diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'old')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/12017-8.txt | 1702 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/12017-8.zip | bin | 0 -> 29134 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/12017-h.zip | bin | 0 -> 540360 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/12017-h/12017-h.htm | 1859 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/12017-h/images/378-001.jpg | bin | 0 -> 525064 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/12017.txt | 1702 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/12017.zip | bin | 0 -> 29113 bytes |
7 files changed, 5263 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/old/12017-8.txt b/old/12017-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..823eaf9 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/12017-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1702 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and +Instruction--Volume 13, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction--Volume 13 + Index to Vol. 13 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: April 14, 2004 [EBook #12017] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Allen Siddle, and the Online Distributed +Proofreaders Team + + + + + +[Illustration: PORTRAIT of the late SIR HUMPHRY DAVY, Bart.] + + * * * * * + +THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION: + +CONTAINING + +ORIGINAL ESSAYS; HISTORICAL NARRATIVES; BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS; +SKETCHES OF SOCIETY; TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTIONS; +NOVELS AND TALES; ANECDOTES; + + +SELECT EXTRACTS + +FROM + +NEW AND EXPENSIVE WORKS; +_POETRY, ORIGINAL AND SELECTED:_ +THE SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS; +DISCOVERIES IN THE ARTS AND SCIENCES; +_USEFUL DOMESTIC HINTS;_ + +&c. &c. &c. + + + * * * * * + +VOL. XIII. + + * * * * * + + +LONDON +PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY J. LIMBIRD, 143, STRAND. +_(Near Somerset House.)_ + +1829 + + + * * * * * + +PREFACE. + + * * * * * + +We begin to think that a long Preface in this season of _ennui_ would be +almost as tiresome as tragedy in warm weather, and much more so than the +trite three-line Prologue in Hamlet. Our materials are collected from all +quarters, with but little of our own; so that we might praise all the +authors without the charge of uncommon vanity; but panegyric savours much +of the poppy, and we must use it accordingly. + +Our thanks are first due to such Subscribers as have, by personal +observation and research, enabled us to throw a light on certain obsolete +customs or portions of our domestic history; for these contributions form +a prominent feature of the Correspondence of THE MIRROR; it being our +object, in this department, to gather facts rather than to draw only upon +the invention of our friends. In support of this system we could select +many specimens from the Correspondence of the present volume, the +interest of which is, we hope, be equal to any of its predecessors. + +The _Selector_ will be found to contain many valuable extracts from New +and Costly Works, in almost every class of literature; and the piquancy +of the _Notes of a Reader_ may be turned to as a convenient little +treasury, into which readers of all tastes may dip with pleasure and +advantage. + +The _Sketch Book_ contains rather an unusual number of Narratives, some +of them of extraordinary interest, and written in the best style of the +best authors. + +The _Spirit of Discovery_ will be considered characteristic of our times, +by illustrating the real economy of science in its application to the +conveniences of every-day life. As a collateral branch of this division +is _The Naturalist,_ under which head we have endeavoured to identify THE +MIRROR with Zoology, as one of the most popular studies of the day. + +The _Spirit of the Public Journals_ breathes not a few of the sweetest +and most recent poetical compositions from the pens of celebrated authors, +some of whose names are passports to high excellence. + +The _Engravings_ have, probably, been criticised upon first impression; +so that we can only hope they have merited the applause of our +Subscribers. We may be permitted to remark that some of the illustrations +relate to scenes and subjects of no ordinary attraction in Antiquarian +Remains, and Architectural Improvements of yesterday; a few of these have +been executed at a considerable cost to the Proprietor; for which extra +exertion he has been more than requited by the increased demand. + +Several current _Novelties_ will be found described at length in this +volume--as the circumstantial and accurate accounts of the Colosseum--and +the New Swan River Settlement, the last of which is illustrated with an +Engraved Chart. + +Strenuous as have been our exertions for past patronage, we shall not +relax in the ensuing volume. An entirely new Type has been prepared for +this purpose, and we feel confident that we shall be enabled to keep pace +with the increased typographical beauty of the MIRROR, as well as with +the improved spirit of its Engravings. + +June 27, 1829. + + + + + * * * * * + + +LIST OF ENGRAVINGS. + + +VOL. XIII. + + +_PORTRAIT of the late SIR HUMPHRY DAVY, Bart._ + + +Bruce Castle, Tottenham. + +Old Elephant, Fenchurch Street. + +Macclesfield Bridge, Regent's Park. + +Rupert's Palace, Barbican. + +Hanover Lodge, Regent's Park. + +Grove House, ditto. + +Colosseum, Exterior, ditto. + +Marquess of Hertford's Villa, ditto. + +Doric Villa, ditto. + +Colosseum, Interior, ditto. + +Kirkstall Abbey. + +Warwick Castle. + +Old Covent Garden Market. + +York Terrace, Regent's Park. + +Snow Flakes, Magnified. + +Rugby School. + +Miners of Derbyshire. + +Fortune Playhouse, Barbican. + +Epsom New Race Stand. + +Old Charing Cross. + +Exeter 'Change, Strand. + +Hyde Park Grand Entrance. + +Talipot Tree. + +Glowworm. + +Deathwatch, Magnified. + +Chester Terrace, Regent's Park. + +Guy's Cliff. + +Roman Altar. + +Gower's Tomb. + +Hirlas Horn. + +Old Somerset House. + +Harrow School. + +Sussex Place, Regent's Park. + +Clarendon House, Piccadilly. + +Relic of John Buryan. + +Cornwall Terrace, Regent's Park. + +Chart of the Swan River Settlement. + +Laleham Park, the Residence of the Young Queen of Portugal. + +Holland House, Kensington. + +Cumberland Terrace, Regent's Park. + +Residence of T. Campbell, Esq. + +Labyrinth at Versailles. + + + + * * * * * + + +MEMOIR OF SIR HUMPHRY DAVY, BART. + + +The present may be regarded as a chemical age; for so extensive, rapid, +and important have been the late acquisitions in the science of chemistry, +that we may almost claim it as the exclusive discovery of our own times. +The popularity and high estimation in which it is held may be ascribed to +three causes: 1. The satisfaction which is afforded by its results. +2. Its utility in all the arts of life. 3. The little previous +preparation which an entrance on its study requires. To these may be +added, the new interest conferred upon the science by the discoveries of +Black, Priestly, and Lavoisier, which had already introduced into +chemical science the long-neglected requisites of close investigation and +logical deduction; but it was reserved for Sir HUMPHRY DAVY to +demonstrate the vast superiority of modern principles, by the most +brilliant career of discovery, which, since the days of Newton, have +graced the annals of science. + +Sir Humphry Davy was born December 17, 1779, at Penzance, in Cornwall. +His family was ancient, and above the middle class; his paternal great +grandfather had considerable landed property in the parish of Budgwin, +and his father possessed a small paternal estate opposite St. Michael's +Mount, called Farfal, on which he died in 1795, after having injured his +fortune by expending considerable sums in attempting agricultural +improvements. Sir Humphry received the first rudiments of his education +at the grammar-schools of Penzance and Truro: at the former place, he +resided with Mr. John Tomkin, surgeon, a benevolent and intelligent man, +who had been intimately connected with his maternal grandfather, and +treated him with a degree of kindness little less than paternal. His +genius was originally inclined to poetry; and there are many natives of +Penzance who remember his poems and verses, written at the early age of +nine years. He cultivated this bias till his fifteenth year, when he +became the pupil of Mr. (since Dr.) Borlase, of Penzance, an ingenious +surgeon, intending to prepare himself for graduating as a physician at +Edinburgh. As a proof of his uncommon mind, at this early age, it is +worthy of mention, that Mr. Davy laid down for himself a plan of +education, which embraced the circle of the sciences. By his eighteenth +year he had acquired the rudiments of botany, anatomy, and physiology, +the simpler mathematics, metaphysics, natural philosophy, and chemistry. +But chemistry soon arrested his whole attention. Having made some +experiments on the air disengaged by sea-weeds from the water of the +ocean, which convinced him that these vegetables performed the same part +in purifying the air dissolved in water which land-vegetables act in the +atmosphere; he communicated them to Dr. Beddoes, who had at that time +circulated proposals for publishing a journal of philosophical +contributions from the West of England. This produced a correspondence +between Dr. Beddoes and Mr. Davy, in which the Doctor proposed, that +Mr. Davy, who was at this time only nineteen years of age, should suspend +his plan of going to Edinburgh, and take a part in experiments which were +then about to be instituted at Bristol, for investigating the medical +powers of factitious airs; to this proposal Mr. Davy consented, on +condition that he should have the uncontrolled superintendence of the +expements. About this time he became acquainted with Davies Gilbert, Esq. +M.P. a gentleman of high scientific attainments, (now President of the +Royal Society), with whom he formed a friendship which has always +continued; and to Mr. Gilbert's judicious advice may be attributed +Mr. Davy's adoption of and perseverance in the study of chemistry. With +Dr. Beddoes, Mr. Davy resided for a considerable time, and was constantly +occupied in new chemical investigations. Here, he discovered the +respirability of nitrous oxide, and made a number of laborious +experiments on gaseous bodies, which he afterwards published in +"Researches Chemical and Philosophical," a work that was universally well +received by the chemical world, and created a high reputation for its +author, at that time only twenty-one years of age. This led to his +introduction to Count Rumford, and to his being elected Professor of +Chemistry to the Royal Institution in Albemarle-street. On obtaining this +appointment Mr. Davy gave up all his views of the medical profession, and +devoted himself entirely to chemistry. + +Mr. Davy's first experiments as Professor of Chemistry in the Royal +Institution, were made on the substance employed in the process of +tanning, with others to which similar properties were ascribed, in +consequence of the discovery made by M. Seguier, of Paris, of the +peculiar vegetable matter, now called tannin. He was, during the same +period, frequently occupied in experiments on galvanism. + +To the agriculturist, chemistry is of the first consideration. The +dependence of agriculture upon chemical causes had been previously +noticed, but it was first completely demonstrated in a course of lectures +before the Board of Agriculture, which Mr. Davy commenced in the year +1802, and continued for ten years. This series of lectures contained much +popular and practical information, and belongs to the most useful of Mr. +Davy's scientific labours; for the application of chemistry to +agriculture is one of its most important results; and so rapid were the +discoveries of the author, that in preparing these discourses for +publication, a few years afterwards, he was under the necessity of making +several alterations, to adapt them to the improved state of chemical +knowledge, which his own labours had, in that short time, produced. + +In 1803, he was chosen a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1805, a +member of the Royal Irish Academy. He now enjoyed the friendship of most +of the distinguished literary men and philosophers of the metropolis, and +enumerated among his intimate friends, Sir Joseph Banks, Cavendish, +Hatchett, Wollaston, Children, Tennant, and other eminent men. At the +same time he corresponded with the principal chemists of every part of +Europe. In 1806, he was appointed to deliver, before the Royal Society, +the Bakerian lecture, in which he displayed some very interesting new +agencies of electricity, by means of the celebrated galvanic apparatus.[1] +Soon afterwards, he made one of the most brilliant discoveries of modern +times, in the decomposition of two fixed alkalies, which, in direct +refutation of the hypothesis previously adopted, were found to consist of +a peculiar metallic base united with a large quantity of oxygen. These +alkalies were potash and soda, and the metals thus discovered were called +potassium and sodium, Mr. Davy was equally successful in the application +of galvanism to the decomposition of the earths. About this time he +became Secretary of the Royal Society. In 1808, Mr. Davy received a prize +from the French Institute. During the greater part of 1810, he was +employed on the combinations of oxymuriatic gas and oxygen; and towards +the close of the same year, he delivered a course of lectures before the +Dublin Society, and received from Trinity College, Dublin, the honorary +degree of LL. D. + +In the year 1812, Mr. Davy married his amiable lady, then Mrs. Apreece, +widow of Shuckburgh Ashby Apreece, Esq. and daughter and heiress of the +late Charles Kerr, of Kelso, Esq. By his union with this lady, Mr. Davy +acquired not only a considerable fortune, but the inestimable treasure of +an affectionate and exemplary wife, and a congenial friend and companion, +capable of appreciating his character and attainments. A few days +previously to his marriage, he received the honour of knighthood from his +Majesty, then Prince Regent, being the first person on whom he conferred +that dignity. + +We now arrive at the most important result of Sir Humphry Davy's labours, +viz. the invention of the SAFETY-LAMP for coal mines, which has been +generally and successfully adopted throughout Europe. This invention has +been the means of preserving many valuable lives, and preventing horrible +mutilations, more terrible even than death; and were this Sir Humphry +Davy's only invention, it would secure him an immortality in the annals +of civilization and science. The general principle of this discovery may +be described as follows: + +"The frequency of accidents, arising from the explosion of the fire-damp, +or inflammable gas of the coal mines, mixed with atmospherical air, +occasioned the formation of a committee at Sunderland, for the purpose of +investigating the causes of these calamities, and of endeavouring to +discover and apply a preventive. Sir Humphry received an invitation, in +1815, from Dr. Gray, one of the members of the committee; in consequence +of which he went to the North of England, and visiting some of the +principal collieries in the neighbourhood of Newcastle, soon convinced +himself that no improvement could be made in the mode of ventilation, but +that the desired preventive must be sought in a new method of lighting +the mines, free from danger, and which, by indicating the state of the +air in the part of the mine where inflammable air was disengaged, so as +to render the atmosphere explosive, should oblige the miners to retire +till the workings were properly cleared. The common means then employed +for lighting the dangerous part of the mines consisted of a steel wheel +revolving in contact with flint, and affording a succession of sparks: +but this apparatus always required a person to work it, and was not +entirely free from danger. The fire-damp was known to be light +carburetted hydrogen gas; but its relations to combustion had not been +examined. It is chiefly produced from what are called blowers or fissures +in the broken strata, near dykes. Sir Humphry made various experiments on +its combustibility and explosive nature; and discovered, that the +fire-damp requires a very strong heat for its inflammation; that azote and +carbonic acid, even in very small proportions, diminished the velocity of +the inflammation; that mixtures of the gas would not explode in metallic +canals or troughs, where their diameter was less than one-seventh of an +inch, and their depth considerable in proportion to their diameter; and +that explosions could not be made to pass through such canals, or through +very fine wire sieves, or wire gauze. The consideration of these facts +led Sir Humphry to adopt a lamp, in which the flame, by being supplied +with only a limited quantity of air should produce such a quantity of +azote and carbonic acid as to prevent the explosion of the fire-damp, and +which, by the nature of its apertures for giving admittance and egress to +the air, should be rendered incapable of communicating any explosion to +the external air. These requisites were found to be afforded by air-tight +lanterns, of various constructions, supplied with air from tubes or +canals of small diameter, or from apertures covered with wire-gauze, +placed below the flame, through which explosions cannot be communicated; +and having a chimney at the upper part, for carrying off the foul air. +Sir Humphry soon afterwards found that a constant flame might be kept up +from the explosive mixture issuing from the apertures of a wire-gauze +sieve. He introduced a very small lamp in a cylinder, made of wire-gauze, +having six thousand four hundred apertures in the square inch. He closed +all apertures except those of the gauze, and introduced the lamp, burning +brightly within the cylinder, into a large jar, containing several quarts +of the most explosive mixture of gas from the distillation of coal and +air; the flame of the wick immediately disappeared, or rather was lost, +for the whole of the interior of the cylinder became filled with a feeble +but steady flame of a green colour, which burnt for some minutes, till it +had entirely destroyed the explosive power of the atmosphere. This +discovery led to a most important improvement in the lamp, divested the +fire-damp of all its terrors, and applied its powers, formerly so +destructive, to the production of a useful light. Some minor +improvements, originating in Sir Humphry's researches into the nature of +flame, were afterwards effected. Experiments of the most satisfactory +nature were speedily made, and the invention was soon generally adopted. +Some attempts were made to dispute the honour of this discovery with its +author, but his claims were confirmed by the investigations of the first +philosophers of the age."[2]--The coal owners of the Tyne and Wear +evinced their sense of the benefits resulting from this invention, by +presenting Sir Humphry with a handsome service of plate worth nearly two +thousand pounds, at a public dinner at Newcastle, October 11, 1817. + +In 1813, Sir Humphry was elected a corresponding member of the Institute +of France, and vice-president of the Royal Institution; in 1817, one of +the eight associates of the Royal Academy; in 1818 created a baronet, and +during the last ten years he has been elected a member of most of the +learned bodies of Europe. + +We could occupy many pages with the interesting details of Sir Humphry +Davy's travels in different parts of Europe for scientific purposes, +particularly to investigate the causes of volcanic phenomena, to instruct +the miners of the coal districts in the application of his safety-lamp, +and to examine the state of the Herculaneum manuscripts and to illustrate +the remains of the chemical arts of the ancients. He analyzed the colours +used in painting by the ancient Greek and Roman artists. His experiments +were chiefly made on the paintings in the baths of Titus, the ruins +called the baths of Livia, in the remains of other palaces and baths of +ancient Rome, and in the ruins of Pompeii. By the kindness of his friend +Canova, who was charged with the care of the works connected with ancient +art in Rome, he was enabled to select with his own hands specimens of the +different pigments, that had been formed in vases discovered in the +excavations, which had been lately made beneath the ruins of the palace +of Titus, and to compare them with the colours fixed on the walls, or +detached in fragments of stucco. The results of all these researches were +published in the Transactions of the Royal Society for 1815, and are +extremely interesting. The concluding observations, in which he impresses +on artists the superior importance of permanency to brilliancy in the +colours used in painting, are especially worthy the attention of artists. +On his examination of the Herculaneum manuscripts, at Naples, in 1818-19, +he was of opinion they had not been acted upon by fire, so as to be +completely carbonized, but that their leaves were cemented together by a +substance formed during the fermentation and chemical change of ages. He +invented a composition for the solution of this substance, but he could +not discover more than 100 out of 1,265 manuscripts, which presented any +probability of success. + +Sir Humphry returned to England in 1820, and in the same year his +respected friend, Sir Joseph Banks, President of the Royal Society, died. +Several discussions took place respecting a proper successor, when +individuals of high and even very exalted rank were named as candidates. +But science, very properly in this case, superseded rank. Amongst the +philosophers whose labours had enriched the Transactions of the Royal +Society, two were most generally adverted to, Sir Humphry Davy and Dr. +Wollaston; but Dr. Wollaston very modestly declined being a candidate +after his friend had been nominated, and received from the council of the +Society the unanimous compliment of being placed in the chair of the +Royal Society, till the election by the body in November.[3] A trifling +opposition was made to Sir Humphry Davy's election, by some unknown +persons, who proposed Lord Colchester, but Sir Humphry was placed in the +chair by a majority of 200 to 13. For this honour no one could be more +completely qualified. Sir Humphry retained his seat as President till the +year 1827, when, in consequence of procrastinated ill health, in great +measure brought on by injuries occasioned to his constitution by +scientific experiments, he was induced, by medical advice, to retire to +the continent. He accordingly resigned his seat as President of the Royal +Society, the chair being filled, _pro tem_, by Davies Gilbert, Esq. who, +at the Anniversary Meeting, Nov. 30, 1827, was unanimously elected +President. + +Since his retirement, Sir Humphry Davy resided principally at Rome, where +a short time ago he had an alarming attack of a paralytic nature, but +from which he was apparently, though slowly, recovering. Lady Davy, who +had been detained in England by her own ill health, joined Sir Humphry, +at Rome, on hearing of his alarming state. Thence he travelled by easy +stages to Geneva, without feeling any particular inconvenience, and +without any circumstances which denoted the approach of dissolution: but +on Friday, May 29, 1829, the illustrious philosopher closed his mortal +career, in the fifty-first year of his age, having only reached Geneva on +the day previous. Lady Davy had the gratification of contributing, by +her soothing care, to the comfort of his last days during their stay in +Italy, and on their journey to Geneva, where they intended to pass the +summer, and hoped to have derived benefit from the eminent practitioners +of that city. Sir Humphry had also been joined by his brother, Dr. John +Davy, physician to the forces in Malta, whence he came on receiving the +intelligence of his brother's danger. But all human art and skill were +of no avail. The last and fatal attack took place at half-past two on +Friday morning, and the pulse ceased to beat shortly after. The event was +no sooner known, than the afflicted widow received the condolence and +affectionate offer of services from the most distinguished individuals of +Geneva; amongst whom we must mention M. A. de Condolle, the eminent +botanist, and M. Sismondi, the historian, both equally beloved for their +amiable character, as illustrious throughout Europe for their works. M. +de Condolle obligingly took charge of all the details of the interment of +his illustrious colleague; and the governor of the Canton, the Academy of +Geneva, the Consistory of the Geneva Church, the Society of Arts and of +Natural Philosophy and History, together with nearly all the English +resident there, accompanied the remains to the burial-ground, where the +English service was performed by the Rev. Mr. John Magers of Queen's +College, and the Rev. Mr. Burgess. The members of the Academy, in the +absence of any relation of the deceased, took their place in the funeral +procession; and the invitations to the syndicate, and to the learned +bodies who accompanied it, were made by that body in the same character. +The whole was conducted with much appropriate order and decency, and +whilst every attention and respect were paid to the memory of the +deceased, nothing was attempted beyond the unostentatious simplicity +which the deceased had frequently declared to be his wish, whenever his +mortal remains should be consigned to their last home; and which in +accordance to that wish, had been expressly enjoined to her kind friends +by the afflicted widow. In the procession, which followed the corporate +bodies and the countrymen of the deceased, were many of the most eminent +manufacturers of Geneva, and a large body of mechanics, who were anxious +to pay this tribute of regard and gratitude to one whom they deservedly +looked upon as a great benefactor to the arts, and promoter of sciences, +by the application of which they earn their livelihood.[4] + +During his retirement on the Continent, Sir Humphry continued to +communicate the splendid results of his labours to the Royal Society, +and at the anniversary meeting of the year 1827, the royal medal was +awarded to him for a series of brilliant discoveries developing the +relation between electricity and chemistry.[5] Upon this interesting +occasion, Mr. Davies Gilbert spoke at some length, commencing as +follows: "It is with feelings most gratifying to myself that I now +approach to the award of a royal medal to Sir Humphry Davy; and I esteem +it a most fortunate occurrence, that this award should have taken place +during the short period of my having to discharge the duties attached to +the office of president; having witnessed the whole progress of Sir +Humphry Davy's advancement in science and in reputation, from his first +attempts in his native town to vary some of Dr. Priestly's experiments +on the extraction of oxygen from marine vegetables to the point of +eminence which we all know him to have reached. It is not necessary for +me more than to advert to his discovery of nitrous oxyde; to his +investigation of the action of light on gases; on the nature of heat; to +his successful discrimination of proximate vegetable elements; nor to +his most scientific, ingenious, and useful invention, the +safety-lamp,--an invention reasoned out from its principles, with all +the accuracy and precision of mathematical deduction." + +The course of Sir Humphry Davy to the highest rank as a chemical +philosopher, was, after his appointment at the Royal Institution, rapid +and brilliant; and if he was previously aided by as few of the advantages +of fortune as any man living, he had then at his disposal whatever his +industry and talents chose to command. We have given but a hasty outline +of his labours; but it is possible that he may have left behind him much, +not yet made public, for which, science will be still further indebted to +him. His works, papers, and letters are numerous, and the greatest +portion of them are contained in the Transactions of the Royal Society. +One of the most popular and interesting of his recent papers is that on +the _Phenomena of Volcanoes_. This contains a series of investigations of +Vesuvius, made by the author during a residence at Naples in 1819-20, and +bearing upon a previous hypothesis, "that metals of the alkalies and +earth might exist in the interior of the globe, and on being exposed to +the action of air and water, give rise to volcanic fires, and to the +production of lavas, by the slow cooling of which basaltic and other +crystalline rocks might subsequently be formed." We have not space for +the details of these investigations, interesting as they would prove to +an unscientific reader; but we give an abstract of the result of Sir +Humphry's observations: + +"The phenomena observed by the author afforded a sufficient refutation of +all the ancient hypotheses, in which volcanic fires were ascribed to such +chemical causes as the combustion of mineral coal, or the action of +sulphur upon iron; and are perfectly consistent with the supposition of +their depending upon the oxidation of the metals of the earths upon an +extensive scale, in immense subterranean cavities, to which water or +atmospheric air may occasionally have access. The subterranean thunder +heard at great distances under Vesuvius, prior to an eruption, indicates +the vast extent of these cavities; and the existence of a subterranean +communication between the Solfattara and Vesuvius, is established by the +fact that whenever the latter is in an active state, the former is +comparatively tranquil. In confirmation of these views, the author +remarks, that almost all the volcanoes of considerable magnitude in the +old world, are in the vicinity of the sea; and in those where the sea is +more distant, as in the volcanoes of South America, the water may be +supplied from great subterranean lakes; for Humboldt states that some of +them throw up quantities of fish. The author acknowledges, however, that +the hypothesis of the nucleus of the globe being composed of matter +liquefied by heat, offers a still more simple solution of the phenomena +of volcanic fires."[6] + +We have hitherto spoken of Sir Humphry Davy as a philosopher. He was, +however, in every respect, an accomplished scholar, and was well +acquainted with foreign languages. He always retained a strong taste for +literary pleasures; and when his continued illness retarded his +scientific pursuits, he made literature his recreation. In this manner he +wrote _Salmonia: or Days of Fly-fishing_, in a series of conversations, +we gather from the Preface:--"These pages formed the occupation of the +Author during several months of severe and dangerous illness, when he was +wholly incapable of attending to more useful studies, or of following +more serious pursuits. They formed his amusement in many hours, which +otherwise would have been unoccupied and tedious." "The conversational +and discursive style were chosen as best suited to the state of the +health of the author, who was incapable of considerable efforts and long +continued exertion." The volume is dedicated to Dr. Babington, "in +remembrance of some delightful days passed in his society, and in +gratitude for an uninterrupted friendship of quarter of a century:" and +the likeness of one of the characters in the conversations to that +estimable physician abovenamed, has been considered well drawn, and +easily recognisable by those who enjoy his acquaintance. + +The philosophical works of Sir Humphry Davy are written in a clear and +perspicuous style, by which means he has contributed more to the +diffusion of scientific knowledge than any other writer of his time. His +three principal works, "Chemical and Philosophical Researches," "Elements +of Chemical Philosophy," and "Elements of Agricultural Chemistry," are in +a popular and familiar style, and the two last are excellently adapted +for elementary study. His numerous pamphlets and contributions to the +Transactions of the Royal Society have the same rare merit of conveying +experimental knowledge in the most attractive form, and thus reducing +abstract theory to the practice and purposes of life and society. The +results of his investigations and experiments were not therefore pent up +in the laboratory or lecture-room where they were made, but by this +valuable mode of communication, they have realized what ought to be the +highest aim of science,--the improvement of the condition and comforts of +every class of his fellow-creatures. Thus, beautiful theories were +illustrated by inventions of immediate utility, as in the safety-lamp for +mitigating the dangers to which miners are exposed in their labours, and +the application of a newly-discovered principle in preserving the life of +the adventurous mariner. Yet splendid as were Sir Humphry's talents, and +important as have been their application, he received the honours and +homage of the scientific world with that becoming modesty which +universally characterizes great genius. + +Apart from the scientific value of Sir Humphry's labours and researches, +they are pervaded by a tone and temper, and an enthusiastic love of +nature which are as admirably expressed as their influence is excellent. +In proof of this feeling we could almost from memory, quote many +passages from his works. Thus, speaking of the divine _Study of Nature_, +he has the following reflective truths:--"If we look with wonder upon +the great remains of human works, such as the columns of Palmyra, broken +in the midst of the desert, the temples of Paestum, beautiful in the +decay of twenty centuries, or the mutilated fragments of Greek sculpture +in the Acropolis of Athens, or in our own Museum, as proofs of the +genius of artists, and power and riches of nations now past away; with +how much deeper feeling of admiration must we consider those grand +monuments of Nature, which mark the revolutions of the globe; continents +broken into islands; one land produced, another destroyed; the bottom of +the ocean become a fertile soil; whole races of animals extinct; and the +bones and exuviae of one class, covered with the remains of another, and +upon the graves of past generations--the marble or rocky tomb, as it +were, of a former animated world--new generations rising, and order and +harmony established, and a system of life and beauty produced, as it +were out of chaos and death; proving the infinite power, wisdom, and +goodness, of the GREAT CAUSE OF ALL BEING!" Here we cannot trace any +co-mixture of science and scepticism, and in vain shall we look for the +spawn of infidel doctrine. The same excellent feeling breathes +throughout _Salmonia_, one of the most delightful labours of leisure we +have ever seen. Not a few of the most beautiful phenomena of Nature are +here lucidly explained, yet the pages have none of the varnish of +philosophical unbelief or finite reasoning. "In my opinion," says one of +the characters in the Dialogue, (to be identified as the author,) +"profound minds are the most likely to think lightly of the resources of +human reason; and it is the pert superficial thinker who is generally +strongest in every kind of unbelief. The deep philosopher sees changes +of causes and effects, so wonderfully and strangely linked together, +that he is usually the last person to decide upon the impossibility of +any two series of events being independent of each other; and in +science, so many natural miracles, as it were, have been brought to +light,--such as the fall of stones from meteors in the atmosphere, the +disarming a thundercloud by a metallic point, the production of fire +from ice by a metal white as silver, and referring certain laws of +motions of the sea to the moon,--that the physical inquirer is seldom +disposed to assert, confidently, on any abstruse subjects belonging to +the order of natural things, and still less so on those relating to the +more mysterious relations of moral events and intellectual natures."[7] + +Many other passages in _Salmonia_ gush forth with great force and beauty, +and sometimes soar into sublime truths. Thus says the eloquent author: + +"A full and clear river is, in my opinion, the most poetical object in +nature. Pliny has, as well as I recollect, compared a river to human life. +I have never read the passage in his works, but I have been a hundred +times struck with the analogy, particularly amidst mountain scenery. The +river, small and clear in its origin, gushes forth from rocks, falls into +deep glens, and wantons and meanders through a wild and picturesque +country, nourishing only the uncultivated tree or flower by its dew or +spray. In this, its state of infancy and youth, it may be compared to the +human mind in which fancy and strength of imagination are predominant--it +is more beautiful than useful. When the different rills or torrents join, +and descend into the plain, it becomes slow and stately in its motions; +it is applied to move machinery, to irrigate meadows, and to bear upon +its bosom the stately barge;--in this mature state, it is deep, strong, +and useful. As it flows on towards the sea, it loses its force and its +motion, and at last, as it were, becomes lost and mingled with the mighty +abyss of waters." + +"I envy no quality of the mind or intellect in others; not genius, power, +wit, or fancy: but if I could choose what would be most delightful, and I +believe most useful to me, I should prefer a firm religious belief to +every other blessing; for it makes life a discipline of goodness--creates +new hopes, when all earthly hopes vanish; and throws over the decay, the +destruction of existence, the most gorgeous of all lights; awakens life +even in death, and from corruption and decay calls up beauty and divinity: +makes an instrument of torture and of shame the ladder of ascent to +paradise; and, far above all combinations of earthly hopes, calls up the +most delightful visions of palms and amaranths, the gardens of the blest, +the security of everlasting joys, where the sensualist and the sceptic +view only gloom, decay, annihilation, and despair!" + +Few of those whose fame and fortune are their own creation, enjoy, as did +Sir Humphry Davy, in the meridian of life, the enviable consciousness of +general esteem and respect, and the certainty of a distinguished place in +history, among the illustrious names of their country. "A great light has +gone out,"--short but brilliant has been his career; yet let us hope he +has but exchanged his worldly fame for unearthly immortality, to shine +amidst the never-dying lights of true glory. + + +[1] This apparatus is of immense power, and consists of 200 + separate parts, each part composed of ten double plates, and each + plate containing 32 square inches. The whole number of double plates + is 2,000, and the whole surface 126,000 square inches. + +[2] Memoir--New Monthly Magazine, Vol. I. Mr. Dillon has lately invented + an _Improved Safety Lamp_, an Engraving of which will be found at + page 137, Vol. XII. of the MIRROR. + +[3] It deserves notice, that two of the most illustrious philosophers of + our times, Sir H. Davy and Dr. Wollaston, have died within the + present year. + +[4] Extract of a Letter from Geneva, dated June 1, 1829--_Times_. + +[5] These experiments, the last which engaged Sir Humphry Davy's + attention to any extent, were on the application of electrical + combinations, for the purpose of preserving the copper sheathing of + ships' bottoms. To this subject Sir Humphry gave much of his time, + and personally inspected all the boats and vessels on which the + trials were made. Although the theory upon which they were conducted + proved eminently correct, no advantage could be ultimately taken of + the plans which it suggested. The saving of the copper was wholly + counterbalanced by an accumulation of shell-fish and sea-weed on the + sheathing, which became sufficient, in a short time, to prevent the + proper command of the ship at the helm. + +[6] Abridged in the Arcana of Science and Arts for 1829. + +[7] _Salmonia_, 1st. Edition, page 161. Several beautiful Extracts from + which, will be found in Vol. XII. of the MIRROR. + + * * * * * + + + +INDEX TO VOL. XIII + +Abernetheyana +Actor, The +African Festivities + Nurse + Widow +Agave Americana +Air Balloon, Lines on +Alderman, Antiquity of +Alehouse Signs +Algiers, Sketch of the battle of +Alnwick Freemen +Altitude of Public Buildings +Alvise Sanuto, a story +Ambition, Lines on +American Comforts + Law + Sea Serpent + Song Birds +Anecdotes of Canning and Moore +Animal Food +Anne Boleyne, Marriage of +Anne of Geierstein, by Sir Walter Scott + Outline of the Story, &c. +Anticipation, Lines on +April Fools, Lines on +Arab, Lay of the Wandering +Arctic Adventures +Auctioneer's Ode to Mercury +Auctions, Antiquity of +Aurora Borealis +Austin Friars, Church of +Avver Bread +Bachelors, Advice to +Bad Writing +Ball, Lines on +Balloon Ascent, Recent +Bamborough Castle +Banana Tree +Banditti, South American +Bannockburn, a ballad +Baron's Trumpet +Bazaar, Oxford-street +Bears on the Ice +Beauty, On +Bees, Food of + Instinct of + Management of +Beet Root Sugar +Bird of the Tomb, a poem +Birds, Crop of +Birds' Nests +Bishops, Magnificent +Blackheath, Cave at +Blind Girl, The +Boarding, Custom of +Bolivar, Memoir of +Book-machinery +Box-tree, The +Boxes, The +Brazilian Slave Trade +British Artists' Society + Diorama +Broiling Steaks, a Story +Broken Heart, The +Brandon, Charles, of Suffolk +Bruce Castle, Description of +Bubble and Squeak, To make +Buckingham Palace described +Bull Fights at Lima +Bunyan's Syllabub Pot +Byron, Lord, Anecdotes of +Calenture, or Maladie de Pays +Callender, N.B. +Canadian Indians +Capuchin Interment +Carmarthen, Description of +Cat and Fiddle, Origin of +Cedar of Lebanon +Charing Cross, Old +Chart of Swan River Colony +Chatterton, the Poet +Chertsey Abbey, Stanzas on +Chester Terrace, Regent's Park +Chiltern Hundreds +Chimneys +Chinese Cities +Chinese Novels +Chosen One, The +Chromate of Iron +Church Spires +Clapperton, Captain, Death of +Clarendon House, Piccadilly +Classical Corrections +Cliffords of Craven, Legend of +Clouds and Sunshine +Coals, History of +Cochineal Insect, The +Coinage, Ancient British +College Dreams +Collop Monday +Colosseum, Description of the +Common Rights +Companion to the Almanack + Theatres +Content, Lines on +Convict's Dream, The + in New South Wales +Cook and the Cranes +Cookery and Confectionery +Cornwall Terrace, Regent's Park +Cottage Gardens +Cotton Spinning +Covent Garden Market +Country Character +Cowes Regatta described +Creating Wants +Crime in Paris +Crosses, Ancient, in England +Crusades, Epitome of +Crushing to Death, Legal +Cuccu, The, Old Song +Cumberland Landlord, The + Terrace, Regent's Park +Curaçoa, To make +Curious Extracts +Currants, To Preserve +Dancing, Old + Lines on +Daubenton, Death of +Dauphin of France +Davy, Sir Humphry, Death of +Days Departed, a Poem +Dead, Tributes to the +Deathwatch Magnified +Denmark, Education in +Derby and Nottingham +Dinner and Tea Table +Diorama, Regent's Park +Discovery, Expeditions of +Dorchester Church +Douglas, Tragedy of +Dreams, Lines on +Drinking, Hints on +Drunken Frolic +Dutch Language + Tale +Ear, The Human +Eating, Hints on +Eggs, To Preserve +Egyptian MS. discovered +El Borracho, a Spanish Sketch +Electricity on Animals +Elm, the Witch +Elephant Hunt in India + Skeleton + Public-house, Fenchurch-st. +Emigration to America + Swan River +Encyclopaedias, German +England and her Colonies +Epicures, English and Foreign +Epsom New Race Stand +Erie, Lake, described +Eskdale Anecdote +European Manufactures consumed in South America +Exeter 'Change, Old +Falkirk described +Falling Stones, Phenomena of +Famine in England +Farriery, Ancient, Lines on +Fashions, English +Fashion, Great World of +Field of Forty Steps +Fight in a Church +Figs +Fir Tree, Immense +First and Last Appearance + Crime +First Love, a Sketch +Fitzmaurice, the Magician +Five Nights of St. Albans +Flowers on the Alps +Flute-Playing, Lindsay on +Fontainbleau, Royal Hunt at +Foote, Miss, Lines on +Forget-Me-Not, Lines on +Fortune Playhouse described +Fossil Fish + Remains, Gigantic +Fountain, a Ballad +France, Road-Book of +Fraud, Lines on +Freezing Mixture +French Authors, Anecdotes of + Carpet + Country Life + English + Pigs + Theatres +Frogs, To tell the Weather by +Frosts, Hard in England +Fruit, Ripening +Fulminating Powder, To make +Funeral Rites of the Greeks +Gaming in S. America +Gardens, Gleanings on +Gay Widow, a Sketch +Geneva, City of +Genii, Light and Dark +Gentlemen's Fashions +Geological Changes +Geology, Conversations on +German Life + Schools + Students +Gibeon, Battle of +Gipsy's Malison +Glancin E'e +Glow-worm, The +Gold Size, To make +Good Deeds, Lines on +Good and Evil Days +Gower, the Poet, his Tomb +Grammatical Learning +Gravitation, Novel Theory of +Great Seal of England +Gresham College +Grove House, Regent's Park +Growth of Trees and Animals +Gude News +Guy's Cliff, Description of +H., Lines on the Letter +Halcyon, The +Handel, Anecdote of +Hanover Lodge, Regent's Park +Haro, or Harol, Power of +Harrow School, Description of +Hatching Birds +Heaven, Lines on +Hebrew Melodies +Hertford, (Marquess) his Villa +Hillah on the Euphrates +Himalaya Mountains +Hirlas Horn, The +Hogarth, Anecdotes of + 's Paintings +Holland House, Kensington +Honest Prejudices +Hood's New Songs +Horsham, Description of +Hudson and his Pigs +Hugonots, The +Humboldt's Journey to Siberia +Hundred Pound Note +Hunted Stag, a Sketch +Hyde Park Entrance +Hydrophobia +Hieroglyphics +Idiot Girl, The, a Sketch +Idler, The +I'll come to your Ball +Image Boy, The +Independence, Irish +India, Voyage to +Indian Claystone + Corn + Mills +Indian Plaster +Insects, Changes of +Instantaneous Lights +Invitations, Various +Iona, Lines on visiting +Irish Deed of Gift + Names made English +Iron Trade, British +Isabella Colour +Italian Improvisatri +Jack of both Sides +Jerusalem, Lines on +John Bullism, Maxims of +John Dory, The +John of Gaunt +Johnson, Dr. +Journey from the Bank to Barnes +Judy, Lines to +Kenilworth, Romance of +King's Evil, Curing the + Speech in + Stag, The +Kirkstall Abbey +Kiss, Lines on +Kissing, Chapter on +Kitchineriana +Konigstein, Great Tun of +La Perouse, Fate of +Lady-Poets of England +Laleham Park +Lawyer, Epitaph on +Lead Miners of Derby +Ledyard to his Mistress +Legal Pearl Divers +Legends of the Lakes of Ireland +Leicester, Derby, and Nottingham +Lilly, the Astrologer +Lime, Effects of +Linlithgow +Loch Katrine + Lomond +London Birds + Improvements + Levels + Lines on Leaving + Lyrics + Old + Stone, Ode to + Reply of +Long Stories +Love, Course of +Lover Student, The +Lower Classes, Education of the +Luxuries, Ancient and Modern +Macclesfield Bridge, Regent's Park +Mahogany Tree +Mahomet's Standard +Man, Lines on +Man-Mountain, The +Marcel, the dancer +March, Story on a +Marlborough, Duke of +Marriage, Lines on +Mars, Mlle. and Napoleon +Matrimonial Advertisement +May Day Custom +Mekka, Description of +Melting Subject +Memento Mori +Mercy and Justice, Lines on +Mexico, or New Spain +Microscopic Examination of the Blood +Mines of Hayna, Discovery of + Mexico +Mock Suns +Moliere, Anecdotes of +Monkey, Anecdotes of +Moore, the poet +Morning Star, Lines to +Morse, or Sea-horse +Mount Arafat and Mekka +Mug-house Club, Long Acre +Murder-Hole, a Legend +Murderer's Last Night +Mushrooms, Wholesomeness of +Mutton cold, Eating +Mutton Hams +Mexican Navy +Monumental Alteration +Nancy Dawson +Napoleon, Anecdotes of + young, Anecdotes of +National Debt, Plans to pay +Navarino, Battle of +Neck, Tradition of the +New South Wales, Population of +New Year's Custom +Newton, Sir Isaac +Noses, Chapter of +Nostalagia, or Calenture +Oak, Beauty of the +Ode from the Persian +Ohio, Scenery of the +Old Rose and burn the bellows +Old Mansions +Oratorios +Oratory, British +Ornithology, Mr. Jennings on +O'Sullivan's Punch Bowl +Ossian's Hall +Othello, Performance of +Otway's Plays +Painting, Moral effects of +Palermo, Party at +Paper linen, Manufactory of +Park, Mungo, Fate of +Parliaments, Epitome of +Parr, Dr., Anecdotes of +Peg Tankards +Pendrils, Family of +Persia, Royal life in +Persian Cavalier +Petrifaction Manufactory +Planting, Notes on +Pocket Books, Useful +Poesy, The dream of +Poetical Will +Polishing Stones +Pompeii, Recent visit to +Posture-masters, Ancient +Potato Chestnuts + Growth of +Practice of Cookery +Pre-aux-clercs at Paris +Public Improvements +Punch, Anecdote of +Puns and Conundrums +Pyrometer, New +Pyrothonide +Quarterly Review, Notes from +Quartre Bras, Battle of +Queen of Portugal +Rank and Talent, a novel +Regal Tablet +Residence, Choice of a +Rest, Lines on +Retentive Memory +Riches, Lines on +River Melodies +Roads of England +Robin Hood's Grave +Robinson Crusoe's Island +Roman Altar, Description of +Rome, Effect of, on the traveller +Rooks +Roses, Culture of +Rover, dog, Anecdotes of +Roué's interpretation of death +Royal Academy Exhibition +Rugby School described +Rupert's, Prince, Palace, Barbican +Russian Botanical Garden +Russian Navy, The +Sabbath, The +Sacred Poetry +St. Christopher's, Island of +St. Paul's Cathedral +Sanctuaries, Ancient +Sarcophagus, Lines on +Sawston Hall described +Schinderhannes, the German robber +School and College +Scotch Marriages +Scottish Inns +Scotland, Road-book of +Scott, Sir Walter, Portrait of +Screws and Screw Presses +Seal's Wedding +Sensitive Plant, The +Shakspeare, a fragment +Shaving in Churchyards +Sherwood and Robin Hood +Shrubs, Transplantation of +Sight, Lines on +Silk Trade +Sleeping Girl, The +Slugs, To destroy +Sneezing among the Ancients +Snow magnified +Snow, a long one +Snow-woman's Story +Soliman the Great +Solitariness, Lines on +Somerset House, Old +Song +Songs for children +Sorrows of Rosalie, a poem +South American Manners +Spiders, Gossamer threads of +Spittlefields in former days +Spots on the sun +Spoons, Antiquity of +Springs, Temperature of +Stage, The modern +Stanging custom +Stealing a Sheet +Stroll, near London +Sugar made from Rags +Superstition +Sussex Place, Regent's Park +Swan River Colony, Described +Swearing by proxy +Tailors, On +Talipot Tree +Tanning, New process of +Tea-drinking +Temperance, Lines on +Theatres, ancient and modern + Fire in + Royal visits to +Theatrical bill of 1511 +Thorwaldsen, The sculptor +Throwing stones at the devil +Tigers, To catch +Timber Trees, Description of +Tim Marcks and the Walking Scull +Times Newspaper +Travelling, Expeditious +Travelling on the Continent +Trial by Jury +Truth, a fable +Turkish Prophecy +Twenty-eight & Twenty-nine, years +University, in Yorkshire +Valdemaro, Vision of +Valentine's Day +Van Diemen's Land, Aborigines of +Vary weel while it lasts +Vegetables, To make tender +Vicar, the, Lines on +Vidocq, the French policeman +Village Funeral +Villas in the Regent's Park +Vine, The, from the German +Violets, Complaint of +Wanderer, Recollections of +War, Miseries of +Warwick Castle, Description of +Waste lands, Cultivation of +Watch, Mechanism of +Watering-place arrivals +Water bewitched +Waterloo, Battle of described +Waverley Novels +Whigs and Tories +Whitehall, Description of +Whitsun Ale +Windsor as it was +Witnesses on trials +Woman +Wonders of Art +Wreck, The, a sketch +Yew-tree, The +York Minster, Fire in +York Terrace, Regent's Park +Zoological Society, Report of + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, +and Instruction--Volume 13, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE *** + +***** This file should be named 12017-8.txt or 12017-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/2/0/1/12017/ + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Allen Siddle, and the Online Distributed +Proofreaders Team + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + +Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's +eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII, +compressed (zipped), HTML and others. + +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks replace the old file and take over +the old filename and etext number. The replaced older file is renamed. +VERSIONS based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving +new filenames and etext numbers. + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + +EBooks posted prior to November 2003, with eBook numbers BELOW #10000, +are filed in directories based on their release date. If you want to +download any of these eBooks directly, rather than using the regular +search system you may utilize the following addresses and just +download by the etext year. For example: + + https://www.gutenberg.org/etext06 + + (Or /etext 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99, + 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90) + +EBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are +filed in a different way. The year of a release date is no longer part +of the directory path. The path is based on the etext number (which is +identical to the filename). The path to the file is made up of single +digits corresponding to all but the last digit in the filename. For +example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at: + + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/0/2/3/10234 + +or filename 24689 would be found at: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/6/8/24689 + +An alternative method of locating eBooks: + https://www.gutenberg.org/GUTINDEX.ALL + + diff --git a/old/12017-8.zip b/old/12017-8.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ded1e1e --- /dev/null +++ b/old/12017-8.zip diff --git a/old/12017-h.zip b/old/12017-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6ebb649 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/12017-h.zip diff --git a/old/12017-h/12017-h.htm b/old/12017-h/12017-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..70e2a0b --- /dev/null +++ b/old/12017-h/12017-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1859 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta name="generator" + content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 1st November 2002), see www.w3.org" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> + + <title>The Mirror of Literature, Volume XIII.</title> + + <style type="text/css"> + /*<![CDATA[*/ + + <!-- + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + p {text-align: justify;} + blockquote {text-align: justify;} + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center;} + pre {font-size: 0.7em;} + hr {text-align: center; width: 50%;} + html>body hr {margin-right: 25%; margin-left: 25%; width: 50%;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + html>body hr.full {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;} + hr.short {text-align: center; width: 20%;} + html>body hr.short {margin-right: 40%; margin-left: 40%; width: 20%;} + .note, .footnote + {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.7em;} + span.pagenum + {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt;} + .poem + {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem p {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem p.i2 {margin-left: 1em;} + .poem p.i4 {margin-left: 2em;} + .poem p.i6 {margin-left: 3em;} + .poem p.i8 {margin-left: 4em;} + .poem p.i10 {margin-left: 5em;} + .poem p.i14 {margin-left: 5em;} + .poem p.i16 {margin-left: 5em;} + .poem p.i18 {margin-left: 5em;} + + .figure + {padding: 1em; margin: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em; margin: auto;} + .figure img + {border: none;} + .figure p + .side { float:right; + font-size: 75%; + width: 25%; + padding-left:10px; + border-left: dashed thin; + margin-left: 10px; + text-align: left; + text-indent: 0; + font-weight: bold; + font-style: italic;} + --> + /*]]>*/ + </style> + </head> + + <body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and +Instruction--Volume 13, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction--Volume 13 + Index to Vol. 13 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: April 14, 2004 [EBook #12017] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Allen Siddle, and the Online Distributed +Proofreaders Team + + + + + + +</pre> + + <hr class="full" /> + + + + + +<h1>THE MIRROR<br /> + OF<br /> + LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1> + +<h5>CONTAINING</h5> + +<h3>ORIGINAL ESSAYS;</h3> +<h5>HISTORICAL NARRATIVES; BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS;<br /> +SKETCHES OF SOCIETY; TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTIONS;<br /> +NOVELS AND TALES; ANECDOTES;</h5> + + +<h4>SELECT EXTRACTS</h4> + +<h5>FROM</h5> + +<h4>NEW AND EXPENSIVE WORKS;</h4> + +<h5><i>POETRY, ORIGINAL AND SELECTED:</i></h5> + +<h3>THE SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS;</h3> + +<h4>DISCOVERIES IN THE ARTS AND SCIENCES;<br /> +<i>USEFUL DOMESTIC HINTS;</i><br /> + +&c. &c. &c.</h4> + + +<hr class="short" /><h4>VOL. XIII.</h4> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h5>LONDON<br /> +PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY J. LIMBIRD, 143, STRAND.</h5> +<h6><i>(Near Somerset House.)</i></h6> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<center>1829</center> + + + <hr class="full" /> + + <div class="figure" style="width:70%;"> + <a href="images/378-001.jpg"><img width = "100%" src="images/378-001.jpg" + alt="PORTRAIT of the late SIR HUMPHRY DAVY, Bart." /></a> + </div> + + <h4>PORTRAIT of the late SIR HUMPHRY DAVY, Bart.</h4> + + <hr /> + +<h3>PREFACE.</h3> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>We begin to think that a long Preface in this season of <i>ennui</i> would be +almost as tiresome as tragedy in warm weather, and much more so than the +trite three-line Prologue in Hamlet. Our materials are collected from all +quarters, with but little of our own; so that we might praise all the +authors without the charge of uncommon vanity; but panegyric savours much +of the poppy, and we must use it accordingly.</p> + +<p>Our thanks are first due to such Subscribers as have, by personal +observation and research, enabled us to throw a light on certain obsolete +customs or portions of our domestic history; for these contributions form +a prominent feature of the Correspondence of THE MIRROR; it being our +object, in this department, to gather facts rather than to draw only upon +the invention of our friends. In support of this system we could select +many specimens from the Correspondence of the present volume, the +interest of which is, we hope, be equal to any of its predecessors.</p> + +<p>The <i>Selector</i> will be found to contain many valuable extracts from New +and Costly Works, in almost every class of literature; and the piquancy +of the <i>Notes of a Reader</i> may be turned to as a convenient little +treasury, into which readers of all tastes may dip with pleasure and +advantage.</p> + +<p>The <i>Sketch Book</i> contains rather an unusual number of Narratives, some +of them of extraordinary interest, and written in the best style of the +best authors.</p> + +<p>The <i>Spirit of Discovery</i> will be considered characteristic of our times, +by illustrating the real economy of science in its application to the +conveniences of every-day life. As a collateral branch of this division +is <i>The Naturalist</i>, under which head we have endeavoured to identify THE +MIRROR with Zoology, as one of the most popular studies of the day.</p> + +<p>The <i>Spirit of the Public Journals</i> breathes not a few of the sweetest +and most recent poetical compositions from the pens of celebrated authors, +some of whose names are passports to high excellence.</p> + + +<p>The <i>Engravings</i> have, probably, been criticised upon first impression; +so that we can only hope they have merited the applause of our +Subscribers. We may be permitted to remark that some of the illustrations +relate to scenes and subjects of no ordinary attraction in Antiquarian +Remains, and Architectural Improvements of yesterday; a few of these have +been executed at a considerable cost to the Proprietor; for which extra +exertion he has been more than requited by the increased demand.</p> + +<p>Several current <i>Novelties</i> will be found described at length in this +volume—as the circumstantial and accurate accounts of the Colosseum—and +the New Swan River Settlement, the last of which is illustrated with an +Engraved Chart.</p> + +<p>Strenuous as have been our exertions for past patronage, we shall not +relax in the ensuing volume. An entirely new Type has been prepared for +this purpose, and we feel confident that we shall be enabled to keep pace +with the increased typographical beauty of the MIRROR, as well as with +the improved spirit of its Engravings.</p> + +<p>June 27, 1829.</p> + + + + + <hr class="full" /> + + +<h3>LIST OF ENGRAVINGS.</h3> + + +<h4>VOL. XIII.</h4> + + +<p><i>PORTRAIT of the late SIR HUMPHRY DAVY, Bart.</i></p> + + +<p>Bruce Castle, Tottenham.</p> + +<p>Old Elephant, Fenchurch Street.</p> + +<p>Macclesfield Bridge, Regent's Park.</p> + +<p>Rupert's Palace, Barbican.</p> + +<p>Hanover Lodge, Regent's Park.</p> + +<p>Grove House, ditto.</p> + +<p>Colosseum, Exterior, ditto.</p> + +<p>Marquess of Hertford's Villa, ditto.</p> + +<p>Doric Villa, ditto.</p> + +<p>Colosseum, Interior, ditto.</p> + +<p>Kirkstall Abbey.</p> + +<p>Warwick Castle.</p> + +<p>Old Covent Garden Market.</p> + +<p>York Terrace, Regent's Park.</p> + +<p>Snow Flakes, Magnified.</p> + +<p>Rugby School.</p> + +<p>Miners of Derbyshire.</p> + +<p>Fortune Playhouse, Barbican.</p> + +<p>Epsom New Race Stand.</p> + +<p>Old Charing Cross.</p> + +<p>Exeter 'Change, Strand.</p> + +<p>Hyde Park Grand Entrance.</p> + +<p>Talipot Tree.</p> + +<p>Glowworm.</p> + +<p>Deathwatch, Magnified.</p> + +<p>Chester Terrace, Regent's Park.</p> + +<p>Guy's Cliff.</p> + +<p>Roman Altar.</p> + +<p>Gower's Tomb.</p> + +<p>Hirlas Horn.</p> + +<p>Old Somerset House.</p> + +<p>Harrow School.</p> + +<p>Sussex Place, Regent's Park.</p> + +<p>Clarendon House, Piccadilly.</p> + +<p>Relic of John Buryan.</p> + +<p>Cornwall Terrace, Regent's Park.</p> + +<p>Chart of the Swan River Settlement.</p> + +<p>Laleham Park, the Residence of the Young Queen of Portugal.</p> + +<p>Holland House, Kensington.</p> + +<p>Cumberland Terrace, Regent's Park.</p> + +<p>Residence of T. Campbell, Esq.</p> + +<p>Labyrinth at Versailles.</p> + + + + <hr class="full" /> +<hr class="short" /> + + +<h3>MEMOIR OF SIR HUMPHRY DAVY, BART.</h3> + + +<p>The present may be regarded as a chemical age; for so extensive, rapid, +and important have been the late acquisitions in the science of chemistry, +that we may almost claim it as the exclusive discovery of our own times. +The popularity and high estimation in which it is held may be ascribed to +three causes: 1. The satisfaction which is afforded by its results. +2. Its utility in all the arts of life. 3. The little previous +preparation which an entrance on its study requires. To these may be +added, the new interest conferred upon the science by the discoveries of +Black, Priestly, and Lavoisier, which had already introduced into +chemical science the long-neglected requisites of close investigation and +logical deduction; but it was reserved for Sir HUMPHRY DAVY to +demonstrate the vast superiority of modern principles, by the most +brilliant career of discovery, which, since the days of Newton, have +graced the annals of science.</p> + +<p>Sir Humphry Davy was born December 17, 1779, at Penzance, in Cornwall. +His family was ancient, and above the middle class; his paternal great +grandfather had considerable landed property in the parish of Budgwin, +and his father possessed a small paternal estate opposite St. Michael's +Mount, called Farfal, on which he died in 1795, after having injured his +fortune by expending considerable sums in attempting agricultural +improvements. Sir Humphry received the first rudiments of his education +at the grammar-schools of Penzance and Truro: at the former place, he +resided with Mr. John Tomkin, surgeon, a benevolent and intelligent man, +who had been intimately connected with his maternal grandfather, and +treated him with a degree of kindness little less than paternal. His +genius was originally inclined to poetry; and there are many natives of +Penzance who remember his poems and verses, written at the early age of +nine years. He cultivated this bias till his fifteenth year, when he +became the pupil of Mr. (since Dr.) Borlase, of Penzance, an ingenious +surgeon, intending to prepare himself for graduating as a physician at +Edinburgh. As a proof of his uncommon mind, at this early age, it is +worthy of mention, that Mr. Davy laid down for himself a plan of +education, which embraced the circle of the sciences. By his eighteenth +year he had acquired the rudiments of botany, anatomy, and physiology, +the simpler mathematics, metaphysics, natural philosophy, and chemistry. +But chemistry soon arrested his whole attention. Having made some +experiments on the air disengaged by sea-weeds from the water of the +ocean, which convinced him that these vegetables performed the same part +in purifying the air dissolved in water which land-vegetables act in the +atmosphere; he communicated them to Dr. Beddoes, who had at that time +circulated proposals for publishing a journal of philosophical +contributions from the West of England. This produced a correspondence +between Dr. Beddoes and Mr. Davy, in which the Doctor proposed, that +Mr. Davy, who was at this time only nineteen years of age, should suspend +his plan of going to Edinburgh, and take a part in experiments which were +then about to be instituted at Bristol, for investigating the medical +powers of factitious airs; to this proposal Mr. Davy consented, on +condition that he should have the uncontrolled superintendence of the +expements. About this time he became acquainted with Davies Gilbert, Esq. +M.P. a gentleman of high scientific attainments, (now President of the +Royal Society), with whom he formed a friendship which has always +continued; and to Mr. Gilbert's judicious advice may be attributed +Mr. Davy's adoption of and perseverance in the study of chemistry. With +Dr. Beddoes, Mr. Davy resided for a considerable time, and was constantly +occupied in new chemical investigations. Here, he discovered the +respirability of nitrous oxide, and made a number of laborious +experiments on gaseous bodies, which he afterwards published in +"Researches Chemical and Philosophical," a work that was universally well +received by the chemical world, and created a high reputation for its +author, at that time only twenty-one years of age. This led to his +introduction to Count Rumford, and to his being elected Professor of +Chemistry to the Royal Institution in Albemarle-street. On obtaining this +appointment Mr. Davy gave up all his views of the medical profession, and +devoted himself entirely to chemistry.</p> + +<p>Mr. Davy's first experiments as Professor of Chemistry in the Royal +Institution, were made on the substance employed in the process of +tanning, with others to which similar properties were ascribed, in +consequence of the discovery made by M. Seguier, of Paris, of the +peculiar vegetable matter, now called tannin. He was, during the same +period, frequently occupied in experiments on galvanism.</p> + +<p>To the agriculturist, chemistry is of the first consideration. The +dependence of agriculture upon chemical causes had been previously +noticed, but it was first completely demonstrated in a course of lectures +before the Board of Agriculture, which Mr. Davy commenced in the year +1802, and continued for ten years. This series of lectures contained much +popular and practical information, and belongs to the most useful of Mr. +Davy's scientific labours; for the application of chemistry to +agriculture is one of its most important results; and so rapid were the +discoveries of the author, that in preparing these discourses for +publication, a few years afterwards, he was under the necessity of making +several alterations, to adapt them to the improved state of chemical +knowledge, which his own labours had, in that short time, produced.</p> + +<p>In 1803, he was chosen a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1805, a +member of the Royal Irish Academy. He now enjoyed the friendship of most +of the distinguished literary men and philosophers of the metropolis, and +enumerated among his intimate friends, Sir Joseph Banks, Cavendish, +Hatchett, Wollaston, Children, Tennant, and other eminent men. At the +same time he corresponded with the principal chemists of every part of +Europe. In 1806, he was appointed to deliver, before the Royal Society, +the Bakerian lecture, in which he displayed some very interesting new +agencies of electricity, by means of the celebrated galvanic apparatus +<a id="footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a> +Soon afterwards, he made one of the most brilliant discoveries of modern +times, in the decomposition of two fixed alkalies, which, in direct +refutation of the hypothesis previously adopted, were found to consist of +a peculiar metallic base united with a large quantity of oxygen. These +alkalies were potash and soda, and the metals thus discovered were called +potassium and sodium, Mr. Davy was equally successful in the application +of galvanism to the decomposition of the earths. About this time he +became Secretary of the Royal Society. In 1808, Mr. Davy received a prize +from the French Institute. During the greater part of 1810, he was +employed on the combinations of oxymuriatic gas and oxygen; and towards +the close of the same year, he delivered a course of lectures before the +Dublin Society, and received from Trinity College, Dublin, the honorary +degree of LL. D.</p> + +<p>In the year 1812, Mr. Davy married his amiable lady, then Mrs. Apreece, +widow of Shuckburgh Ashby Apreece, Esq. and daughter and heiress of the +late Charles Kerr, of Kelso, Esq. By his union with this lady, Mr. Davy +acquired not only a considerable fortune, but the inestimable treasure of +an affectionate and exemplary wife, and a congenial friend and companion, +capable of appreciating his character and attainments. A few days +previously to his marriage, he received the honour of knighthood from his +Majesty, then Prince Regent, being the first person on whom he conferred +that dignity.</p> + +<p>We now arrive at the most important result of Sir Humphry Davy's labours, +viz. the invention of the SAFETY-LAMP for coal mines, which has been +generally and successfully adopted throughout Europe. This invention has +been the means of preserving many valuable lives, and preventing horrible +mutilations, more terrible even than death; and were this Sir Humphry +Davy's only invention, it would secure him an immortality in the annals +of civilization and science. The general principle of this discovery may +be described as follows:</p> + +<p>"The frequency of accidents, arising from the explosion of the fire-damp, +or inflammable gas of the coal mines, mixed with atmospherical air, +occasioned the formation of a committee at Sunderland, for the purpose of +investigating the causes of these calamities, and of endeavouring to +discover and apply a preventive. Sir Humphry received an invitation, in +1815, from Dr. Gray, one of the members of the committee; in consequence +of which he went to the North of England, and visiting some of the +principal collieries in the neighbourhood of Newcastle, soon convinced +himself that no improvement could be made in the mode of ventilation, but +that the desired preventive must be sought in a new method of lighting +the mines, free from danger, and which, by indicating the state of the +air in the part of the mine where inflammable air was disengaged, so as +to render the atmosphere explosive, should oblige the miners to retire +till the workings were properly cleared. The common means then employed +for lighting the dangerous part of the mines consisted of a steel wheel +revolving in contact with flint, and affording a succession of sparks: +but this apparatus always required a person to work it, and was not +entirely free from danger. The fire-damp was known to be light +carburetted hydrogen gas; but its relations to combustion had not been +examined. It is chiefly produced from what are called blowers or fissures +in the broken strata, near dykes. Sir Humphry made various experiments on +its combustibility and explosive nature; and discovered, that the +fire-damp requires a very strong heat for its inflammation; that azote and +carbonic acid, even in very small proportions, diminished the velocity of +the inflammation; that mixtures of the gas would not explode in metallic +canals or troughs, where their diameter was less than one-seventh of an +inch, and their depth considerable in proportion to their diameter; and +that explosions could not be made to pass through such canals, or through +very fine wire sieves, or wire gauze. The consideration of these facts +led Sir Humphry to adopt a lamp, in which the flame, by being supplied +with only a limited quantity of air should produce such a quantity of +azote and carbonic acid as to prevent the explosion of the fire-damp, and +which, by the nature of its apertures for giving admittance and egress to +the air, should be rendered incapable of communicating any explosion to +the external air. These requisites were found to be afforded by air-tight +lanterns, of various constructions, supplied with air from tubes or +canals of small diameter, or from apertures covered with wire-gauze, +placed below the flame, through which explosions cannot be communicated; +and having a chimney at the upper part, for carrying off the foul air. +Sir Humphry soon afterwards found that a constant flame might be kept up +from the explosive mixture issuing from the apertures of a wire-gauze +sieve. He introduced a very small lamp in a cylinder, made of wire-gauze, +having six thousand four hundred apertures in the square inch. He closed +all apertures except those of the gauze, and introduced the lamp, burning +brightly within the cylinder, into a large jar, containing several quarts +of the most explosive mixture of gas from the distillation of coal and +air; the flame of the wick immediately disappeared, or rather was lost, +for the whole of the interior of the cylinder became filled with a feeble +but steady flame of a green colour, which burnt for some minutes, till it +had entirely destroyed the explosive power of the atmosphere. This +discovery led to a most important improvement in the lamp, divested the +fire-damp of all its terrors, and applied its powers, formerly so +destructive, to the production of a useful light. Some minor +improvements, originating in Sir Humphry's researches into the nature of +flame, were afterwards effected. Experiments of the most satisfactory +nature were speedily made, and the invention was soon generally adopted. +Some attempts were made to dispute the honour of this discovery with its +author, but his claims were confirmed by the investigations of the first +philosophers of the age."<a id="footnotetag2" name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a>—The coal owners of the Tyne and Wear +evinced their sense of the benefits resulting from this invention, by +presenting Sir Humphry with a handsome service of plate worth nearly two +thousand pounds, at a public dinner at Newcastle, October 11, 1817.</p> + +<p>In 1813, Sir Humphry was elected a corresponding member of the Institute +of France, and vice-president of the Royal Institution; in 1817, one of +the eight associates of the Royal Academy; in 1818 created a baronet, and +during the last ten years he has been elected a member of most of the +learned bodies of Europe.</p> + +<p>We could occupy many pages with the interesting details of Sir Humphry +Davy's travels in different parts of Europe for scientific purposes, +particularly to investigate the causes of volcanic phenomena, to instruct +the miners of the coal districts in the application of his safety-lamp, +and to examine the state of the Herculaneum manuscripts and to illustrate +the remains of the chemical arts of the ancients. He analyzed the colours +used in painting by the ancient Greek and Roman artists. His experiments +were chiefly made on the paintings in the baths of Titus, the ruins +called the baths of Livia, in the remains of other palaces and baths of +ancient Rome, and in the ruins of Pompeii. By the kindness of his friend +Canova, who was charged with the care of the works connected with ancient +art in Rome, he was enabled to select with his own hands specimens of the +different pigments, that had been formed in vases discovered in the +excavations, which had been lately made beneath the ruins of the palace +of Titus, and to compare them with the colours fixed on the walls, or +detached in fragments of stucco. The results of all these researches were +published in the Transactions of the Royal Society for 1815, and are +extremely interesting. The concluding observations, in which he impresses +on artists the superior importance of permanency to brilliancy in the +colours used in painting, are especially worthy the attention of artists. +On his examination of the Herculaneum manuscripts, at Naples, in 1818-19, +he was of opinion they had not been acted upon by fire, so as to be +completely carbonized, but that their leaves were cemented together by a +substance formed during the fermentation and chemical change of ages. He +invented a composition for the solution of this substance, but he could +not discover more than 100 out of 1,265 manuscripts, which presented any +probability of success.</p> + +<p>Sir Humphry returned to England in 1820, and in the same year his +respected friend, Sir Joseph Banks, President of the Royal Society, died. +Several discussions took place respecting a proper successor, when +individuals of high and even very exalted rank were named as candidates. +But science, very properly in this case, superseded rank. Amongst the +philosophers whose labours had enriched the Transactions of the Royal +Society, two were most generally adverted to, Sir Humphry Davy and Dr. +Wollaston; but Dr. Wollaston very modestly declined being a candidate +after his friend had been nominated, and received from the council of the +Society the unanimous compliment of being placed in the chair of the +Royal Society, till the election by the body in November. +<a id="footnotetag3" name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a> + A trifling +opposition was made to Sir Humphry Davy's election, by some unknown +persons, who proposed Lord Colchester, but Sir Humphry was placed in the +chair by a majority of 200 to 13. For this honour no one could be more +completely qualified. Sir Humphry retained his seat as President till the +year 1827, when, in consequence of procrastinated ill health, in great +measure brought on by injuries occasioned to his constitution by +scientific experiments, he was induced, by medical advice, to retire to +the continent. He accordingly resigned his seat as President of the Royal +Society, the chair being filled, <i>pro tem</i>, by Davies Gilbert, Esq. who, +at the Anniversary Meeting, Nov. 30, 1827, was unanimously elected +President.</p> + +<p>Since his retirement, Sir Humphry Davy resided principally at Rome, where +a short time ago he had an alarming attack of a paralytic nature, but +from which he was apparently, though slowly, recovering. Lady Davy, who +had been detained in England by her own ill health, joined Sir Humphry, +at Rome, on hearing of his alarming state. Thence he travelled by easy +stages to Geneva, without feeling any particular inconvenience, and +without any circumstances which denoted the approach of dissolution: but +on Friday, May 29, 1829, the illustrious philosopher closed his mortal +career, in the fifty-first year of his age, having only reached Geneva on +the day previous. Lady Davy had the gratification of contributing, by +her soothing care, to the comfort of his last days during their stay in +Italy, and on their journey to Geneva, where they intended to pass the +summer, and hoped to have derived benefit from the eminent practitioners +of that city. Sir Humphry had also been joined by his brother, Dr. John +Davy, physician to the forces in Malta, whence he came on receiving the +intelligence of his brother's danger. But all human art and skill were +of no avail. The last and fatal attack took place at half-past two on +Friday morning, and the pulse ceased to beat shortly after. The event was +no sooner known, than the afflicted widow received the condolence and +affectionate offer of services from the most distinguished individuals of +Geneva; amongst whom we must mention M. A. de Condolle, the eminent +botanist, and M. Sismondi, the historian, both equally beloved for their +amiable character, as illustrious throughout Europe for their works. M. +de Condolle obligingly took charge of all the details of the interment of +his illustrious colleague; and the governor of the Canton, the Academy of +Geneva, the Consistory of the Geneva Church, the Society of Arts and of +Natural Philosophy and History, together with nearly all the English +resident there, accompanied the remains to the burial-ground, where the +English service was performed by the Rev. Mr. John Magers of Queen's +College, and the Rev. Mr. Burgess. The members of the Academy, in the +absence of any relation of the deceased, took their place in the funeral +procession; and the invitations to the syndicate, and to the learned +bodies who accompanied it, were made by that body in the same character. +The whole was conducted with much appropriate order and decency, and +whilst every attention and respect were paid to the memory of the +deceased, nothing was attempted beyond the unostentatious simplicity +which the deceased had frequently declared to be his wish, whenever his +mortal remains should be consigned to their last home; and which in +accordance to that wish, had been expressly enjoined to her kind friends +by the afflicted widow. In the procession, which followed the corporate +bodies and the countrymen of the deceased, were many of the most eminent +manufacturers of Geneva, and a large body of mechanics, who were anxious +to pay this tribute of regard and gratitude to one whom they deservedly +looked upon as a great benefactor to the arts, and promoter of sciences, +by the application of which they earn their livelihood.<a id="footnotetag4" name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a></p> + +<p>During his retirement on the Continent, Sir Humphry continued to +communicate the splendid results of his labours to the Royal Society, +and at the anniversary meeting of the year 1827, the royal medal was +awarded to him for a series of brilliant discoveries developing the +relation between electricity and chemistry.<a id="footnotetag5" name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a> Upon this interesting +occasion, Mr. Davies Gilbert spoke at some length, commencing as +follows: "It is with feelings most gratifying to myself that I now +approach to the award of a royal medal to Sir Humphry Davy; and I esteem +it a most fortunate occurrence, that this award should have taken place +during the short period of my having to discharge the duties attached to +the office of president; having witnessed the whole progress of Sir +Humphry Davy's advancement in science and in reputation, from his first +attempts in his native town to vary some of Dr. Priestly's experiments +on the extraction of oxygen from marine vegetables to the point of +eminence which we all know him to have reached. It is not necessary for +me more than to advert to his discovery of nitrous oxyde; to his +investigation of the action of light on gases; on the nature of heat; to +his successful discrimination of proximate vegetable elements; nor to +his most scientific, ingenious, and useful invention, the +safety-lamp,—an invention reasoned out from its principles, with all +the accuracy and precision of mathematical deduction."</p> + +<p>The course of Sir Humphry Davy to the highest rank as a chemical +philosopher, was, after his appointment at the Royal Institution, rapid +and brilliant; and if he was previously aided by as few of the advantages +of fortune as any man living, he had then at his disposal whatever his +industry and talents chose to command. We have given but a hasty outline +of his labours; but it is possible that he may have left behind him much, +not yet made public, for which, science will be still further indebted to +him. His works, papers, and letters are numerous, and the greatest +portion of them are contained in the Transactions of the Royal Society. +One of the most popular and interesting of his recent papers is that on +the <i>Phenomena of Volcanoes</i>. This contains a series of investigations of +Vesuvius, made by the author during a residence at Naples in 1819-20, and +bearing upon a previous hypothesis, "that metals of the alkalies and +earth might exist in the interior of the globe, and on being exposed to +the action of air and water, give rise to volcanic fires, and to the +production of lavas, by the slow cooling of which basaltic and other +crystalline rocks might subsequently be formed." We have not space for +the details of these investigations, interesting as they would prove to +an unscientific reader; but we give an abstract of the result of Sir +Humphry's observations:</p> + +<p>"The phenomena observed by the author afforded a sufficient refutation of +all the ancient hypotheses, in which volcanic fires were ascribed to such +chemical causes as the combustion of mineral coal, or the action of +sulphur upon iron; and are perfectly consistent with the supposition of +their depending upon the oxidation of the metals of the earths upon an +extensive scale, in immense subterranean cavities, to which water or +atmospheric air may occasionally have access. The subterranean thunder +heard at great distances under Vesuvius, prior to an eruption, indicates +the vast extent of these cavities; and the existence of a subterranean +communication between the Solfattara and Vesuvius, is established by the +fact that whenever the latter is in an active state, the former is +comparatively tranquil. In confirmation of these views, the author +remarks, that almost all the volcanoes of considerable magnitude in the +old world, are in the vicinity of the sea; and in those where the sea is +more distant, as in the volcanoes of South America, the water may be +supplied from great subterranean lakes; for Humboldt states that some of +them throw up quantities of fish. The author acknowledges, however, that +the hypothesis of the nucleus of the globe being composed of matter +liquefied by heat, offers a still more simple solution of the phenomena +of volcanic fires."<a id="footnotetag6" name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a></p> + +<p>We have hitherto spoken of Sir Humphry Davy as a philosopher. He was, +however, in every respect, an accomplished scholar, and was well +acquainted with foreign languages. He always retained a strong taste for +literary pleasures; and when his continued illness retarded his +scientific pursuits, he made literature his recreation. In this manner he +wrote <i>Salmonia: or Days of Fly-fishing</i>, in a series of conversations, +we gather from the Preface:—"These pages formed the occupation of the +Author during several months of severe and dangerous illness, when he was +wholly incapable of attending to more useful studies, or of following +more serious pursuits. They formed his amusement in many hours, which +otherwise would have been unoccupied and tedious." "The conversational +and discursive style were chosen as best suited to the state of the +health of the author, who was incapable of considerable efforts and long +continued exertion." The volume is dedicated to Dr. Babington, "in +remembrance of some delightful days passed in his society, and in +gratitude for an uninterrupted friendship of quarter of a century:" and +the likeness of one of the characters in the conversations to that +estimable physician abovenamed, has been considered well drawn, and +easily recognisable by those who enjoy his acquaintance.</p> + +<p>The philosophical works of Sir Humphry Davy are written in a clear and +perspicuous style, by which means he has contributed more to the +diffusion of scientific knowledge than any other writer of his time. His +three principal works, "Chemical and Philosophical Researches," "Elements +of Chemical Philosophy," and "Elements of Agricultural Chemistry," are in +a popular and familiar style, and the two last are excellently adapted +for elementary study. His numerous pamphlets and contributions to the +Transactions of the Royal Society have the same rare merit of conveying +experimental knowledge in the most attractive form, and thus reducing +abstract theory to the practice and purposes of life and society. The +results of his investigations and experiments were not therefore pent up +in the laboratory or lecture-room where they were made, but by this +valuable mode of communication, they have realized what ought to be the +highest aim of science,—the improvement of the condition and comforts of +every class of his fellow-creatures. Thus, beautiful theories were +illustrated by inventions of immediate utility, as in the safety-lamp for +mitigating the dangers to which miners are exposed in their labours, and +the application of a newly-discovered principle in preserving the life of +the adventurous mariner. Yet splendid as were Sir Humphry's talents, and +important as have been their application, he received the honours and +homage of the scientific world with that becoming modesty which +universally characterizes great genius.</p> + +<p>Apart from the scientific value of Sir Humphry's labours and researches, +they are pervaded by a tone and temper, and an enthusiastic love of +nature which are as admirably expressed as their influence is excellent. +In proof of this feeling we could almost from memory, quote many +passages from his works. Thus, speaking of the divine <i>Study of Nature</i>, +he has the following reflective truths:—"If we look with wonder upon +the great remains of human works, such as the columns of Palmyra, broken +in the midst of the desert, the temples of Paestum, beautiful in the +decay of twenty centuries, or the mutilated fragments of Greek sculpture +in the Acropolis of Athens, or in our own Museum, as proofs of the +genius of artists, and power and riches of nations now past away; with +how much deeper feeling of admiration must we consider those grand +monuments of Nature, which mark the revolutions of the globe; continents +broken into islands; one land produced, another destroyed; the bottom of +the ocean become a fertile soil; whole races of animals extinct; and the +bones and exuviae of one class, covered with the remains of another, and +upon the graves of past generations—the marble or rocky tomb, as it +were, of a former animated world—new generations rising, and order and +harmony established, and a system of life and beauty produced, as it +were out of chaos and death; proving the infinite power, wisdom, and +goodness, of the GREAT CAUSE OF ALL BEING!" Here we cannot trace any +co-mixture of science and scepticism, and in vain shall we look for the +spawn of infidel doctrine. The same excellent feeling breathes +throughout <i>Salmonia</i>, one of the most delightful labours of leisure we +have ever seen. Not a few of the most beautiful phenomena of Nature are +here lucidly explained, yet the pages have none of the varnish of +philosophical unbelief or finite reasoning. "In my opinion," says one of +the characters in the Dialogue, (to be identified as the author,) +"profound minds are the most likely to think lightly of the resources of +human reason; and it is the pert superficial thinker who is generally +strongest in every kind of unbelief. The deep philosopher sees changes +of causes and effects, so wonderfully and strangely linked together, +that he is usually the last person to decide upon the impossibility of +any two series of events being independent of each other; and in +science, so many natural miracles, as it were, have been brought to +light,—such as the fall of stones from meteors in the atmosphere, the +disarming a thundercloud by a metallic point, the production of fire +from ice by a metal white as silver, and referring certain laws of +motions of the sea to the moon,—that the physical inquirer is seldom +disposed to assert, confidently, on any abstruse subjects belonging to +the order of natural things, and still less so on those relating to the +more mysterious relations of moral events and intellectual natures."<a id="footnotetag7" name="footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a></p> + +<p>Many other passages in <i>Salmonia</i> gush forth with great force and beauty, +and sometimes soar into sublime truths. Thus says the eloquent author:</p> + +<p>"A full and clear river is, in my opinion, the most poetical object in +nature. Pliny has, as well as I recollect, compared a river to human life. +I have never read the passage in his works, but I have been a hundred +times struck with the analogy, particularly amidst mountain scenery. The +river, small and clear in its origin, gushes forth from rocks, falls into +deep glens, and wantons and meanders through a wild and picturesque +country, nourishing only the uncultivated tree or flower by its dew or +spray. In this, its state of infancy and youth, it may be compared to the +human mind in which fancy and strength of imagination are predominant—it +is more beautiful than useful. When the different rills or torrents join, +and descend into the plain, it becomes slow and stately in its motions; +it is applied to move machinery, to irrigate meadows, and to bear upon +its bosom the stately barge;—in this mature state, it is deep, strong, +and useful. As it flows on towards the sea, it loses its force and its +motion, and at last, as it were, becomes lost and mingled with the mighty +abyss of waters."</p> + +<p>"I envy no quality of the mind or intellect in others; not genius, power, +wit, or fancy: but if I could choose what would be most delightful, and I +believe most useful to me, I should prefer a firm religious belief to +every other blessing; for it makes life a discipline of goodness—creates +new hopes, when all earthly hopes vanish; and throws over the decay, the +destruction of existence, the most gorgeous of all lights; awakens life +even in death, and from corruption and decay calls up beauty and divinity: +makes an instrument of torture and of shame the ladder of ascent to +paradise; and, far above all combinations of earthly hopes, calls up the +most delightful visions of palms and amaranths, the gardens of the blest, +the security of everlasting joys, where the sensualist and the sceptic +view only gloom, decay, annihilation, and despair!"</p> + +<p>Few of those whose fame and fortune are their own creation, enjoy, as did +Sir Humphry Davy, in the meridian of life, the enviable consciousness of +general esteem and respect, and the certainty of a distinguished place in +history, among the illustrious names of their country. "A great light has +gone out,"—short but brilliant has been his career; yet let us hope he +has but exchanged his worldly fame for unearthly immortality, to shine +amidst the never-dying lights of true glory.</p> + + + <hr class="full" /> + <hr class="full" /> + +<blockquote class="footnote"> +<a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1</b>: +<a href="#footnotetag1"> (return)</a> +This apparatus is of immense power, and consists of 200 + separate parts, each part composed of ten double plates, and each + plate containing 32 square inches. The whole number of double plates + is 2,000, and the whole surface 126,000 square inches.</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="footnote"> +<a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2</b>: +<a href="#footnotetag2"> (return)</a> +Memoir—New Monthly Magazine, Vol. I. Mr. Dillon has lately invented + an <i>Improved Safety Lamp</i>, an Engraving of which will be found at + page 137, Vol. XII. of the MIRROR.</blockquote> + + +<blockquote class="footnote"> +<a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"></a><b>Footnote 3</b>: +<a href="#footnotetag3"> (return)</a> +It deserves notice, that two of the most illustrious philosophers of + our times, Sir H. Davy and Dr. Wollaston, have died within the + present year.</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="footnote"> +<a id="footnote4" name="footnote4"></a><b>Footnote 4</b>: +<a href="#footnotetag4"> (return)</a> +Extract of a Letter from Geneva, dated June 1, 1829—<i>Times</i>.</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="footnote"> +<a id="footnote5" name="footnote5"></a><b>Footnote 5</b>: +<a href="#footnotetag5"> (return)</a> +These experiments, the last which engaged Sir Humphry Davy's + attention to any extent, were on the application of electrical + combinations, for the purpose of preserving the copper sheathing of + ships' bottoms. To this subject Sir Humphry gave much of his time, + and personally inspected all the boats and vessels on which the + trials were made. Although the theory upon which they were conducted + proved eminently correct, no advantage could be ultimately taken of + the plans which it suggested. The saving of the copper was wholly + counterbalanced by an accumulation of shell-fish and sea-weed on the + sheathing, which became sufficient, in a short time, to prevent the + proper command of the ship at the helm.</blockquote> + + +<blockquote class="footnote"> +<a id="footnote6" name="footnote6"></a><b>Footnote 6</b>: +<a href="#footnotetag6"> (return)</a> +Abridged in the Arcana of Science and Arts for 1829.</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="footnote"> +<a id="footnote7" name="footnote7"></a><b>Footnote 7</b>: +<a href="#footnotetag7"> (return)</a> +<i>Salmonia</i>, 1st. Edition, page 161. Several beautiful Extracts from + which, will be found in Vol. XII. of the MIRROR.</blockquote> + + + + <hr class="full" /> + <hr class="full" /> + + + +<h2>INDEX TO VOL. XIII</h2> + +<p>Abernetheyana</p> +<p>Actor, The</p> +<p>African<br /> + Festivities<br /> + Nurse<br /> + Widow</p> +<p>Agave Americana</p> +<p>Air Balloon, Lines on</p> +<p>Alderman, Antiquity of</p> +<p>Alehouse Signs</p> +<p>Algiers, Sketch of the battle of</p> +<p>Alnwick Freemen</p> +<p>Altitude of Public Buildings</p> +<p>Alvise Sanuto, a story</p> +<p>Ambition, Lines on</p> +<p>American<br /> + Comforts<br /> + Law<br /> + Sea Serpent<br /> + Song Birds</p> +<p>Anecdotes of Canning and Moore</p> +<p>Animal Food</p> +<p>Anne Boleyne, Marriage of</p> +<p>Anne of Geierstein, by Sir Walter Scott<br /> + Outline of the Story, &c.</p> +<p>Anticipation, Lines on</p> +<p>April Fools, Lines on</p> +<p>Arab, Lay of the Wandering</p> +<p>Arctic Adventures</p> +<p>Auctioneer's Ode to Mercury</p> +<p>Auctions, Antiquity of</p> +<p>Aurora Borealis</p> +<p>Austin Friars, Church of</p> +<p>Avver Bread</p> +<p>Bachelors, Advice to</p> +<p>Bad Writing</p> +<p>Ball, Lines on</p> +<p>Balloon Ascent, Recent</p> +<p>Bamborough Castle</p> +<p>Banana Tree</p> +<p>Banditti, South American</p> +<p>Bannockburn, a ballad</p> +<p>Baron's Trumpet</p> +<p>Bazaar, Oxford-street</p> +<p>Bears on the Ice</p> +<p>Beauty, On</p> +<p>Bees, Food of<br /> + Instinct of<br /> + Management of</p> +<p>Beet Root Sugar</p> +<p>Bird of the Tomb, a poem</p> +<p>Birds, Crop of</p> +<p>Birds' Nests</p> +<p>Bishops, Magnificent</p> +<p>Blackheath, Cave at</p> +<p>Blind Girl, The</p> +<p>Boarding, Custom of</p> +<p>Bolivar, Memoir of</p> +<p>Book-machinery</p> +<p>Box-tree, The</p> +<p>Boxes, The</p> +<p>Brazilian Slave Trade</p> +<p>British Artists' Society<br /> + Diorama</p> +<p>Broiling Steaks, a Story</p> +<p>Broken Heart, The</p> +<p>Brandon, Charles, of Suffolk</p> +<p>Bruce Castle, Description of</p> +<p>Bubble and Squeak, To make</p> +<p>Buckingham Palace described</p> +<p>Bull Fights at Lima</p> +<p>Bunyan's Syllabub Pot</p> +<p>Byron, Lord, Anecdotes of</p> +<p>Calenture, or Maladie de Pays</p> +<p>Callender, N.B.</p> +<p>Canadian Indians</p> +<p>Capuchin Interment</p> +<p>Carmarthen, Description of</p> +<p>Cat and Fiddle, Origin of</p> +<p>Cedar of Lebanon</p> +<p>Charing Cross, Old</p> +<p>Chart of Swan River Colony</p> +<p>Chatterton, the Poet</p> +<p>Chertsey Abbey, Stanzas on</p> +<p>Chester Terrace, Regent's Park</p> +<p>Chiltern Hundreds</p> +<p>Chimneys</p> +<p>Chinese Cities</p> +<p>Chinese Novels</p> +<p>Chosen One, The</p> +<p>Chromate of Iron</p> +<p>Church Spires</p> +<p>Clapperton, Captain, Death of</p> +<p>Clarendon House, Piccadilly</p> +<p>Classical Corrections</p> +<p>Cliffords of Craven, Legend of</p> +<p>Clouds and Sunshine</p> +<p>Coals, History of</p> +<p>Cochineal Insect, The</p> +<p>Coinage, Ancient British</p> +<p>College Dreams</p> +<p>Collop Monday</p> +<p>Colosseum, Description of the</p> +<p>Common Rights</p> +<p>Companion to the Almanack<br /> + Theatres</p> +<p>Content, Lines on</p> +<p>Convict's Dream, The<br /> + in New South Wales</p> +<p>Cook and the Cranes</p> +<p>Cookery and Confectionery</p> +<p>Cornwall Terrace, Regent's Park</p> +<p>Cottage Gardens</p> +<p>Cotton Spinning</p> +<p>Covent Garden Market</p> +<p>Country Character</p> +<p>Cowes Regatta described</p> +<p>Creating Wants</p> +<p>Crime in Paris</p> +<p>Crosses, Ancient, in England</p> +<p>Crusades, Epitome of</p> +<p>Crushing to Death, Legal</p> +<p>Cuccu, The, Old Song</p> +<p>Cumberland Landlord, The<br /> + Terrace, Regent's Park</p> +<p>Curaçoa, To make</p> +<p>Curious Extracts</p> +<p>Currants, To Preserve</p> +<p>Dancing, Old<br /> + Lines on</p> +<p>Daubenton, Death of</p> +<p>Dauphin of France</p> +<p>Davy, Sir Humphry, Death of</p> +<p>Days Departed, a Poem</p> +<p>Dead, Tributes to the</p> +<p>Deathwatch Magnified</p> +<p>Denmark, Education in</p> +<p>Derby and Nottingham</p> +<p>Dinner and Tea Table</p> +<p>Diorama, Regent's Park</p> +<p>Discovery, Expeditions of</p> +<p>Dorchester Church</p> +<p>Douglas, Tragedy of</p> +<p>Dreams, Lines on</p> +<p>Drinking, Hints on</p> +<p>Drunken Frolic</p> +<p>Dutch Language<br /> + Tale</p> +<p>Ear, The Human</p> +<p>Eating, Hints on</p> +<p>Eggs, To Preserve</p> +<p>Egyptian MS. discovered</p> +<p>El Borracho, a Spanish Sketch</p> +<p>Electricity on Animals</p> +<p>Elm, the Witch</p> +<p>Elephant<br /> + Hunt in India<br /> + Skeleton<br /> + Public-house, Fenchurch-st.</p> +<p>Emigration to America<br /> + Swan River</p> +<p>Encyclopaedias, German</p> +<p>England and her Colonies</p> +<p>Epicures, English and Foreign</p> +<p>Epsom New Race Stand</p> +<p>Erie, Lake, described</p> +<p>Eskdale Anecdote</p> +<p>European Manufactures consumed in South America</p> +<p>Exeter 'Change, Old</p> +<p>Falkirk described</p> +<p>Falling Stones, Phenomena of</p> +<p>Famine in England</p> +<p>Farriery, Ancient, Lines on</p> +<p>Fashions, English</p> +<p>Fashion, Great World of</p> +<p>Field of Forty Steps</p> +<p>Fight in a Church</p> +<p>Figs</p> +<p>Fir Tree, Immense</p> +<p>First and Last Appearance<br /> + Crime</p> +<p>First Love, a Sketch</p> +<p>Fitzmaurice, the Magician</p> +<p>Five Nights of St. Albans</p> +<p>Flowers on the Alps</p> +<p>Flute-Playing, Lindsay on</p> +<p>Fontainbleau, Royal Hunt at</p> +<p>Foote, Miss, Lines on</p> +<p>Forget-Me-Not, Lines on</p> +<p>Fortune Playhouse described</p> +<p>Fossil Fish<br /> + Remains, Gigantic</p> +<p>Fountain, a Ballad</p> +<p>France, Road-Book of</p> +<p>Fraud, Lines on</p> +<p>Freezing Mixture</p> +<p>French<br /> + Authors, Anecdotes of<br /> + Carpet<br /> + Country Life<br /> + English<br /> + Pigs<br /> + Theatres</p> +<p>Frogs, To tell the Weather by</p> +<p>Frosts, Hard in England</p> +<p>Fruit, Ripening</p> +<p>Fulminating Powder, To make</p> +<p>Funeral Rites of the Greeks</p> +<p>Gaming in S. America</p> +<p>Gardens, Gleanings on</p> +<p>Gay Widow, a Sketch</p> +<p>Geneva, City of</p> +<p>Genii, Light and Dark</p> +<p>Gentlemen's Fashions</p> +<p>Geological Changes</p> +<p>Geology, Conversations on</p> +<p>German Life<br /> + Schools<br /> + Students</p> +<p>Gibeon, Battle of</p> +<p>Gipsy's Malison</p> +<p>Glancin E'e</p> +<p>Glow-worm, The</p> +<p>Gold Size, To make</p> +<p>Good Deeds, Lines on</p> +<p>Good and Evil Days</p> +<p>Gower, the Poet, his Tomb</p> +<p>Grammatical Learning</p> +<p>Gravitation, Novel Theory of</p> +<p>Great Seal of England</p> +<p>Gresham College</p> +<p>Grove House, Regent's Park</p> +<p>Growth of Trees and Animals</p> +<p>Gude News</p> +<p>Guy's Cliff, Description of</p> +<p>H., Lines on the Letter</p> +<p>Halcyon, The</p> +<p>Handel, Anecdote of</p> +<p>Hanover Lodge, Regent's Park</p> +<p>Haro, or Harol, Power of</p> +<p>Harrow School, Description of</p> +<p>Hatching Birds</p> +<p>Heaven, Lines on</p> +<p>Hebrew Melodies</p> +<p>Hertford, (Marquess) his Villa</p> +<p>Hillah on the Euphrates</p> +<p>Himalaya Mountains</p> +<p>Hirlas Horn, The</p> +<p>Hogarth, Anecdotes of<br /> + 's Paintings</p> +<p>Holland House, Kensington</p> +<p>Honest Prejudices</p> +<p>Hood's New Songs</p> +<p>Horsham, Description of</p> +<p>Hudson and his Pigs</p> +<p>Hugonots, The</p> +<p>Humboldt's Journey to Siberia</p> +<p>Hundred Pound Note</p> +<p>Hunted Stag, a Sketch</p> +<p>Hyde Park Entrance</p> +<p>Hydrophobia</p> +<p>Hieroglyphics</p> +<p>Idiot Girl, The, a Sketch</p> +<p>Idler, The</p> +<p>I'll come to your Ball</p> +<p>Image Boy, The</p> +<p>Independence, Irish</p> +<p>India, Voyage to</p> +<p>Indian<br /> + Claystone<br /> + Corn<br /> + Mills</p> +<p>Indian Plaster</p> +<p>Insects, Changes of</p> +<p>Instantaneous Lights</p> +<p>Invitations, Various</p> +<p>Iona, Lines on visiting</p> +<p>Irish<br /> + Deed of Gift<br /> + Names made English</p> +<p>Iron Trade, British</p> +<p>Isabella Colour</p> +<p>Italian Improvisatri</p> +<p>Jack of both Sides</p> +<p>Jerusalem, Lines on</p> +<p>John Bullism, Maxims of</p> +<p>John Dory, The</p> +<p>John of Gaunt</p> +<p>Johnson, Dr.</p> +<p>Journey from the Bank to Barnes</p> +<p>Judy, Lines to</p> +<p>Kenilworth, Romance of</p> +<p>King's Evil, Curing the<br /> + Speech in<br /> + Stag, The</p> +<p>Kirkstall Abbey</p> +<p>Kiss, Lines on</p> +<p>Kissing, Chapter on</p> +<p>Kitchineriana</p> +<p>Konigstein, Great Tun of</p> +<p>La Perouse, Fate of</p> +<p>Lady-Poets of England</p> +<p>Laleham Park</p> +<p>Lawyer, Epitaph on</p> +<p>Lead Miners of Derby</p> +<p>Ledyard to his Mistress</p> +<p>Legal Pearl Divers</p> +<p>Legends of the Lakes of Ireland</p> +<p>Leicester, Derby, and Nottingham</p> +<p>Lilly, the Astrologer</p> +<p>Lime, Effects of</p> +<p>Linlithgow</p> +<p>Loch Katrine<br /> + Lomond</p> +<p>London<br /> + Birds<br /> + Improvements<br /> + Levels<br /> + Lines on Leaving<br /> + Lyrics<br /> + Old<br /> + Stone, Ode to<br /> + Reply of</p> +<p>Long Stories</p> +<p>Love, Course of</p> +<p>Lover Student, The</p> +<p>Lower Classes, Education of the</p> +<p>Luxuries, Ancient and Modern</p> +<p>Macclesfield Bridge, Regent's Park</p> +<p>Mahogany Tree</p> +<p>Mahomet's Standard</p> +<p>Man, Lines on</p> +<p>Man-Mountain, The</p> +<p>Marcel, the dancer</p> +<p>March, Story on a</p> +<p>Marlborough, Duke of</p> +<p>Marriage, Lines on</p> +<p>Mars, Mlle. and Napoleon</p> +<p>Matrimonial Advertisement</p> +<p>May Day Custom</p> +<p>Mekka, Description of</p> +<p>Melting Subject</p> +<p>Memento Mori</p> +<p>Mercy and Justice, Lines on</p> +<p>Mexico, or New Spain</p> +<p>Microscopic Examination of the Blood</p> +<p>Mines of Hayna, Discovery of<br /> + Mexico</p> +<p>Mock Suns</p> +<p>Moliere, Anecdotes of</p> +<p>Monkey, Anecdotes of</p> +<p>Moore, the poet</p> +<p>Morning Star, Lines to</p> +<p>Morse, or Sea-horse</p> +<p>Mount Arafat and Mekka</p> +<p>Mug-house Club, Long Acre</p> +<p>Murder-Hole, a Legend</p> +<p>Murderer's Last Night</p> +<p>Mushrooms, Wholesomeness of</p> +<p>Mutton cold, Eating</p> +<p>Mutton Hams</p> +<p>Mexican Navy</p> +<p>Monumental Alteration</p> +<p>Nancy Dawson</p> +<p>Napoleon, Anecdotes of<br /> + young, Anecdotes of</p> +<p>National Debt, Plans to pay</p> +<p>Navarino, Battle of</p> +<p>Neck, Tradition of the</p> +<p>New South Wales, Population of</p> +<p>New Year's Custom</p> +<p>Newton, Sir Isaac</p> +<p>Noses, Chapter of</p> +<p>Nostalagia, or Calenture</p> +<p>Oak, Beauty of the</p> +<p>Ode from the Persian</p> +<p>Ohio, Scenery of the</p> +<p>Old Rose and burn the bellows</p> +<p>Old Mansions</p> +<p>Oratorios</p> +<p>Oratory, British</p> +<p>Ornithology, Mr. Jennings on</p> +<p>O'Sullivan's Punch Bowl</p> +<p>Ossian's Hall</p> +<p>Othello, Performance of</p> +<p>Otway's Plays</p> +<p>Painting, Moral effects of</p> +<p>Palermo, Party at</p> +<p>Paper linen, Manufactory of</p> +<p>Park, Mungo, Fate of</p> +<p>Parliaments, Epitome of</p> +<p>Parr, Dr., Anecdotes of</p> +<p>Peg Tankards</p> +<p>Pendrils, Family of</p> +<p>Persia, Royal life in</p> +<p>Persian Cavalier</p> +<p>Petrifaction Manufactory</p> +<p>Planting, Notes on</p> +<p>Pocket Books, Useful</p> +<p>Poesy, The dream of</p> +<p>Poetical Will</p> +<p>Polishing Stones</p> +<p>Pompeii, Recent visit to</p> +<p>Posture-masters, Ancient</p> +<p>Potato Chestnuts<br /> + Growth of</p> +<p>Practice of Cookery</p> +<p>Pre-aux-clercs at Paris</p> +<p>Public Improvements</p> +<p>Punch, Anecdote of</p> +<p>Puns and Conundrums</p> +<p>Pyrometer, New</p> +<p>Pyrothonide</p> +<p>Quarterly Review, Notes from</p> +<p>Quartre Bras, Battle of</p> +<p>Queen of Portugal</p> +<p>Rank and Talent, a novel</p> +<p>Regal Tablet</p> +<p>Residence, Choice of a</p> +<p>Rest, Lines on</p> +<p>Retentive Memory</p> +<p>Riches, Lines on</p> +<p>River Melodies</p> +<p>Roads of England</p> +<p>Robin Hood's Grave</p> +<p>Robinson Crusoe's Island</p> +<p>Roman Altar, Description of</p> +<p>Rome, Effect of, on the traveller</p> +<p>Rooks</p> +<p>Roses, Culture of</p> +<p>Rover, dog, Anecdotes of</p> +<p>Roué's interpretation of death</p> +<p>Royal Academy Exhibition</p> +<p>Rugby School described</p> +<p>Rupert's, Prince, Palace, Barbican</p> +<p>Russian Botanical Garden</p> +<p>Russian Navy, The</p> +<p>Sabbath, The</p> +<p>Sacred Poetry</p> +<p>St. Christopher's, Island of</p> +<p>St. Paul's Cathedral</p> +<p>Sanctuaries, Ancient</p> +<p>Sarcophagus, Lines on</p> +<p>Sawston Hall described</p> +<p>Schinderhannes, the German robber</p> +<p>School and College</p> +<p>Scotch Marriages</p> +<p>Scottish Inns</p> +<p>Scotland, Road-book of</p> +<p>Scott, Sir Walter, Portrait of</p> +<p>Screws and Screw Presses</p> +<p>Seal's Wedding</p> +<p>Sensitive Plant, The</p> +<p>Shakspeare, a fragment</p> +<p>Shaving in Churchyards</p> +<p>Sherwood and Robin Hood</p> +<p>Shrubs, Transplantation of</p> +<p>Sight, Lines on</p> +<p>Silk Trade</p> +<p>Sleeping Girl, The</p> +<p>Slugs, To destroy</p> +<p>Sneezing among the Ancients</p> +<p>Snow magnified</p> +<p>Snow, a long one</p> +<p>Snow-woman's Story</p> +<p>Soliman the Great</p> +<p>Solitariness, Lines on</p> +<p>Somerset House, Old</p> +<p>Song</p> +<p>Songs for children</p> +<p>Sorrows of Rosalie, a poem</p> +<p>South American Manners</p> +<p>Spiders, Gossamer threads of</p> +<p>Spittlefields in former days</p> +<p>Spots on the sun</p> +<p>Spoons, Antiquity of</p> +<p>Springs, Temperature of</p> +<p>Stage, The modern</p> +<p>Stanging custom</p> +<p>Stealing a Sheet</p> +<p>Stroll, near London</p> +<p>Sugar made from Rags</p> +<p>Superstition</p> +<p>Sussex Place, Regent's Park</p> +<p>Swan River Colony, Described</p> +<p>Swearing by proxy</p> +<p>Tailors, On</p> +<p>Talipot Tree</p> +<p>Tanning, New process of</p> +<p>Tea-drinking</p> +<p>Temperance, Lines on</p> +<p>Theatres, ancient and modern<br /> + Fire in<br /> + Royal visits to</p> +<p>Theatrical bill of 1511</p> +<p>Thorwaldsen, The sculptor</p> +<p>Throwing stones at the devil</p> +<p>Tigers, To catch</p> +<p>Timber Trees, Description of</p> +<p>Tim Marcks and the Walking Scull</p> +<p>Times Newspaper</p> +<p>Travelling, Expeditious</p> +<p>Travelling on the Continent</p> +<p>Trial by Jury</p> +<p>Truth, a fable</p> +<p>Turkish Prophecy</p> +<p>Twenty-eight & Twenty-nine, years</p> +<p>University, in Yorkshire</p> +<p>Valdemaro, Vision of</p> +<p>Valentine's Day</p> +<p>Van Diemen's Land, Aborigines of</p> +<p>Vary weel while it lasts</p> +<p>Vegetables, To make tender</p> +<p>Vicar, the, Lines on</p> +<p>Vidocq, the French policeman</p> +<p>Village Funeral</p> +<p>Villas in the Regent's Park</p> +<p>Vine, The, from the German</p> +<p>Violets, Complaint of</p> +<p>Wanderer, Recollections of</p> +<p>War, Miseries of</p> +<p>Warwick Castle, Description of</p> +<p>Waste lands, Cultivation of</p> +<p>Watch, Mechanism of</p> +<p>Watering-place arrivals</p> +<p>Water bewitched</p> +<p>Waterloo, Battle of described</p> +<p>Waverley Novels</p> +<p>Whigs and Tories</p> +<p>Whitehall, Description of</p> +<p>Whitsun Ale</p> +<p>Windsor as it was</p> +<p>Witnesses on trials</p> +<p>Woman</p> +<p>Wonders of Art</p> +<p>Wreck, The, a sketch</p> +<p>Yew-tree, The</p> +<p>York Minster, Fire in</p> +<p>York Terrace, Regent's Park</p> +<p>Zoological Society, Report of</p> + + +<hr class="full" /> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, +and Instruction--Volume 13, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE *** + +***** This file should be named 12017-h.htm or 12017-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/2/0/1/12017/ + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Allen Siddle, and the Online Distributed +Proofreaders Team + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + +Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's +eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII, +compressed (zipped), HTML and others. + +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks replace the old file and take over +the old filename and etext number. The replaced older file is renamed. +VERSIONS based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving +new filenames and etext numbers. + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + +EBooks posted prior to November 2003, with eBook numbers BELOW #10000, +are filed in directories based on their release date. If you want to +download any of these eBooks directly, rather than using the regular +search system you may utilize the following addresses and just +download by the etext year. For example: + + https://www.gutenberg.org/etext06 + + (Or /etext 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99, + 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90) + +EBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are +filed in a different way. The year of a release date is no longer part +of the directory path. The path is based on the etext number (which is +identical to the filename). The path to the file is made up of single +digits corresponding to all but the last digit in the filename. For +example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at: + + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/0/2/3/10234 + +or filename 24689 would be found at: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/6/8/24689 + +An alternative method of locating eBooks: + https://www.gutenberg.org/GUTINDEX.ALL + + + + +</pre> + +</body> +</html> + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/old/12017-h/images/378-001.jpg b/old/12017-h/images/378-001.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6b68cac --- /dev/null +++ b/old/12017-h/images/378-001.jpg diff --git a/old/12017.txt b/old/12017.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..537f515 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/12017.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1702 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and +Instruction--Volume 13, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction--Volume 13 + Index to Vol. 13 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: April 14, 2004 [EBook #12017] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Allen Siddle, and the Online Distributed +Proofreaders Team + + + + + +[Illustration: PORTRAIT of the late SIR HUMPHRY DAVY, Bart.] + + * * * * * + +THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION: + +CONTAINING + +ORIGINAL ESSAYS; HISTORICAL NARRATIVES; BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS; +SKETCHES OF SOCIETY; TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTIONS; +NOVELS AND TALES; ANECDOTES; + + +SELECT EXTRACTS + +FROM + +NEW AND EXPENSIVE WORKS; +_POETRY, ORIGINAL AND SELECTED:_ +THE SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS; +DISCOVERIES IN THE ARTS AND SCIENCES; +_USEFUL DOMESTIC HINTS;_ + +&c. &c. &c. + + + * * * * * + +VOL. XIII. + + * * * * * + + +LONDON +PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY J. LIMBIRD, 143, STRAND. +_(Near Somerset House.)_ + +1829 + + + * * * * * + +PREFACE. + + * * * * * + +We begin to think that a long Preface in this season of _ennui_ would be +almost as tiresome as tragedy in warm weather, and much more so than the +trite three-line Prologue in Hamlet. Our materials are collected from all +quarters, with but little of our own; so that we might praise all the +authors without the charge of uncommon vanity; but panegyric savours much +of the poppy, and we must use it accordingly. + +Our thanks are first due to such Subscribers as have, by personal +observation and research, enabled us to throw a light on certain obsolete +customs or portions of our domestic history; for these contributions form +a prominent feature of the Correspondence of THE MIRROR; it being our +object, in this department, to gather facts rather than to draw only upon +the invention of our friends. In support of this system we could select +many specimens from the Correspondence of the present volume, the +interest of which is, we hope, be equal to any of its predecessors. + +The _Selector_ will be found to contain many valuable extracts from New +and Costly Works, in almost every class of literature; and the piquancy +of the _Notes of a Reader_ may be turned to as a convenient little +treasury, into which readers of all tastes may dip with pleasure and +advantage. + +The _Sketch Book_ contains rather an unusual number of Narratives, some +of them of extraordinary interest, and written in the best style of the +best authors. + +The _Spirit of Discovery_ will be considered characteristic of our times, +by illustrating the real economy of science in its application to the +conveniences of every-day life. As a collateral branch of this division +is _The Naturalist,_ under which head we have endeavoured to identify THE +MIRROR with Zoology, as one of the most popular studies of the day. + +The _Spirit of the Public Journals_ breathes not a few of the sweetest +and most recent poetical compositions from the pens of celebrated authors, +some of whose names are passports to high excellence. + +The _Engravings_ have, probably, been criticised upon first impression; +so that we can only hope they have merited the applause of our +Subscribers. We may be permitted to remark that some of the illustrations +relate to scenes and subjects of no ordinary attraction in Antiquarian +Remains, and Architectural Improvements of yesterday; a few of these have +been executed at a considerable cost to the Proprietor; for which extra +exertion he has been more than requited by the increased demand. + +Several current _Novelties_ will be found described at length in this +volume--as the circumstantial and accurate accounts of the Colosseum--and +the New Swan River Settlement, the last of which is illustrated with an +Engraved Chart. + +Strenuous as have been our exertions for past patronage, we shall not +relax in the ensuing volume. An entirely new Type has been prepared for +this purpose, and we feel confident that we shall be enabled to keep pace +with the increased typographical beauty of the MIRROR, as well as with +the improved spirit of its Engravings. + +June 27, 1829. + + + + + * * * * * + + +LIST OF ENGRAVINGS. + + +VOL. XIII. + + +_PORTRAIT of the late SIR HUMPHRY DAVY, Bart._ + + +Bruce Castle, Tottenham. + +Old Elephant, Fenchurch Street. + +Macclesfield Bridge, Regent's Park. + +Rupert's Palace, Barbican. + +Hanover Lodge, Regent's Park. + +Grove House, ditto. + +Colosseum, Exterior, ditto. + +Marquess of Hertford's Villa, ditto. + +Doric Villa, ditto. + +Colosseum, Interior, ditto. + +Kirkstall Abbey. + +Warwick Castle. + +Old Covent Garden Market. + +York Terrace, Regent's Park. + +Snow Flakes, Magnified. + +Rugby School. + +Miners of Derbyshire. + +Fortune Playhouse, Barbican. + +Epsom New Race Stand. + +Old Charing Cross. + +Exeter 'Change, Strand. + +Hyde Park Grand Entrance. + +Talipot Tree. + +Glowworm. + +Deathwatch, Magnified. + +Chester Terrace, Regent's Park. + +Guy's Cliff. + +Roman Altar. + +Gower's Tomb. + +Hirlas Horn. + +Old Somerset House. + +Harrow School. + +Sussex Place, Regent's Park. + +Clarendon House, Piccadilly. + +Relic of John Buryan. + +Cornwall Terrace, Regent's Park. + +Chart of the Swan River Settlement. + +Laleham Park, the Residence of the Young Queen of Portugal. + +Holland House, Kensington. + +Cumberland Terrace, Regent's Park. + +Residence of T. Campbell, Esq. + +Labyrinth at Versailles. + + + + * * * * * + + +MEMOIR OF SIR HUMPHRY DAVY, BART. + + +The present may be regarded as a chemical age; for so extensive, rapid, +and important have been the late acquisitions in the science of chemistry, +that we may almost claim it as the exclusive discovery of our own times. +The popularity and high estimation in which it is held may be ascribed to +three causes: 1. The satisfaction which is afforded by its results. +2. Its utility in all the arts of life. 3. The little previous +preparation which an entrance on its study requires. To these may be +added, the new interest conferred upon the science by the discoveries of +Black, Priestly, and Lavoisier, which had already introduced into +chemical science the long-neglected requisites of close investigation and +logical deduction; but it was reserved for Sir HUMPHRY DAVY to +demonstrate the vast superiority of modern principles, by the most +brilliant career of discovery, which, since the days of Newton, have +graced the annals of science. + +Sir Humphry Davy was born December 17, 1779, at Penzance, in Cornwall. +His family was ancient, and above the middle class; his paternal great +grandfather had considerable landed property in the parish of Budgwin, +and his father possessed a small paternal estate opposite St. Michael's +Mount, called Farfal, on which he died in 1795, after having injured his +fortune by expending considerable sums in attempting agricultural +improvements. Sir Humphry received the first rudiments of his education +at the grammar-schools of Penzance and Truro: at the former place, he +resided with Mr. John Tomkin, surgeon, a benevolent and intelligent man, +who had been intimately connected with his maternal grandfather, and +treated him with a degree of kindness little less than paternal. His +genius was originally inclined to poetry; and there are many natives of +Penzance who remember his poems and verses, written at the early age of +nine years. He cultivated this bias till his fifteenth year, when he +became the pupil of Mr. (since Dr.) Borlase, of Penzance, an ingenious +surgeon, intending to prepare himself for graduating as a physician at +Edinburgh. As a proof of his uncommon mind, at this early age, it is +worthy of mention, that Mr. Davy laid down for himself a plan of +education, which embraced the circle of the sciences. By his eighteenth +year he had acquired the rudiments of botany, anatomy, and physiology, +the simpler mathematics, metaphysics, natural philosophy, and chemistry. +But chemistry soon arrested his whole attention. Having made some +experiments on the air disengaged by sea-weeds from the water of the +ocean, which convinced him that these vegetables performed the same part +in purifying the air dissolved in water which land-vegetables act in the +atmosphere; he communicated them to Dr. Beddoes, who had at that time +circulated proposals for publishing a journal of philosophical +contributions from the West of England. This produced a correspondence +between Dr. Beddoes and Mr. Davy, in which the Doctor proposed, that +Mr. Davy, who was at this time only nineteen years of age, should suspend +his plan of going to Edinburgh, and take a part in experiments which were +then about to be instituted at Bristol, for investigating the medical +powers of factitious airs; to this proposal Mr. Davy consented, on +condition that he should have the uncontrolled superintendence of the +expements. About this time he became acquainted with Davies Gilbert, Esq. +M.P. a gentleman of high scientific attainments, (now President of the +Royal Society), with whom he formed a friendship which has always +continued; and to Mr. Gilbert's judicious advice may be attributed +Mr. Davy's adoption of and perseverance in the study of chemistry. With +Dr. Beddoes, Mr. Davy resided for a considerable time, and was constantly +occupied in new chemical investigations. Here, he discovered the +respirability of nitrous oxide, and made a number of laborious +experiments on gaseous bodies, which he afterwards published in +"Researches Chemical and Philosophical," a work that was universally well +received by the chemical world, and created a high reputation for its +author, at that time only twenty-one years of age. This led to his +introduction to Count Rumford, and to his being elected Professor of +Chemistry to the Royal Institution in Albemarle-street. On obtaining this +appointment Mr. Davy gave up all his views of the medical profession, and +devoted himself entirely to chemistry. + +Mr. Davy's first experiments as Professor of Chemistry in the Royal +Institution, were made on the substance employed in the process of +tanning, with others to which similar properties were ascribed, in +consequence of the discovery made by M. Seguier, of Paris, of the +peculiar vegetable matter, now called tannin. He was, during the same +period, frequently occupied in experiments on galvanism. + +To the agriculturist, chemistry is of the first consideration. The +dependence of agriculture upon chemical causes had been previously +noticed, but it was first completely demonstrated in a course of lectures +before the Board of Agriculture, which Mr. Davy commenced in the year +1802, and continued for ten years. This series of lectures contained much +popular and practical information, and belongs to the most useful of Mr. +Davy's scientific labours; for the application of chemistry to +agriculture is one of its most important results; and so rapid were the +discoveries of the author, that in preparing these discourses for +publication, a few years afterwards, he was under the necessity of making +several alterations, to adapt them to the improved state of chemical +knowledge, which his own labours had, in that short time, produced. + +In 1803, he was chosen a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1805, a +member of the Royal Irish Academy. He now enjoyed the friendship of most +of the distinguished literary men and philosophers of the metropolis, and +enumerated among his intimate friends, Sir Joseph Banks, Cavendish, +Hatchett, Wollaston, Children, Tennant, and other eminent men. At the +same time he corresponded with the principal chemists of every part of +Europe. In 1806, he was appointed to deliver, before the Royal Society, +the Bakerian lecture, in which he displayed some very interesting new +agencies of electricity, by means of the celebrated galvanic apparatus.[1] +Soon afterwards, he made one of the most brilliant discoveries of modern +times, in the decomposition of two fixed alkalies, which, in direct +refutation of the hypothesis previously adopted, were found to consist of +a peculiar metallic base united with a large quantity of oxygen. These +alkalies were potash and soda, and the metals thus discovered were called +potassium and sodium, Mr. Davy was equally successful in the application +of galvanism to the decomposition of the earths. About this time he +became Secretary of the Royal Society. In 1808, Mr. Davy received a prize +from the French Institute. During the greater part of 1810, he was +employed on the combinations of oxymuriatic gas and oxygen; and towards +the close of the same year, he delivered a course of lectures before the +Dublin Society, and received from Trinity College, Dublin, the honorary +degree of LL. D. + +In the year 1812, Mr. Davy married his amiable lady, then Mrs. Apreece, +widow of Shuckburgh Ashby Apreece, Esq. and daughter and heiress of the +late Charles Kerr, of Kelso, Esq. By his union with this lady, Mr. Davy +acquired not only a considerable fortune, but the inestimable treasure of +an affectionate and exemplary wife, and a congenial friend and companion, +capable of appreciating his character and attainments. A few days +previously to his marriage, he received the honour of knighthood from his +Majesty, then Prince Regent, being the first person on whom he conferred +that dignity. + +We now arrive at the most important result of Sir Humphry Davy's labours, +viz. the invention of the SAFETY-LAMP for coal mines, which has been +generally and successfully adopted throughout Europe. This invention has +been the means of preserving many valuable lives, and preventing horrible +mutilations, more terrible even than death; and were this Sir Humphry +Davy's only invention, it would secure him an immortality in the annals +of civilization and science. The general principle of this discovery may +be described as follows: + +"The frequency of accidents, arising from the explosion of the fire-damp, +or inflammable gas of the coal mines, mixed with atmospherical air, +occasioned the formation of a committee at Sunderland, for the purpose of +investigating the causes of these calamities, and of endeavouring to +discover and apply a preventive. Sir Humphry received an invitation, in +1815, from Dr. Gray, one of the members of the committee; in consequence +of which he went to the North of England, and visiting some of the +principal collieries in the neighbourhood of Newcastle, soon convinced +himself that no improvement could be made in the mode of ventilation, but +that the desired preventive must be sought in a new method of lighting +the mines, free from danger, and which, by indicating the state of the +air in the part of the mine where inflammable air was disengaged, so as +to render the atmosphere explosive, should oblige the miners to retire +till the workings were properly cleared. The common means then employed +for lighting the dangerous part of the mines consisted of a steel wheel +revolving in contact with flint, and affording a succession of sparks: +but this apparatus always required a person to work it, and was not +entirely free from danger. The fire-damp was known to be light +carburetted hydrogen gas; but its relations to combustion had not been +examined. It is chiefly produced from what are called blowers or fissures +in the broken strata, near dykes. Sir Humphry made various experiments on +its combustibility and explosive nature; and discovered, that the +fire-damp requires a very strong heat for its inflammation; that azote and +carbonic acid, even in very small proportions, diminished the velocity of +the inflammation; that mixtures of the gas would not explode in metallic +canals or troughs, where their diameter was less than one-seventh of an +inch, and their depth considerable in proportion to their diameter; and +that explosions could not be made to pass through such canals, or through +very fine wire sieves, or wire gauze. The consideration of these facts +led Sir Humphry to adopt a lamp, in which the flame, by being supplied +with only a limited quantity of air should produce such a quantity of +azote and carbonic acid as to prevent the explosion of the fire-damp, and +which, by the nature of its apertures for giving admittance and egress to +the air, should be rendered incapable of communicating any explosion to +the external air. These requisites were found to be afforded by air-tight +lanterns, of various constructions, supplied with air from tubes or +canals of small diameter, or from apertures covered with wire-gauze, +placed below the flame, through which explosions cannot be communicated; +and having a chimney at the upper part, for carrying off the foul air. +Sir Humphry soon afterwards found that a constant flame might be kept up +from the explosive mixture issuing from the apertures of a wire-gauze +sieve. He introduced a very small lamp in a cylinder, made of wire-gauze, +having six thousand four hundred apertures in the square inch. He closed +all apertures except those of the gauze, and introduced the lamp, burning +brightly within the cylinder, into a large jar, containing several quarts +of the most explosive mixture of gas from the distillation of coal and +air; the flame of the wick immediately disappeared, or rather was lost, +for the whole of the interior of the cylinder became filled with a feeble +but steady flame of a green colour, which burnt for some minutes, till it +had entirely destroyed the explosive power of the atmosphere. This +discovery led to a most important improvement in the lamp, divested the +fire-damp of all its terrors, and applied its powers, formerly so +destructive, to the production of a useful light. Some minor +improvements, originating in Sir Humphry's researches into the nature of +flame, were afterwards effected. Experiments of the most satisfactory +nature were speedily made, and the invention was soon generally adopted. +Some attempts were made to dispute the honour of this discovery with its +author, but his claims were confirmed by the investigations of the first +philosophers of the age."[2]--The coal owners of the Tyne and Wear +evinced their sense of the benefits resulting from this invention, by +presenting Sir Humphry with a handsome service of plate worth nearly two +thousand pounds, at a public dinner at Newcastle, October 11, 1817. + +In 1813, Sir Humphry was elected a corresponding member of the Institute +of France, and vice-president of the Royal Institution; in 1817, one of +the eight associates of the Royal Academy; in 1818 created a baronet, and +during the last ten years he has been elected a member of most of the +learned bodies of Europe. + +We could occupy many pages with the interesting details of Sir Humphry +Davy's travels in different parts of Europe for scientific purposes, +particularly to investigate the causes of volcanic phenomena, to instruct +the miners of the coal districts in the application of his safety-lamp, +and to examine the state of the Herculaneum manuscripts and to illustrate +the remains of the chemical arts of the ancients. He analyzed the colours +used in painting by the ancient Greek and Roman artists. His experiments +were chiefly made on the paintings in the baths of Titus, the ruins +called the baths of Livia, in the remains of other palaces and baths of +ancient Rome, and in the ruins of Pompeii. By the kindness of his friend +Canova, who was charged with the care of the works connected with ancient +art in Rome, he was enabled to select with his own hands specimens of the +different pigments, that had been formed in vases discovered in the +excavations, which had been lately made beneath the ruins of the palace +of Titus, and to compare them with the colours fixed on the walls, or +detached in fragments of stucco. The results of all these researches were +published in the Transactions of the Royal Society for 1815, and are +extremely interesting. The concluding observations, in which he impresses +on artists the superior importance of permanency to brilliancy in the +colours used in painting, are especially worthy the attention of artists. +On his examination of the Herculaneum manuscripts, at Naples, in 1818-19, +he was of opinion they had not been acted upon by fire, so as to be +completely carbonized, but that their leaves were cemented together by a +substance formed during the fermentation and chemical change of ages. He +invented a composition for the solution of this substance, but he could +not discover more than 100 out of 1,265 manuscripts, which presented any +probability of success. + +Sir Humphry returned to England in 1820, and in the same year his +respected friend, Sir Joseph Banks, President of the Royal Society, died. +Several discussions took place respecting a proper successor, when +individuals of high and even very exalted rank were named as candidates. +But science, very properly in this case, superseded rank. Amongst the +philosophers whose labours had enriched the Transactions of the Royal +Society, two were most generally adverted to, Sir Humphry Davy and Dr. +Wollaston; but Dr. Wollaston very modestly declined being a candidate +after his friend had been nominated, and received from the council of the +Society the unanimous compliment of being placed in the chair of the +Royal Society, till the election by the body in November.[3] A trifling +opposition was made to Sir Humphry Davy's election, by some unknown +persons, who proposed Lord Colchester, but Sir Humphry was placed in the +chair by a majority of 200 to 13. For this honour no one could be more +completely qualified. Sir Humphry retained his seat as President till the +year 1827, when, in consequence of procrastinated ill health, in great +measure brought on by injuries occasioned to his constitution by +scientific experiments, he was induced, by medical advice, to retire to +the continent. He accordingly resigned his seat as President of the Royal +Society, the chair being filled, _pro tem_, by Davies Gilbert, Esq. who, +at the Anniversary Meeting, Nov. 30, 1827, was unanimously elected +President. + +Since his retirement, Sir Humphry Davy resided principally at Rome, where +a short time ago he had an alarming attack of a paralytic nature, but +from which he was apparently, though slowly, recovering. Lady Davy, who +had been detained in England by her own ill health, joined Sir Humphry, +at Rome, on hearing of his alarming state. Thence he travelled by easy +stages to Geneva, without feeling any particular inconvenience, and +without any circumstances which denoted the approach of dissolution: but +on Friday, May 29, 1829, the illustrious philosopher closed his mortal +career, in the fifty-first year of his age, having only reached Geneva on +the day previous. Lady Davy had the gratification of contributing, by +her soothing care, to the comfort of his last days during their stay in +Italy, and on their journey to Geneva, where they intended to pass the +summer, and hoped to have derived benefit from the eminent practitioners +of that city. Sir Humphry had also been joined by his brother, Dr. John +Davy, physician to the forces in Malta, whence he came on receiving the +intelligence of his brother's danger. But all human art and skill were +of no avail. The last and fatal attack took place at half-past two on +Friday morning, and the pulse ceased to beat shortly after. The event was +no sooner known, than the afflicted widow received the condolence and +affectionate offer of services from the most distinguished individuals of +Geneva; amongst whom we must mention M. A. de Condolle, the eminent +botanist, and M. Sismondi, the historian, both equally beloved for their +amiable character, as illustrious throughout Europe for their works. M. +de Condolle obligingly took charge of all the details of the interment of +his illustrious colleague; and the governor of the Canton, the Academy of +Geneva, the Consistory of the Geneva Church, the Society of Arts and of +Natural Philosophy and History, together with nearly all the English +resident there, accompanied the remains to the burial-ground, where the +English service was performed by the Rev. Mr. John Magers of Queen's +College, and the Rev. Mr. Burgess. The members of the Academy, in the +absence of any relation of the deceased, took their place in the funeral +procession; and the invitations to the syndicate, and to the learned +bodies who accompanied it, were made by that body in the same character. +The whole was conducted with much appropriate order and decency, and +whilst every attention and respect were paid to the memory of the +deceased, nothing was attempted beyond the unostentatious simplicity +which the deceased had frequently declared to be his wish, whenever his +mortal remains should be consigned to their last home; and which in +accordance to that wish, had been expressly enjoined to her kind friends +by the afflicted widow. In the procession, which followed the corporate +bodies and the countrymen of the deceased, were many of the most eminent +manufacturers of Geneva, and a large body of mechanics, who were anxious +to pay this tribute of regard and gratitude to one whom they deservedly +looked upon as a great benefactor to the arts, and promoter of sciences, +by the application of which they earn their livelihood.[4] + +During his retirement on the Continent, Sir Humphry continued to +communicate the splendid results of his labours to the Royal Society, +and at the anniversary meeting of the year 1827, the royal medal was +awarded to him for a series of brilliant discoveries developing the +relation between electricity and chemistry.[5] Upon this interesting +occasion, Mr. Davies Gilbert spoke at some length, commencing as +follows: "It is with feelings most gratifying to myself that I now +approach to the award of a royal medal to Sir Humphry Davy; and I esteem +it a most fortunate occurrence, that this award should have taken place +during the short period of my having to discharge the duties attached to +the office of president; having witnessed the whole progress of Sir +Humphry Davy's advancement in science and in reputation, from his first +attempts in his native town to vary some of Dr. Priestly's experiments +on the extraction of oxygen from marine vegetables to the point of +eminence which we all know him to have reached. It is not necessary for +me more than to advert to his discovery of nitrous oxyde; to his +investigation of the action of light on gases; on the nature of heat; to +his successful discrimination of proximate vegetable elements; nor to +his most scientific, ingenious, and useful invention, the +safety-lamp,--an invention reasoned out from its principles, with all +the accuracy and precision of mathematical deduction." + +The course of Sir Humphry Davy to the highest rank as a chemical +philosopher, was, after his appointment at the Royal Institution, rapid +and brilliant; and if he was previously aided by as few of the advantages +of fortune as any man living, he had then at his disposal whatever his +industry and talents chose to command. We have given but a hasty outline +of his labours; but it is possible that he may have left behind him much, +not yet made public, for which, science will be still further indebted to +him. His works, papers, and letters are numerous, and the greatest +portion of them are contained in the Transactions of the Royal Society. +One of the most popular and interesting of his recent papers is that on +the _Phenomena of Volcanoes_. This contains a series of investigations of +Vesuvius, made by the author during a residence at Naples in 1819-20, and +bearing upon a previous hypothesis, "that metals of the alkalies and +earth might exist in the interior of the globe, and on being exposed to +the action of air and water, give rise to volcanic fires, and to the +production of lavas, by the slow cooling of which basaltic and other +crystalline rocks might subsequently be formed." We have not space for +the details of these investigations, interesting as they would prove to +an unscientific reader; but we give an abstract of the result of Sir +Humphry's observations: + +"The phenomena observed by the author afforded a sufficient refutation of +all the ancient hypotheses, in which volcanic fires were ascribed to such +chemical causes as the combustion of mineral coal, or the action of +sulphur upon iron; and are perfectly consistent with the supposition of +their depending upon the oxidation of the metals of the earths upon an +extensive scale, in immense subterranean cavities, to which water or +atmospheric air may occasionally have access. The subterranean thunder +heard at great distances under Vesuvius, prior to an eruption, indicates +the vast extent of these cavities; and the existence of a subterranean +communication between the Solfattara and Vesuvius, is established by the +fact that whenever the latter is in an active state, the former is +comparatively tranquil. In confirmation of these views, the author +remarks, that almost all the volcanoes of considerable magnitude in the +old world, are in the vicinity of the sea; and in those where the sea is +more distant, as in the volcanoes of South America, the water may be +supplied from great subterranean lakes; for Humboldt states that some of +them throw up quantities of fish. The author acknowledges, however, that +the hypothesis of the nucleus of the globe being composed of matter +liquefied by heat, offers a still more simple solution of the phenomena +of volcanic fires."[6] + +We have hitherto spoken of Sir Humphry Davy as a philosopher. He was, +however, in every respect, an accomplished scholar, and was well +acquainted with foreign languages. He always retained a strong taste for +literary pleasures; and when his continued illness retarded his +scientific pursuits, he made literature his recreation. In this manner he +wrote _Salmonia: or Days of Fly-fishing_, in a series of conversations, +we gather from the Preface:--"These pages formed the occupation of the +Author during several months of severe and dangerous illness, when he was +wholly incapable of attending to more useful studies, or of following +more serious pursuits. They formed his amusement in many hours, which +otherwise would have been unoccupied and tedious." "The conversational +and discursive style were chosen as best suited to the state of the +health of the author, who was incapable of considerable efforts and long +continued exertion." The volume is dedicated to Dr. Babington, "in +remembrance of some delightful days passed in his society, and in +gratitude for an uninterrupted friendship of quarter of a century:" and +the likeness of one of the characters in the conversations to that +estimable physician abovenamed, has been considered well drawn, and +easily recognisable by those who enjoy his acquaintance. + +The philosophical works of Sir Humphry Davy are written in a clear and +perspicuous style, by which means he has contributed more to the +diffusion of scientific knowledge than any other writer of his time. His +three principal works, "Chemical and Philosophical Researches," "Elements +of Chemical Philosophy," and "Elements of Agricultural Chemistry," are in +a popular and familiar style, and the two last are excellently adapted +for elementary study. His numerous pamphlets and contributions to the +Transactions of the Royal Society have the same rare merit of conveying +experimental knowledge in the most attractive form, and thus reducing +abstract theory to the practice and purposes of life and society. The +results of his investigations and experiments were not therefore pent up +in the laboratory or lecture-room where they were made, but by this +valuable mode of communication, they have realized what ought to be the +highest aim of science,--the improvement of the condition and comforts of +every class of his fellow-creatures. Thus, beautiful theories were +illustrated by inventions of immediate utility, as in the safety-lamp for +mitigating the dangers to which miners are exposed in their labours, and +the application of a newly-discovered principle in preserving the life of +the adventurous mariner. Yet splendid as were Sir Humphry's talents, and +important as have been their application, he received the honours and +homage of the scientific world with that becoming modesty which +universally characterizes great genius. + +Apart from the scientific value of Sir Humphry's labours and researches, +they are pervaded by a tone and temper, and an enthusiastic love of +nature which are as admirably expressed as their influence is excellent. +In proof of this feeling we could almost from memory, quote many +passages from his works. Thus, speaking of the divine _Study of Nature_, +he has the following reflective truths:--"If we look with wonder upon +the great remains of human works, such as the columns of Palmyra, broken +in the midst of the desert, the temples of Paestum, beautiful in the +decay of twenty centuries, or the mutilated fragments of Greek sculpture +in the Acropolis of Athens, or in our own Museum, as proofs of the +genius of artists, and power and riches of nations now past away; with +how much deeper feeling of admiration must we consider those grand +monuments of Nature, which mark the revolutions of the globe; continents +broken into islands; one land produced, another destroyed; the bottom of +the ocean become a fertile soil; whole races of animals extinct; and the +bones and exuviae of one class, covered with the remains of another, and +upon the graves of past generations--the marble or rocky tomb, as it +were, of a former animated world--new generations rising, and order and +harmony established, and a system of life and beauty produced, as it +were out of chaos and death; proving the infinite power, wisdom, and +goodness, of the GREAT CAUSE OF ALL BEING!" Here we cannot trace any +co-mixture of science and scepticism, and in vain shall we look for the +spawn of infidel doctrine. The same excellent feeling breathes +throughout _Salmonia_, one of the most delightful labours of leisure we +have ever seen. Not a few of the most beautiful phenomena of Nature are +here lucidly explained, yet the pages have none of the varnish of +philosophical unbelief or finite reasoning. "In my opinion," says one of +the characters in the Dialogue, (to be identified as the author,) +"profound minds are the most likely to think lightly of the resources of +human reason; and it is the pert superficial thinker who is generally +strongest in every kind of unbelief. The deep philosopher sees changes +of causes and effects, so wonderfully and strangely linked together, +that he is usually the last person to decide upon the impossibility of +any two series of events being independent of each other; and in +science, so many natural miracles, as it were, have been brought to +light,--such as the fall of stones from meteors in the atmosphere, the +disarming a thundercloud by a metallic point, the production of fire +from ice by a metal white as silver, and referring certain laws of +motions of the sea to the moon,--that the physical inquirer is seldom +disposed to assert, confidently, on any abstruse subjects belonging to +the order of natural things, and still less so on those relating to the +more mysterious relations of moral events and intellectual natures."[7] + +Many other passages in _Salmonia_ gush forth with great force and beauty, +and sometimes soar into sublime truths. Thus says the eloquent author: + +"A full and clear river is, in my opinion, the most poetical object in +nature. Pliny has, as well as I recollect, compared a river to human life. +I have never read the passage in his works, but I have been a hundred +times struck with the analogy, particularly amidst mountain scenery. The +river, small and clear in its origin, gushes forth from rocks, falls into +deep glens, and wantons and meanders through a wild and picturesque +country, nourishing only the uncultivated tree or flower by its dew or +spray. In this, its state of infancy and youth, it may be compared to the +human mind in which fancy and strength of imagination are predominant--it +is more beautiful than useful. When the different rills or torrents join, +and descend into the plain, it becomes slow and stately in its motions; +it is applied to move machinery, to irrigate meadows, and to bear upon +its bosom the stately barge;--in this mature state, it is deep, strong, +and useful. As it flows on towards the sea, it loses its force and its +motion, and at last, as it were, becomes lost and mingled with the mighty +abyss of waters." + +"I envy no quality of the mind or intellect in others; not genius, power, +wit, or fancy: but if I could choose what would be most delightful, and I +believe most useful to me, I should prefer a firm religious belief to +every other blessing; for it makes life a discipline of goodness--creates +new hopes, when all earthly hopes vanish; and throws over the decay, the +destruction of existence, the most gorgeous of all lights; awakens life +even in death, and from corruption and decay calls up beauty and divinity: +makes an instrument of torture and of shame the ladder of ascent to +paradise; and, far above all combinations of earthly hopes, calls up the +most delightful visions of palms and amaranths, the gardens of the blest, +the security of everlasting joys, where the sensualist and the sceptic +view only gloom, decay, annihilation, and despair!" + +Few of those whose fame and fortune are their own creation, enjoy, as did +Sir Humphry Davy, in the meridian of life, the enviable consciousness of +general esteem and respect, and the certainty of a distinguished place in +history, among the illustrious names of their country. "A great light has +gone out,"--short but brilliant has been his career; yet let us hope he +has but exchanged his worldly fame for unearthly immortality, to shine +amidst the never-dying lights of true glory. + + +[1] This apparatus is of immense power, and consists of 200 + separate parts, each part composed of ten double plates, and each + plate containing 32 square inches. The whole number of double plates + is 2,000, and the whole surface 126,000 square inches. + +[2] Memoir--New Monthly Magazine, Vol. I. Mr. Dillon has lately invented + an _Improved Safety Lamp_, an Engraving of which will be found at + page 137, Vol. XII. of the MIRROR. + +[3] It deserves notice, that two of the most illustrious philosophers of + our times, Sir H. Davy and Dr. Wollaston, have died within the + present year. + +[4] Extract of a Letter from Geneva, dated June 1, 1829--_Times_. + +[5] These experiments, the last which engaged Sir Humphry Davy's + attention to any extent, were on the application of electrical + combinations, for the purpose of preserving the copper sheathing of + ships' bottoms. To this subject Sir Humphry gave much of his time, + and personally inspected all the boats and vessels on which the + trials were made. Although the theory upon which they were conducted + proved eminently correct, no advantage could be ultimately taken of + the plans which it suggested. The saving of the copper was wholly + counterbalanced by an accumulation of shell-fish and sea-weed on the + sheathing, which became sufficient, in a short time, to prevent the + proper command of the ship at the helm. + +[6] Abridged in the Arcana of Science and Arts for 1829. + +[7] _Salmonia_, 1st. Edition, page 161. Several beautiful Extracts from + which, will be found in Vol. XII. of the MIRROR. + + * * * * * + + + +INDEX TO VOL. XIII + +Abernetheyana +Actor, The +African Festivities + Nurse + Widow +Agave Americana +Air Balloon, Lines on +Alderman, Antiquity of +Alehouse Signs +Algiers, Sketch of the battle of +Alnwick Freemen +Altitude of Public Buildings +Alvise Sanuto, a story +Ambition, Lines on +American Comforts + Law + Sea Serpent + Song Birds +Anecdotes of Canning and Moore +Animal Food +Anne Boleyne, Marriage of +Anne of Geierstein, by Sir Walter Scott + Outline of the Story, &c. +Anticipation, Lines on +April Fools, Lines on +Arab, Lay of the Wandering +Arctic Adventures +Auctioneer's Ode to Mercury +Auctions, Antiquity of +Aurora Borealis +Austin Friars, Church of +Avver Bread +Bachelors, Advice to +Bad Writing +Ball, Lines on +Balloon Ascent, Recent +Bamborough Castle +Banana Tree +Banditti, South American +Bannockburn, a ballad +Baron's Trumpet +Bazaar, Oxford-street +Bears on the Ice +Beauty, On +Bees, Food of + Instinct of + Management of +Beet Root Sugar +Bird of the Tomb, a poem +Birds, Crop of +Birds' Nests +Bishops, Magnificent +Blackheath, Cave at +Blind Girl, The +Boarding, Custom of +Bolivar, Memoir of +Book-machinery +Box-tree, The +Boxes, The +Brazilian Slave Trade +British Artists' Society + Diorama +Broiling Steaks, a Story +Broken Heart, The +Brandon, Charles, of Suffolk +Bruce Castle, Description of +Bubble and Squeak, To make +Buckingham Palace described +Bull Fights at Lima +Bunyan's Syllabub Pot +Byron, Lord, Anecdotes of +Calenture, or Maladie de Pays +Callender, N.B. +Canadian Indians +Capuchin Interment +Carmarthen, Description of +Cat and Fiddle, Origin of +Cedar of Lebanon +Charing Cross, Old +Chart of Swan River Colony +Chatterton, the Poet +Chertsey Abbey, Stanzas on +Chester Terrace, Regent's Park +Chiltern Hundreds +Chimneys +Chinese Cities +Chinese Novels +Chosen One, The +Chromate of Iron +Church Spires +Clapperton, Captain, Death of +Clarendon House, Piccadilly +Classical Corrections +Cliffords of Craven, Legend of +Clouds and Sunshine +Coals, History of +Cochineal Insect, The +Coinage, Ancient British +College Dreams +Collop Monday +Colosseum, Description of the +Common Rights +Companion to the Almanack + Theatres +Content, Lines on +Convict's Dream, The + in New South Wales +Cook and the Cranes +Cookery and Confectionery +Cornwall Terrace, Regent's Park +Cottage Gardens +Cotton Spinning +Covent Garden Market +Country Character +Cowes Regatta described +Creating Wants +Crime in Paris +Crosses, Ancient, in England +Crusades, Epitome of +Crushing to Death, Legal +Cuccu, The, Old Song +Cumberland Landlord, The + Terrace, Regent's Park +Curacoa, To make +Curious Extracts +Currants, To Preserve +Dancing, Old + Lines on +Daubenton, Death of +Dauphin of France +Davy, Sir Humphry, Death of +Days Departed, a Poem +Dead, Tributes to the +Deathwatch Magnified +Denmark, Education in +Derby and Nottingham +Dinner and Tea Table +Diorama, Regent's Park +Discovery, Expeditions of +Dorchester Church +Douglas, Tragedy of +Dreams, Lines on +Drinking, Hints on +Drunken Frolic +Dutch Language + Tale +Ear, The Human +Eating, Hints on +Eggs, To Preserve +Egyptian MS. discovered +El Borracho, a Spanish Sketch +Electricity on Animals +Elm, the Witch +Elephant Hunt in India + Skeleton + Public-house, Fenchurch-st. +Emigration to America + Swan River +Encyclopaedias, German +England and her Colonies +Epicures, English and Foreign +Epsom New Race Stand +Erie, Lake, described +Eskdale Anecdote +European Manufactures consumed in South America +Exeter 'Change, Old +Falkirk described +Falling Stones, Phenomena of +Famine in England +Farriery, Ancient, Lines on +Fashions, English +Fashion, Great World of +Field of Forty Steps +Fight in a Church +Figs +Fir Tree, Immense +First and Last Appearance + Crime +First Love, a Sketch +Fitzmaurice, the Magician +Five Nights of St. Albans +Flowers on the Alps +Flute-Playing, Lindsay on +Fontainbleau, Royal Hunt at +Foote, Miss, Lines on +Forget-Me-Not, Lines on +Fortune Playhouse described +Fossil Fish + Remains, Gigantic +Fountain, a Ballad +France, Road-Book of +Fraud, Lines on +Freezing Mixture +French Authors, Anecdotes of + Carpet + Country Life + English + Pigs + Theatres +Frogs, To tell the Weather by +Frosts, Hard in England +Fruit, Ripening +Fulminating Powder, To make +Funeral Rites of the Greeks +Gaming in S. America +Gardens, Gleanings on +Gay Widow, a Sketch +Geneva, City of +Genii, Light and Dark +Gentlemen's Fashions +Geological Changes +Geology, Conversations on +German Life + Schools + Students +Gibeon, Battle of +Gipsy's Malison +Glancin E'e +Glow-worm, The +Gold Size, To make +Good Deeds, Lines on +Good and Evil Days +Gower, the Poet, his Tomb +Grammatical Learning +Gravitation, Novel Theory of +Great Seal of England +Gresham College +Grove House, Regent's Park +Growth of Trees and Animals +Gude News +Guy's Cliff, Description of +H., Lines on the Letter +Halcyon, The +Handel, Anecdote of +Hanover Lodge, Regent's Park +Haro, or Harol, Power of +Harrow School, Description of +Hatching Birds +Heaven, Lines on +Hebrew Melodies +Hertford, (Marquess) his Villa +Hillah on the Euphrates +Himalaya Mountains +Hirlas Horn, The +Hogarth, Anecdotes of + 's Paintings +Holland House, Kensington +Honest Prejudices +Hood's New Songs +Horsham, Description of +Hudson and his Pigs +Hugonots, The +Humboldt's Journey to Siberia +Hundred Pound Note +Hunted Stag, a Sketch +Hyde Park Entrance +Hydrophobia +Hieroglyphics +Idiot Girl, The, a Sketch +Idler, The +I'll come to your Ball +Image Boy, The +Independence, Irish +India, Voyage to +Indian Claystone + Corn + Mills +Indian Plaster +Insects, Changes of +Instantaneous Lights +Invitations, Various +Iona, Lines on visiting +Irish Deed of Gift + Names made English +Iron Trade, British +Isabella Colour +Italian Improvisatri +Jack of both Sides +Jerusalem, Lines on +John Bullism, Maxims of +John Dory, The +John of Gaunt +Johnson, Dr. +Journey from the Bank to Barnes +Judy, Lines to +Kenilworth, Romance of +King's Evil, Curing the + Speech in + Stag, The +Kirkstall Abbey +Kiss, Lines on +Kissing, Chapter on +Kitchineriana +Konigstein, Great Tun of +La Perouse, Fate of +Lady-Poets of England +Laleham Park +Lawyer, Epitaph on +Lead Miners of Derby +Ledyard to his Mistress +Legal Pearl Divers +Legends of the Lakes of Ireland +Leicester, Derby, and Nottingham +Lilly, the Astrologer +Lime, Effects of +Linlithgow +Loch Katrine + Lomond +London Birds + Improvements + Levels + Lines on Leaving + Lyrics + Old + Stone, Ode to + Reply of +Long Stories +Love, Course of +Lover Student, The +Lower Classes, Education of the +Luxuries, Ancient and Modern +Macclesfield Bridge, Regent's Park +Mahogany Tree +Mahomet's Standard +Man, Lines on +Man-Mountain, The +Marcel, the dancer +March, Story on a +Marlborough, Duke of +Marriage, Lines on +Mars, Mlle. and Napoleon +Matrimonial Advertisement +May Day Custom +Mekka, Description of +Melting Subject +Memento Mori +Mercy and Justice, Lines on +Mexico, or New Spain +Microscopic Examination of the Blood +Mines of Hayna, Discovery of + Mexico +Mock Suns +Moliere, Anecdotes of +Monkey, Anecdotes of +Moore, the poet +Morning Star, Lines to +Morse, or Sea-horse +Mount Arafat and Mekka +Mug-house Club, Long Acre +Murder-Hole, a Legend +Murderer's Last Night +Mushrooms, Wholesomeness of +Mutton cold, Eating +Mutton Hams +Mexican Navy +Monumental Alteration +Nancy Dawson +Napoleon, Anecdotes of + young, Anecdotes of +National Debt, Plans to pay +Navarino, Battle of +Neck, Tradition of the +New South Wales, Population of +New Year's Custom +Newton, Sir Isaac +Noses, Chapter of +Nostalagia, or Calenture +Oak, Beauty of the +Ode from the Persian +Ohio, Scenery of the +Old Rose and burn the bellows +Old Mansions +Oratorios +Oratory, British +Ornithology, Mr. Jennings on +O'Sullivan's Punch Bowl +Ossian's Hall +Othello, Performance of +Otway's Plays +Painting, Moral effects of +Palermo, Party at +Paper linen, Manufactory of +Park, Mungo, Fate of +Parliaments, Epitome of +Parr, Dr., Anecdotes of +Peg Tankards +Pendrils, Family of +Persia, Royal life in +Persian Cavalier +Petrifaction Manufactory +Planting, Notes on +Pocket Books, Useful +Poesy, The dream of +Poetical Will +Polishing Stones +Pompeii, Recent visit to +Posture-masters, Ancient +Potato Chestnuts + Growth of +Practice of Cookery +Pre-aux-clercs at Paris +Public Improvements +Punch, Anecdote of +Puns and Conundrums +Pyrometer, New +Pyrothonide +Quarterly Review, Notes from +Quartre Bras, Battle of +Queen of Portugal +Rank and Talent, a novel +Regal Tablet +Residence, Choice of a +Rest, Lines on +Retentive Memory +Riches, Lines on +River Melodies +Roads of England +Robin Hood's Grave +Robinson Crusoe's Island +Roman Altar, Description of +Rome, Effect of, on the traveller +Rooks +Roses, Culture of +Rover, dog, Anecdotes of +Roue's interpretation of death +Royal Academy Exhibition +Rugby School described +Rupert's, Prince, Palace, Barbican +Russian Botanical Garden +Russian Navy, The +Sabbath, The +Sacred Poetry +St. Christopher's, Island of +St. Paul's Cathedral +Sanctuaries, Ancient +Sarcophagus, Lines on +Sawston Hall described +Schinderhannes, the German robber +School and College +Scotch Marriages +Scottish Inns +Scotland, Road-book of +Scott, Sir Walter, Portrait of +Screws and Screw Presses +Seal's Wedding +Sensitive Plant, The +Shakspeare, a fragment +Shaving in Churchyards +Sherwood and Robin Hood +Shrubs, Transplantation of +Sight, Lines on +Silk Trade +Sleeping Girl, The +Slugs, To destroy +Sneezing among the Ancients +Snow magnified +Snow, a long one +Snow-woman's Story +Soliman the Great +Solitariness, Lines on +Somerset House, Old +Song +Songs for children +Sorrows of Rosalie, a poem +South American Manners +Spiders, Gossamer threads of +Spittlefields in former days +Spots on the sun +Spoons, Antiquity of +Springs, Temperature of +Stage, The modern +Stanging custom +Stealing a Sheet +Stroll, near London +Sugar made from Rags +Superstition +Sussex Place, Regent's Park +Swan River Colony, Described +Swearing by proxy +Tailors, On +Talipot Tree +Tanning, New process of +Tea-drinking +Temperance, Lines on +Theatres, ancient and modern + Fire in + Royal visits to +Theatrical bill of 1511 +Thorwaldsen, The sculptor +Throwing stones at the devil +Tigers, To catch +Timber Trees, Description of +Tim Marcks and the Walking Scull +Times Newspaper +Travelling, Expeditious +Travelling on the Continent +Trial by Jury +Truth, a fable +Turkish Prophecy +Twenty-eight & Twenty-nine, years +University, in Yorkshire +Valdemaro, Vision of +Valentine's Day +Van Diemen's Land, Aborigines of +Vary weel while it lasts +Vegetables, To make tender +Vicar, the, Lines on +Vidocq, the French policeman +Village Funeral +Villas in the Regent's Park +Vine, The, from the German +Violets, Complaint of +Wanderer, Recollections of +War, Miseries of +Warwick Castle, Description of +Waste lands, Cultivation of +Watch, Mechanism of +Watering-place arrivals +Water bewitched +Waterloo, Battle of described +Waverley Novels +Whigs and Tories +Whitehall, Description of +Whitsun Ale +Windsor as it was +Witnesses on trials +Woman +Wonders of Art +Wreck, The, a sketch +Yew-tree, The +York Minster, Fire in +York Terrace, Regent's Park +Zoological Society, Report of + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, +and Instruction--Volume 13, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE *** + +***** This file should be named 12017.txt or 12017.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/2/0/1/12017/ + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Allen Siddle, and the Online Distributed +Proofreaders Team + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + +Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's +eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII, +compressed (zipped), HTML and others. + +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks replace the old file and take over +the old filename and etext number. The replaced older file is renamed. +VERSIONS based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving +new filenames and etext numbers. + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + +EBooks posted prior to November 2003, with eBook numbers BELOW #10000, +are filed in directories based on their release date. If you want to +download any of these eBooks directly, rather than using the regular +search system you may utilize the following addresses and just +download by the etext year. For example: + + https://www.gutenberg.org/etext06 + + (Or /etext 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99, + 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90) + +EBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are +filed in a different way. The year of a release date is no longer part +of the directory path. The path is based on the etext number (which is +identical to the filename). The path to the file is made up of single +digits corresponding to all but the last digit in the filename. For +example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at: + + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/0/2/3/10234 + +or filename 24689 would be found at: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/6/8/24689 + +An alternative method of locating eBooks: + https://www.gutenberg.org/GUTINDEX.ALL + + diff --git a/old/12017.zip b/old/12017.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..edd726e --- /dev/null +++ b/old/12017.zip |
