario</i>, for one of the Masques perfomed by the Gentlemen + of Gray's Inn. (See <i>The English Dancing Master</i>, 1651, in + the British Museum, and Additional MS. 10,440, in the same + repository.) With regard to the ballad itself, there is an + early copy (of the latter part of the sixteenth century) + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page266" + id="page266"></a>{266}</span> preserved in the Harleian + MSS., No. 7332, fol. 41. It purports to have been</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"Written (i.e. transcribed) be Feargod Barebone, who + being at many times idle and wanting employment, wrote out + certain songs and epigrams, with the idea of mending his + hand in writing."</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>There is another copy among Malone's MSS. in the Bodleian + (No. 16. p. 55.), where it is entitled <i>A new Tom of + Bedlam</i>. But I contend there is no evidence to show that + this is the ballad alluded to by Walton; none of the copies + having the name of the author. We have two other songs + (probably more) bearing the same title of <i>Tom of Bedlam</i>; + one beginning, "From the top of high Caucasus;" the other + commencing, "From the hag and hungry goblin;" either of which + are quite as likely to have been intended as that mentioned + above.</p> + + <p>It still remains a question, I think, which of the two + Basses was the author of the ballads mentioned by Walton. But I + have already trespassed so long upon your valuable space that I + will leave the further consideration of the subject until a + future period: in the meantime, perhaps some of your + correspondents may be enabled to "illuminate our darkness" upon + the various knotty points.</p> + + <p class="author">EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>BEAVER HATS—PISAN.</h3> + + <p>Allow me to say a few words in reply to your correspondent + "GASTROS." His quotation from Fairholt (<i>Costume in + England</i>), who cites Stubbes's <i>Anatomy of Abuses</i> as + the earliest authority for the use of beaver hats in England, + is not a satisfactory reply to my query; inasmuch as I am aware + that beaver hats were occasionally worn by great people in this + country some centuries before Stubbes was born. For example, + Henry III. possessed "unum capellum de Bevre cum apparatu auri + et lapidibus preciosis;" as appears from the "Wardrobe + Account," of the 55th year of his reign. I have, therefore, + still to ask for the <i>earliest</i> instance of the use of + hats or caps of this material in England; such hats, as well as + gloves, are mentioned in several English inventories made + between the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries. Is there any + example earlier than the time of Henry III.?</p> + + <p>"GASTROS" has also obligingly replied to my query as to "the + meaning of the term <i>Pisan</i>, used in old records for some + part of defensive armour," but he seems to have forgotten that + I expressly stated that term had no relation to "the fabrics of + Pisa;" at least such is my belief. With regard to the inventory + of the arms and armour of Louis le Hutin, taken in 1316, + printed in Meyrick's <i>Ancient Armour</i>, to which he kindly + refers me, it may be observed that the said inventory is so + perversely translated in the first edition of that work (just + now I have no means of consulting the second), as to be all but + useless; indeed it might be termed one of the most + extraordinary literary performances of modern times, as the + following instance may suffice to show. One of the items of the + inventory is, "une cote gamboisée à arbroissiaus + d'or broudées à chardonereus;" and it is thus + rendered into English, "a gamboised coat with a rough surface + (like a thicket;—<i>note</i>) of gold embroidered on the + nap of the cloth!" The real signification is "a gamboised coat + embroidered in gold, with little bushes (or trees), with + gold-finches [on them]." But I am rather wandering from my + point: I never could ascertain on what authority Sir Samuel + Meyrick asserted that "jazeran armour," as he calls it, was + formed of "overlapping plates." The French word <i>jazeran</i> + was derived from the Italian <i>ghiazarino</i>, or + <i>ghiazzerino</i>, which signified "a gorget of mail," or what + some of our antiquaries have termed "a standard of mail;" in + France this word always preserved its relation to mail, and in + process of time came to be applied to so lowly an object as a + flagon-chain: see Cotgrave's <i>Fr. Dict.</i> ed. 1673. + Roquefort, indeed, says a "jaserans" was a cuirass, but to my + apprehension the passage which he quotes from the <i>Roman + d'Alexandre</i>—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"Es haubers, <i>jazerans</i>, et ès elmes + gemez"—</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>seems to prove that, in that instance at least, a gorget is + meant. At any rate, the translation of the passage in the + inventory to which "GASTROS" refers should be, "three Pisan + collerets of steel mail," not that given by Meyrick. Here we + have clearly a fabric of Pisa: whereas the <i>pisan</i>, of + which I desire to know the meaning, invariable occurs as an + independent term, e.g. "<i>item, unum pisanum</i>," or "<i>unum + par pisanorum</i>." Of course I have my own conjecture on the + subject, but should be glad to hear other opinions; so I again + put the question to your correspondents. In conclusion I would + observe to "GASTROS" that they must be <i>very</i> late MSS. + indeed in which such a contraction as <i>pisan</i> for + <i>partisan</i> can be found. If you have room, and think it + worth while, I will from time to time send you some corrections + of the more flagrant errors of Meyrick.</p> + + <p class="author">T. HUDSON TURNER.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES.</h3> + + <p><i>Norman Pedigrees</i>. In reference to your correspondent + "B.'s" inquiries, he will find much information in the + Publications de la Société des Antiquaires de + Normandie. Under their auspices, M. Estancelin published in + 1828 a full history of the Earls of Eu. I am not aware of any + full collection of pedigrees of the companions of William the + Conqueror: the names of several of the lands from which they + took their designations yet remain.</p> + + <p class="author">W. DURRANT + COOPER.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page267" + id="page267"></a>{267}</span> + + <p><i>Norman Pedigrees.</i>—In answer to "B.'s" query + (No. 14. p. 214.), an excellent Gazetteer was published in + Paris, 1831, entitled <i>Dictionnaire Complet + Géographique, Statistique, et Commercial de la France et + de ses Colonies; par M. Briand-de-Verzé</i>, pp. 856. + Many of the names of the Conqueror's Norman companions will be + found in that work; as, for instance, Geoffrey de + "<i>Mandeville</i>, village. Calvados arrondissement, + 31½ O.N.O. de Bayeaux," &c.</p> + + <p>Norman de <i>Beauchamp</i>: three Beauchamps are mentioned; + that 51. from Avranches will be the one in question.</p> + + <p class="author">C.I.R.</p> + + <p>Oxford, Feb. 19. 1850.</p> + + <p><i>Norman Pedigrees.</i>—Your correspondent "B." (No. + 14. p. 214.) would probably find part of the information he + seeks in <i>Domesday Book, seu Censualis Willelmi Primi Regis + Angliæ</i>. But query? Is "B." right in supposing the + prefix "De" to be <i>French</i>? Does it not rather originate + in the <i>Latin</i>?</p> + + <p>"Domesday" is written in Latin throughout; and the "de," + denoting the place, is there occasionally followed by what + seems to be the Latin ablative case. I copy an + example:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"Canonici de Hansone ten. l. hida de Sansone," (i.e. + loc. in co. Stafford.)</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>Then of the person it is said—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"Sanson ten. de rege, &c.... iii. hid. træ in + Hargedone," &c.</p> + </blockquote> + + <p class="author">J.S.</p> + + <p><i>Translation of Ælian.</i>—In answer to the + query of "G.M." in No. 15. p. 232., I beg to state that in + Lowndes's <i>Manual</i>, vol. i. p. 13., is the following + notice under the head of "Ælianus Claudius:"—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"Various Histories translated by T. Stanley, London, + 1665, 8vo. 5<i>s.</i> This translation is by the son of the + learned editor of Æschylus, and was reprinted 1670. + 1677."</p> + </blockquote> + + <p class="author">C.I.R.</p> + + <p><i>Ave Trici and Gheeze Ysenoudi.</i>—I regret that I + cannot give "H.L.B." any further information about these ladies + than the colophon I transcribed affords. To me, however, it is + quite clear that they were sisters of some convent in Flanders + or Holland; the name of their spiritual father, Nicolas Wyt, + and the names of the ladies, clearly indicate this.</p> + + <p class="author">S.W.S.</p> + + <p><i>Daysman</i> (No. 12. p. 188.)— It seems to me that + a preferable etymology may be found to that given by Nares and + Jacob. The arbiter or judge might formerly have occupied a + <i>dais</i> or <i>lit de justice</i>, or he might have been + selected from those entitled to sit on the raised parts of the + courts of law, <i>i.e.</i> jurisconsulti, or barristers as we + call them. I have heard another etymology, which however I do + not favour, that the arbiter, chosen from men of the same rank + as the disputants, should be paid for loss of his day's + work.</p> + + <p class="author">GEORGE OLIVER.</p> + + <p>Perhaps the following may be of some use in clearing up this + point. In the <i>Graphic Illustrator</i>, a literary and + antiquarian miscellany edited by E.W. Brayley, London, 1834, at + p. 14, towards the end of an article on the Tudor Style of + Architecture, signed T.M. is the following:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"This room (talking of the great halls in old + manor-houses) was in every manor-house a necessary + appendage for holding 'the court,' the services belonging + to which are equally denominated 'the homage,' with those + of the king's palace. The <i>dais</i>, or raised part of + the <i>upper end</i> of the hall, <i>was so called</i>, + from the administration of justice. A <i>dais-man</i> is + still a popular term for an arbitrator in the North, and + <i>Domesday-Book</i> (with the name of which I suppose + every one to be familiar) is known to be a list of + manor-houses."</p> + </blockquote> + + <p class="author">C.D. LAMONT.</p> + + <p>Greenock.</p> + + <p class="note">[Our correspondents will probably find some + confirmation of their ingenious suggestion in the following + passage from <i>The Vision of Piers Ploughman</i>:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"And at the day of dome</p> + + <p>At the heighe deys sitte."</p> + </div> + </div> + <p class="author">Ll. 4898-9. ed. Wright.]</p> + + <p><i>Saveguard</i>.—"BURIENSIS" (No. 13. p. 202.) is + informed that a <i>saveguard</i> was an article of dress worn + by women, some fifty or sixty years ago, over the skirts of + their gowns when riding on horseback, chiefly when they sat on + pillions, on a <i>double horse</i>, as it was called.</p> + + <p>It was a sort of outside petticoat, usually made of serge, + linsey-wolsey, or some other strong material: and its use was + to <i>guard</i> the gown from injury by the dirt of the (then + very dirty) roads. It was succeeded by the well-known + riding-habit; though I have seen it used on a side-siddle by a + rider who did not possess the more modern dress.</p> + + <p class="author">P.H.F.</p> + + <p>Amongst the bequests to the Clothworkers' Company of London + is one by Barbara Burnell, by will dated 27th June, 1630, + wherein she directs the company to bestow 4<i>l.</i> 6<i>s.</i> + yearly in woollen cloth to make six waistcoats and six + <i>safeguards</i> for six poor women.<a id="footnotetag17" + name="footnotetag17"></a><a href="#footnote17"><sup>17</sup></a></p> + + <p>Also we find that John Skepworth, by will dated 17th Oct. + 1678, gave two closes of land to the parish of Louth, to the + intent that the churchwardens and overseers of the poor there + should apply the rents and profits of the same in providing so + much coarse woollen cloth as would make ten suits yearly to be + given to ten poor people of Louth, the men to have coats and + breeches, and the women to have waistcoats and + <i>safeguards</i>.<a id="footnotetag18" + name="footnotetag18"></a><a href="#footnote18"><sup>18</sup></a></p><span class="pagenum"> + <a name="page268" + id="page268"></a>{268}</span> + + <p>If "BURIENSIS" has a friend belonging to the Clothworkers' + Company, it is probable that he will acquire much information + on this subject from their old records.</p> + + <p class="author">H. EDWARDS.</p> + + <p><i>Derivation of "Calamity"</i> (No. 14. p. + 215.)—"Calamity" is from the Latin <i>calamitas</i>, from + <i>calamus</i> a straw or stalk of corn, signifying, 1st, the + agricultural misfortune of the corn being beaten down or laid + by a storm; and thence, any other trouble or + disaster:—</p> + + <p>"Ipsa egreditur nostri fundi <i>calamitas</i>."</p> + + <p>Ter. <i>Eun</i>. i. 1.</p> + + <p>Upon which the commentator in the Delph. ed. has this + note:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"<i>Calamitas</i> est grando et tempestas, quæ + calamos segetum prosternit et conterit. Unde Cicero Verrem + vocat '<i>calamitosam tempestatem</i>.'"</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>Ainsworth, quoting the above passage from Terence, + adds:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"Ubi Donatus. Proprie <i>calamitatem</i> rustici vocant + quod comminuat <i>calamum</i>; h.e. culmen et segetem."</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>The etymology of its synonym, "<i>disaster</i>," is more + direct—δυσ + αστηρ, a star of evil influence, or, as + we say, "born under an ill planet."</p> + + <p class="author"> + Φιλολογοσ.</p> + + <p>Forcellini, <i>s.v. Calamitas</i>, says:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"Proprie significat imminutionem clademque calamorum + segetis, quæ grandine vel impetuoso aliquo turbine + aut alia quapiam de causa fit."</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>He then quotes Servius, <i>Ad Georg</i>, i. 151:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"Robigo genus est vitii, quo culmi pereunt, quod a + rusticanis calamitas dicitur."</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>Then follows the note of Donatus on Ter. <i>Eun</i>. i. 1. + 34.</p> + + <p>It appears to me, if "<i>calamitas</i>" were derived from + <i>calamus</i>, it would mean something very different from + what it does.</p> + + <p>Another suggestion is, that the first syllable is the same + as the root of <i>cad-o</i>, to fall; <i>l</i> and <i>d</i>, + everybody knows, are easily interchangeable: as Odysseus, + Ulixes: δακρυον, + <i>lacrima</i>, <i>tear</i>, &c. &c. If so, + <i>calamitas</i> is a corrupted form of <i>cadamitas</i>. Mar. + Victorinus, <i>De Orthogr</i>. p. 2456., says:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"Gueius Pompeius Magnus et scribebat et dicebat + <i>Kadamitatem</i> pro <i>Kalamitatem</i>."—(Quoted + from Bothe's <i>Poetæ</i>," <i>Scenici Latinorum</i>, + vol. v. p. 21.)</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>But how is the -<i>amitas</i> to be explained? I may as well + add, that Döderlein, with his usual felicity, derives it + from κολουω.</p> + + <p class="author">EDWARD S. JACKSON.</p> + + <p>I beg to refer MR. F.S. MARTIN (No. 14. p. 215.), for the + derivation of "Calamity," to the <i>Etymologicon Linguæ + Latinæ</i> of Gerard Vossius, or to the <i>Totius + Latinitatis Lexicon</i> of Facciolatus and Forcellinus. He will + there find that the word <i>calamitas</i> was first used with + reference to the storms which destroyed the stalks + (<i>calami</i>) of corn, and afterwards came to signify + metaphorically, any severe misfortune. The terrific hail-storm + of the summer of 1843, which destroyed the crops of corn + through several of the eastern and midland counties of this + kingdom, was a <i>calamity</i> in the original sense of the + word.</p> + + <p>"W.P.P." has also kindly replied to this query by furnishing + a part of the Article on <i>Calamitas</i> in Vossius; and + "J.F.M." adds, <i>Calamitas</i> means—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"The spindling of the corn, which with us is rare, but + in hotter countries common: insomuch as the word + <i>calamitas</i> was first derived from <i>calamus</i>, + when the corn could not get out of the stalk."—Bacon, + <i>Nat. Hist</i>. sect. 669.</p> + </blockquote> + + <p><i>Derivation of "Zero"</i> (No. 14. p. + 215.).—<i>Zero</i> Ital.; Fr. <i>un chiffre</i>, <i>un + rien</i>, a cipher in arithmetic, a nought; whence the proverb + <i>avere nel zero, mépriser souverainement</i>, to value + at nothing, to have a sovereign contempt for. I do not know + what the etymology of the word may be; but the application is + obvious to that point in the scale of the thermometer below the + numbered degrees to which, in ordinary temperatures, the + mercury does not sink.</p> + + <p class="author"> + Φιλολογοσ.</p> + + <p>Deanery of Gloucester, Feb. 7. 1850.</p> + + <p>"<i>Zero</i>" (No. 14. p. 215.)—<i>Zero</i>, as is + well known, is an Italian word signifying the arithmetical + figure of nought (0). It has been conjectured that it is + derived from the transposition from the Hebrew word + <i>ezor</i>, a girdle, the zero assuming that form. (See + Furetière, vol. iii.) Prof. le Moine, of Leyden (quoted + by Ménage), claims for it also an Eastern origin, and + thinks we have received it from the Arabians, together with + their method of reckoning ciphers. He suggests that it may be a + corruption from the Hebrew [Hebrew: rphs], <i>safara</i>, to + number.</p> + + <p><i>Complutensian Polyglot</i>.—I cannot pretend to + reply to "MR. JEBB'S" inquiry under this head in No. 12. p. + 213.; but perhaps it may assist him in his researches, should + he not have seen the pamphlet, to refer to Bishop Smallridge's + "Enquiry into the Authority of the Primitive Complutensian + Edition of the New Testament, as principally founded on the + most ancient Vatican MS., together with some research after + that MS. In order to decide the dispute about 1 John v. 7. In a + letter to Dr. Bentley. 8vo. London, 1722."</p> + + <p class="author">J.M.</p> + + <p>Oxford, Feb. 5.</p> + + <p><i>Sir William Rider</i>.—In reply to the queries of + "H.F.," No. 12. p. 186., respecting Sir William Rider, I beg to + say that among the many MS. notes which I have collected + relating to the Rider family, + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page269" + id="page269"></a>{269}</span> &c., I find the following + from the <i>Visitation of Surry</i>, 1623, and from a MS. + book of <i>Pedigrees of Peers</i> in the Herald's College, + with additions.</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"Thomas Rider married a daughter of —— Poole + of Stafforde, by whom he had Sir William Rider, born at + Muchalstone, co. Stafforde, Sheriff of London, 1591, + Citizen and Haberdasher, Lord Mayor, 1600. Will dated 1 + Nov., and proved 9 Nov. 1610, 8 Jas. I. (94 Wood); buried + at Low Layton, Essex, &c. Sir William married + Elizabeth, da. of R. Stone, of Helme, co. Norfolk; by whom + he had, besides other children and descendants, Mary + daughter and coheiress, who married Sir Thomas Lake, of + Canons, Middlesex, from whose issue descended Viscount + Lake."</p> + </blockquote> + + <p class="author">S.S.</p> + + <p><i>Pokership</i> (No. 12. p. 185., and No. 14. p. + 218.).—It is to be regretted that no information has been + supplied respecting the meaning of this remarkable word, either + from local sources or from the surveys of crown lands in the + Exchequer or Land Revenue offices. In one or the other of these + quarters we should surely find something which would dispense + with further conjecture. In the meantime the following facts, + obtained from records easily accessible, will probably be + sufficient to dispose of the explanations hitherto suggested, + and to show that the <i>poker</i> of Bringwood forest was + neither a <i>parker</i> nor a <i>purser</i>.</p> + + <p>The offices conveyed to Sir R. Harley by James I. had been, + before his reign, the subject of crown grants, after the honor + of Wigmore had become vested in the crown by the merger of the + earldom of March in the crown. Hence, I find that in the act 13 + Edward IV. (A.D. 1473), for the resumption of royal grants, + there is a saving of a prior grant of the "office of keeper of + oure forest or chace of Boryngwode," and of the fees for the + "kepyng of the Dikes within oure counte of Hereford, parcelles + of oure seid forest." (6 <i>Rot. Parl.</i> p. 94.)</p> + + <p>In a similar act of resumption, 1 Henry VII., there is a + like saving in favour of Thomas Grove, to whom had been granted + the keepership of Boryngwood chase in "Wigmoresland," and "the + <i>pokershipp</i> and keping of the diche of the same." The + <i>parkership</i> of Wigmore Park is saved in the same act. (6 + <i>Rot. Parl.</i> p. 353 and 383.)</p> + + <p>In the first year of Henry VIII. there is a Receiver's + Account of Wigmore, in which I observe the following deductions + claimed in respect of the fees and salaries of officers:-</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"In feodo Thomæ Grove, forestarii de + Bringewod,</p> + + <p class="i10">6<i>l.</i> 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + + <p class="i4">— ejusdem Thomæ, fossat'de + Prestwode dych,</p> + + <p class="i10">18<i>d.</i></p> + + <p class="i4">— Edm. Sharp, parcarii parci de + Wiggemour,</p> + + <p class="i10">6<i>l.</i> 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + + <p class="i4">— Thomæ Grove, pocar' omnium + boscorum</p> + + <p class="i10">in Wiggemourslonde - 30<i>s.</i> + 4<i>d.</i>"</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>There is another like account rendered in 23 & 24 Hen. + VII. These, and no doubt many other accounts and documents + respecting the honor of Wigmore and its appartenances, are + among the Exchequer records, and we are entitled to infer from + them, firstly, that a <i>parcarius</i> and a <i>pocarius</i> + are two different offices; secondly, that, whether the duty of + the latter was performed on the dikes or in the woods of + Boringwood chase, the theory of Mr. Bolton Corney (pace cl. + viri dixerim) is very deficient in probability. If the above + authorities had not fallen under my notice, I should have + confidently adopted the conjecture of the noble Querist, who + first drew attention to the word, and, so far from considering + the substitution of "poker" for "parker" an improbable blunder + of the copyist, I should have pronounced it fortunate for the + house of Harley that their founder had not been converted into + a porcarius or pig-driver.</p> + + <p class="author">E. SMIRKE.</p> + + <p><i>Pokership</i>.—I had flattered myself that + <i>Parkership</i> was the real interpretation of the above + word, but I have once more doubts on the subject. I this + morning accidentally stumbled upon the word "Porcellagium," + which is interpreted in Ducange's <i>Glossary</i>, "Tributum ex + porcis seu porcellis."</p> + + <p><i>Porcarius</i> also occurs as <i>Porcorum custos</i>, and + mention is made of "Porcorum servitium quo quis porcos domini + sui pascentes servare tenetur."</p> + + <p>Now, considering how much value was formerly attached to the + right of turning out swine in wooded wastes, during the acorn + season, it seems probable that Sir R. Harley might be the + king's "Porcarius," or receiver of the money paid for an annual + license to depasture hogs in the royal forests; and, after all, + <i>Porkership</i> is as like to <i>Pokership</i> as + <i>Parkership</i>, and one mistake would be as easily made as + the other.</p> + + <p class="author">BRAYBROOKE.</p> + + <p>Audley End, Feb. 16.</p> + + <p class="note">[We are enabled to confirm the accuracy of Lord + Braybrooke's conjecture as to <i>Pokership</i> being the office + conferred upon Sir Robert Harley, inasmuch as we are in + expectation of receiving an account of the various forms of its + name from a gentleman who has not only the ability, but also + peculiar facilities for illustrating this and similar obscure + terms.]</p> + + <p><i>Havior—Heavier or Hever</i>.-Supposed etymology of + <i>Havior, Heavier</i>, and <i>Hever</i>, as applied by + park-keepers to an emasculated male deer.—"NOTES AND + QUERIES," (No. 15. p. 230.)</p> + + <p>Pennant, in his <i>British Zoology</i>, 8vo. edition, 1776, + vol. i. p. 38., and 8vo. edition, 1812, vol. i. p. 45., under + the article, "Goat" says:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"The meat of a castrated goat of six or seven years old, + (which is called <i>Hyfr</i>,) is reckoned the best; being + generally very sweet and fat. This makes an excellent + pasty, goes under the name of rock venison, and is little + inferior to that of the deer."</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>As Pennant was a Welchman, a scholar and a + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page270" + id="page270"></a>{270}</span> naturalist, he will probably + be considered good authority; and <i>Hyfr</i>, the most + likely origin of the altered terms of the deer + park-keepers.</p> + + <p>The word occurs twice in page 61. vol. ii. of the + <i>Sportsman's Cabinet</i>, in the article on the Stag or Red + Deer, where it is printed <i>Heavier</i>; and it will be found + also as <i>Hever</i>, in Mr. Jesse's <i>Scenes and Tales of + Country Life</i>, at page 349.</p> + + <p class="author">WM. YARRELL.</p> + + <p>Ryder Street, St. James, Feb. 11. 1850.</p> + + <p>Mr. Halliwell gives the words <i>haver</i> and + <i>havering</i>, in the same sense as <i>havior</i>. Are not + these words identical with <i>aver, averium</i>, in the sense + of cattle, tame beasts? <i>Averium</i>, from the old French, + <i>aveir</i>, i.e. <i>avoir</i>, originally meant any personal + property; but like <i>catalla</i>, chattels, it came to signify + more particularly the most important part of a peasant's + possessions—namely, his live stock. Thus, in the laws of + William the Conqueror (Thorpe's <i>Ancient Laws</i>, vol. ii. + p. 469.), we find:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"Si præpositus hundredi equos aut boves aut oves + aut porcos vel cujuscumque generis averia vagancia restare + fecerit," &c.</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>The word may naturally enough have been applied to deer + reduced to the state of tame and domesticated cattle.</p> + + <p class="author">C.W.G.</p> + + <p class="note">[TREBOR furnishes us with a reference to + <i>Pegge's Anonymiana</i>, who endeavours to show that the + proper term is "halfer;" on the same principle that an entire + horse is spoken of, the word being pronounced "hâver" by + those who call half "hâfe," while those who pronounce + half with the open <i>a</i> say "hauver:" while J. Westby + Gibson suggests that Havior is <i>Evir</i>, from the Latin + "<i>Eviro, Eviratus, Eviratio</i>," but admits that he can give + no authority for the use of <i>Evir</i>.]</p> + + <p><i>Sir W. Hamilton</i> (No. 14. p. 216.).—Douglas + says, that this Sir W. Hamilton was not <i>son</i>, but + grandson and brother of the 1st and 2nd earls of Abercorn, his + father having died <i>vitâ patris</i>. I therefore doubt + that the inscription has been miscopied. "He was," Douglas + says, "resident at Rome, on the part of the Queen Dowager;" but + this could hardly be the service alluded to.</p> + + <p class="author">C.</p> + + <p><i>Dr. Johnson's Library</i> (no. 14. p. 214.).—I have + a copy of Dr. Johnson's Sale Catalogue. The title is as + follows:</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"A catalogue of the valuable Library of Books of the + late learned Samuel Johnson, Esq., LL.D., deceased, which + will be sold by auction (by Order of the Executors) by Mr. + Christie, at his Great Room in Pall Mall, on Wednesday, + February 16. 1785. and three following Days. To be viewed + on Monday and Tuesday preceding the Sale, which will begin + each Day at 12 o'Clock. Catalogues may be had as + above."</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>It is a Catalogue of 28 pages and 662 lots, of which 650 are + books. The twelve last are prints, chiefly "framed and glazed." + The Catalogue is very rare; there is not a copy in the British + Museum, and Messrs. Christie and Manson are without one. I may + add, as your correspondent is curious about Johnson's Library, + that I have the presentation copy to the Doctor of Twiss's + <i>Travels in Spain</i>, with "the gift of the Author" in + Johnson's handwriting, immediately beneath Twiss's MS. + presentation. The Twiss was in Lot 284.</p> + + <p class="author">PETER CUNNINGHAM.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>MISCELLANIES.</h2> + + <p><i>Etymology of "News</i>."—The word "news" is not + derived, as many suppose, from the adjective new, but from a + practice that obtained in newspapers of an early date, of + prefixing to the title the letters expressive of the cardinal + points, thus:—</p> + + <table summary="NEWS" + align="center"> + <tr> + <td></td> + + <td>N.</td> + + <td></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>E.</td> + + <td></td> + + <td>W.</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td></td> + + <td>S.</td> + + <td></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <p>meaning that their intelligence was derived from all + quarters of the globe. This must, at any rate, be allowed as + ingenious etymology.</p> + + <p class="author">J.U.G. GUTCH.</p> + + <h3>THE GOLDEN AGE.</h3> + + <h4>(<i>From the Latin</i>.)</h4> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Why "golden," when that age alone, we're told,</p> + + <p>Was blest with happy ignorance of gold—</p> + + <p>More justly we our venal times might call</p> + + <p>"The Golden Age," for gold is all in all.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="author">RUFUS.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC.</h3> + + <p>Messrs. Sotheby and Co. will sell on Monday next two + collections of Autographs; the first consisting of Autograph + Letters, the property of a gentleman; which will be immediately + followed by that belonging to the late Mr. Rodd, and the + extensive Correspondence of the late William Upcott, Esq., + comprising several thousand Autograph Letters. Mr. Rodd's + collection comprises many letters of great historical and + literary interest.</p> + + <p>Messrs. Puttick and Simpson will sell by auction on Friday, + March the 8th, and seven following days, the extensive and very + important Stock of Books of Mr. James Carpenter, of Bond + Street, who is retiring from business. The characteristics of + this fine collection are the numerous books of prints and + illustrated works which it contains, such as the matchless + Series of Piranesi's Works, being the dedication copy to the + king of Sweden: a copy of Boswell's <i>Life of Johnson</i>, in + 8 vols. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page271" + id="page271"></a>{271}</span> folio, illustrated with nearly + six hundred Portraits and Views.</p> + + <p>We heard some time since that the long-established and + highly-respectable house of Payne and Foss, of Pall Mall, had + succeeded the late Mr. Rodd in the agency of purchasing for the + British Museum. The rumour proved to be unfounded, and now + receives a formal contradiction by the announcement that + Messrs. Payne and Foss are retiring from business, and that the + first portion of their extensive and valuable Stock of Books + will be sold by auction by Messrs. Sotheby and Co.; the first + division in a ten days' sale, commencing on the 18th and + terminating on the 28th March; which will be followed by the + second division, which will also occupy ten days, and commence + on Monday the 8th April. The lovers of choice copies of fine + editions of first-class books will have, on this occasion, such + an opportunity of enriching their collections as rarely + presents itself.</p> + + <p>We have received the following Catalogues:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"Number Two, for 1850, of John Miller's Catalogue of + Books, old and new, on sale at 43. Chandos Street, + Trafalgar Square."</p> + + <p>"Catalogue of curious and rare Books, recently + purchased, now on sale by George Bumstead, 205. High + Holborn."</p> + + <p>"Catalogue (No. 5.) of Books, Theological and + Miscellaneous, and Catalogue (No. 6.) of Books, consisting + chiefly of Foreign Literature and Theology, on sale by + Andrew Clark, No. 4. City Road."</p> + + <p>"Cheap List of useful and curious Books relating to + Ecclesiastical History, Councils, Ceremonies, the Puritans, + &c., on sale by S. and I. Palmer, 24. Red Lion Street, + Holborn."</p> + + <p>"A List of Books, chiefly curious ones, now selling by + Thomas Kerslake, Bookseller, at No. 3. Park Street, + Bristol."</p> + </blockquote> + <hr /> + + <h3>BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES</h3> + + <h4>WANTED TO PURCHASE.</h4> + + <h4>(<i>In continuation of Lists in former Nos.</i>)</h4> + + <p>HIERONYMUS MAGIUS DE TINTINABILIS. 12mo. 1608 and 1664.</p> + + <p>A. STOCKFLEET DE CAMPANARUM USU.</p> + + <p>REIMANU'S DISSERTATIO DE CAMPANIS.</p> + + <p>NICOL. EGGER'S DISSERTATIO DE ORIGINE ET NOMINE CAMPANARUM. + EJUSDEM DISSERTATIO DE CAMPANARUM MATERIA ET FORMA.</p> + + <p>PACICHELLI DE TINTINABULO NOTANO LUCUBRATIO.</p> + + <p>WALLERI DISSERTATIO DE CAMPANIS ET PRÆCIPUIS EARUM + USIBUS.</p> + + <p>HILCHER DE CAMPANIS TEMPLORUM.</p> + + <p>ARNOLDUS DE CAMPANARUM USU. 12mo. 1665.</p> + + <p>ROCCHA DE CAMPANIS COMMENTARIUS. 1612.</p> + + <p>THIERS, TRAITE DES CLOCHES.</p> + + <p>MITZLER DE CAMPANIS. ESCHENWECKER DE EO QUOD IUSTUM EST + CIRCA CAMPANIS.</p> + + <p>PINGRE'S ACCOUNT OF HIS VOYAGE TO RODRIGUEZ, published (?) + at Paris about 1762.</p> + + <p>DUDLEY RYDER'S REPORT ON THE PETITION OF BERKELEY SEYMOUR, + ESQ., CLAIMING THE BARONY OF SEYMOUR AND DUKEDOM OF SOMERSET. + Published 1750, pp. 15. folio.</p> + + <p>PRIVATE ACT, 12 WM 3., FOR THE SALE OF THE ESTATES OF ARTHUR + LACY, ESQ., CO. SOMERSET.</p> + + <p>BELL ON THE HAND. Bridgewater Treatises.</p> + + <p><i>Odd Volumes.</i></p> + + <p>MADRAS JOURNAL OF LITERATURE AND SCIENCE. Vols I. to IX. + CATALOGUE OF HARLEIAN MSS., Vol. IV. WOODS'S ATHENÆ + OXONIENSES (ed. Bliss.), Vol. III.</p> + + <p>*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price. + <i>carriage free</i>, to be sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of + "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.</p> + <hr /> + + <p>NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS.</p> + + <p>Among the many papers which we are unavoidably obliged to + postpone are an original and inedited <i>Letter by Horace + Walpole</i>, Mr. Singer's Reply to C.W.G. on <i>Ælfric's + Colloquies</i>, an interesting communication from Mr. Coles + respecting <i>Arabella Stuart</i>, a paper by Mr. Rye on the + <i>Queen of Robert Bruce</i>, and T.S.D.'s able article on + <i>Arabic Numerals</i>.</p> + + <p>The Erectheum Club (like "The Parthenon") takes its name + from the Erectheum at Athens.</p> + + <p>H.M.A. declined with thanks.</p> + + <p>X.P. is informed that the <i>monotome</i> edition of + Boswell's Johnson edited by Croker, is not an abridgment of the + larger work, but a new and thoroughly revised edition of it; + and with a really good index.</p> + + <p>To correspondents inquiring as to the mode of procuring + "NOTES AND QUERIES," we have once more to explain, that every + bookseller and newsman will supply it regularly, if ordered; + and that gentlemen residing in the country, who may find a + difficulty in getting it through any bookseller in their + neighbourhood, may be supplied regularly with the stamped + edition, by giving their orders direct to the publisher, MR. + GEORGE BELL, 186 Fleet Street, accompanied by a Post-Office + order for a quarter, 4<i>s.</i> 4<i>d.</i>; a half year, + 8<i>s.</i> 8<i>d.</i>; or one year, 17<i>s.</i> 4<i>d.</i></p> + + <p>Errata. P. 242. col. 2. l. 11., for "coheir" read "cognate;" + and line 16, for "Argidius" "Ægidius;" and p. 243, col 1. + l. 35. read "anecdote of Dionysius related by Cicero and by + Plutarch, in his <i>Laconic Apophthegms</i>, which + Stobæus evidently followed."</p> + <hr class="adverts" /> + + <p>Just published, in post 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>, the + Third Volume of</p> + + <p>THE ROMANCE OF THE PEERAGE; or, CURIOSITIES OF FAMILY + HISTORY.</p> + + <p>By GEORGE LILLIE CRAIK.</p> + + <p>With a Portrait of Sir Robert Dudley.</p> + + <p>Contents:—The Hereditary Principle; Aristocracy and + Democracy—Charles Brandon's Widow and her Second + Marriage—The Lady Mary Grey—Sir Robert + Dudley—Bess of Hardwick and the Talbots—The + Cavendishes and the Stanhopes—Lord Pembroke and Sir + Richard Wharton—The Wharton and Stuart Duel—The + Bruce and Sackville Duel—The Lord Crichton of + Sanquahar—The Earldom of Monteith, &c. &c. + &c.</p> + + <p>London: CHAPMAN AND HALL, 186. Strand.</p> + <hr /> + + <p>On the 1st of March will be published, price One + Shilling,</p> + + <p>MODEL PRISONS; being No. 2. of LATTER-DAY PAMPHLETS.</p> + + <p>Edited by THOMAS CARLYLE.</p> + + <p>London: CHAPMAN AND HALL, 186. Strand.</p> + <hr /> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page272" + id="page272"></a>{272}</span> + + <p>Early Antiquities of England Illustrated.</p> + + <p>THE PRIMÆVAL ANTIQUITIES OF DENMARK. By J.J.A. + WORSAAE, M.R.S.A., of Copenhagen. Translated and applied to the + Illustration of similar Remains in England, by WILLIAM J. + THOMS, ESQ., F.S.A., Secretary of the Camden Society. + Illustrated with numerous Woodcuts. 8vo. 10<i>s.</i> + 6<i>d.</i></p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"This is the best antiquarian handbook we have ever met + with—so clear is its arrangement, and so well and so + plainly is each subject illustrated by well-executed + engravings, that confusion for the future is impossible + upon a variety of points on which the most grievous + mistakes have hitherto been made by anxious and zealous + antiquarians. * * * It is the joint production of two men + who have already distinguished themselves as authors and + antiquarians. It is a book of which it may be said, that in + every sentence is to be found an interesting fact, and that + every page teems with instruction, and may be regarded as a + sure guide to all antiquarians in their future + archæological inquiries."—<i>Morning + Herald</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>See also <i>Gentleman's Magazine</i> for February, 1850.</p> + + <p>JOHN HENRY PARKES, Oxford, and 377. Strand, London.</p> + <hr /> + + <p>Vols. I. and II. 8vo., price 28<i>s.</i> cloth.</p> + + <p>THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND; from the TIME of the CONQUEST. By + EDWARD FOSS, F.S.A.</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"A work in which a subject of great historical + importance is treated with the care, diligence, and + learning it deserves; in which Mr. Foss has brought to + light many points previously unknown, corrected many + errors, and shown such ample knowledge of his subject as to + conduct it successfully through all the intricacies of a + difficult investigation, and such taste and judgment as + will enable him to quit, when occasion requires, the dry + details of a professional inquiry, and to impart to his + work, as he proceeds, the grace and dignity of a + philosophical history."—<i>Gent. Mag.</i></p> + </blockquote> + + <p>London: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, and LONGMANS.</p> + <hr /> + + <p>Just published, price 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> cloth.</p> + + <p>PINACOTHECÆ HISTORICÆ SPECIMEN; sive Illustrium + Quorundam Ingenia, Mores, Fortunæ, ad Inscriptionum + formam Expressæ. Auctore F. KILVERT, A.M. Pars + Secunda.</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"The production of an English clergyman, and bears + unequivocal marks of refined taste, elegant scholarship, + and a liberal, generous, and candid mind. The idea—to + us a novel one—carried out in this work is, to bring + up for judgment (as the Egyptians used to do with their + departed kings) the characters that figure most in the page + of history, and to pass sentence upon them. Summoning them, + as it were, into his presence with the lamp of history to + guide him, <i>exquiritque auditque dolos</i>; and whether + it be praise or blame, or a mixture of both, that he + awards, the judgment is pronounced in a temperate spirit, + and with judicial impartiality; and it is expressed in pure + and elegant Latin, and often with epigrammatic + felicity."—<i>Scotsman</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>London: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street; of whom Part I., + price 3<i>s.</i>, may be had.</p> + <hr /> + + <p>Just published, price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> 12mo. cloth, + 7<i>s.</i> calf or morocco.</p> + + <p>THE ENGLISH GENTLEMAN: his Principles, his Feelings, his + Manners, his Pursuits.</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"We like him so well as to wish heartily we might meet + many such."—<i>Theologian</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote> + <p>"The object of the first of the four essays is to form + the principles of a gentleman on a Christian standard. In + the other three subjects, of feelings, manners, and + pursuits, the views, though strict, are of a more worldly + kind."—<i>Spectator</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.</p> + <hr /> + + <p>Just published, 12mo. cloth, 4<i>s.</i>; morocco (Hayday), + 10<i>s.</i>,</p> + + <p>A SELECTION FROM PERCY'S RELIQUES OF ANCIENT ENGLISH POETRY, + and from EVANS'S OLD BALLADS, with short Introductions and + Notes. By the Rev. HENRY TRIPP, M.A., Sub Warden of St. + Columba's College.</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"The selection is made with good taste and + judgment."—<i>Christian Remembrancer</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>12mo., cloth, 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>,</p> + + <p>SELECTIONS FROM HERRICK, for Translation into Latin Verse, + with a short Preface. By the Rev. A.J. MACLEANE, M.A., Trinity + College, Cambridge, Principal of Brighton College.</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"We cordially recommend it as a book well adapted to + promote a superior style of versification to that which has + hitherto prevailed even in the highest classes of our + German Schools."—<i>Educational Times</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.</p> + <hr /> + + <p>12mo. boards. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + + <p>LYRA MEMORIALIS: Original Epitaphs and Churchyard Thoughts. + In Verse. By JOSEPH SNOW. With an Essay, by WILLIAM WORDSWORTH. + Reprinted by his permission. A new Edition, remodelled and + enlarged.</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"The object of Mr. Snow in the volume before us is to + suggest a purer taste and a more impressive style in our + churchyard memorials, and by every word and thought to + point through the shadow of the tomb to the brightness and + light beyond it. His work is, in truth, a treasury of + feeling, and we find in its simplicity its highest merit. + To the clergy this volume may be of signal + use."—<i>Theologian</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote> + <p>"This is truly a book of the affections; there is + scarcely a page which will not touch tenderly a chord in + the heart of every reader."—<i>Church of England + Quarterly</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.</p> + <hr /> + + <p>On a large sheet, price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> plain; + 15<i>s.</i> richly coloured; in case, 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> + plain; 18<i>s.</i> coloured.</p> + + <p>A CHART of ANCIENT ARMOUR, from the ELEVENTH to the + SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES; containing Eighteen Figures, with a + Description and a Sketch of the Progress of European Armour. By + JOHN HEWITT.</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"A graphic outline of the subject of military costume + during the period of its greatest interest to the English + antiquary. The author has made a judicious selection of + examples, chiefly from the rich series of monumental + effigies; and, in the brief text which accompanies these + illustrations, a useful resumé will be found of a + subject which, not many years since, was attainable only + through the medium of costly + publications."—<i>Archæological + Journal</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.</p> + <hr /> + + <p>Royal 32mo., cloth, 2<i>s.</i>; morocco (Hayday), + 7<i>s.</i></p> + + <p>SELDEN'S TABLE TALK.</p> + + <p>Royal 32mo., price 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> cloth, 7<i>s.</i> + 6<i>d.</i> morocco (Hayday).</p> + + <p>THE TEMPLE, SACRED POEMS, and PRIVATE EJACULATIONS. By + GEORGE HERBERT.</p> + + <p>Also, by the same Author, Price 2<i>s.</i> cloth, 7<i>s.</i> + morocco (Hayday).</p> + + <p>A PRIEST TO THE TEMPLE; or, THE COUNTRY PARSON: his + Character, and Rule of Holy Life, &c.</p> + + <p>London: GEORGE BELL, Fleet Street. Leicester: J.S. + CROSSLEY.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote1" + name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote + 1:</b><a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a> + + <p>"La précieuse géographie d'Alfred, roi + d'Angleterre."—Le Comte J. Gräberg. <i>La + Scandinavie Vengée</i>, p. 36.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote2" + name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote + 2:</b><a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a> + + <p>Cotton MSS., <i>Tiberius</i>, b. i. fol. 12b.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote3" + name="footnote3"></a><b>Footnote + 3:</b><a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a> + + <p>Transl. of <i>Orosius</i>, p. 8.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote4" + name="footnote4"></a><b>Footnote + 4:</b><a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Inaugural Lecture</i>, p. 72.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote5" + name="footnote5"></a><b>Footnote + 5:</b><a href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Vita Karoli Magni</i>, ann. 789.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote6" + name="footnote6"></a><b>Footnote + 6:</b><a href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a> + + <p>"Sunt et alii Slavorum populi qui inter Albiam et Oderam + degunt, sicut Heveldi, qui juxta Haliolam fluvium, et + Doxani, Liubuzzi, Wilini, et Stoderani, cum multis + aliis."—<i>Hist. Eccl.</i> p. 47, 48.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote7" + name="footnote7"></a><b>Footnote + 7:</b><a href="#footnotetag7">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Annales Sangall. Brev.</i>, ann. 789.—<i>Ann. + Lauresham</i>, &c.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote8" + name="footnote8"></a><b>Footnote + 8:</b><a href="#footnotetag8">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Vit. Kar. Mag.</i> and <i>Annal. Francor.</i>, ann. + 822.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote9" + name="footnote9"></a><b>Footnote + 9:</b><a href="#footnotetag9">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Annal. Petav.</i>, ann 789.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote10" + name="footnote10"></a><b>Footnote + 10:</b><a href="#footnotetag10">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Chron. Slavorum</i>, l. i, c. 2.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote11" + name="footnote11"></a><b>Footnote + 11:</b><a href="#footnotetag11">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Brodekine</i>. A richly-gilt stuff.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote12" + name="footnote12"></a><b>Footnote + 12:</b><a href="#footnotetag12">(return)</a> + + <p>It appears from an entry in the preceding year, that + this man was first sent to "Sentt Thomas Spittell in + Soughwork," when it was discovered that he was afflicted + with the leprosy, or some cutaneous disease, and + immediately removed to the Lazar-house at Mile End, it + being strictly forbidden that such cases should remain in + the hospitals. These lazar-houses were built away from the + town; one was the Lock Hospital, in Southwark; one at + Kingsland, another at Knightsbridge, and that mentioned + above between Mile End and Stratford. The laws were very + strict in the expulsion of leprous people from the city; + and if they attempted to force their way into the + hospitals, they were bound fast to horses, and dragged away + to the lazar-houses.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote13" + name="footnote13"></a><b>Footnote + 13:</b><a href="#footnotetag13">(return)</a> + + <p>The <i>baldricke</i> was the garter and buckle by means + of which the clapper was suspended inside the bell.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote14" + name="footnote14"></a><b>Footnote + 14:</b><a href="#footnotetag14">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Harnes</i>, or armour, which perhaps hung over some + of the monuments in the church.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote15" + name="footnote15"></a><b>Footnote + 15:</b><a href="#footnotetag15">(return)</a> + + <p>It was about this time that clocks began to be generally + used in churches (although of a much earlier invention); + and in subsequent years we have several items of + expenditure connected with that above mentioned. In + 1595:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"Paid for a small bell for the <i>watche</i> + iiij<sup>s</sup></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"Paid to the smith for Iron worke to it xx<sup>d</sup></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"Paid for a waight for the Clocke wayinge</p> + + <p class="i2">36<sup>lb</sup> and for a ringe of Iron + v<sup>s</sup>."</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>Still, however, the hour-glass was used at the + pulpit-desk, to determine the length the parson should go + in his discourse; and xij<sup>d</sup> for a new hour-glass frequently + occurs.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote16" + name="footnote16"></a><b>Footnote + 16:</b><a href="#footnotetag16">(return)</a> + + <p>Those who have access to Colgan's <i>Acta Sanctorum + Hiberniæ</i> will see that he always spells Armagh, + <i>Ardmacha</i>; and Durrow, <i>Durmugia</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote17" + name="footnote17"></a><b>Footnote + 17:</b><a href="#footnotetag17">(return)</a> + + <p>Reports from the Commissioners of Charities b. 235. 32nd + part 4.—696.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote18" + name="footnote18"></a><b>Footnote + 18:</b><a href="#footnotetag18">(return)</a> + + <p>Ibid.</p> + </blockquote> + <hr class="full" /> + + <p>Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, + at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride in the + City of London; and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet + Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City + of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street + aforesaid.—Saturday, February 23. 1850.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 12018 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..652a064 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #12018 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12018) diff --git a/old/12018-8.txt b/old/12018-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9d5b088 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/12018-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2400 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries 1850.02.23, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes and Queries 1850.02.23 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: April 14, 2004 [EBook #12018] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES 1850.02.23 *** + + + + +Produced by The Internet Library of Early Journals, Jon Ingram, +William Flis, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team. + + + + + +NOTES AND QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, +ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + + * * * * * + +"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + + * * * * * + +No. 17.] Saturday, February 23. 1850. [Price Threepence. Stamped Edition 4d. + + * * * * *{257} + +CONTENTS. + +NOTES:--Page + Alfred's Orosius, by R.T. Hampson 257 + Folk Lore--Omens from Cattle--Horse's Head--Rush-bearings 258 + On Authors and Books, No. 5., by Bolton Corney 259 + Plagiarisms, or Parallel Passages, No. 2. 260 + St. Antholin's 260 + +QUERIES:-- + College Salting, by Rev. Dr. Maitland 261 + A few Dodo Queries, by H.E. Strictland 261 + Coleridge's Christabel, Byron's Lara: Tablet to Napoleon 262 + Minor Queries:--Howkey or Horkey--Lord Bacon's Psalms--Treatise of + Equivocation 263 + +REPLIES:-- + Etymology of Armagh, by Rev. Dr. Todd 264 + William Hasse and his Poems, by E.F. Rimbault, LL.D. 265 + Beaver Hats--Pisan, by T. Hudson Turner 266 + Replies to Minor Queries:--Norman Pedigrees--Translation of Ælian--Ave + Trici--Daysman--Saveguard--Calamity--Zero--Complutensian + Polyglot--Sir W. Rider--Pokership--Havior, Heavier or Hever--Sir W. + Hamilton--Dr. Johnson's Library 266 + +MISCELLANIES:-- + Etymology of News--The Golden Age 270 + +MISCELLANEOUS:-- + Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c. 270 + Books and Odd Volumes wanted 271 + Notices to Correspondents 271 + Advertisements 271 + + * * * * * + +KING ALFRED'S GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE. + +The sketch of Europe, which our illustrious Alfred has inserted in his +translation of _Orosius_, is justly considered, both here and on the +Continent, as a valuable fragment of antiquity[1]; and I am sorry that +I can commend little more than the pains taken by his translators, +the celebrated Daines Barrington and Dr. Ingram, to make it available +to ordinary readers. The learned judge had very good intentions, but +his knowledge of Anglo-Saxon was not equal to the task. Dr. Ingram +professedly applied himself to correct both Alfred's text and +Barrington's version, so far as relates to the description of Europe; +but in two instances, occurring in one passage, he has adopted the +judge's mistake of proper names for common nouns. I do not call +attention to the circumstance merely as a literary curiosity, but +to preserve the royal geographer from liability to imputations of +extraordinary ignorance of his subject, and also to show the accuracy +of his delineation of Europe at that interesting epoch, whence the +principal states of Europe must date their establishment. + +King Alfred, mentioning the seat of the Obotriti, or Obotritæ, as +they are sometimes named, a Venedic nation, who, in the 9th century, +occupied what is now the duchy of Mecklenburg, calls them _Apdrede_, +and says--"Be nor than him is apdrede, and cast north wylte the man +æfeldan hæt."[2] + +Barrington translates the words thus:--"To the north is Aprede, and to +the north east the wolds which are called Æfeldan."[3] + +Dr. Ingram has the following variation:--"And to the east north are +the wolds which are called Heath Wolds."[4] To the word _wolds_ +he appends a note:--"_Wylte_. See on this word a note hereafter." +Very well; the promised note is to justify the metamorphosis of the +warlike tribe, known in the annals and chronicles of the 9th century +as the Wilti, Wilzi, Weleti, and Welatibi, into heaths and wolds. +Thirty pages further on there is a note by J. Reinhold Forster, +the naturalist and navigator, who wrote it for Barrington in full +confidence that the translation was correct:--"The Æfeldan," he says, +"are, as king Alfred calls them, _wolds_; there are at present in +the middle part of Jutland, large tracts of high moors, covered with +_heath_ only." + +Of _wylte_, Dr. Ingram writes:--"This word has never been correctly +explained; its original signification is the same, whether written +felds, fields, velts, welds, wilds, wylte, wealds, walds, walz, wolds, +&c. &c." And on _heath_, he says:--"Mr. Forster seems to have read +Hæfeldan (or Hæthfeldan), which indeed, I find in the Junian MS. +inserted as a various reading by Dr. Marshall (_MSS. Jun. 15_.). It +also occurs, further on in the MS., without any various reading. I +have therefore inserted it in the text." {258} + +Dr. Marshall seems to have understood the passage. What King Alfred +says and means is this:--"On the north are the Apdrede (Obotritæ), and +on the north east of them are the Wylte, who are called Hæfeldi." + +The anonymous Saxon Poet, who wrote the life of Charlemagne, gives the +same situation as Alfred to the Wilti:-- + + "Gens est Slavorum Wilti cognomine dicta, + Proxima litoribus quæ possidet arva supremis + Jungit ubi oceano proprios Germania fines."[5] + +Helmold says that they inhabited the part of the coast opposite to the +island of Rugen; and hereabouts Adam of Bremen places the _Heveldi_, +and many other Slavonic tribes.[6] I am not aware that any other +author than Alfred says, that the Wilti and Heveldi were the +same people; but the fact is probable. The Heveldi are of rare +occurrence, but not so the Wilti.[7] Ptolemy calls them [Greek: +Beltai]--Veltæ or Weltæ--and places them in Prussian Pomerania, +between the Vistula and Niemen. Eginhard says that "they are +Slavonians who, in our manner, are called Wilsi, but in their own +language, Welatibi."[8] Their country was called Wilcia,[9] and, +as a branch of them were settled in Batavia about 560, it does not +seem very improbable that from them were derived the Wilsæton of the +Anglo-Saxon chronicles, meaning the _Wilts seated_, or settlers in +Wilts-shire. The name, as Eginhard has noticed, is Slavic, and is an +adoption of _welot_ or _weolot_, a giant, to denote the strength and +fierceness which rendered them formidable neighbours. _Heveldi_ seems +to be the same word made emphatic with a foreign addition. + +Two other names have been given much trouble to the translators, +as well as to Mr. Forster. These are, _Mægtha Land_ and _Horiti_ +or _Horithi_, for both occur, and the latter is not written with +the letter _thorn_, but with a distinct _t_ and _h_. Alfred has, +unquestionably, met with the Slavic _gorod_, which so frequesntly +occurs as the termination of the names of cities in the region where +he indicates the seat of his Horiti to be. It signifies a city, and +is an etymological equivalent of Goth. _gards_, a house, Lat. _cors, +cortis_; O.N. _gardr_, a district, A.-Sax. _geard_, whence our _yard_. +The Polish form is _grodz_, and the Sorabic, _hrodz_. He places the +Horiti to the east of the Slavi Dalamanti, who occupied the district +north east of Moravia, with the _Surpe_, that is, Serbi, Servi, on +their north, and the _Sisle_, Slusli, another Slavonic people, on the +west. This appears to be the site possessed by the Hunnic founders of +Kiow. In Helmold, Chunigord, _the city or station of the Huns_, is the +name of the part of Russia containing Kiow.[10] + +To the north of Horiti, says Alfred, is _Mægtha Land_.--A Finnic +tribe, called Magyar, were settled in the 9th century in Mazovia, +whence a part of them descended into Hungary. According to Mr. +Forster, Mazovia has been called _Magan Land_; but I can find no trace +of that name. I can easily conceive, however, that _Magyar_ and _Land_ +might become, in Saxon copying, Mægtha Land, for the country of the +Magyar. Elsewhere, Alfred uses Mægtha Land, the land of the Medes, for +Persia. + +Is there any other printed copy of the Saxon _Orosius_ than +Barrington's? for that forbids confidence by a number of needless and +unauthorised alterations in most of the pages. + +R.T. HAMPSON + + [1] "La précieuse géographie d'Alfred, roi d'Angleterre."--Le + Comte J. Gräberg. _La Scandinavie Vengée_, p. 36. + + [2] Cotton MSS., _Tiberius_, b. i. fol. 12b. + + [3] Transl. of _Orosius_, p. 8. + + [4] _Inaugural Lecture_, p. 72. + + [5] _Vita Karoli Magni_, ann. 789. + + [6] "Sunt et alii Slavorum populi qui inter Albiam et + Oderam degunt, sicut Heveldi, qui juxta Haliolam fluvium, et + Doxani, Liubuzzi, Wilini, et Stoderani, cum multis aliis."--_Hist. + Eccl._ p. 47, 48. + + [7] _Annales Sangall. Brev._, ann. 789.--_Ann. Lauresham_, &c. + + [8] _Vit. Kar. Mag._ and _Annal. Francor._, ann. 822. + + [9] _Annal. Petav._, ann 789. + + [10] _Chron. Slavorum_, l. i, c. 2. + + * * * * * + +FOLK LORE. + +_Omens from Cattle_.--I forward to you a _Note_, which, many years +ago, I inserted in my interleaved Brand's _Observations on Popular +Antiquities_, vol. ii. p. 519. 4to., in the hope that, as the subject +interested me _then_, it may not prove uninteresting to some _now_:-- + + "A bad omen seems to be drawn from _an ox or cow breaking into + a garden_. Though I laugh at the superstition, the omen was + painfully fulfilled in my case. + + "About the middle of March, 1843, some cattle were driven + close to my house; and, the back door being open, _three_ + got into our little bit of garden, and trampled it. When our + school-drudge came in the afternoon, and asked the cause of + the confusion, she expressed great sorrow and apprehension on + being told--said it was a bad sign--and that we should hear of + _three_ deaths within the next six months. Alas! in April, we + heard of dear J----'s murder; a fortnight after, A---- died; + and to-morrow, August 10th, I am to attend the funeral of my + excellent son-in-law. + + "I have just heard of the same omen from another quarter." + +This was added the next day:-- + + "But what is still more remarkable is, that when I went down + to Mr. ----'s burial, and was mentioning the superstition, + they told me that, while he was lying ill, a cow got into the + front garden, and was driven out with great difficulty." + +L.S. + + +_The Horse's Head--Rush-bearings._--The account of the Welch custom of +the "Grey Mare" in a late Number reminded me of something very similar +in Cheshire. In the parish of Lynn it is customary, for a week or ten +days before the 5th {259} of November, for the skeleton of a horse's +head, dressed up with ribbons, &c., having glass eyes inserted in the +sockets, and mounted on a short pole by way of handle, to be carried +by a man underneath, covered with a horse-cloth. There is generally +a chain attached to the nose, which is held by a second man, and +they are attended by several others. In houses to which they can gain +access, they go through some kind of performance, the man with the +chain telling the horse to rear, open its mouth, &c. Their object, of +course, is to obtain money. The horse will sometimes seize persons, +and hold them fast till they pay for being set free; but he is +generally very peaceable,--for in case of resistance being offered, +his companions frequently take flight, and leave the poor horse to +fight it out. I could never learn the origin of this strange custom. +I remember, when very young, having a perfect horror of meeting this +animal in the dark. + +Another custom, which I suppose prevails in some other places, is the +"Rush-bearing." At the annual Wakes a large quantity of rushes are +collected together, and loaded on a cart, almost to the height of a +load of hay. They are bound on the cart, and cut evenly at each end. +On the Saturday evening a number of men sit on the top of the rushes, +holding garlands of artificial flowers, tinsel, &c. The cart is +drawn round the parish by three or four spirited horses, decked out +with ribbons,--the collars being surrounded with small bells. It is +attended by morris-dancers, dressed in strange style,--men in women's +clothes, &c. One big man in woman's clothes, with his face blacked, +has a belt round his waist, to which is attached a large bell, and +carries a ladle, in which he collects money from the spectators. +The company stop and dance at the principal public-houses in their +route, and then proceed to the parish church(!), where the rushes are +deposited, and the garlands hung up very conspicuously, to remain +till the next year. I believe a custom somewhat similar exists in +the adjoining parish of Warburton, but not carried out in such grand +style. + +It would be very interesting if your correspondents in different parts +of the country would send accounts of these relics of the barbarous +ages. + +JULIUS. + +Runcorn, Feb. 13. 1850. + + * * * * * + +ON AUTHORS AND BOOKS, NO. 5. + +As a writer of dedications, Samuel Johnson was the giant of his time. +He once said to Boswell, the subject arising at a dinner-party, "Why, +I have dedicated to the royal family all round,"--and the _honest +chronicler_ proves that he spoke advisedly. + +Compositions of this nature admit much variety of character. A +dedication may be the pure homage which we owe to merit, or the +expression of gratitude for favours received, or a memorial of +cherished friendship; and such dedications, in point of motive, +are beyond the reach of censure--I may fairly assert, are very +commendable. Nevertheless, Johnson left no compositions of either +class: "the _loftiness_ of his mind," as Boswell gravely states, +"prevented him from ever dedicating in his own person." + +A more equivocal sort of dedication also prevailed. A book was +supposed to require the prefix of some eminent name as its patron, +in order to ensure its success. Now the author, though very capable +of writing with propriety on his chosen theme, might be unequal to +the courtly style which dedicators were wont to display, and as the +_complement_ was to be returned _substantially_, he might be tempted +to employ a superior artist on the occasion. It was chiefly under such +circumstances that the powers of Johnson were called into action. By +what arguments the stern moralist would have endeavoured to justify +the deception, for it deserves no better name, is more than I can +undertake to decide, and I submit the query to his enthusiastic +admirers. + +To the dedications enumerated by the faithful Boswell, and by his +sharp-sighted editors, Malone and Croker, I have to announce on +_internal_ evidence, a gorgeous addition! It is the dedication to +Edward Augustus, Duke of York, of _An Introduction to Geometry_, by +William Payne, London: T. Payne, at the Mews Gate, 1767. 4º., 1768. +8º. I transcribe it _literatim_. It wants no comment:-- + + "TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF YORK. + + "SIR, + + "They who are permitted to prefix the names of princes to + treatises of science generally enjoy the protection of a + patron, without fearing the censure of a judge. + + "The honour of approaching your royal highness has given + me many opportunities of knowing, that the work which I now + presume to offer will not partake of the usual security. + For as the knowledge which your royal highness has already + acquired of GEOMETRY extends beyond the limits of an + introduction. I expect not to inform you; I shall be happy + if I merit your approbation. + + "An address to such a patron admits no recommendation of the + science. It is superfluous to tell your royal highness that + GEOMETRY is the primary and fundamental art of life; that its + effects are extended through the principal operations of human + skill; that it conducts the soldier in the field, and the + seaman in the ocean; that it gives strength to the fortress, + and elegance to the palace. To your royal highness all this + is already known; GEOMETRY is secure of your regard, and your + opinion of its usefulness and value has sufficiently appeared, + by the condescension in which you have been pleased to honour + {260} one who has so little pretension to the notice of + princes, as + + "Sir, + "Your royal highnesses [sic]' + "Most obliged, + "Most obedient, + "And most humble servant, + "WILLIAM PAYNE." + +A short preface follows, which bears marks of reparation. It may have +received some touches from the same masterly hand. + +The _external_ evidence in favour of the ascription of the above piece +to Johnson, if slight in itself, is not devoid of significance. He had +dedicated a book for the same author, which book was also published by +Mr. Thomas Payne, who was his brother, in 1756. + +BOLTON CORNEY. + + * * * * * + +PLAGIARISMS, OR PARALLEL PASSAGES. NO. 2. + +[_CONTINUED FROM NO. 11. P. 163._] + + "Dans les premières passions les femmes aiment l'amant; dans + les autres elles aiment l'amour."--La Rouchefoucauld, _Max._ + 494. + + "In her first passions woman loves her lover, + In all the others all she loves is love, + Which grows a habit she can ne'er get over, + And fits her loosely--like an easy glove," etc. + + _Don Juan_, canto iii. st. iii. + +There is no note on _this_ passage; but on the concluding lines of the +_very next_ stanza, + + "Although, no doubt, her first of love affairs + Is that to which her heart is wholly granted; + Yet there are some, they say, who have had _none_, + But those who have ne'er end with only _one_, + +we have the following editorial comment:--"These two lines are a +versification of a saying of Montaigne." (!!!) The saying is _not_ +by Montaigne, but by La Rochefoucauld:-- + + "On peut trouver des femmes qui n'ont jamais eu de galanterie; + mais il est rare d'en trouver qui n'en aient jamais eu + qu'une."--_Max._ 73. + +Byron borrows the same idea again:-- + + "Writing grows a habit, like a woman's gallantry. There are + women who have had no intrigue, but few who have had but one + only; so there are millions of men who have never written a + book, but few who have written only one."--_Observations upon + an Article in Blackwood's Magazine_; _Byron's Works_, vol. xv. + p. 87, Moore's Edition, 17 vols duod. London, 1833. + +Both the silence of the author, and the blunder of his editor, seem +to me to prove that _Les Maximes_ are not as _generally_ known and +studied as they deserve to be. + +MELANION. + + * * * * * + +ST. ANTHOLIN'S. + +Your correspondent MR. RIMBAULT (No. 12.) has made rather a grave +charge against my predecessors in office as churchwardens and +overseers of this parish; and although, I regret to say, such +accusations of unjust stewardship and dereliction of duty are +frequently and with justice imputed to some parish officers, yet I am +happy to be able, in this instance, to remove the stigma which would +otherwise attach to those of St. Antholin. The churchwardens' accounts +are in good preservation, and present (in an unbroken series) the +parish expenditure for nearly three centuries. + +Mr. Rimbault has doubtless been misled by some error in the +description of the MSS. in Mr. Thorpe's catalogue (as advertised by +him for sale), which were probably merely extracts from the original +records. + +The first volume commences with the year 1574, and finishes in 1708; +the accounts are all written at the time of their respective dates, +and regularly signed by the auditors then and there present as +correct. + +I have made numerous extracts from these interesting documents, +and _notes_ thereon, which I shall at some future time be happy to +lay before your readers, if you should consider them of sufficient +importance. + +As a voucher for what I have stated with regard to their existence, +and to give some idea of their general character, I have selected (at +random) a few items from the year 1580-1:-- + + "The Accompte of Henrie Jaye, Churchwarden of the Parishe of + St. Antholyne, from the feaste of the Anunciacon of our Ladye + in Anno 1580 unto the same feaste followinge in Anno 1581." + +Among the "receaittes" we have-- + + "R'd of Mr. Thorowgoode for an olde font stone, + by the consente of a vestrie v's iiij'd + + "R'd for the clothe of _bodkine_[11] y't Ser Roger + Marten hade before in keppinge, and now + sold by the consente of a vestry and our + mynnister iij'll vj's viij'd + +"The Payments as followithe:-- + + "P'd to the wife of John Bakone _gwder_ of the + Lazer cotte at Myle End[12] in full of her due {261} + for keppinge of Evan Redde y't was Mr. + Hariots mane till his departtur and for his + Shete and Burialle as dothe apere xl's viij'd + + "P'd for makinge of the Longe pillowe & the + pulpit clothe ij's + + "P'd for a yard and a nale of fustane for the same + pillowe xvj'd + + "P'd for silke to the same pillowe xvj'd + + "P'd for xj'li of fethers for the same pillowe, at + v'd iiij's vij'd + + "P'd for brede and beer that day the quen cam + in xij'd + + "P'd for candells and mendinge the _baldrocke_[13] vj'd + + "P'd for paynttinge y'e stafe of the survayer iij'd + + "P'd for mendynge the lytell bell iij's + + "Pd to Mr. Sanders for the yearly rent of the + Laystall and skowringe the _harnes_[14] for + his yer iij's viij'd + + "P'd to Mr. Wright for the makinge of the Cloke[15] + mor than he gatheride, agred one at the laste + vestrie xvij's + + "P'd to Peter Medcalfe for mending the Cloke + when it neade due at o'r Ladies Daye laste + past in Anno 1581 iij's + + "P'd for entringe this account xx'd." + +W.C., JUNIOR, + +Overseer of St. Antholin, 1850. + + [11] _Brodekine_. A richly-gilt stuff. + + [12] It appears from an entry in the preceding year, that this + man was first sent to "Sentt Thomas Spittell in Soughwork," when + it was discovered that he was afflicted with the leprosy, or some + cutaneous disease, and immediately removed to the Lazar-house at + Mile End, it being strictly forbidden that such cases should + remain in the hospitals. These lazar-houses were built away from + the town; one was the Lock Hospital, in Southwark; one at + Kingsland, another at Knightsbridge, and that mentioned above + between Mile End and Stratford. The laws were very strict in the + expulsion of leprous people from the city; and if they attempted + to force their way into the hospitals, they were bound fast to + horses, and dragged away to the lazar-houses. + + [13] The _baldricke_ was the garter and buckle by means of + which the clapper was suspended inside the bell. + + [14] _Harnes_, or armour, which perhaps hung over some of the + monuments in the church. + + [15] It was about this time that clocks began to be generally + used in churches (although of a much earlier invention); and in + subsequent years we have several items of expenditure connected + with that above mentioned. In 1595:-- + + "Paid for a small bell for the _watche_ iiij's + + "Paid to the smith for Iron worke to it xx'd + + "Paid for a waight for the Clocke wayinge + 36'lb and for a ringe of Iron v's." + + Still, however, the hour-glass was used at the pulpit-desk, to + determine the length the parson should go in his discourse; and + xij'd for a new hour-glass frequently occurs. + + * * * * * + +QUERIES. + +COLLEGE SALTING. + +Mr. Editor.--If your very valuable work had existed in October, 1847, +when I published in the _British Magazine_ a part of Archibishop +Whitgift's accounts relative to his pupils while he was Master of +Trinity College, Cambridge, I should certainly have applied to you +for assistance. + +In several of the accounts there is a charge for the pupil's +"salting;" and after consulting gentlemen more accurately informed +with regard to the customs of the university than myself, I was +obliged to append a note to the word, when it occurred for the first +time in the account of Lord Edward Zouch, in which I said, "I must +confess my inability to explain this word; and do not know whether it +may be worth while to state that, on my mentioning it to a gentleman, +once a fellow-commoner of the college, he told me, that when, as a +freshman, he was getting his gown from the maker, he made some remark +on the long strips of sleeve by which such gowns are distinguished, +and was told that they were called 'salt-bags,' but he could not learn +why; and an Oxford friend tells me, that going to the buttery to +drink salt and water was part of the form of his admission.... This +nobleman's (i.e. Lord Edward Zouch's) amounted to 4s., and that of the +Earl of Cumberland to 3s. 4d., while in other cases it was as low as +8d." To this I added the suggestion that it was probably some fee, +or expense, which varied according to the rank of the parties. It +afterwards occurred to me that this "salting" was, perhaps, some +entertainment given by the new-comer, from and after which he ceased +to be "fresh;" and that while we seem to have lost the "salting" both +really and nominally, we retain the word to which it has reference. + +Be this as it may, my attention has just now been recalled to the +question by my accidentally meeting with one of Owen's epigrams, which +shows that in his time there was some sort of salting at Oxford, and +also of peppering at Winchester. As I doubt not that you have readers +well acquainted with the customs of both these seats of learning, +perhaps some may be good enough to afford information. Owen was at +Oxford not many years after Whitgift had been Master of Trinity at +Cambridge, if (as Wood states) he took his bachelor's degree in 1590. +The epigram is as follows:-- + + "Oxoniæ salsus (juvenis tum) more vetusto; + Wintoniæque (puer tum) piperatus eram. + Si quid inest nostro piperisve salisve libello, + Oxoniense sal est, Wintoniense piper." + +It is No. 64 in that book of epigrams which Owen inscribed "Ad Carolum +Eboracensem, fratrem Principis, filium Regis," p. 205, edit. Elz, +1628. 12mo. I give this full reference in order to express my most +hearty sympathy with the righteous indignation of my highly respected +friend, your correspondent "L.S." (No. 15 p. 230.), against imperfect +references. I do not, however, agree with him in thinking it fortunate +that he is not a "despotic monarch;" on the contrary, now that I have +not to take up verses, or construe Greek to him, I should like it of +all things; and I am sure the world would be much the better for it. + +S.R. MAITLAND. + +Gloucester, Feb. 18. 1850. + + * * * * * + +A FEW DODO QUERIES. + +The discovery and speedy extinction of that extraordinary bird the +DODO, belongs rather to {262} human history than to pure zoology, and +I therefore hope that a few Queries relating to this curious subject +will be admissible into your publication. I have already, in the work +entitled _The Dodo and its Kindred_, and in the Supplementary notices +inserted last year in the _Annals and Magazine of Natural History_ +(ser. 2. vol. iii. pp. 136, 259; vol. iv. p. 335), endeavoured to +collect together the _omne scitum_ of the Dodo-history, but I am +satisfied that the _omne scibile_ is not yet attained. + +_Query I._--Is there any historical record of the first discovery of +Mauritius and Bourbon by the Portuguese? These islands bore the name +of _Mascarenhas_ as early as 1598, when they were so indicated on one +of the De Bry's maps. Subsequent compilers state that they were thus +named after their Portuguese discoverer, but I have not succeeded in +finding any notice of them in the histories of Portuguese expeditions +to the East Indies which I have consulted. The only appartently +authentic indication of their discovery, that I am aware of, is the +pillar bearing the name of John III. of Portugal, and dated 1545, +which is stated by Leguat, on Du Quesne's authority, to have been +found in Bourbon by Flacour, when he took possession of the island +in 1653. + +_Query II_.--It appears from Leguat's _New Voyage to the East Indies_, +London, 1708, pp. 2, 37., that the Marquis Du Quesne, being desirous +of sending out a colony from Holland to the Isle of Bourbon in 1689 or +1690, published (probably in Dutch) an account of that Island, with a +view of inducing emigrants to go thither. I should be greatly obliged +if any of your readers can tell me the title, date, and place of +publication of this book, and where a copy of it is to be seen or +procured. + +_Query III_.--Are there in existence any original oil-paintings of +the Dodo by Savery or any other artist, besides the five described in +the _Dodo and its Kindred_--viz., the one at the Hague, at Berlin, +at Vienna, at the British Museum, and at Oxford? And are there any +original engravings of this bird, besides that in De Bry, in Clusius, +in Van den Broecke, in Herbert, in Bontekoc, and in Bontius, of all +which I have published fac-similes? + +_Query IV_.--Are there any _original_ authors who mention the Dodo +as a living bird, besides Van Neck, Clusius, Heemskerk, Willem van +West-Zanen, Matelief, Van der Hagen, Verhuffen, Van den Broecke, +Bontekoe, Herbert, Cauche, Lestrange, and Benjamin Harry? Or any +authority for the _Solitaire_ of Rodriguez besides Leguat and +D'Heguerty; or for the Dodo-like birds of Bourbon besides Castelton, +Carré Sieur D.B., and Billiard? + +_Query V_--In Rees' _Cyclopæia_, article BOURBON, we are told that +in that island there is "a kind of large bat, denominated _l'Oiseau +bleu_, which are skinned and eaten as a great delicacy." Where did the +compiler of the article pick up this statement? + +_Query VI_.--Is there in existence any figure, published or +unpublished, of the Dodo-like bird which once inhabited the Isle of +Bourbon? + +_Query VII_--What is the derivation or meaning of the words _Dodaers_ +and _Dronte_, as applied to the Dodo? + +_Query VIII_.--Sir Hamon Lestrange has recorded that about 1638 he +saw a living Dodo exhibited in London. (See _Sloane MSS_. 1839, v. p. +9. in Brit. Mus.; Wilkin's ed. of _Sir T. Browne's Works_, vol. i. p. +369.; vol. ii, p. 173.; _The Dodo and its Kindred_, p. 22.) Is there +any contemporary notice extant in print or in MS. which confirms this +statement? A splendidly bound copy of _The Dodo and its Kindred_ will +be given to any one who can answer this query affirmatively. + +_Query IX_.--In Holme's _Academy of Armory and Blazou_, Chester, 1688, +p. 289, we find a Dodo figured as an heraldic device, a fac-simile of +which is given in the _Annals of Natural History_, 2nd series, vol. +iii. p. 260. The author thus describes it: "He beareth Sable a _Dodo_ +or _Dronte_ proper. By the name of _Dronte_. This exotic bird doth +equal a swan in bigness," &c. &c. Now I wish to ask, where did this +family of _Dronte_ reside? Is anything known concerning them? How did +they come by these arms? and are any members of the family now living? + +_Query X._--From a passage in the _Histoire de l'Académie Royale des +Sciences_, 1776, p. 37, it appears that Pingré the French astronomer, +published, or at least wrote, a relation of his voyage to Rodriguez, +in which he speaks of _Solitaires_. Is this the fact? and if so, what +is the title of his work? + +H.E. STRICKLAND. + + * * * * * + +ON PASSAGES IN COLERIDGE'S CHRISTADEL AND BYRON'S LARA. TABLET TO +NAPOLEON. + +I am one of those who look upon the creations of our great poets as +deserving illustration almost as much as actual history; and I am +always distressed when I meet with passages representing events with +respect to which I cannot make up my mind as to what the author meant, +or intended his readers to believe. Two of these occur to me at this +moment, and I shall be much obliged by any of your correspondents +giving, in your pages, brief replies to my queries, or referring me +to any published works where I may find their solution. + +1. What did Coleridge mean to represent or imply in his tale of +_Christabel_? Who or what was Geraldine? What did Christabel see in +her, at times, so unutterably horrible? What is meant by "the ladye +strange" making Christabel _carry_ her over the sill of the portal? +&c., &c. {263} + +2. What does Byron mean us to infer that Lara _saw_ in his hall that +midnight, when he so alarmed his household with + + "A sound, a voice, a shriek, a fearful call, + A long loud shriek--and silence."? + +The poet, it is true, seems to refuse, purposely, to let his readers +into the truth, telling them:-- + + "Whate'er his frenzy dream'd or eye beheld, + If yet remember'd, ne'er to be reaveal'd, + Rests at his heart." + +But still, I conceive there can be no doubt that _he knew the truth_ +(I speak as of realities), --knew what he intended to represent by so +full and elaborate a delineation of a scene. And it is the author's +meaning and intention that I wish to come at. + +I will ask one more question relative to this magnificent poem +(which I don't think has had justice done it by the critics), but +one respecting which I hardly think there can be any doubt as to the +author's secret meaning:--Is not the _Kaled_ of _Lara_ the _Gulnare_ +of the _Giaour_? + +Before concluding, I will add a query on a very different subject. + +3. Many of your readers have, doubtless, seen the large marble tablet +erected by the Vallaisians in honour of Napoleon, in the Convent of +the Great St. Bernard. A recent traveller in Switzerland (Dr. Forbes) +has, I find, noticed the inscription, and questioned, as I had +done, both its meaning and Latinity. I extract this author's note as +expressing exactly the point on which I desiderate information:-- + + "Having doubts both as to the precise meaning and lingual + purity of the compound epithet _Bis Italicus_, here applied + to Napoleon, I subjoin the passage in which it occurs, for the + judgement of the learned:-- + + 'NAPOLEONI ... ÆGYPTIACO BIS ITALICO SEMPER INVICTO ... GRATA + RESPUBLICA.'"--_A Physician's Holiday_, p. 468. + +EMDEE. + +Athenæum, January 26. 1850. + + * * * * * + +MINOR QUERIES. + +_Howkey or Horkey._-- Can anybody explain the etymology of the +word _Howkey_ or _Horkey_, generally used to denote a harvest-home +merriment in our eastern counties? Forbes speaks of it as an +intractable word, and neither he nor Sir J. Cullum have succeeded +in explaining it satisfactorily. + +BRAYBROOKE. + +Audley End, Feb. 16. + + +_Lord Bacon's Metrical Version of the Psalms._--The answer in No. 15. +p. 235. to A CORNISHMAN'S Query (No. 13. p. 202) respecting "Bacon's +Metrical Version of the Psalms," suggests another query. The work in +question was a mere "exercise of sickness;" it contains only seven +psalms (the 1st, 12th, 90th, 104th, 126th, 137th, and 149th), and is, +without pretension of any kind, a very proper diversion for a mind +that could not be inactive and yet required rest; and very good verses +for a man unpractised in metrical composition. The _Collection of +Apophthegms_ (also a recreation in sickness), though considerably +larger and altogether weightier, was considered so trifling a work +that Dr. Rawley, in his "perfect list of his Lordship's true works, +&c.," appended to the first edition of the _Resuscitatio_ (1657), +either forgot or did not think fit to mention it. Yet both these +trifles were not only written but _published_, by Bacon himself the +year before his death--a thing quite contrary to his practice; for +though he had written and carefully preserved and circulated in +manuscript so much, he had till then published nothing that was not +of the weightiest and most solid kind. Can any of your correspondents +inform me how much two such books may possibly have been _worth_ to +a publisher in the year 1625; being works of low price and popular +character, proceeding from an author of great name? How much is +it reasonable to suppose that a publisher may have given for the +copyright? or how far may it have gone towards the payment of a +bookseller's bill? + +J.S. + +Feb. 7. 1850. + + +_Treatise of Equivocation._--I shall feel happy if, through your +very opportune medium, I can obtain some information respecting a +very extraordinary and mysterious book, as to its existence, local +habitation, and any other _material_ circumstance, which has the title +of _A Treatise of Equivocation._ The first recognition of the work is +in the _Relation of the Proceedings in the Trial for the Powder Plot_, +1604. At signat. I. the Attourney-General, Sir E. Coke, appeals to it, +and affirms that it was allowed by the Archpriest Blackwel, and that +the title was altered to _A Treatise against Lying and Fraudulent +Dissimulation_. He proceeds to describe some of its contents, as +if he were himself acquainted with the book. Thomas Morton, Bishop +of Lichfield, and Coventry, afterwards of Durham, in his _Full +Satisfaction concerning a double Romish Iniquitie; Rebellion and +Equivocation_, 1606, refers to the work as familiarly acquainted +with it. (See Ep. Dedic. A. 3.; likewise pages 88 & 94.) He gives +the authorship to Creswell or Tresham. He refers likewise to a Latin +work entitled _Resolutio Casuum_, to the same effect, possibly a +translation, to which he subjoins the names of Parsons and Allen. +Robert Abbot, in his _Antilogia_, 1613, pp. 13, 14. emphatically and +at length produces the same book and facts; but they are merely copied +from the _Relation_ of the Powder-treason Trial. Henry Mason, in his +most satisfactory work, _The New Art of Lying, &c._, 1624, has spoken +of the {264} _Treatise_ with the same familiarity (see p. 51.), and +elsewhere, if my memory does not deceive me. Dodd, in his _Church +history_,--when will the new edition begin to move again? Can +Stonyhurst tell?--ascribes the work to Tresham. Hardly any of the +similar works in these times belong to _one_ author. It may just be +added, that Parson's _Mitigation_ contains, perhaps, all the substance +of the Roman equivocation, with not much reserve or disguise. It was +published in answer to Bishop Morton's work in 1607. Foulis has, of +course, substantially all the above, but nothing more. + +Now, the questions which I want to have solved are these:--Was the +book ever extant in MS. Or print? Is it now extant, and where? Who +has seen a copy? What is its size, date, and extent? Has the Durham +Cathedral Library, in particular, a copy? Mr. Botfield might have +informed us. In fact, where is any effectual intelligence of the +fugitive to be found? + +J.M. + +Feb. 8. 1850. + + * * * * * + + +REPLIES. + +ETYMOLOGY OF "ARMAGH." + +Some of your correspondents have taken up the not unnatural idea, that +the last syllable of the word "Armagh" is identical with the Celtic +word _magh_, a plain. But there are two objections to this. In the +first place, the name is never spelt in Irish _Armagh_, nor even +_Ardmagh_, but always ARDMACHA. _Ardmagh_ or _Armagh_ is only the +anglicised spelling, adapted to English tongues and ears. It is +therefore clearly absurd to take this corrupt form of the word as +our _datum_, in the attempt to search for its etymology. Secondly, +the Irish names of places which are derived from, or compounded of, +_magh_, a plain, are always anglicised, _moy, moi, mow_, or _mo_, +to represent the pronunciation: as Fermoy, Athmoy, Knockmoy, Moira, +Moyagher, Moyaliffe (or Me-aliffe, as it is now commonly spelt), +Moville, Moyarta, and thousands of other cases. And those who are +acquainted with the Irish language will at once tell, by the ear, that +_Armagh_, as the word is pronounced by the native peasantry, even by +those who have lost that language (as most of them in that district +now have), could not be a compound of _magh_, a plain. + +The work of M. Bullet, quoted by your correspondent "HERMES," is full +of ignorant blunders similar to that which he commits, when he tells +us that Armagh in compounded of "_Ar_, article, and _mag_, ville." +The article, in Irish, is _An_, not _ar_; and _mag_ does not signify +a town. He adopts, your readers will perceive, the modern English +spelling, which could not lead to a correct result, even if M. Bullet +had been acquainted with the Celtic languages. The same remark applies +to the explanation given by the author of _Circles of Gomer_. _Ard_, +not _Ar_, is the word to be explained; and therefore, even though _Ar_ +and _Ararat_ meant, as he tells us, "earth, country, or upon and on +the earth," this would throw no light on the etymology of ARD_macha_. + +"HIBERNICUS" (No. 14. p. 217.) is partly right and partly wrong; he +adopts the anglicised spelling of the second syllable, although he +seems aware that the first syllable ought to be _Ard_; and he admits +also that this word is a substantive, signifying a _height_, not the +adjective _high_. "A high plain," in Irish, would be, not Ardmagh, +or Ardmoy (as it would have been anglicised), but _Magh-ard_ (Anglice +_Moyard_). Great light will be thrown on the whole subject of the +etymology of Irish typographical names, when the Index to my friend +Mr. O'Donovan's edition of the _Annals of the Four Masters_ makes its +appearance. + +I may add too, in conclusion, that Camden is wrong in suggesting that +_Armach_ (as he spells it, retaining, curiously enough, the correct +etymology of the last syllable) is identical with _Dearmach_ (where +the last syllable ought to be _magh_). This latter place is the +well-known Durrow, in the county Westmeath; and its name, in Irish, +is _Duir-magh_, which is really a compound from _magh_, a plain. Bede +tells us, that the word signified, in the Scottish language, _Campus +roborum_ (see Bede, _Hist. Eccl._ lib. iii. c. 4.); but Adamson (_Vit. +Columbæ_, c. 39.) more correctly translates it, "monasterium _Roboreti +Campi_." It is not likely that such authorities could confound Durrow, +in Westmeath, with the ecclesiastical metropolis of Ireland, and +patriarchal see of St. Patrick. + +Whoever the Mach or Macha was from whom Ardmacha has its name +(whether the queen called Macha-mong-ruadh, whose reign is assigned +by O'Flaherty to A.M. 3603, or the older Macha, who is said to be the +wife of Nemedius), it should be borne in mind, that the word whose +etymology is required is ARDMACHA[16], and not _Armagh._ What would +be thought of the critic who would now attempt to investigate the +etymology of the English word _bishop_, by dividing it into two +syllables, and seeking analogies in sound for each syllable. + +I have ventured to go at greater length into this matter than its +importance may seem to warrant, because it illustrates so clearly a +very general error, from which Celtic literature has deeply suffered, +of inventing fanciful etymologies adapted to the modern English +spellings, instead of the original Celtic forms of names; and this +error, as the question before us proves, is as old as Camden's time, +and older. + +J.H. TODD. + +Trin. Coll. Dublin, Feb. 2, 1850. + + [16] Those who have access to Colgan's _Acta Sanctorum + Hiberniæ_ will see that he always spells Armagh, _Ardmacha_; + and Durrow, _Durmugia_. + + * * * * *{265} + +WILLIAM BASSE AND HIS POEMS. + +I read with great pleasure MR. COLLIER'S interesting paper on "William +Basse and his Poems," inserted in your 13th Number. Very little is +known of this once popular poet, but it is very desirable that that +little should be collected together, which cannot be better effected +than through the friendly system of inter-communication established by +your valuable journal. + +From my limited researches upon this subject, it appears that there +were two poets of the name of William Basse. Anthony Wood (_Athen. +Oxon._, edit. Bliss. iv. 222.) speaks of one William Basse, of +Moreton, near Thame, in Oxfordshire, who was some time a retainer +of Lord Wenman, of Thame Park, i.e. Richard Viscount Wenman, in the +peerage of Ireland. And I find among my MS. biographical collections +that a William Basse, of Suffolk, was admitted a sizar of Emanuel +College, Cambridge, in 1629. A.B. 1632, and A.M. in 1636. The William +Basse who wrote _Great Brittaines Sunnes-set_ in 1613, was also the +author of the MS. collection of poems entitled _Polyhymnia_, mentioned +by MR. COLLIER. In proof of this it is merely necessary to notice +the dedication of the former "To his Honourable Master, Sir Richard +Wenman, Knight," and the verses and acrostics in the MS. "To the Right +Hon. the Lady Aungier Wenman, Mrs. Jane Wenman, and the truly noble, +vertuous, and learned Lady, the Lady Agnes Wenman." Basse's Poems +were evidently intended for the press, but we may conjecture that the +confusion of the times prevented them from appearing. Thomas Warton, +in his _Life and Literary Remains of Ralph Bathurst, M.D._, has a copy +of verses by the Dr. "To Mr. W. Basse, upon the intended publication +of his Poems, January 13, 1651;" to which the learned editor adds, "I +find no account of this writer or his poems." The whole consists of +forty-four verses, from which I extract the beginning and the end:-- + + Basse, whose rich mine of wit we here behold + As porcelain earth, more precious, 'cause more old; + Who, like an aged oak, so long hath stood, + And art religion now as well as food: + Though thy grey Muse grew up with elder times, + And our deceased grandsires lisp'd thy rhymes; + Yet we can sing thee too, and make the lays + Which deck thy brow look fresher with thy praise. + * * * * * + Though these, your happy births, have silent past + More years than some abortive wits shall last; + He still writes new, who once so well hath sung: + That Muse can ne'er be old, which ne'er was young." + +These verses are valuable as showing that Basse was living in 1651, +and that he was then an aged man. The Emanuelian of the same name, who +took his M.A. degree in 1636, might possibly be his son. At any rate, +the latter was a poet. There are some of his pieces among the MSS. in +the Public Library, Cambridge; and I have a small MS. volume of his +rhymes, scarcely soaring above mediocrity, which was presented to me +by an ancient family residing in Suffolk. + +A poem by William Basse is inserted in the _Annalia Dubrensia_, 1636, +in praise of Robert Dover and his revival of the Cotswold Games; but +it is not clear to which of these poets we may ascribe it. Malone +attributes two rare volumes to one or other of these poets. The first, +a translation or paraphrase of Juvenal's tenth satire, entitled _That +which seems Best is Worst_, 12mo., 1617; the second, "A Miscellany of +Merriment," entitled _A Helpe to Discourse_, 2nd edit. 8vo., 1620: +but the former is more probably the work of William Barkstead. I may +mention that a copy of Basse's _Sword and Buckler, or Serving Man's +Defence_, 1602, is among Malone's books in the Bodleian. + +Izaac Walton speaks of William Basse, "one that hath made the choice +songs of the _Hunter in His Career_, and of _Tom of Bedlam_, and many +others of note." The ballad mentioned by MR. COLLIER, "Maister Basse +his Career, or the Hunting of the Hare," is undoubtably the one +alluded to by Walton. I may add, that it is printed in _Wit and +Drollery_, edit. 1682. p. 64.; and also in _Old Ballads_, 1725, vol. +iii. p. 196. The tune is contained in the _Shene MS._, a curious +collection of old tunes in the Advocate's Library, Edinburgh; and a +ballad entitled _Hubert's Ghost_, to the tune of _Basse's Carrier_, is +preserved among the Bagford Collection of Old Ballads in the British +Museum. With regard to the second ballad mentioned by Walton, our +knowledge is not so perfect. Sir John Hawkins in a note (_Complete +Angler_, 5th edit. p. 73.) says:-- + + "This song, beginning-- + 'Forth from my dark and dismal cell,' + + with the music to it, set by Hen. Lawes, is printed in a book, + entitled _Choice Ayres, Songs and Dialogues, to sing to the + Theorbo Lute, and Bass Viol_, folio. 1675, and in Playfield's + _Antidote against Melancholy_, 8vo. 1669, and also in Dr. + Percy's _Reliques of Ancient English Poetry_, vol. ii. p. 350; + but in the latter with a mistake in the last line of the third + stanza, of the word _Pentarchy_ for _Pentateuch_." + +A copy of the _Choice Ayres_, 1675, is now before me, but Henry +Lawes's name does not appear to the song in question. Sir John has +evidently made a mistake; the air of _Mad Tom_ was composed by John +Cooper, alias _Giovanni Coperario_, for one of the Masques perfomed +by the Gentlemen of Gray's Inn. (See _The English Dancing Master_, +1651, in the British Museum, and Additional MS. 10,440, in the same +repository.) With regard to the ballad itself, there is an early copy +(of the latter part of the sixteenth century) {266} preserved in the +Harleian MSS., No. 7332, fol. 41. It purports to have been + + "Written (i.e. transcribed) be Feargod Barebone, who being + at many times idle and wanting employment, wrote out certain + songs and epigrams, with the idea of mending his hand in + writing." + +There is another copy among Malone's MSS. in the Bodleian (No. 16. p. +55.), where it is entitled _A new Tom of Bedlam_. But I contend there +is no evidence to show that this is the ballad alluded to by Walton; +none of the copies having the name of the author. We have two other +songs (probably more) bearing the same title of _Tom of Bedlam_; one +beginning, "From the top of high Caucasus;" the other commencing, +"From the hag and hungry goblin;" either of which are quite as likely +to have been intended as that mentioned above. + +It still remains a question, I think, which of the two Basses was +the author of the ballads mentioned by Walton. But I have already +trespassed so long upon your valuable space that I will leave the +further consideration of the subject until a future period: in the +meantime, perhaps some of your correspondents may be enabled to +"illuminate our darkness" upon the various knotty points. + +EDWARD F. RIMBAULT. + + * * * * * + +BEAVER HATS--PISAN. + +Allow me to say a few words in reply to your correspondent "GASTROS." +His quotation from Fairholt (_Costume in England_), who cites +Stubbes's _Anatomy of Abuses_ as the earliest authority for the use +of beaver hats in England, is not a satisfactory reply to my query; +inasmuch as I am aware that beaver hats were occasionally worn by +great people in this country some centuries before Stubbes was born. +For example, Henry III. possessed "unum capellum de Bevre cum apparatu +auri et lapidibus preciosis;" as appears from the "Wardrobe Account," +of the 55th year of his reign. I have, therefore, still to ask for +the _earliest_ instance of the use of hats or caps of this material +in England; such hats, as well as gloves, are mentioned in several +English inventories made between the thirteenth and sixteenth +centuries. Is there any example earlier than the time of Henry III.? + +"GASTROS" has also obligingly replied to my query as to "the meaning +of the term _Pisan_, used in old records for some part of defensive +armour," but he seems to have forgotten that I expressly stated that +term had no relation to "the fabrics of Pisa;" at least such is my +belief. With regard to the inventory of the arms and armour of Louis +le Hutin, taken in 1316, printed in Meyrick's _Ancient Armour_, to +which he kindly refers me, it may be observed that the said inventory +is so perversely translated in the first edition of that work (just +now I have no means of consulting the second), as to be all but +useless; indeed it might be termed one of the most extraordinary +literary performances of modern times, as the following instance +may suffice to show. One of the items of the inventory is, "une cote +gamboisée à arbroissiaus d'or broudées à chardonereus;" and it is thus +rendered into English, "a gamboised coat with a rough surface (like +a thicket;--_note_) of gold embroidered on the nap of the cloth!" +The real signification is "a gamboised coat embroidered in gold, +with little bushes (or trees), with gold-finches [on them]." But I +am rather wandering from my point: I never could ascertain on what +authority Sir Samuel Meyrick asserted that "jazeran armour," as +he calls it, was formed of "overlapping plates." The French word +_jazeran_ was derived from the Italian _ghiazarino_, or _ghiazzerino_, +which signified "a gorget of mail," or what some of our antiquaries +have termed "a standard of mail;" in France this word always preserved +its relation to mail, and in process of time came to be applied to +so lowly an object as a flagon-chain: see Cotgrave's _Fr. Dict._ ed. +1673. Roquefort, indeed, says a "jaserans" was a cuirass, but to +my apprehension the passage which he quotes from the _Roman +d'Alexandre_-- + + "Es haubers, _jazerans_, et ès elmes gemez"-- + +seems to prove that, in that instance at least, a gorget is meant. +At any rate, the translation of the passage in the inventory to which +"GASTROS" refers should be, "three Pisan collerets of steel mail," not +that given by Meyrick. Here we have clearly a fabric of Pisa: whereas +the _pisan_, of which I desire to know the meaning, invariable occurs +as an independent term, e.g. "_item, unum pisanum_," or "_unum par +pisanorum_." Of course I have my own conjecture on the subject, but +should be glad to hear other opinions; so I again put the question to +your correspondents. In conclusion I would observe to "GASTROS" that +they must be _very_ late MSS. indeed in which such a contraction as +_pisan_ for _partisan_ can be found. If you have room, and think it +worth while, I will from time to time send you some corrections of the +more flagrant errors of Meyrick. + +T. HUDSON TURNER. + + * * * * * + +REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES. + +_Norman Pedigrees_. In reference to your correspondent "B.'s" +inquiries, he will find much information in the Publications de +la Société des Antiquaires de Normandie. Under their auspices, M. +Estancelin published in 1828 a full history of the Earls of Eu. I am +not aware of any full collection of pedigrees of the companions of +William the Conqueror: the names of several of the lands from which +they took their designations yet remain. + +W. DURRANT COOPER. + +{267} + + +_Norman Pedigrees._--In answer to "B.'s" query (No. 14. p. 214.), +an excellent Gazetteer was published in Paris, 1831, entitled +_Dictionnaire Complet Géographique, Statistique, et Commercial de la +France et de ses Colonies; par M. Briand-de-Verzé_, pp. 856. Many of +the names of the Conqueror's Norman companions will be found in that +work; as, for instance, Geoffrey de "_Mandeville_, village. Calvados +arrondissement, 31½ O.N.O. de Bayeaux," &c. + +Norman de _Beauchamp_: three Beauchamps are mentioned; that 51. from +Avranches will be the one in question. + +C.I.R. + +Oxford, Feb. 19. 1850. + + +_Norman Pedigrees._--Your correspondent "B." (No. 14. p. 214.) would +probably find part of the information he seeks in _Domesday Book, seu +Censualis Willelmi Primi Regis Angliæ_. But query? Is "B." right in +supposing the prefix "De" to be _French_? Does it not rather originate +in the _Latin_? + +"Domesday" is written in Latin throughout; and the "de," denoting the +place, is there occasionally followed by what seems to be the Latin +ablative case. I copy an example:-- + + "Canonici de Hansone ten. l. hida de Sansone," (i.e. loc. in + co. Stafford.) + +Then of the person it is said-- + + "Sanson ten. de rege, &c.... iii. hid. træ in Hargedone," &c. + +J.S. + + +_Translation of Ælian._--In answer to the query of "G.M." in No. 15. +p. 232., I beg to state that in Lowndes's _Manual_, vol. i. p. 13., is +the following notice under the head of "Ælianus Claudius:"-- + + "Various Histories translated by T. Stanley, London, 1665, + 8vo. 5s. This translation is by the son of the learned editor + of Æschylus, and was reprinted 1670. 1677." + +C.I.R. + + +_Ave Trici and Gheeze Ysenoudi._--I regret that I cannot give "H.L.B." +any further information about these ladies than the colophon I +transcribed affords. To me, however, it is quite clear that they were +sisters of some convent in Flanders or Holland; the name of their +spiritual father, Nicolas Wyt, and the names of the ladies, clearly +indicate this. + +S.W.S. + + +_Daysman_ (No. 12. p. 188.)-- It seems to me that a preferable +etymology may be found to that given by Nares and Jacob. The arbiter +or judge might formerly have occupied a _dais_ or _lit de justice_, or +he might have been selected from those entitled to sit on the raised +parts of the courts of law, i.e. jurisconsulti, or barristers as we +call them. I have heard another etymology, which however I do not +favour, that the arbiter, chosen from men of the same rank as the +disputants, should be paid for loss of his day's work. + +GEORGE OLIVER. + + +Perhaps the following may be of some use in clearing up this point. +In the _Graphic Illustrator_, a literary and antiquarian miscellany +edited by E.W. Brayley, London, 1834, at p. 14, towards the end of +an article on the Tudor Style of Architecture, signed T.M. is the +following:-- + + "This room (talking of the great halls in old manor-houses) + was in every manor-house a necessary appendage for holding + 'the court,' the services belonging to which are equally + denominated 'the homage,' with those of the king's palace. The + _dais_, or raised part of the _upper end_ of the hall, _was + so called_, from the administration of justice. A _dais-man_ + is still a popular term for an arbitrator in the North, and + _Domesday-Book_ (with the name of which I suppose every one to + be familiar) is known to be a list of manor-houses." + +C.D. LAMONT. + +Greenock. + + [Our correspondents will probably find some confirmation of + their ingenious suggestion in the following passage from _The + Vision of Piers Ploughman_:-- + + "And at the day of dome + At the heighe deys sitte." + + Ll. 4898-9. ed. Wright.] + + +_Saveguard_.--"BURIENSIS" (No. 13. p. 202.) is informed that a +_saveguard_ was an article of dress worn by women, some fifty or sixty +years ago, over the skirts of their gowns when riding on horseback, +chiefly when they sat on pillions, on a _double horse_, as it was +called. + +It was a sort of outside petticoat, usually made of serge, +linsey-wolsey, or some other strong material: and its use was to +_guard_ the gown from injury by the dirt of the (then very dirty) +roads. It was succeeded by the well-known riding-habit; though I have +seen it used on a side-siddle by a rider who did not possess the more +modern dress. + +P.H.F. + + +Amongst the bequests to the Clothworkers' Company of London is one by +Barbara Burnell, by will dated 27th June, 1630, wherein she directs +the company to bestow 4l. 6s. yearly in woollen cloth to make six +waistcoats and six _safeguards_ for six poor women.[17] + +Also we find that John Skepworth, by will dated 17th Oct. 1678, gave +two closes of land to the parish of Louth, to the intent that the +churchwardens and overseers of the poor there should apply the rents +and profits of the same in providing so much coarse woollen cloth as +would make ten suits yearly to be given to ten poor people of Louth, +the men to have coats and breeches, and the women to have waistcoats +and _safeguards_.[18] {268} + +If "BURIENSIS" has a friend belonging to the Clothworkers' Company, it +is probable that he will acquire much information on this subject from +their old records. + +H. EDWARDS. + + [17] Reports from the Commissioners of Charities b. 235. 32nd + part 4.--696. + + [18] Ibid. + + +_Derivation of "Calamity"_ (No. 14. p. 215.)--"Calamity" is from +the Latin _calamitas_, from _calamus_ a straw or stalk of corn, +signifying, 1st, the agricultural misfortune of the corn being beaten +down or laid by a storm; and thence, any other trouble or disaster:-- + +"Ipsa egreditur nostri fundi _calamitas_." + +Ter. _Eun_. i. 1. + +Upon which the commentator in the Delph. ed. has this note:-- + + "_Calamitas_ est grando et tempestas, quæ calamos segetum + prosternit et conterit. Unde Cicero Verrem vocat '_calamitosam + tempestatem_.'" + +Ainsworth, quoting the above passage from Terence, adds:-- + + "Ubi Donatus. Proprie _calamitatem_ rustici vocant quod + comminuat _calamum_; h.e. culmen et segetem." + +The etymology of its synonym, "_disaster_," is more direct--[Greek: +dhus hasthaer], a star of evil influence, or, as we say, "born under +an ill planet." + +[Greek: Philologos] + + +Forcellini, _s.v. Calamitas_, says:-- + + "Proprie significat imminutionem clademque calamorum segetis, + quæ grandine vel impetuoso aliquo turbine aut alia quapiam de + causa fit." + +He then quotes Servius, _Ad Georg_, i. 151:-- + + "Robigo genus est vitii, quo culmi pereunt, quod a rusticanis + calamitas dicitur." + +Then follows the note of Donatus on Ter. _Eun_. i. 1. 34. + +It appears to me, if "_calamitas_" were derived from _calamus_, it +would mean something very different from what it does. + +Another suggestion is, that the first syllable is the same as the +root of _cad-o_, to fall; _l_ and _d_, everybody knows, are +easily interchangeable: as Odysseus, Ulixes: [Greek: dakruon], +_lacrima_, _tear_, &c. &c. If so, _calamitas_ is a corrupted form +of _cadamitas_. Mar. Victorinus, _De Orthogr_. p. 2456., says:-- + + "Gueius Pompeius Magnus et scribebat et dicebat _Kadamitatem_ + pro _Kalamitatem_."--(Quoted from Bothe's _Poetæ_," _Scenici + Latinorum_, vol. v. p. 21.) + +But how is the -_amitas_ to be explained? I may as well add, +that Döderlein, with his usual felicity, derives it from [Greek: +kolouo]. + +EDWARD S. JACKSON. + + +I beg to refer MR. F.S. MARTIN (No. 14. p. 215.), for the derivation +of "Calamity," to the _Etymologicon Linguæ Latinæ_ of Gerard Vossius, +or to the _Totius Latinitatis Lexicon_ of Facciolatus and Forcellinus. +He will there find that the word _calamitas_ was first used with +reference to the storms which destroyed the stalks (_calami_) of corn, +and afterwards came to signify metaphorically, any severe misfortune. +The terrific hail-storm of the summer of 1843, which destroyed the +crops of corn through several of the eastern and midland counties of +this kingdom, was a _calamity_ in the original sense of the word. + +"W.P.P." has also kindly replied to this query by furnishing a part of +the Article on _Calamitas_ in Vossius; and "J.F.M." adds, _Calamitas_ +means-- + + "The spindling of the corn, which with us is rare, but in + hotter countries common: insomuch as the word _calamitas_ was + first derived from _calamus_, when the corn could not get out + of the stalk."--Bacon, _Nat. Hist_. sect. 669. + + +_Derivation of "Zero"_ (No. 14. p. 215.).--_Zero_ Ital.; Fr. _un +chiffre_, _un rien_, a cipher in arithmetic, a nought; whence the +proverb _avere nel zero, mépriser souverainement_, to value at +nothing, to have a sovereign contempt for. I do not know what the +etymology of the word may be; but the application is obvious to that +point in the scale of the thermometer below the numbered degrees to +which, in ordinary temperatures, the mercury does not sink. + +[Greek: Philologos] + +Deanery of Gloucester, Feb. 7. 1850. + + +"_Zero_" (No. 14. p. 215.)--_Zero_, as is well known, is an Italian +word signifying the arithmetical figure of nought (0). It has been +conjectured that it is derived from the transposition from the Hebrew +word _ezor_, a girdle, the zero assuming that form. (See Furetière, +vol. iii.) Prof. le Moine, of Leyden (quoted by Ménage), claims for +it also an Eastern origin, and thinks we have received it from the +Arabians, together with their method of reckoning ciphers. He suggests +that it may be a corruption from the Hebrew [Hebrew: rphs], _safara_, +to number. + + +_Complutensian Polyglot_.--I cannot pretend to reply to "MR. JEBB'S" +inquiry under this head in No. 12. p. 213.; but perhaps it may assist +him in his researches, should he not have seen the pamphlet, to refer +to Bishop Smallridge's "Enquiry into the Authority of the Primitive +Complutensian Edition of the New Testament, as principally founded on +the most ancient Vatican MS., together with some research after that +MS. In order to decide the dispute about 1 John v. 7. In a letter to +Dr. Bentley. 8vo. London, 1722." + +J.M. + +Oxford, Feb. 5. + + +_Sir William Rider_.--In reply to the queries of "H.F.," No. 12. p. +186., respecting Sir William Rider, I beg to say that among the many +MS. notes which I have collected relating to the Rider family, {269} +&c., I find the following from the _Visitation of Surry_, 1623, and +from a MS. book of _Pedigrees of Peers_ in the Herald's College, with +additions. + + "Thomas Rider married a daughter of ---- Poole of Stafforde, + by whom he had Sir William Rider, born at Muchalstone, co. + Stafforde, Sheriff of London, 1591, Citizen and Haberdasher, + Lord Mayor, 1600. Will dated 1 Nov., and proved 9 Nov. + 1610, 8 Jas. I. (94 Wood); buried at Low Layton, Essex, &c. + Sir William married Elizabeth, da. of R. Stone, of Helme, + co. Norfolk; by whom he had, besides other children and + descendants, Mary daughter and coheiress, who married Sir + Thomas Lake, of Canons, Middlesex, from whose issue descended + Viscount Lake." + +S.S. + + +_Pokership_ (No. 12. p. 185., and No. 14. p. 218.).--It is to be +regretted that no information has been supplied respecting the meaning +of this remarkable word, either from local sources or from the surveys +of crown lands in the Exchequer or Land Revenue offices. In one or the +other of these quarters we should surely find something which would +dispense with further conjecture. In the meantime the following facts, +obtained from records easily accessible, will probably be sufficient +to dispose of the explanations hitherto suggested, and to show that +the _poker_ of Bringwood forest was neither a _parker_ nor a _purser_. + +The offices conveyed to Sir R. Harley by James I. had been, before +his reign, the subject of crown grants, after the honor of Wigmore had +become vested in the crown by the merger of the earldom of March in +the crown. Hence, I find that in the act 13 Edward IV. (A.D. 1473), +for the resumption of royal grants, there is a saving of a prior grant +of the "office of keeper of oure forest or chace of Boryngwode," +and of the fees for the "kepyng of the Dikes within oure counte of +Hereford, parcelles of oure seid forest." (6 _Rot. Parl._ p. 94.) + +In a similar act of resumption, 1 Henry VII., there is a like saving +in favour of Thomas Grove, to whom had been granted the keepership of +Boryngwood chase in "Wigmoresland," and "the _pokershipp_ and keping +of the diche of the same." The _parkership_ of Wigmore Park is saved +in the same act. (6 _Rot. Parl._ p. 353 and 383.) + +In the first year of Henry VIII. there is a Receiver's Account of +Wigmore, in which I observe the following deductions claimed in +respect of the fees and salaries of officers:- + + "In feodo Thomæ Grove, forestarii de Bringewod, + 6l. 1s. 6d. + -- ejusdem Thomæ, fossat'de Prestwode dych, + 18d. + -- Edm. Sharp, parcarii parci de Wiggemour, + 6l. 1s. 6d. + -- Thomæ Grove, pocar' omnium boscorum + in Wiggemourslonde 30s. 4d." + +There is another like account rendered in 23 & 24 Hen. VII. These, +and no doubt many other accounts and documents respecting the honor of +Wigmore and its appartenances, are among the Exchequer records, and +we are entitled to infer from them, firstly, that a _parcarius_ and a +_pocarius_ are two different offices; secondly, that, whether the duty +of the latter was performed on the dikes or in the woods of Boringwood +chase, the theory of Mr. Bolton Corney (pace cl. viri dixerim) is +very deficient in probability. If the above authorities had not fallen +under my notice, I should have confidently adopted the conjecture +of the noble Querist, who first drew attention to the word, and, +so far from considering the substitution of "poker" for "parker" +an improbable blunder of the copyist, I should have pronounced it +fortunate for the house of Harley that their founder had not been +converted into a porcarius or pig-driver. + +E. SMIRKE. + + +_Pokership_.--I had flattered myself that _Parkership_ was the real +interpretation of the above word, but I have once more doubts on +the subject. I this morning accidentally stumbled upon the word +"Porcellagium," which is interpreted in Ducange's _Glossary_, +"Tributum ex porcis seu porcellis." + +_Porcarius_ also occurs as _Porcorum custos_, and mention is made +of "Porcorum servitium quo quis porcos domini sui pascentes servare +tenetur." + +Now, considering how much value was formerly attached to the right +of turning out swine in wooded wastes, during the acorn season, it +seems probable that Sir R. Harley might be the king's "Porcarius," +or receiver of the money paid for an annual license to depasture hogs +in the royal forests; and, after all, _Porkership_ is as like to +_Pokership_ as _Parkership_, and one mistake would be as easily made +as the other. + +BRAYBROOKE. + +Audley End, Feb. 16. + + [We are enabled to confirm the accuracy of Lord Braybrooke's + conjecture as to _Pokership_ being the office conferred + upon Sir Robert Harley, inasmuch as we are in expectation of + receiving an account of the various forms of its name from + a gentleman who has not only the ability, but also peculiar + facilities for illustrating this and similar obscure terms.] + + +_Havior--Heavier or Hever_.-Supposed etymology of _Havior, Heavier_, +and _Hever_, as applied by park-keepers to an emasculated male +deer.--"NOTES AND QUERIES," (No. 15. p. 230.) + +Pennant, in his _British Zoology_, 8vo. edition, 1776, vol. i. p. +38., and 8vo. edition, 1812, vol. i. p. 45., under the article, +"Goat" says:-- + + "The meat of a castrated goat of six or seven years old, + (which is called _Hyfr_,) is reckoned the best; being + generally very sweet and fat. This makes an excellent pasty, + goes under the name of rock venison, and is little inferior + to that of the deer." + +As Pennant was a Welchman, a scholar and a {270} naturalist, he will +probably be considered good authority; and _Hyfr_, the most likely +origin of the altered terms of the deer park-keepers. + +The word occurs twice in page 61. vol. ii. of the _Sportsman's +Cabinet_, in the article on the Stag or Red Deer, where it is printed +_Heavier_; and it will be found also as _Hever_, in Mr. Jesse's +_Scenes and Tales of Country Life_, at page 349. + +WM. YARRELL. + +Ryder Street, St. James, Feb. 11. 1850. + + +Mr. Halliwell gives the words _haver_ and _havering_, in the same +sense as _havior_. Are not these words identical with _aver, averium_, +in the sense of cattle, tame beasts? _Averium_, from the old French, +_aveir_, i.e. _avoir_, originally meant any personal property; but +like _catalla_, chattels, it came to signify more particularly the +most important part of a peasant's possessions--namely, his live +stock. Thus, in the laws of William the Conqueror (Thorpe's _Ancient +Laws_, vol. ii. p. 469.), we find:-- + + "Si præpositus hundredi equos aut boves aut oves aut porcos + vel cujuscumque generis averia vagancia restare fecerit," &c. + +The word may naturally enough have been applied to deer reduced to the +state of tame and domesticated cattle. + +C.W.G. + + [TREBOR furnishes us with a reference to _Pegge's Anonymiana_, + who endeavours to show that the proper term is "halfer;" on + the same principle that an entire horse is spoken of, the word + being pronounced "hâver" by those who call half "hâfe," while + those who pronounce half with the open _a_ say "hauver:" while + J. Westby Gibson suggests that Havior is _Evir_, from the + Latin "_Eviro, Eviratus, Eviratio_," but admits that he can + give no authority for the use of _Evir_.] + + +_Sir W. Hamilton_ (No. 14. p. 216.).--Douglas says, that this Sir W. +Hamilton was not _son_, but grandson and brother of the 1st and 2nd +earls of Abercorn, his father having died _vitâ patris_. I therefore +doubt that the inscription has been miscopied. "He was," Douglas says, +"resident at Rome, on the part of the Queen Dowager;" but this could +hardly be the service alluded to. + +C. + + +_Dr. Johnson's Library_ (no. 14. p. 214.).--I have a copy of Dr. +Johnson's Sale Catalogue. The title is as follows: + + "A catalogue of the valuable Library of Books of the late + learned Samuel Johnson, Esq., LL.D., deceased, which will be + sold by auction (by Order of the Executors) by Mr. Christie, + at his Great Room in Pall Mall, on Wednesday, February 16. + 1785. and three following Days. To be viewed on Monday and + Tuesday preceding the Sale, which will begin each Day at 12 + o'Clock. Catalogues may be had as above." + +It is a Catalogue of 28 pages and 662 lots, of which 650 are books. +The twelve last are prints, chiefly "framed and glazed." The Catalogue +is very rare; there is not a copy in the British Museum, and Messrs. +Christie and Manson are without one. I may add, as your correspondent +is curious about Johnson's Library, that I have the presentation copy +to the Doctor of Twiss's _Travels in Spain_, with "the gift of the +Author" in Johnson's handwriting, immediately beneath Twiss's MS. +presentation. The Twiss was in Lot 284. + +PETER CUNNINGHAM. + + * * * * * + + +MISCELLANIES. + +_Etymology of "News_."--The word "news" is not derived, as many +suppose, from the adjective new, but from a practice that obtained +in newspapers of an early date, of prefixing to the title the letters +expressive of the cardinal points, thus:-- + + N. + E. W. + S. + +meaning that their intelligence was derived from all quarters of the +globe. This must, at any rate, be allowed as ingenious etymology. + +J.U.G. GUTCH. + + +THE GOLDEN AGE. + +(_FROM THE LATIN_.) + + Why "golden," when that age alone, we're told, + Was blest with happy ignorance of gold-- + More justly we our venal times might call + "The Golden Age," for gold is all in all. + +RUFUS. + + * * * * * + +NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC. + +Messrs. Sotheby and Co. will sell on Monday next two collections of +Autographs; the first consisting of Autograph Letters, the property +of a gentleman; which will be immediately followed by that belonging +to the late Mr. Rodd, and the extensive Correspondence of the late +William Upcott, Esq., comprising several thousand Autograph Letters. +Mr. Rodd's collection comprises many letters of great historical and +literary interest. + +Messrs. Puttick and Simpson will sell by auction on Friday, March the +8th, and seven following days, the extensive and very important Stock +of Books of Mr. James Carpenter, of Bond Street, who is retiring from +business. The characteristics of this fine collection are the numerous +books of prints and illustrated works which it contains, such as the +matchless Series of Piranesi's Works, being the dedication copy to +the king of Sweden: a copy of Boswell's _Life of Johnson_, in 8 vols. +{271} folio, illustrated with nearly six hundred Portraits and Views. + +We heard some time since that the long-established and +highly-respectable house of Payne and Foss, of Pall Mall, had +succeeded the late Mr. Rodd in the agency of purchasing for the +British Museum. The rumour proved to be unfounded, and now receives +a formal contradiction by the announcement that Messrs. Payne and +Foss are retiring from business, and that the first portion of their +extensive and valuable Stock of Books will be sold by auction by +Messrs. Sotheby and Co.; the first division in a ten days' sale, +commencing on the 18th and terminating on the 28th March; which will +be followed by the second division, which will also occupy ten days, +and commence on Monday the 8th April. The lovers of choice copies of +fine editions of first-class books will have, on this occasion, such +an opportunity of enriching their collections as rarely presents +itself. + +We have received the following Catalogues:-- + + "Number Two, for 1850, of John Miller's Catalogue of Books, + old and new, on sale at 43. Chandos Street, Trafalgar Square." + + "Catalogue of curious and rare Books, recently purchased, now + on sale by George Bumstead, 205. High Holborn." + + "Catalogue (No. 5.) of Books, Theological and Miscellaneous, + and Catalogue (No. 6.) of Books, consisting chiefly of Foreign + Literature and Theology, on sale by Andrew Clark, No. 4. City + Road." + + "Cheap List of useful and curious Books relating to + Ecclesiastical History, Councils, Ceremonies, the Puritans, + &c., on sale by S. and I. Palmer, 24. Red Lion Street, + Holborn." + + "A List of Books, chiefly curious ones, now selling by Thomas + Kerslake, Bookseller, at No. 3. Park Street, Bristol." + + * * * * * + +BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES + +WANTED TO PURCHASE. + +(_IN CONTINUATION OF LISTS IN FORMER NOS._) + + +HIERONYMUS MAGIUS DE TINTINABILIS. 12mo. 1608 and 1664. + +A. STOCKFLEET DE CAMPANARUM USU. + +REIMANU'S DISSERTATIO DE CAMPANIS. + +NICOL. EGGER'S DISSERTATIO DE ORIGINE ET NOMINE CAMPANARUM. EJUSDEM +DISSERTATIO DE CAMPANARUM MATERIA ET FORMA. + +PACICHELLI DE TINTINABULO NOTANO LUCUBRATIO. + +WALLERI DISSERTATIO DE CAMPANIS ET PRÆCIPUIS EARUM USIBUS. + +HILCHER DE CAMPANIS TEMPLORUM. + +ARNOLDUS DE CAMPANARUM USU. 12mo. 1665. + +ROCCHA DE CAMPANIS COMMENTARIUS. 1612. + +THIERS, TRAITE DES CLOCHES. + +MITZLER DE CAMPANIS. ESCHENWECKER DE EO QUOD IUSTUM EST CIRCA +CAMPANIS. + +PINGRE'S ACCOUNT OF HIS VOYAGE TO RODRIGUEZ, published (?) at Paris +about 1762. + +DUDLEY RYDER's REPORT ON THE PETITION OF BERKELEY SEYMOUR, ESQ., +CLAIMING THE BARONY OF SEYMOUR AND DUKEDOM OF SOMERSET. Published +1750, pp. 15. folio. + +PRIVATE ACT, 12 WM 3., FOR THE SALE OF THE ESTATES OF ARTHUR LACY, +ESQ., CO. SOMERSET. + +BELL ON THE HAND. Bridgewater Treatises. + +_Odd Volumes._ + +MADRAS JOURNAL OF LITERATURE AND SCIENCE. Vols I. to IX. CATALOGUE OF +HARLEIAN MSS., Vol. IV. WOODS'S ATHENÆ OXONIENSES (ed. Bliss.), Vol. +III. + +*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price. _carriage free_, +to be sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet +Street. + + * * * * * + +NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS. + +Among the many papers which we are unavoidably obliged to postpone +are an original and inedited _Letter by Horace Walpole_, Mr. Singer's +Reply to C.W.G. on _Ælfric's Colloquies_, an interesting communication +from Mr. Coles respecting _Arabella Stuart_, a paper by Mr. Rye on +the _Queen of Robert Bruce_, and T.S.D.'s able article on _Arabic +Numerals_. + +The Erectheum Club (like "The Parthenon") takes its name from the +Erectheum at Athens. + +H.M.A. declined with thanks. + +X.P. is informed that the _monotome_ edition of Boswell's Johnson +edited by Croker, is not an abridgment of the larger work, but a new +and thoroughly revised edition of it; and with a really good index. + +To correspondents inquiring as to the mode of procuring "NOTES AND +QUERIES," we have once more to explain, that every bookseller and +newsman will supply it regularly, if ordered; and that gentlemen +residing in the country, who may find a difficulty in getting it +through any bookseller in their neighbourhood, may be supplied +regularly with the stamped edition, by giving their orders direct to +the publisher, MR. GEORGE BELL, 186 Fleet Street, accompanied by a +Post-Office order for a quarter, 4s. 4d.; a half year, 8s. 8d.; or +one year, 17s. 4d. + +Errata. P. 242. col. 2. l. 11., for "coheir" read "cognate;" and line +16, for "Argidius" "Ægidius;" and p. 243, col 1. l. 35. read "anecdote +of Dionysius related by Cicero and by Plutarch, in his _Laconic +Apophthegms_, which Stobæus evidently followed." + + * * * * * + +Just published, in post 8vo., 10s. 6d., the Third Volume of + +THE ROMANCE OF THE PEERAGE; or, CURIOSITIES OF FAMILY HISTORY. + +By GEORGE LILLIE CRAIK. + +With a Portrait of Sir Robert Dudley. + +Contents:--The Hereditary Principle; Aristocracy and +Democracy--Charles Brandon's Widow and her Second Marriage--The Lady +Mary Grey--Sir Robert Dudley--Bess of Hardwick and the Talbots--The +Cavendishes and the Stanhopes--Lord Pembroke and Sir Richard +Wharton--The Wharton and Stuart Duel--The Bruce and Sackville +Duel--The Lord Crichton of Sanquahar--The Earldom of Monteith, +&c. &c. &c. + +London: CHAPMAN AND HALL, 186. Strand. + + * * * * * + +On the 1st of March will be published, price One Shilling, + +MODEL PRISONS; being No. 2. of LATTER-DAY PAMPHLETS. + +Edited by THOMAS CARLYLE. + +London: CHAPMAN AND HALL, 186. Strand. + + * * * * *{272} + +Early Antiquities of England Illustrated. + +THE PRIMÆVAL ANTIQUITIES OF DENMARK. By J.J.A. WORSAAE, M.R.S.A., +of Copenhagen. Translated and applied to the Illustration of similar +Remains in England, by WILLIAM J. THOMS, ESQ., F.S.A., Secretary of +the Camden Society. Illustrated with numerous Woodcuts. 8vo. 10s. 6d. + + "This is the best antiquarian handbook we have ever met + with--so clear is its arrangement, and so well and so plainly + is each subject illustrated by well-executed engravings, + that confusion for the future is impossible upon a variety of + points on which the most grievous mistakes have hitherto been + made by anxious and zealous antiquarians. * * * It is the + joint production of two men who have already distinguished + themselves as authors and antiquarians. It is a book of which + it may be said, that in every sentence is to be found an + interesting fact, and that every page teems with instruction, + and may be regarded as a sure guide to all antiquarians in + their future archæological inquiries."--_Morning Herald_. + +See also _Gentleman's Magazine_ for February, 1850. + +JOHN HENRY PARKES, Oxford, and 377. Strand, London. + + * * * * * + +Vols. I. and II. 8vo., price 28s. cloth. + +THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND; from the TIME of the CONQUEST. By EDWARD FOSS, +F.S.A. + + "A work in which a subject of great historical importance is + treated with the care, diligence, and learning it deserves; + in which Mr. Foss has brought to light many points previously + unknown, corrected many errors, and shown such ample knowledge + of his subject as to conduct it successfully through all the + intricacies of a difficult investigation, and such taste and + judgment as will enable him to quit, when occasion requires, + the dry details of a professional inquiry, and to impart + to his work, as he proceeds, the grace and dignity of a + philosophical history."--_Gent. Mag._ + +London: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, and LONGMANS. + + * * * * * + +Just published, price 4s. 6d. cloth. + +PINACOTHECÆ HISTORICÆ SPECIMEN; sive Illustrium Quorundam Ingenia, +Mores, Fortunæ, ad Inscriptionum formam Expressæ. Auctore F. KILVERT, +A.M. Pars Secunda. + + "The production of an English clergyman, and bears unequivocal + marks of refined taste, elegant scholarship, and a + liberal, generous, and candid mind. The idea--to us a novel + one--carried out in this work is, to bring up for judgment + (as the Egyptians used to do with their departed kings) the + characters that figure most in the page of history, and to + pass sentence upon them. Summoning them, as it were, into his + presence with the lamp of history to guide him, _exquiritque + auditque dolos_; and whether it be praise or blame, or a + mixture of both, that he awards, the judgment is pronounced in + a temperate spirit, and with judicial impartiality; and it + is expressed in pure and elegant Latin, and often with + epigrammatic felicity."--_Scotsman_. + +London: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street; of whom Part I., price 3s., +may be had. + + * * * * * + +Just published, price 3s. 6d. 12mo. cloth, 7s. calf or morocco. + +THE ENGLISH GENTLEMAN: his Principles, his Feelings, his Manners, his +Pursuits. + + "We like him so well as to wish heartily we might meet many + such."--_Theologian_. + + "The object of the first of the four essays is to form the + principles of a gentleman on a Christian standard. In the + other three subjects, of feelings, manners, and pursuits, + the views, though strict, are of a more worldly + kind."--_Spectator_. + +GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + +Just published, 12mo. cloth, 4s.; morocco (Hayday), 10s., + +A SELECTION FROM PERCY'S RELIQUES OF ANCIENT ENGLISH POETRY, and from +EVANS'S OLD BALLADS, with short Introductions and Notes. By the Rev. +HENRY TRIPP, M.A., Sub Warden of St. Columba's College. + + "The selection is made with good taste and + judgment."--_Christian Remembrancer_. + +12mo., cloth, 2s. 6d., + +SELECTIONS FROM HERRICK, for Translation into Latin Verse, with a +short Preface. By the Rev. A.J. MACLEANE, M.A., Trinity College, +Cambridge, Principal of Brighton College. + + "We cordially recommend it as a book well adapted to promote + a superior style of versification to that which has + hitherto prevailed even in the highest classes of our German + Schools."--_Educational Times_. + +GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + +12mo. boards. 3s. 6d. + +LYRA MEMORIALIS: Original Epitaphs and Churchyard Thoughts. In Verse. +By JOSEPH SNOW. With an Essay, by WILLIAM WORDSWORTH. Reprinted by his +permission. A new Edition, remodelled and enlarged. + + "The object of Mr. Snow in the volume before us is to suggest + a purer taste and a more impressive style in our churchyard + memorials, and by every word and thought to point through the + shadow of the tomb to the brightness and light beyond it. His + work is, in truth, a treasury of feeling, and we find in its + simplicity its highest merit. To the clergy this volume may be + of signal use."--_Theologian_. + + "This is truly a book of the affections; there is scarcely + a page which will not touch tenderly a chord in the heart of + every reader."--_Church of England Quarterly_. + +GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + +On a large sheet, price 7s. 6d. plain; 15s. richly coloured; in case, +10s. 6d. plain; 18s. coloured. + +A CHART of ANCIENT ARMOUR, from the ELEVENTH to the SEVENTEENTH +CENTURIES; containing Eighteen Figures, with a Description and a +Sketch of the Progress of European Armour. By JOHN HEWITT. + + "A graphic outline of the subject of military costume during + the period of its greatest interest to the English antiquary. + The author has made a judicious selection of examples, chiefly + from the rich series of monumental effigies; and, in the brief + text which accompanies these illustrations, a useful resumé + will be found of a subject which, not many years since, + was attainable only through the medium of costly + publications."--_Archæological Journal_. + +GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + +Royal 32mo., cloth, 2s.; morocco (Hayday), 7s. + +SELDEN'S TABLE TALK. + +Royal 32mo., price 2s. 6d. cloth, 7s. 6d. morocco (Hayday). + +THE TEMPLE, SACRED POEMS, and PRIVATE EJACULATIONS. By GEORGE HERBERT. + +Also, by the same Author, Price 2s. cloth, 7s. morocco (Hayday). + +A PRIEST TO THE TEMPLE; or, THE COUNTRY PARSON: his Character, and +Rule of Holy Life, &c. + +London: GEORGE BELL, Fleet Street. Leicester: J.S. CROSSLEY. + + * * * * * + +Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. +New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride in the City of London; +and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish +of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. +186. Fleet Street aforesaid.--Saturday, February 23. 1850. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries 1850.02.23, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES 1850.02.23 *** + +***** This file should be named 12018-8.txt or 12018-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/2/0/1/12018/ + +Produced by The Internet Library of Early Journals, Jon Ingram, +William Flis, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + +Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's +eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII, +compressed (zipped), HTML and others. + +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks replace the old file and take over +the old filename and etext number. The replaced older file is renamed. +VERSIONS based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving +new filenames and etext numbers. + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + +EBooks posted prior to November 2003, with eBook numbers BELOW #10000, +are filed in directories based on their release date. If you want to +download any of these eBooks directly, rather than using the regular +search system you may utilize the following addresses and just +download by the etext year. For example: + + https://www.gutenberg.org/etext06 + + (Or /etext 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99, + 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90) + +EBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are +filed in a different way. The year of a release date is no longer part +of the directory path. The path is based on the etext number (which is +identical to the filename). The path to the file is made up of single +digits corresponding to all but the last digit in the filename. For +example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at: + + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/0/2/3/10234 + +or filename 24689 would be found at: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/6/8/24689 + +An alternative method of locating eBooks: + https://www.gutenberg.org/GUTINDEX.ALL + + diff --git a/old/12018-8.zip b/old/12018-8.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..acc31dc --- /dev/null +++ b/old/12018-8.zip diff --git a/old/12018-h.zip b/old/12018-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b0506bc --- /dev/null +++ b/old/12018-h.zip diff --git a/old/12018-h/12018-h.htm b/old/12018-h/12018-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fc65d67 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/12018-h/12018-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,3224 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" + content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" /> + + <title>Notes And Queries, Issue 17.</title> + <style type="text/css"> + + /*<![CDATA[*/ + <!-- + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + p {text-align: justify;} + blockquote {text-align: justify;} + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center;} + pre {font-size: 0.7em;} + + hr {text-align: center; width: 50%;} + html>body hr {margin-right: 25%; margin-left: 25%; width: 50%;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + html>body hr.full {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;} + hr.adverts {width: 100%; height: 5px; color: black;} + html>body hr.adverts {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;} + hr.short {text-align: center; width: 20%;} + html>body hr.short {margin-right: 40%; margin-left: 40%; width: 20%;} + + + .note, .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; + font-size: 0.9em;} + + .poem {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; + text-align: left;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem p {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem p.i2 {margin-left: 2em;} + .poem p.i4 {margin-left: 4em;} + .poem p.i6 {margin-left: 6em;} + .poem p.i8 {margin-left: 8em;} + .poem p.i10 {margin-left: 10em;} + .poem .caesura {vertical-align: -200%;} + + span.pagenum {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; + font-size: 8pt;} + + p.author {text-align: right;} + --> + /*]]>*/ + </style> +</head> + +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries 1850.02.23, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes and Queries 1850.02.23 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: April 14, 2004 [EBook #12018] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES 1850.02.23 *** + + + + +Produced by The Internet Library of Early Journals, Jon Ingram, +William Flis, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team. + + + + + + +</pre> + + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page257" + id="page257"></a>{257}</span> + + <h1>NOTES AND QUERIES:</h1> + + <h2>A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, + ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.</h2> + <hr /> + + <h3><b>"When found, make a note of."</b>—CAPTAIN + CUTTLE.</h3> + <hr class="full" /> + + <table summary="masthead" + width="100%"> + <tr> + <td align="left" + width="25%"><b>No. 17.</b></td> + + <td align="center" + width="50%"><b>February 23. 1850</b></td> + + <td align="right" + width="25%"><b>Price Threepence.<br /> + Stamped Edition 4d.</b></td> + </tr> + </table> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h3>CONTENTS.</h3> + + <table summary="Contents" + align="center"> + <tr> + <td align="left">NOTES:—</td> + + <td align="right">Page</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">Alfred's Orosius, by R.T. Hampson</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page257">257</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">Folk Lore—Omens from + Cattle—Horse's Head—Rush-bearings</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page258">258</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">On Authors and Books, No. 5., by + Bolton Corney</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page259">259</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">Plagiarisms, or Parallel Passages, No. + 2.</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page260">260</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">St. Antholin's</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page260">260</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">QUERIES:—</td> + + <td></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">College Salting, by Rev. Dr. + Maitland</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page261">261</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">A few Dodo Queries, by H.E. + Strictland</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page261">261</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">Coleridge's Christabel, Byron's Lara: + Tablet to Napoleon</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page262">262</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">Minor Queries:—Howkey or + Horkey—Lord Bacon's Psalms—Treatise of + Equivocation</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page263">263</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">REPLIES:—</td> + + <td></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">Etymology of Armagh, by Rev. Dr. + Todd</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page264">264</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">William Hasse and his Poems, by E.F. + Rimbault, LL.D.</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page265">265</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">Beaver Hats—Pisan, by T. Hudson + Turner</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page266">266</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">Replies to Minor Queries:—Norman + Pedigrees—Translation of Ælian—Ave + Trici—Daysman—Saveguard—Calamity—Zero—Complutensian + Polyglot—Sir W. + Rider—Pokership—Havior, Heavier or + Hever—Sir W. Hamilton—Dr. Johnson's + Library</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page266">266</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">MISCELLANIES:—</td> + + <td></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">Etymology of News—The Golden + Age</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page270">270</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">MISCELLANEOUS:—</td> + + <td></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, + &c.</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page270">270</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">Books and Odd Volumes wanted</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page271">271</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">Notices to Correspondents</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page271">271</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left">Advertisements</td> + + <td align="right"><a href="#page271">271</a></td> + </tr> + </table> + <hr /> + + <h3>KING ALFRED'S GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE.</h3> + + <p>The sketch of Europe, which our illustrious Alfred has + inserted in his translation of <i>Orosius</i>, is justly + considered, both here and on the Continent, as a valuable + fragment of antiquity<a id="footnotetag1" + name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a>; + and I am sorry that I can commend little more than the pains + taken by his translators, the celebrated Daines Barrington + and Dr. Ingram, to make it available to ordinary readers. + The learned judge had very good intentions, but his + knowledge of Anglo-Saxon was not equal to the task. Dr. + Ingram professedly applied himself to correct both Alfred's + text and Barrington's version, so far as relates to the + description of Europe; but in two instances, occurring in + one passage, he has adopted the judge's mistake of proper + names for common nouns. I do not call attention to the + circumstance merely as a literary curiosity, but to preserve + the royal geographer from liability to imputations of + extraordinary ignorance of his subject, and also to show the + accuracy of his delineation of Europe at that interesting + epoch, whence the principal states of Europe must date their + establishment.</p> + + <p>King Alfred, mentioning the seat of the Obotriti, or + Obotritæ, as they are sometimes named, a Venedic nation, + who, in the 9th century, occupied what is now the duchy of + Mecklenburg, calls them <i>Apdrede</i>, and says—"Be nor + than him is apdrede, and cast north wylte the man æfeldan + hæt."<a id="footnotetag2" + name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a></p> + + <p>Barrington translates the words thus:—"To the north is + Aprede, and to the north east the wolds which are called + Æfeldan."<a id="footnotetag3" + name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a></p> + + <p>Dr. Ingram has the following variation:—"And to the + east north are the wolds which are called Heath + Wolds."<a id="footnotetag4" + name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a> + To the word <i>wolds</i> he appends a + note:—"<i>Wylte</i>. See on this word a note + hereafter." Very well; the promised note is to justify the + metamorphosis of the warlike tribe, known in the annals and + chronicles of the 9th century as the Wilti, Wilzi, Weleti, + and Welatibi, into heaths and wolds. Thirty pages further on + there is a note by J. Reinhold Forster, the naturalist and + navigator, who wrote it for Barrington in full confidence + that the translation was correct:—"The Æfeldan," + he says, "are, as king Alfred calls them, <i>wolds</i>; + there are at present in the middle part of Jutland, large + tracts of high moors, covered with <i>heath</i> only."</p> + + <p>Of <i>wylte</i>, Dr. Ingram writes:—"This word has + never been correctly explained; its original signification is + the same, whether written felds, fields, velts, welds, wilds, + wylte, wealds, walds, walz, wolds, &c. &c." And on + <i>heath</i>, he says:—"Mr. Forster seems to have read + Hæfeldan (or Hæthfeldan), which indeed, I find in + the Junian MS. inserted as a various reading by Dr. Marshall + (<i>MSS. Jun. 15</i>.). It also occurs, further on in the MS., + without any various reading. I have therefore inserted it in + the text."</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page258" + id="page258"></a>{258}</span> + + <p>Dr. Marshall seems to have understood the passage. What King + Alfred says and means is this:—"On the north are the + Apdrede (Obotritæ), and on the north east of them are the + Wylte, who are called Hæfeldi."</p> + + <p>The anonymous Saxon Poet, who wrote the life of Charlemagne, + gives the same situation as Alfred to the Wilti:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"Gens est Slavorum Wilti cognomine dicta,</p> + + <p>Proxima litoribus quæ possidet arva + supremis</p> + + <p>Jungit ubi oceano proprios Germania + fines."<a id="footnotetag5" + name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a></p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>Helmold says that they inhabited the part of the coast + opposite to the island of Rugen; and hereabouts Adam of Bremen + places the <i>Heveldi</i>, and many other Slavonic + tribes.<a id="footnotetag6" + name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a> + I am not aware that any other author than Alfred says, that + the Wilti and Heveldi were the same people; but the fact is + probable. The Heveldi are of rare occurrence, but not so the + Wilti.<a id="footnotetag7" + name="footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a> + Ptolemy calls them + Βελται—Veltæ + or Weltæ—and places them in Prussian Pomerania, + between the Vistula and Niemen. Eginhard says that "they are + Slavonians who, in our manner, are called Wilsi, but in + their own language, Welatibi."<a id="footnotetag8" + name="footnotetag8"></a><a href="#footnote8"><sup>8</sup></a> + Their country was called Wilcia,<a id="footnotetag9" + name="footnotetag9"></a><a href="#footnote9"><sup>9</sup></a> + and, as a branch of them were settled in Batavia about 560, + it does not seem very improbable that from them were derived + the Wilsæton of the Anglo-Saxon chronicles, meaning + the <i>Wilts seated</i>, or settlers in Wilts-shire. The + name, as Eginhard has noticed, is Slavic, and is an adoption + of <i>welot</i> or <i>weolot</i>, a giant, to denote the + strength and fierceness which rendered them formidable + neighbours. <i>Heveldi</i> seems to be the same word made + emphatic with a foreign addition.</p> + + <p>Two other names have been given much trouble to the + translators, as well as to Mr. Forster. These are, + <i>Mægtha Land</i> and <i>Horiti</i> or <i>Horithi</i>, + for both occur, and the latter is not written with the letter + <i>thorn</i>, but with a distinct <i>t</i> and <i>h</i>. Alfred + has, unquestionably, met with the Slavic <i>gorod</i>, which so + frequesntly occurs as the termination of the names of cities in + the region where he indicates the seat of his Horiti to be. It + signifies a city, and is an etymological equivalent of Goth. + <i>gards</i>, a house, Lat. <i>cors, cortis</i>; O.N. + <i>gardr</i>, a district, A.-Sax. <i>geard</i>, whence our + <i>yard</i>. The Polish form is <i>grodz</i>, and the Sorabic, + <i>hrodz</i>. He places the Horiti to the east of the Slavi + Dalamanti, who occupied the district north east of Moravia, + with the <i>Surpe</i>, that is, Serbi, Servi, on their north, + and the <i>Sisle</i>, Slusli, another Slavonic people, on the + west. This appears to be the site possessed by the Hunnic + founders of Kiow. In Helmold, Chunigord, <i>the city or station + of the Huns</i>, is the name of the part of Russia containing + Kiow.<a id="footnotetag10" + name="footnotetag10"></a><a href="#footnote10"><sup>10</sup></a></p> + + <p>To the north of Horiti, says Alfred, is <i>Mægtha + Land</i>.—A Finnic tribe, called Magyar, were settled in + the 9th century in Mazovia, whence a part of them descended + into Hungary. According to Mr. Forster, Mazovia has been called + <i>Magan Land</i>; but I can find no trace of that name. I can + easily conceive, however, that <i>Magyar</i> and <i>Land</i> + might become, in Saxon copying, Mægtha Land, for the + country of the Magyar. Elsewhere, Alfred uses Mægtha + Land, the land of the Medes, for Persia.</p> + + <p>Is there any other printed copy of the Saxon <i>Orosius</i> + than Barrington's? for that forbids confidence by a number of + needless and unauthorised alterations in most of the pages.</p> + + <p class="author">R.T. HAMPSON</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>FOLK LORE.</h3> + + <p><i>Omens from Cattle</i>.—I forward to you a + <i>Note</i>, which, many years ago, I inserted in my + interleaved Brand's <i>Observations on Popular Antiquities</i>, + vol. ii. p. 519. 4to., in the hope that, as the subject + interested me <i>then</i>, it may not prove uninteresting to + some <i>now</i>:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"A bad omen seems to be drawn from <i>an ox or cow + breaking into a garden</i>. Though I laugh at the + superstition, the omen was painfully fulfilled in my + case.</p> + + <p>"About the middle of March, 1843, some cattle were + driven close to my house; and, the back door being open, + <i>three</i> got into our little bit of garden, and + trampled it. When our school-drudge came in the afternoon, + and asked the cause of the confusion, she expressed great + sorrow and apprehension on being told—said it was a + bad sign—and that we should hear of <i>three</i> + deaths within the next six months. Alas! in April, we heard + of dear J——'s murder; a fortnight after, + A—— died; and to-morrow, August 10th, I am to + attend the funeral of my excellent son-in-law.</p> + + <p>"I have just heard of the same omen from another + quarter."</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>This was added the next day:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"But what is still more remarkable is, that when I went + down to Mr. ——'s burial, and was mentioning the + superstition, they told me that, while he was lying ill, a + cow got into the front garden, and was driven out with + great difficulty."</p> + </blockquote> + + <p class="author">L.S.</p> + + <p><i>The Horse's Head—Rush-bearings.</i>—The + account of the Welch custom of the "Grey Mare" in a late Number + reminded me of something very similar in Cheshire. In the + parish of Lynn it is customary, for a week or ten days before + the 5th <span class="pagenum"><a name="page259" + id="page259"></a>{259}</span> of November, for the skeleton + of a horse's head, dressed up with ribbons, &c., having + glass eyes inserted in the sockets, and mounted on a short + pole by way of handle, to be carried by a man underneath, + covered with a horse-cloth. There is generally a chain + attached to the nose, which is held by a second man, and + they are attended by several others. In houses to which they + can gain access, they go through some kind of performance, + the man with the chain telling the horse to rear, open its + mouth, &c. Their object, of course, is to obtain money. + The horse will sometimes seize persons, and hold them fast + till they pay for being set free; but he is generally very + peaceable,—for in case of resistance being offered, + his companions frequently take flight, and leave the poor + horse to fight it out. I could never learn the origin of + this strange custom. I remember, when very young, having a + perfect horror of meeting this animal in the dark.</p> + + <p>Another custom, which I suppose prevails in some other + places, is the "Rush-bearing." At the annual Wakes a large + quantity of rushes are collected together, and loaded on a + cart, almost to the height of a load of hay. They are bound on + the cart, and cut evenly at each end. On the Saturday evening a + number of men sit on the top of the rushes, holding garlands of + artificial flowers, tinsel, &c. The cart is drawn round the + parish by three or four spirited horses, decked out with + ribbons,—the collars being surrounded with small bells. + It is attended by morris-dancers, dressed in strange + style,—men in women's clothes, &c. One big man in + woman's clothes, with his face blacked, has a belt round his + waist, to which is attached a large bell, and carries a ladle, + in which he collects money from the spectators. The company + stop and dance at the principal public-houses in their route, + and then proceed to the parish church(!), where the rushes are + deposited, and the garlands hung up very conspicuously, to + remain till the next year. I believe a custom somewhat similar + exists in the adjoining parish of Warburton, but not carried + out in such grand style.</p> + + <p>It would be very interesting if your correspondents in + different parts of the country would send accounts of these + relics of the barbarous ages.</p> + + <p class="author">JULIUS.</p> + + <p>Runcorn, Feb. 13. 1850.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>ON AUTHORS AND BOOKS, NO. 5.</h3> + + <p>As a writer of dedications, Samuel Johnson was the giant of + his time. He once said to Boswell, the subject arising at a + dinner-party, "Why, I have dedicated to the royal family all + round,"—and the <i>honest chronicler</i> proves that he + spoke advisedly.</p> + + <p>Compositions of this nature admit much variety of character. + A dedication may be the pure homage which we owe to merit, or + the expression of gratitude for favours received, or a memorial + of cherished friendship; and such dedications, in point of + motive, are beyond the reach of censure—I may fairly + assert, are very commendable. Nevertheless, Johnson left no + compositions of either class: "the <i>loftiness</i> of his + mind," as Boswell gravely states, "prevented him from ever + dedicating in his own person."</p> + + <p>A more equivocal sort of dedication also prevailed. A book + was supposed to require the prefix of some eminent name as its + patron, in order to ensure its success. Now the author, though + very capable of writing with propriety on his chosen theme, + might be unequal to the courtly style which dedicators were + wont to display, and as the <i>complement</i> was to be + returned <i>substantially</i>, he might be tempted to employ a + superior artist on the occasion. It was chiefly under such + circumstances that the powers of Johnson were called into + action. By what arguments the stern moralist would have + endeavoured to justify the deception, for it deserves no better + name, is more than I can undertake to decide, and I submit the + query to his enthusiastic admirers.</p> + + <p>To the dedications enumerated by the faithful Boswell, and + by his sharp-sighted editors, Malone and Croker, I have to + announce on <i>internal</i> evidence, a gorgeous addition! It + is the dedication to Edward Augustus, Duke of York, of <i>An + Introduction to Geometry</i>, by William Payne, London: T. + Payne, at the Mews Gate, 1767. 4º., 1768. 8º. I + transcribe it <i>literatim</i>. It wants no comment:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF YORK.</p> + + <p>"SIR,</p> + + <p>"They who are permitted to prefix the names of princes + to treatises of science generally enjoy the protection of a + patron, without fearing the censure of a judge.</p> + + <p>"The honour of approaching your royal highness has given + me many opportunities of knowing, that the work which I now + presume to offer will not partake of the usual security. + For as the knowledge which your royal highness has already + acquired of GEOMETRY extends beyond the limits of an + introduction. I expect not to inform you; I shall be happy + if I merit your approbation.</p> + + <p>"An address to such a patron admits no recommendation of + the science. It is superfluous to tell your royal highness + that GEOMETRY is the primary and fundamental art of life; + that its effects are extended through the principal + operations of human skill; that it conducts the soldier in + the field, and the seaman in the ocean; that it gives + strength to the fortress, and elegance to the palace. To + your royal highness all this is already known; GEOMETRY is + secure of your regard, and your opinion of its usefulness + and value has sufficiently appeared, by the condescension + in which you have been pleased to honour + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page260" + id="page260"></a>{260}</span> one who has so little + pretension to the notice of princes, as</p> + </blockquote> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"Sir,</p> + + <p class="i2">"Your royal highnesses [sic]'</p> + + <p class="i4">"Most obliged,</p> + + <p class="i6">"Most obedient,</p> + + <p class="i8">"And most humble servant,</p> + + <p class="i10">"WILLIAM PAYNE."</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>A short preface follows, which bears marks of reparation. It + may have received some touches from the same masterly hand.</p> + + <p>The <i>external</i> evidence in favour of the ascription of + the above piece to Johnson, if slight in itself, is not devoid + of significance. He had dedicated a book for the same author, + which book was also published by Mr. Thomas Payne, who was his + brother, in 1756.</p> + + <p class="author">BOLTON CORNEY.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>PLAGIARISMS, OR PARALLEL PASSAGES. No. 2.</h3> + + <h4>[<i>Continued from No. 11. p. 163.</i>]</h4> + + <blockquote> + <p>"Dans les premières passions les femmes aiment + l'amant; dans les autres elles aiment l'amour."—La + Rouchefoucauld, <i>Max.</i> 494.</p> + </blockquote> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"In her first passions woman loves her lover,</p> + + <p>In all the others all she loves is love,</p> + + <p>Which grows a habit she can ne'er get over,</p> + + <p>And fits her loosely—like an easy glove," + etc.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="author"><i>Don Juan</i>, canto iii. st. iii.</p> + + <p>There is no note on <i>this</i> passage; but on the + concluding lines of the <i>very next</i> stanza,</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"Although, no doubt, her first of love affairs</p> + + <p>Is that to which her heart is wholly granted;</p> + + <p>Yet there are some, they say, who have had + <i>none</i>,</p> + + <p>But those who have ne'er end with only + <i>one</i>,</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>we have the following editorial comment:—"These two + lines are a versification of a saying of Montaigne." (!!!) The + saying is <i>not</i> by Montaigne, but by La + Rochefoucauld:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"On peut trouver des femmes qui n'ont jamais eu de + galanterie; mais il est rare d'en trouver qui n'en aient + jamais eu qu'une."—<i>Max.</i> 73.</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>Byron borrows the same idea again:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"Writing grows a habit, like a woman's gallantry. There + are women who have had no intrigue, but few who have had + but one only; so there are millions of men who have never + written a book, but few who have written only + one."—<i>Observations upon an Article in Blackwood's + Magazine</i>; <i>Byron's Works</i>, vol. xv. p. 87, Moore's + Edition, 17 vols duod. London, 1833.</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>Both the silence of the author, and the blunder of his + editor, seem to me to prove that <i>Les Maximes</i> are not as + <i>generally</i> known and studied as they deserve to be.</p> + + <p class="author">MELANION.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>ST. ANTHOLIN'S.</h3> + + <p>Your correspondent MR. RIMBAULT (No. 12.) has made rather a + grave charge against my predecessors in office as churchwardens + and overseers of this parish; and although, I regret to say, + such accusations of unjust stewardship and dereliction of duty + are frequently and with justice imputed to some parish + officers, yet I am happy to be able, in this instance, to + remove the stigma which would otherwise attach to those of St. + Antholin. The churchwardens' accounts are in good preservation, + and present (in an unbroken series) the parish expenditure for + nearly three centuries.</p> + + <p>Mr. Rimbault has doubtless been misled by some error in the + description of the MSS. in Mr. Thorpe's catalogue (as + advertised by him for sale), which were probably merely + extracts from the original records.</p> + + <p>The first volume commences with the year 1574, and finishes + in 1708; the accounts are all written at the time of their + respective dates, and regularly signed by the auditors then and + there present as correct.</p> + + <p>I have made numerous extracts from these interesting + documents, and <i>notes</i> thereon, which I shall at some + future time be happy to lay before your readers, if you should + consider them of sufficient importance.</p> + + <p>As a voucher for what I have stated with regard to their + existence, and to give some idea of their general character, I + have selected (at random) a few items from the year + 1580-1:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"The Accompte of Henrie Jaye, Churchwarden of the + Parishe of St. Antholyne, from the feaste of the Anunciacon + of our Ladye in Anno 1580 unto the same feaste followinge + in Anno 1581."</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>Among the "receaittes" we have—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"R<sup>d</sup> of Mr. Thorowgoode for an olde font stone,</p> + + <p class="i2">by the consente of a vestrie v<sup>s</sup> + iiij<sup>d</sup></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"R<sup>d</sup> for the clothe of + <i>bodkine</i><a id="footnotetag11" + name="footnotetag11"></a><a href="#footnote11"><sup>11</sup></a> + y<sup>t</sup> Ser Roger</p> + + <p class="i2">Marten hade before in keppinge, and + now</p> + + <p class="i2">sold by the consente of a vestry and + our</p> + + <p class="i2">mynnister iij<sup>li</sup> vj<sup>s</sup> viij<sup>d</sup></p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>"The Payments as followithe:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"P<sup>d</sup> to the wife of John Bakone <i>gwder</i> of + the</p> + + <p class="i2">Lazer cotte at Myle + End<a id="footnotetag12" + name="footnotetag12"></a><a href="#footnote12"><sup>12</sup></a> + in full of her + due</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page261" + id="page261"></a>{261}</span> + + <p class="i2">for keppinge of Evan Redde y<sup>t</sup> was + Mr.</p> + + <p class="i2">Hariots mane till his departtur and for + his</p> + + <p class="i2">Shete and Burialle as dothe apere xl<sup>s</sup> + viij<sup>d</sup></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"P<sup>d</sup> for makinge of the Longe pillowe & the</p> + + <p class="i2">pulpit clothe ij<sup>s</sup></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"P<sup>d</sup> for a yard and a nale of fustane for the + same</p> + + <p class="i2">pillowe xvj<sup>d</sup></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"P<sup>d</sup> for silke to the same pillowe xvj<sup>d</sup></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"P<sup>d</sup> for xj<sup>li</sup> of fethers for the same pillowe, + at</p> + + <p class="i2">v<sup>d</sup> - - iiij<sup>s</sup> vij<sup>d</sup></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"P<sup>d</sup> for brede and beer that day the quen cam</p> + + <p class="i2">in xij<sup>d</sup></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"P<sup>d</sup> for candells and mendinge the + <i>baldrocke</i><a id="footnotetag13" + name="footnotetag13"></a><a href="#footnote13"><sup>13</sup></a> + vj<sup>d</sup></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"P<sup>d</sup> for paynttinge y<sup>e</sup> stafe of the survayer + iij<sup>d</sup></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"P<sup>d</sup> for mendynge the lytell bell iij<sup>s</sup></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"Pd to Mr. Sanders for the yearly rent of the</p> + + <p class="i2">Laystall and skowringe the + <i>harnes</i><a id="footnotetag14" + name="footnotetag14"></a><a href="#footnote14"><sup>14</sup></a> + for</p> + + <p class="i2">his yer iij<sup>s</sup> viij<sup>d</sup></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"P<sup>d</sup> to Mr. Wright for the makinge of the + Cloke<a id="footnotetag15" + name="footnotetag15"></a><a href="#footnote15"><sup>15</sup></a></p> + + <p class="i2">mor than he gatheride, agred one at the + laste</p> + + <p class="i2">vestrie xvij<sup>s</sup></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"P<sup>d</sup> to Peter Medcalfe for mending the Cloke</p> + + <p class="i2">when it neade due at o<sup>r</sup> Ladies Daye + laste</p> + + <p class="i2">past in Anno 1581 iij<sup>s</sup></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"P<sup>d</sup> for entringe this account xx<sup>d</sup>."</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="author">W.C., JUNIOR,</p> + + <p>Overseer of St. Antholin, 1850.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>QUERIES.</h2> + + <h3>COLLEGE SALTING.</h3> + + <p>Mr. Editor.—If your very valuable work had existed in + October, 1847, when I published in the <i>British Magazine</i> + a part of Archibishop Whitgift's accounts relative to his + pupils while he was Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, I + should certainly have applied to you for assistance.</p> + + <p>In several of the accounts there is a charge for the pupil's + "salting;" and after consulting gentlemen more accurately + informed with regard to the customs of the university than + myself, I was obliged to append a note to the word, when it + occurred for the first time in the account of Lord Edward + Zouch, in which I said, "I must confess my inability to explain + this word; and do not know whether it may be worth while to + state that, on my mentioning it to a gentleman, once a + fellow-commoner of the college, he told me, that when, as a + freshman, he was getting his gown from the maker, he made some + remark on the long strips of sleeve by which such gowns are + distinguished, and was told that they were called 'salt-bags,' + but he could not learn why; and an Oxford friend tells me, that + going to the buttery to drink salt and water was part of the + form of his admission.... This nobleman's (<i>i.e.</i> Lord + Edward Zouch's) amounted to 4<i>s.</i>, and that of the Earl of + Cumberland to 3<i>s.</i> 4<i>d.</i>, while in other cases it + was as low as 8<i>d.</i>" To this I added the suggestion that + it was probably some fee, or expense, which varied according to + the rank of the parties. It afterwards occurred to me that this + "salting" was, perhaps, some entertainment given by the + new-comer, from and after which he ceased to be "fresh;" and + that while we seem to have lost the "salting" both really and + nominally, we retain the word to which it has reference.</p> + + <p>Be this as it may, my attention has just now been recalled + to the question by my accidentally meeting with one of Owen's + epigrams, which shows that in his time there was some sort of + salting at Oxford, and also of peppering at Winchester. As I + doubt not that you have readers well acquainted with the + customs of both these seats of learning, perhaps some may be + good enough to afford information. Owen was at Oxford not many + years after Whitgift had been Master of Trinity at Cambridge, + if (as Wood states) he took his bachelor's degree in 1590. The + epigram is as follows:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"Oxoniæ salsus (juvenis tum) more vetusto;</p> + + <p class="i2">Wintoniæque (puer tum) piperatus + eram.</p> + + <p>Si quid inest nostro piperisve salisve libello,</p> + + <p class="i2">Oxoniense sal est, Wintoniense + piper."</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>It is No. 64 in that book of epigrams which Owen inscribed + "Ad Carolum Eboracensem, fratrem Principis, filium Regis," p. + 205, edit. Elz, 1628. 12mo. I give this full reference in order + to express my most hearty sympathy with the righteous + indignation of my highly respected friend, your correspondent + "L.S." (No. 15 p. 230.), against imperfect references. I do + not, however, agree with him in thinking it fortunate that he + is not a "despotic monarch;" on the contrary, now that I have + not to take up verses, or construe Greek to him, I should like + it of all things; and I am sure the world would be much the + better for it.</p> + + <p class="author">S.R. MAITLAND.</p> + + <p>Gloucester, Feb. 18. 1850.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>A FEW DODO QUERIES.</h3> + + <p>The discovery and speedy extinction of that extraordinary + bird the DODO, belongs rather to + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page262" + id="page262"></a>{262}</span> human history than to pure + zoology, and I therefore hope that a few Queries relating to + this curious subject will be admissible into your + publication. I have already, in the work entitled <i>The + Dodo and its Kindred</i>, and in the Supplementary notices + inserted last year in the <i>Annals and Magazine of Natural + History</i> (ser. 2. vol. iii. pp. 136, 259; vol. iv. p. + 335), endeavoured to collect together the <i>omne scitum</i> + of the Dodo-history, but I am satisfied that the <i>omne + scibile</i> is not yet attained.</p> + + <p><i>Query I.</i>—Is there any historical record of the + first discovery of Mauritius and Bourbon by the Portuguese? + These islands bore the name of <i>Mascarenhas</i> as early as + 1598, when they were so indicated on one of the De Bry's maps. + Subsequent compilers state that they were thus named after + their Portuguese discoverer, but I have not succeeded in + finding any notice of them in the histories of Portuguese + expeditions to the East Indies which I have consulted. The only + appartently authentic indication of their discovery, that I am + aware of, is the pillar bearing the name of John III. of + Portugal, and dated 1545, which is stated by Leguat, on Du + Quesne's authority, to have been found in Bourbon by Flacour, + when he took possession of the island in 1653.</p> + + <p><i>Query II</i>.—It appears from Leguat's <i>New + Voyage to the East Indies</i>, London, 1708, pp. 2, 37., that + the Marquis Du Quesne, being desirous of sending out a colony + from Holland to the Isle of Bourbon in 1689 or 1690, published + (probably in Dutch) an account of that Island, with a view of + inducing emigrants to go thither. I should be greatly obliged + if any of your readers can tell me the title, date, and place + of publication of this book, and where a copy of it is to be + seen or procured.</p> + + <p><i>Query III</i>.—Are there in existence any original + oil-paintings of the Dodo by Savery or any other artist, + besides the five described in the <i>Dodo and its + Kindred</i>—viz., the one at the Hague, at Berlin, at + Vienna, at the British Museum, and at Oxford? And are there any + original engravings of this bird, besides that in De Bry, in + Clusius, in Van den Broecke, in Herbert, in Bontekoc, and in + Bontius, of all which I have published fac-similes?</p> + + <p><i>Query IV</i>.—Are there any <i>original</i> authors + who mention the Dodo as a living bird, besides Van Neck, + Clusius, Heemskerk, Willem van West-Zanen, Matelief, Van der + Hagen, Verhuffen, Van den Broecke, Bontekoe, Herbert, Cauche, + Lestrange, and Benjamin Harry? Or any authority for the + <i>Solitaire</i> of Rodriguez besides Leguat and D'Heguerty; or + for the Dodo-like birds of Bourbon besides Castelton, + Carré Sieur D.B., and Billiard?</p> + + <p><i>Query V</i>—In Rees' <i>Cyclopæia</i>, + article BOURBON, we are told that in that island there is "a + kind of large bat, denominated <i>l'Oiseau bleu</i>, which are + skinned and eaten as a great delicacy." Where did the compiler + of the article pick up this statement?</p> + + <p><i>Query VI</i>.—Is there in existence any figure, + published or unpublished, of the Dodo-like bird which once + inhabited the Isle of Bourbon?</p> + + <p><i>Query VII</i>—What is the derivation or meaning of + the words <i>Dodaers</i> and <i>Dronte</i>, as applied to the + Dodo?</p> + + <p><i>Query VIII</i>.—Sir Hamon Lestrange has recorded + that about 1638 he saw a living Dodo exhibited in London. (See + <i>Sloane MSS</i>. 1839, v. p. 9. in Brit. Mus.; Wilkin's ed. + of <i>Sir T. Browne's Works</i>, vol. i. p. 369.; vol. ii, p. + 173.; <i>The Dodo and its Kindred</i>, p. 22.) Is there any + contemporary notice extant in print or in MS. which confirms + this statement? A splendidly bound copy of <i>The Dodo and its + Kindred</i> will be given to any one who can answer this query + affirmatively.</p> + + <p><i>Query IX</i>.—In Holme's <i>Academy of Armory and + Blazou</i>, Chester, 1688, p. 289, we find a Dodo figured as an + heraldic device, a fac-simile of which is given in the + <i>Annals of Natural History</i>, 2nd series, vol. iii. p. 260. + The author thus describes it: "He beareth Sable a <i>Dodo</i> + or <i>Dronte</i> proper. By the name of <i>Dronte</i>. This + exotic bird doth equal a swan in bigness," &c. &c. Now + I wish to ask, where did this family of <i>Dronte</i> reside? + Is anything known concerning them? How did they come by these + arms? and are any members of the family now living?</p> + + <p><i>Query X.</i>—From a passage in the <i>Histoire de + l'Académie Royale des Sciences</i>, 1776, p. 37, it + appears that Pingré the French astronomer, published, or + at least wrote, a relation of his voyage to Rodriguez, in which + he speaks of <i>Solitaires</i>. Is this the fact? and if so, + what is the title of his work?</p> + + <p class="author">H.E. STRICKLAND.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>ON PASSAGES IN COLERIDGE'S CHRISTADEL AND BYRON'S LARA. + TABLET TO NAPOLEON.</h3> + + <p>I am one of those who look upon the creations of our great + poets as deserving illustration almost as much as actual + history; and I am always distressed when I meet with passages + representing events with respect to which I cannot make up my + mind as to what the author meant, or intended his readers to + believe. Two of these occur to me at this moment, and I shall + be much obliged by any of your correspondents giving, in your + pages, brief replies to my queries, or referring me to any + published works where I may find their solution.</p> + + <p>1. What did Coleridge mean to represent or imply in his tale + of <i>Christabel</i>? Who or what was Geraldine? What did + Christabel see in her, at times, so unutterably horrible? What + is meant by "the ladye strange" making Christabel <i>carry</i> + her over the sill of the portal? &c., + &c.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page263" + id="page263"></a>{263}</span> + + <p>2. What does Byron mean us to infer that Lara <i>saw</i> in + his hall that midnight, when he so alarmed his household + with</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"A sound, a voice, a shriek, a fearful call,</p> + + <p>A long loud shriek—and silence."?</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>The poet, it is true, seems to refuse, purposely, to let his + readers into the truth, telling them:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"Whate'er his frenzy dream'd or eye beheld,</p> + + <p>If yet remember'd, ne'er to be reaveal'd,</p> + + <p>Rests at his heart."</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>But still, I conceive there can be no doubt that <i>he knew + the truth</i> (I speak as of realities), —knew what he + intended to represent by so full and elaborate a delineation of + a scene. And it is the author's meaning and intention that I + wish to come at.</p> + + <p>I will ask one more question relative to this magnificent + poem (which I don't think has had justice done it by the + critics), but one respecting which I hardly think there can be + any doubt as to the author's secret meaning:—Is not the + <i>Kaled</i> of <i>Lara</i> the <i>Gulnare</i> of the + <i>Giaour</i>?</p> + + <p>Before concluding, I will add a query on a very different + subject.</p> + + <p>3. Many of your readers have, doubtless, seen the large + marble tablet erected by the Vallaisians in honour of Napoleon, + in the Convent of the Great St. Bernard. A recent traveller in + Switzerland (Dr. Forbes) has, I find, noticed the inscription, + and questioned, as I had done, both its meaning and Latinity. I + extract this author's note as expressing exactly the point on + which I desiderate information:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"Having doubts both as to the precise meaning and + lingual purity of the compound epithet <i>Bis Italicus</i>, + here applied to Napoleon, I subjoin the passage in which it + occurs, for the judgement of the learned:—</p> + + <p>'NAPOLEONI ... ÆGYPTIACO BIS ITALICO SEMPER + INVICTO ... GRATA RESPUBLICA.'"—<i>A Physician's + Holiday</i>, p. 468.</p> + </blockquote> + + <p class="author">EMDEE.</p> + + <p>Athenæum, January 26. 1850.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>MINOR QUERIES.</h3> + + <p><i>Howkey or Horkey.</i>— Can anybody explain the + etymology of the word <i>Howkey</i> or <i>Horkey</i>, generally + used to denote a harvest-home merriment in our eastern + counties? Forbes speaks of it as an intractable word, and + neither he nor Sir J. Cullum have succeeded in explaining it + satisfactorily.</p> + + <p class="author">BRAYBROOKE.</p> + + <p>Audley End, Feb. 16.</p> + + <p><i>Lord Bacon's Metrical Version of the + Psalms.</i>—The answer in No. 15. p. 235. to A + CORNISHMAN'S Query (No. 13. p. 202) respecting "Bacon's + Metrical Version of the Psalms," suggests another query. The + work in question was a mere "exercise of sickness;" it contains + only seven psalms (the 1st, 12th, 90th, 104th, 126th, 137th, + and 149th), and is, without pretension of any kind, a very + proper diversion for a mind that could not be inactive and yet + required rest; and very good verses for a man unpractised in + metrical composition. The <i>Collection of Apophthegms</i> + (also a recreation in sickness), though considerably larger and + altogether weightier, was considered so trifling a work that + Dr. Rawley, in his "perfect list of his Lordship's true works, + &c.," appended to the first edition of the + <i>Resuscitatio</i> (1657), either forgot or did not think fit + to mention it. Yet both these trifles were not only written but + <i>published</i>, by Bacon himself the year before his + death—a thing quite contrary to his practice; for though + he had written and carefully preserved and circulated in + manuscript so much, he had till then published nothing that was + not of the weightiest and most solid kind. Can any of your + correspondents inform me how much two such books may possibly + have been <i>worth</i> to a publisher in the year 1625; being + works of low price and popular character, proceeding from an + author of great name? How much is it reasonable to suppose that + a publisher may have given for the copyright? or how far may it + have gone towards the payment of a bookseller's bill?</p> + + <p class="author">J.S.</p> + + <p>Feb. 7. 1850.</p> + + <p><i>Treatise of Equivocation.</i>—I shall feel happy + if, through your very opportune medium, I can obtain some + information respecting a very extraordinary and mysterious + book, as to its existence, local habitation, and any other + <i>material</i> circumstance, which has the title of <i>A + Treatise of Equivocation.</i> The first recognition of the work + is in the <i>Relation of the Proceedings in the Trial for the + Powder Plot</i>, 1604. At signat. I. the Attourney-General, Sir + E. Coke, appeals to it, and affirms that it was allowed by the + Archpriest Blackwel, and that the title was altered to <i>A + Treatise against Lying and Fraudulent Dissimulation</i>. He + proceeds to describe some of its contents, as if he were + himself acquainted with the book. Thomas Morton, Bishop of + Lichfield, and Coventry, afterwards of Durham, in his <i>Full + Satisfaction concerning a double Romish Iniquitie; Rebellion + and Equivocation</i>, 1606, refers to the work as familiarly + acquainted with it. (See Ep. Dedic. A. 3.; likewise pages 88 + & 94.) He gives the authorship to Creswell or Tresham. He + refers likewise to a Latin work entitled <i>Resolutio + Casuum</i>, to the same effect, possibly a translation, to + which he subjoins the names of Parsons and Allen. Robert Abbot, + in his <i>Antilogia</i>, 1613, pp. 13, 14. emphatically and at + length produces the same book and facts; but they are merely + copied from the <i>Relation</i> of the Powder-treason Trial. + Henry Mason, in his most satisfactory work, <i>The New Art of + Lying, &c.</i>, 1624, has spoken of the + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page264" + id="page264"></a>{264}</span> <i>Treatise</i> with the same + familiarity (see p. 51.), and elsewhere, if my memory does + not deceive me. Dodd, in his <i>Church + history</i>,—when will the new edition begin to move + again? Can Stonyhurst tell?—ascribes the work to + Tresham. Hardly any of the similar works in these times + belong to <i>one</i> author. It may just be added, that + Parson's <i>Mitigation</i> contains, perhaps, all the + substance of the Roman equivocation, with not much reserve + or disguise. It was published in answer to Bishop Morton's + work in 1607. Foulis has, of course, substantially all the + above, but nothing more.</p> + + <p>Now, the questions which I want to have solved are + these:—Was the book ever extant in MS. Or print? Is it + now extant, and where? Who has seen a copy? What is its size, + date, and extent? Has the Durham Cathedral Library, in + particular, a copy? Mr. Botfield might have informed us. In + fact, where is any effectual intelligence of the fugitive to be + found?</p> + + <p class="author">J.M.</p> + + <p>Feb. 8. 1850.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>REPLIES.</h2> + + <h3>ETYMOLOGY OF "ARMAGH."</h3> + + <p>Some of your correspondents have taken up the not unnatural + idea, that the last syllable of the word "Armagh" is identical + with the Celtic word <i>magh</i>, a plain. But there are two + objections to this. In the first place, the name is never spelt + in Irish <i>Armagh</i>, nor even <i>Ardmagh</i>, but always + ARDMACHA. <i>Ardmagh</i> or <i>Armagh</i> is only the + anglicised spelling, adapted to English tongues and ears. It is + therefore clearly absurd to take this corrupt form of the word + as our <i>datum</i>, in the attempt to search for its + etymology. Secondly, the Irish names of places which are + derived from, or compounded of, <i>magh</i>, a plain, are + always anglicised, <i>moy, moi, mow</i>, or <i>mo</i>, to + represent the pronunciation: as Fermoy, Athmoy, Knockmoy, + Moira, Moyagher, Moyaliffe (or Me-aliffe, as it is now commonly + spelt), Moville, Moyarta, and thousands of other cases. And + those who are acquainted with the Irish language will at once + tell, by the ear, that <i>Armagh</i>, as the word is pronounced + by the native peasantry, even by those who have lost that + language (as most of them in that district now have), could not + be a compound of <i>magh</i>, a plain.</p> + + <p>The work of M. Bullet, quoted by your correspondent + "HERMES," is full of ignorant blunders similar to that which he + commits, when he tells us that Armagh in compounded of + "<i>Ar</i>, article, and <i>mag</i>, ville." The article, in + Irish, is <i>An</i>, not <i>ar</i>; and <i>mag</i> does not + signify a town. He adopts, your readers will perceive, the + modern English spelling, which could not lead to a correct + result, even if M. Bullet had been acquainted with the Celtic + languages. The same remark applies to the explanation given by + the author of <i>Circles of Gomer</i>. <i>Ard</i>, not + <i>Ar</i>, is the word to be explained; and therefore, even + though <i>Ar</i> and <i>Ararat</i> meant, as he tells us, + "earth, country, or upon and on the earth," this would throw no + light on the etymology of ARD<i>macha</i>.</p> + + <p>"HIBERNICUS" (No. 14. p. 217.) is partly right and partly + wrong; he adopts the anglicised spelling of the second + syllable, although he seems aware that the first syllable ought + to be <i>Ard</i>; and he admits also that this word is a + substantive, signifying a <i>height</i>, not the adjective + <i>high</i>. "A high plain," in Irish, would be, not Ardmagh, + or Ardmoy (as it would have been anglicised), but + <i>Magh-ard</i> (Anglice <i>Moyard</i>). Great light will be + thrown on the whole subject of the etymology of Irish + typographical names, when the Index to my friend Mr. + O'Donovan's edition of the <i>Annals of the Four Masters</i> + makes its appearance.</p> + + <p>I may add too, in conclusion, that Camden is wrong in + suggesting that <i>Armach</i> (as he spells it, retaining, + curiously enough, the correct etymology of the last syllable) + is identical with <i>Dearmach</i> (where the last syllable + ought to be <i>magh</i>). This latter place is the well-known + Durrow, in the county Westmeath; and its name, in Irish, is + <i>Duir-magh</i>, which is really a compound from <i>magh</i>, + a plain. Bede tells us, that the word signified, in the + Scottish language, <i>Campus roborum</i> (see Bede, <i>Hist. + Eccl.</i> lib. iii. c. 4.); but Adamson (<i>Vit. + Columbæ</i>, c. 39.) more correctly translates it, + "monasterium <i>Roboreti Campi</i>." It is not likely that such + authorities could confound Durrow, in Westmeath, with the + ecclesiastical metropolis of Ireland, and patriarchal see of + St. Patrick.</p> + + <p>Whoever the Mach or Macha was from whom Ardmacha has its + name (whether the queen called Macha-mong-ruadh, whose reign is + assigned by O'Flaherty to A.M. 3603, or the older Macha, who is + said to be the wife of Nemedius), it should be borne in mind, + that the word whose etymology is required is + ARDMACHA<a id="footnotetag16" + name="footnotetag16"></a><a href="#footnote16"><sup>16</sup></a>, + and not <i>Armagh.</i> What would be thought of the critic + who would now attempt to investigate the etymology of the + English word <i>bishop</i>, by dividing it into two + syllables, and seeking analogies in sound for each + syllable.</p> + + <p>I have ventured to go at greater length into this matter + than its importance may seem to warrant, because it illustrates + so clearly a very general error, from which Celtic literature + has deeply suffered, of inventing fanciful etymologies adapted + to the modern English spellings, instead of the original Celtic + forms of names; and this error, as the question before us + proves, is as old as Camden's time, and older.</p> + + <p class="author">J.H. TODD.</p> + + <p>Trin. Coll. Dublin, Feb. 2, 1850.</p> + <hr /> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page265" + id="page265"></a>{265}</span> + + <h3>WILLIAM BASSE AND HIS POEMS.</h3> + + <p>I read with great pleasure MR. COLLIER'S interesting paper + on "William Basse and his Poems," inserted in your 13th Number. + Very little is known of this once popular poet, but it is very + desirable that that little should be collected together, which + cannot be better effected than through the friendly system of + inter-communication established by your valuable journal.</p> + + <p>From my limited researches upon this subject, it appears + that there were two poets of the name of William Basse. Anthony + Wood (<i>Athen. Oxon.</i>, edit. Bliss. iv. 222.) speaks of one + William Basse, of Moreton, near Thame, in Oxfordshire, who was + some time a retainer of Lord Wenman, of Thame Park, <i>i.e.</i> + Richard Viscount Wenman, in the peerage of Ireland. And I find + among my MS. biographical collections that a William Basse, of + Suffolk, was admitted a sizar of Emanuel College, Cambridge, in + 1629. A.B. 1632, and A.M. in 1636. The William Basse who wrote + <i>Great Brittaines Sunnes-set</i> in 1613, was also the author + of the MS. collection of poems entitled <i>Polyhymnia</i>, + mentioned by MR. COLLIER. In proof of this it is merely + necessary to notice the dedication of the former "To his + Honourable Master, Sir Richard Wenman, Knight," and the verses + and acrostics in the MS. "To the Right Hon. the Lady Aungier + Wenman, Mrs. Jane Wenman, and the truly noble, vertuous, and + learned Lady, the Lady Agnes Wenman." Basse's Poems were + evidently intended for the press, but we may conjecture that + the confusion of the times prevented them from appearing. + Thomas Warton, in his <i>Life and Literary Remains of Ralph + Bathurst, M.D.</i>, has a copy of verses by the Dr. "To Mr. W. + Basse, upon the intended publication of his Poems, January 13, + 1651;" to which the learned editor adds, "I find no account of + this writer or his poems." The whole consists of forty-four + verses, from which I extract the beginning and the + end:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Basse, whose rich mine of wit we here behold</p> + + <p>As porcelain earth, more precious, 'cause more + old;</p> + + <p>Who, like an aged oak, so long hath stood,</p> + + <p>And art religion now as well as food:</p> + + <p>Though thy grey Muse grew up with elder times,</p> + + <p>And our deceased grandsires lisp'd thy rhymes;</p> + + <p>Yet we can sing thee too, and make the lays</p> + + <p>Which deck thy brow look fresher with thy + praise.</p> + <hr /> + + <p>Though these, your happy births, have silent + past</p> + + <p>More years than some abortive wits shall last;</p> + + <p>He still writes new, who once so well hath sung:</p> + + <p>That Muse can ne'er be old, which ne'er was + young."</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>These verses are valuable as showing that Basse was living + in 1651, and that he was then an aged man. The Emanuelian of + the same name, who took his M.A. degree in 1636, might possibly + be his son. At any rate, the latter was a poet. There are some + of his pieces among the MSS. in the Public Library, Cambridge; + and I have a small MS. volume of his rhymes, scarcely soaring + above mediocrity, which was presented to me by an ancient + family residing in Suffolk.</p> + + <p>A poem by William Basse is inserted in the <i>Annalia + Dubrensia</i>, 1636, in praise of Robert Dover and his revival + of the Cotswold Games; but it is not clear to which of these + poets we may ascribe it. Malone attributes two rare volumes to + one or other of these poets. The first, a translation or + paraphrase of Juvenal's tenth satire, entitled <i>That which + seems Best is Worst</i>, 12mo., 1617; the second, "A Miscellany + of Merriment," entitled <i>A Helpe to Discourse</i>, 2nd edit. + 8vo., 1620: but the former is more probably the work of William + Barkstead. I may mention that a copy of Basse's <i>Sword and + Buckler, or Serving Man's Defence</i>, 1602, is among Malone's + books in the Bodleian.</p> + + <p>Izaac Walton speaks of William Basse, "one that hath made + the choice songs of the <i>Hunter in His Career</i>, and of + <i>Tom of Bedlam</i>, and many others of note." The ballad + mentioned by MR. COLLIER, "Maister Basse his Career, or the + Hunting of the Hare," is undoubtably the one alluded to by + Walton. I may add, that it is printed in <i>Wit and + Drollery</i>, edit. 1682. p. 64.; and also in <i>Old + Ballads</i>, 1725, vol. iii. p. 196. The tune is contained in + the <i>Shene MS.</i>, a curious collection of old tunes in the + Advocate's Library, Edinburgh; and a ballad entitled + <i>Hubert's Ghost</i>, to the tune of <i>Basse's Carrier</i>, + is preserved among the Bagford Collection of Old Ballads in the + British Museum. With regard to the second ballad mentioned by + Walton, our knowledge is not so perfect. Sir John Hawkins in a + note (<i>Complete Angler</i>, 5th edit. p. 73.) + says:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"This song, beginning—</p> + + <p class="i2">'Forth from my dark and dismal cell,'</p> + </div> + </div> + + <blockquote> + <p>with the music to it, set by Hen. Lawes, is printed in a + book, entitled <i>Choice Ayres, Songs and Dialogues, to + sing to the Theorbo Lute, and Bass Viol</i>, folio. 1675, + and in Playfield's <i>Antidote against Melancholy</i>, 8vo. + 1669, and also in Dr. Percy's <i>Reliques of Ancient + English Poetry</i>, vol. ii. p. 350; but in the latter with + a mistake in the last line of the third stanza, of the word + <i>Pentarchy</i> for <i>Pentateuch</i>."</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>A copy of the <i>Choice Ayres</i>, 1675, is now before me, + but Henry Lawes's name does not appear to the song in question. + Sir John has evidently made a mistake; the air of <i>Mad + Tom</i> was composed by John Cooper, alias <i>Giovanni + Coperario</i>, for one of the Masques perfomed by the Gentlemen + of Gray's Inn. (See <i>The English Dancing Master</i>, 1651, in + the British Museum, and Additional MS. 10,440, in the same + repository.) With regard to the ballad itself, there is an + early copy (of the latter part of the sixteenth century) + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page266" + id="page266"></a>{266}</span> preserved in the Harleian + MSS., No. 7332, fol. 41. It purports to have been</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"Written (i.e. transcribed) be Feargod Barebone, who + being at many times idle and wanting employment, wrote out + certain songs and epigrams, with the idea of mending his + hand in writing."</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>There is another copy among Malone's MSS. in the Bodleian + (No. 16. p. 55.), where it is entitled <i>A new Tom of + Bedlam</i>. But I contend there is no evidence to show that + this is the ballad alluded to by Walton; none of the copies + having the name of the author. We have two other songs + (probably more) bearing the same title of <i>Tom of Bedlam</i>; + one beginning, "From the top of high Caucasus;" the other + commencing, "From the hag and hungry goblin;" either of which + are quite as likely to have been intended as that mentioned + above.</p> + + <p>It still remains a question, I think, which of the two + Basses was the author of the ballads mentioned by Walton. But I + have already trespassed so long upon your valuable space that I + will leave the further consideration of the subject until a + future period: in the meantime, perhaps some of your + correspondents may be enabled to "illuminate our darkness" upon + the various knotty points.</p> + + <p class="author">EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>BEAVER HATS—PISAN.</h3> + + <p>Allow me to say a few words in reply to your correspondent + "GASTROS." His quotation from Fairholt (<i>Costume in + England</i>), who cites Stubbes's <i>Anatomy of Abuses</i> as + the earliest authority for the use of beaver hats in England, + is not a satisfactory reply to my query; inasmuch as I am aware + that beaver hats were occasionally worn by great people in this + country some centuries before Stubbes was born. For example, + Henry III. possessed "unum capellum de Bevre cum apparatu auri + et lapidibus preciosis;" as appears from the "Wardrobe + Account," of the 55th year of his reign. I have, therefore, + still to ask for the <i>earliest</i> instance of the use of + hats or caps of this material in England; such hats, as well as + gloves, are mentioned in several English inventories made + between the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries. Is there any + example earlier than the time of Henry III.?</p> + + <p>"GASTROS" has also obligingly replied to my query as to "the + meaning of the term <i>Pisan</i>, used in old records for some + part of defensive armour," but he seems to have forgotten that + I expressly stated that term had no relation to "the fabrics of + Pisa;" at least such is my belief. With regard to the inventory + of the arms and armour of Louis le Hutin, taken in 1316, + printed in Meyrick's <i>Ancient Armour</i>, to which he kindly + refers me, it may be observed that the said inventory is so + perversely translated in the first edition of that work (just + now I have no means of consulting the second), as to be all but + useless; indeed it might be termed one of the most + extraordinary literary performances of modern times, as the + following instance may suffice to show. One of the items of the + inventory is, "une cote gamboisée à arbroissiaus + d'or broudées à chardonereus;" and it is thus + rendered into English, "a gamboised coat with a rough surface + (like a thicket;—<i>note</i>) of gold embroidered on the + nap of the cloth!" The real signification is "a gamboised coat + embroidered in gold, with little bushes (or trees), with + gold-finches [on them]." But I am rather wandering from my + point: I never could ascertain on what authority Sir Samuel + Meyrick asserted that "jazeran armour," as he calls it, was + formed of "overlapping plates." The French word <i>jazeran</i> + was derived from the Italian <i>ghiazarino</i>, or + <i>ghiazzerino</i>, which signified "a gorget of mail," or what + some of our antiquaries have termed "a standard of mail;" in + France this word always preserved its relation to mail, and in + process of time came to be applied to so lowly an object as a + flagon-chain: see Cotgrave's <i>Fr. Dict.</i> ed. 1673. + Roquefort, indeed, says a "jaserans" was a cuirass, but to my + apprehension the passage which he quotes from the <i>Roman + d'Alexandre</i>—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"Es haubers, <i>jazerans</i>, et ès elmes + gemez"—</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>seems to prove that, in that instance at least, a gorget is + meant. At any rate, the translation of the passage in the + inventory to which "GASTROS" refers should be, "three Pisan + collerets of steel mail," not that given by Meyrick. Here we + have clearly a fabric of Pisa: whereas the <i>pisan</i>, of + which I desire to know the meaning, invariable occurs as an + independent term, e.g. "<i>item, unum pisanum</i>," or "<i>unum + par pisanorum</i>." Of course I have my own conjecture on the + subject, but should be glad to hear other opinions; so I again + put the question to your correspondents. In conclusion I would + observe to "GASTROS" that they must be <i>very</i> late MSS. + indeed in which such a contraction as <i>pisan</i> for + <i>partisan</i> can be found. If you have room, and think it + worth while, I will from time to time send you some corrections + of the more flagrant errors of Meyrick.</p> + + <p class="author">T. HUDSON TURNER.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES.</h3> + + <p><i>Norman Pedigrees</i>. In reference to your correspondent + "B.'s" inquiries, he will find much information in the + Publications de la Société des Antiquaires de + Normandie. Under their auspices, M. Estancelin published in + 1828 a full history of the Earls of Eu. I am not aware of any + full collection of pedigrees of the companions of William the + Conqueror: the names of several of the lands from which they + took their designations yet remain.</p> + + <p class="author">W. DURRANT + COOPER.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page267" + id="page267"></a>{267}</span> + + <p><i>Norman Pedigrees.</i>—In answer to "B.'s" query + (No. 14. p. 214.), an excellent Gazetteer was published in + Paris, 1831, entitled <i>Dictionnaire Complet + Géographique, Statistique, et Commercial de la France et + de ses Colonies; par M. Briand-de-Verzé</i>, pp. 856. + Many of the names of the Conqueror's Norman companions will be + found in that work; as, for instance, Geoffrey de + "<i>Mandeville</i>, village. Calvados arrondissement, + 31½ O.N.O. de Bayeaux," &c.</p> + + <p>Norman de <i>Beauchamp</i>: three Beauchamps are mentioned; + that 51. from Avranches will be the one in question.</p> + + <p class="author">C.I.R.</p> + + <p>Oxford, Feb. 19. 1850.</p> + + <p><i>Norman Pedigrees.</i>—Your correspondent "B." (No. + 14. p. 214.) would probably find part of the information he + seeks in <i>Domesday Book, seu Censualis Willelmi Primi Regis + Angliæ</i>. But query? Is "B." right in supposing the + prefix "De" to be <i>French</i>? Does it not rather originate + in the <i>Latin</i>?</p> + + <p>"Domesday" is written in Latin throughout; and the "de," + denoting the place, is there occasionally followed by what + seems to be the Latin ablative case. I copy an + example:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"Canonici de Hansone ten. l. hida de Sansone," (i.e. + loc. in co. Stafford.)</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>Then of the person it is said—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"Sanson ten. de rege, &c.... iii. hid. træ in + Hargedone," &c.</p> + </blockquote> + + <p class="author">J.S.</p> + + <p><i>Translation of Ælian.</i>—In answer to the + query of "G.M." in No. 15. p. 232., I beg to state that in + Lowndes's <i>Manual</i>, vol. i. p. 13., is the following + notice under the head of "Ælianus Claudius:"—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"Various Histories translated by T. Stanley, London, + 1665, 8vo. 5<i>s.</i> This translation is by the son of the + learned editor of Æschylus, and was reprinted 1670. + 1677."</p> + </blockquote> + + <p class="author">C.I.R.</p> + + <p><i>Ave Trici and Gheeze Ysenoudi.</i>—I regret that I + cannot give "H.L.B." any further information about these ladies + than the colophon I transcribed affords. To me, however, it is + quite clear that they were sisters of some convent in Flanders + or Holland; the name of their spiritual father, Nicolas Wyt, + and the names of the ladies, clearly indicate this.</p> + + <p class="author">S.W.S.</p> + + <p><i>Daysman</i> (No. 12. p. 188.)— It seems to me that + a preferable etymology may be found to that given by Nares and + Jacob. The arbiter or judge might formerly have occupied a + <i>dais</i> or <i>lit de justice</i>, or he might have been + selected from those entitled to sit on the raised parts of the + courts of law, <i>i.e.</i> jurisconsulti, or barristers as we + call them. I have heard another etymology, which however I do + not favour, that the arbiter, chosen from men of the same rank + as the disputants, should be paid for loss of his day's + work.</p> + + <p class="author">GEORGE OLIVER.</p> + + <p>Perhaps the following may be of some use in clearing up this + point. In the <i>Graphic Illustrator</i>, a literary and + antiquarian miscellany edited by E.W. Brayley, London, 1834, at + p. 14, towards the end of an article on the Tudor Style of + Architecture, signed T.M. is the following:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"This room (talking of the great halls in old + manor-houses) was in every manor-house a necessary + appendage for holding 'the court,' the services belonging + to which are equally denominated 'the homage,' with those + of the king's palace. The <i>dais</i>, or raised part of + the <i>upper end</i> of the hall, <i>was so called</i>, + from the administration of justice. A <i>dais-man</i> is + still a popular term for an arbitrator in the North, and + <i>Domesday-Book</i> (with the name of which I suppose + every one to be familiar) is known to be a list of + manor-houses."</p> + </blockquote> + + <p class="author">C.D. LAMONT.</p> + + <p>Greenock.</p> + + <p class="note">[Our correspondents will probably find some + confirmation of their ingenious suggestion in the following + passage from <i>The Vision of Piers Ploughman</i>:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"And at the day of dome</p> + + <p>At the heighe deys sitte."</p> + </div> + </div> + <p class="author">Ll. 4898-9. ed. Wright.]</p> + + <p><i>Saveguard</i>.—"BURIENSIS" (No. 13. p. 202.) is + informed that a <i>saveguard</i> was an article of dress worn + by women, some fifty or sixty years ago, over the skirts of + their gowns when riding on horseback, chiefly when they sat on + pillions, on a <i>double horse</i>, as it was called.</p> + + <p>It was a sort of outside petticoat, usually made of serge, + linsey-wolsey, or some other strong material: and its use was + to <i>guard</i> the gown from injury by the dirt of the (then + very dirty) roads. It was succeeded by the well-known + riding-habit; though I have seen it used on a side-siddle by a + rider who did not possess the more modern dress.</p> + + <p class="author">P.H.F.</p> + + <p>Amongst the bequests to the Clothworkers' Company of London + is one by Barbara Burnell, by will dated 27th June, 1630, + wherein she directs the company to bestow 4<i>l.</i> 6<i>s.</i> + yearly in woollen cloth to make six waistcoats and six + <i>safeguards</i> for six poor women.<a id="footnotetag17" + name="footnotetag17"></a><a href="#footnote17"><sup>17</sup></a></p> + + <p>Also we find that John Skepworth, by will dated 17th Oct. + 1678, gave two closes of land to the parish of Louth, to the + intent that the churchwardens and overseers of the poor there + should apply the rents and profits of the same in providing so + much coarse woollen cloth as would make ten suits yearly to be + given to ten poor people of Louth, the men to have coats and + breeches, and the women to have waistcoats and + <i>safeguards</i>.<a id="footnotetag18" + name="footnotetag18"></a><a href="#footnote18"><sup>18</sup></a></p><span class="pagenum"> + <a name="page268" + id="page268"></a>{268}</span> + + <p>If "BURIENSIS" has a friend belonging to the Clothworkers' + Company, it is probable that he will acquire much information + on this subject from their old records.</p> + + <p class="author">H. EDWARDS.</p> + + <p><i>Derivation of "Calamity"</i> (No. 14. p. + 215.)—"Calamity" is from the Latin <i>calamitas</i>, from + <i>calamus</i> a straw or stalk of corn, signifying, 1st, the + agricultural misfortune of the corn being beaten down or laid + by a storm; and thence, any other trouble or + disaster:—</p> + + <p>"Ipsa egreditur nostri fundi <i>calamitas</i>."</p> + + <p>Ter. <i>Eun</i>. i. 1.</p> + + <p>Upon which the commentator in the Delph. ed. has this + note:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"<i>Calamitas</i> est grando et tempestas, quæ + calamos segetum prosternit et conterit. Unde Cicero Verrem + vocat '<i>calamitosam tempestatem</i>.'"</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>Ainsworth, quoting the above passage from Terence, + adds:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"Ubi Donatus. Proprie <i>calamitatem</i> rustici vocant + quod comminuat <i>calamum</i>; h.e. culmen et segetem."</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>The etymology of its synonym, "<i>disaster</i>," is more + direct—δυσ + αστηρ, a star of evil influence, or, as + we say, "born under an ill planet."</p> + + <p class="author"> + Φιλολογοσ.</p> + + <p>Forcellini, <i>s.v. Calamitas</i>, says:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"Proprie significat imminutionem clademque calamorum + segetis, quæ grandine vel impetuoso aliquo turbine + aut alia quapiam de causa fit."</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>He then quotes Servius, <i>Ad Georg</i>, i. 151:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"Robigo genus est vitii, quo culmi pereunt, quod a + rusticanis calamitas dicitur."</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>Then follows the note of Donatus on Ter. <i>Eun</i>. i. 1. + 34.</p> + + <p>It appears to me, if "<i>calamitas</i>" were derived from + <i>calamus</i>, it would mean something very different from + what it does.</p> + + <p>Another suggestion is, that the first syllable is the same + as the root of <i>cad-o</i>, to fall; <i>l</i> and <i>d</i>, + everybody knows, are easily interchangeable: as Odysseus, + Ulixes: δακρυον, + <i>lacrima</i>, <i>tear</i>, &c. &c. If so, + <i>calamitas</i> is a corrupted form of <i>cadamitas</i>. Mar. + Victorinus, <i>De Orthogr</i>. p. 2456., says:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"Gueius Pompeius Magnus et scribebat et dicebat + <i>Kadamitatem</i> pro <i>Kalamitatem</i>."—(Quoted + from Bothe's <i>Poetæ</i>," <i>Scenici Latinorum</i>, + vol. v. p. 21.)</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>But how is the -<i>amitas</i> to be explained? I may as well + add, that Döderlein, with his usual felicity, derives it + from κολουω.</p> + + <p class="author">EDWARD S. JACKSON.</p> + + <p>I beg to refer MR. F.S. MARTIN (No. 14. p. 215.), for the + derivation of "Calamity," to the <i>Etymologicon Linguæ + Latinæ</i> of Gerard Vossius, or to the <i>Totius + Latinitatis Lexicon</i> of Facciolatus and Forcellinus. He will + there find that the word <i>calamitas</i> was first used with + reference to the storms which destroyed the stalks + (<i>calami</i>) of corn, and afterwards came to signify + metaphorically, any severe misfortune. The terrific hail-storm + of the summer of 1843, which destroyed the crops of corn + through several of the eastern and midland counties of this + kingdom, was a <i>calamity</i> in the original sense of the + word.</p> + + <p>"W.P.P." has also kindly replied to this query by furnishing + a part of the Article on <i>Calamitas</i> in Vossius; and + "J.F.M." adds, <i>Calamitas</i> means—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"The spindling of the corn, which with us is rare, but + in hotter countries common: insomuch as the word + <i>calamitas</i> was first derived from <i>calamus</i>, + when the corn could not get out of the stalk."—Bacon, + <i>Nat. Hist</i>. sect. 669.</p> + </blockquote> + + <p><i>Derivation of "Zero"</i> (No. 14. p. + 215.).—<i>Zero</i> Ital.; Fr. <i>un chiffre</i>, <i>un + rien</i>, a cipher in arithmetic, a nought; whence the proverb + <i>avere nel zero, mépriser souverainement</i>, to value + at nothing, to have a sovereign contempt for. I do not know + what the etymology of the word may be; but the application is + obvious to that point in the scale of the thermometer below the + numbered degrees to which, in ordinary temperatures, the + mercury does not sink.</p> + + <p class="author"> + Φιλολογοσ.</p> + + <p>Deanery of Gloucester, Feb. 7. 1850.</p> + + <p>"<i>Zero</i>" (No. 14. p. 215.)—<i>Zero</i>, as is + well known, is an Italian word signifying the arithmetical + figure of nought (0). It has been conjectured that it is + derived from the transposition from the Hebrew word + <i>ezor</i>, a girdle, the zero assuming that form. (See + Furetière, vol. iii.) Prof. le Moine, of Leyden (quoted + by Ménage), claims for it also an Eastern origin, and + thinks we have received it from the Arabians, together with + their method of reckoning ciphers. He suggests that it may be a + corruption from the Hebrew [Hebrew: rphs], <i>safara</i>, to + number.</p> + + <p><i>Complutensian Polyglot</i>.—I cannot pretend to + reply to "MR. JEBB'S" inquiry under this head in No. 12. p. + 213.; but perhaps it may assist him in his researches, should + he not have seen the pamphlet, to refer to Bishop Smallridge's + "Enquiry into the Authority of the Primitive Complutensian + Edition of the New Testament, as principally founded on the + most ancient Vatican MS., together with some research after + that MS. In order to decide the dispute about 1 John v. 7. In a + letter to Dr. Bentley. 8vo. London, 1722."</p> + + <p class="author">J.M.</p> + + <p>Oxford, Feb. 5.</p> + + <p><i>Sir William Rider</i>.—In reply to the queries of + "H.F.," No. 12. p. 186., respecting Sir William Rider, I beg to + say that among the many MS. notes which I have collected + relating to the Rider family, + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page269" + id="page269"></a>{269}</span> &c., I find the following + from the <i>Visitation of Surry</i>, 1623, and from a MS. + book of <i>Pedigrees of Peers</i> in the Herald's College, + with additions.</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"Thomas Rider married a daughter of —— Poole + of Stafforde, by whom he had Sir William Rider, born at + Muchalstone, co. Stafforde, Sheriff of London, 1591, + Citizen and Haberdasher, Lord Mayor, 1600. Will dated 1 + Nov., and proved 9 Nov. 1610, 8 Jas. I. (94 Wood); buried + at Low Layton, Essex, &c. Sir William married + Elizabeth, da. of R. Stone, of Helme, co. Norfolk; by whom + he had, besides other children and descendants, Mary + daughter and coheiress, who married Sir Thomas Lake, of + Canons, Middlesex, from whose issue descended Viscount + Lake."</p> + </blockquote> + + <p class="author">S.S.</p> + + <p><i>Pokership</i> (No. 12. p. 185., and No. 14. p. + 218.).—It is to be regretted that no information has been + supplied respecting the meaning of this remarkable word, either + from local sources or from the surveys of crown lands in the + Exchequer or Land Revenue offices. In one or the other of these + quarters we should surely find something which would dispense + with further conjecture. In the meantime the following facts, + obtained from records easily accessible, will probably be + sufficient to dispose of the explanations hitherto suggested, + and to show that the <i>poker</i> of Bringwood forest was + neither a <i>parker</i> nor a <i>purser</i>.</p> + + <p>The offices conveyed to Sir R. Harley by James I. had been, + before his reign, the subject of crown grants, after the honor + of Wigmore had become vested in the crown by the merger of the + earldom of March in the crown. Hence, I find that in the act 13 + Edward IV. (A.D. 1473), for the resumption of royal grants, + there is a saving of a prior grant of the "office of keeper of + oure forest or chace of Boryngwode," and of the fees for the + "kepyng of the Dikes within oure counte of Hereford, parcelles + of oure seid forest." (6 <i>Rot. Parl.</i> p. 94.)</p> + + <p>In a similar act of resumption, 1 Henry VII., there is a + like saving in favour of Thomas Grove, to whom had been granted + the keepership of Boryngwood chase in "Wigmoresland," and "the + <i>pokershipp</i> and keping of the diche of the same." The + <i>parkership</i> of Wigmore Park is saved in the same act. (6 + <i>Rot. Parl.</i> p. 353 and 383.)</p> + + <p>In the first year of Henry VIII. there is a Receiver's + Account of Wigmore, in which I observe the following deductions + claimed in respect of the fees and salaries of officers:-</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"In feodo Thomæ Grove, forestarii de + Bringewod,</p> + + <p class="i10">6<i>l.</i> 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + + <p class="i4">— ejusdem Thomæ, fossat'de + Prestwode dych,</p> + + <p class="i10">18<i>d.</i></p> + + <p class="i4">— Edm. Sharp, parcarii parci de + Wiggemour,</p> + + <p class="i10">6<i>l.</i> 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + + <p class="i4">— Thomæ Grove, pocar' omnium + boscorum</p> + + <p class="i10">in Wiggemourslonde - 30<i>s.</i> + 4<i>d.</i>"</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>There is another like account rendered in 23 & 24 Hen. + VII. These, and no doubt many other accounts and documents + respecting the honor of Wigmore and its appartenances, are + among the Exchequer records, and we are entitled to infer from + them, firstly, that a <i>parcarius</i> and a <i>pocarius</i> + are two different offices; secondly, that, whether the duty of + the latter was performed on the dikes or in the woods of + Boringwood chase, the theory of Mr. Bolton Corney (pace cl. + viri dixerim) is very deficient in probability. If the above + authorities had not fallen under my notice, I should have + confidently adopted the conjecture of the noble Querist, who + first drew attention to the word, and, so far from considering + the substitution of "poker" for "parker" an improbable blunder + of the copyist, I should have pronounced it fortunate for the + house of Harley that their founder had not been converted into + a porcarius or pig-driver.</p> + + <p class="author">E. SMIRKE.</p> + + <p><i>Pokership</i>.—I had flattered myself that + <i>Parkership</i> was the real interpretation of the above + word, but I have once more doubts on the subject. I this + morning accidentally stumbled upon the word "Porcellagium," + which is interpreted in Ducange's <i>Glossary</i>, "Tributum ex + porcis seu porcellis."</p> + + <p><i>Porcarius</i> also occurs as <i>Porcorum custos</i>, and + mention is made of "Porcorum servitium quo quis porcos domini + sui pascentes servare tenetur."</p> + + <p>Now, considering how much value was formerly attached to the + right of turning out swine in wooded wastes, during the acorn + season, it seems probable that Sir R. Harley might be the + king's "Porcarius," or receiver of the money paid for an annual + license to depasture hogs in the royal forests; and, after all, + <i>Porkership</i> is as like to <i>Pokership</i> as + <i>Parkership</i>, and one mistake would be as easily made as + the other.</p> + + <p class="author">BRAYBROOKE.</p> + + <p>Audley End, Feb. 16.</p> + + <p class="note">[We are enabled to confirm the accuracy of Lord + Braybrooke's conjecture as to <i>Pokership</i> being the office + conferred upon Sir Robert Harley, inasmuch as we are in + expectation of receiving an account of the various forms of its + name from a gentleman who has not only the ability, but also + peculiar facilities for illustrating this and similar obscure + terms.]</p> + + <p><i>Havior—Heavier or Hever</i>.-Supposed etymology of + <i>Havior, Heavier</i>, and <i>Hever</i>, as applied by + park-keepers to an emasculated male deer.—"NOTES AND + QUERIES," (No. 15. p. 230.)</p> + + <p>Pennant, in his <i>British Zoology</i>, 8vo. edition, 1776, + vol. i. p. 38., and 8vo. edition, 1812, vol. i. p. 45., under + the article, "Goat" says:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"The meat of a castrated goat of six or seven years old, + (which is called <i>Hyfr</i>,) is reckoned the best; being + generally very sweet and fat. This makes an excellent + pasty, goes under the name of rock venison, and is little + inferior to that of the deer."</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>As Pennant was a Welchman, a scholar and a + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page270" + id="page270"></a>{270}</span> naturalist, he will probably + be considered good authority; and <i>Hyfr</i>, the most + likely origin of the altered terms of the deer + park-keepers.</p> + + <p>The word occurs twice in page 61. vol. ii. of the + <i>Sportsman's Cabinet</i>, in the article on the Stag or Red + Deer, where it is printed <i>Heavier</i>; and it will be found + also as <i>Hever</i>, in Mr. Jesse's <i>Scenes and Tales of + Country Life</i>, at page 349.</p> + + <p class="author">WM. YARRELL.</p> + + <p>Ryder Street, St. James, Feb. 11. 1850.</p> + + <p>Mr. Halliwell gives the words <i>haver</i> and + <i>havering</i>, in the same sense as <i>havior</i>. Are not + these words identical with <i>aver, averium</i>, in the sense + of cattle, tame beasts? <i>Averium</i>, from the old French, + <i>aveir</i>, i.e. <i>avoir</i>, originally meant any personal + property; but like <i>catalla</i>, chattels, it came to signify + more particularly the most important part of a peasant's + possessions—namely, his live stock. Thus, in the laws of + William the Conqueror (Thorpe's <i>Ancient Laws</i>, vol. ii. + p. 469.), we find:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"Si præpositus hundredi equos aut boves aut oves + aut porcos vel cujuscumque generis averia vagancia restare + fecerit," &c.</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>The word may naturally enough have been applied to deer + reduced to the state of tame and domesticated cattle.</p> + + <p class="author">C.W.G.</p> + + <p class="note">[TREBOR furnishes us with a reference to + <i>Pegge's Anonymiana</i>, who endeavours to show that the + proper term is "halfer;" on the same principle that an entire + horse is spoken of, the word being pronounced "hâver" by + those who call half "hâfe," while those who pronounce + half with the open <i>a</i> say "hauver:" while J. Westby + Gibson suggests that Havior is <i>Evir</i>, from the Latin + "<i>Eviro, Eviratus, Eviratio</i>," but admits that he can give + no authority for the use of <i>Evir</i>.]</p> + + <p><i>Sir W. Hamilton</i> (No. 14. p. 216.).—Douglas + says, that this Sir W. Hamilton was not <i>son</i>, but + grandson and brother of the 1st and 2nd earls of Abercorn, his + father having died <i>vitâ patris</i>. I therefore doubt + that the inscription has been miscopied. "He was," Douglas + says, "resident at Rome, on the part of the Queen Dowager;" but + this could hardly be the service alluded to.</p> + + <p class="author">C.</p> + + <p><i>Dr. Johnson's Library</i> (no. 14. p. 214.).—I have + a copy of Dr. Johnson's Sale Catalogue. The title is as + follows:</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"A catalogue of the valuable Library of Books of the + late learned Samuel Johnson, Esq., LL.D., deceased, which + will be sold by auction (by Order of the Executors) by Mr. + Christie, at his Great Room in Pall Mall, on Wednesday, + February 16. 1785. and three following Days. To be viewed + on Monday and Tuesday preceding the Sale, which will begin + each Day at 12 o'Clock. Catalogues may be had as + above."</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>It is a Catalogue of 28 pages and 662 lots, of which 650 are + books. The twelve last are prints, chiefly "framed and glazed." + The Catalogue is very rare; there is not a copy in the British + Museum, and Messrs. Christie and Manson are without one. I may + add, as your correspondent is curious about Johnson's Library, + that I have the presentation copy to the Doctor of Twiss's + <i>Travels in Spain</i>, with "the gift of the Author" in + Johnson's handwriting, immediately beneath Twiss's MS. + presentation. The Twiss was in Lot 284.</p> + + <p class="author">PETER CUNNINGHAM.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>MISCELLANIES.</h2> + + <p><i>Etymology of "News</i>."—The word "news" is not + derived, as many suppose, from the adjective new, but from a + practice that obtained in newspapers of an early date, of + prefixing to the title the letters expressive of the cardinal + points, thus:—</p> + + <table summary="NEWS" + align="center"> + <tr> + <td></td> + + <td>N.</td> + + <td></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>E.</td> + + <td></td> + + <td>W.</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td></td> + + <td>S.</td> + + <td></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <p>meaning that their intelligence was derived from all + quarters of the globe. This must, at any rate, be allowed as + ingenious etymology.</p> + + <p class="author">J.U.G. GUTCH.</p> + + <h3>THE GOLDEN AGE.</h3> + + <h4>(<i>From the Latin</i>.)</h4> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Why "golden," when that age alone, we're told,</p> + + <p>Was blest with happy ignorance of gold—</p> + + <p>More justly we our venal times might call</p> + + <p>"The Golden Age," for gold is all in all.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="author">RUFUS.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC.</h3> + + <p>Messrs. Sotheby and Co. will sell on Monday next two + collections of Autographs; the first consisting of Autograph + Letters, the property of a gentleman; which will be immediately + followed by that belonging to the late Mr. Rodd, and the + extensive Correspondence of the late William Upcott, Esq., + comprising several thousand Autograph Letters. Mr. Rodd's + collection comprises many letters of great historical and + literary interest.</p> + + <p>Messrs. Puttick and Simpson will sell by auction on Friday, + March the 8th, and seven following days, the extensive and very + important Stock of Books of Mr. James Carpenter, of Bond + Street, who is retiring from business. The characteristics of + this fine collection are the numerous books of prints and + illustrated works which it contains, such as the matchless + Series of Piranesi's Works, being the dedication copy to the + king of Sweden: a copy of Boswell's <i>Life of Johnson</i>, in + 8 vols. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page271" + id="page271"></a>{271}</span> folio, illustrated with nearly + six hundred Portraits and Views.</p> + + <p>We heard some time since that the long-established and + highly-respectable house of Payne and Foss, of Pall Mall, had + succeeded the late Mr. Rodd in the agency of purchasing for the + British Museum. The rumour proved to be unfounded, and now + receives a formal contradiction by the announcement that + Messrs. Payne and Foss are retiring from business, and that the + first portion of their extensive and valuable Stock of Books + will be sold by auction by Messrs. Sotheby and Co.; the first + division in a ten days' sale, commencing on the 18th and + terminating on the 28th March; which will be followed by the + second division, which will also occupy ten days, and commence + on Monday the 8th April. The lovers of choice copies of fine + editions of first-class books will have, on this occasion, such + an opportunity of enriching their collections as rarely + presents itself.</p> + + <p>We have received the following Catalogues:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"Number Two, for 1850, of John Miller's Catalogue of + Books, old and new, on sale at 43. Chandos Street, + Trafalgar Square."</p> + + <p>"Catalogue of curious and rare Books, recently + purchased, now on sale by George Bumstead, 205. High + Holborn."</p> + + <p>"Catalogue (No. 5.) of Books, Theological and + Miscellaneous, and Catalogue (No. 6.) of Books, consisting + chiefly of Foreign Literature and Theology, on sale by + Andrew Clark, No. 4. City Road."</p> + + <p>"Cheap List of useful and curious Books relating to + Ecclesiastical History, Councils, Ceremonies, the Puritans, + &c., on sale by S. and I. Palmer, 24. Red Lion Street, + Holborn."</p> + + <p>"A List of Books, chiefly curious ones, now selling by + Thomas Kerslake, Bookseller, at No. 3. Park Street, + Bristol."</p> + </blockquote> + <hr /> + + <h3>BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES</h3> + + <h4>WANTED TO PURCHASE.</h4> + + <h4>(<i>In continuation of Lists in former Nos.</i>)</h4> + + <p>HIERONYMUS MAGIUS DE TINTINABILIS. 12mo. 1608 and 1664.</p> + + <p>A. STOCKFLEET DE CAMPANARUM USU.</p> + + <p>REIMANU'S DISSERTATIO DE CAMPANIS.</p> + + <p>NICOL. EGGER'S DISSERTATIO DE ORIGINE ET NOMINE CAMPANARUM. + EJUSDEM DISSERTATIO DE CAMPANARUM MATERIA ET FORMA.</p> + + <p>PACICHELLI DE TINTINABULO NOTANO LUCUBRATIO.</p> + + <p>WALLERI DISSERTATIO DE CAMPANIS ET PRÆCIPUIS EARUM + USIBUS.</p> + + <p>HILCHER DE CAMPANIS TEMPLORUM.</p> + + <p>ARNOLDUS DE CAMPANARUM USU. 12mo. 1665.</p> + + <p>ROCCHA DE CAMPANIS COMMENTARIUS. 1612.</p> + + <p>THIERS, TRAITE DES CLOCHES.</p> + + <p>MITZLER DE CAMPANIS. ESCHENWECKER DE EO QUOD IUSTUM EST + CIRCA CAMPANIS.</p> + + <p>PINGRE'S ACCOUNT OF HIS VOYAGE TO RODRIGUEZ, published (?) + at Paris about 1762.</p> + + <p>DUDLEY RYDER'S REPORT ON THE PETITION OF BERKELEY SEYMOUR, + ESQ., CLAIMING THE BARONY OF SEYMOUR AND DUKEDOM OF SOMERSET. + Published 1750, pp. 15. folio.</p> + + <p>PRIVATE ACT, 12 WM 3., FOR THE SALE OF THE ESTATES OF ARTHUR + LACY, ESQ., CO. SOMERSET.</p> + + <p>BELL ON THE HAND. Bridgewater Treatises.</p> + + <p><i>Odd Volumes.</i></p> + + <p>MADRAS JOURNAL OF LITERATURE AND SCIENCE. Vols I. to IX. + CATALOGUE OF HARLEIAN MSS., Vol. IV. WOODS'S ATHENÆ + OXONIENSES (ed. Bliss.), Vol. III.</p> + + <p>*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price. + <i>carriage free</i>, to be sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of + "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.</p> + <hr /> + + <p>NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS.</p> + + <p>Among the many papers which we are unavoidably obliged to + postpone are an original and inedited <i>Letter by Horace + Walpole</i>, Mr. Singer's Reply to C.W.G. on <i>Ælfric's + Colloquies</i>, an interesting communication from Mr. Coles + respecting <i>Arabella Stuart</i>, a paper by Mr. Rye on the + <i>Queen of Robert Bruce</i>, and T.S.D.'s able article on + <i>Arabic Numerals</i>.</p> + + <p>The Erectheum Club (like "The Parthenon") takes its name + from the Erectheum at Athens.</p> + + <p>H.M.A. declined with thanks.</p> + + <p>X.P. is informed that the <i>monotome</i> edition of + Boswell's Johnson edited by Croker, is not an abridgment of the + larger work, but a new and thoroughly revised edition of it; + and with a really good index.</p> + + <p>To correspondents inquiring as to the mode of procuring + "NOTES AND QUERIES," we have once more to explain, that every + bookseller and newsman will supply it regularly, if ordered; + and that gentlemen residing in the country, who may find a + difficulty in getting it through any bookseller in their + neighbourhood, may be supplied regularly with the stamped + edition, by giving their orders direct to the publisher, MR. + GEORGE BELL, 186 Fleet Street, accompanied by a Post-Office + order for a quarter, 4<i>s.</i> 4<i>d.</i>; a half year, + 8<i>s.</i> 8<i>d.</i>; or one year, 17<i>s.</i> 4<i>d.</i></p> + + <p>Errata. P. 242. col. 2. l. 11., for "coheir" read "cognate;" + and line 16, for "Argidius" "Ægidius;" and p. 243, col 1. + l. 35. read "anecdote of Dionysius related by Cicero and by + Plutarch, in his <i>Laconic Apophthegms</i>, which + Stobæus evidently followed."</p> + <hr class="adverts" /> + + <p>Just published, in post 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>, the + Third Volume of</p> + + <p>THE ROMANCE OF THE PEERAGE; or, CURIOSITIES OF FAMILY + HISTORY.</p> + + <p>By GEORGE LILLIE CRAIK.</p> + + <p>With a Portrait of Sir Robert Dudley.</p> + + <p>Contents:—The Hereditary Principle; Aristocracy and + Democracy—Charles Brandon's Widow and her Second + Marriage—The Lady Mary Grey—Sir Robert + Dudley—Bess of Hardwick and the Talbots—The + Cavendishes and the Stanhopes—Lord Pembroke and Sir + Richard Wharton—The Wharton and Stuart Duel—The + Bruce and Sackville Duel—The Lord Crichton of + Sanquahar—The Earldom of Monteith, &c. &c. + &c.</p> + + <p>London: CHAPMAN AND HALL, 186. Strand.</p> + <hr /> + + <p>On the 1st of March will be published, price One + Shilling,</p> + + <p>MODEL PRISONS; being No. 2. of LATTER-DAY PAMPHLETS.</p> + + <p>Edited by THOMAS CARLYLE.</p> + + <p>London: CHAPMAN AND HALL, 186. Strand.</p> + <hr /> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page272" + id="page272"></a>{272}</span> + + <p>Early Antiquities of England Illustrated.</p> + + <p>THE PRIMÆVAL ANTIQUITIES OF DENMARK. By J.J.A. + WORSAAE, M.R.S.A., of Copenhagen. Translated and applied to the + Illustration of similar Remains in England, by WILLIAM J. + THOMS, ESQ., F.S.A., Secretary of the Camden Society. + Illustrated with numerous Woodcuts. 8vo. 10<i>s.</i> + 6<i>d.</i></p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"This is the best antiquarian handbook we have ever met + with—so clear is its arrangement, and so well and so + plainly is each subject illustrated by well-executed + engravings, that confusion for the future is impossible + upon a variety of points on which the most grievous + mistakes have hitherto been made by anxious and zealous + antiquarians. * * * It is the joint production of two men + who have already distinguished themselves as authors and + antiquarians. It is a book of which it may be said, that in + every sentence is to be found an interesting fact, and that + every page teems with instruction, and may be regarded as a + sure guide to all antiquarians in their future + archæological inquiries."—<i>Morning + Herald</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>See also <i>Gentleman's Magazine</i> for February, 1850.</p> + + <p>JOHN HENRY PARKES, Oxford, and 377. Strand, London.</p> + <hr /> + + <p>Vols. I. and II. 8vo., price 28<i>s.</i> cloth.</p> + + <p>THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND; from the TIME of the CONQUEST. By + EDWARD FOSS, F.S.A.</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"A work in which a subject of great historical + importance is treated with the care, diligence, and + learning it deserves; in which Mr. Foss has brought to + light many points previously unknown, corrected many + errors, and shown such ample knowledge of his subject as to + conduct it successfully through all the intricacies of a + difficult investigation, and such taste and judgment as + will enable him to quit, when occasion requires, the dry + details of a professional inquiry, and to impart to his + work, as he proceeds, the grace and dignity of a + philosophical history."—<i>Gent. Mag.</i></p> + </blockquote> + + <p>London: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, and LONGMANS.</p> + <hr /> + + <p>Just published, price 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> cloth.</p> + + <p>PINACOTHECÆ HISTORICÆ SPECIMEN; sive Illustrium + Quorundam Ingenia, Mores, Fortunæ, ad Inscriptionum + formam Expressæ. Auctore F. KILVERT, A.M. Pars + Secunda.</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"The production of an English clergyman, and bears + unequivocal marks of refined taste, elegant scholarship, + and a liberal, generous, and candid mind. The idea—to + us a novel one—carried out in this work is, to bring + up for judgment (as the Egyptians used to do with their + departed kings) the characters that figure most in the page + of history, and to pass sentence upon them. Summoning them, + as it were, into his presence with the lamp of history to + guide him, <i>exquiritque auditque dolos</i>; and whether + it be praise or blame, or a mixture of both, that he + awards, the judgment is pronounced in a temperate spirit, + and with judicial impartiality; and it is expressed in pure + and elegant Latin, and often with epigrammatic + felicity."—<i>Scotsman</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>London: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street; of whom Part I., + price 3<i>s.</i>, may be had.</p> + <hr /> + + <p>Just published, price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> 12mo. cloth, + 7<i>s.</i> calf or morocco.</p> + + <p>THE ENGLISH GENTLEMAN: his Principles, his Feelings, his + Manners, his Pursuits.</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"We like him so well as to wish heartily we might meet + many such."—<i>Theologian</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote> + <p>"The object of the first of the four essays is to form + the principles of a gentleman on a Christian standard. In + the other three subjects, of feelings, manners, and + pursuits, the views, though strict, are of a more worldly + kind."—<i>Spectator</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.</p> + <hr /> + + <p>Just published, 12mo. cloth, 4<i>s.</i>; morocco (Hayday), + 10<i>s.</i>,</p> + + <p>A SELECTION FROM PERCY'S RELIQUES OF ANCIENT ENGLISH POETRY, + and from EVANS'S OLD BALLADS, with short Introductions and + Notes. By the Rev. HENRY TRIPP, M.A., Sub Warden of St. + Columba's College.</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"The selection is made with good taste and + judgment."—<i>Christian Remembrancer</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>12mo., cloth, 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>,</p> + + <p>SELECTIONS FROM HERRICK, for Translation into Latin Verse, + with a short Preface. By the Rev. A.J. MACLEANE, M.A., Trinity + College, Cambridge, Principal of Brighton College.</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"We cordially recommend it as a book well adapted to + promote a superior style of versification to that which has + hitherto prevailed even in the highest classes of our + German Schools."—<i>Educational Times</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.</p> + <hr /> + + <p>12mo. boards. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + + <p>LYRA MEMORIALIS: Original Epitaphs and Churchyard Thoughts. + In Verse. By JOSEPH SNOW. With an Essay, by WILLIAM WORDSWORTH. + Reprinted by his permission. A new Edition, remodelled and + enlarged.</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"The object of Mr. Snow in the volume before us is to + suggest a purer taste and a more impressive style in our + churchyard memorials, and by every word and thought to + point through the shadow of the tomb to the brightness and + light beyond it. His work is, in truth, a treasury of + feeling, and we find in its simplicity its highest merit. + To the clergy this volume may be of signal + use."—<i>Theologian</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote> + <p>"This is truly a book of the affections; there is + scarcely a page which will not touch tenderly a chord in + the heart of every reader."—<i>Church of England + Quarterly</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.</p> + <hr /> + + <p>On a large sheet, price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> plain; + 15<i>s.</i> richly coloured; in case, 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> + plain; 18<i>s.</i> coloured.</p> + + <p>A CHART of ANCIENT ARMOUR, from the ELEVENTH to the + SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES; containing Eighteen Figures, with a + Description and a Sketch of the Progress of European Armour. By + JOHN HEWITT.</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"A graphic outline of the subject of military costume + during the period of its greatest interest to the English + antiquary. The author has made a judicious selection of + examples, chiefly from the rich series of monumental + effigies; and, in the brief text which accompanies these + illustrations, a useful resumé will be found of a + subject which, not many years since, was attainable only + through the medium of costly + publications."—<i>Archæological + Journal</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.</p> + <hr /> + + <p>Royal 32mo., cloth, 2<i>s.</i>; morocco (Hayday), + 7<i>s.</i></p> + + <p>SELDEN'S TABLE TALK.</p> + + <p>Royal 32mo., price 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> cloth, 7<i>s.</i> + 6<i>d.</i> morocco (Hayday).</p> + + <p>THE TEMPLE, SACRED POEMS, and PRIVATE EJACULATIONS. By + GEORGE HERBERT.</p> + + <p>Also, by the same Author, Price 2<i>s.</i> cloth, 7<i>s.</i> + morocco (Hayday).</p> + + <p>A PRIEST TO THE TEMPLE; or, THE COUNTRY PARSON: his + Character, and Rule of Holy Life, &c.</p> + + <p>London: GEORGE BELL, Fleet Street. Leicester: J.S. + CROSSLEY.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote1" + name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote + 1:</b><a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a> + + <p>"La précieuse géographie d'Alfred, roi + d'Angleterre."—Le Comte J. Gräberg. <i>La + Scandinavie Vengée</i>, p. 36.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote2" + name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote + 2:</b><a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a> + + <p>Cotton MSS., <i>Tiberius</i>, b. i. fol. 12b.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote3" + name="footnote3"></a><b>Footnote + 3:</b><a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a> + + <p>Transl. of <i>Orosius</i>, p. 8.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote4" + name="footnote4"></a><b>Footnote + 4:</b><a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Inaugural Lecture</i>, p. 72.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote5" + name="footnote5"></a><b>Footnote + 5:</b><a href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Vita Karoli Magni</i>, ann. 789.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote6" + name="footnote6"></a><b>Footnote + 6:</b><a href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a> + + <p>"Sunt et alii Slavorum populi qui inter Albiam et Oderam + degunt, sicut Heveldi, qui juxta Haliolam fluvium, et + Doxani, Liubuzzi, Wilini, et Stoderani, cum multis + aliis."—<i>Hist. Eccl.</i> p. 47, 48.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote7" + name="footnote7"></a><b>Footnote + 7:</b><a href="#footnotetag7">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Annales Sangall. Brev.</i>, ann. 789.—<i>Ann. + Lauresham</i>, &c.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote8" + name="footnote8"></a><b>Footnote + 8:</b><a href="#footnotetag8">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Vit. Kar. Mag.</i> and <i>Annal. Francor.</i>, ann. + 822.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote9" + name="footnote9"></a><b>Footnote + 9:</b><a href="#footnotetag9">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Annal. Petav.</i>, ann 789.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote10" + name="footnote10"></a><b>Footnote + 10:</b><a href="#footnotetag10">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Chron. Slavorum</i>, l. i, c. 2.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote11" + name="footnote11"></a><b>Footnote + 11:</b><a href="#footnotetag11">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Brodekine</i>. A richly-gilt stuff.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote12" + name="footnote12"></a><b>Footnote + 12:</b><a href="#footnotetag12">(return)</a> + + <p>It appears from an entry in the preceding year, that + this man was first sent to "Sentt Thomas Spittell in + Soughwork," when it was discovered that he was afflicted + with the leprosy, or some cutaneous disease, and + immediately removed to the Lazar-house at Mile End, it + being strictly forbidden that such cases should remain in + the hospitals. These lazar-houses were built away from the + town; one was the Lock Hospital, in Southwark; one at + Kingsland, another at Knightsbridge, and that mentioned + above between Mile End and Stratford. The laws were very + strict in the expulsion of leprous people from the city; + and if they attempted to force their way into the + hospitals, they were bound fast to horses, and dragged away + to the lazar-houses.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote13" + name="footnote13"></a><b>Footnote + 13:</b><a href="#footnotetag13">(return)</a> + + <p>The <i>baldricke</i> was the garter and buckle by means + of which the clapper was suspended inside the bell.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote14" + name="footnote14"></a><b>Footnote + 14:</b><a href="#footnotetag14">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Harnes</i>, or armour, which perhaps hung over some + of the monuments in the church.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote15" + name="footnote15"></a><b>Footnote + 15:</b><a href="#footnotetag15">(return)</a> + + <p>It was about this time that clocks began to be generally + used in churches (although of a much earlier invention); + and in subsequent years we have several items of + expenditure connected with that above mentioned. In + 1595:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"Paid for a small bell for the <i>watche</i> + iiij<sup>s</sup></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"Paid to the smith for Iron worke to it xx<sup>d</sup></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"Paid for a waight for the Clocke wayinge</p> + + <p class="i2">36<sup>lb</sup> and for a ringe of Iron + v<sup>s</sup>."</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>Still, however, the hour-glass was used at the + pulpit-desk, to determine the length the parson should go + in his discourse; and xij<sup>d</sup> for a new hour-glass frequently + occurs.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote16" + name="footnote16"></a><b>Footnote + 16:</b><a href="#footnotetag16">(return)</a> + + <p>Those who have access to Colgan's <i>Acta Sanctorum + Hiberniæ</i> will see that he always spells Armagh, + <i>Ardmacha</i>; and Durrow, <i>Durmugia</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote17" + name="footnote17"></a><b>Footnote + 17:</b><a href="#footnotetag17">(return)</a> + + <p>Reports from the Commissioners of Charities b. 235. 32nd + part 4.—696.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote18" + name="footnote18"></a><b>Footnote + 18:</b><a href="#footnotetag18">(return)</a> + + <p>Ibid.</p> + </blockquote> + <hr class="full" /> + + <p>Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, + at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride in the + City of London; and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet + Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City + of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street + aforesaid.—Saturday, February 23. 1850.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries 1850.02.23, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES 1850.02.23 *** + +***** This file should be named 12018-h.htm or 12018-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/2/0/1/12018/ + +Produced by The Internet Library of Early Journals, Jon Ingram, +William Flis, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + +Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's +eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII, +compressed (zipped), HTML and others. + +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks replace the old file and take over +the old filename and etext number. The replaced older file is renamed. +VERSIONS based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving +new filenames and etext numbers. + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + +EBooks posted prior to November 2003, with eBook numbers BELOW #10000, +are filed in directories based on their release date. If you want to +download any of these eBooks directly, rather than using the regular +search system you may utilize the following addresses and just +download by the etext year. For example: + + https://www.gutenberg.org/etext06 + + (Or /etext 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99, + 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90) + +EBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are +filed in a different way. The year of a release date is no longer part +of the directory path. The path is based on the etext number (which is +identical to the filename). The path to the file is made up of single +digits corresponding to all but the last digit in the filename. For +example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at: + + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/0/2/3/10234 + +or filename 24689 would be found at: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/6/8/24689 + +An alternative method of locating eBooks: + https://www.gutenberg.org/GUTINDEX.ALL + + + + +</pre> + +</body> +</html> diff --git a/old/12018.txt b/old/12018.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..88d0a1b --- /dev/null +++ b/old/12018.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2400 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries 1850.02.23, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes and Queries 1850.02.23 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: April 14, 2004 [EBook #12018] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES 1850.02.23 *** + + + + +Produced by The Internet Library of Early Journals, Jon Ingram, +William Flis, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team. + + + + + +NOTES AND QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, +ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + + * * * * * + +"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + + * * * * * + +No. 17.] Saturday, February 23. 1850. [Price Threepence. Stamped Edition 4d. + + * * * * *{257} + +CONTENTS. + +NOTES:--Page + Alfred's Orosius, by R.T. Hampson 257 + Folk Lore--Omens from Cattle--Horse's Head--Rush-bearings 258 + On Authors and Books, No. 5., by Bolton Corney 259 + Plagiarisms, or Parallel Passages, No. 2. 260 + St. Antholin's 260 + +QUERIES:-- + College Salting, by Rev. Dr. Maitland 261 + A few Dodo Queries, by H.E. Strictland 261 + Coleridge's Christabel, Byron's Lara: Tablet to Napoleon 262 + Minor Queries:--Howkey or Horkey--Lord Bacon's Psalms--Treatise of + Equivocation 263 + +REPLIES:-- + Etymology of Armagh, by Rev. Dr. Todd 264 + William Hasse and his Poems, by E.F. Rimbault, LL.D. 265 + Beaver Hats--Pisan, by T. Hudson Turner 266 + Replies to Minor Queries:--Norman Pedigrees--Translation of AElian--Ave + Trici--Daysman--Saveguard--Calamity--Zero--Complutensian + Polyglot--Sir W. Rider--Pokership--Havior, Heavier or Hever--Sir W. + Hamilton--Dr. Johnson's Library 266 + +MISCELLANIES:-- + Etymology of News--The Golden Age 270 + +MISCELLANEOUS:-- + Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c. 270 + Books and Odd Volumes wanted 271 + Notices to Correspondents 271 + Advertisements 271 + + * * * * * + +KING ALFRED'S GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE. + +The sketch of Europe, which our illustrious Alfred has inserted in his +translation of _Orosius_, is justly considered, both here and on the +Continent, as a valuable fragment of antiquity[1]; and I am sorry that +I can commend little more than the pains taken by his translators, +the celebrated Daines Barrington and Dr. Ingram, to make it available +to ordinary readers. The learned judge had very good intentions, but +his knowledge of Anglo-Saxon was not equal to the task. Dr. Ingram +professedly applied himself to correct both Alfred's text and +Barrington's version, so far as relates to the description of Europe; +but in two instances, occurring in one passage, he has adopted the +judge's mistake of proper names for common nouns. I do not call +attention to the circumstance merely as a literary curiosity, but +to preserve the royal geographer from liability to imputations of +extraordinary ignorance of his subject, and also to show the accuracy +of his delineation of Europe at that interesting epoch, whence the +principal states of Europe must date their establishment. + +King Alfred, mentioning the seat of the Obotriti, or Obotritae, as +they are sometimes named, a Venedic nation, who, in the 9th century, +occupied what is now the duchy of Mecklenburg, calls them _Apdrede_, +and says--"Be nor than him is apdrede, and cast north wylte the man +aefeldan haet."[2] + +Barrington translates the words thus:--"To the north is Aprede, and to +the north east the wolds which are called AEfeldan."[3] + +Dr. Ingram has the following variation:--"And to the east north are +the wolds which are called Heath Wolds."[4] To the word _wolds_ +he appends a note:--"_Wylte_. See on this word a note hereafter." +Very well; the promised note is to justify the metamorphosis of the +warlike tribe, known in the annals and chronicles of the 9th century +as the Wilti, Wilzi, Weleti, and Welatibi, into heaths and wolds. +Thirty pages further on there is a note by J. Reinhold Forster, +the naturalist and navigator, who wrote it for Barrington in full +confidence that the translation was correct:--"The AEfeldan," he says, +"are, as king Alfred calls them, _wolds_; there are at present in +the middle part of Jutland, large tracts of high moors, covered with +_heath_ only." + +Of _wylte_, Dr. Ingram writes:--"This word has never been correctly +explained; its original signification is the same, whether written +felds, fields, velts, welds, wilds, wylte, wealds, walds, walz, wolds, +&c. &c." And on _heath_, he says:--"Mr. Forster seems to have read +Haefeldan (or Haethfeldan), which indeed, I find in the Junian MS. +inserted as a various reading by Dr. Marshall (_MSS. Jun. 15_.). It +also occurs, further on in the MS., without any various reading. I +have therefore inserted it in the text." {258} + +Dr. Marshall seems to have understood the passage. What King Alfred +says and means is this:--"On the north are the Apdrede (Obotritae), and +on the north east of them are the Wylte, who are called Haefeldi." + +The anonymous Saxon Poet, who wrote the life of Charlemagne, gives the +same situation as Alfred to the Wilti:-- + + "Gens est Slavorum Wilti cognomine dicta, + Proxima litoribus quae possidet arva supremis + Jungit ubi oceano proprios Germania fines."[5] + +Helmold says that they inhabited the part of the coast opposite to the +island of Rugen; and hereabouts Adam of Bremen places the _Heveldi_, +and many other Slavonic tribes.[6] I am not aware that any other +author than Alfred says, that the Wilti and Heveldi were the +same people; but the fact is probable. The Heveldi are of rare +occurrence, but not so the Wilti.[7] Ptolemy calls them [Greek: +Beltai]--Veltae or Weltae--and places them in Prussian Pomerania, +between the Vistula and Niemen. Eginhard says that "they are +Slavonians who, in our manner, are called Wilsi, but in their own +language, Welatibi."[8] Their country was called Wilcia,[9] and, +as a branch of them were settled in Batavia about 560, it does not +seem very improbable that from them were derived the Wilsaeton of the +Anglo-Saxon chronicles, meaning the _Wilts seated_, or settlers in +Wilts-shire. The name, as Eginhard has noticed, is Slavic, and is an +adoption of _welot_ or _weolot_, a giant, to denote the strength and +fierceness which rendered them formidable neighbours. _Heveldi_ seems +to be the same word made emphatic with a foreign addition. + +Two other names have been given much trouble to the translators, +as well as to Mr. Forster. These are, _Maegtha Land_ and _Horiti_ +or _Horithi_, for both occur, and the latter is not written with +the letter _thorn_, but with a distinct _t_ and _h_. Alfred has, +unquestionably, met with the Slavic _gorod_, which so frequesntly +occurs as the termination of the names of cities in the region where +he indicates the seat of his Horiti to be. It signifies a city, and +is an etymological equivalent of Goth. _gards_, a house, Lat. _cors, +cortis_; O.N. _gardr_, a district, A.-Sax. _geard_, whence our _yard_. +The Polish form is _grodz_, and the Sorabic, _hrodz_. He places the +Horiti to the east of the Slavi Dalamanti, who occupied the district +north east of Moravia, with the _Surpe_, that is, Serbi, Servi, on +their north, and the _Sisle_, Slusli, another Slavonic people, on the +west. This appears to be the site possessed by the Hunnic founders of +Kiow. In Helmold, Chunigord, _the city or station of the Huns_, is the +name of the part of Russia containing Kiow.[10] + +To the north of Horiti, says Alfred, is _Maegtha Land_.--A Finnic +tribe, called Magyar, were settled in the 9th century in Mazovia, +whence a part of them descended into Hungary. According to Mr. +Forster, Mazovia has been called _Magan Land_; but I can find no trace +of that name. I can easily conceive, however, that _Magyar_ and _Land_ +might become, in Saxon copying, Maegtha Land, for the country of the +Magyar. Elsewhere, Alfred uses Maegtha Land, the land of the Medes, for +Persia. + +Is there any other printed copy of the Saxon _Orosius_ than +Barrington's? for that forbids confidence by a number of needless and +unauthorised alterations in most of the pages. + +R.T. HAMPSON + + [1] "La precieuse geographie d'Alfred, roi d'Angleterre."--Le + Comte J. Graeberg. _La Scandinavie Vengee_, p. 36. + + [2] Cotton MSS., _Tiberius_, b. i. fol. 12b. + + [3] Transl. of _Orosius_, p. 8. + + [4] _Inaugural Lecture_, p. 72. + + [5] _Vita Karoli Magni_, ann. 789. + + [6] "Sunt et alii Slavorum populi qui inter Albiam et + Oderam degunt, sicut Heveldi, qui juxta Haliolam fluvium, et + Doxani, Liubuzzi, Wilini, et Stoderani, cum multis aliis."--_Hist. + Eccl._ p. 47, 48. + + [7] _Annales Sangall. Brev._, ann. 789.--_Ann. Lauresham_, &c. + + [8] _Vit. Kar. Mag._ and _Annal. Francor._, ann. 822. + + [9] _Annal. Petav._, ann 789. + + [10] _Chron. Slavorum_, l. i, c. 2. + + * * * * * + +FOLK LORE. + +_Omens from Cattle_.--I forward to you a _Note_, which, many years +ago, I inserted in my interleaved Brand's _Observations on Popular +Antiquities_, vol. ii. p. 519. 4to., in the hope that, as the subject +interested me _then_, it may not prove uninteresting to some _now_:-- + + "A bad omen seems to be drawn from _an ox or cow breaking into + a garden_. Though I laugh at the superstition, the omen was + painfully fulfilled in my case. + + "About the middle of March, 1843, some cattle were driven + close to my house; and, the back door being open, _three_ + got into our little bit of garden, and trampled it. When our + school-drudge came in the afternoon, and asked the cause of + the confusion, she expressed great sorrow and apprehension on + being told--said it was a bad sign--and that we should hear of + _three_ deaths within the next six months. Alas! in April, we + heard of dear J----'s murder; a fortnight after, A---- died; + and to-morrow, August 10th, I am to attend the funeral of my + excellent son-in-law. + + "I have just heard of the same omen from another quarter." + +This was added the next day:-- + + "But what is still more remarkable is, that when I went down + to Mr. ----'s burial, and was mentioning the superstition, + they told me that, while he was lying ill, a cow got into the + front garden, and was driven out with great difficulty." + +L.S. + + +_The Horse's Head--Rush-bearings._--The account of the Welch custom of +the "Grey Mare" in a late Number reminded me of something very similar +in Cheshire. In the parish of Lynn it is customary, for a week or ten +days before the 5th {259} of November, for the skeleton of a horse's +head, dressed up with ribbons, &c., having glass eyes inserted in the +sockets, and mounted on a short pole by way of handle, to be carried +by a man underneath, covered with a horse-cloth. There is generally +a chain attached to the nose, which is held by a second man, and +they are attended by several others. In houses to which they can gain +access, they go through some kind of performance, the man with the +chain telling the horse to rear, open its mouth, &c. Their object, of +course, is to obtain money. The horse will sometimes seize persons, +and hold them fast till they pay for being set free; but he is +generally very peaceable,--for in case of resistance being offered, +his companions frequently take flight, and leave the poor horse to +fight it out. I could never learn the origin of this strange custom. +I remember, when very young, having a perfect horror of meeting this +animal in the dark. + +Another custom, which I suppose prevails in some other places, is the +"Rush-bearing." At the annual Wakes a large quantity of rushes are +collected together, and loaded on a cart, almost to the height of a +load of hay. They are bound on the cart, and cut evenly at each end. +On the Saturday evening a number of men sit on the top of the rushes, +holding garlands of artificial flowers, tinsel, &c. The cart is +drawn round the parish by three or four spirited horses, decked out +with ribbons,--the collars being surrounded with small bells. It is +attended by morris-dancers, dressed in strange style,--men in women's +clothes, &c. One big man in woman's clothes, with his face blacked, +has a belt round his waist, to which is attached a large bell, and +carries a ladle, in which he collects money from the spectators. +The company stop and dance at the principal public-houses in their +route, and then proceed to the parish church(!), where the rushes are +deposited, and the garlands hung up very conspicuously, to remain +till the next year. I believe a custom somewhat similar exists in +the adjoining parish of Warburton, but not carried out in such grand +style. + +It would be very interesting if your correspondents in different parts +of the country would send accounts of these relics of the barbarous +ages. + +JULIUS. + +Runcorn, Feb. 13. 1850. + + * * * * * + +ON AUTHORS AND BOOKS, NO. 5. + +As a writer of dedications, Samuel Johnson was the giant of his time. +He once said to Boswell, the subject arising at a dinner-party, "Why, +I have dedicated to the royal family all round,"--and the _honest +chronicler_ proves that he spoke advisedly. + +Compositions of this nature admit much variety of character. A +dedication may be the pure homage which we owe to merit, or the +expression of gratitude for favours received, or a memorial of +cherished friendship; and such dedications, in point of motive, +are beyond the reach of censure--I may fairly assert, are very +commendable. Nevertheless, Johnson left no compositions of either +class: "the _loftiness_ of his mind," as Boswell gravely states, +"prevented him from ever dedicating in his own person." + +A more equivocal sort of dedication also prevailed. A book was +supposed to require the prefix of some eminent name as its patron, +in order to ensure its success. Now the author, though very capable +of writing with propriety on his chosen theme, might be unequal to +the courtly style which dedicators were wont to display, and as the +_complement_ was to be returned _substantially_, he might be tempted +to employ a superior artist on the occasion. It was chiefly under such +circumstances that the powers of Johnson were called into action. By +what arguments the stern moralist would have endeavoured to justify +the deception, for it deserves no better name, is more than I can +undertake to decide, and I submit the query to his enthusiastic +admirers. + +To the dedications enumerated by the faithful Boswell, and by his +sharp-sighted editors, Malone and Croker, I have to announce on +_internal_ evidence, a gorgeous addition! It is the dedication to +Edward Augustus, Duke of York, of _An Introduction to Geometry_, by +William Payne, London: T. Payne, at the Mews Gate, 1767. quarto., 1768. +octavo. I transcribe it _literatim_. It wants no comment:-- + + "TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF YORK. + + "SIR, + + "They who are permitted to prefix the names of princes to + treatises of science generally enjoy the protection of a + patron, without fearing the censure of a judge. + + "The honour of approaching your royal highness has given + me many opportunities of knowing, that the work which I now + presume to offer will not partake of the usual security. + For as the knowledge which your royal highness has already + acquired of GEOMETRY extends beyond the limits of an + introduction. I expect not to inform you; I shall be happy + if I merit your approbation. + + "An address to such a patron admits no recommendation of the + science. It is superfluous to tell your royal highness that + GEOMETRY is the primary and fundamental art of life; that its + effects are extended through the principal operations of human + skill; that it conducts the soldier in the field, and the + seaman in the ocean; that it gives strength to the fortress, + and elegance to the palace. To your royal highness all this + is already known; GEOMETRY is secure of your regard, and your + opinion of its usefulness and value has sufficiently appeared, + by the condescension in which you have been pleased to honour + {260} one who has so little pretension to the notice of + princes, as + + "Sir, + "Your royal highnesses [sic]' + "Most obliged, + "Most obedient, + "And most humble servant, + "WILLIAM PAYNE." + +A short preface follows, which bears marks of reparation. It may have +received some touches from the same masterly hand. + +The _external_ evidence in favour of the ascription of the above piece +to Johnson, if slight in itself, is not devoid of significance. He had +dedicated a book for the same author, which book was also published by +Mr. Thomas Payne, who was his brother, in 1756. + +BOLTON CORNEY. + + * * * * * + +PLAGIARISMS, OR PARALLEL PASSAGES. NO. 2. + +[_CONTINUED FROM NO. 11. P. 163._] + + "Dans les premieres passions les femmes aiment l'amant; dans + les autres elles aiment l'amour."--La Rouchefoucauld, _Max._ + 494. + + "In her first passions woman loves her lover, + In all the others all she loves is love, + Which grows a habit she can ne'er get over, + And fits her loosely--like an easy glove," etc. + + _Don Juan_, canto iii. st. iii. + +There is no note on _this_ passage; but on the concluding lines of the +_very next_ stanza, + + "Although, no doubt, her first of love affairs + Is that to which her heart is wholly granted; + Yet there are some, they say, who have had _none_, + But those who have ne'er end with only _one_, + +we have the following editorial comment:--"These two lines are a +versification of a saying of Montaigne." (!!!) The saying is _not_ +by Montaigne, but by La Rochefoucauld:-- + + "On peut trouver des femmes qui n'ont jamais eu de galanterie; + mais il est rare d'en trouver qui n'en aient jamais eu + qu'une."--_Max._ 73. + +Byron borrows the same idea again:-- + + "Writing grows a habit, like a woman's gallantry. There are + women who have had no intrigue, but few who have had but one + only; so there are millions of men who have never written a + book, but few who have written only one."--_Observations upon + an Article in Blackwood's Magazine_; _Byron's Works_, vol. xv. + p. 87, Moore's Edition, 17 vols duod. London, 1833. + +Both the silence of the author, and the blunder of his editor, seem +to me to prove that _Les Maximes_ are not as _generally_ known and +studied as they deserve to be. + +MELANION. + + * * * * * + +ST. ANTHOLIN'S. + +Your correspondent MR. RIMBAULT (No. 12.) has made rather a grave +charge against my predecessors in office as churchwardens and +overseers of this parish; and although, I regret to say, such +accusations of unjust stewardship and dereliction of duty are +frequently and with justice imputed to some parish officers, yet I am +happy to be able, in this instance, to remove the stigma which would +otherwise attach to those of St. Antholin. The churchwardens' accounts +are in good preservation, and present (in an unbroken series) the +parish expenditure for nearly three centuries. + +Mr. Rimbault has doubtless been misled by some error in the +description of the MSS. in Mr. Thorpe's catalogue (as advertised by +him for sale), which were probably merely extracts from the original +records. + +The first volume commences with the year 1574, and finishes in 1708; +the accounts are all written at the time of their respective dates, +and regularly signed by the auditors then and there present as +correct. + +I have made numerous extracts from these interesting documents, +and _notes_ thereon, which I shall at some future time be happy to +lay before your readers, if you should consider them of sufficient +importance. + +As a voucher for what I have stated with regard to their existence, +and to give some idea of their general character, I have selected (at +random) a few items from the year 1580-1:-- + + "The Accompte of Henrie Jaye, Churchwarden of the Parishe of + St. Antholyne, from the feaste of the Anunciacon of our Ladye + in Anno 1580 unto the same feaste followinge in Anno 1581." + +Among the "receaittes" we have-- + + "R'd of Mr. Thorowgoode for an olde font stone, + by the consente of a vestrie v's iiij'd + + "R'd for the clothe of _bodkine_[11] y't Ser Roger + Marten hade before in keppinge, and now + sold by the consente of a vestry and our + mynnister iij'll vj's viij'd + +"The Payments as followithe:-- + + "P'd to the wife of John Bakone _gwder_ of the + Lazer cotte at Myle End[12] in full of her due {261} + for keppinge of Evan Redde y't was Mr. + Hariots mane till his departtur and for his + Shete and Burialle as dothe apere xl's viij'd + + "P'd for makinge of the Longe pillowe & the + pulpit clothe ij's + + "P'd for a yard and a nale of fustane for the same + pillowe xvj'd + + "P'd for silke to the same pillowe xvj'd + + "P'd for xj'li of fethers for the same pillowe, at + v'd iiij's vij'd + + "P'd for brede and beer that day the quen cam + in xij'd + + "P'd for candells and mendinge the _baldrocke_[13] vj'd + + "P'd for paynttinge y'e stafe of the survayer iij'd + + "P'd for mendynge the lytell bell iij's + + "Pd to Mr. Sanders for the yearly rent of the + Laystall and skowringe the _harnes_[14] for + his yer iij's viij'd + + "P'd to Mr. Wright for the makinge of the Cloke[15] + mor than he gatheride, agred one at the laste + vestrie xvij's + + "P'd to Peter Medcalfe for mending the Cloke + when it neade due at o'r Ladies Daye laste + past in Anno 1581 iij's + + "P'd for entringe this account xx'd." + +W.C., JUNIOR, + +Overseer of St. Antholin, 1850. + + [11] _Brodekine_. A richly-gilt stuff. + + [12] It appears from an entry in the preceding year, that this + man was first sent to "Sentt Thomas Spittell in Soughwork," when + it was discovered that he was afflicted with the leprosy, or some + cutaneous disease, and immediately removed to the Lazar-house at + Mile End, it being strictly forbidden that such cases should + remain in the hospitals. These lazar-houses were built away from + the town; one was the Lock Hospital, in Southwark; one at + Kingsland, another at Knightsbridge, and that mentioned above + between Mile End and Stratford. The laws were very strict in the + expulsion of leprous people from the city; and if they attempted + to force their way into the hospitals, they were bound fast to + horses, and dragged away to the lazar-houses. + + [13] The _baldricke_ was the garter and buckle by means of + which the clapper was suspended inside the bell. + + [14] _Harnes_, or armour, which perhaps hung over some of the + monuments in the church. + + [15] It was about this time that clocks began to be generally + used in churches (although of a much earlier invention); and in + subsequent years we have several items of expenditure connected + with that above mentioned. In 1595:-- + + "Paid for a small bell for the _watche_ iiij's + + "Paid to the smith for Iron worke to it xx'd + + "Paid for a waight for the Clocke wayinge + 36'lb and for a ringe of Iron v's." + + Still, however, the hour-glass was used at the pulpit-desk, to + determine the length the parson should go in his discourse; and + xij'd for a new hour-glass frequently occurs. + + * * * * * + +QUERIES. + +COLLEGE SALTING. + +Mr. Editor.--If your very valuable work had existed in October, 1847, +when I published in the _British Magazine_ a part of Archibishop +Whitgift's accounts relative to his pupils while he was Master of +Trinity College, Cambridge, I should certainly have applied to you +for assistance. + +In several of the accounts there is a charge for the pupil's +"salting;" and after consulting gentlemen more accurately informed +with regard to the customs of the university than myself, I was +obliged to append a note to the word, when it occurred for the first +time in the account of Lord Edward Zouch, in which I said, "I must +confess my inability to explain this word; and do not know whether it +may be worth while to state that, on my mentioning it to a gentleman, +once a fellow-commoner of the college, he told me, that when, as a +freshman, he was getting his gown from the maker, he made some remark +on the long strips of sleeve by which such gowns are distinguished, +and was told that they were called 'salt-bags,' but he could not learn +why; and an Oxford friend tells me, that going to the buttery to +drink salt and water was part of the form of his admission.... This +nobleman's (i.e. Lord Edward Zouch's) amounted to 4s., and that of the +Earl of Cumberland to 3s. 4d., while in other cases it was as low as +8d." To this I added the suggestion that it was probably some fee, +or expense, which varied according to the rank of the parties. It +afterwards occurred to me that this "salting" was, perhaps, some +entertainment given by the new-comer, from and after which he ceased +to be "fresh;" and that while we seem to have lost the "salting" both +really and nominally, we retain the word to which it has reference. + +Be this as it may, my attention has just now been recalled to the +question by my accidentally meeting with one of Owen's epigrams, which +shows that in his time there was some sort of salting at Oxford, and +also of peppering at Winchester. As I doubt not that you have readers +well acquainted with the customs of both these seats of learning, +perhaps some may be good enough to afford information. Owen was at +Oxford not many years after Whitgift had been Master of Trinity at +Cambridge, if (as Wood states) he took his bachelor's degree in 1590. +The epigram is as follows:-- + + "Oxoniae salsus (juvenis tum) more vetusto; + Wintoniaeque (puer tum) piperatus eram. + Si quid inest nostro piperisve salisve libello, + Oxoniense sal est, Wintoniense piper." + +It is No. 64 in that book of epigrams which Owen inscribed "Ad Carolum +Eboracensem, fratrem Principis, filium Regis," p. 205, edit. Elz, +1628. 12mo. I give this full reference in order to express my most +hearty sympathy with the righteous indignation of my highly respected +friend, your correspondent "L.S." (No. 15 p. 230.), against imperfect +references. I do not, however, agree with him in thinking it fortunate +that he is not a "despotic monarch;" on the contrary, now that I have +not to take up verses, or construe Greek to him, I should like it of +all things; and I am sure the world would be much the better for it. + +S.R. MAITLAND. + +Gloucester, Feb. 18. 1850. + + * * * * * + +A FEW DODO QUERIES. + +The discovery and speedy extinction of that extraordinary bird the +DODO, belongs rather to {262} human history than to pure zoology, and +I therefore hope that a few Queries relating to this curious subject +will be admissible into your publication. I have already, in the work +entitled _The Dodo and its Kindred_, and in the Supplementary notices +inserted last year in the _Annals and Magazine of Natural History_ +(ser. 2. vol. iii. pp. 136, 259; vol. iv. p. 335), endeavoured to +collect together the _omne scitum_ of the Dodo-history, but I am +satisfied that the _omne scibile_ is not yet attained. + +_Query I._--Is there any historical record of the first discovery of +Mauritius and Bourbon by the Portuguese? These islands bore the name +of _Mascarenhas_ as early as 1598, when they were so indicated on one +of the De Bry's maps. Subsequent compilers state that they were thus +named after their Portuguese discoverer, but I have not succeeded in +finding any notice of them in the histories of Portuguese expeditions +to the East Indies which I have consulted. The only appartently +authentic indication of their discovery, that I am aware of, is the +pillar bearing the name of John III. of Portugal, and dated 1545, +which is stated by Leguat, on Du Quesne's authority, to have been +found in Bourbon by Flacour, when he took possession of the island +in 1653. + +_Query II_.--It appears from Leguat's _New Voyage to the East Indies_, +London, 1708, pp. 2, 37., that the Marquis Du Quesne, being desirous +of sending out a colony from Holland to the Isle of Bourbon in 1689 or +1690, published (probably in Dutch) an account of that Island, with a +view of inducing emigrants to go thither. I should be greatly obliged +if any of your readers can tell me the title, date, and place of +publication of this book, and where a copy of it is to be seen or +procured. + +_Query III_.--Are there in existence any original oil-paintings of +the Dodo by Savery or any other artist, besides the five described in +the _Dodo and its Kindred_--viz., the one at the Hague, at Berlin, +at Vienna, at the British Museum, and at Oxford? And are there any +original engravings of this bird, besides that in De Bry, in Clusius, +in Van den Broecke, in Herbert, in Bontekoc, and in Bontius, of all +which I have published fac-similes? + +_Query IV_.--Are there any _original_ authors who mention the Dodo +as a living bird, besides Van Neck, Clusius, Heemskerk, Willem van +West-Zanen, Matelief, Van der Hagen, Verhuffen, Van den Broecke, +Bontekoe, Herbert, Cauche, Lestrange, and Benjamin Harry? Or any +authority for the _Solitaire_ of Rodriguez besides Leguat and +D'Heguerty; or for the Dodo-like birds of Bourbon besides Castelton, +Carre Sieur D.B., and Billiard? + +_Query V_--In Rees' _Cyclopaeia_, article BOURBON, we are told that +in that island there is "a kind of large bat, denominated _l'Oiseau +bleu_, which are skinned and eaten as a great delicacy." Where did the +compiler of the article pick up this statement? + +_Query VI_.--Is there in existence any figure, published or +unpublished, of the Dodo-like bird which once inhabited the Isle of +Bourbon? + +_Query VII_--What is the derivation or meaning of the words _Dodaers_ +and _Dronte_, as applied to the Dodo? + +_Query VIII_.--Sir Hamon Lestrange has recorded that about 1638 he +saw a living Dodo exhibited in London. (See _Sloane MSS_. 1839, v. p. +9. in Brit. Mus.; Wilkin's ed. of _Sir T. Browne's Works_, vol. i. p. +369.; vol. ii, p. 173.; _The Dodo and its Kindred_, p. 22.) Is there +any contemporary notice extant in print or in MS. which confirms this +statement? A splendidly bound copy of _The Dodo and its Kindred_ will +be given to any one who can answer this query affirmatively. + +_Query IX_.--In Holme's _Academy of Armory and Blazou_, Chester, 1688, +p. 289, we find a Dodo figured as an heraldic device, a fac-simile of +which is given in the _Annals of Natural History_, 2nd series, vol. +iii. p. 260. The author thus describes it: "He beareth Sable a _Dodo_ +or _Dronte_ proper. By the name of _Dronte_. This exotic bird doth +equal a swan in bigness," &c. &c. Now I wish to ask, where did this +family of _Dronte_ reside? Is anything known concerning them? How did +they come by these arms? and are any members of the family now living? + +_Query X._--From a passage in the _Histoire de l'Academie Royale des +Sciences_, 1776, p. 37, it appears that Pingre the French astronomer, +published, or at least wrote, a relation of his voyage to Rodriguez, +in which he speaks of _Solitaires_. Is this the fact? and if so, what +is the title of his work? + +H.E. STRICKLAND. + + * * * * * + +ON PASSAGES IN COLERIDGE'S CHRISTADEL AND BYRON'S LARA. TABLET TO +NAPOLEON. + +I am one of those who look upon the creations of our great poets as +deserving illustration almost as much as actual history; and I am +always distressed when I meet with passages representing events with +respect to which I cannot make up my mind as to what the author meant, +or intended his readers to believe. Two of these occur to me at this +moment, and I shall be much obliged by any of your correspondents +giving, in your pages, brief replies to my queries, or referring me +to any published works where I may find their solution. + +1. What did Coleridge mean to represent or imply in his tale of +_Christabel_? Who or what was Geraldine? What did Christabel see in +her, at times, so unutterably horrible? What is meant by "the ladye +strange" making Christabel _carry_ her over the sill of the portal? +&c., &c. {263} + +2. What does Byron mean us to infer that Lara _saw_ in his hall that +midnight, when he so alarmed his household with + + "A sound, a voice, a shriek, a fearful call, + A long loud shriek--and silence."? + +The poet, it is true, seems to refuse, purposely, to let his readers +into the truth, telling them:-- + + "Whate'er his frenzy dream'd or eye beheld, + If yet remember'd, ne'er to be reaveal'd, + Rests at his heart." + +But still, I conceive there can be no doubt that _he knew the truth_ +(I speak as of realities), --knew what he intended to represent by so +full and elaborate a delineation of a scene. And it is the author's +meaning and intention that I wish to come at. + +I will ask one more question relative to this magnificent poem +(which I don't think has had justice done it by the critics), but +one respecting which I hardly think there can be any doubt as to the +author's secret meaning:--Is not the _Kaled_ of _Lara_ the _Gulnare_ +of the _Giaour_? + +Before concluding, I will add a query on a very different subject. + +3. Many of your readers have, doubtless, seen the large marble tablet +erected by the Vallaisians in honour of Napoleon, in the Convent of +the Great St. Bernard. A recent traveller in Switzerland (Dr. Forbes) +has, I find, noticed the inscription, and questioned, as I had +done, both its meaning and Latinity. I extract this author's note as +expressing exactly the point on which I desiderate information:-- + + "Having doubts both as to the precise meaning and lingual + purity of the compound epithet _Bis Italicus_, here applied + to Napoleon, I subjoin the passage in which it occurs, for the + judgement of the learned:-- + + 'NAPOLEONI ... AEGYPTIACO BIS ITALICO SEMPER INVICTO ... GRATA + RESPUBLICA.'"--_A Physician's Holiday_, p. 468. + +EMDEE. + +Athenaeum, January 26. 1850. + + * * * * * + +MINOR QUERIES. + +_Howkey or Horkey._-- Can anybody explain the etymology of the +word _Howkey_ or _Horkey_, generally used to denote a harvest-home +merriment in our eastern counties? Forbes speaks of it as an +intractable word, and neither he nor Sir J. Cullum have succeeded +in explaining it satisfactorily. + +BRAYBROOKE. + +Audley End, Feb. 16. + + +_Lord Bacon's Metrical Version of the Psalms._--The answer in No. 15. +p. 235. to A CORNISHMAN'S Query (No. 13. p. 202) respecting "Bacon's +Metrical Version of the Psalms," suggests another query. The work in +question was a mere "exercise of sickness;" it contains only seven +psalms (the 1st, 12th, 90th, 104th, 126th, 137th, and 149th), and is, +without pretension of any kind, a very proper diversion for a mind +that could not be inactive and yet required rest; and very good verses +for a man unpractised in metrical composition. The _Collection of +Apophthegms_ (also a recreation in sickness), though considerably +larger and altogether weightier, was considered so trifling a work +that Dr. Rawley, in his "perfect list of his Lordship's true works, +&c.," appended to the first edition of the _Resuscitatio_ (1657), +either forgot or did not think fit to mention it. Yet both these +trifles were not only written but _published_, by Bacon himself the +year before his death--a thing quite contrary to his practice; for +though he had written and carefully preserved and circulated in +manuscript so much, he had till then published nothing that was not +of the weightiest and most solid kind. Can any of your correspondents +inform me how much two such books may possibly have been _worth_ to +a publisher in the year 1625; being works of low price and popular +character, proceeding from an author of great name? How much is +it reasonable to suppose that a publisher may have given for the +copyright? or how far may it have gone towards the payment of a +bookseller's bill? + +J.S. + +Feb. 7. 1850. + + +_Treatise of Equivocation._--I shall feel happy if, through your +very opportune medium, I can obtain some information respecting a +very extraordinary and mysterious book, as to its existence, local +habitation, and any other _material_ circumstance, which has the title +of _A Treatise of Equivocation._ The first recognition of the work is +in the _Relation of the Proceedings in the Trial for the Powder Plot_, +1604. At signat. I. the Attourney-General, Sir E. Coke, appeals to it, +and affirms that it was allowed by the Archpriest Blackwel, and that +the title was altered to _A Treatise against Lying and Fraudulent +Dissimulation_. He proceeds to describe some of its contents, as +if he were himself acquainted with the book. Thomas Morton, Bishop +of Lichfield, and Coventry, afterwards of Durham, in his _Full +Satisfaction concerning a double Romish Iniquitie; Rebellion and +Equivocation_, 1606, refers to the work as familiarly acquainted +with it. (See Ep. Dedic. A. 3.; likewise pages 88 & 94.) He gives +the authorship to Creswell or Tresham. He refers likewise to a Latin +work entitled _Resolutio Casuum_, to the same effect, possibly a +translation, to which he subjoins the names of Parsons and Allen. +Robert Abbot, in his _Antilogia_, 1613, pp. 13, 14. emphatically and +at length produces the same book and facts; but they are merely copied +from the _Relation_ of the Powder-treason Trial. Henry Mason, in his +most satisfactory work, _The New Art of Lying, &c._, 1624, has spoken +of the {264} _Treatise_ with the same familiarity (see p. 51.), and +elsewhere, if my memory does not deceive me. Dodd, in his _Church +history_,--when will the new edition begin to move again? Can +Stonyhurst tell?--ascribes the work to Tresham. Hardly any of the +similar works in these times belong to _one_ author. It may just be +added, that Parson's _Mitigation_ contains, perhaps, all the substance +of the Roman equivocation, with not much reserve or disguise. It was +published in answer to Bishop Morton's work in 1607. Foulis has, of +course, substantially all the above, but nothing more. + +Now, the questions which I want to have solved are these:--Was the +book ever extant in MS. Or print? Is it now extant, and where? Who +has seen a copy? What is its size, date, and extent? Has the Durham +Cathedral Library, in particular, a copy? Mr. Botfield might have +informed us. In fact, where is any effectual intelligence of the +fugitive to be found? + +J.M. + +Feb. 8. 1850. + + * * * * * + + +REPLIES. + +ETYMOLOGY OF "ARMAGH." + +Some of your correspondents have taken up the not unnatural idea, that +the last syllable of the word "Armagh" is identical with the Celtic +word _magh_, a plain. But there are two objections to this. In the +first place, the name is never spelt in Irish _Armagh_, nor even +_Ardmagh_, but always ARDMACHA. _Ardmagh_ or _Armagh_ is only the +anglicised spelling, adapted to English tongues and ears. It is +therefore clearly absurd to take this corrupt form of the word as +our _datum_, in the attempt to search for its etymology. Secondly, +the Irish names of places which are derived from, or compounded of, +_magh_, a plain, are always anglicised, _moy, moi, mow_, or _mo_, +to represent the pronunciation: as Fermoy, Athmoy, Knockmoy, Moira, +Moyagher, Moyaliffe (or Me-aliffe, as it is now commonly spelt), +Moville, Moyarta, and thousands of other cases. And those who are +acquainted with the Irish language will at once tell, by the ear, that +_Armagh_, as the word is pronounced by the native peasantry, even by +those who have lost that language (as most of them in that district +now have), could not be a compound of _magh_, a plain. + +The work of M. Bullet, quoted by your correspondent "HERMES," is full +of ignorant blunders similar to that which he commits, when he tells +us that Armagh in compounded of "_Ar_, article, and _mag_, ville." +The article, in Irish, is _An_, not _ar_; and _mag_ does not signify +a town. He adopts, your readers will perceive, the modern English +spelling, which could not lead to a correct result, even if M. Bullet +had been acquainted with the Celtic languages. The same remark applies +to the explanation given by the author of _Circles of Gomer_. _Ard_, +not _Ar_, is the word to be explained; and therefore, even though _Ar_ +and _Ararat_ meant, as he tells us, "earth, country, or upon and on +the earth," this would throw no light on the etymology of ARD_macha_. + +"HIBERNICUS" (No. 14. p. 217.) is partly right and partly wrong; he +adopts the anglicised spelling of the second syllable, although he +seems aware that the first syllable ought to be _Ard_; and he admits +also that this word is a substantive, signifying a _height_, not the +adjective _high_. "A high plain," in Irish, would be, not Ardmagh, +or Ardmoy (as it would have been anglicised), but _Magh-ard_ (Anglice +_Moyard_). Great light will be thrown on the whole subject of the +etymology of Irish typographical names, when the Index to my friend +Mr. O'Donovan's edition of the _Annals of the Four Masters_ makes its +appearance. + +I may add too, in conclusion, that Camden is wrong in suggesting that +_Armach_ (as he spells it, retaining, curiously enough, the correct +etymology of the last syllable) is identical with _Dearmach_ (where +the last syllable ought to be _magh_). This latter place is the +well-known Durrow, in the county Westmeath; and its name, in Irish, +is _Duir-magh_, which is really a compound from _magh_, a plain. Bede +tells us, that the word signified, in the Scottish language, _Campus +roborum_ (see Bede, _Hist. Eccl._ lib. iii. c. 4.); but Adamson (_Vit. +Columbae_, c. 39.) more correctly translates it, "monasterium _Roboreti +Campi_." It is not likely that such authorities could confound Durrow, +in Westmeath, with the ecclesiastical metropolis of Ireland, and +patriarchal see of St. Patrick. + +Whoever the Mach or Macha was from whom Ardmacha has its name +(whether the queen called Macha-mong-ruadh, whose reign is assigned +by O'Flaherty to A.M. 3603, or the older Macha, who is said to be the +wife of Nemedius), it should be borne in mind, that the word whose +etymology is required is ARDMACHA[16], and not _Armagh._ What would +be thought of the critic who would now attempt to investigate the +etymology of the English word _bishop_, by dividing it into two +syllables, and seeking analogies in sound for each syllable. + +I have ventured to go at greater length into this matter than its +importance may seem to warrant, because it illustrates so clearly a +very general error, from which Celtic literature has deeply suffered, +of inventing fanciful etymologies adapted to the modern English +spellings, instead of the original Celtic forms of names; and this +error, as the question before us proves, is as old as Camden's time, +and older. + +J.H. TODD. + +Trin. Coll. Dublin, Feb. 2, 1850. + + [16] Those who have access to Colgan's _Acta Sanctorum + Hiberniae_ will see that he always spells Armagh, _Ardmacha_; + and Durrow, _Durmugia_. + + * * * * *{265} + +WILLIAM BASSE AND HIS POEMS. + +I read with great pleasure MR. COLLIER'S interesting paper on "William +Basse and his Poems," inserted in your 13th Number. Very little is +known of this once popular poet, but it is very desirable that that +little should be collected together, which cannot be better effected +than through the friendly system of inter-communication established by +your valuable journal. + +From my limited researches upon this subject, it appears that there +were two poets of the name of William Basse. Anthony Wood (_Athen. +Oxon._, edit. Bliss. iv. 222.) speaks of one William Basse, of +Moreton, near Thame, in Oxfordshire, who was some time a retainer +of Lord Wenman, of Thame Park, i.e. Richard Viscount Wenman, in the +peerage of Ireland. And I find among my MS. biographical collections +that a William Basse, of Suffolk, was admitted a sizar of Emanuel +College, Cambridge, in 1629. A.B. 1632, and A.M. in 1636. The William +Basse who wrote _Great Brittaines Sunnes-set_ in 1613, was also the +author of the MS. collection of poems entitled _Polyhymnia_, mentioned +by MR. COLLIER. In proof of this it is merely necessary to notice +the dedication of the former "To his Honourable Master, Sir Richard +Wenman, Knight," and the verses and acrostics in the MS. "To the Right +Hon. the Lady Aungier Wenman, Mrs. Jane Wenman, and the truly noble, +vertuous, and learned Lady, the Lady Agnes Wenman." Basse's Poems +were evidently intended for the press, but we may conjecture that the +confusion of the times prevented them from appearing. Thomas Warton, +in his _Life and Literary Remains of Ralph Bathurst, M.D._, has a copy +of verses by the Dr. "To Mr. W. Basse, upon the intended publication +of his Poems, January 13, 1651;" to which the learned editor adds, "I +find no account of this writer or his poems." The whole consists of +forty-four verses, from which I extract the beginning and the end:-- + + Basse, whose rich mine of wit we here behold + As porcelain earth, more precious, 'cause more old; + Who, like an aged oak, so long hath stood, + And art religion now as well as food: + Though thy grey Muse grew up with elder times, + And our deceased grandsires lisp'd thy rhymes; + Yet we can sing thee too, and make the lays + Which deck thy brow look fresher with thy praise. + * * * * * + Though these, your happy births, have silent past + More years than some abortive wits shall last; + He still writes new, who once so well hath sung: + That Muse can ne'er be old, which ne'er was young." + +These verses are valuable as showing that Basse was living in 1651, +and that he was then an aged man. The Emanuelian of the same name, who +took his M.A. degree in 1636, might possibly be his son. At any rate, +the latter was a poet. There are some of his pieces among the MSS. in +the Public Library, Cambridge; and I have a small MS. volume of his +rhymes, scarcely soaring above mediocrity, which was presented to me +by an ancient family residing in Suffolk. + +A poem by William Basse is inserted in the _Annalia Dubrensia_, 1636, +in praise of Robert Dover and his revival of the Cotswold Games; but +it is not clear to which of these poets we may ascribe it. Malone +attributes two rare volumes to one or other of these poets. The first, +a translation or paraphrase of Juvenal's tenth satire, entitled _That +which seems Best is Worst_, 12mo., 1617; the second, "A Miscellany of +Merriment," entitled _A Helpe to Discourse_, 2nd edit. 8vo., 1620: +but the former is more probably the work of William Barkstead. I may +mention that a copy of Basse's _Sword and Buckler, or Serving Man's +Defence_, 1602, is among Malone's books in the Bodleian. + +Izaac Walton speaks of William Basse, "one that hath made the choice +songs of the _Hunter in His Career_, and of _Tom of Bedlam_, and many +others of note." The ballad mentioned by MR. COLLIER, "Maister Basse +his Career, or the Hunting of the Hare," is undoubtably the one +alluded to by Walton. I may add, that it is printed in _Wit and +Drollery_, edit. 1682. p. 64.; and also in _Old Ballads_, 1725, vol. +iii. p. 196. The tune is contained in the _Shene MS._, a curious +collection of old tunes in the Advocate's Library, Edinburgh; and a +ballad entitled _Hubert's Ghost_, to the tune of _Basse's Carrier_, is +preserved among the Bagford Collection of Old Ballads in the British +Museum. With regard to the second ballad mentioned by Walton, our +knowledge is not so perfect. Sir John Hawkins in a note (_Complete +Angler_, 5th edit. p. 73.) says:-- + + "This song, beginning-- + 'Forth from my dark and dismal cell,' + + with the music to it, set by Hen. Lawes, is printed in a book, + entitled _Choice Ayres, Songs and Dialogues, to sing to the + Theorbo Lute, and Bass Viol_, folio. 1675, and in Playfield's + _Antidote against Melancholy_, 8vo. 1669, and also in Dr. + Percy's _Reliques of Ancient English Poetry_, vol. ii. p. 350; + but in the latter with a mistake in the last line of the third + stanza, of the word _Pentarchy_ for _Pentateuch_." + +A copy of the _Choice Ayres_, 1675, is now before me, but Henry +Lawes's name does not appear to the song in question. Sir John has +evidently made a mistake; the air of _Mad Tom_ was composed by John +Cooper, alias _Giovanni Coperario_, for one of the Masques perfomed +by the Gentlemen of Gray's Inn. (See _The English Dancing Master_, +1651, in the British Museum, and Additional MS. 10,440, in the same +repository.) With regard to the ballad itself, there is an early copy +(of the latter part of the sixteenth century) {266} preserved in the +Harleian MSS., No. 7332, fol. 41. It purports to have been + + "Written (i.e. transcribed) be Feargod Barebone, who being + at many times idle and wanting employment, wrote out certain + songs and epigrams, with the idea of mending his hand in + writing." + +There is another copy among Malone's MSS. in the Bodleian (No. 16. p. +55.), where it is entitled _A new Tom of Bedlam_. But I contend there +is no evidence to show that this is the ballad alluded to by Walton; +none of the copies having the name of the author. We have two other +songs (probably more) bearing the same title of _Tom of Bedlam_; one +beginning, "From the top of high Caucasus;" the other commencing, +"From the hag and hungry goblin;" either of which are quite as likely +to have been intended as that mentioned above. + +It still remains a question, I think, which of the two Basses was +the author of the ballads mentioned by Walton. But I have already +trespassed so long upon your valuable space that I will leave the +further consideration of the subject until a future period: in the +meantime, perhaps some of your correspondents may be enabled to +"illuminate our darkness" upon the various knotty points. + +EDWARD F. RIMBAULT. + + * * * * * + +BEAVER HATS--PISAN. + +Allow me to say a few words in reply to your correspondent "GASTROS." +His quotation from Fairholt (_Costume in England_), who cites +Stubbes's _Anatomy of Abuses_ as the earliest authority for the use +of beaver hats in England, is not a satisfactory reply to my query; +inasmuch as I am aware that beaver hats were occasionally worn by +great people in this country some centuries before Stubbes was born. +For example, Henry III. possessed "unum capellum de Bevre cum apparatu +auri et lapidibus preciosis;" as appears from the "Wardrobe Account," +of the 55th year of his reign. I have, therefore, still to ask for +the _earliest_ instance of the use of hats or caps of this material +in England; such hats, as well as gloves, are mentioned in several +English inventories made between the thirteenth and sixteenth +centuries. Is there any example earlier than the time of Henry III.? + +"GASTROS" has also obligingly replied to my query as to "the meaning +of the term _Pisan_, used in old records for some part of defensive +armour," but he seems to have forgotten that I expressly stated that +term had no relation to "the fabrics of Pisa;" at least such is my +belief. With regard to the inventory of the arms and armour of Louis +le Hutin, taken in 1316, printed in Meyrick's _Ancient Armour_, to +which he kindly refers me, it may be observed that the said inventory +is so perversely translated in the first edition of that work (just +now I have no means of consulting the second), as to be all but +useless; indeed it might be termed one of the most extraordinary +literary performances of modern times, as the following instance +may suffice to show. One of the items of the inventory is, "une cote +gamboisee a arbroissiaus d'or broudees a chardonereus;" and it is thus +rendered into English, "a gamboised coat with a rough surface (like +a thicket;--_note_) of gold embroidered on the nap of the cloth!" +The real signification is "a gamboised coat embroidered in gold, +with little bushes (or trees), with gold-finches [on them]." But I +am rather wandering from my point: I never could ascertain on what +authority Sir Samuel Meyrick asserted that "jazeran armour," as +he calls it, was formed of "overlapping plates." The French word +_jazeran_ was derived from the Italian _ghiazarino_, or _ghiazzerino_, +which signified "a gorget of mail," or what some of our antiquaries +have termed "a standard of mail;" in France this word always preserved +its relation to mail, and in process of time came to be applied to +so lowly an object as a flagon-chain: see Cotgrave's _Fr. Dict._ ed. +1673. Roquefort, indeed, says a "jaserans" was a cuirass, but to +my apprehension the passage which he quotes from the _Roman +d'Alexandre_-- + + "Es haubers, _jazerans_, et es elmes gemez"-- + +seems to prove that, in that instance at least, a gorget is meant. +At any rate, the translation of the passage in the inventory to which +"GASTROS" refers should be, "three Pisan collerets of steel mail," not +that given by Meyrick. Here we have clearly a fabric of Pisa: whereas +the _pisan_, of which I desire to know the meaning, invariable occurs +as an independent term, e.g. "_item, unum pisanum_," or "_unum par +pisanorum_." Of course I have my own conjecture on the subject, but +should be glad to hear other opinions; so I again put the question to +your correspondents. In conclusion I would observe to "GASTROS" that +they must be _very_ late MSS. indeed in which such a contraction as +_pisan_ for _partisan_ can be found. If you have room, and think it +worth while, I will from time to time send you some corrections of the +more flagrant errors of Meyrick. + +T. HUDSON TURNER. + + * * * * * + +REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES. + +_Norman Pedigrees_. In reference to your correspondent "B.'s" +inquiries, he will find much information in the Publications de +la Societe des Antiquaires de Normandie. Under their auspices, M. +Estancelin published in 1828 a full history of the Earls of Eu. I am +not aware of any full collection of pedigrees of the companions of +William the Conqueror: the names of several of the lands from which +they took their designations yet remain. + +W. DURRANT COOPER. + +{267} + + +_Norman Pedigrees._--In answer to "B.'s" query (No. 14. p. 214.), +an excellent Gazetteer was published in Paris, 1831, entitled +_Dictionnaire Complet Geographique, Statistique, et Commercial de la +France et de ses Colonies; par M. Briand-de-Verze_, pp. 856. Many of +the names of the Conqueror's Norman companions will be found in that +work; as, for instance, Geoffrey de "_Mandeville_, village. Calvados +arrondissement, 311/2 O.N.O. de Bayeaux," &c. + +Norman de _Beauchamp_: three Beauchamps are mentioned; that 51. from +Avranches will be the one in question. + +C.I.R. + +Oxford, Feb. 19. 1850. + + +_Norman Pedigrees._--Your correspondent "B." (No. 14. p. 214.) would +probably find part of the information he seeks in _Domesday Book, seu +Censualis Willelmi Primi Regis Angliae_. But query? Is "B." right in +supposing the prefix "De" to be _French_? Does it not rather originate +in the _Latin_? + +"Domesday" is written in Latin throughout; and the "de," denoting the +place, is there occasionally followed by what seems to be the Latin +ablative case. I copy an example:-- + + "Canonici de Hansone ten. l. hida de Sansone," (i.e. loc. in + co. Stafford.) + +Then of the person it is said-- + + "Sanson ten. de rege, &c.... iii. hid. trae in Hargedone," &c. + +J.S. + + +_Translation of AElian._--In answer to the query of "G.M." in No. 15. +p. 232., I beg to state that in Lowndes's _Manual_, vol. i. p. 13., is +the following notice under the head of "AElianus Claudius:"-- + + "Various Histories translated by T. Stanley, London, 1665, + 8vo. 5s. This translation is by the son of the learned editor + of AEschylus, and was reprinted 1670. 1677." + +C.I.R. + + +_Ave Trici and Gheeze Ysenoudi._--I regret that I cannot give "H.L.B." +any further information about these ladies than the colophon I +transcribed affords. To me, however, it is quite clear that they were +sisters of some convent in Flanders or Holland; the name of their +spiritual father, Nicolas Wyt, and the names of the ladies, clearly +indicate this. + +S.W.S. + + +_Daysman_ (No. 12. p. 188.)-- It seems to me that a preferable +etymology may be found to that given by Nares and Jacob. The arbiter +or judge might formerly have occupied a _dais_ or _lit de justice_, or +he might have been selected from those entitled to sit on the raised +parts of the courts of law, i.e. jurisconsulti, or barristers as we +call them. I have heard another etymology, which however I do not +favour, that the arbiter, chosen from men of the same rank as the +disputants, should be paid for loss of his day's work. + +GEORGE OLIVER. + + +Perhaps the following may be of some use in clearing up this point. +In the _Graphic Illustrator_, a literary and antiquarian miscellany +edited by E.W. Brayley, London, 1834, at p. 14, towards the end of +an article on the Tudor Style of Architecture, signed T.M. is the +following:-- + + "This room (talking of the great halls in old manor-houses) + was in every manor-house a necessary appendage for holding + 'the court,' the services belonging to which are equally + denominated 'the homage,' with those of the king's palace. The + _dais_, or raised part of the _upper end_ of the hall, _was + so called_, from the administration of justice. A _dais-man_ + is still a popular term for an arbitrator in the North, and + _Domesday-Book_ (with the name of which I suppose every one to + be familiar) is known to be a list of manor-houses." + +C.D. LAMONT. + +Greenock. + + [Our correspondents will probably find some confirmation of + their ingenious suggestion in the following passage from _The + Vision of Piers Ploughman_:-- + + "And at the day of dome + At the heighe deys sitte." + + Ll. 4898-9. ed. Wright.] + + +_Saveguard_.--"BURIENSIS" (No. 13. p. 202.) is informed that a +_saveguard_ was an article of dress worn by women, some fifty or sixty +years ago, over the skirts of their gowns when riding on horseback, +chiefly when they sat on pillions, on a _double horse_, as it was +called. + +It was a sort of outside petticoat, usually made of serge, +linsey-wolsey, or some other strong material: and its use was to +_guard_ the gown from injury by the dirt of the (then very dirty) +roads. It was succeeded by the well-known riding-habit; though I have +seen it used on a side-siddle by a rider who did not possess the more +modern dress. + +P.H.F. + + +Amongst the bequests to the Clothworkers' Company of London is one by +Barbara Burnell, by will dated 27th June, 1630, wherein she directs +the company to bestow 4l. 6s. yearly in woollen cloth to make six +waistcoats and six _safeguards_ for six poor women.[17] + +Also we find that John Skepworth, by will dated 17th Oct. 1678, gave +two closes of land to the parish of Louth, to the intent that the +churchwardens and overseers of the poor there should apply the rents +and profits of the same in providing so much coarse woollen cloth as +would make ten suits yearly to be given to ten poor people of Louth, +the men to have coats and breeches, and the women to have waistcoats +and _safeguards_.[18] {268} + +If "BURIENSIS" has a friend belonging to the Clothworkers' Company, it +is probable that he will acquire much information on this subject from +their old records. + +H. EDWARDS. + + [17] Reports from the Commissioners of Charities b. 235. 32nd + part 4.--696. + + [18] Ibid. + + +_Derivation of "Calamity"_ (No. 14. p. 215.)--"Calamity" is from +the Latin _calamitas_, from _calamus_ a straw or stalk of corn, +signifying, 1st, the agricultural misfortune of the corn being beaten +down or laid by a storm; and thence, any other trouble or disaster:-- + +"Ipsa egreditur nostri fundi _calamitas_." + +Ter. _Eun_. i. 1. + +Upon which the commentator in the Delph. ed. has this note:-- + + "_Calamitas_ est grando et tempestas, quae calamos segetum + prosternit et conterit. Unde Cicero Verrem vocat '_calamitosam + tempestatem_.'" + +Ainsworth, quoting the above passage from Terence, adds:-- + + "Ubi Donatus. Proprie _calamitatem_ rustici vocant quod + comminuat _calamum_; h.e. culmen et segetem." + +The etymology of its synonym, "_disaster_," is more direct--[Greek: +dhus hasthaer], a star of evil influence, or, as we say, "born under +an ill planet." + +[Greek: Philologos] + + +Forcellini, _s.v. Calamitas_, says:-- + + "Proprie significat imminutionem clademque calamorum segetis, + quae grandine vel impetuoso aliquo turbine aut alia quapiam de + causa fit." + +He then quotes Servius, _Ad Georg_, i. 151:-- + + "Robigo genus est vitii, quo culmi pereunt, quod a rusticanis + calamitas dicitur." + +Then follows the note of Donatus on Ter. _Eun_. i. 1. 34. + +It appears to me, if "_calamitas_" were derived from _calamus_, it +would mean something very different from what it does. + +Another suggestion is, that the first syllable is the same as the +root of _cad-o_, to fall; _l_ and _d_, everybody knows, are +easily interchangeable: as Odysseus, Ulixes: [Greek: dakruon], +_lacrima_, _tear_, &c. &c. If so, _calamitas_ is a corrupted form +of _cadamitas_. Mar. Victorinus, _De Orthogr_. p. 2456., says:-- + + "Gueius Pompeius Magnus et scribebat et dicebat _Kadamitatem_ + pro _Kalamitatem_."--(Quoted from Bothe's _Poetae_," _Scenici + Latinorum_, vol. v. p. 21.) + +But how is the -_amitas_ to be explained? I may as well add, +that Doederlein, with his usual felicity, derives it from [Greek: +kolouo]. + +EDWARD S. JACKSON. + + +I beg to refer MR. F.S. MARTIN (No. 14. p. 215.), for the derivation +of "Calamity," to the _Etymologicon Linguae Latinae_ of Gerard Vossius, +or to the _Totius Latinitatis Lexicon_ of Facciolatus and Forcellinus. +He will there find that the word _calamitas_ was first used with +reference to the storms which destroyed the stalks (_calami_) of corn, +and afterwards came to signify metaphorically, any severe misfortune. +The terrific hail-storm of the summer of 1843, which destroyed the +crops of corn through several of the eastern and midland counties of +this kingdom, was a _calamity_ in the original sense of the word. + +"W.P.P." has also kindly replied to this query by furnishing a part of +the Article on _Calamitas_ in Vossius; and "J.F.M." adds, _Calamitas_ +means-- + + "The spindling of the corn, which with us is rare, but in + hotter countries common: insomuch as the word _calamitas_ was + first derived from _calamus_, when the corn could not get out + of the stalk."--Bacon, _Nat. Hist_. sect. 669. + + +_Derivation of "Zero"_ (No. 14. p. 215.).--_Zero_ Ital.; Fr. _un +chiffre_, _un rien_, a cipher in arithmetic, a nought; whence the +proverb _avere nel zero, mepriser souverainement_, to value at +nothing, to have a sovereign contempt for. I do not know what the +etymology of the word may be; but the application is obvious to that +point in the scale of the thermometer below the numbered degrees to +which, in ordinary temperatures, the mercury does not sink. + +[Greek: Philologos] + +Deanery of Gloucester, Feb. 7. 1850. + + +"_Zero_" (No. 14. p. 215.)--_Zero_, as is well known, is an Italian +word signifying the arithmetical figure of nought (0). It has been +conjectured that it is derived from the transposition from the Hebrew +word _ezor_, a girdle, the zero assuming that form. (See Furetiere, +vol. iii.) Prof. le Moine, of Leyden (quoted by Menage), claims for +it also an Eastern origin, and thinks we have received it from the +Arabians, together with their method of reckoning ciphers. He suggests +that it may be a corruption from the Hebrew [Hebrew: rphs], _safara_, +to number. + + +_Complutensian Polyglot_.--I cannot pretend to reply to "MR. JEBB'S" +inquiry under this head in No. 12. p. 213.; but perhaps it may assist +him in his researches, should he not have seen the pamphlet, to refer +to Bishop Smallridge's "Enquiry into the Authority of the Primitive +Complutensian Edition of the New Testament, as principally founded on +the most ancient Vatican MS., together with some research after that +MS. In order to decide the dispute about 1 John v. 7. In a letter to +Dr. Bentley. 8vo. London, 1722." + +J.M. + +Oxford, Feb. 5. + + +_Sir William Rider_.--In reply to the queries of "H.F.," No. 12. p. +186., respecting Sir William Rider, I beg to say that among the many +MS. notes which I have collected relating to the Rider family, {269} +&c., I find the following from the _Visitation of Surry_, 1623, and +from a MS. book of _Pedigrees of Peers_ in the Herald's College, with +additions. + + "Thomas Rider married a daughter of ---- Poole of Stafforde, + by whom he had Sir William Rider, born at Muchalstone, co. + Stafforde, Sheriff of London, 1591, Citizen and Haberdasher, + Lord Mayor, 1600. Will dated 1 Nov., and proved 9 Nov. + 1610, 8 Jas. I. (94 Wood); buried at Low Layton, Essex, &c. + Sir William married Elizabeth, da. of R. Stone, of Helme, + co. Norfolk; by whom he had, besides other children and + descendants, Mary daughter and coheiress, who married Sir + Thomas Lake, of Canons, Middlesex, from whose issue descended + Viscount Lake." + +S.S. + + +_Pokership_ (No. 12. p. 185., and No. 14. p. 218.).--It is to be +regretted that no information has been supplied respecting the meaning +of this remarkable word, either from local sources or from the surveys +of crown lands in the Exchequer or Land Revenue offices. In one or the +other of these quarters we should surely find something which would +dispense with further conjecture. In the meantime the following facts, +obtained from records easily accessible, will probably be sufficient +to dispose of the explanations hitherto suggested, and to show that +the _poker_ of Bringwood forest was neither a _parker_ nor a _purser_. + +The offices conveyed to Sir R. Harley by James I. had been, before +his reign, the subject of crown grants, after the honor of Wigmore had +become vested in the crown by the merger of the earldom of March in +the crown. Hence, I find that in the act 13 Edward IV. (A.D. 1473), +for the resumption of royal grants, there is a saving of a prior grant +of the "office of keeper of oure forest or chace of Boryngwode," +and of the fees for the "kepyng of the Dikes within oure counte of +Hereford, parcelles of oure seid forest." (6 _Rot. Parl._ p. 94.) + +In a similar act of resumption, 1 Henry VII., there is a like saving +in favour of Thomas Grove, to whom had been granted the keepership of +Boryngwood chase in "Wigmoresland," and "the _pokershipp_ and keping +of the diche of the same." The _parkership_ of Wigmore Park is saved +in the same act. (6 _Rot. Parl._ p. 353 and 383.) + +In the first year of Henry VIII. there is a Receiver's Account of +Wigmore, in which I observe the following deductions claimed in +respect of the fees and salaries of officers:- + + "In feodo Thomae Grove, forestarii de Bringewod, + 6l. 1s. 6d. + -- ejusdem Thomae, fossat'de Prestwode dych, + 18d. + -- Edm. Sharp, parcarii parci de Wiggemour, + 6l. 1s. 6d. + -- Thomae Grove, pocar' omnium boscorum + in Wiggemourslonde 30s. 4d." + +There is another like account rendered in 23 & 24 Hen. VII. These, +and no doubt many other accounts and documents respecting the honor of +Wigmore and its appartenances, are among the Exchequer records, and +we are entitled to infer from them, firstly, that a _parcarius_ and a +_pocarius_ are two different offices; secondly, that, whether the duty +of the latter was performed on the dikes or in the woods of Boringwood +chase, the theory of Mr. Bolton Corney (pace cl. viri dixerim) is +very deficient in probability. If the above authorities had not fallen +under my notice, I should have confidently adopted the conjecture +of the noble Querist, who first drew attention to the word, and, +so far from considering the substitution of "poker" for "parker" +an improbable blunder of the copyist, I should have pronounced it +fortunate for the house of Harley that their founder had not been +converted into a porcarius or pig-driver. + +E. SMIRKE. + + +_Pokership_.--I had flattered myself that _Parkership_ was the real +interpretation of the above word, but I have once more doubts on +the subject. I this morning accidentally stumbled upon the word +"Porcellagium," which is interpreted in Ducange's _Glossary_, +"Tributum ex porcis seu porcellis." + +_Porcarius_ also occurs as _Porcorum custos_, and mention is made +of "Porcorum servitium quo quis porcos domini sui pascentes servare +tenetur." + +Now, considering how much value was formerly attached to the right +of turning out swine in wooded wastes, during the acorn season, it +seems probable that Sir R. Harley might be the king's "Porcarius," +or receiver of the money paid for an annual license to depasture hogs +in the royal forests; and, after all, _Porkership_ is as like to +_Pokership_ as _Parkership_, and one mistake would be as easily made +as the other. + +BRAYBROOKE. + +Audley End, Feb. 16. + + [We are enabled to confirm the accuracy of Lord Braybrooke's + conjecture as to _Pokership_ being the office conferred + upon Sir Robert Harley, inasmuch as we are in expectation of + receiving an account of the various forms of its name from + a gentleman who has not only the ability, but also peculiar + facilities for illustrating this and similar obscure terms.] + + +_Havior--Heavier or Hever_.-Supposed etymology of _Havior, Heavier_, +and _Hever_, as applied by park-keepers to an emasculated male +deer.--"NOTES AND QUERIES," (No. 15. p. 230.) + +Pennant, in his _British Zoology_, 8vo. edition, 1776, vol. i. p. +38., and 8vo. edition, 1812, vol. i. p. 45., under the article, +"Goat" says:-- + + "The meat of a castrated goat of six or seven years old, + (which is called _Hyfr_,) is reckoned the best; being + generally very sweet and fat. This makes an excellent pasty, + goes under the name of rock venison, and is little inferior + to that of the deer." + +As Pennant was a Welchman, a scholar and a {270} naturalist, he will +probably be considered good authority; and _Hyfr_, the most likely +origin of the altered terms of the deer park-keepers. + +The word occurs twice in page 61. vol. ii. of the _Sportsman's +Cabinet_, in the article on the Stag or Red Deer, where it is printed +_Heavier_; and it will be found also as _Hever_, in Mr. Jesse's +_Scenes and Tales of Country Life_, at page 349. + +WM. YARRELL. + +Ryder Street, St. James, Feb. 11. 1850. + + +Mr. Halliwell gives the words _haver_ and _havering_, in the same +sense as _havior_. Are not these words identical with _aver, averium_, +in the sense of cattle, tame beasts? _Averium_, from the old French, +_aveir_, i.e. _avoir_, originally meant any personal property; but +like _catalla_, chattels, it came to signify more particularly the +most important part of a peasant's possessions--namely, his live +stock. Thus, in the laws of William the Conqueror (Thorpe's _Ancient +Laws_, vol. ii. p. 469.), we find:-- + + "Si praepositus hundredi equos aut boves aut oves aut porcos + vel cujuscumque generis averia vagancia restare fecerit," &c. + +The word may naturally enough have been applied to deer reduced to the +state of tame and domesticated cattle. + +C.W.G. + + [TREBOR furnishes us with a reference to _Pegge's Anonymiana_, + who endeavours to show that the proper term is "halfer;" on + the same principle that an entire horse is spoken of, the word + being pronounced "haver" by those who call half "hafe," while + those who pronounce half with the open _a_ say "hauver:" while + J. Westby Gibson suggests that Havior is _Evir_, from the + Latin "_Eviro, Eviratus, Eviratio_," but admits that he can + give no authority for the use of _Evir_.] + + +_Sir W. Hamilton_ (No. 14. p. 216.).--Douglas says, that this Sir W. +Hamilton was not _son_, but grandson and brother of the 1st and 2nd +earls of Abercorn, his father having died _vita patris_. I therefore +doubt that the inscription has been miscopied. "He was," Douglas says, +"resident at Rome, on the part of the Queen Dowager;" but this could +hardly be the service alluded to. + +C. + + +_Dr. Johnson's Library_ (no. 14. p. 214.).--I have a copy of Dr. +Johnson's Sale Catalogue. The title is as follows: + + "A catalogue of the valuable Library of Books of the late + learned Samuel Johnson, Esq., LL.D., deceased, which will be + sold by auction (by Order of the Executors) by Mr. Christie, + at his Great Room in Pall Mall, on Wednesday, February 16. + 1785. and three following Days. To be viewed on Monday and + Tuesday preceding the Sale, which will begin each Day at 12 + o'Clock. Catalogues may be had as above." + +It is a Catalogue of 28 pages and 662 lots, of which 650 are books. +The twelve last are prints, chiefly "framed and glazed." The Catalogue +is very rare; there is not a copy in the British Museum, and Messrs. +Christie and Manson are without one. I may add, as your correspondent +is curious about Johnson's Library, that I have the presentation copy +to the Doctor of Twiss's _Travels in Spain_, with "the gift of the +Author" in Johnson's handwriting, immediately beneath Twiss's MS. +presentation. The Twiss was in Lot 284. + +PETER CUNNINGHAM. + + * * * * * + + +MISCELLANIES. + +_Etymology of "News_."--The word "news" is not derived, as many +suppose, from the adjective new, but from a practice that obtained +in newspapers of an early date, of prefixing to the title the letters +expressive of the cardinal points, thus:-- + + N. + E. W. + S. + +meaning that their intelligence was derived from all quarters of the +globe. This must, at any rate, be allowed as ingenious etymology. + +J.U.G. GUTCH. + + +THE GOLDEN AGE. + +(_FROM THE LATIN_.) + + Why "golden," when that age alone, we're told, + Was blest with happy ignorance of gold-- + More justly we our venal times might call + "The Golden Age," for gold is all in all. + +RUFUS. + + * * * * * + +NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC. + +Messrs. Sotheby and Co. will sell on Monday next two collections of +Autographs; the first consisting of Autograph Letters, the property +of a gentleman; which will be immediately followed by that belonging +to the late Mr. Rodd, and the extensive Correspondence of the late +William Upcott, Esq., comprising several thousand Autograph Letters. +Mr. Rodd's collection comprises many letters of great historical and +literary interest. + +Messrs. Puttick and Simpson will sell by auction on Friday, March the +8th, and seven following days, the extensive and very important Stock +of Books of Mr. James Carpenter, of Bond Street, who is retiring from +business. The characteristics of this fine collection are the numerous +books of prints and illustrated works which it contains, such as the +matchless Series of Piranesi's Works, being the dedication copy to +the king of Sweden: a copy of Boswell's _Life of Johnson_, in 8 vols. +{271} folio, illustrated with nearly six hundred Portraits and Views. + +We heard some time since that the long-established and +highly-respectable house of Payne and Foss, of Pall Mall, had +succeeded the late Mr. Rodd in the agency of purchasing for the +British Museum. The rumour proved to be unfounded, and now receives +a formal contradiction by the announcement that Messrs. Payne and +Foss are retiring from business, and that the first portion of their +extensive and valuable Stock of Books will be sold by auction by +Messrs. Sotheby and Co.; the first division in a ten days' sale, +commencing on the 18th and terminating on the 28th March; which will +be followed by the second division, which will also occupy ten days, +and commence on Monday the 8th April. The lovers of choice copies of +fine editions of first-class books will have, on this occasion, such +an opportunity of enriching their collections as rarely presents +itself. + +We have received the following Catalogues:-- + + "Number Two, for 1850, of John Miller's Catalogue of Books, + old and new, on sale at 43. Chandos Street, Trafalgar Square." + + "Catalogue of curious and rare Books, recently purchased, now + on sale by George Bumstead, 205. High Holborn." + + "Catalogue (No. 5.) of Books, Theological and Miscellaneous, + and Catalogue (No. 6.) of Books, consisting chiefly of Foreign + Literature and Theology, on sale by Andrew Clark, No. 4. City + Road." + + "Cheap List of useful and curious Books relating to + Ecclesiastical History, Councils, Ceremonies, the Puritans, + &c., on sale by S. and I. Palmer, 24. Red Lion Street, + Holborn." + + "A List of Books, chiefly curious ones, now selling by Thomas + Kerslake, Bookseller, at No. 3. Park Street, Bristol." + + * * * * * + +BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES + +WANTED TO PURCHASE. + +(_IN CONTINUATION OF LISTS IN FORMER NOS._) + + +HIERONYMUS MAGIUS DE TINTINABILIS. 12mo. 1608 and 1664. + +A. STOCKFLEET DE CAMPANARUM USU. + +REIMANU'S DISSERTATIO DE CAMPANIS. + +NICOL. EGGER'S DISSERTATIO DE ORIGINE ET NOMINE CAMPANARUM. EJUSDEM +DISSERTATIO DE CAMPANARUM MATERIA ET FORMA. + +PACICHELLI DE TINTINABULO NOTANO LUCUBRATIO. + +WALLERI DISSERTATIO DE CAMPANIS ET PRAECIPUIS EARUM USIBUS. + +HILCHER DE CAMPANIS TEMPLORUM. + +ARNOLDUS DE CAMPANARUM USU. 12mo. 1665. + +ROCCHA DE CAMPANIS COMMENTARIUS. 1612. + +THIERS, TRAITE DES CLOCHES. + +MITZLER DE CAMPANIS. ESCHENWECKER DE EO QUOD IUSTUM EST CIRCA +CAMPANIS. + +PINGRE'S ACCOUNT OF HIS VOYAGE TO RODRIGUEZ, published (?) at Paris +about 1762. + +DUDLEY RYDER's REPORT ON THE PETITION OF BERKELEY SEYMOUR, ESQ., +CLAIMING THE BARONY OF SEYMOUR AND DUKEDOM OF SOMERSET. Published +1750, pp. 15. folio. + +PRIVATE ACT, 12 WM 3., FOR THE SALE OF THE ESTATES OF ARTHUR LACY, +ESQ., CO. SOMERSET. + +BELL ON THE HAND. Bridgewater Treatises. + +_Odd Volumes._ + +MADRAS JOURNAL OF LITERATURE AND SCIENCE. Vols I. to IX. CATALOGUE OF +HARLEIAN MSS., Vol. IV. WOODS'S ATHENAE OXONIENSES (ed. Bliss.), Vol. +III. + +*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price. _carriage free_, +to be sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet +Street. + + * * * * * + +NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS. + +Among the many papers which we are unavoidably obliged to postpone +are an original and inedited _Letter by Horace Walpole_, Mr. Singer's +Reply to C.W.G. on _AElfric's Colloquies_, an interesting communication +from Mr. Coles respecting _Arabella Stuart_, a paper by Mr. Rye on +the _Queen of Robert Bruce_, and T.S.D.'s able article on _Arabic +Numerals_. + +The Erectheum Club (like "The Parthenon") takes its name from the +Erectheum at Athens. + +H.M.A. declined with thanks. + +X.P. is informed that the _monotome_ edition of Boswell's Johnson +edited by Croker, is not an abridgment of the larger work, but a new +and thoroughly revised edition of it; and with a really good index. + +To correspondents inquiring as to the mode of procuring "NOTES AND +QUERIES," we have once more to explain, that every bookseller and +newsman will supply it regularly, if ordered; and that gentlemen +residing in the country, who may find a difficulty in getting it +through any bookseller in their neighbourhood, may be supplied +regularly with the stamped edition, by giving their orders direct to +the publisher, MR. GEORGE BELL, 186 Fleet Street, accompanied by a +Post-Office order for a quarter, 4s. 4d.; a half year, 8s. 8d.; or +one year, 17s. 4d. + +Errata. P. 242. col. 2. l. 11., for "coheir" read "cognate;" and line +16, for "Argidius" "AEgidius;" and p. 243, col 1. l. 35. read "anecdote +of Dionysius related by Cicero and by Plutarch, in his _Laconic +Apophthegms_, which Stobaeus evidently followed." + + * * * * * + +Just published, in post 8vo., 10s. 6d., the Third Volume of + +THE ROMANCE OF THE PEERAGE; or, CURIOSITIES OF FAMILY HISTORY. + +By GEORGE LILLIE CRAIK. + +With a Portrait of Sir Robert Dudley. + +Contents:--The Hereditary Principle; Aristocracy and +Democracy--Charles Brandon's Widow and her Second Marriage--The Lady +Mary Grey--Sir Robert Dudley--Bess of Hardwick and the Talbots--The +Cavendishes and the Stanhopes--Lord Pembroke and Sir Richard +Wharton--The Wharton and Stuart Duel--The Bruce and Sackville +Duel--The Lord Crichton of Sanquahar--The Earldom of Monteith, +&c. &c. &c. + +London: CHAPMAN AND HALL, 186. Strand. + + * * * * * + +On the 1st of March will be published, price One Shilling, + +MODEL PRISONS; being No. 2. of LATTER-DAY PAMPHLETS. + +Edited by THOMAS CARLYLE. + +London: CHAPMAN AND HALL, 186. Strand. + + * * * * *{272} + +Early Antiquities of England Illustrated. + +THE PRIMAEVAL ANTIQUITIES OF DENMARK. By J.J.A. WORSAAE, M.R.S.A., +of Copenhagen. Translated and applied to the Illustration of similar +Remains in England, by WILLIAM J. THOMS, ESQ., F.S.A., Secretary of +the Camden Society. Illustrated with numerous Woodcuts. 8vo. 10s. 6d. + + "This is the best antiquarian handbook we have ever met + with--so clear is its arrangement, and so well and so plainly + is each subject illustrated by well-executed engravings, + that confusion for the future is impossible upon a variety of + points on which the most grievous mistakes have hitherto been + made by anxious and zealous antiquarians. * * * It is the + joint production of two men who have already distinguished + themselves as authors and antiquarians. It is a book of which + it may be said, that in every sentence is to be found an + interesting fact, and that every page teems with instruction, + and may be regarded as a sure guide to all antiquarians in + their future archaeological inquiries."--_Morning Herald_. + +See also _Gentleman's Magazine_ for February, 1850. + +JOHN HENRY PARKES, Oxford, and 377. Strand, London. + + * * * * * + +Vols. I. and II. 8vo., price 28s. cloth. + +THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND; from the TIME of the CONQUEST. By EDWARD FOSS, +F.S.A. + + "A work in which a subject of great historical importance is + treated with the care, diligence, and learning it deserves; + in which Mr. Foss has brought to light many points previously + unknown, corrected many errors, and shown such ample knowledge + of his subject as to conduct it successfully through all the + intricacies of a difficult investigation, and such taste and + judgment as will enable him to quit, when occasion requires, + the dry details of a professional inquiry, and to impart + to his work, as he proceeds, the grace and dignity of a + philosophical history."--_Gent. Mag._ + +London: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, and LONGMANS. + + * * * * * + +Just published, price 4s. 6d. cloth. + +PINACOTHECAE HISTORICAE SPECIMEN; sive Illustrium Quorundam Ingenia, +Mores, Fortunae, ad Inscriptionum formam Expressae. Auctore F. KILVERT, +A.M. Pars Secunda. + + "The production of an English clergyman, and bears unequivocal + marks of refined taste, elegant scholarship, and a + liberal, generous, and candid mind. The idea--to us a novel + one--carried out in this work is, to bring up for judgment + (as the Egyptians used to do with their departed kings) the + characters that figure most in the page of history, and to + pass sentence upon them. Summoning them, as it were, into his + presence with the lamp of history to guide him, _exquiritque + auditque dolos_; and whether it be praise or blame, or a + mixture of both, that he awards, the judgment is pronounced in + a temperate spirit, and with judicial impartiality; and it + is expressed in pure and elegant Latin, and often with + epigrammatic felicity."--_Scotsman_. + +London: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street; of whom Part I., price 3s., +may be had. + + * * * * * + +Just published, price 3s. 6d. 12mo. cloth, 7s. calf or morocco. + +THE ENGLISH GENTLEMAN: his Principles, his Feelings, his Manners, his +Pursuits. + + "We like him so well as to wish heartily we might meet many + such."--_Theologian_. + + "The object of the first of the four essays is to form the + principles of a gentleman on a Christian standard. In the + other three subjects, of feelings, manners, and pursuits, + the views, though strict, are of a more worldly + kind."--_Spectator_. + +GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + +Just published, 12mo. cloth, 4s.; morocco (Hayday), 10s., + +A SELECTION FROM PERCY'S RELIQUES OF ANCIENT ENGLISH POETRY, and from +EVANS'S OLD BALLADS, with short Introductions and Notes. By the Rev. +HENRY TRIPP, M.A., Sub Warden of St. Columba's College. + + "The selection is made with good taste and + judgment."--_Christian Remembrancer_. + +12mo., cloth, 2s. 6d., + +SELECTIONS FROM HERRICK, for Translation into Latin Verse, with a +short Preface. By the Rev. A.J. MACLEANE, M.A., Trinity College, +Cambridge, Principal of Brighton College. + + "We cordially recommend it as a book well adapted to promote + a superior style of versification to that which has + hitherto prevailed even in the highest classes of our German + Schools."--_Educational Times_. + +GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + +12mo. boards. 3s. 6d. + +LYRA MEMORIALIS: Original Epitaphs and Churchyard Thoughts. In Verse. +By JOSEPH SNOW. With an Essay, by WILLIAM WORDSWORTH. Reprinted by his +permission. A new Edition, remodelled and enlarged. + + "The object of Mr. Snow in the volume before us is to suggest + a purer taste and a more impressive style in our churchyard + memorials, and by every word and thought to point through the + shadow of the tomb to the brightness and light beyond it. His + work is, in truth, a treasury of feeling, and we find in its + simplicity its highest merit. To the clergy this volume may be + of signal use."--_Theologian_. + + "This is truly a book of the affections; there is scarcely + a page which will not touch tenderly a chord in the heart of + every reader."--_Church of England Quarterly_. + +GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + +On a large sheet, price 7s. 6d. plain; 15s. richly coloured; in case, +10s. 6d. plain; 18s. coloured. + +A CHART of ANCIENT ARMOUR, from the ELEVENTH to the SEVENTEENTH +CENTURIES; containing Eighteen Figures, with a Description and a +Sketch of the Progress of European Armour. By JOHN HEWITT. + + "A graphic outline of the subject of military costume during + the period of its greatest interest to the English antiquary. + The author has made a judicious selection of examples, chiefly + from the rich series of monumental effigies; and, in the brief + text which accompanies these illustrations, a useful resume + will be found of a subject which, not many years since, + was attainable only through the medium of costly + publications."--_Archaeological Journal_. + +GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + +Royal 32mo., cloth, 2s.; morocco (Hayday), 7s. + +SELDEN'S TABLE TALK. + +Royal 32mo., price 2s. 6d. cloth, 7s. 6d. morocco (Hayday). + +THE TEMPLE, SACRED POEMS, and PRIVATE EJACULATIONS. By GEORGE HERBERT. + +Also, by the same Author, Price 2s. cloth, 7s. morocco (Hayday). + +A PRIEST TO THE TEMPLE; or, THE COUNTRY PARSON: his Character, and +Rule of Holy Life, &c. + +London: GEORGE BELL, Fleet Street. Leicester: J.S. CROSSLEY. + + * * * * * + +Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. +New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride in the City of London; +and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish +of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. +186. Fleet Street aforesaid.--Saturday, February 23. 1850. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries 1850.02.23, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES 1850.02.23 *** + +***** This file should be named 12018.txt or 12018.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/2/0/1/12018/ + +Produced by The Internet Library of Early Journals, Jon Ingram, +William Flis, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + +Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's +eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII, +compressed (zipped), HTML and others. + +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks replace the old file and take over +the old filename and etext number. The replaced older file is renamed. +VERSIONS based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving +new filenames and etext numbers. + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + +EBooks posted prior to November 2003, with eBook numbers BELOW #10000, +are filed in directories based on their release date. If you want to +download any of these eBooks directly, rather than using the regular +search system you may utilize the following addresses and just +download by the etext year. For example: + + https://www.gutenberg.org/etext06 + + (Or /etext 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99, + 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90) + +EBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are +filed in a different way. The year of a release date is no longer part +of the directory path. The path is based on the etext number (which is +identical to the filename). The path to the file is made up of single +digits corresponding to all but the last digit in the filename. For +example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at: + + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/0/2/3/10234 + +or filename 24689 would be found at: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/6/8/24689 + +An alternative method of locating eBooks: + https://www.gutenberg.org/GUTINDEX.ALL + + diff --git a/old/12018.zip b/old/12018.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8374379 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/12018.zip |