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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction--Volume 13 + Index to Vol. 13 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: April 14, 2004 [EBook #12017] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Allen Siddle, and the Online Distributed +Proofreaders Team + + + + + +[Illustration: PORTRAIT of the late SIR HUMPHRY DAVY, Bart.] + + * * * * * + +THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION: + +CONTAINING + +ORIGINAL ESSAYS; HISTORICAL NARRATIVES; BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS; +SKETCHES OF SOCIETY; TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTIONS; +NOVELS AND TALES; ANECDOTES; + + +SELECT EXTRACTS + +FROM + +NEW AND EXPENSIVE WORKS; +_POETRY, ORIGINAL AND SELECTED:_ +THE SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS; +DISCOVERIES IN THE ARTS AND SCIENCES; +_USEFUL DOMESTIC HINTS;_ + +&c. &c. &c. + + + * * * * * + +VOL. XIII. + + * * * * * + + +LONDON +PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY J. LIMBIRD, 143, STRAND. +_(Near Somerset House.)_ + +1829 + + + * * * * * + +PREFACE. + + * * * * * + +We begin to think that a long Preface in this season of _ennui_ would be +almost as tiresome as tragedy in warm weather, and much more so than the +trite three-line Prologue in Hamlet. Our materials are collected from all +quarters, with but little of our own; so that we might praise all the +authors without the charge of uncommon vanity; but panegyric savours much +of the poppy, and we must use it accordingly. + +Our thanks are first due to such Subscribers as have, by personal +observation and research, enabled us to throw a light on certain obsolete +customs or portions of our domestic history; for these contributions form +a prominent feature of the Correspondence of THE MIRROR; it being our +object, in this department, to gather facts rather than to draw only upon +the invention of our friends. In support of this system we could select +many specimens from the Correspondence of the present volume, the +interest of which is, we hope, be equal to any of its predecessors. + +The _Selector_ will be found to contain many valuable extracts from New +and Costly Works, in almost every class of literature; and the piquancy +of the _Notes of a Reader_ may be turned to as a convenient little +treasury, into which readers of all tastes may dip with pleasure and +advantage. + +The _Sketch Book_ contains rather an unusual number of Narratives, some +of them of extraordinary interest, and written in the best style of the +best authors. + +The _Spirit of Discovery_ will be considered characteristic of our times, +by illustrating the real economy of science in its application to the +conveniences of every-day life. As a collateral branch of this division +is _The Naturalist,_ under which head we have endeavoured to identify THE +MIRROR with Zoology, as one of the most popular studies of the day. + +The _Spirit of the Public Journals_ breathes not a few of the sweetest +and most recent poetical compositions from the pens of celebrated authors, +some of whose names are passports to high excellence. + +The _Engravings_ have, probably, been criticised upon first impression; +so that we can only hope they have merited the applause of our +Subscribers. We may be permitted to remark that some of the illustrations +relate to scenes and subjects of no ordinary attraction in Antiquarian +Remains, and Architectural Improvements of yesterday; a few of these have +been executed at a considerable cost to the Proprietor; for which extra +exertion he has been more than requited by the increased demand. + +Several current _Novelties_ will be found described at length in this +volume--as the circumstantial and accurate accounts of the Colosseum--and +the New Swan River Settlement, the last of which is illustrated with an +Engraved Chart. + +Strenuous as have been our exertions for past patronage, we shall not +relax in the ensuing volume. An entirely new Type has been prepared for +this purpose, and we feel confident that we shall be enabled to keep pace +with the increased typographical beauty of the MIRROR, as well as with +the improved spirit of its Engravings. + +June 27, 1829. + + + + + * * * * * + + +LIST OF ENGRAVINGS. + + +VOL. XIII. + + +_PORTRAIT of the late SIR HUMPHRY DAVY, Bart._ + + +Bruce Castle, Tottenham. + +Old Elephant, Fenchurch Street. + +Macclesfield Bridge, Regent's Park. + +Rupert's Palace, Barbican. + +Hanover Lodge, Regent's Park. + +Grove House, ditto. + +Colosseum, Exterior, ditto. + +Marquess of Hertford's Villa, ditto. + +Doric Villa, ditto. + +Colosseum, Interior, ditto. + +Kirkstall Abbey. + +Warwick Castle. + +Old Covent Garden Market. + +York Terrace, Regent's Park. + +Snow Flakes, Magnified. + +Rugby School. + +Miners of Derbyshire. + +Fortune Playhouse, Barbican. + +Epsom New Race Stand. + +Old Charing Cross. + +Exeter 'Change, Strand. + +Hyde Park Grand Entrance. + +Talipot Tree. + +Glowworm. + +Deathwatch, Magnified. + +Chester Terrace, Regent's Park. + +Guy's Cliff. + +Roman Altar. + +Gower's Tomb. + +Hirlas Horn. + +Old Somerset House. + +Harrow School. + +Sussex Place, Regent's Park. + +Clarendon House, Piccadilly. + +Relic of John Buryan. + +Cornwall Terrace, Regent's Park. + +Chart of the Swan River Settlement. + +Laleham Park, the Residence of the Young Queen of Portugal. + +Holland House, Kensington. + +Cumberland Terrace, Regent's Park. + +Residence of T. Campbell, Esq. + +Labyrinth at Versailles. + + + + * * * * * + + +MEMOIR OF SIR HUMPHRY DAVY, BART. + + +The present may be regarded as a chemical age; for so extensive, rapid, +and important have been the late acquisitions in the science of chemistry, +that we may almost claim it as the exclusive discovery of our own times. +The popularity and high estimation in which it is held may be ascribed to +three causes: 1. The satisfaction which is afforded by its results. +2. Its utility in all the arts of life. 3. The little previous +preparation which an entrance on its study requires. To these may be +added, the new interest conferred upon the science by the discoveries of +Black, Priestly, and Lavoisier, which had already introduced into +chemical science the long-neglected requisites of close investigation and +logical deduction; but it was reserved for Sir HUMPHRY DAVY to +demonstrate the vast superiority of modern principles, by the most +brilliant career of discovery, which, since the days of Newton, have +graced the annals of science. + +Sir Humphry Davy was born December 17, 1779, at Penzance, in Cornwall. +His family was ancient, and above the middle class; his paternal great +grandfather had considerable landed property in the parish of Budgwin, +and his father possessed a small paternal estate opposite St. Michael's +Mount, called Farfal, on which he died in 1795, after having injured his +fortune by expending considerable sums in attempting agricultural +improvements. Sir Humphry received the first rudiments of his education +at the grammar-schools of Penzance and Truro: at the former place, he +resided with Mr. John Tomkin, surgeon, a benevolent and intelligent man, +who had been intimately connected with his maternal grandfather, and +treated him with a degree of kindness little less than paternal. His +genius was originally inclined to poetry; and there are many natives of +Penzance who remember his poems and verses, written at the early age of +nine years. He cultivated this bias till his fifteenth year, when he +became the pupil of Mr. (since Dr.) Borlase, of Penzance, an ingenious +surgeon, intending to prepare himself for graduating as a physician at +Edinburgh. As a proof of his uncommon mind, at this early age, it is +worthy of mention, that Mr. Davy laid down for himself a plan of +education, which embraced the circle of the sciences. By his eighteenth +year he had acquired the rudiments of botany, anatomy, and physiology, +the simpler mathematics, metaphysics, natural philosophy, and chemistry. +But chemistry soon arrested his whole attention. Having made some +experiments on the air disengaged by sea-weeds from the water of the +ocean, which convinced him that these vegetables performed the same part +in purifying the air dissolved in water which land-vegetables act in the +atmosphere; he communicated them to Dr. Beddoes, who had at that time +circulated proposals for publishing a journal of philosophical +contributions from the West of England. This produced a correspondence +between Dr. Beddoes and Mr. Davy, in which the Doctor proposed, that +Mr. Davy, who was at this time only nineteen years of age, should suspend +his plan of going to Edinburgh, and take a part in experiments which were +then about to be instituted at Bristol, for investigating the medical +powers of factitious airs; to this proposal Mr. Davy consented, on +condition that he should have the uncontrolled superintendence of the +expements. About this time he became acquainted with Davies Gilbert, Esq. +M.P. a gentleman of high scientific attainments, (now President of the +Royal Society), with whom he formed a friendship which has always +continued; and to Mr. Gilbert's judicious advice may be attributed +Mr. Davy's adoption of and perseverance in the study of chemistry. With +Dr. Beddoes, Mr. Davy resided for a considerable time, and was constantly +occupied in new chemical investigations. Here, he discovered the +respirability of nitrous oxide, and made a number of laborious +experiments on gaseous bodies, which he afterwards published in +"Researches Chemical and Philosophical," a work that was universally well +received by the chemical world, and created a high reputation for its +author, at that time only twenty-one years of age. This led to his +introduction to Count Rumford, and to his being elected Professor of +Chemistry to the Royal Institution in Albemarle-street. On obtaining this +appointment Mr. Davy gave up all his views of the medical profession, and +devoted himself entirely to chemistry. + +Mr. Davy's first experiments as Professor of Chemistry in the Royal +Institution, were made on the substance employed in the process of +tanning, with others to which similar properties were ascribed, in +consequence of the discovery made by M. Seguier, of Paris, of the +peculiar vegetable matter, now called tannin. He was, during the same +period, frequently occupied in experiments on galvanism. + +To the agriculturist, chemistry is of the first consideration. The +dependence of agriculture upon chemical causes had been previously +noticed, but it was first completely demonstrated in a course of lectures +before the Board of Agriculture, which Mr. Davy commenced in the year +1802, and continued for ten years. This series of lectures contained much +popular and practical information, and belongs to the most useful of Mr. +Davy's scientific labours; for the application of chemistry to +agriculture is one of its most important results; and so rapid were the +discoveries of the author, that in preparing these discourses for +publication, a few years afterwards, he was under the necessity of making +several alterations, to adapt them to the improved state of chemical +knowledge, which his own labours had, in that short time, produced. + +In 1803, he was chosen a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1805, a +member of the Royal Irish Academy. He now enjoyed the friendship of most +of the distinguished literary men and philosophers of the metropolis, and +enumerated among his intimate friends, Sir Joseph Banks, Cavendish, +Hatchett, Wollaston, Children, Tennant, and other eminent men. At the +same time he corresponded with the principal chemists of every part of +Europe. In 1806, he was appointed to deliver, before the Royal Society, +the Bakerian lecture, in which he displayed some very interesting new +agencies of electricity, by means of the celebrated galvanic apparatus.[1] +Soon afterwards, he made one of the most brilliant discoveries of modern +times, in the decomposition of two fixed alkalies, which, in direct +refutation of the hypothesis previously adopted, were found to consist of +a peculiar metallic base united with a large quantity of oxygen. These +alkalies were potash and soda, and the metals thus discovered were called +potassium and sodium, Mr. Davy was equally successful in the application +of galvanism to the decomposition of the earths. About this time he +became Secretary of the Royal Society. In 1808, Mr. Davy received a prize +from the French Institute. During the greater part of 1810, he was +employed on the combinations of oxymuriatic gas and oxygen; and towards +the close of the same year, he delivered a course of lectures before the +Dublin Society, and received from Trinity College, Dublin, the honorary +degree of LL. D. + +In the year 1812, Mr. Davy married his amiable lady, then Mrs. Apreece, +widow of Shuckburgh Ashby Apreece, Esq. and daughter and heiress of the +late Charles Kerr, of Kelso, Esq. By his union with this lady, Mr. Davy +acquired not only a considerable fortune, but the inestimable treasure of +an affectionate and exemplary wife, and a congenial friend and companion, +capable of appreciating his character and attainments. A few days +previously to his marriage, he received the honour of knighthood from his +Majesty, then Prince Regent, being the first person on whom he conferred +that dignity. + +We now arrive at the most important result of Sir Humphry Davy's labours, +viz. the invention of the SAFETY-LAMP for coal mines, which has been +generally and successfully adopted throughout Europe. This invention has +been the means of preserving many valuable lives, and preventing horrible +mutilations, more terrible even than death; and were this Sir Humphry +Davy's only invention, it would secure him an immortality in the annals +of civilization and science. The general principle of this discovery may +be described as follows: + +"The frequency of accidents, arising from the explosion of the fire-damp, +or inflammable gas of the coal mines, mixed with atmospherical air, +occasioned the formation of a committee at Sunderland, for the purpose of +investigating the causes of these calamities, and of endeavouring to +discover and apply a preventive. Sir Humphry received an invitation, in +1815, from Dr. Gray, one of the members of the committee; in consequence +of which he went to the North of England, and visiting some of the +principal collieries in the neighbourhood of Newcastle, soon convinced +himself that no improvement could be made in the mode of ventilation, but +that the desired preventive must be sought in a new method of lighting +the mines, free from danger, and which, by indicating the state of the +air in the part of the mine where inflammable air was disengaged, so as +to render the atmosphere explosive, should oblige the miners to retire +till the workings were properly cleared. The common means then employed +for lighting the dangerous part of the mines consisted of a steel wheel +revolving in contact with flint, and affording a succession of sparks: +but this apparatus always required a person to work it, and was not +entirely free from danger. The fire-damp was known to be light +carburetted hydrogen gas; but its relations to combustion had not been +examined. It is chiefly produced from what are called blowers or fissures +in the broken strata, near dykes. Sir Humphry made various experiments on +its combustibility and explosive nature; and discovered, that the +fire-damp requires a very strong heat for its inflammation; that azote and +carbonic acid, even in very small proportions, diminished the velocity of +the inflammation; that mixtures of the gas would not explode in metallic +canals or troughs, where their diameter was less than one-seventh of an +inch, and their depth considerable in proportion to their diameter; and +that explosions could not be made to pass through such canals, or through +very fine wire sieves, or wire gauze. The consideration of these facts +led Sir Humphry to adopt a lamp, in which the flame, by being supplied +with only a limited quantity of air should produce such a quantity of +azote and carbonic acid as to prevent the explosion of the fire-damp, and +which, by the nature of its apertures for giving admittance and egress to +the air, should be rendered incapable of communicating any explosion to +the external air. These requisites were found to be afforded by air-tight +lanterns, of various constructions, supplied with air from tubes or +canals of small diameter, or from apertures covered with wire-gauze, +placed below the flame, through which explosions cannot be communicated; +and having a chimney at the upper part, for carrying off the foul air. +Sir Humphry soon afterwards found that a constant flame might be kept up +from the explosive mixture issuing from the apertures of a wire-gauze +sieve. He introduced a very small lamp in a cylinder, made of wire-gauze, +having six thousand four hundred apertures in the square inch. He closed +all apertures except those of the gauze, and introduced the lamp, burning +brightly within the cylinder, into a large jar, containing several quarts +of the most explosive mixture of gas from the distillation of coal and +air; the flame of the wick immediately disappeared, or rather was lost, +for the whole of the interior of the cylinder became filled with a feeble +but steady flame of a green colour, which burnt for some minutes, till it +had entirely destroyed the explosive power of the atmosphere. This +discovery led to a most important improvement in the lamp, divested the +fire-damp of all its terrors, and applied its powers, formerly so +destructive, to the production of a useful light. Some minor +improvements, originating in Sir Humphry's researches into the nature of +flame, were afterwards effected. Experiments of the most satisfactory +nature were speedily made, and the invention was soon generally adopted. +Some attempts were made to dispute the honour of this discovery with its +author, but his claims were confirmed by the investigations of the first +philosophers of the age."[2]--The coal owners of the Tyne and Wear +evinced their sense of the benefits resulting from this invention, by +presenting Sir Humphry with a handsome service of plate worth nearly two +thousand pounds, at a public dinner at Newcastle, October 11, 1817. + +In 1813, Sir Humphry was elected a corresponding member of the Institute +of France, and vice-president of the Royal Institution; in 1817, one of +the eight associates of the Royal Academy; in 1818 created a baronet, and +during the last ten years he has been elected a member of most of the +learned bodies of Europe. + +We could occupy many pages with the interesting details of Sir Humphry +Davy's travels in different parts of Europe for scientific purposes, +particularly to investigate the causes of volcanic phenomena, to instruct +the miners of the coal districts in the application of his safety-lamp, +and to examine the state of the Herculaneum manuscripts and to illustrate +the remains of the chemical arts of the ancients. He analyzed the colours +used in painting by the ancient Greek and Roman artists. His experiments +were chiefly made on the paintings in the baths of Titus, the ruins +called the baths of Livia, in the remains of other palaces and baths of +ancient Rome, and in the ruins of Pompeii. By the kindness of his friend +Canova, who was charged with the care of the works connected with ancient +art in Rome, he was enabled to select with his own hands specimens of the +different pigments, that had been formed in vases discovered in the +excavations, which had been lately made beneath the ruins of the palace +of Titus, and to compare them with the colours fixed on the walls, or +detached in fragments of stucco. The results of all these researches were +published in the Transactions of the Royal Society for 1815, and are +extremely interesting. The concluding observations, in which he impresses +on artists the superior importance of permanency to brilliancy in the +colours used in painting, are especially worthy the attention of artists. +On his examination of the Herculaneum manuscripts, at Naples, in 1818-19, +he was of opinion they had not been acted upon by fire, so as to be +completely carbonized, but that their leaves were cemented together by a +substance formed during the fermentation and chemical change of ages. He +invented a composition for the solution of this substance, but he could +not discover more than 100 out of 1,265 manuscripts, which presented any +probability of success. + +Sir Humphry returned to England in 1820, and in the same year his +respected friend, Sir Joseph Banks, President of the Royal Society, died. +Several discussions took place respecting a proper successor, when +individuals of high and even very exalted rank were named as candidates. +But science, very properly in this case, superseded rank. Amongst the +philosophers whose labours had enriched the Transactions of the Royal +Society, two were most generally adverted to, Sir Humphry Davy and Dr. +Wollaston; but Dr. Wollaston very modestly declined being a candidate +after his friend had been nominated, and received from the council of the +Society the unanimous compliment of being placed in the chair of the +Royal Society, till the election by the body in November.[3] A trifling +opposition was made to Sir Humphry Davy's election, by some unknown +persons, who proposed Lord Colchester, but Sir Humphry was placed in the +chair by a majority of 200 to 13. For this honour no one could be more +completely qualified. Sir Humphry retained his seat as President till the +year 1827, when, in consequence of procrastinated ill health, in great +measure brought on by injuries occasioned to his constitution by +scientific experiments, he was induced, by medical advice, to retire to +the continent. He accordingly resigned his seat as President of the Royal +Society, the chair being filled, _pro tem_, by Davies Gilbert, Esq. who, +at the Anniversary Meeting, Nov. 30, 1827, was unanimously elected +President. + +Since his retirement, Sir Humphry Davy resided principally at Rome, where +a short time ago he had an alarming attack of a paralytic nature, but +from which he was apparently, though slowly, recovering. Lady Davy, who +had been detained in England by her own ill health, joined Sir Humphry, +at Rome, on hearing of his alarming state. Thence he travelled by easy +stages to Geneva, without feeling any particular inconvenience, and +without any circumstances which denoted the approach of dissolution: but +on Friday, May 29, 1829, the illustrious philosopher closed his mortal +career, in the fifty-first year of his age, having only reached Geneva on +the day previous. Lady Davy had the gratification of contributing, by +her soothing care, to the comfort of his last days during their stay in +Italy, and on their journey to Geneva, where they intended to pass the +summer, and hoped to have derived benefit from the eminent practitioners +of that city. Sir Humphry had also been joined by his brother, Dr. John +Davy, physician to the forces in Malta, whence he came on receiving the +intelligence of his brother's danger. But all human art and skill were +of no avail. The last and fatal attack took place at half-past two on +Friday morning, and the pulse ceased to beat shortly after. The event was +no sooner known, than the afflicted widow received the condolence and +affectionate offer of services from the most distinguished individuals of +Geneva; amongst whom we must mention M. A. de Condolle, the eminent +botanist, and M. Sismondi, the historian, both equally beloved for their +amiable character, as illustrious throughout Europe for their works. M. +de Condolle obligingly took charge of all the details of the interment of +his illustrious colleague; and the governor of the Canton, the Academy of +Geneva, the Consistory of the Geneva Church, the Society of Arts and of +Natural Philosophy and History, together with nearly all the English +resident there, accompanied the remains to the burial-ground, where the +English service was performed by the Rev. Mr. John Magers of Queen's +College, and the Rev. Mr. Burgess. The members of the Academy, in the +absence of any relation of the deceased, took their place in the funeral +procession; and the invitations to the syndicate, and to the learned +bodies who accompanied it, were made by that body in the same character. +The whole was conducted with much appropriate order and decency, and +whilst every attention and respect were paid to the memory of the +deceased, nothing was attempted beyond the unostentatious simplicity +which the deceased had frequently declared to be his wish, whenever his +mortal remains should be consigned to their last home; and which in +accordance to that wish, had been expressly enjoined to her kind friends +by the afflicted widow. In the procession, which followed the corporate +bodies and the countrymen of the deceased, were many of the most eminent +manufacturers of Geneva, and a large body of mechanics, who were anxious +to pay this tribute of regard and gratitude to one whom they deservedly +looked upon as a great benefactor to the arts, and promoter of sciences, +by the application of which they earn their livelihood.[4] + +During his retirement on the Continent, Sir Humphry continued to +communicate the splendid results of his labours to the Royal Society, +and at the anniversary meeting of the year 1827, the royal medal was +awarded to him for a series of brilliant discoveries developing the +relation between electricity and chemistry.[5] Upon this interesting +occasion, Mr. Davies Gilbert spoke at some length, commencing as +follows: "It is with feelings most gratifying to myself that I now +approach to the award of a royal medal to Sir Humphry Davy; and I esteem +it a most fortunate occurrence, that this award should have taken place +during the short period of my having to discharge the duties attached to +the office of president; having witnessed the whole progress of Sir +Humphry Davy's advancement in science and in reputation, from his first +attempts in his native town to vary some of Dr. Priestly's experiments +on the extraction of oxygen from marine vegetables to the point of +eminence which we all know him to have reached. It is not necessary for +me more than to advert to his discovery of nitrous oxyde; to his +investigation of the action of light on gases; on the nature of heat; to +his successful discrimination of proximate vegetable elements; nor to +his most scientific, ingenious, and useful invention, the +safety-lamp,--an invention reasoned out from its principles, with all +the accuracy and precision of mathematical deduction." + +The course of Sir Humphry Davy to the highest rank as a chemical +philosopher, was, after his appointment at the Royal Institution, rapid +and brilliant; and if he was previously aided by as few of the advantages +of fortune as any man living, he had then at his disposal whatever his +industry and talents chose to command. We have given but a hasty outline +of his labours; but it is possible that he may have left behind him much, +not yet made public, for which, science will be still further indebted to +him. His works, papers, and letters are numerous, and the greatest +portion of them are contained in the Transactions of the Royal Society. +One of the most popular and interesting of his recent papers is that on +the _Phenomena of Volcanoes_. This contains a series of investigations of +Vesuvius, made by the author during a residence at Naples in 1819-20, and +bearing upon a previous hypothesis, "that metals of the alkalies and +earth might exist in the interior of the globe, and on being exposed to +the action of air and water, give rise to volcanic fires, and to the +production of lavas, by the slow cooling of which basaltic and other +crystalline rocks might subsequently be formed." We have not space for +the details of these investigations, interesting as they would prove to +an unscientific reader; but we give an abstract of the result of Sir +Humphry's observations: + +"The phenomena observed by the author afforded a sufficient refutation of +all the ancient hypotheses, in which volcanic fires were ascribed to such +chemical causes as the combustion of mineral coal, or the action of +sulphur upon iron; and are perfectly consistent with the supposition of +their depending upon the oxidation of the metals of the earths upon an +extensive scale, in immense subterranean cavities, to which water or +atmospheric air may occasionally have access. The subterranean thunder +heard at great distances under Vesuvius, prior to an eruption, indicates +the vast extent of these cavities; and the existence of a subterranean +communication between the Solfattara and Vesuvius, is established by the +fact that whenever the latter is in an active state, the former is +comparatively tranquil. In confirmation of these views, the author +remarks, that almost all the volcanoes of considerable magnitude in the +old world, are in the vicinity of the sea; and in those where the sea is +more distant, as in the volcanoes of South America, the water may be +supplied from great subterranean lakes; for Humboldt states that some of +them throw up quantities of fish. The author acknowledges, however, that +the hypothesis of the nucleus of the globe being composed of matter +liquefied by heat, offers a still more simple solution of the phenomena +of volcanic fires."[6] + +We have hitherto spoken of Sir Humphry Davy as a philosopher. He was, +however, in every respect, an accomplished scholar, and was well +acquainted with foreign languages. He always retained a strong taste for +literary pleasures; and when his continued illness retarded his +scientific pursuits, he made literature his recreation. In this manner he +wrote _Salmonia: or Days of Fly-fishing_, in a series of conversations, +we gather from the Preface:--"These pages formed the occupation of the +Author during several months of severe and dangerous illness, when he was +wholly incapable of attending to more useful studies, or of following +more serious pursuits. They formed his amusement in many hours, which +otherwise would have been unoccupied and tedious." "The conversational +and discursive style were chosen as best suited to the state of the +health of the author, who was incapable of considerable efforts and long +continued exertion." The volume is dedicated to Dr. Babington, "in +remembrance of some delightful days passed in his society, and in +gratitude for an uninterrupted friendship of quarter of a century:" and +the likeness of one of the characters in the conversations to that +estimable physician abovenamed, has been considered well drawn, and +easily recognisable by those who enjoy his acquaintance. + +The philosophical works of Sir Humphry Davy are written in a clear and +perspicuous style, by which means he has contributed more to the +diffusion of scientific knowledge than any other writer of his time. His +three principal works, "Chemical and Philosophical Researches," "Elements +of Chemical Philosophy," and "Elements of Agricultural Chemistry," are in +a popular and familiar style, and the two last are excellently adapted +for elementary study. His numerous pamphlets and contributions to the +Transactions of the Royal Society have the same rare merit of conveying +experimental knowledge in the most attractive form, and thus reducing +abstract theory to the practice and purposes of life and society. The +results of his investigations and experiments were not therefore pent up +in the laboratory or lecture-room where they were made, but by this +valuable mode of communication, they have realized what ought to be the +highest aim of science,--the improvement of the condition and comforts of +every class of his fellow-creatures. Thus, beautiful theories were +illustrated by inventions of immediate utility, as in the safety-lamp for +mitigating the dangers to which miners are exposed in their labours, and +the application of a newly-discovered principle in preserving the life of +the adventurous mariner. Yet splendid as were Sir Humphry's talents, and +important as have been their application, he received the honours and +homage of the scientific world with that becoming modesty which +universally characterizes great genius. + +Apart from the scientific value of Sir Humphry's labours and researches, +they are pervaded by a tone and temper, and an enthusiastic love of +nature which are as admirably expressed as their influence is excellent. +In proof of this feeling we could almost from memory, quote many +passages from his works. Thus, speaking of the divine _Study of Nature_, +he has the following reflective truths:--"If we look with wonder upon +the great remains of human works, such as the columns of Palmyra, broken +in the midst of the desert, the temples of Paestum, beautiful in the +decay of twenty centuries, or the mutilated fragments of Greek sculpture +in the Acropolis of Athens, or in our own Museum, as proofs of the +genius of artists, and power and riches of nations now past away; with +how much deeper feeling of admiration must we consider those grand +monuments of Nature, which mark the revolutions of the globe; continents +broken into islands; one land produced, another destroyed; the bottom of +the ocean become a fertile soil; whole races of animals extinct; and the +bones and exuviae of one class, covered with the remains of another, and +upon the graves of past generations--the marble or rocky tomb, as it +were, of a former animated world--new generations rising, and order and +harmony established, and a system of life and beauty produced, as it +were out of chaos and death; proving the infinite power, wisdom, and +goodness, of the GREAT CAUSE OF ALL BEING!" Here we cannot trace any +co-mixture of science and scepticism, and in vain shall we look for the +spawn of infidel doctrine. The same excellent feeling breathes +throughout _Salmonia_, one of the most delightful labours of leisure we +have ever seen. Not a few of the most beautiful phenomena of Nature are +here lucidly explained, yet the pages have none of the varnish of +philosophical unbelief or finite reasoning. "In my opinion," says one of +the characters in the Dialogue, (to be identified as the author,) +"profound minds are the most likely to think lightly of the resources of +human reason; and it is the pert superficial thinker who is generally +strongest in every kind of unbelief. The deep philosopher sees changes +of causes and effects, so wonderfully and strangely linked together, +that he is usually the last person to decide upon the impossibility of +any two series of events being independent of each other; and in +science, so many natural miracles, as it were, have been brought to +light,--such as the fall of stones from meteors in the atmosphere, the +disarming a thundercloud by a metallic point, the production of fire +from ice by a metal white as silver, and referring certain laws of +motions of the sea to the moon,--that the physical inquirer is seldom +disposed to assert, confidently, on any abstruse subjects belonging to +the order of natural things, and still less so on those relating to the +more mysterious relations of moral events and intellectual natures."[7] + +Many other passages in _Salmonia_ gush forth with great force and beauty, +and sometimes soar into sublime truths. Thus says the eloquent author: + +"A full and clear river is, in my opinion, the most poetical object in +nature. Pliny has, as well as I recollect, compared a river to human life. +I have never read the passage in his works, but I have been a hundred +times struck with the analogy, particularly amidst mountain scenery. The +river, small and clear in its origin, gushes forth from rocks, falls into +deep glens, and wantons and meanders through a wild and picturesque +country, nourishing only the uncultivated tree or flower by its dew or +spray. In this, its state of infancy and youth, it may be compared to the +human mind in which fancy and strength of imagination are predominant--it +is more beautiful than useful. When the different rills or torrents join, +and descend into the plain, it becomes slow and stately in its motions; +it is applied to move machinery, to irrigate meadows, and to bear upon +its bosom the stately barge;--in this mature state, it is deep, strong, +and useful. As it flows on towards the sea, it loses its force and its +motion, and at last, as it were, becomes lost and mingled with the mighty +abyss of waters." + +"I envy no quality of the mind or intellect in others; not genius, power, +wit, or fancy: but if I could choose what would be most delightful, and I +believe most useful to me, I should prefer a firm religious belief to +every other blessing; for it makes life a discipline of goodness--creates +new hopes, when all earthly hopes vanish; and throws over the decay, the +destruction of existence, the most gorgeous of all lights; awakens life +even in death, and from corruption and decay calls up beauty and divinity: +makes an instrument of torture and of shame the ladder of ascent to +paradise; and, far above all combinations of earthly hopes, calls up the +most delightful visions of palms and amaranths, the gardens of the blest, +the security of everlasting joys, where the sensualist and the sceptic +view only gloom, decay, annihilation, and despair!" + +Few of those whose fame and fortune are their own creation, enjoy, as did +Sir Humphry Davy, in the meridian of life, the enviable consciousness of +general esteem and respect, and the certainty of a distinguished place in +history, among the illustrious names of their country. "A great light has +gone out,"--short but brilliant has been his career; yet let us hope he +has but exchanged his worldly fame for unearthly immortality, to shine +amidst the never-dying lights of true glory. + + +[1] This apparatus is of immense power, and consists of 200 + separate parts, each part composed of ten double plates, and each + plate containing 32 square inches. The whole number of double plates + is 2,000, and the whole surface 126,000 square inches. + +[2] Memoir--New Monthly Magazine, Vol. I. Mr. Dillon has lately invented + an _Improved Safety Lamp_, an Engraving of which will be found at + page 137, Vol. XII. of the MIRROR. + +[3] It deserves notice, that two of the most illustrious philosophers of + our times, Sir H. Davy and Dr. Wollaston, have died within the + present year. + +[4] Extract of a Letter from Geneva, dated June 1, 1829--_Times_. + +[5] These experiments, the last which engaged Sir Humphry Davy's + attention to any extent, were on the application of electrical + combinations, for the purpose of preserving the copper sheathing of + ships' bottoms. To this subject Sir Humphry gave much of his time, + and personally inspected all the boats and vessels on which the + trials were made. Although the theory upon which they were conducted + proved eminently correct, no advantage could be ultimately taken of + the plans which it suggested. The saving of the copper was wholly + counterbalanced by an accumulation of shell-fish and sea-weed on the + sheathing, which became sufficient, in a short time, to prevent the + proper command of the ship at the helm. + +[6] Abridged in the Arcana of Science and Arts for 1829. + +[7] _Salmonia_, 1st. Edition, page 161. Several beautiful Extracts from + which, will be found in Vol. XII. of the MIRROR. + + * * * * * + + + +INDEX TO VOL. XIII + +Abernetheyana +Actor, The +African Festivities + Nurse + Widow +Agave Americana +Air Balloon, Lines on +Alderman, Antiquity of +Alehouse Signs +Algiers, Sketch of the battle of +Alnwick Freemen +Altitude of Public Buildings +Alvise Sanuto, a story +Ambition, Lines on +American Comforts + Law + Sea Serpent + Song Birds +Anecdotes of Canning and Moore +Animal Food +Anne Boleyne, Marriage of +Anne of Geierstein, by Sir Walter Scott + Outline of the Story, &c. +Anticipation, Lines on +April Fools, Lines on +Arab, Lay of the Wandering +Arctic Adventures +Auctioneer's Ode to Mercury +Auctions, Antiquity of +Aurora Borealis +Austin Friars, Church of +Avver Bread +Bachelors, Advice to +Bad Writing +Ball, Lines on +Balloon Ascent, Recent +Bamborough Castle +Banana Tree +Banditti, South American +Bannockburn, a ballad +Baron's Trumpet +Bazaar, Oxford-street +Bears on the Ice +Beauty, On +Bees, Food of + Instinct of + Management of +Beet Root Sugar +Bird of the Tomb, a poem +Birds, Crop of +Birds' Nests +Bishops, Magnificent +Blackheath, Cave at +Blind Girl, The +Boarding, Custom of +Bolivar, Memoir of +Book-machinery +Box-tree, The +Boxes, The +Brazilian Slave Trade +British Artists' Society + Diorama +Broiling Steaks, a Story +Broken Heart, The +Brandon, Charles, of Suffolk +Bruce Castle, Description of +Bubble and Squeak, To make +Buckingham Palace described +Bull Fights at Lima +Bunyan's Syllabub Pot +Byron, Lord, Anecdotes of +Calenture, or Maladie de Pays +Callender, N.B. +Canadian Indians +Capuchin Interment +Carmarthen, Description of +Cat and Fiddle, Origin of +Cedar of Lebanon +Charing Cross, Old +Chart of Swan River Colony +Chatterton, the Poet +Chertsey Abbey, Stanzas on +Chester Terrace, Regent's Park +Chiltern Hundreds +Chimneys +Chinese Cities +Chinese Novels +Chosen One, The +Chromate of Iron +Church Spires +Clapperton, Captain, Death of +Clarendon House, Piccadilly +Classical Corrections +Cliffords of Craven, Legend of +Clouds and Sunshine +Coals, History of +Cochineal Insect, The +Coinage, Ancient British +College Dreams +Collop Monday +Colosseum, Description of the +Common Rights +Companion to the Almanack + Theatres +Content, Lines on +Convict's Dream, The + in New South Wales +Cook and the Cranes +Cookery and Confectionery +Cornwall Terrace, Regent's Park +Cottage Gardens +Cotton Spinning +Covent Garden Market +Country Character +Cowes Regatta described +Creating Wants +Crime in Paris +Crosses, Ancient, in England +Crusades, Epitome of +Crushing to Death, Legal +Cuccu, The, Old Song +Cumberland Landlord, The + Terrace, Regent's Park +Curaçoa, To make +Curious Extracts +Currants, To Preserve +Dancing, Old + Lines on +Daubenton, Death of +Dauphin of France +Davy, Sir Humphry, Death of +Days Departed, a Poem +Dead, Tributes to the +Deathwatch Magnified +Denmark, Education in +Derby and Nottingham +Dinner and Tea Table +Diorama, Regent's Park +Discovery, Expeditions of +Dorchester Church +Douglas, Tragedy of +Dreams, Lines on +Drinking, Hints on +Drunken Frolic +Dutch Language + Tale +Ear, The Human +Eating, Hints on +Eggs, To Preserve +Egyptian MS. discovered +El Borracho, a Spanish Sketch +Electricity on Animals +Elm, the Witch +Elephant Hunt in India + Skeleton + Public-house, Fenchurch-st. +Emigration to America + Swan River +Encyclopaedias, German +England and her Colonies +Epicures, English and Foreign +Epsom New Race Stand +Erie, Lake, described +Eskdale Anecdote +European Manufactures consumed in South America +Exeter 'Change, Old +Falkirk described +Falling Stones, Phenomena of +Famine in England +Farriery, Ancient, Lines on +Fashions, English +Fashion, Great World of +Field of Forty Steps +Fight in a Church +Figs +Fir Tree, Immense +First and Last Appearance + Crime +First Love, a Sketch +Fitzmaurice, the Magician +Five Nights of St. Albans +Flowers on the Alps +Flute-Playing, Lindsay on +Fontainbleau, Royal Hunt at +Foote, Miss, Lines on +Forget-Me-Not, Lines on +Fortune Playhouse described +Fossil Fish + Remains, Gigantic +Fountain, a Ballad +France, Road-Book of +Fraud, Lines on +Freezing Mixture +French Authors, Anecdotes of + Carpet + Country Life + English + Pigs + Theatres +Frogs, To tell the Weather by +Frosts, Hard in England +Fruit, Ripening +Fulminating Powder, To make +Funeral Rites of the Greeks +Gaming in S. America +Gardens, Gleanings on +Gay Widow, a Sketch +Geneva, City of +Genii, Light and Dark +Gentlemen's Fashions +Geological Changes +Geology, Conversations on +German Life + Schools + Students +Gibeon, Battle of +Gipsy's Malison +Glancin E'e +Glow-worm, The +Gold Size, To make +Good Deeds, Lines on +Good and Evil Days +Gower, the Poet, his Tomb +Grammatical Learning +Gravitation, Novel Theory of +Great Seal of England +Gresham College +Grove House, Regent's Park +Growth of Trees and Animals +Gude News +Guy's Cliff, Description of +H., Lines on the Letter +Halcyon, The +Handel, Anecdote of +Hanover Lodge, Regent's Park +Haro, or Harol, Power of +Harrow School, Description of +Hatching Birds +Heaven, Lines on +Hebrew Melodies +Hertford, (Marquess) his Villa +Hillah on the Euphrates +Himalaya Mountains +Hirlas Horn, The +Hogarth, Anecdotes of + 's Paintings +Holland House, Kensington +Honest Prejudices +Hood's New Songs +Horsham, Description of +Hudson and his Pigs +Hugonots, The +Humboldt's Journey to Siberia +Hundred Pound Note +Hunted Stag, a Sketch +Hyde Park Entrance +Hydrophobia +Hieroglyphics +Idiot Girl, The, a Sketch +Idler, The +I'll come to your Ball +Image Boy, The +Independence, Irish +India, Voyage to +Indian Claystone + Corn + Mills +Indian Plaster +Insects, Changes of +Instantaneous Lights +Invitations, Various +Iona, Lines on visiting +Irish Deed of Gift + Names made English +Iron Trade, British +Isabella Colour +Italian Improvisatri +Jack of both Sides +Jerusalem, Lines on +John Bullism, Maxims of +John Dory, The +John of Gaunt +Johnson, Dr. +Journey from the Bank to Barnes +Judy, Lines to +Kenilworth, Romance of +King's Evil, Curing the + Speech in + Stag, The +Kirkstall Abbey +Kiss, Lines on +Kissing, Chapter on +Kitchineriana +Konigstein, Great Tun of +La Perouse, Fate of +Lady-Poets of England +Laleham Park +Lawyer, Epitaph on +Lead Miners of Derby +Ledyard to his Mistress +Legal Pearl Divers +Legends of the Lakes of Ireland +Leicester, Derby, and Nottingham +Lilly, the Astrologer +Lime, Effects of +Linlithgow +Loch Katrine + Lomond +London Birds + Improvements + Levels + Lines on Leaving + Lyrics + Old + Stone, Ode to + Reply of +Long Stories +Love, Course of +Lover Student, The +Lower Classes, Education of the +Luxuries, Ancient and Modern +Macclesfield Bridge, Regent's Park +Mahogany Tree +Mahomet's Standard +Man, Lines on +Man-Mountain, The +Marcel, the dancer +March, Story on a +Marlborough, Duke of +Marriage, Lines on +Mars, Mlle. and Napoleon +Matrimonial Advertisement +May Day Custom +Mekka, Description of +Melting Subject +Memento Mori +Mercy and Justice, Lines on +Mexico, or New Spain +Microscopic Examination of the Blood +Mines of Hayna, Discovery of + Mexico +Mock Suns +Moliere, Anecdotes of +Monkey, Anecdotes of +Moore, the poet +Morning Star, Lines to +Morse, or Sea-horse +Mount Arafat and Mekka +Mug-house Club, Long Acre +Murder-Hole, a Legend +Murderer's Last Night +Mushrooms, Wholesomeness of +Mutton cold, Eating +Mutton Hams +Mexican Navy +Monumental Alteration +Nancy Dawson +Napoleon, Anecdotes of + young, Anecdotes of +National Debt, Plans to pay +Navarino, Battle of +Neck, Tradition of the +New South Wales, Population of +New Year's Custom +Newton, Sir Isaac +Noses, Chapter of +Nostalagia, or Calenture +Oak, Beauty of the +Ode from the Persian +Ohio, Scenery of the +Old Rose and burn the bellows +Old Mansions +Oratorios +Oratory, British +Ornithology, Mr. Jennings on +O'Sullivan's Punch Bowl +Ossian's Hall +Othello, Performance of +Otway's Plays +Painting, Moral effects of +Palermo, Party at +Paper linen, Manufactory of +Park, Mungo, Fate of +Parliaments, Epitome of +Parr, Dr., Anecdotes of +Peg Tankards +Pendrils, Family of +Persia, Royal life in +Persian Cavalier +Petrifaction Manufactory +Planting, Notes on +Pocket Books, Useful +Poesy, The dream of +Poetical Will +Polishing Stones +Pompeii, Recent visit to +Posture-masters, Ancient +Potato Chestnuts + Growth of +Practice of Cookery +Pre-aux-clercs at Paris +Public Improvements +Punch, Anecdote of +Puns and Conundrums +Pyrometer, New +Pyrothonide +Quarterly Review, Notes from +Quartre Bras, Battle of +Queen of Portugal +Rank and Talent, a novel +Regal Tablet +Residence, Choice of a +Rest, Lines on +Retentive Memory +Riches, Lines on +River Melodies +Roads of England +Robin Hood's Grave +Robinson Crusoe's Island +Roman Altar, Description of +Rome, Effect of, on the traveller +Rooks +Roses, Culture of +Rover, dog, Anecdotes of +Roué's interpretation of death +Royal Academy Exhibition +Rugby School described +Rupert's, Prince, Palace, Barbican +Russian Botanical Garden +Russian Navy, The +Sabbath, The +Sacred Poetry +St. Christopher's, Island of +St. Paul's Cathedral +Sanctuaries, Ancient +Sarcophagus, Lines on +Sawston Hall described +Schinderhannes, the German robber +School and College +Scotch Marriages +Scottish Inns +Scotland, Road-book of +Scott, Sir Walter, Portrait of +Screws and Screw Presses +Seal's Wedding +Sensitive Plant, The +Shakspeare, a fragment +Shaving in Churchyards +Sherwood and Robin Hood +Shrubs, Transplantation of +Sight, Lines on +Silk Trade +Sleeping Girl, The +Slugs, To destroy +Sneezing among the Ancients +Snow magnified +Snow, a long one +Snow-woman's Story +Soliman the Great +Solitariness, Lines on +Somerset House, Old +Song +Songs for children +Sorrows of Rosalie, a poem +South American Manners +Spiders, Gossamer threads of +Spittlefields in former days +Spots on the sun +Spoons, Antiquity of +Springs, Temperature of +Stage, The modern +Stanging custom +Stealing a Sheet +Stroll, near London +Sugar made from Rags +Superstition +Sussex Place, Regent's Park +Swan River Colony, Described +Swearing by proxy +Tailors, On +Talipot Tree +Tanning, New process of +Tea-drinking +Temperance, Lines on +Theatres, ancient and modern + Fire in + Royal visits to +Theatrical bill of 1511 +Thorwaldsen, The sculptor +Throwing stones at the devil +Tigers, To catch +Timber Trees, Description of +Tim Marcks and the Walking Scull +Times Newspaper +Travelling, Expeditious +Travelling on the Continent +Trial by Jury +Truth, a fable +Turkish Prophecy +Twenty-eight & Twenty-nine, years +University, in Yorkshire +Valdemaro, Vision of +Valentine's Day +Van Diemen's Land, Aborigines of +Vary weel while it lasts +Vegetables, To make tender +Vicar, the, Lines on +Vidocq, the French policeman +Village Funeral +Villas in the Regent's Park +Vine, The, from the German +Violets, Complaint of +Wanderer, Recollections of +War, Miseries of +Warwick Castle, Description of +Waste lands, Cultivation of +Watch, Mechanism of +Watering-place arrivals +Water bewitched +Waterloo, Battle of described +Waverley Novels +Whigs and Tories +Whitehall, Description of +Whitsun Ale +Windsor as it was +Witnesses on trials +Woman +Wonders of Art +Wreck, The, a sketch +Yew-tree, The +York Minster, Fire in +York Terrace, Regent's Park +Zoological Society, Report of + + + + + +End of the Project 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