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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11743 ***
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+Vol. 19, No. 548.] SATURDAY, MAY 26, 1832. [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: STAINES NEW BRIDGE.]
+
+
+This handsome structure has lately been completed, and was opened on
+Easter Monday last, April 24, by their Majesties and the Court passing
+over with suitable ceremony. This was a gala day for Staines and its
+vicinity; for, independently of the enthusiasm awakened by the visit
+of the popular Sovereign, the completion of so useful and ornamental
+a fabric must have been an occasion of no ordinary interest to every
+inhabitant of the district.
+
+The _programme_, as the French would say, of the day's _fête_ has been
+so recently given in the "chronicles of the times," that we need not
+repeat it. A few descriptive particulars of the Bridge, from _The
+Times_ Journal, may be found to possess a more permanent value:--
+
+    "It consists of three very flat segmental arches of granite. The
+    middle arch of 74 feet span, and the two side arches of 66 feet
+    each; besides two side arches of 10 feet each for the
+    towing-paths, and six brick arches of 20 feet span each, two on
+    the Surrey side, and four on the Middlesex side, to allow the
+    floods to pass off. The whole is surmounted by a plain, bold
+    cornice, and block parapet of granite, with pedestal for the
+    lamps, and a neat toll-house. The approaches to the Bridge on
+    either side form gentle curves of easy ascent. The cost of the
+    Bridge and approaches has been about 41,000l. The appearance of
+    the whole is very light and elegant. This is owing chiefly to
+    the slight dimensions of the piers, which are smaller in
+    proportion to the span of the arches they support than those of
+    any other bridge in England; but this slight appearance does
+    not, we understand, detract in any degree from their strength,
+    or from the durability of the superincumbent structure."
+
+From the same authority we gather this circumstantial account of the
+Bridges erected at Staines from the year 1262:
+
+    "The first erection mentioned in the archives of Staines, was a
+    wooden bridge, said to have been erected in the year 1262; it
+    was constructed of piles of oak driven into the bed of the river
+    and covered with planks. We hear of no new erection from that
+    period down to the year 1794; but from that year to the present,
+    there have been not less than four new bridges in succession,
+    and on nearly the same site. In the year 1794 and 1795, a new
+    bridge, of three semicircular arches of stone, from the design
+    of the celebrated Paul Sandby, was erected, but, from some
+    defect in its construction, it lasted only five years, when it
+    was replaced by a very elegant bridge of one arch, of 180 feet
+    span, of cast iron, from the design of Mr. Thomas Wilson, the
+    architect of the celebrated bridge over the river Weir, at
+    Sunderland. The design was attributed to the noted author of the
+    _Rights of Man_; but the arch designed by him was cast in the
+    year 1790, by Messrs. Walkers, at Rotherham, whence it was
+    brought to London, and erected at the bowling-green of the
+    Yorkshire Stingo public-house, where it was exhibited to the
+    public; Paine not being able to defray the expense, the arch was
+    taken down and carried back to Rotherham; part of it was
+    afterwards used in the Sunderland bridge, and part, it is
+    supposed, in the Staines bridge. This last, like its immediate
+    predecessor, was not destined to last long, for it had scarcely
+    been opened one month, when it was found necessary to close it
+    to the public, the arch having sunk in a very alarming degree.
+    His late Majesty King George the Third was said to have been
+    among the last to pass over it. In this emergency the late Mr.
+    Rennie was consulted, who pronounced the bridge altogether
+    dangerous, in consequence of the weakness of the abutments. No
+    alternative remained but to remove the iron bridge entirely, and
+    patch up the old wooden bridge until a new one of wood was
+    built. That bridge, which is the present old bridge, continued
+    to stand, with various repairs and alterations, until the year
+    1828, when, in consequence of the decay of the piles, and the
+    continual heavy expenses required to uphold it, the
+    Commissioners determined to build a new one of more durable
+    materials. Messrs. Rennie were therefore applied to for designs,
+    and a bill was brought into Parliament to authorize the
+    Commissioners to raise funds. The works were commenced in the
+    spring of 1829, and on the 14th of September following the first
+    stone was laid by their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of
+    Clarence (their present Majesties). Since then, the works have
+    been carried on to their present completion under the direction
+    of Mr. G. Rennie and Mr. Brown, the superintendents, and Messrs.
+    Jolliffe and Banks, the contractors."
+
+The Engraving is from a Sketch by our obliging Windsor Correspondent:
+it was taken from the old bridge, whence the spectator enjoys a
+delightful view of Windsor Castle, through the centre arch of the new
+fabric.
+
+By the way, we noticed the project of this new stone bridge, in
+connexion with our Engraving of the new church at Staines, in vol.
+xii. of _The Mirror_, August 30, 1828.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE WRECK.
+
+
+_(FOR THE MIRROR.)_
+
+
+  No mare, no more, o'er the dark blue sea,
+    Will the gallant vessel bound,
+  Fearless and proud as the warrior's plume
+    At the trumpet's startling sound;
+  No more will her banner assert its claim
+    To empire on the foam,
+  And the sailors cheer as the thunder rolls
+    From the guns of their wave-girt home!
+
+  Her white sails gleam'd like the sunny dawn
+    On the brow of the sapphire sky,
+  And her thunder echoed along the cliffs,
+    Awaking the seamew's cry;
+  Oh! it was glorious to see her glide
+    Triumphantly over the sea,
+  With her blue flag fluttering in the wind,
+    The symbol of victory.
+
+  But she lies forlorn in the breakers now,
+    Her stately masts are gone,
+  And cold are the hearts of the dauntless crew
+    That yielded their swords to none;
+  The gun is hush'd in her lofty sides,
+    And the flute on her silent deck;
+  Alas! that a queenly form like hers
+    Should ever have been a wreck!
+
+  Thus Hope's illusions droop away
+    From the heart which their beauty won,
+  And leave it forlorn as the gallant ship,
+    Ere its summer of life is begun.
+  It is peopled with lovely images,
+    As o'er the sea it glides,
+  But wreck'd is its deep idolatry
+    On the dark and stormy tides.
+    _Deal._           G.R.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE ARBALEST OF ROBIN HOOD.
+
+
+_(TO THE EDITOR.)_
+
+
+In No. 538, of _The Mirror_, is described an elegant Cross-bow, and
+a desire expressed for information where such things are _now_ to be
+seen. I have lived many years in Yorkshire, and have seen several
+kinds of these bows at _Kirklees Hall_, the seat of Sir George
+Armitage, a few miles from Huddersfield. Amongst those bows I saw one,
+at least six feet long; but some of them were not more than two or
+three feet in length. There were also a variety of weapons of war,
+with helmets, and some curious boots, which buttoned on the leg from
+top to the bottom, and had wooden soles. They were then kept in an
+attic on the top of the leads over the hall. Many of these relics are
+said to have belonged to the famous "Robin Hood," who lies buried
+in the park; the remains of the ancient grave-stone having been
+surrounded with a handsome iron railing, by the late Sir George
+Armitage; in the wall is an old inscription on brass; it is situated
+in a very gloomy place. Not far distant from his grave are the remains
+of a Nunnery, and a burial-ground, with tombs in it; but I could find
+no date, either in the house or on these tombs. One of the tombs has
+this inscription round its edge:
+
+    "Sweet Jesus of Nazareth, show mercy to Elizabeth Stainton, late
+    Prioress of this place."
+
+If an intelligent person were to call at the Hall, he would be able
+to gather much information of an authentic nature respecting Robin
+Hood.[1]
+
+    [1] We hope this note may meet the eye of some of our Yorkshire
+    correspondents.
+
+JOHN BATEMAN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SONGS, _FOUND IN THE ALBUM OF A DELIA CRUSCAN POET._
+
+
+_(FOR THE MIRROR.)_
+
+
+THE HUMMING-BIRD.
+
+
+BY T. MOORE, ESQ.
+
+
+  Thou winged gem, whose starlike splendour
+    Gleams on the bosom of the rose,
+  I lore thy light when skies are tender,
+    And winds are wandering to repose.
+  The Grecian lute, the Moorish song,
+    And Crockford's home, with all that's in it,
+  May challenge fame from many a throng,
+    But thou, _alone_, fair bird, canst win it!
+
+  I've often watch'd thy plumage glancing
+    So evanescent in thy bower,
+  And heard thy silver voice entrancing
+    Soothe me, as music soothes the flower.
+  Although diminutive as me,
+    Thy song is sweeter, who can doubt it?
+  So, as I cannot sing like thee,
+    I'll break my lute, and live without it.
+
+  G.R.C.
+
+
+THE SKYLARK.
+
+
+BY L.E.L.
+
+
+  Thou minstrel of the sunny air,
+    Thy vocal fount is rich with song,
+  And fragrant breezes softly bear
+    Its silver melody along.
+
+  I love to hear thy liquid note
+    When bees are humming on the rose,
+  And in their sapphire ocean float
+    The stars prophetic of repose.
+
+  Thou feel'st the sunny influence
+    Like Memnon's fabled lyre of old,
+  And wanderest in the beam intense
+    Which turns the liquid air to gold.
+
+  The spirit's bright imaginings
+    Ne'er soar'd to loftier spheres than thee,
+  And if I had, thy fairy wings,
+    Afar from earthly haunts I'd flee.
+
+  Insipid are the weekly themes
+    Of ----'s imbecile review,
+  Whose page with adulation teems,
+    And makes me "beautifully blue."
+
+  But cockney praise is ebbing fast,
+    And Sappho's lute has lost its power,
+  And surely my career is past
+    Like Summer's brightest, loveliest flower.
+
+  Arcades ambo, Moore and me
+    Are Delia Crusca's sweetest doves,
+  And ours too is the poetry
+    Which meditative beauty loves.
+
+  Sweet bird, farewell! and be it thine
+    To thrill the blue air with thy song;
+  But fame will wreathe this brow of mine,
+    If I am right, and _Pope_ is wrong.
+
+G.R.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+DOMESTIC LIFE IN AMERICA.
+
+
+_(IN A LETTER FROM A CORRESPONDENT AT CINCINNATI.)_
+
+
+This town is far superior to our late place of sojourn, Pittsburgh,
+being spacious and clean, with handsome houses and wood for fuel.
+Pittsburgh, on the contrary, is dirty and confined, abounding in iron
+works burning coal, which gives forth a denser smoke than English
+coal. The houses in this place, when we visited it in 1818, were
+mostly of wood; these have been in general removed on wheels drawn
+by oxen and horses, and placed in the suburbs, whence they are now
+removing once more. Here are four markets well supplied with the
+necessaries, and even the luxuries, of life, including almost
+everything you can think of, and many things which you have never
+thought of. Apple butter, for instance, is one of the latter, and is
+made by stewing apples in new cider, after it has been boiled down to
+one-third of its bulk. It is sold at 6-1/4 cts. per quart, and is
+very delicious. The fruits of this country are abundant: apples are
+excellent, and in profusion; peaches are plentiful in most seasons,
+but sometimes totally fail; grapes grow wild and _tame_, i.e.
+cultivated or imported; cherries are not very good, and dearer than at
+Pittsburgh; pears, strawberries, and raspberries are not so choice as
+with you; quinces are plentiful and fine; wild plums perfume the whole
+house, like jessamine or mignionette, and are excellent for pies and
+tarts. The persimon is a fruit to which you are a stranger; it may be
+ranked with the plums, but has four stones, and is not fit to eat till
+bitten by the frost, when its austere and astringent taste disappears,
+and it becomes nearly transparent, and as rich and sweet as Guava
+jelly. The May-apple, or Mandrake, a wild fruit, is a favourite with
+our young folks; it grows on a single-steemed plant, usually one foot
+high, and is about the size of a plum, but with seeds, and in taste
+resembling a highly flavoured pear. The custard-apple, or paw-paw, is
+my favourite, and my boys go with me into the woods to gather them
+when ripe. In the summer, water melons, musk melons, nutmeg melons,
+and Cantaloupes may be seen in large heaps in the market, or in carts
+or wagons, at 6-1/4 to 25 and 50 cts. each, some weighing 40 lbs.
+
+Egg-plants, which you have seen as curiosities, are here brought to
+market; some of them of purple colour, are as large as a child's
+carpet-ball: they are sliced and fried in butter, and I am told
+have the flavour of fried oysters. Cucumbers are unfortunately
+superabundant, and the free use of them induces a variety of diseases
+which are attributed to the climate. Squashes, cimolins, and cushas,
+are gourds which are mashed up with butter like turnips; pumpkins
+of this country are very sweet, and make delicious pies, or rather
+cheesecakes; cranberries are brought from a distance, and pine-apples
+are not very expensive, being brought up the river from Bermuda.
+
+Among the natural curiosities of the country, are the Stone Mountain
+in Carolina, which may rank in antiquity with Stonehenge. It is
+remarkable for a circular wall of stone of great thickness, probably
+built by a people distinct from the present race of Indians, who are
+quite incapable of erecting any building except a wigwam, or a pile of
+loose stones over a grave. Next is the Kentucky Cavern, or as it is
+called, on account of its magnitude, the Mammoth Cave. I have an
+account before me of its being explored by a party in 1826, who
+penetrated into this gloomy, though spacious, hollow for _fifteen
+miles_, and were prevented from proceeding from extreme fatigue; they
+found the names of persons written at the farthest part. There are
+numbers of rooms as they are called, which are yet unexplored. In one
+of these, a few miles from the entrance, there was discovered many
+years since, a female figure sitting with a mat wrapped round her
+shoulders; she was quite dried to a mummy, and has for many years been
+exhibited in a caravan, through the United States.
+
+The river Ohio is here a quarter of a mile wide, and, as there is no
+bridge, the traffic into Kentucky is accommodated with steam ferry
+boats. Newport and Covington opposite, are pretty objects to look
+at from this side, but will not bear a nearer inspection. _Big Bone
+Lick_, where abundance of Mammoth bones have been discovered, is not
+far hence. Mr. Bullock of the London Museum is here, and has at the
+Lick discovered many rare specimens of bones, amongst which is a
+mammoth's head, with evidence of its having been furnished with a
+trunk, and of course having been an elephant of immense size. He has
+also found hoofs of horses with their bones in a fossil state, proving
+that the horse has been indigenous. The horses in this town being
+a mixture from those of South America, where they are wild--are of
+various colours. Some are brown and white, like pointer dogs, others
+are spotted like Danish dogs, and some with curled hair. I saw one
+which was white as far us the fore-quarter, and the rest sorel.
+
+An eye-witness has just related to me the following, which lately
+occured in New Harmony:
+
+    A snake about two feet long, was seen to enter the hole
+    inhabited by a crawfish,[2] from which he soon retreated,
+    followed by the rightful tenant, who stopped in defensive
+    attitude at the mouth of his habitation, raising his claws in
+    defiance. The snake turned quickly round, and seized the head of
+    the crawfish, as if to swallow him; but the crawfish soon put an
+    end to the conflict by clasping the snake's neck with his claws,
+    and severing the head completely from his body. This may appear
+    marvellous; but Audubon tells a story of a rattle-snake chasing
+    and over-taking a squirrel, which folks in America doubt.
+
+    [2] Is not this a species of land-crab?--ED. M.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+POTTERY.[3]
+
+
+_(CONTINUED FROM PAGE 284.)_
+
+
+
+_CHINA._
+
+
+The name China, by which the ware that I am about to describe is known
+in England, shows sufficiently the country from which we have received
+it. The term porcelain, which is applied to it on the continent of
+Europe, is Italian; _porcellana_ being in that language the name of
+those univalve shells forming the genus _cypraea_ of the conchologist,
+which have a high arched back like that of the hog (_porco_, Ital.),
+and are remarkable for the white, smooth, vitreous glossiness of the
+surface about the mouth of the shell, and sometimes, as in the common
+cowry (_Cypraea moneta_), over the whole surface.
+
+    [3] By Mr. A. Aikin, in Trans. Soc. Arts.
+
+The introduction of the Chinese porcelain soon excited a strong
+desire in the various countries of Europe to imitate it; but as the
+establishment of experimental manufactories for this purpose required
+the expenditure of considerable sums, and at a risk beyond the means
+of private persons, it is chiefly to the munificence of the sovereigns
+of Europe that the public are indebted for the first steps made in
+this interesting art. In Germany, chemists and mineralogists were set
+to work; the latter to seek for the most appropriate raw materials,
+and the former to purify and to combine them in the most advantageous
+proportions. The French government adopted the very sensible plan of
+instructing some of the Jesuit missionaries, who at that time had
+penetrated to the court of China, and into most of the provinces
+of that empire, to collect on the spot specimens of the materials
+employed by the Chinese themselves, together with the particulars of
+the process. The precise result thus obtained is not known; for as a
+considerable rivalry existed between the different royal manufactories
+of this ware, the most valuable information would of course be kept as
+secret as possible.
+
+Of the European manufactories of porcelain, that established at
+Miessen, near Dresden, by Augustus Elector of Saxony and King of
+Poland, in the early part of the 17th century, was the first that
+aspired to a competition with the Chinese. In compactness of texture
+and infusibility it was reckoned perfect a hundred years ago. It is
+not quite so white as some of the French and English porcelains, but
+is inferior to none in its painting, gilding, and other decorations.
+
+The French royal manufactory at Sevrès, near Paris, has been for
+several years in a gradually advancing state, with regard to the
+whiteness, compactness, and infusibility of the body, the elegance of
+the forms, the brilliancy of the colours, the elaborateness of the
+drawing, and the superb enrichments of the gilding. The private
+manufactories of porcelain in France imitate and approach more or less
+near to the royal establishment.
+
+At Berlin and at Vienna are royal porcelain manufactories in high
+esteem, as well as in some of the smaller states of Germany.
+
+_BRITISH PORCELAIN._
+
+The first manufactories of porcelain in England were those at Bow, and
+at Chelsea, near London. In these, however, nothing but soft porcelain
+was made. This was a mixture of white clay and fine white sand from
+Alum bay, in the Isle of Wight, to which such a proportion of pounded
+glass was added as, without causing the ware to soften so as to
+lose its form, would give it when exposed to a full red heat a
+semi-transparency resembling that of the fine porcelain of China. The
+Chelsea ware, besides bearing a very imperfect similarity in body to
+the Chinese, admitted only of a very fusible lead glaze; and in the
+taste of its patterns, and in the style of their execution, stood
+as low perhaps as any on the list. The china works at Derby come, I
+believe, the next in date; then those of Worcester, established in
+1751: and the most modern are those of Coalport, in Shropshire; of the
+neighbourhood of Newcastle, in Staffordshire, and in other parts of
+that county.
+
+The porcelain clay used at present in all the English works is
+obtained in Cornwall, by pounding and washing over the gray
+disintegrated granite which occurs in several parts of that county: by
+this means the quartz and mica are got rid of, and the clay resulting
+from the decomposition of the felspar is procured in the form of a
+white, somewhat gritty powder. This clay is not fusible by the highest
+heat of our furnaces, though the felspar, from the decomposition of
+which it is derived, forms a spongy milk-white glass, or enamel, at
+a low white heat. But felspar, when decomposed by the percolation of
+water, while it forms a constituent of granite, loses the potash,
+which is one of its ingredients to the amount of about 15 per cent,
+and with it the fusibility that this latter substance imparts.
+
+The siliceous ingredient is calcined flint; and in some of the
+porcelain works, (particularly, I believe, those at Worcester,) the
+soapstone from the Lizard-point, in Cornwall, is employed. These are
+all the avowed materials; but there is little doubt that the alkalies,
+or alkaline earths, either pure or in combination, are also used,
+in order to dispose the other ingredients to assume that state of
+semi-fusion characteristic of porcelain.
+
+(The principal processes are) the grinding and due mixture of the
+ingredients, in order to obtain a mass sufficiently plastic; the
+forming this mass on the wheel; the subsequent drying of the ware;
+the first firing, by which it is brought to the state of biscuit; the
+application of the firmer colours occasionally on the surface of the
+biscuit; the dipping the biscuit in the glaze; the second firing, by
+which the glaze is vitrified; the pencilling in of the more tender
+colours on the surface of the glaze; and the third and last firing
+that is given to the porcelain.
+
+It is not for me to determine which of our English porcelains is
+the best; probably, indeed, one will be found superior in hardness,
+another in whiteness, a third in the thinness and evenness of the
+glaze, a fourth in the form of the articles, a fifth in the design,
+and a sixth in the colours. In hardness and in fusibility, they are
+probably all inferior to the Dresden and to the Sevres porcelain; for
+pieces in biscuit and in white glaze, from both these manufactories,
+are imported in considerable quantities, in order to be painted and
+finished here. But it is equally certain, that the last ten years
+have seen the commencement, and, in part, the completion, of such
+improvements in this fabric, as will probably place the English
+porcelains on an equality with the best of the continental European
+ones.
+
+Advantage has recently been taken of the semi-transparency of
+porcelain biscuit to form it into plates, and to delineate upon it
+some very beautiful copies of landscapes and other drawings, by so
+adapting the various thicknesses of the plate as to produce, when held
+between the eye and the light, the effects of light and shadow in
+common drawings. The invention originated in the ingenuity of our
+French neighbours.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NOTES OF A READER
+
+
+IMPROVEMENT OF LANCASHIRE.
+
+
+The west of England has considerably the advantage over the eastern
+side of the island. One way or another nature did much more for it. It
+is true, that the eastern side was civilized much earlier; yet human
+ingenuity and industry have of late years been much more successfully
+employed in turning the gifts of nature to the best possible account.
+Ireland and America are customers, for whom, though they were long in
+coming, it was worth while to wait. After all, Lancashire is the most
+remarkable and characteristic feature in the comparison. From being
+among the most backward parts of England, this county has _worked_ its
+way into the front rank. The contrast between its condition up to the
+middle of the last century, and the astonishing spectacle which it
+exhibits at present, belongs to the transformation which a hundred
+years create in a newly settled country like America, far more than to
+the gradual improvements and changes of an old English county.
+
+It would be curious to analyze the concurrent causes, and marshal
+the successive steps, by which Lancashire has advanced;--not only
+succeeding in appropriating to itself a leading interest in the
+creative inventions of Watt and Arkwright, but connecting its name
+in honourable alliance with literature and science. The very
+circumstances from which a contrary presumption would originally have
+been drawn, have (singularly enough) principally contributed to its
+extraordinary progress. Lancashire owes the canals, by which the
+commercial thoroughfare of that end of England has been turned from
+the Humber to the Mersey, to the enterprise of a _Peer_. It owes the
+docks, which have about them almost a Roman presentiment of future
+greatness, to the spirit of a _Corporation_. It owes the taste and
+accomplishments, by which the character of its wealth has been raised
+above the drudgery and fanaticism of money-getting, almost entirely to
+the zeal of a few _Dissenters_. The name of Governor Clinton is not so
+pre-eminently united with the canal policy of America, as is the name
+of the Duke of Bridgewater with the canals of England. He staked his
+last shilling on the chance of thus cutting out an inland north-west
+passage to the Atlantic. The corporation of Liverpool, by an
+enlightened application of their vast resources, have accelerated,
+consolidated, and secured the realization, of every expectation and
+contingency which fortune threw in their way. They have hastened,
+not to say, anticipated, events. There can be as little doubt of the
+effect which the light radiating from the assemblage of Priestley,
+Wakefield, Aikin, &c. at Warrington; from the presence of Percival,
+Henry, Ferriar, and Dalton, at Manchester; and from that of Roscoe
+and Currie at Liverpool, spread over their circle. The literary
+attainments and cultivation of the manufacturers and merchants of
+Lancashire, as a body, seem otherwise likely long to have lagged
+behind their general powers of understanding, and their real station
+in society.--_Edinburgh Review_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ENNUI OF FASHION.
+
+
+It must be owned that five years form an awful lapse in human life:--a
+lapse whose hours and minutes leave no where a trace more sharp and
+injurious than on the minds and countenances of individuals involved
+in the buzzing, stinging gnatswarms of fashionable life. Elsewhere,
+existence marches with a more dignified step, and the scenes pictured
+among the records of our memory assume a grander aspect; they lie in
+masses,--their shadows are broader,--their lights more brilliantly
+thrown out. But reminiscences of a life of ton are as vexatious as
+they are frivolous. The season of 1829 differs from that of 1830,
+only inasmuch as its quadrilles are varied with galoppes as well
+as waltzes, and danced at Lady A.'s and Lady B.'s,--instead of the
+Duchess of D.'s, and Countess E.'s. The Duchess is dead,--the Countess
+ruined;--but no matter!--there are still plenty of balls to be had.
+"Another and another still succeeds!" Since young ladies _will_ grow
+up to be presented, lady-mothers and aunts _must_ continue to project
+breakfasts, water parties, and galas, whereby to throw them in the way
+of flirtation, courtship, and marriage. Mischief, in her most smiling
+mask, sits like the beautiful witch in Thalaba at an everlasting
+spinning-wheel, weaving a mingled yarn of sin and sorrow for the
+daughters of Fashion. Although the cauldron of Hecate and her
+priestesses has vanished from the heath at Forres, it bubbles in
+nightly incantations among the elm-trees of Grosvenor Square; and
+Hopper and Hellway, Puckle and Straddling, now croak forth their
+chorus of rejoicing where golden lamps swing blazing over the écarté
+tables, and the soft strains of the Mazurka enervate the atmosphere of
+the gorgeous temples of May Fair. Never yet was there a woman _really_
+improved in attraction by mingling with the motley throng of the _beau
+monde_. She may learn to dress better, to step more gracefully; her
+head may assume a more elegant turn, her conversation become more
+polished, her air more distinguished;--but in point of _attraction_
+she acquires nothing. Her simplicity of mind departs;--her generous,
+confiding impulses of character are lost;--she is no longer inclined
+to interpret favourably of men and things,--she listens without
+believing,--sees without admiring; has suffered persecution without
+learning mercy;--and been taught to mistrust the candour of others
+by the forfeiture of her own. The freshness of her disposition
+has vanished with the freshness of her complexion; hard lines are
+perceptible in her very soul, and crowsfeet contract her very fancy.
+No longer pure and fair as the statue of alabaster, her beauty, like
+that of some painted waxen effigy, is tawdry and meretricious. It is
+not alone the rouge upon the cheek and the false tresses adorning
+the forehead, which repel the ardour of admiration; it is the
+artificiality of mind with which such efforts are connected that
+breaks the spell of beauty.
+
+_From the Fair of May Fair._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BAMBOROUGH CASTLE
+
+
+Is situate on the romantic coast of Northumberland, "over against"
+an obscure town of the same name. It stands upon a basalt rock, of a
+triangular shape, high, rugged, and abrupt on the land side; flanked
+by the German Ocean, and strong natural rampires of sand, matted
+together with sea rushes on the east; and only accessible to an enemy
+on the south-east, which is guarded by a deep, dry ditch, and a series
+of towers in the wall, on each side of the gateway. Nature has mantled
+the rock with lichens of various rich tints: its beetling brow is 150
+feet above the level of the sea, upon a stratum of mouldering rock,
+apparently scorched with violent heat, and having beneath it a close
+flinty sandstone. Its crown is girt with walls and towers, which on
+the land side have been nearly all repaired. The outer gateway stands
+between two fine old towers, with time-worn heads; twelve paces within
+it is a second gate, which is machicolated, and has a portcullis; and,
+within this, on the left hand, on a lofty point of rock, is a very
+ancient round tower of great strength; commanding a pass subject to
+every annoyance from the besieged. This fort is believed to be of
+Saxon origin. The keep stands on the area of the rock, having an open
+space around it. It is square, and of that kind of building which
+prevailed from the Conquest till about the time of our second Henry.
+It had no chimney; but fires had been made in the middle of a large
+room, which was lighted by a window near its top, three feet square.
+All the other rooms were lighted by slit or loop holes, six inches
+broad. The walls are of small stones, from a quarry at Sunderland on
+the sea, three miles distant: within them is a draw well, discovered
+in 1770, in clearing the cellar from sand and rubbish; its depth is
+145 feet, cut through solid rock, of which seventy-five feet are of
+whinstone. The remains of a chapel were discovered here, under a
+prodigious mass of land, in the year 1773; its architecture was pure
+Saxon, and the ancient font being found, was preserved in the keep.
+The chapel has been rebuilt on the old foundations.
+
+[Illustration: _(Bamborough Castle before the general repairs.)_]
+
+The founder of the Castle is stated by Matthew of Westminster to have
+been Ida, King of Northumberland. Sir Walter Scott sings
+
+  Thy tower, proud Bamborough, mark'd they
+       here,
+  King Ida's castle, huge and square,
+  From its tall rock look grimly down,
+  And on the swelling ocean frown.[4]
+
+    [4] Marmion.
+
+It was destroyed by the Danes in 993; but about the time of the
+Conquest was in good repair. In 1095, it was in the possession of
+Robert Mowbray, Earl of Northumberland, when it was besieged, and,
+after much difficulty, taken by William II. The castle lost the
+greatest part of its beauty in a siege after the battle of Hexham.
+Camden tells us "from that time it has suffered by time and winds,
+which throw up incredible quantities of sand from the sea upon its
+walls, through the windows which are open." Sir John Forster was
+governor of it in Elizabeth's reign; and his grandson John obtained
+a grant of it and the manor from James the First. His descendant,
+Thomas, forfeited it in 1715; but his maternal uncle, Nathaniel, Lord
+Crewe, bishop of Durham, purchased his estates, and bequeathed them to
+charitable purposes in 1720. The sunken rocks and shifting sands of
+this coast had long been a terror to the mariners, but under his
+lordship's will, Dr. Sharp, then archdeacon of Durham, fitted up the
+keep of the Castle, for the reception of suffering seamen, and
+of property which might be rescued from the fury of the ocean.
+Regulations were also adopted, both to prevent accidents on the coast,
+and to alleviate misfortunes when they had occurred. A nine pounder,
+placed at the bottom of the great tower, gives signals to ships in
+distress, and in case of a wreck, announces the same to the Custom
+House officers and their servants, who hasten to prevent the wreck
+being plundered. In addition to this, during a storm, horsemen patrol
+the coast, and rewards are paid for the earliest intelligence of
+vessels in distress. A flag is always hoisted when any ship is seen
+in distress on the Fern Islands or Staples; or a rocket thrown up at
+night, which gives notice to the Holy Island fishermen, who can put
+off to the spot when no boat from the main can get over the breakers.
+Life-boats have likewise been added to the establishment. The vast
+increase of the residuary rents of the Castle estates also enables
+the trustees to support within its walls two free-schools, a library,
+infirmary, thirty beds for shipwrecked sailors, and a granary, whence
+poor persons are supplied with provisions at the first price.[5]
+Altogether, the establishment of Bamborough merits the epithet of
+"princely," which it has received from the historians of the county.
+Its philanthropic endowment has not been suffered to decay with the
+romance of olden time, but the charitable intentions of the testator
+are fulfilled, so as to maintain a lasting record of his active
+benevolence. Such magnificence may be said to eclipse all the glitter
+and gleam of chivalry, and make them appear but as idle dreams.
+
+    [5] See _Mirror_, vol. xiii. p 415.--One of the best features of
+    the establishment is the gratuitous circulation of the library for
+    twenty miles round; the books being lent to any householder of
+    good report residing within twenty miles of the castle.
+
+A boundless view of the ocean presents itself from the towers of
+Bamborough Castle, studded with small islands, having the Coquet
+Island on the south, and the Holy Island on the north.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+MANNERS & CUSTOMS OF ALL NATIONS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ORIGIN OF EPSOM RACES.
+
+
+In a pleasant little volume modestly entitled _Some Particulars
+relating to the History of Epsom_, the following facts are collected
+with much diligence. At the present season, they may be acceptable to
+our readers.
+
+"When these races first commenced, we have not been able with
+certainty to trace. Few writers, who mention the district, do more
+than simply state the fact, that horse races are annually held at
+Epsom.
+
+"Whether they were at first periodical or occasional, we will not
+presume to determine, though the latter is, we think, the most
+probable.
+
+"Races, it is generally agreed, took their origin from, if they did
+not give birth to, the Olympic games. The first information we have of
+their existence in this country is in the reign of Henry II. At that
+time, and for many ages afterwards, the sport must have been merely
+a rude pastime, perhaps as destitute of the science of the present
+system, as of the vices, which are too generally engendered by it.
+
+"There can be no doubt, that Epsom downs (or as they are frequently,
+though erroneously written in old writings, Banstead downs) early
+became the spot, upon which the lovers of racing indulged their fancy.
+And, perhaps, the known partiality of King James I., for this species
+of diversion, will justify us in ascribing their commencement to the
+period when he resided at the palace of Nonsuch.
+
+"The following extract from Clarendon's History of the Rebellion, will
+shew, that during the troubles of his unfortunate successor,
+Charles I., races upon Epsom downs, were viewed as no uncommon
+occurrence.--'Soon after the meeting, which was held at Guildford,
+18th May, 1648, to address the two Houses of Parliament, that the
+King, their only lawful sovereign, might be restored to his due
+honors, and might come to his parliament for a personal treaty, &c.--a
+meeting of the royalists was held on Banstead (Epsom) downs, under the
+pretence of a horse race, and six hundred horses were collected and
+marched to Reigate.'
+
+"King James had imbibed a predilection for horse races, before he
+ascended the English throne; they were in high estimation in Scotland
+during his minority, previously to which, the English parliament seem
+to have turned their attention to the subject.
+
+"We find, that in the time of Henry VII. and his successors, Henry
+VIII. and Elizabeth, several acts of parliament were made to prevent
+the exportation of horses to Scotland, and other parts.
+
+"There is an entry in the Lord's Journal, June 15th, 1540--'At length,
+the bill is read this day, for encouraging the breed of horses, of a
+larger stature, and despatched with unanimous consent, and without a
+dissenting voice.'
+
+"The great men of Elizabeth's reign, appear to have been fully
+disposed to profit by the example and injunctions of her father.
+Italian masters were invited over; the art of managing horses became
+an universal accomplishment, among the nobility and gentry of England;
+but most of the professors, both of equitation and farriery, were
+foreigners.
+
+"Horses were not yet kept exclusively for the purpose of running
+races, but gentlemen matched their hunters or hacknies, and usually
+rode the race themselves.
+
+"The most fashionable trial, however, of the speed and goodness of
+their horses, was hunting red herrings, or 'the train scent,' as
+it was then called, from the body of some animal, which had been
+previously drawn across hedge and ditch. Here the scent was certain
+and strong, and the hounds would run upon it to the end, with their
+utmost speed. The matched horses followed these hounds, and to be
+in with them, was generally accounted a very satisfactory proof of
+goodness.
+
+"Markham, and that celebrated riding master, Michael Baret, describe,
+also, another mode of running matches across the country in those days
+denominated the wild goose chase; an imitation of which has continued
+in occasional use, to the present time, under the name of steeple
+hunting; that is to say, two horsemen, drunk or sober, in or out of
+their wits, fix upon a steeple or some other conspicuous distant
+object, to which they make a straight cut over hedge, ditch, and gate.
+We think our readers will do any thing but smile, at this rational
+pastime for reasonable creatures.
+
+"The wild goose chase, however, at last became more regular and better
+conducted. It was prescribed, that after the horse had run twelve
+score yards, he was to be followed wherever he went by the others,
+within a certain distance agreed upon, as twice or thrice his length.
+A horse being left behind twelve score, or any limited number of
+yards, was deemed beaten, and lost the match.
+
+"These rude and barbarous modes of horse-racing gave way, in the
+reign of James I., to the more scientific, accurate, and satisfactory
+trials, of the horses carrying stated weights, over measured and even
+ground.
+
+"That monarch, as has before been intimated, brought with him from
+Scotland, a strong predilection for the turf, which must have
+prevailed to a considerable degree in that country, for we find, that
+during his reign there, and before his accession to the crown of
+England, it was deemed necessary to restrain, by an express law, the
+passion of the Scots for horse-racing, and laying large bets on the
+events.
+
+"The reign of James I. may be fairly stated, as the period when
+horse-racing first became a general and national amusement. The races
+appear to have been at that time conducted nearly in the same style,
+as to essentials, as in the present day.
+
+"They were then called bell courses, the prize being a silver bell;
+the winner was said to bear or carry the bell.
+
+"Regular prizes were now run for in various parts of England. The king
+and his court, frequently attended races at Croydon and Enfield, in
+the vicinity of London.
+
+"The first match, upon record, in this country, was one against time,
+which occurred in the year 1604, when John Lepton,[6] a groom, in the
+service of King James I., undertook to ride five times between London
+and York, from Monday morning until Saturday night, and actually
+performed the task within five days.
+
+    [6] This should be John Lenton, and the year 1603,--See _Mirror_,
+    vol. xvii, p. 181.
+
+"At this period, much attention was paid to the pedigrees of horses,
+for the purpose of enhancing their reputation and worth. The training
+discipline, in all its variety of regular food, clothing, physic,
+airing, and gallops, was in full use; and the weights that race horses
+had to carry were adjusted; the most usual of which were ten stone.
+
+"We find that, soon after the accession of Charles I., an ordinance
+was issued, enjoining the substitution of bits or curbs, instead of
+snaffles, which had probably been of late introduction in the army.
+Not long afterwards, the king granted a special licence to William
+Smith and others, to import into this kingdom, horses, mares and
+geldings; further enjoining them to provide coach horses of the height
+of fourteen hands and above, and not less than three, nor exceeding
+seven years of age.
+
+"During the civil wars, amusements of the turf were partially
+suspended, but not forgotten; for we find that Mr. Place, stud-master
+to Cromwell, was proprietor of the famous horse, White Turk, (the sire
+of Wormwood and Commoner) and of several capital brood mares, one of
+which, a great favourite, he concealed in a vault, during the search
+after Cromwell's effects, at the time of the Restoration, from which
+circumstance, she took the name of the Coffin Mare, and is designated
+as such in various pedigrees.
+
+"King Charles II., soon after his restoration, re-established the
+races at Newmarket, which had been instituted by James I. He divided
+them into regular meetings, and substituted, both there and at other
+places, silver cups or bowls, of the value of one hundred pounds,
+for the royal gift of the ancient bells, which were in consequence
+generally dropped, both in name and effect.
+
+"William III., though not fond of the turf, paid much attention to the
+breed of horses for martial service; and in his reign some of the most
+celebrated stallions were imported.
+
+"George, Prince of Denmark, was a great amateur of horse-racing. He
+obtained from his royal consort, Queen Anne, grants of royal plates
+for several places, among which Epsom is, however, not mentioned.
+
+"King George I. is not handed down to us as a sporting character; but
+towards the latter end of his reign, the change of the royal plates
+into purses of hundred guineas each took place.
+
+"In the 13th year of the reign of King George II., an act, cap. 19.
+was passed, 'to restrain and prevent the excessive increase of horse
+races.'
+
+"By this act, after reciting 'that the great number of horse races for
+small plates, prizes, or sums of money had contributed very much to
+the encouragement of idleness, to the impoverishment of many of the
+meaner sort of the subjects of this kingdom, and to the prejudice of
+the breed of strong and useful horses;' it was enacted that no person
+should, thenceforth, enter and start more than one horse, mare or
+gelding, for one and the same plate, prize, or sum of money. And that
+no plate, or prize of a less value than 50l. should be run for,
+under the penalty of 200l.
+
+"It was also by the same act further enacted, that at every such race,
+for a plate or prize of the value of 50l. and upwards, each horse,
+if five years old, should carry ten stone; if six years old, eleven
+stone; and if seven years old, twelve stone. And that the owner of any
+horse, carrying less than the specified weight, should forfeit his
+horse, and pay the penalty of 200l."
+
+(_TO BE CONCLUDED IN OUR NEXT_.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE SELECTOR; AND LITERARY NOTICES OF NEW WORKS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE FAIR OF MAY FAIR.
+
+
+The volumes of sketches of fashionable life with this quaint title
+will serve to amuse a few inveterate novel-readers; while occasional
+pages may induce others to take up the thread of the narrative. The
+flying follies of high life, or rather, we think, of affected ton,
+are hit off with truth and vigour, and there is a pleasantry in
+the writer's style which is an acceptable relief to the dulness of
+common-place details. We shall endeavour to detach a scene or two,
+one, as a specimen of "the art of ingeniously tormenting," and the
+incipient waywardness of a newly-married pair.
+
+"From the first months of his domestication with his wife at Wellwood
+Abbey, Sir Henry Wellwood had intended, had _longed_, to commence his
+little system of tender remonstrance; but the slightest insinuation
+of a difference of opinion was sufficient to fan the embers of
+Henrietta's distemperature into a conflagration. The blaze was not
+strong, indeed; for the lady had always been accustomed to find a fit
+of wilfulness, or of affected despondency, more available and becoming
+than one of hasty anger. But she was tolerably expert in those piquant
+flippancies of speech which harass the enemy like a straggling fire;
+and could contrive, when it suited her purpose, to make herself as
+disagreeable as if her face had not been that of a cherub, or her
+voice seraphic.
+
+"'A woman,' quoth La Bruyère, 'must be charming indeed, whose husband
+does not repent, ten times a day, that he is a married man.' Sir Henry
+Wellwood would have scoffed at the axiom. The 'idol of his soul' was
+still an idol; although, like the votaries of old, he had managed to
+discover that it was not wholly formed of precious metals; that its
+feet were of clay! He still fancied himself the happiest of mortals;
+particularly when Henrietta, in her best looks and spirits, was riding
+by his side through the Wellwood plantations, listening to the project
+of his intended improvements;--or seated in her boudoir sketching
+designs and modelling plans for his two new lodges. Sometimes after
+dinner she would busy herself with her guitar, and insist on his
+attempting a second to her Italian notturno; sometimes she persuaded
+him to lend her his arm towards the village, to assist in executing
+that easy work of benevolence, the deplenishment of her silken purse.
+At such, moments she was indeed enchanting;--and the fascinated
+Wellwood was quite willing to echo the chorus of Mrs. Delafield's
+visiters, that he had 'drawn a prize.'
+
+"But the sands of life are not formed exclusively of diamond sparks.
+Flint and granite mingle in the contents of the hour-glass; and Sir
+Henry often found himself required to listen to fractious complaints
+of old Roddington's innovations, of Lawford's negligence--of roses
+that would not blow at the gardener's bidding,--of London booksellers,
+who would not send down the new novels in proper time,--of old women
+who refused to be cured of their rheumatism, and young ones
+who declined becoming scholars at her platting school. His own
+misdemeanours, too, were frequent and unpardonable. He had a knack of
+carrying off the very volume she was reading,--of losing _her_ place,
+and leaving his own marked by leaving the unfortunate book sprawling
+upon its face on the table, like a drunkard on the ground. He often
+kept her waiting five minutes for her ride, or twenty for dinner;
+would stop and detain her, in their walks, while he corrected the
+practical blunders of some superannuated hedger and ditcher; had a
+trick of whipping off the thistle-tops while driving her in the garden
+chair, to the imminent indignation of her ponies; was sometimes seen
+to nod after dinner, when the morning's run had been a good one; and
+had an opinion of his own in politics, which precisely reversed those
+of Lady Mandeville and her coterie.--In a word, he was often very
+'tiresome!' and whenever the fair Henrietta was excited into
+pronouncing that sentence on his proceedings, it was a signal for
+ill-humour for the remainder of the day; or rather till the spoiled
+child would condescend to be coaxed into a more satisfactory mood of
+mind."
+
+But we are more struck with the appalling fidelity of the following
+scene in a tale named _the Divorcee_. The heroine, Amelia, is married
+in early life to a Mr. Allanby, "a man with 10,000l. per annum,
+and a grey pigtail:" the match turns out a miserable one: Amelia's
+dishonour by Vavasor Kendal, her divorce, and Mr. Allanby's death are
+told in a few pages--the guilty pair, Vavasor and Amelia, flee to
+Paris, and we are introduced to this faithful picture of Parisian
+vice:--
+
+"The infirmity of Amelia's health served at least to release her from
+those forced efforts of gaiety which had recoiled so heavily on her
+feelings. Her day for vivacity was gone.--In an atmosphere whose
+buoyancy is exhausted, the feather falls as heavily as the plummet.
+
+"But instead of commiserating the languor and feebleness extending
+from the physical to the moral existence of the invalid, Vavasor only
+made her dulness an excuse for flying to the relief of society more
+congenial with his own tendency to vice and folly. Lady Emlyn who
+in London was the leader of a coterie devoted to the excitements of
+high-play,--a coterie that felt privileged to inveigh with horror
+against 'gambling,' because its members ventured their thousands
+on games where cunning tempers the fortuities of chance,--on the
+manoeuvres of écarté and whist instead of the dare-all risks of
+hazard and rouge-et-noir,--had now removed her card-table from
+Grosvenor-square to a splendid hotel in the Rue Rivoli; where she had
+the honour of assembling, twice a week, a larger proportion of the
+idle and licentious of the exclusive caste, than could be found in any
+other suite of drawing-rooms in civilized Europe. Her _salon_ was in
+fact crowded with busy ranks of those swindlers of distinction who,
+in opposition to their brethren of lower pretensions, (the chevaliers
+d'industrie), ought surely to be termed the chevaliers de la paresse.
+Among these, the brilliant air and lively effrontery of Captain Kendal
+secured him a warm acceptance; and by frequenting the circle of Lady
+Emlyn, he had not only the gratification of escaping from the insipid
+mediocrity of the home his vices had created, but acquired the power
+of indulging in others which were now still dearer to his heart.
+
+"Vavasor Kendal was an expert player. Like other frigid egotists, his
+head and heart were always at leisure; and his successes had been
+the means, on more than one occasion, of extending his means of
+disgraceful enjoyment. At least, however, his career lay on the
+verge of a precipice; for playing at a stake beyond the limit of his
+fortune, a single faltering step might at any hour precipitate him
+into an abyss of shame and ruin. Amelia was often tempted to doubt
+whether she had more cause to dread that intoxication of triumph,
+which induced him to still further excesses, or the reverses tending
+to aggravate the violence of temper to which she was an habitual
+victim. The fluctuating fortunes of the gamester,--his losses or
+gains,--were equally a source of suffering to herself. But the
+Carnival was drawing to a close; she soon began ardently to wish that
+his sister might grow weary of the increasing dulness of the French
+capital, and migrate among other swallows of the season, in search of
+new pleasures.
+
+"Long had she been in expectation of an announcement to this effect,
+when one night,--a cold cheerless night in March,--Vavasor exceeded
+even his ordinary period of absence. The habitually dissolute of Paris
+rarely keep late hours. Vice does not form with _them_, as with the
+English _roue_, an occasional excess, but is consistent and regular
+in its habits. Captain Kendal usually returned home between two and
+three; and Amelia was accustomed to sit up, and by her own services
+lighten the labours of their scanty establishment. It was _she_, the
+invalid, who was careful to keep up light and fire for the tyrant of
+the domestic hearth.
+
+"But on this occasion two o'clock came,--three, four, five
+o'clock,--and no Vavasor. Hour after hour she listened to the chime of
+the gaudy timepiece decorating their shabby apartment; and while the
+night advanced, in all its chilly, lonely, comfortless protraction,
+shivered as she added new logs to the dying embers, and as she hoped
+or despaired of his return, alternately replaced the veilleuse by
+candles, the candles by a veilleuse. She had already assumed her
+night-apparel; and alter wandering like an unquiet spirit from her own
+apartment to the sitting-room and back again, a thousand, thousand
+times,--after reclining her exhausted frame and throbbing head against
+the door of the ante-room, in the trust of catching the sound of his
+well-known step upon the stairs, she threw herself down on the
+sofa for a moment's respite. But in a few minutes she started up
+again.--Surely that was _his_ voice, which reached her from some
+passenger in the street below, some passenger humming an air from the
+new Opera, according to Vavasor's custom, when returning flushed with
+the excitement of success? Again and hurriedly did she prepare for his
+reception,--again place his chair by the fire, his slippers beside
+it; and stand with a beating heart and suspended breath, to await the
+entrance of the truant. But, no! it was _not_ him. The wanderer had
+hastened onwards to some happier home. The street was quiet again. She
+would take a book and strive to beguile the tediousness of suspense.
+
+"Dreary indeed is that hour of the twenty-four which may be said to
+afford the true division between night and day; when even the latest
+watcher has retired to rest, while the earliest artisans scarcely
+yet rouse themselves for the renewal of their struggle with
+existence;--when even the studious, the sorrowing, and the dissipated,
+close their over-wearied eyes;--and when those who 'do lack, and
+suffer hunger,' enjoy that Heaven-vouchsafed stupor affording the only
+interim to their consciousness of want and woe. The winds whistle more
+shrilly in the stillness of that lonely hour. Man and beast are in
+their lair, and unearthly things alone seem stirring;--the good genius
+glides with a holy and hallowing influence through the tranquil
+dwelling of virtue; the demon grins and gibbers in the deserted but
+reeking chambers of the vicious. Even sorrow has phantoms of its own;
+and when Amelia found herself a lonely watcher in the stillness of
+night, the kind voice of old Allanby,--the voice that was wont of yore
+to bid her speak her bosom's wish that it might be granted,--often
+seemed creeping into the inmost cell of her ear. She could fancy him
+close beside her,--taunting her,--touching her,--till, starting from
+her seat, she strove to shake off the hideous delusion. Sometimes
+the soft cordial tones of her mother,--her mother, who was in the
+grave,--seemed again dispensing those lessons of virtue of which
+her own life had afforded so pure an example: sometimes the playful
+caresses of her boys seemed to grow warm upon her lips--around her
+neck. Yes! she could hear them, see them:--little Charles, who, in
+his very babyhood, had been accustomed to uplift his tiny arm in
+championship of his own dear mother;--Digby, the soft, tender,
+loving infant, whose every look was a smile, whose every action an
+endearment!--And now they appeared to pass before her as strangers;
+changed--matured--enlightened;--without one word of fondness--one
+gesture of recognition!
+
+"From such meditations, how horrible to start up amid the dreariness
+of night, nor find a human heart unto which to appeal for comfort,--a
+human voice from which to claim reply in annihilation of the spell
+that transfixed her mind. The cold cheerless room, the flickering
+light, the desolation that was around her, struck more heavily than
+ever on her heart. 'Oh! that this were an omen!' she cried, with
+clasping hands, as she listened to the howling of the wind upon the
+lofty staircase leading to their remote apartments. Drawing closer
+over her bosom the wrapper by which she attempted to exclude the
+piercing night-air, Amelia smiled at the thought of the chilliness of
+the grave,--of the grave, where the heart beats not, and the fixed
+glassy eye is incapable of tears.
+
+"'I shall lie among the multitudes of a strange country,' faltered
+she; 'there will be no one to point out with officious finger to my
+sons, the dishonoured resting-place of their mother,--their _divorced_
+mother! Vavasor will be freed from his bondage--free to choose anew,
+and commence H more auspicious career. But for me he might have been a
+different being. It is _I_ who have hardened his heart and seared his
+mind. And oh! may Heaven in its mercy touch them,--that he may deal
+gently with me during the last short remnant of our union!'
+
+"A harsh sound interrupted her contemplations;--the grating of his key
+in the outer door,--of his step in the ante-room. Mechanically she
+rose, and advanced to meet the truant who had kept her watching,--who
+had so _often_ kept her watching,--so often been forgiven. A momentary
+glimpse of his countenance convinced her that he was in no mood even
+to wish for indulgence. His brow was black--his eyes red and glaring.
+After a terrified pause, she tendered him her assistance to unclasp
+his cloak; but with a deadly execration he rejected the offer.
+
+"'Are the servants up?' said he sullenly.
+
+"'Not yet.'
+
+"'So much the better! I must be off before they are on the move.'
+
+"'Off? Vavasor!--for the love of Heaven--'
+
+"'Be still! Do not harass me with your nonsense. I was a fool to come
+here at all; only it may be necessary for you to know explicitly to
+what you may trust for the future.'
+
+"Amelia sank stupefied into a chair.
+
+"'In one word, I am a ruined man. To-night's losses have made me
+as hopeless as I ought to have been long ago. I have lost--but no
+matter!--I know I played like a fool. What is to be expected from
+a miserable dog like me, who has thrown away his prospects, and
+is harassed with all sorts of cares and annoyances?--No
+matter!--To-morrow the thing will be blown; and before my creditors
+get wind of the business I shall be half way to Brussels.'
+
+"'To Brussels?' faltered Amelia.
+
+"'Of course it is out of the question hampering myself with companions
+of any kind at such a moment. Besides, my sister has only afforded me
+the means of getting out of the scrape, on condition that _you_ return
+to England to your family. I have no longer the power of maintaining
+you; but if you are inclined to co-operate in the only plan that can
+save us both from starving, Sophia will secure you an allowance of
+fifty or sixty pounds a year.'
+
+"Amelia was silent.
+
+"If not, you must take your chance; for I can do nothing further for
+you. For Heaven's sake don't treat me with a scene; for I have only a
+few minutes to pack up my property! The fiacre is waiting; there
+is not a moment to lose. Well, Amelia! what do you say?--I want an
+answer. Do you, or do you not choose to go to England?'
+
+"Amelia made an affirmative movement;--she could not utter a
+syllable. And Vavasor instantly passed into his own room to make his
+preparations for immediate flight.--She never knew in what manner
+he took his last leave of her. When the servants proceeded to their
+occupations on the following morning, they found her insensible on the
+ground; but when restored to consciousness, the continued absence of
+her husband and a note of five hundred franks which he had deposited
+in her work-box for the purpose of enabling her to quit Paris, served
+to prove that the dreadful impression on her mind was not a mere
+delusion of the night. Alas! she was soon compelled to admit that she
+had looked upon him for the last time."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE CABINET ANNUAL REGISTER FOR 1831
+
+
+Is a well-arranged digest of the history of the past year, in a more
+concise and compact form than such matters are chronicled in that
+woolly work--the Annual Register. The Parliamentary Summary is brief
+but satisfactory, and the Occurrences are copious enough for the most
+gossipping reader. The volume has been produced in truly good style,
+is, in all respects, cheap, and deserves encouragement.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ORIGIN OF THE HOUSE OF RUSSEL.
+
+
+"The Russel family (say Britton and Brayley,) may date the era of
+their greatness to a violent storm, which happened about the year
+1500, on the coast of Dorset; a county which appears to have been the
+birthplace of their ancestors, one of whom was Constable of Corfe
+Castle, in the year 1221. Philip, Archduke of Austria, son of the
+Emperor Maximilian, being on a voyage to Spain, was obliged by the
+fury of a sudden tempest, to take refuge in the harbour of Weymouth.
+He was received on shore, and accommodated by Sir Thomas Trenchard,
+who invited his relation, _Mr. John Russel_, to wait upon the
+Archduke. Philip was so much pleased with the polite manners and
+cultivated talents of Mr. Russel, who was conversant with both the
+French and German languages, that on arriving at court, he recommended
+him to the notice of Henry VII., who immediately sent for him to his
+palace, where he remained in great favour till the king's death. In
+the estimation of Henry VIII. he rose still higher; by that monarch he
+was made Lord Warden of the Stannaries, Lord Admiral of England and
+Ireland, Knight of the Garter, and Lord Privy Seal, and on the 9th of
+March, 1538, created Baron Russel, of Cheneys, in the county of Bucks,
+which estate he afterwards acquired by marriage. At the Coronation
+of Edward VI. he officiated as Lord High Steward, and two years
+afterwards, in the year 1549, was created Earl of Bedford. He died in
+1554, and was buried at Cheneys, where many of his descendants have
+also been interred," &c. &c.
+
+"Henry VII. (says Pennant,) often resided at Baynard Castle, and from
+hence made several of his solemn processions. Here, in 1505, he lodged
+Philip of Austria,[7] the matrimonial King of Castille, tempest-driven
+into his dominions, and showed him the pomp and glory of his capital."
+
+P.T.W.
+
+    [7] There is an old (full-length) engraving of this personage, and
+    I am in the possession of one.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+COVENTRY CHARITY.
+
+
+_(FOR THE MIRROR.)_
+
+
+Bablake Hospital, in the city of Coventry, was originally founded
+in 1506, by Thomas Bond, Mayor. Part of this hospital furnishes a
+residence for a number of boys, who are educated and clothed in blue,
+through the _justice_ and benevolence of Thomas Wheatley, Mayor, in
+1556, whose servant, sent to Spain by him to purchase some barrels of
+steel gads, brought home through an unaccountable mistake, a number of
+casks filled with ingots of silver and cochineal, which were offered
+for sale in an open fair, as the articles alluded to, and bought as
+such. This worthy ironmonger and card-maker made every possible effort
+to discover the person who sold them, but without success. He then
+honourably converted the profits to this charity, to which he added
+part of his own property. P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CURIOUS PARLIAMENT.
+
+
+_(FOR THE MIRROR.)_
+
+
+Acton Burnel, is a village in Shropshire, about three miles from Great
+Wenlock, where a Parliament was held in the reign of Edward I., 1284.
+Many of the Welsh nobles who had taken up arms were pardoned by this
+Parliament, and the famous act, entitled _Statutum de Mercatoribus_,
+was passed here, by which debtors in London, York, and Bristol, were
+obliged to appear before the different Mayors, and agree upon a
+certain day of payment, otherwise an execution was issued against
+their goods. The Lords sat in the castle, and the Commons in a large
+barn, the remains of which are still to be seen. P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FOUR LEARNED SISTERS.
+
+
+_(FOR THE MIRROR.)_
+
+
+Sir Anthony Cooke, who was preceptor to King Edward VI., and great
+grandson to Sir Thomas Cooke, Lord Mayor of London, in the year 1462,
+was particularly fortunate in his four daughters, who were all eminent
+for their great literary attainments.
+
+Mildred, the eldest, married William Cecil, Lord Burleigh. She was
+learned in the Greek tongue, and wrote a letter in that language to
+the University of Cambridge.
+
+Anne, the second, was the second wife of Sir Nicholas Bacon, Lord
+Keeper, and mother of the great Lord St. Alban's. She was greatly
+skilled in Greek, Latin, and Italian, and had the honour of being
+appointed governess to King Edward VI.
+
+Elizabeth, the third, was first the wife of Sir Thomas Hobby,
+ambassador to France, and afterwards, of John, Lord Russel, son and
+heir of Francis Russel, Earl of Bedford. Such was her progress in the
+learned languages, that she gained the applause of the most eminent
+scholars of the age, and for the tombs of both her husbands, she wrote
+epitaphs in Greek, Latin, and English.
+
+Catherine, the fourth, who was the wife of Sir Henry Killegrew, was
+famous for her knowledge in the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin tongues, and
+her skill in poetry. She was buried in the chancel of the church of
+St. Thomas Apostle, in Vintry Ward, London, where there is an elegant
+monument erected to her memory, with an inscription composed by
+herself. Sir Anthony Cooke lived at Gidea Hall, near Romford, in
+Essex, and had the honour of entertaining Queen Elizabeth here, in the
+year 1568. Mary de Medicis, mother of Queen Henrietta Maria, was also
+entertained in this mansion, the night before her arrival in London.
+
+P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PARISH REGISTERS OF ST. BRIDE'S.
+
+
+At the great fire of London, nearly all the churches and records were
+consumed, wherefore scarcely any registers are to be found in the city
+of an earlier date than the above period. In searching the muniments
+preserved in St. Bride's Church, Fleet-street, for a history of that
+parish, Mr. Elmes, the architect, discovered a few days since, that,
+although the church was destroyed, the records were left uninjured. He
+has accordingly brought to light a series of vestry books from 1653,
+embracing regular accounts and entries of the calamitous fire, and the
+proceedings of the parish authorities during that eventful period,
+till the re-opening of the church for public worship; together with
+register books of baptisms, burials, &c. from 1587, nearly eighty
+years before the fire, continued without interruption to the present
+day. One of them is a complete record of every meeting of the
+Committee for rebuilding the present splendid church, from its
+commencement to its completion, containing many curious items relative
+to contracts with the workmen, their prices, &c.; meetings with Sir
+Christopher Wren, Mr. Hooke, and other eminent persons, and the
+arrangement entered into for accommodating the parishioners with
+pews and seats after the completion of the church. There are also
+adjudications of property, settlements of boundaries, and many other
+interesting documents of that eventful period.
+
+From the _Globe_ journal.--(Mr. Elmes will be recollected as the author
+of a valuable Life of Sir Christopher Wren, published a few years since
+in quarto, and of several practical works on architecture. We are happy
+to learn that a kindred enthusiasm to that shown in this great
+biographical labour, has led him to undertake the history of one of the
+proudest monuments of Wren's genius--the church of St. Bride. Mr. Elmes
+may therefore be considered peculiarly fortunate in his discovery of
+these relics, and his work will be looked for with additional
+curiosity.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Oriental Apologue_.--A blind man having contracted a violent passion
+for a certain female, married her, contrary to the advice of all his
+friends, who told him that she was exceedingly ugly. A celebrated
+physician at length undertook to restore him to sight. The blind man,
+however, refused his assistance. "If I should recover my sight," said
+he, "I should be deprived of the love I have for my wife, which alone
+renders me happy." "Man of God," replied the physician, "tell me
+which is of most consequence to a rational being, the attainment of
+happiness or the attainment of truth?" S.H.
+
+_Honour_.--William the Third having insisted on Lord H----n's giving
+him his _honour_ not to fight a man who had given him a box on the
+ear, his lordship was obliged seemingly to comply; but as soon us he
+was out of the king's presence he fought the man. The king was, at
+first, highly incensed at his breaking his word with him, and asked
+him how he came to do so, when he had just given him his honour.
+"Sire," replied his lordship, "you were in the wrong to take such a
+pledge, for at the time I gave it you, I had no honour to give." S.H.
+
+_Doll's Eyes_.--Insignificant as may appear this petty article of
+commerce, it is well known to keep in employ several thousand hands,
+and goes to show the vast importance of trifles to a country of
+decided commercialists. Mr. Osler, an intelligent manufacturer of
+Birmingham, gave the following statement before the Committee of the
+House of Commons, in 1824. "Eighteen years ago, on my first journey
+to London, a respectable looking man in the city asked me if I could
+supply him with doll's eyes, and I was foolish enough to feel half
+offended; I thought it derogatory to my new dignity as a manufacturer,
+to make doll's eyes. He took me into a room quite as wide, and twice
+the length of this, (one of the large rooms for Committees in the
+House of Commons,) and we had just room to walk between the stacks,
+from the floor to the ceiling, of parts of dolls. He said these are
+only the legs and arms, the trunks are below, but I saw enough to
+convince me that he wanted a great many eyes; and as the article
+appeared quite in my own line of business, I said I would take an
+order by way of experiment, and he showed me several specimens. I
+copied the order, and on returning to the Tavistock Hotel I found it
+amounted to upwards of five hundred pounds.'" SWAINE.
+
+_Eggs_.--The duty paid on eggs imported at Ramsgate within the last
+three months, exceeds the sum of 2,000l.--_(Morning Herald.)_ The
+rate of duty is, as stated in our last, 10d. on every 120 eggs.
+
+_The Druids and the Mistletoe_--Pliny, in his _Natural History_, tells
+us, "The Druids held nothing so sacred as the mistletoe of the oak,
+as this is very scarce and rarely to be found, when any of it is
+discovered, they go with great pomp and ceremony on a certain day to
+gather it. When they have got everything in readiness under the oak,
+both for the sacrifice and the banquet, which they make on this great
+festival, they begin by tying two white bulls to it by the horns, then
+one of the Druids, clothed in white, mounts the tree, and with a knife
+of gold, cuts the mistletoe, which is received in a white sagum; this
+done, they proceed to their sacrifices and feastings." This festival
+is said to have been kept as near as the age of the moon permitted
+to the 10th of March, which was their New Year's Day. The common
+mistletoe was the golden bough of Virgil, and was Aenea's passport to
+the infernal regions. P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SPIRIT OF NEW BOOKS.
+
+
+With the Next Number, A SUPPLEMENT of UNIQUE EXTRACTS from NEW BOOKS
+of the last Six Weeks: with TWO ENGRAVINGS Illustrating Washington
+Irving's NEW SKETCH BOOK.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 620, New Market, Leipsic;
+G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen
+and Booksellers._
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction, by Various
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11743 ***
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+    <title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Mirror of Literature, Issue ***.</title>
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+<body>
+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11743 ***</div>
+
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h1>THE MIRROR<br />
+     OF<br />
+     LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <table width="100%"
+           summary="Volume, Number, and Date">
+        <tr>
+            <td align="left"><b>Vol. 19. No. 548.]</b></td>
+
+            <td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, MAY 26, 1832.</b></td>
+
+            <td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td>
+        </tr>
+    </table>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:100%;">
+        <a href="images/548-1.png"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/548-1.png"
+             alt="" /></a>
+
+        <h3>STAINES NEW BRIDGE.</h3>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page321"
+       id="page321"></a>[pg 321]</span> This handsome structure has
+       lately been completed, and was opened on Easter Monday last,
+       April 24, by their Majesties and the Court passing over with
+       suitable ceremony. This was a gala day for Staines and its
+       vicinity; for, independently of the enthusiasm awakened by
+       the visit of the popular Sovereign, the completion of so
+       useful and ornamental a fabric must have been an occasion of
+       no ordinary interest to every inhabitant of the
+       district.<br />
+    <br />
+
+
+    <p>The <i>programme</i>, as the French would say, of the day's
+    <i>f&ecirc;te</i> has been so recently given in the "chronicles
+    of the times," that we need not repeat it. A few descriptive
+    particulars of the Bridge, from <i>The Times</i> Journal, may
+    be found to possess a more permanent value:&mdash;</p>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>"It consists of three very flat segmental arches of
+        granite. The middle arch of 74 feet span, and the two side
+        arches of 66 feet each; besides two side arches of 10 feet
+        each for the towing-paths, and six brick arches of 20 feet
+        span each, two on the Surrey side, and four on the
+        Middlesex side, to allow the floods to pass off. The whole
+        is surmounted by a plain, bold cornice, and block parapet
+        of granite, with pedestal for the lamps, and a neat
+        toll-house. The approaches to the Bridge on either side
+        form gentle curves of easy ascent. The cost of the Bridge
+        and approaches has been about 41,000l. The appearance of
+        the whole is very light and elegant. This is owing chiefly
+        to the slight dimensions of the piers, which are smaller in
+        proportion to the span of the arches they support than
+        those of any other bridge in England; but this slight
+        appearance does not, we understand, detract in any degree
+        from their strength, or from the durability of the
+        superincumbent structure."</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <p>From the same authority we gather this circumstantial
+    account of the Bridges erected at Staines from the year
+    1262:</p>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>"The first erection mentioned in the archives of
+        Staines, was a wooden bridge, said to have been erected in
+        the year 1262; it was constructed of piles of oak driven
+        into the bed of the river and covered with planks. We hear
+        of no new erection from that period down to the year 1794;
+        but from that year to the present, there have been not less
+        than four new bridges in succession, and
+        <span class="pagenum"><a name="page322"
+           id="page322"></a>[pg 322]</span> on nearly the same
+           site. In the year 1794 and 1795, a new bridge, of three
+           semicircular arches of stone, from the design of the
+           celebrated Paul Sandby, was erected, but, from some
+           defect in its construction, it lasted only five years,
+           when it was replaced by a very elegant bridge of one
+           arch, of 180 feet span, of cast iron, from the design of
+           Mr. Thomas Wilson, the architect of the celebrated
+           bridge over the river Weir, at Sunderland. The design
+           was attributed to the noted author of the <i>Rights of
+           Man</i>; but the arch designed by him was cast in the
+           year 1790, by Messrs. Walkers, at Rotherham, whence it
+           was brought to London, and erected at the bowling-green
+           of the Yorkshire Stingo public-house, where it was
+           exhibited to the public; Paine not being able to defray
+           the expense, the arch was taken down and carried back to
+           Rotherham; part of it was afterwards used in the
+           Sunderland bridge, and part, it is supposed, in the
+           Staines bridge. This last, like its immediate
+           predecessor, was not destined to last long, for it had
+           scarcely been opened one month, when it was found
+           necessary to close it to the public, the arch having
+           sunk in a very alarming degree. His late Majesty King
+           George the Third was said to have been among the last to
+           pass over it. In this emergency the late Mr. Rennie was
+           consulted, who pronounced the bridge altogether
+           dangerous, in consequence of the weakness of the
+           abutments. No alternative remained but to remove the
+           iron bridge entirely, and patch up the old wooden bridge
+           until a new one of wood was built. That bridge, which is
+           the present old bridge, continued to stand, with various
+           repairs and alterations, until the year 1828, when, in
+           consequence of the decay of the piles, and the continual
+           heavy expenses required to uphold it, the Commissioners
+           determined to build a new one of more durable materials.
+           Messrs. Rennie were therefore applied to for designs,
+           and a bill was brought into Parliament to authorize the
+           Commissioners to raise funds. The works were commenced
+           in the spring of 1829, and on the 14th of September
+           following the first stone was laid by their Royal
+           Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Clarence (their
+           present Majesties). Since then, the works have been
+           carried on to their present completion under the
+           direction of Mr. G. Rennie and Mr. Brown, the
+           superintendents, and Messrs. Jolliffe and Banks, the
+           contractors."</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <p>The Engraving is from a Sketch by our obliging Windsor
+    Correspondent: it was taken from the old bridge, whence the
+    spectator enjoys a delightful view of Windsor Castle, through
+    the centre arch of the new fabric.</p>
+
+    <p>By the way, we noticed the project of this new stone bridge,
+    in connexion with our Engraving of the new church at Staines,
+    in vol. xii. of <i>The Mirror</i>, August 30, 1828.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h3>THE WRECK.</h3>
+
+    <h4><i>(For the Mirror.)</i></h4>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>No mare, no more, o'er the dark blue sea,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Will the gallant vessel bound,</p>
+
+            <p>Fearless and proud as the warrior's plume</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">At the trumpet's startling sound;</p>
+
+            <p>No more will her banner assert its claim</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">To empire on the foam,</p>
+
+            <p>And the sailors cheer as the thunder rolls</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">From the guns of their wave-girt
+            home!</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Her white sails gleam'd like the sunny dawn</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">On the brow of the sapphire sky,</p>
+
+            <p>And her thunder echoed along the cliffs,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Awaking the seamew's cry;</p>
+
+            <p>Oh! it was glorious to see her glide</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Triumphantly over the sea,</p>
+
+            <p>With her blue flag fluttering in the wind,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">The symbol of victory.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>But she lies forlorn in the breakers now,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Her stately masts are gone,</p>
+
+            <p>And cold are the hearts of the dauntless crew</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">That yielded their swords to none;</p>
+
+            <p>The gun is hush'd in her lofty sides,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">And the flute on her silent deck;</p>
+
+            <p>Alas! that a queenly form like hers</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Should ever have been a wreck!</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Thus Hope's illusions droop away</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">From the heart which their beauty
+            won,</p>
+
+            <p>And leave it forlorn as the gallant ship,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Ere its summer of life is begun.</p>
+
+            <p>It is peopled with lovely images,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">As o'er the sea it glides,</p>
+
+            <p>But wreck'd is its deep idolatry</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">On the dark and stormy tides.</p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>Deal.</i></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p>G.R.C.</p>
+    </div>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h3>THE ARBALEST OF ROBIN HOOD.</h3>
+
+    <h4><i>(To the Editor.)</i></h4>
+
+    <p>In No. 538, of <i>The Mirror</i>, is described an elegant
+    Cross-bow, and a desire expressed for information where such
+    things are <i>now</i> to be seen. I have lived many years in
+    Yorkshire, and have seen several kinds of these bows at
+    <i>Kirklees Hall</i>, the seat of Sir George Armitage, a few
+    miles from Huddersfield. Amongst those bows I saw one, at least
+    six feet long; but some of them were not more than two or three
+    feet in length. There were also a variety of weapons of war,
+    with helmets, and some curious boots, which buttoned on the leg
+    from top to the bottom, and had wooden soles. They were then
+    kept in an attic on the top of the leads over the hall. Many
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page323"
+       id="page323"></a>[pg 323]</span> of these relics are said to
+       have belonged to the famous "Robin Hood," who lies buried in
+       the park; the remains of the ancient grave-stone having been
+       surrounded with a handsome iron railing, by the late Sir
+       George Armitage; in the wall is an old inscription on brass;
+       it is situated in a very gloomy place. Not far distant from
+       his grave are the remains of a Nunnery, and a burial-ground,
+       with tombs in it; but I could find no date, either in the
+       house or on these tombs. One of the tombs has this
+       inscription round its edge:</p>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>"Sweet Jesus of Nazareth, show mercy to Elizabeth
+        Stainton, late Prioress of this place."</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <p>If an intelligent person were to call at the Hall, he would
+    be able to gather much information of an authentic nature
+    respecting Robin Hood.<a id="footnotetag1"
+       name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a></p>
+
+    <h4>JOHN BATEMAN.</h4>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h2>SONGS, <i>Found in the Album of a Delia Cruscan
+    Poet.</i></h2>
+
+    <h4><i>(For the Mirror.)</i></h4>
+
+    <h3>THE HUMMING-BIRD.</h3>
+
+    <h4>By T. MOORE, ESQ.</h4>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Thou winged gem, whose starlike splendour</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Gleams on the bosom of the rose,</p>
+
+            <p>I lore thy light when skies are tender,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">And winds are wandering to repose.</p>
+
+            <p>The Grecian lute, the Moorish song,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">And Crockford's home, with all that's in
+            it,</p>
+
+            <p>May challenge fame from many a throng,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">But thou, <i>alone</i>, fair bird, canst
+            win it!</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>I've often watch'd thy plumage glancing</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">So evanescent in thy bower,</p>
+
+            <p>And heard thy silver voice entrancing</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Soothe me, as music soothes the
+            flower.</p>
+
+            <p>Although diminutive as me,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Thy song is sweeter, who can doubt
+            it?</p>
+
+            <p>So, as I cannot sing like thee,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">I'll break my lute, and live without
+            it.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>G.R.C.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <h3>THE SKYLARK.</h3>
+
+    <h4>By L.E.L.</h4>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Thou minstrel of the sunny air,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Thy vocal fount is rich with song,</p>
+
+            <p>And fragrant breezes softly bear</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Its silver melody along.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>I love to hear thy liquid note</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">When bees are humming on the rose,</p>
+
+            <p>And in their sapphire ocean float</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">The stars prophetic of repose.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Thou feel'st the sunny influence</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Like Memnon's fabled lyre of old,</p>
+
+            <p>And wanderest in the beam intense</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Which turns the liquid air to gold.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>The spirit's bright imaginings</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Ne'er soar'd to loftier spheres than
+            thee,</p>
+
+            <p>And if I had, thy fairy wings,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Afar from earthly haunts I'd flee.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Insipid are the weekly themes</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Of &mdash;&mdash;'s imbecile review,</p>
+
+            <p>Whose page with adulation teems,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">And makes me "beautifully blue."</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>But cockney praise is ebbing fast,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">And Sappho's lute has lost its power,</p>
+
+            <p>And surely my career is past</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Like Summer's brightest, loveliest
+            flower.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Arcades ambo, Moore and me</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Are Delia Crusca's sweetest doves,</p>
+
+            <p>And ours too is the poetry</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Which meditative beauty loves.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Sweet bird, farewell! and be it thine</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">To thrill the blue air with thy song;</p>
+
+            <p>But fame will wreathe this brow of mine,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">If I am right, and <i>Pope</i> is
+            wrong.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p>G.R.C.</p>
+    </div>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h2>DOMESTIC LIFE IN AMERICA.</h2>
+
+    <h4><i>(In a Letter from a Correspondent at
+    Cincinnati.)</i></h4>
+
+    <p>This town is far superior to our late place of sojourn,
+    Pittsburgh, being spacious and clean, with handsome houses and
+    wood for fuel. Pittsburgh, on the contrary, is dirty and
+    confined, abounding in iron works burning coal, which gives
+    forth a denser smoke than English coal. The houses in this
+    place, when we visited it in 1818, were mostly of wood; these
+    have been in general removed on wheels drawn by oxen and
+    horses, and placed in the suburbs, whence they are now removing
+    once more. Here are four markets well supplied with the
+    necessaries, and even the luxuries, of life, including almost
+    everything you can think of, and many things which you have
+    never thought of. Apple butter, for instance, is one of the
+    latter, and is made by stewing apples in new cider, after it
+    has been boiled down to one-third of its bulk. It is sold at
+    6-1/4 cts. per quart, and is very delicious. The fruits of this
+    country are abundant: apples are excellent, and in profusion;
+    peaches are plentiful in most seasons, but sometimes totally
+    fail; grapes grow wild and <i>tame</i>, i.e. cultivated or
+    imported; cherries are not very good, and dearer than at
+    Pittsburgh; pears, strawberries, and raspberries are not so
+    choice as with you; quinces are plentiful and fine; wild plums
+    perfume the whole house, like jessamine or mignionette, and are
+    excellent for pies and tarts. The persimon is a fruit to which
+    you are a stranger; it may be ranked with the plums, but has
+    four stones, and is not fit to eat till bitten by the frost,
+    when its austere and astringent taste disappears, and it
+    becomes nearly transparent, and as rich and sweet as
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page324"
+       id="page324"></a>[pg 324]</span> Guava jelly. The May-apple,
+       or Mandrake, a wild fruit, is a favourite with our young
+       folks; it grows on a single-steemed plant, usually one foot
+       high, and is about the size of a plum, but with seeds, and
+       in taste resembling a highly flavoured pear. The
+       custard-apple, or paw-paw, is my favourite, and my boys go
+       with me into the woods to gather them when ripe. In the
+       summer, water melons, musk melons, nutmeg melons, and
+       Cantaloupes may be seen in large heaps in the market, or in
+       carts or wagons, at 6-1/4 to 25 and 50 cts. each, some
+       weighing 40 lbs.</p>
+
+    <p>Egg-plants, which you have seen as curiosities, are here
+    brought to market; some of them of purple colour, are as large
+    as a child's carpet-ball: they are sliced and fried in butter,
+    and I am told have the flavour of fried oysters. Cucumbers are
+    unfortunately superabundant, and the free use of them induces a
+    variety of diseases which are attributed to the climate.
+    Squashes, cimolins, and cushas, are gourds which are mashed up
+    with butter like turnips; pumpkins of this country are very
+    sweet, and make delicious pies, or rather cheesecakes;
+    cranberries are brought from a distance, and pine-apples are
+    not very expensive, being brought up the river from
+    Bermuda.</p>
+
+    <p>Among the natural curiosities of the country, are the Stone
+    Mountain in Carolina, which may rank in antiquity with
+    Stonehenge. It is remarkable for a circular wall of stone of
+    great thickness, probably built by a people distinct from the
+    present race of Indians, who are quite incapable of erecting
+    any building except a wigwam, or a pile of loose stones over a
+    grave. Next is the Kentucky Cavern, or as it is called, on
+    account of its magnitude, the Mammoth Cave. I have an account
+    before me of its being explored by a party in 1826, who
+    penetrated into this gloomy, though spacious, hollow for
+    <i>fifteen miles</i>, and were prevented from proceeding from
+    extreme fatigue; they found the names of persons written at the
+    farthest part. There are numbers of rooms as they are called,
+    which are yet unexplored. In one of these, a few miles from the
+    entrance, there was discovered many years since, a female
+    figure sitting with a mat wrapped round her shoulders; she was
+    quite dried to a mummy, and has for many years been exhibited
+    in a caravan, through the United States.</p>
+
+    <p>The river Ohio is here a quarter of a mile wide, and, as
+    there is no bridge, the traffic into Kentucky is accommodated
+    with steam ferry boats. Newport and Covington opposite, are
+    pretty objects to look at from this side, but will not bear a
+    nearer inspection. <i>Big Bone Lick</i>, where abundance of
+    Mammoth bones have been discovered, is not far hence. Mr.
+    Bullock of the London Museum is here, and has at the Lick
+    discovered many rare specimens of bones, amongst which is a
+    mammoth's head, with evidence of its having been furnished with
+    a trunk, and of course having been an elephant of immense size.
+    He has also found hoofs of horses with their bones in a fossil
+    state, proving that the horse has been indigenous. The horses
+    in this town being a mixture from those of South America, where
+    they are wild&mdash;are of various colours. Some are brown and
+    white, like pointer dogs, others are spotted like Danish dogs,
+    and some with curled hair. I saw one which was white as far us
+    the fore-quarter, and the rest sorel.</p>
+
+    <p>An eye-witness has just related to me the following, which
+    lately occured in New Harmony:</p>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>A snake about two feet long, was seen to enter the hole
+        inhabited by a crawfish,<a id="footnotetag2"
+           name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a>
+           from which he soon retreated, followed by the rightful
+           tenant, who stopped in defensive attitude at the mouth
+           of his habitation, raising his claws in defiance. The
+           snake turned quickly round, and seized the head of the
+           crawfish, as if to swallow him; but the crawfish soon
+           put an end to the conflict by clasping the snake's neck
+           with his claws, and severing the head completely from
+           his body. This may appear marvellous; but Audubon tells
+           a story of a rattle-snake chasing and over-taking a
+           squirrel, which folks in America doubt.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h2>Spirit of Discovery.</h2>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>POTTERY.<a id="footnotetag3"
+       name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a></h3>
+
+    <h4><i>(Continued from page 284.)</i></h4>
+
+    <h4><i>China.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>The name China, by which the ware that I am about to
+    describe is known in England, shows sufficiently the country
+    from which we have received it. The term porcelain, which is
+    applied to it on the continent of Europe, is Italian;
+    <i>porcellana</i> being in that language the name of those
+    univalve shells forming the genus <i>cypraea</i> of the
+    conchologist, which have a high arched back like that of the
+    hog (<i>porco</i>, Ital.), and are remarkable for the white,
+    smooth, vitreous glossiness of the surface about the mouth of
+    the shell, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="page325"
+       id="page325"></a>[pg 325]</span> sometimes, as in the common
+       cowry (<i>Cypraea moneta</i>), over the whole surface.</p>
+
+    <p>The introduction of the Chinese porcelain soon excited a
+    strong desire in the various countries of Europe to imitate it;
+    but as the establishment of experimental manufactories for this
+    purpose required the expenditure of considerable sums, and at a
+    risk beyond the means of private persons, it is chiefly to the
+    munificence of the sovereigns of Europe that the public are
+    indebted for the first steps made in this interesting art. In
+    Germany, chemists and mineralogists were set to work; the
+    latter to seek for the most appropriate raw materials, and the
+    former to purify and to combine them in the most advantageous
+    proportions. The French government adopted the very sensible
+    plan of instructing some of the Jesuit missionaries, who at
+    that time had penetrated to the court of China, and into most
+    of the provinces of that empire, to collect on the spot
+    specimens of the materials employed by the Chinese themselves,
+    together with the particulars of the process. The precise
+    result thus obtained is not known; for as a considerable
+    rivalry existed between the different royal manufactories of
+    this ware, the most valuable information would of course be
+    kept as secret as possible.</p>
+
+    <p>Of the European manufactories of porcelain, that established
+    at Miessen, near Dresden, by Augustus Elector of Saxony and
+    King of Poland, in the early part of the 17th century, was the
+    first that aspired to a competition with the Chinese. In
+    compactness of texture and infusibility it was reckoned perfect
+    a hundred years ago. It is not quite so white as some of the
+    French and English porcelains, but is inferior to none in its
+    painting, gilding, and other decorations.</p>
+
+    <p>The French royal manufactory at Sevr&egrave;s, near Paris,
+    has been for several years in a gradually advancing state, with
+    regard to the whiteness, compactness, and infusibility of the
+    body, the elegance of the forms, the brilliancy of the colours,
+    the elaborateness of the drawing, and the superb enrichments of
+    the gilding. The private manufactories of porcelain in France
+    imitate and approach more or less near to the royal
+    establishment.</p>
+
+    <p>At Berlin and at Vienna are royal porcelain manufactories in
+    high esteem, as well as in some of the smaller states of
+    Germany.</p>
+
+    <h4><i>British Porcelain.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>The first manufactories of porcelain in England were those
+    at Bow, and at Chelsea, near London. In these, however, nothing
+    but soft porcelain was made. This was a mixture of white clay
+    and fine white sand from Alum bay, in the Isle of Wight, to
+    which such a proportion of pounded glass was added as, without
+    causing the ware to soften so as to lose its form, would give
+    it when exposed to a full red heat a semi-transparency
+    resembling that of the fine porcelain of China. The Chelsea
+    ware, besides bearing a very imperfect similarity in body to
+    the Chinese, admitted only of a very fusible lead glaze; and in
+    the taste of its patterns, and in the style of their execution,
+    stood as low perhaps as any on the list. The china works at
+    Derby come, I believe, the next in date; then those of
+    Worcester, established in 1751: and the most modern are those
+    of Coalport, in Shropshire; of the neighbourhood of Newcastle,
+    in Staffordshire, and in other parts of that county.</p>
+
+    <p>The porcelain clay used at present in all the English works
+    is obtained in Cornwall, by pounding and washing over the gray
+    disintegrated granite which occurs in several parts of that
+    county: by this means the quartz and mica are got rid of, and
+    the clay resulting from the decomposition of the felspar is
+    procured in the form of a white, somewhat gritty powder. This
+    clay is not fusible by the highest heat of our furnaces, though
+    the felspar, from the decomposition of which it is derived,
+    forms a spongy milk-white glass, or enamel, at a low white
+    heat. But felspar, when decomposed by the percolation of water,
+    while it forms a constituent of granite, loses the potash,
+    which is one of its ingredients to the amount of about 15 per
+    cent, and with it the fusibility that this latter substance
+    imparts.</p>
+
+    <p>The siliceous ingredient is calcined flint; and in some of
+    the porcelain works, (particularly, I believe, those at
+    Worcester,) the soapstone from the Lizard-point, in Cornwall,
+    is employed. These are all the avowed materials; but there is
+    little doubt that the alkalies, or alkaline earths, either pure
+    or in combination, are also used, in order to dispose the other
+    ingredients to assume that state of semi-fusion characteristic
+    of porcelain.</p>
+
+    <p>(The principal processes are) the grinding and due mixture
+    of the ingredients, in order to obtain a mass sufficiently
+    plastic; the forming this mass on the wheel; the subsequent
+    drying of the ware; the first firing, by which it is brought to
+    the state of biscuit; the
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page326"
+       id="page326"></a>[pg 326]</span> application of the firmer
+       colours occasionally on the surface of the biscuit; the
+       dipping the biscuit in the glaze; the second firing, by
+       which the glaze is vitrified; the pencilling in of the more
+       tender colours on the surface of the glaze; and the third
+       and last firing that is given to the porcelain.</p>
+
+    <p>It is not for me to determine which of our English
+    porcelains is the best; probably, indeed, one will be found
+    superior in hardness, another in whiteness, a third in the
+    thinness and evenness of the glaze, a fourth in the form of the
+    articles, a fifth in the design, and a sixth in the colours. In
+    hardness and in fusibility, they are probably all inferior to
+    the Dresden and to the Sevr&egrave;s porcelain; for pieces in
+    biscuit and in white glaze, from both these manufactories, are
+    imported in considerable quantities, in order to be painted and
+    finished here. But it is equally certain, that the last ten
+    years have seen the commencement, and, in part, the completion,
+    of such improvements in this fabric, as will probably place the
+    English porcelains on an equality with the best of the
+    continental European ones.</p>
+
+    <p>Advantage has recently been taken of the semi-transparency
+    of porcelain biscuit to form it into plates, and to delineate
+    upon it some very beautiful copies of landscapes and other
+    drawings, by so adapting the various thicknesses of the plate
+    as to produce, when held between the eye and the light, the
+    effects of light and shadow in common drawings. The invention
+    originated in the ingenuity of our French neighbours.</p>
+
+    <h4>(To be continued.)</h4>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h2>Notes of a Reader</h2>
+
+    <h3>IMPROVEMENT OF LANCASHIRE.</h3>
+
+    <p>The west of England has considerably the advantage over the
+    eastern side of the island. One way or another nature did much
+    more for it. It is true, that the eastern side was civilized
+    much earlier; yet human ingenuity and industry have of late
+    years been much more successfully employed in turning the gifts
+    of nature to the best possible account. Ireland and America are
+    customers, for whom, though they were long in coming, it was
+    worth while to wait. After all, Lancashire is the most
+    remarkable and characteristic feature in the comparison. From
+    being among the most backward parts of England, this county has
+    <i>worked</i> its way into the front rank. The contrast between
+    its condition up to the middle of the last century, and the
+    astonishing spectacle which it exhibits at present, belongs to
+    the transformation which a hundred years create in a newly
+    settled country like America, far more than to the gradual
+    improvements and changes of an old English county.</p>
+
+    <p>It would be curious to analyze the concurrent causes, and
+    marshal the successive steps, by which Lancashire has
+    advanced;&mdash;not only succeeding in appropriating to itself
+    a leading interest in the creative inventions of Watt and
+    Arkwright, but connecting its name in honourable alliance with
+    literature and science. The very circumstances from which a
+    contrary presumption would originally have been drawn, have
+    (singularly enough) principally contributed to its
+    extraordinary progress. Lancashire owes the canals, by which
+    the commercial thoroughfare of that end of England has been
+    turned from the Humber to the Mersey, to the enterprise of a
+    <i>Peer</i>. It owes the docks, which have about them almost a
+    Roman presentiment of future greatness, to the spirit of a
+    <i>Corporation</i>. It owes the taste and accomplishments, by
+    which the character of its wealth has been raised above the
+    drudgery and fanaticism of money-getting, almost entirely to
+    the zeal of a few <i>Dissenters</i>. The name of Governor
+    Clinton is not so pre-eminently united with the canal policy of
+    America, as is the name of the Duke of Bridgewater with the
+    canals of England. He staked his last shilling on the chance of
+    thus cutting out an inland north-west passage to the Atlantic.
+    The corporation of Liverpool, by an enlightened application of
+    their vast resources, have accelerated, consolidated, and
+    secured the realization, of every expectation and contingency
+    which fortune threw in their way. They have hastened, not to
+    say, anticipated, events. There can be as little doubt of the
+    effect which the light radiating from the assemblage of
+    Priestley, Wakefield, Aikin, &amp;c. at Warrington; from the
+    presence of Percival, Henry, Ferriar, and Dalton, at
+    Manchester; and from that of Roscoe and Currie at Liverpool,
+    spread over their circle. The literary attainments and
+    cultivation of the manufacturers and merchants of Lancashire,
+    as a body, seem otherwise likely long to have lagged behind
+    their general powers of understanding, and their real station
+    in society.&mdash;<i>Edinburgh Review</i>.</p>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>ENNUI OF FASHION.</h3>
+
+    <p>It must be owned that five years form an awful lapse in
+    human life:&mdash;a lapse whose hours and minutes leave no
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page327"
+       id="page327"></a>[pg 327]</span> where a trace more sharp
+       and injurious than on the minds and countenances of
+       individuals involved in the buzzing, stinging gnatswarms of
+       fashionable life. Elsewhere, existence marches with a more
+       dignified step, and the scenes pictured among the records of
+       our memory assume a grander aspect; they lie in
+       masses,&mdash;their shadows are broader,&mdash;their lights
+       more brilliantly thrown out. But reminiscences of a life of
+       ton are as vexatious as they are frivolous. The season of
+       1829 differs from that of 1830, only inasmuch as its
+       quadrilles are varied with galoppes as well as waltzes, and
+       danced at Lady A.'s and Lady B.'s,&mdash;instead of the
+       Duchess of D.'s, and Countess E.'s. The Duchess is
+       dead,&mdash;the Countess ruined;&mdash;but no
+       matter!&mdash;there are still plenty of balls to be had.
+       "Another and another still succeeds!" Since young ladies
+       <i>will</i> grow up to be presented, lady-mothers and aunts
+       <i>must</i> continue to project breakfasts, water parties,
+       and galas, whereby to throw them in the way of flirtation,
+       courtship, and marriage. Mischief, in her most smiling mask,
+       sits like the beautiful witch in Thalaba at an everlasting
+       spinning-wheel, weaving a mingled yarn of sin and sorrow for
+       the daughters of Fashion. Although the cauldron of Hecate
+       and her priestesses has vanished from the heath at Forres,
+       it bubbles in nightly incantations among the elm-trees of
+       Grosvenor Square; and Hopper and Hellway, Puckle and
+       Straddling, now croak forth their chorus of rejoicing where
+       golden lamps swing blazing over the &eacute;cart&eacute;
+       tables, and the soft strains of the Mazurka enervate the
+       atmosphere of the gorgeous temples of May Fair. Never yet
+       was there a woman <i>really</i> improved in attraction by
+       mingling with the motley throng of the <i>beau monde</i>.
+       She may learn to dress better, to step more gracefully; her
+       head may assume a more elegant turn, her conversation become
+       more polished, her air more distinguished; &mdash;but in
+       point of <i>attraction</i> she acquires nothing. Her
+       simplicity of mind departs;&mdash;her generous, confiding
+       impulses of character are lost;&mdash;she is no longer
+       inclined to interpret favourably of men and
+       things,&mdash;she listens without believing,&mdash;sees
+       without admiring; has suffered persecution without learning
+       mercy;&mdash;and been taught to mistrust the candour of
+       others by the forfeiture of her own. The freshness of her
+       disposition has vanished with the freshness of her
+       complexion; hard lines are perceptible in her very soul, and
+       crowsfeet contract her very fancy. No longer pure and fair
+       as the statue of alabaster, her beauty, like that of some
+       painted waxen effigy, is tawdry and meretricious. It is not
+       alone the rouge upon the cheek and the false tresses
+       adorning the forehead, which repel the ardour of admiration;
+       it is the artificiality of mind with which such efforts are
+       connected that breaks the spell of beauty.</p>
+
+    <p><i>From the Fair of May Fair.</i></p>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>BAMBOROUGH CASTLE</h3>
+
+    <p>Is situate on the romantic coast of Northumberland, "over
+    against" an obscure town of the same name. It stands upon a
+    basalt rock, of a triangular shape, high, rugged, and abrupt on
+    the land side; flanked by the German Ocean, and strong natural
+    rampires of sand, matted together with sea rushes on the east;
+    and only accessible to an enemy on the south-east, which is
+    guarded by a deep, dry ditch, and a series of towers in the
+    wall, on each side of the gateway. Nature has mantled the rock
+    with lichens of various rich tints: its beetling brow is 150
+    feet above the level of the sea, upon a stratum of mouldering
+    rock, apparently scorched with violent heat, and having beneath
+    it a close flinty sandstone. Its crown is girt with walls and
+    towers, which on the land side have been nearly all repaired.
+    The outer gateway stands between two fine old towers, with
+    time-worn heads; twelve paces within it is a second gate, which
+    is machicolated, and has a portcullis; and, within this, on the
+    left hand, on a lofty point of rock, is a very ancient round
+    tower of great strength; commanding a pass subject to every
+    annoyance from the besieged. This fort is believed to be of
+    Saxon origin. The keep stands on the area of the rock, having
+    an open space around it. It is square, and of that kind of
+    building which prevailed from the Conquest till about the time
+    of our second Henry. It had no chimney; but fires had been made
+    in the middle of a large room, which was lighted by a window
+    near its top, three feet square. All the other rooms were
+    lighted by slit or loop holes, six inches broad. The walls are
+    of small stones, from a quarry at Sunderland on the sea, three
+    miles distant: within them is a draw well, discovered in 1770,
+    in clearing the cellar from sand and rubbish; its depth is 145
+    feet, cut through solid rock, of which seventy-five feet are of
+    whinstone. The remains of a chapel were discovered here, under
+    a prodigious mass of land, in the year 1773; its architecture
+    was pure Saxon, and the ancient font being found, was preserved
+    in the keep. The chapel has been rebuilt on the old
+    foundations.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page328"
+       id="page328"></a>[pg 328]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:100%;">
+        <a href="images/548-2.png"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/548-2.png"
+             alt="" /></a>
+
+        <h3><i>(Bamborough Castle before the general
+        repairs.)</i></h3>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The founder of the Castle is stated by Matthew of
+    Westminster to have been Ida, King of Northumberland. Sir
+    Walter Scott sings</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Thy tower, proud Bamborough, mark'd they</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">here,</p>
+
+            <p>King Ida's castle, huge and square,</p>
+
+            <p>From its tall rock look grimly down,</p>
+
+            <p>And on the swelling ocean frown.<a id="footnotetag4"
+               name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a></p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>It was destroyed by the Danes in 993; but about the time of
+    the Conquest was in good repair. In 1095, it was in the
+    possession of Robert Mowbray, Earl of Northumberland, when it
+    was besieged, and, after much difficulty, taken by William II.
+    The castle lost the greatest part of its beauty in a siege
+    after the battle of Hexham. Camden tells us "from that time it
+    has suffered by time and winds, which throw up incredible
+    quantities of sand from the sea upon its walls, through the
+    windows which are open." Sir John Forster was governor of it in
+    Elizabeth's reign; and his grandson John obtained a grant of it
+    and the manor from James the First. His descendant, Thomas,
+    forfeited it in 1715; but his maternal uncle, Nathaniel, Lord
+    Crewe, bishop of Durham, purchased his estates, and bequeathed
+    them to charitable purposes in 1720. The sunken rocks and
+    shifting sands of this coast had long been a terror to the
+    mariners, but under his lordship's will, Dr. Sharp, then
+    archdeacon of Durham, fitted up the keep of the Castle, for the
+    reception of suffering seamen, and of property which might be
+    rescued from the fury of the ocean. Regulations were also
+    adopted, both to prevent accidents on the coast, and to
+    alleviate misfortunes when they had occurred. A nine pounder,
+    placed at the bottom of the great tower, gives signals to ships
+    in distress, and in case of a wreck, announces the same to the
+    Custom House officers and their servants, who hasten to prevent
+    the wreck being plundered. In addition to this, during a storm,
+    horsemen patrol the coast, and rewards are paid for the
+    earliest intelligence of vessels in distress. A flag is always
+    hoisted when any ship is seen in distress on the Fern Islands
+    or Staples; or a rocket thrown up at night, which gives notice
+    to the Holy Island fishermen, who can put off to the spot when
+    no boat from the main can get over the breakers. Life-boats
+    have likewise been added to the establishment. The vast
+    increase of the residuary rents of the Castle estates also
+    enables the trustees to support within its walls two
+    free-schools, a library, infirmary, thirty beds for shipwrecked
+    sailors, and a granary, whence poor persons are supplied with
+    provisions at the first price.<a id="footnotetag5"
+       name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a>
+       Altogether, the establishment of Bamborough merits the
+       epithet of "princely," which it has received from the
+       historians of the county. Its philanthropic endowment has
+       not been suffered to decay with the romance of olden time,
+       but the charitable intentions of the testator are fulfilled,
+       so as to maintain a lasting record of his active
+       benevolence. Such magnificence may be said to eclipse all
+       the glitter and gleam of chivalry, and make them appear but
+       as idle dreams.</p>
+
+    <p>A boundless view of the ocean presents itself from the
+    towers of Bamborough Castle, studded with small islands, having
+    the Coquet Island on the south, and the Holy Island on the
+    north.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page329"
+       id="page329"></a>[pg 329]</span>
+
+    <h2>Manners &amp; Customs of all Nations.</h2>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>ORIGIN OF EPSOM RACES.</h3>
+
+    <p>In a pleasant little volume modestly entitled <i>Some
+    Particulars relating to the History of Epsom</i>, the following
+    facts are collected with much diligence. At the present season,
+    they may be acceptable to our readers.</p>
+
+    <p>"When these races first commenced, we have not been able
+    with certainty to trace. Few writers, who mention the district,
+    do more than simply state the fact, that horse races are
+    annually held at Epsom.</p>
+
+    <p>"Whether they were at first periodical or occasional, we
+    will not presume to determine, though the latter is, we think,
+    the most probable.</p>
+
+    <p>"Races, it is generally agreed, took their origin from, if
+    they did not give birth to, the Olympic games. The first
+    information we have of their existence in this country is in
+    the reign of Henry II. At that time, and for many ages
+    afterwards, the sport must have been merely a rude pastime,
+    perhaps as destitute of the science of the present system, as
+    of the vices, which are too generally engendered by it.</p>
+
+    <p>"There can be no doubt, that Epsom downs (or as they are
+    frequently, though erroneously written in old writings,
+    Banstead downs) early became the spot, upon which the lovers of
+    racing indulged their fancy. And, perhaps, the known partiality
+    of King James I., for this species of diversion, will justify
+    us in ascribing their commencement to the period when he
+    resided at the palace of Nonsuch.</p>
+
+    <p>"The following extract from Clarendon's History of the
+    Rebellion, will shew, that during the troubles of his
+    unfortunate successor, Charles I., races upon Epsom downs, were
+    viewed as no uncommon occurrence.&mdash;'Soon after the
+    meeting, which was held at Guildford, 18th May, 1648, to
+    address the two Houses of Parliament, that the King, their only
+    lawful sovereign, might be restored to his due honors, and
+    might come to his parliament for a personal treaty,
+    &amp;c.&mdash;a meeting of the royalists was held on Banstead
+    (Epsom) downs, under the pretence of a horse race, and six
+    hundred horses were collected and marched to Reigate.'</p>
+
+    <p>"King James had imbibed a predilection for horse races,
+    before he ascended the English throne; they were in high
+    estimation in Scotland during his minority, previously to
+    which, the English parliament seem to have turned their
+    attention to the subject.</p>
+
+    <p>"We find, that in the time of Henry VII. and his successors,
+    Henry VIII. and Elizabeth, several acts of parliament were made
+    to prevent the exportation of horses to Scotland, and other
+    parts.</p>
+
+    <p>"There is an entry in the Lord's Journal, June 15th,
+    1540&mdash;'At length, the bill is read this day, for
+    encouraging the breed of horses, of a larger stature, and
+    despatched with unanimous consent, and without a dissenting
+    voice.'</p>
+
+    <p>"The great men of Elizabeth's reign, appear to have been
+    fully disposed to profit by the example and injunctions of her
+    father. Italian masters were invited over; the art of managing
+    horses became an universal accomplishment, among the nobility
+    and gentry of England; but most of the professors, both of
+    equitation and farriery, were foreigners.</p>
+
+    <p>"Horses were not yet kept exclusively for the purpose of
+    running races, but gentlemen matched their hunters or hacknies,
+    and usually rode the race themselves.</p>
+
+    <p>"The most fashionable trial, however, of the speed and
+    goodness of their horses, was hunting red herrings, or 'the
+    train scent,' as it was then called, from the body of some
+    animal, which had been previously drawn across hedge and ditch.
+    Here the scent was certain and strong, and the hounds would run
+    upon it to the end, with their utmost speed. The matched horses
+    followed these hounds, and to be in with them, was generally
+    accounted a very satisfactory proof of goodness.</p>
+
+    <p>"Markham, and that celebrated riding master, Michael Baret,
+    describe, also, another mode of running matches across the
+    country in those days denominated the wild goose chase; an
+    imitation of which has continued in occasional use, to the
+    present time, under the name of steeple hunting; that is to
+    say, two horsemen, drunk or sober, in or out of their wits, fix
+    upon a steeple or some other conspicuous distant object, to
+    which they make a straight cut over hedge, ditch, and gate. We
+    think our readers will do any thing but smile, at this rational
+    pastime for reasonable creatures.</p>
+
+    <p>"The wild goose chase, however, at last became more regular
+    and better conducted. It was prescribed, that after the horse
+    had run twelve score yards, he was to be followed wherever he
+    went by the others, within a certain distance agreed upon, as
+    twice or thrice his length. A horse being left behind
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page330"
+       id="page330"></a>[pg 330]</span> twelve score, or any
+       limited number of yards, was deemed beaten, and lost the
+       match.</p>
+
+    <p>"These rude and barbarous modes of horse-racing gave way, in
+    the reign of James I., to the more scientific, accurate, and
+    satisfactory trials, of the horses carrying stated weights,
+    over measured and even ground.</p>
+
+    <p>"That monarch, as has before been intimated, brought with
+    him from Scotland, a strong predilection for the turf, which
+    must have prevailed to a considerable degree in that country,
+    for we find, that during his reign there, and before his
+    accession to the crown of England, it was deemed necessary to
+    restrain, by an express law, the passion of the Scots for
+    horse-racing, and laying large bets on the events.</p>
+
+    <p>"The reign of James I. may be fairly stated, as the period
+    when horse-racing first became a general and national
+    amusement. The races appear to have been at that time conducted
+    nearly in the same style, as to essentials, as in the present
+    day.</p>
+
+    <p>"They were then called bell courses, the prize being a
+    silver bell; the winner was said to bear or carry the bell.</p>
+
+    <p>"Regular prizes were now run for in various parts of
+    England. The king and his court, frequently attended races at
+    Croydon and Enfield, in the vicinity of London.</p>
+
+    <p>"The first match, upon record, in this country, was one
+    against time, which occurred in the year 1604, when John
+    Lepton,<a id="footnotetag6"
+       name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a>
+       a groom, in the service of King James I., undertook to ride
+       five times between London and York, from Monday morning
+       until Saturday night, and actually performed the task within
+       five days.</p>
+
+    <p>"At this period, much attention was paid to the pedigrees of
+    horses, for the purpose of enhancing their reputation and
+    worth. The training discipline, in all its variety of regular
+    food, clothing, physic, airing, and gallops, was in full use;
+    and the weights that race horses had to carry were adjusted;
+    the most usual of which were ten stone.</p>
+
+    <p>"We find that, soon after the accession of Charles I., an
+    ordinance was issued, enjoining the substitution of bits or
+    curbs, instead of snaffles, which had probably been of late
+    introduction in the army. Not long afterwards, the king granted
+    a special licence to William Smith and others, to import into
+    this kingdom, horses, mares and geldings; further enjoining
+    them to provide coach horses of the height of fourteen hands
+    and above, and not less than three, nor exceeding seven years
+    of age.</p>
+
+    <p>"During the civil wars, amusements of the turf were
+    partially suspended, but not forgotten; for we find that Mr.
+    Place, stud-master to Cromwell, was proprietor of the famous
+    horse, White Turk, (the sire of Wormwood and Commoner) and of
+    several capital brood mares, one of which, a great favourite,
+    he concealed in a vault, during the search after Cromwell's
+    effects, at the time of the Restoration, from which
+    circumstance, she took the name of the Coffin Mare, and is
+    designated as such in various pedigrees.</p>
+
+    <p>"King Charles II., soon after his restoration,
+    re-established the races at Newmarket, which had been
+    instituted by James I. He divided them into regular meetings,
+    and substituted, both there and at other places, silver cups or
+    bowls, of the value of one hundred pounds, for the royal gift
+    of the ancient bells, which were in consequence generally
+    dropped, both in name and effect.</p>
+
+    <p>"William III., though not fond of the turf, paid much
+    attention to the breed of horses for martial service; and in
+    his reign some of the most celebrated stallions were
+    imported.</p>
+
+    <p>"George, Prince of Denmark, was a great amateur of
+    horse-racing. He obtained from his royal consort, Queen Anne,
+    grants of royal plates for several places, among which Epsom
+    is, however, not mentioned.</p>
+
+    <p>"King George I. is not handed down to us as a sporting
+    character; but towards the latter end of his reign, the change
+    of the royal plates into purses of hundred guineas each took
+    place.</p>
+
+    <p>"In the 13th year of the reign of King George II., an act,
+    cap. 19. was passed, 'to restrain and prevent the excessive
+    increase of horse races.'</p>
+
+    <p>"By this act, after reciting 'that the great number of horse
+    races for small plates, prizes, or sums of money had
+    contributed very much to the encouragement of idleness, to the
+    impoverishment of many of the meaner sort of the subjects of
+    this kingdom, and to the prejudice of the breed of strong and
+    useful horses;' it was enacted that no person should,
+    thenceforth, enter and start more than one horse, mare or
+    gelding, for one and the same plate, prize, or sum of money.
+    And that no plate, or prize of a less value than 50<i>l</i>.
+    should be run for, under the penalty of 200<i>l</i>.</p>
+
+    <p>"It was also by the same act further enacted, that at every
+    such race, for a plate or prize of the value of 50<i>l</i>. and
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page331"
+       id="page331"></a>[pg 331]</span> upwards, each horse, if
+       five years old, should carry ten stone; if six years old,
+       eleven stone; and if seven years old, twelve stone. And that
+       the owner of any horse, carrying less than the specified
+       weight, should forfeit his horse, and pay the penalty of
+       200<i>l</i>."</p>
+
+    <h4>(<i>To be concluded in our next</i>.)</h4>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h2>THE SELECTOR; AND LITERARY NOTICES OF NEW WORKS.</h2>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>THE FAIR OF MAY FAIR.</h3>
+
+    <p>The volumes of sketches of fashionable life with this quaint
+    title will serve to amuse a few inveterate novel-readers; while
+    occasional pages may induce others to take up the thread of the
+    narrative. The flying follies of high life, or rather, we
+    think, of affected ton, are hit off with truth and vigour, and
+    there is a pleasantry in the writer's style which is an
+    acceptable relief to the dulness of common-place details. We
+    shall endeavour to detach a scene or two, one, as a specimen of
+    "the art of ingeniously tormenting," and the incipient
+    waywardness of a newly-married pair.</p>
+
+    <p>"From the first months of his domestication with his wife at
+    Wellwood Abbey, Sir Henry Wellwood had intended, had
+    <i>longed</i>, to commence his little system of tender
+    remonstrance; but the slightest insinuation of a difference of
+    opinion was sufficient to fan the embers of Henrietta's
+    distemperature into a conflagration. The blaze was not strong,
+    indeed; for the lady had always been accustomed to find a fit
+    of wilfulness, or of affected despondency, more available and
+    becoming than one of hasty anger. But she was tolerably expert
+    in those piquant flippancies of speech which harass the enemy
+    like a straggling fire; and could contrive, when it suited her
+    purpose, to make herself as disagreeable as if her face had not
+    been that of a cherub, or her voice seraphic.</p>
+
+    <p>"'A woman,' quoth La Bruy&egrave;re, 'must be charming
+    indeed, whose husband does not repent, ten times a day, that he
+    is a married man.' Sir Henry Wellwood would have scoffed at the
+    axiom. The 'idol of his soul' was still an idol; although, like
+    the votaries of old, he had managed to discover that it was not
+    wholly formed of precious metals; that its feet were of clay!
+    He still fancied himself the happiest of mortals; particularly
+    when Henrietta, in her best looks and spirits, was riding by
+    his side through the Wellwood plantations, listening to the
+    project of his intended improvements;&mdash;or seated in her
+    boudoir sketching designs and modelling plans for his two new
+    lodges. Sometimes after dinner she would busy herself with her
+    guitar, and insist on his attempting a second to her Italian
+    notturno; sometimes she persuaded him to lend her his arm
+    towards the village, to assist in executing that easy work of
+    benevolence, the deplenishment of her silken purse. At such,
+    moments she was indeed enchanting;&mdash;and the fascinated
+    Wellwood was quite willing to echo the chorus of Mrs.
+    Delafield's visiters, that he had 'drawn a prize.'</p>
+
+    <p>"But the sands of life are not formed exclusively of diamond
+    sparks. Flint and granite mingle in the contents of the
+    hour-glass; and Sir Henry often found himself required to
+    listen to fractious complaints of old Roddington's innovations,
+    of Lawford's negligence&mdash;of roses that would not blow at
+    the gardener's bidding,&mdash;of London booksellers, who would
+    not send down the new novels in proper time,&mdash;of old women
+    who refused to be cured of their rheumatism, and young ones who
+    declined becoming scholars at her platting school. His own
+    misdemeanours, too, were frequent and unpardonable. He had a
+    knack of carrying off the very volume she was reading,&mdash;of
+    losing <i>her</i> place, and leaving his own marked by leaving
+    the unfortunate book sprawling upon its face on the table, like
+    a drunkard on the ground. He often kept her waiting five
+    minutes for her ride, or twenty for dinner; would stop and
+    detain her, in their walks, while he corrected the practical
+    blunders of some superannuated hedger and ditcher; had a trick
+    of whipping off the thistle-tops while driving her in the
+    garden chair, to the imminent indignation of her ponies; was
+    sometimes seen to nod after dinner, when the morning's run had
+    been a good one; and had an opinion of his own in politics,
+    which precisely reversed those of Lady Mandeville and her
+    coterie.&mdash;In a word, he was often very 'tiresome!' and
+    whenever the fair Henrietta was excited into pronouncing that
+    sentence on his proceedings, it was a signal for ill-humour for
+    the remainder of the day; or rather till the spoiled child
+    would condescend to be coaxed into a more satisfactory mood of
+    mind."</p>
+
+    <p>But we are more struck with the appalling fidelity of the
+    following scene in a tale named <i>the Divorcee</i>. The
+    heroine, Amelia, is married in early life to a Mr.
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page332"
+       id="page332"></a>[pg 332]</span> Allanby, "a man with
+       10,000<i>l</i>. per annum, and a grey pigtail:" the match
+       turns out a miserable one: Amelia's dishonour by Vavasor
+       Kendal, her divorce, and Mr. Allanby's death are told in a
+       few pages&mdash;the guilty pair, Vavasor and Amelia, flee to
+       Paris, and we are introduced to this faithful picture of
+       Parisian vice:&mdash;</p>
+
+    <p>"The infirmity of Amelia's health served at least to release
+    her from those forced efforts of gaiety which had recoiled so
+    heavily on her feelings. Her day for vivacity was
+    gone.&mdash;In an atmosphere whose buoyancy is exhausted, the
+    feather falls as heavily as the plummet.</p>
+
+    <p>"But instead of commiserating the languor and feebleness
+    extending from the physical to the moral existence of the
+    invalid, Vavasor only made her dulness an excuse for flying to
+    the relief of society more congenial with his own tendency to
+    vice and folly. Lady Emlyn who in London was the leader of a
+    coterie devoted to the excitements of high-play,&mdash;a
+    coterie that felt privileged to inveigh with horror against
+    'gambling,' because its members ventured their thousands on
+    games where cunning tempers the fortuities of chance,&mdash;on
+    the manoeuvres of &eacute;cart&eacute; and whist instead of the
+    dare-all risks of hazard and rouge-et-noir,&mdash;had now
+    removed her card-table from Grosvenor-square to a splendid
+    hotel in the Rue Rivoli; where she had the honour of
+    assembling, twice a week, a larger proportion of the idle and
+    licentious of the exclusive caste, than could be found in any
+    other suite of drawing-rooms in civilized Europe. Her
+    <i>salon</i> was in fact crowded with busy ranks of those
+    swindlers of distinction who, in opposition to their brethren
+    of lower pretensions, (the chevaliers d'industrie), ought
+    surely to be termed the chevaliers de la paresse. Among these,
+    the brilliant air and lively effrontery of Captain Kendal
+    secured him a warm acceptance; and by frequenting the circle of
+    Lady Emlyn, he had not only the gratification of escaping from
+    the insipid mediocrity of the home his vices had created, but
+    acquired the power of indulging in others which were now still
+    dearer to his heart.</p>
+
+    <p>"Vavasor Kendal was an expert player. Like other frigid
+    egotists, his head and heart were always at leisure; and his
+    successes had been the means, on more than one occasion, of
+    extending his means of disgraceful enjoyment. At least,
+    however, his career lay on the verge of a precipice; for
+    playing at a stake beyond the limit of his fortune, a single
+    faltering step might at any hour precipitate him into an abyss
+    of shame and ruin. Amelia was often tempted to doubt whether
+    she had more cause to dread that intoxication of triumph, which
+    induced him to still further excesses, or the reverses tending
+    to aggravate the violence of temper to which she was an
+    habitual victim. The fluctuating fortunes of the
+    gamester,&mdash;his losses or gains,&mdash;were equally a
+    source of suffering to herself. But the Carnival was drawing to
+    a close; she soon began ardently to wish that his sister might
+    grow weary of the increasing dulness of the French capital, and
+    migrate among other swallows of the season, in search of new
+    pleasures.</p>
+
+    <p>"Long had she been in expectation of an announcement to this
+    effect, when one night,&mdash;a cold cheerless night in
+    March,&mdash;Vavasor exceeded even his ordinary period of
+    absence. The habitually dissolute of Paris rarely keep late
+    hours. Vice does not form with <i>them</i>, as with the English
+    <i>roue</i>, an occasional excess, but is consistent and
+    regular in its habits. Captain Kendal usually returned home
+    between two and three; and Amelia was accustomed to sit up, and
+    by her own services lighten the labours of their scanty
+    establishment. It was <i>she</i>, the invalid, who was careful
+    to keep up light and fire for the tyrant of the domestic
+    hearth.</p>
+
+    <p>"But on this occasion two o'clock came,&mdash;three, four,
+    five o'clock,&mdash;and no Vavasor. Hour after hour she
+    listened to the chime of the gaudy timepiece decorating their
+    shabby apartment; and while the night advanced, in all its
+    chilly, lonely, comfortless protraction, shivered as she added
+    new logs to the dying embers, and as she hoped or despaired of
+    his return, alternately replaced the veilleuse by candles, the
+    candles by a veilleuse. She had already assumed her
+    night-apparel; and alter wandering like an unquiet spirit from
+    her own apartment to the sitting-room and back again, a
+    thousand, thousand times,&mdash;after reclining her exhausted
+    frame and throbbing head against the door of the ante-room, in
+    the trust of catching the sound of his well-known step upon the
+    stairs, she threw herself down on the sofa for a moment's
+    respite. But in a few minutes she started up
+    again.&mdash;Surely that was <i>his</i> voice, which reached
+    her from some passenger in the street below, some passenger
+    humming an air from the new Opera, according to Vavasor's
+    custom, when returning flushed with the excitement of success?
+    Again and hurriedly did she prepare for his
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page333"
+       id="page333"></a>[pg 333]</span> reception,&mdash;again
+       place his chair by the fire, his slippers beside it; and
+       stand with a beating heart and suspended breath, to await
+       the entrance of the truant. But, no! it was <i>not</i> him.
+       The wanderer had hastened onwards to some happier home. The
+       street was quiet again. She would take a book and strive to
+       beguile the tediousness of suspense.</p>
+
+    <p>"Dreary indeed is that hour of the twenty-four which may be
+    said to afford the true division between night and day; when
+    even the latest watcher has retired to rest, while the earliest
+    artisans scarcely yet rouse themselves for the renewal of their
+    struggle with existence;&mdash;when even the studious, the
+    sorrowing, and the dissipated, close their over-wearied
+    eyes;&mdash;and when those who 'do lack, and suffer hunger,'
+    enjoy that Heaven-vouchsafed stupor affording the only interim
+    to their consciousness of want and woe. The winds whistle more
+    shrilly in the stillness of that lonely hour. Man and beast are
+    in their lair, and unearthly things alone seem
+    stirring;&mdash;the good genius glides with a holy and
+    hallowing influence through the tranquil dwelling of virtue;
+    the demon grins and gibbers in the deserted but reeking
+    chambers of the vicious. Even sorrow has phantoms of its own;
+    and when Amelia found herself a lonely watcher in the stillness
+    of night, the kind voice of old Allanby,&mdash;the voice that
+    was wont of yore to bid her speak her bosom's wish that it
+    might be granted,&mdash;often seemed creeping into the inmost
+    cell of her ear. She could fancy him close beside
+    her,&mdash;taunting her,&mdash;touching her,&mdash;till,
+    starting from her seat, she strove to shake off the hideous
+    delusion. Sometimes the soft cordial tones of her
+    mother,&mdash;her mother, who was in the grave,&mdash;seemed
+    again dispensing those lessons of virtue of which her own life
+    had afforded so pure an example: sometimes the playful caresses
+    of her boys seemed to grow warm upon her lips&mdash;around her
+    neck. Yes! she could hear them, see them:&mdash;little Charles,
+    who, in his very babyhood, had been accustomed to uplift his
+    tiny arm in championship of his own dear mother;&mdash;Digby,
+    the soft, tender, loving infant, whose every look was a smile,
+    whose every action an endearment!&mdash;And now they appeared
+    to pass before her as strangers;
+    changed&mdash;matured&mdash;enlightened;&mdash;without one word
+    of fondness&mdash;one gesture of recognition!</p>
+
+    <p>"From such meditations, how horrible to start up amid the
+    dreariness of night, nor find a human heart unto which to
+    appeal for comfort,&mdash;a human voice from which to claim
+    reply in annihilation of the spell that transfixed her mind.
+    The cold cheerless room, the flickering light, the desolation
+    that was around her, struck more heavily than ever on her
+    heart. 'Oh! that this were an omen!' she cried, with clasping
+    hands, as she listened to the howling of the wind upon the
+    lofty staircase leading to their remote apartments. Drawing
+    closer over her bosom the wrapper by which she attempted to
+    exclude the piercing night-air, Amelia smiled at the thought of
+    the chilliness of the grave,&mdash;of the grave, where the
+    heart beats not, and the fixed glassy eye is incapable of
+    tears.</p>
+
+    <p>"'I shall lie among the multitudes of a strange country,'
+    faltered she; 'there will be no one to point out with officious
+    finger to my sons, the dishonoured resting-place of their
+    mother,&mdash;their <i>divorced</i> mother! Vavasor will be
+    freed from his bondage&mdash;free to choose anew, and commence
+    H more auspicious career. But for me he might have been a
+    different being. It is <i>I</i> who have hardened his heart and
+    seared his mind. And oh! may Heaven in its mercy touch
+    them,&mdash;that he may deal gently with me during the last
+    short remnant of our union!'</p>
+
+    <p>"A harsh sound interrupted her contemplations;&mdash;the
+    grating of his key in the outer door,&mdash;of his step in the
+    ante-room. Mechanically she rose, and advanced to meet the
+    truant who had kept her watching,&mdash;who had so <i>often</i>
+    kept her watching,&mdash;so often been forgiven. A momentary
+    glimpse of his countenance convinced her that he was in no mood
+    even to wish for indulgence. His brow was black&mdash;his eyes
+    red and glaring. After a terrified pause, she tendered him her
+    assistance to unclasp his cloak; but with a deadly execration
+    he rejected the offer.</p>
+
+    <p>"'Are the servants up?' said he sullenly.</p>
+
+    <p>"'Not yet.'</p>
+
+    <p>"'So much the better! I must be off before they are on the
+    move.'</p>
+
+    <p>"'Off? Vavasor!&mdash;for the love of Heaven&mdash;'</p>
+
+    <p>"'Be still! Do not harass me with your nonsense. I was a
+    fool to come here at all; only it may be necessary for you to
+    know explicitly to what you may trust for the future.'</p>
+
+    <p>"Amelia sank stupefied into a chair.</p>
+
+    <p>"'In one word, I am a ruined man. To-night's losses have
+    made me as hopeless as I ought to have been long ago. I have
+    lost&mdash;but no matter!&mdash;I know I played like a fool.
+    What is to be expected from a miserable dog like
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page334"
+       id="page334"></a>[pg 334]</span> me, who has thrown away his
+       prospects, and is harassed with all sorts of cares and
+       annoyances?&mdash;No matter!&mdash;To-morrow the thing will
+       be blown; and before my creditors get wind of the business I
+       shall be half way to Brussels.'</p>
+
+    <p>"'To Brussels?' faltered Amelia.</p>
+
+    <p>"'Of course it is out of the question hampering myself with
+    companions of any kind at such a moment. Besides, my sister has
+    only afforded me the means of getting out of the scrape, on
+    condition that <i>you</i> return to England to your family. I
+    have no longer the power of maintaining you; but if you are
+    inclined to co-operate in the only plan that can save us both
+    from starving, Sophia will secure you an allowance of fifty or
+    sixty pounds a year.'</p>
+
+    <p>"Amelia was silent.</p>
+
+    <p>"If not, you must take your chance; for I can do nothing
+    further for you. For Heaven's sake don't treat me with a scene;
+    for I have only a few minutes to pack up my property! The
+    fiacre is waiting; there is not a moment to lose. Well, Amelia!
+    what do you say?&mdash;I want an answer. Do you, or do you not
+    choose to go to England?'</p>
+
+    <p>"Amelia made an affirmative movement;&mdash;she could not
+    utter a syllable. And Vavasor instantly passed into his own
+    room to make his preparations for immediate flight.&mdash;She
+    never knew in what manner he took his last leave of her. When
+    the servants proceeded to their occupations on the following
+    morning, they found her insensible on the ground; but when
+    restored to consciousness, the continued absence of her husband
+    and a note of five hundred franks which he had deposited in her
+    work-box for the purpose of enabling her to quit Paris, served
+    to prove that the dreadful impression on her mind was not a
+    mere delusion of the night. Alas! she was soon compelled to
+    admit that she had looked upon him for the last time."</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h3>THE CABINET ANNUAL REGISTER FOR 1831</h3>
+
+    <p>Is a well-arranged digest of the history of the past year,
+    in a more concise and compact form than such matters are
+    chronicled in that woolly work&mdash;the Annual Register. The
+    Parliamentary Summary is brief but satisfactory, and the
+    Occurrences are copious enough for the most gossipping reader.
+    The volume has been produced in truly good style, is, in all
+    respects, cheap, and deserves encouragement.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h2>Retrospective Gleanings.</h2>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>ORIGIN OF THE HOUSE OF RUSSEL.</h3>
+
+    <p>"The Russel family (say Britton and Brayley,) may date the
+    era of their greatness to a violent storm, which happened about
+    the year 1500, on the coast of Dorset; a county which appears
+    to have been the birthplace of their ancestors, one of whom was
+    Constable of Corfe Castle, in the year 1221. Philip, Archduke
+    of Austria, son of the Emperor Maximilian, being on a voyage to
+    Spain, was obliged by the fury of a sudden tempest, to take
+    refuge in the harbour of Weymouth. He was received on shore,
+    and accommodated by Sir Thomas Trenchard, who invited his
+    relation, <i>Mr. John Russel</i>, to wait upon the Archduke.
+    Philip was so much pleased with the polite manners and
+    cultivated talents of Mr. Russel, who was conversant with both
+    the French and German languages, that on arriving at court, he
+    recommended him to the notice of Henry VII., who immediately
+    sent for him to his palace, where he remained in great favour
+    till the king's death. In the estimation of Henry VIII. he rose
+    still higher; by that monarch he was made Lord Warden of the
+    Stannaries, Lord Admiral of England and Ireland, Knight of the
+    Garter, and Lord Privy Seal, and on the 9th of March, 1538,
+    created Baron Russel, of Cheneys, in the county of Bucks, which
+    estate he afterwards acquired by marriage. At the Coronation of
+    Edward VI. he officiated as Lord High Steward, and two years
+    afterwards, in the year 1549, was created Earl of Bedford. He
+    died in 1554, and was buried at Cheneys, where many of his
+    descendants have also been interred," &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+
+    <p>"Henry VII. (says Pennant,) often resided at Baynard Castle,
+    and from hence made several of his solemn processions. Here, in
+    1505, he lodged Philip of Austria,<a id="footnotetag7"
+       name="footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a>
+       the matrimonial King of Castille, tempest-driven into his
+       dominions, and showed him the pomp and glory of his
+       capital." P.T.W.</p>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>COVENTRY CHARITY.</h3>
+
+    <h4><i>(For the Mirror.)</i></h4>
+
+    <p>Bablake Hospital, in the city of Coventry, was originally
+    founded in 1506, by Thomas Bond, Mayor. Part of this hospital
+    furnishes a residence for a number of boys, who are educated
+    and <span class="pagenum"><a name="page335"
+       id="page335"></a>[pg 335]</span> clothed in blue, through
+       the <i>justice</i> and benevolence of Thomas Wheatley,
+       Mayor, in 1556, whose servant, sent to Spain by him to
+       purchase some barrels of steel gads, brought home through an
+       unaccountable mistake, a number of casks filled with ingots
+       of silver and cochineal, which were offered for sale in an
+       open fair, as the articles alluded to, and bought as such.
+       This worthy ironmonger and card-maker made every possible
+       effort to discover the person who sold them, but without
+       success. He then honourably converted the profits to this
+       charity, to which he added part of his own property.
+       P.T.W.</p>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>CURIOUS PARLIAMENT.</h3>
+
+    <h4><i>(For the Mirror.)</i></h4>
+
+    <p>Acton Burnel, is a village in Shropshire, about three miles
+    from Great Wenlock, where a Parliament was held in the reign of
+    Edward I., 1284. Many of the Welsh nobles who had taken up arms
+    were pardoned by this Parliament, and the famous act, entitled
+    <i>Statutum de Mercatoribus</i>, was passed here, by which
+    debtors in London, York, and Bristol, were obliged to appear
+    before the different Mayors, and agree upon a certain day of
+    payment, otherwise an execution was issued against their goods.
+    The Lords sat in the castle, and the Commons in a large barn,
+    the remains of which are still to be seen. P.T.W.</p>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>FOUR LEARNED SISTERS.</h3>
+
+    <h4><i>(For the Mirror.)</i></h4>
+
+    <p>Sir Anthony Cooke, who was preceptor to King Edward VI., and
+    great grandson to Sir Thomas Cooke, Lord Mayor of London, in
+    the year 1462, was particularly fortunate in his four
+    daughters, who were all eminent for their great literary
+    attainments.</p>
+
+    <p>Mildred, the eldest, married William Cecil, Lord Burleigh.
+    She was learned in the Greek tongue, and wrote a letter in that
+    language to the University of Cambridge.</p>
+
+    <p>Anne, the second, was the second wife of Sir Nicholas Bacon,
+    Lord Keeper, and mother of the great Lord St. Alban's. She was
+    greatly skilled in Greek, Latin, and Italian, and had the
+    honour of being appointed governess to King Edward VI.</p>
+
+    <p>Elizabeth, the third, was first the wife of Sir Thomas
+    Hobby, ambassador to France, and afterwards, of John, Lord
+    Russel, son and heir of Francis Russel, Earl of Bedford. Such
+    was her progress in the learned languages, that she gained the
+    applause of the most eminent scholars of the age, and for the
+    tombs of both her husbands, she wrote epitaphs in Greek, Latin,
+    and English.</p>
+
+    <p>Catherine, the fourth, who was the wife of Sir Henry
+    Killegrew, was famous for her knowledge in the Hebrew, Greek,
+    and Latin tongues, and her skill in poetry. She was buried in
+    the chancel of the church of St. Thomas Apostle, in Vintry
+    Ward, London, where there is an elegant monument erected to her
+    memory, with an inscription composed by herself. Sir Anthony
+    Cooke lived at Gidea Hall, near Romford, in Essex, and had the
+    honour of entertaining Queen Elizabeth here, in the year 1568.
+    Mary de Medicis, mother of Queen Henrietta Maria, was also
+    entertained in this mansion, the night before her arrival in
+    London. P.T.W.</p>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>PARISH REGISTERS OF ST. BRIDE'S.</h3>
+
+    <p>At the great fire of London, nearly all the churches and
+    records were consumed, wherefore scarcely any registers are to
+    be found in the city of an earlier date than the above period.
+    In searching the muniments preserved in St. Bride's Church,
+    Fleet-street, for a history of that parish, Mr. Elmes, the
+    architect, discovered a few days since, that, although the
+    church was destroyed, the records were left uninjured. He has
+    accordingly brought to light a series of vestry books from
+    1653, embracing regular accounts and entries of the calamitous
+    fire, and the proceedings of the parish authorities during that
+    eventful period, till the re-opening of the church for public
+    worship; together with register books of baptisms, burials,
+    &amp;c. from 1587, nearly eighty years before the fire,
+    continued without interruption to the present day. One of them
+    is a complete record of every meeting of the Committee for
+    rebuilding the present splendid church, from its commencement
+    to its completion, containing many curious items relative to
+    contracts with the workmen, their prices, &amp;c.; meetings
+    with Sir Christopher Wren, Mr. Hooke, and other eminent
+    persons, and the arrangement entered into for accommodating the
+    parishioners with pews and seats after the completion of the
+    church. There are also adjudications of property, settlements
+    of boundaries, and many other interesting documents of that
+    eventful period.</p>
+
+    <p>From the <i>Globe</i> journal.&mdash;(Mr. Elmes
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page336"
+       id="page336"></a>[pg 336]</span> will be recollected as the
+       author of a valuable Life of Sir Christopher Wren, published
+       a few years since in quarto, and of several practical works
+       on architecture. We are happy to learn that a kindred
+       enthusiasm to that shown in this great biographical labour,
+       has led him to undertake the history of one of the proudest
+       monuments of Wren's genius&mdash;the church of St. Bride.
+       Mr. Elmes may therefore be considered peculiarly fortunate
+       in his discovery of these relics, and his work will be
+       looked for with additional curiosity.)</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h2>The Gatherer.</h2>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <p><i>Oriental Apologue</i>.&mdash;A blind man having
+    contracted a violent passion for a certain female, married her,
+    contrary to the advice of all his friends, who told him that
+    she was exceedingly ugly. A celebrated physician at length
+    undertook to restore him to sight. The blind man, however,
+    refused his assistance. "If I should recover my sight," said
+    he, "I should be deprived of the love I have for my wife, which
+    alone renders me happy." "Man of God," replied the physician,
+    "tell me which is of most consequence to a rational being, the
+    attainment of happiness or the attainment of truth?" S.H.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Honour</i>.&mdash;William the Third having insisted on
+    Lord H&mdash;&mdash;n's giving him his <i>honour</i> not to
+    fight a man who had given him a box on the ear, his lordship
+    was obliged seemingly to comply; but as soon us he was out of
+    the king's presence he fought the man. The king was, at first,
+    highly incensed at his breaking his word with him, and asked
+    him how he came to do so, when he had just given him his
+    honour. "Sire," replied his lordship, "you were in the wrong to
+    take such a pledge, for at the time I gave it you, I had no
+    honour to give." S.H.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Doll's Eyes</i>.&mdash;Insignificant as may appear this
+    petty article of commerce, it is well known to keep in employ
+    several thousand hands, and goes to show the vast importance of
+    trifles to a country of decided commercialists. Mr. Osler, an
+    intelligent manufacturer of Birmingham, gave the following
+    statement before the Committee of the House of Commons, in
+    1824. "Eighteen years ago, on my first journey to London, a
+    respectable looking man in the city asked me if I could supply
+    him with doll's eyes, and I was foolish enough to feel half
+    offended; I thought it derogatory to my new dignity as a
+    manufacturer, to make doll's eyes. He took me into a room quite
+    as wide, and twice the length of this, (one of the large rooms
+    for Committees in the House of Commons,) and we had just room
+    to walk between the stacks, from the floor to the ceiling, of
+    parts of dolls. He said these are only the legs and arms, the
+    trunks are below, but I saw enough to convince me that he
+    wanted a great many eyes; and as the article appeared quite in
+    my own line of business, I said I would take an order by way of
+    experiment, and he showed me several specimens. I copied the
+    order, and on returning to the Tavistock Hotel I found it
+    amounted to upwards of five hundred pounds.'" SWAINE.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Eggs</i>.&mdash;The duty paid on eggs imported at
+    Ramsgate within the last three months, exceeds the sum of
+    2,000<i>l</i>.&mdash;<i>(Morning Herald.)</i> The rate of duty
+    is, as stated in our last, l0<i>d</i>. on every 120 eggs.</p>
+
+    <p><i>The Druids and the Mistletoe</i>&mdash;Pliny, in his
+    <i>Natural History</i>, tells us, "The Druids held nothing so
+    sacred as the mistletoe of the oak, as this is very scarce and
+    rarely to be found, when any of it is discovered, they go with
+    great pomp and ceremony on a certain day to gather it. When
+    they have got everything in readiness under the oak, both for
+    the sacrifice and the banquet, which they make on this great
+    festival, they begin by tying two white bulls to it by the
+    horns, then one of the Druids, clothed in white, mounts the
+    tree, and with a knife of gold, cuts the mistletoe, which is
+    received in a white sagum; this done, they proceed to their
+    sacrifices and feastings." This festival is said to have been
+    kept as near as the age of the moon permitted to the 10th of
+    March, which was their New Year's Day. The common mistletoe was
+    the golden bough of Virgil, and was Aenea's passport to the
+    infernal regions. P.T.W.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+        <blockquote class="footnote">
+            <a id="footnote1"
+                        name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b>
+                        <a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+
+            <p>We hope this note may meet the eye of some of our
+            Yorkshire correspondents.</p>
+    </blockquote><br />
+
+        <blockquote class="footnote">
+            <a id="footnote2"
+                        name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b>
+                        <a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+
+            <p>Is not this a species of land-crab?&mdash;ED. M.</p>
+    </blockquote><br />
+
+        <blockquote class="footnote">
+            <a id="footnote3"
+                        name="footnote3"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b>
+                        <a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a>
+
+            <p>By Mr. A. Aikin, in Trans. Soc. Arts.</p>
+    </blockquote><br />
+
+        <blockquote class="footnote">
+            <a id="footnote4"
+                        name="footnote4"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b>
+                        <a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a>
+
+            <p>Marmion.</p>
+    </blockquote><br />
+
+        <blockquote class="footnote">
+            <a id="footnote5"
+                        name="footnote5"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b>
+                        <a href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a>
+
+            <p>See <i>Mirror</i>, vol. xiii. p 415.&mdash;One of
+            the best features of the establishment is the
+            gratuitous circulation of the library for twenty miles
+            round; the books being lent to any householder of good
+            report residing within twenty miles of the castle.</p>
+    </blockquote><br />
+
+
+        <blockquote class="footnote">
+            <a id="footnote6"
+                        name="footnote6"></a><b>Footnote 6:</b>
+                        <a href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a>
+
+            <p>This should be John Lenton, and the year
+            1603,&mdash;See <i>Mirror</i>, vol. xvii, p. 181.</p>
+    </blockquote><br />
+
+        <blockquote class="footnote">
+            <a id="footnote7"
+                        name="footnote7"></a><b>Footnote 7:</b>
+                        <a href="#footnotetag7">(return)</a>
+
+            <p>There is an old (full-length) engraving of this
+            personage, and I am in the possession of one.</p>
+    </blockquote><br />
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h3>SPIRIT OF NEW BOOKS.</h3>
+
+    <p>With the Next Number, A SUPPLEMENT of UNIQUE EXTRACTS from
+    NEW BOOKS of the last Six Weeks: with TWO ENGRAVINGS
+    Illustrating Washington Irving's NEW SKETCH BOOK.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <p><i>Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near
+    Somerset House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 620, New
+    Market, Leipsic; G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin,
+    Paris; and by all Newsmen and Booksellers.</i></p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11743 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #11743 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11743)
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction
+       No. 548 - 26 May 1832
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 28, 2004 [EBook #11743]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Bill Walker and PG Distributed Proofreaders
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+Vol. 19, No. 548.] SATURDAY, MAY 26, 1832. [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: STAINES NEW BRIDGE.]
+
+
+This handsome structure has lately been completed, and was opened on
+Easter Monday last, April 24, by their Majesties and the Court passing
+over with suitable ceremony. This was a gala day for Staines and its
+vicinity; for, independently of the enthusiasm awakened by the visit
+of the popular Sovereign, the completion of so useful and ornamental
+a fabric must have been an occasion of no ordinary interest to every
+inhabitant of the district.
+
+The _programme_, as the French would say, of the day's _fête_ has been
+so recently given in the "chronicles of the times," that we need not
+repeat it. A few descriptive particulars of the Bridge, from _The
+Times_ Journal, may be found to possess a more permanent value:--
+
+    "It consists of three very flat segmental arches of granite. The
+    middle arch of 74 feet span, and the two side arches of 66 feet
+    each; besides two side arches of 10 feet each for the
+    towing-paths, and six brick arches of 20 feet span each, two on
+    the Surrey side, and four on the Middlesex side, to allow the
+    floods to pass off. The whole is surmounted by a plain, bold
+    cornice, and block parapet of granite, with pedestal for the
+    lamps, and a neat toll-house. The approaches to the Bridge on
+    either side form gentle curves of easy ascent. The cost of the
+    Bridge and approaches has been about 41,000l. The appearance of
+    the whole is very light and elegant. This is owing chiefly to
+    the slight dimensions of the piers, which are smaller in
+    proportion to the span of the arches they support than those of
+    any other bridge in England; but this slight appearance does
+    not, we understand, detract in any degree from their strength,
+    or from the durability of the superincumbent structure."
+
+From the same authority we gather this circumstantial account of the
+Bridges erected at Staines from the year 1262:
+
+    "The first erection mentioned in the archives of Staines, was a
+    wooden bridge, said to have been erected in the year 1262; it
+    was constructed of piles of oak driven into the bed of the river
+    and covered with planks. We hear of no new erection from that
+    period down to the year 1794; but from that year to the present,
+    there have been not less than four new bridges in succession,
+    and on nearly the same site. In the year 1794 and 1795, a new
+    bridge, of three semicircular arches of stone, from the design
+    of the celebrated Paul Sandby, was erected, but, from some
+    defect in its construction, it lasted only five years, when it
+    was replaced by a very elegant bridge of one arch, of 180 feet
+    span, of cast iron, from the design of Mr. Thomas Wilson, the
+    architect of the celebrated bridge over the river Weir, at
+    Sunderland. The design was attributed to the noted author of the
+    _Rights of Man_; but the arch designed by him was cast in the
+    year 1790, by Messrs. Walkers, at Rotherham, whence it was
+    brought to London, and erected at the bowling-green of the
+    Yorkshire Stingo public-house, where it was exhibited to the
+    public; Paine not being able to defray the expense, the arch was
+    taken down and carried back to Rotherham; part of it was
+    afterwards used in the Sunderland bridge, and part, it is
+    supposed, in the Staines bridge. This last, like its immediate
+    predecessor, was not destined to last long, for it had scarcely
+    been opened one month, when it was found necessary to close it
+    to the public, the arch having sunk in a very alarming degree.
+    His late Majesty King George the Third was said to have been
+    among the last to pass over it. In this emergency the late Mr.
+    Rennie was consulted, who pronounced the bridge altogether
+    dangerous, in consequence of the weakness of the abutments. No
+    alternative remained but to remove the iron bridge entirely, and
+    patch up the old wooden bridge until a new one of wood was
+    built. That bridge, which is the present old bridge, continued
+    to stand, with various repairs and alterations, until the year
+    1828, when, in consequence of the decay of the piles, and the
+    continual heavy expenses required to uphold it, the
+    Commissioners determined to build a new one of more durable
+    materials. Messrs. Rennie were therefore applied to for designs,
+    and a bill was brought into Parliament to authorize the
+    Commissioners to raise funds. The works were commenced in the
+    spring of 1829, and on the 14th of September following the first
+    stone was laid by their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of
+    Clarence (their present Majesties). Since then, the works have
+    been carried on to their present completion under the direction
+    of Mr. G. Rennie and Mr. Brown, the superintendents, and Messrs.
+    Jolliffe and Banks, the contractors."
+
+The Engraving is from a Sketch by our obliging Windsor Correspondent:
+it was taken from the old bridge, whence the spectator enjoys a
+delightful view of Windsor Castle, through the centre arch of the new
+fabric.
+
+By the way, we noticed the project of this new stone bridge, in
+connexion with our Engraving of the new church at Staines, in vol.
+xii. of _The Mirror_, August 30, 1828.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE WRECK.
+
+
+_(FOR THE MIRROR.)_
+
+
+  No mare, no more, o'er the dark blue sea,
+    Will the gallant vessel bound,
+  Fearless and proud as the warrior's plume
+    At the trumpet's startling sound;
+  No more will her banner assert its claim
+    To empire on the foam,
+  And the sailors cheer as the thunder rolls
+    From the guns of their wave-girt home!
+
+  Her white sails gleam'd like the sunny dawn
+    On the brow of the sapphire sky,
+  And her thunder echoed along the cliffs,
+    Awaking the seamew's cry;
+  Oh! it was glorious to see her glide
+    Triumphantly over the sea,
+  With her blue flag fluttering in the wind,
+    The symbol of victory.
+
+  But she lies forlorn in the breakers now,
+    Her stately masts are gone,
+  And cold are the hearts of the dauntless crew
+    That yielded their swords to none;
+  The gun is hush'd in her lofty sides,
+    And the flute on her silent deck;
+  Alas! that a queenly form like hers
+    Should ever have been a wreck!
+
+  Thus Hope's illusions droop away
+    From the heart which their beauty won,
+  And leave it forlorn as the gallant ship,
+    Ere its summer of life is begun.
+  It is peopled with lovely images,
+    As o'er the sea it glides,
+  But wreck'd is its deep idolatry
+    On the dark and stormy tides.
+    _Deal._           G.R.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE ARBALEST OF ROBIN HOOD.
+
+
+_(TO THE EDITOR.)_
+
+
+In No. 538, of _The Mirror_, is described an elegant Cross-bow, and
+a desire expressed for information where such things are _now_ to be
+seen. I have lived many years in Yorkshire, and have seen several
+kinds of these bows at _Kirklees Hall_, the seat of Sir George
+Armitage, a few miles from Huddersfield. Amongst those bows I saw one,
+at least six feet long; but some of them were not more than two or
+three feet in length. There were also a variety of weapons of war,
+with helmets, and some curious boots, which buttoned on the leg from
+top to the bottom, and had wooden soles. They were then kept in an
+attic on the top of the leads over the hall. Many of these relics are
+said to have belonged to the famous "Robin Hood," who lies buried
+in the park; the remains of the ancient grave-stone having been
+surrounded with a handsome iron railing, by the late Sir George
+Armitage; in the wall is an old inscription on brass; it is situated
+in a very gloomy place. Not far distant from his grave are the remains
+of a Nunnery, and a burial-ground, with tombs in it; but I could find
+no date, either in the house or on these tombs. One of the tombs has
+this inscription round its edge:
+
+    "Sweet Jesus of Nazareth, show mercy to Elizabeth Stainton, late
+    Prioress of this place."
+
+If an intelligent person were to call at the Hall, he would be able
+to gather much information of an authentic nature respecting Robin
+Hood.[1]
+
+    [1] We hope this note may meet the eye of some of our Yorkshire
+    correspondents.
+
+JOHN BATEMAN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SONGS, _FOUND IN THE ALBUM OF A DELIA CRUSCAN POET._
+
+
+_(FOR THE MIRROR.)_
+
+
+THE HUMMING-BIRD.
+
+
+BY T. MOORE, ESQ.
+
+
+  Thou winged gem, whose starlike splendour
+    Gleams on the bosom of the rose,
+  I lore thy light when skies are tender,
+    And winds are wandering to repose.
+  The Grecian lute, the Moorish song,
+    And Crockford's home, with all that's in it,
+  May challenge fame from many a throng,
+    But thou, _alone_, fair bird, canst win it!
+
+  I've often watch'd thy plumage glancing
+    So evanescent in thy bower,
+  And heard thy silver voice entrancing
+    Soothe me, as music soothes the flower.
+  Although diminutive as me,
+    Thy song is sweeter, who can doubt it?
+  So, as I cannot sing like thee,
+    I'll break my lute, and live without it.
+
+  G.R.C.
+
+
+THE SKYLARK.
+
+
+BY L.E.L.
+
+
+  Thou minstrel of the sunny air,
+    Thy vocal fount is rich with song,
+  And fragrant breezes softly bear
+    Its silver melody along.
+
+  I love to hear thy liquid note
+    When bees are humming on the rose,
+  And in their sapphire ocean float
+    The stars prophetic of repose.
+
+  Thou feel'st the sunny influence
+    Like Memnon's fabled lyre of old,
+  And wanderest in the beam intense
+    Which turns the liquid air to gold.
+
+  The spirit's bright imaginings
+    Ne'er soar'd to loftier spheres than thee,
+  And if I had, thy fairy wings,
+    Afar from earthly haunts I'd flee.
+
+  Insipid are the weekly themes
+    Of ----'s imbecile review,
+  Whose page with adulation teems,
+    And makes me "beautifully blue."
+
+  But cockney praise is ebbing fast,
+    And Sappho's lute has lost its power,
+  And surely my career is past
+    Like Summer's brightest, loveliest flower.
+
+  Arcades ambo, Moore and me
+    Are Delia Crusca's sweetest doves,
+  And ours too is the poetry
+    Which meditative beauty loves.
+
+  Sweet bird, farewell! and be it thine
+    To thrill the blue air with thy song;
+  But fame will wreathe this brow of mine,
+    If I am right, and _Pope_ is wrong.
+
+G.R.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+DOMESTIC LIFE IN AMERICA.
+
+
+_(IN A LETTER FROM A CORRESPONDENT AT CINCINNATI.)_
+
+
+This town is far superior to our late place of sojourn, Pittsburgh,
+being spacious and clean, with handsome houses and wood for fuel.
+Pittsburgh, on the contrary, is dirty and confined, abounding in iron
+works burning coal, which gives forth a denser smoke than English
+coal. The houses in this place, when we visited it in 1818, were
+mostly of wood; these have been in general removed on wheels drawn
+by oxen and horses, and placed in the suburbs, whence they are now
+removing once more. Here are four markets well supplied with the
+necessaries, and even the luxuries, of life, including almost
+everything you can think of, and many things which you have never
+thought of. Apple butter, for instance, is one of the latter, and is
+made by stewing apples in new cider, after it has been boiled down to
+one-third of its bulk. It is sold at 6-1/4 cts. per quart, and is
+very delicious. The fruits of this country are abundant: apples are
+excellent, and in profusion; peaches are plentiful in most seasons,
+but sometimes totally fail; grapes grow wild and _tame_, i.e.
+cultivated or imported; cherries are not very good, and dearer than at
+Pittsburgh; pears, strawberries, and raspberries are not so choice as
+with you; quinces are plentiful and fine; wild plums perfume the whole
+house, like jessamine or mignionette, and are excellent for pies and
+tarts. The persimon is a fruit to which you are a stranger; it may be
+ranked with the plums, but has four stones, and is not fit to eat till
+bitten by the frost, when its austere and astringent taste disappears,
+and it becomes nearly transparent, and as rich and sweet as Guava
+jelly. The May-apple, or Mandrake, a wild fruit, is a favourite with
+our young folks; it grows on a single-steemed plant, usually one foot
+high, and is about the size of a plum, but with seeds, and in taste
+resembling a highly flavoured pear. The custard-apple, or paw-paw, is
+my favourite, and my boys go with me into the woods to gather them
+when ripe. In the summer, water melons, musk melons, nutmeg melons,
+and Cantaloupes may be seen in large heaps in the market, or in carts
+or wagons, at 6-1/4 to 25 and 50 cts. each, some weighing 40 lbs.
+
+Egg-plants, which you have seen as curiosities, are here brought to
+market; some of them of purple colour, are as large as a child's
+carpet-ball: they are sliced and fried in butter, and I am told
+have the flavour of fried oysters. Cucumbers are unfortunately
+superabundant, and the free use of them induces a variety of diseases
+which are attributed to the climate. Squashes, cimolins, and cushas,
+are gourds which are mashed up with butter like turnips; pumpkins
+of this country are very sweet, and make delicious pies, or rather
+cheesecakes; cranberries are brought from a distance, and pine-apples
+are not very expensive, being brought up the river from Bermuda.
+
+Among the natural curiosities of the country, are the Stone Mountain
+in Carolina, which may rank in antiquity with Stonehenge. It is
+remarkable for a circular wall of stone of great thickness, probably
+built by a people distinct from the present race of Indians, who are
+quite incapable of erecting any building except a wigwam, or a pile of
+loose stones over a grave. Next is the Kentucky Cavern, or as it is
+called, on account of its magnitude, the Mammoth Cave. I have an
+account before me of its being explored by a party in 1826, who
+penetrated into this gloomy, though spacious, hollow for _fifteen
+miles_, and were prevented from proceeding from extreme fatigue; they
+found the names of persons written at the farthest part. There are
+numbers of rooms as they are called, which are yet unexplored. In one
+of these, a few miles from the entrance, there was discovered many
+years since, a female figure sitting with a mat wrapped round her
+shoulders; she was quite dried to a mummy, and has for many years been
+exhibited in a caravan, through the United States.
+
+The river Ohio is here a quarter of a mile wide, and, as there is no
+bridge, the traffic into Kentucky is accommodated with steam ferry
+boats. Newport and Covington opposite, are pretty objects to look
+at from this side, but will not bear a nearer inspection. _Big Bone
+Lick_, where abundance of Mammoth bones have been discovered, is not
+far hence. Mr. Bullock of the London Museum is here, and has at the
+Lick discovered many rare specimens of bones, amongst which is a
+mammoth's head, with evidence of its having been furnished with a
+trunk, and of course having been an elephant of immense size. He has
+also found hoofs of horses with their bones in a fossil state, proving
+that the horse has been indigenous. The horses in this town being
+a mixture from those of South America, where they are wild--are of
+various colours. Some are brown and white, like pointer dogs, others
+are spotted like Danish dogs, and some with curled hair. I saw one
+which was white as far us the fore-quarter, and the rest sorel.
+
+An eye-witness has just related to me the following, which lately
+occured in New Harmony:
+
+    A snake about two feet long, was seen to enter the hole
+    inhabited by a crawfish,[2] from which he soon retreated,
+    followed by the rightful tenant, who stopped in defensive
+    attitude at the mouth of his habitation, raising his claws in
+    defiance. The snake turned quickly round, and seized the head of
+    the crawfish, as if to swallow him; but the crawfish soon put an
+    end to the conflict by clasping the snake's neck with his claws,
+    and severing the head completely from his body. This may appear
+    marvellous; but Audubon tells a story of a rattle-snake chasing
+    and over-taking a squirrel, which folks in America doubt.
+
+    [2] Is not this a species of land-crab?--ED. M.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+POTTERY.[3]
+
+
+_(CONTINUED FROM PAGE 284.)_
+
+
+
+_CHINA._
+
+
+The name China, by which the ware that I am about to describe is known
+in England, shows sufficiently the country from which we have received
+it. The term porcelain, which is applied to it on the continent of
+Europe, is Italian; _porcellana_ being in that language the name of
+those univalve shells forming the genus _cypraea_ of the conchologist,
+which have a high arched back like that of the hog (_porco_, Ital.),
+and are remarkable for the white, smooth, vitreous glossiness of the
+surface about the mouth of the shell, and sometimes, as in the common
+cowry (_Cypraea moneta_), over the whole surface.
+
+    [3] By Mr. A. Aikin, in Trans. Soc. Arts.
+
+The introduction of the Chinese porcelain soon excited a strong
+desire in the various countries of Europe to imitate it; but as the
+establishment of experimental manufactories for this purpose required
+the expenditure of considerable sums, and at a risk beyond the means
+of private persons, it is chiefly to the munificence of the sovereigns
+of Europe that the public are indebted for the first steps made in
+this interesting art. In Germany, chemists and mineralogists were set
+to work; the latter to seek for the most appropriate raw materials,
+and the former to purify and to combine them in the most advantageous
+proportions. The French government adopted the very sensible plan of
+instructing some of the Jesuit missionaries, who at that time had
+penetrated to the court of China, and into most of the provinces
+of that empire, to collect on the spot specimens of the materials
+employed by the Chinese themselves, together with the particulars of
+the process. The precise result thus obtained is not known; for as a
+considerable rivalry existed between the different royal manufactories
+of this ware, the most valuable information would of course be kept as
+secret as possible.
+
+Of the European manufactories of porcelain, that established at
+Miessen, near Dresden, by Augustus Elector of Saxony and King of
+Poland, in the early part of the 17th century, was the first that
+aspired to a competition with the Chinese. In compactness of texture
+and infusibility it was reckoned perfect a hundred years ago. It is
+not quite so white as some of the French and English porcelains, but
+is inferior to none in its painting, gilding, and other decorations.
+
+The French royal manufactory at Sevrès, near Paris, has been for
+several years in a gradually advancing state, with regard to the
+whiteness, compactness, and infusibility of the body, the elegance of
+the forms, the brilliancy of the colours, the elaborateness of the
+drawing, and the superb enrichments of the gilding. The private
+manufactories of porcelain in France imitate and approach more or less
+near to the royal establishment.
+
+At Berlin and at Vienna are royal porcelain manufactories in high
+esteem, as well as in some of the smaller states of Germany.
+
+_BRITISH PORCELAIN._
+
+The first manufactories of porcelain in England were those at Bow, and
+at Chelsea, near London. In these, however, nothing but soft porcelain
+was made. This was a mixture of white clay and fine white sand from
+Alum bay, in the Isle of Wight, to which such a proportion of pounded
+glass was added as, without causing the ware to soften so as to
+lose its form, would give it when exposed to a full red heat a
+semi-transparency resembling that of the fine porcelain of China. The
+Chelsea ware, besides bearing a very imperfect similarity in body to
+the Chinese, admitted only of a very fusible lead glaze; and in the
+taste of its patterns, and in the style of their execution, stood
+as low perhaps as any on the list. The china works at Derby come, I
+believe, the next in date; then those of Worcester, established in
+1751: and the most modern are those of Coalport, in Shropshire; of the
+neighbourhood of Newcastle, in Staffordshire, and in other parts of
+that county.
+
+The porcelain clay used at present in all the English works is
+obtained in Cornwall, by pounding and washing over the gray
+disintegrated granite which occurs in several parts of that county: by
+this means the quartz and mica are got rid of, and the clay resulting
+from the decomposition of the felspar is procured in the form of a
+white, somewhat gritty powder. This clay is not fusible by the highest
+heat of our furnaces, though the felspar, from the decomposition of
+which it is derived, forms a spongy milk-white glass, or enamel, at
+a low white heat. But felspar, when decomposed by the percolation of
+water, while it forms a constituent of granite, loses the potash,
+which is one of its ingredients to the amount of about 15 per cent,
+and with it the fusibility that this latter substance imparts.
+
+The siliceous ingredient is calcined flint; and in some of the
+porcelain works, (particularly, I believe, those at Worcester,) the
+soapstone from the Lizard-point, in Cornwall, is employed. These are
+all the avowed materials; but there is little doubt that the alkalies,
+or alkaline earths, either pure or in combination, are also used,
+in order to dispose the other ingredients to assume that state of
+semi-fusion characteristic of porcelain.
+
+(The principal processes are) the grinding and due mixture of the
+ingredients, in order to obtain a mass sufficiently plastic; the
+forming this mass on the wheel; the subsequent drying of the ware;
+the first firing, by which it is brought to the state of biscuit; the
+application of the firmer colours occasionally on the surface of the
+biscuit; the dipping the biscuit in the glaze; the second firing, by
+which the glaze is vitrified; the pencilling in of the more tender
+colours on the surface of the glaze; and the third and last firing
+that is given to the porcelain.
+
+It is not for me to determine which of our English porcelains is
+the best; probably, indeed, one will be found superior in hardness,
+another in whiteness, a third in the thinness and evenness of the
+glaze, a fourth in the form of the articles, a fifth in the design,
+and a sixth in the colours. In hardness and in fusibility, they are
+probably all inferior to the Dresden and to the Sevres porcelain; for
+pieces in biscuit and in white glaze, from both these manufactories,
+are imported in considerable quantities, in order to be painted and
+finished here. But it is equally certain, that the last ten years
+have seen the commencement, and, in part, the completion, of such
+improvements in this fabric, as will probably place the English
+porcelains on an equality with the best of the continental European
+ones.
+
+Advantage has recently been taken of the semi-transparency of
+porcelain biscuit to form it into plates, and to delineate upon it
+some very beautiful copies of landscapes and other drawings, by so
+adapting the various thicknesses of the plate as to produce, when held
+between the eye and the light, the effects of light and shadow in
+common drawings. The invention originated in the ingenuity of our
+French neighbours.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NOTES OF A READER
+
+
+IMPROVEMENT OF LANCASHIRE.
+
+
+The west of England has considerably the advantage over the eastern
+side of the island. One way or another nature did much more for it. It
+is true, that the eastern side was civilized much earlier; yet human
+ingenuity and industry have of late years been much more successfully
+employed in turning the gifts of nature to the best possible account.
+Ireland and America are customers, for whom, though they were long in
+coming, it was worth while to wait. After all, Lancashire is the most
+remarkable and characteristic feature in the comparison. From being
+among the most backward parts of England, this county has _worked_ its
+way into the front rank. The contrast between its condition up to the
+middle of the last century, and the astonishing spectacle which it
+exhibits at present, belongs to the transformation which a hundred
+years create in a newly settled country like America, far more than to
+the gradual improvements and changes of an old English county.
+
+It would be curious to analyze the concurrent causes, and marshal
+the successive steps, by which Lancashire has advanced;--not only
+succeeding in appropriating to itself a leading interest in the
+creative inventions of Watt and Arkwright, but connecting its name
+in honourable alliance with literature and science. The very
+circumstances from which a contrary presumption would originally have
+been drawn, have (singularly enough) principally contributed to its
+extraordinary progress. Lancashire owes the canals, by which the
+commercial thoroughfare of that end of England has been turned from
+the Humber to the Mersey, to the enterprise of a _Peer_. It owes the
+docks, which have about them almost a Roman presentiment of future
+greatness, to the spirit of a _Corporation_. It owes the taste and
+accomplishments, by which the character of its wealth has been raised
+above the drudgery and fanaticism of money-getting, almost entirely to
+the zeal of a few _Dissenters_. The name of Governor Clinton is not so
+pre-eminently united with the canal policy of America, as is the name
+of the Duke of Bridgewater with the canals of England. He staked his
+last shilling on the chance of thus cutting out an inland north-west
+passage to the Atlantic. The corporation of Liverpool, by an
+enlightened application of their vast resources, have accelerated,
+consolidated, and secured the realization, of every expectation and
+contingency which fortune threw in their way. They have hastened,
+not to say, anticipated, events. There can be as little doubt of the
+effect which the light radiating from the assemblage of Priestley,
+Wakefield, Aikin, &c. at Warrington; from the presence of Percival,
+Henry, Ferriar, and Dalton, at Manchester; and from that of Roscoe
+and Currie at Liverpool, spread over their circle. The literary
+attainments and cultivation of the manufacturers and merchants of
+Lancashire, as a body, seem otherwise likely long to have lagged
+behind their general powers of understanding, and their real station
+in society.--_Edinburgh Review_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ENNUI OF FASHION.
+
+
+It must be owned that five years form an awful lapse in human life:--a
+lapse whose hours and minutes leave no where a trace more sharp and
+injurious than on the minds and countenances of individuals involved
+in the buzzing, stinging gnatswarms of fashionable life. Elsewhere,
+existence marches with a more dignified step, and the scenes pictured
+among the records of our memory assume a grander aspect; they lie in
+masses,--their shadows are broader,--their lights more brilliantly
+thrown out. But reminiscences of a life of ton are as vexatious as
+they are frivolous. The season of 1829 differs from that of 1830,
+only inasmuch as its quadrilles are varied with galoppes as well
+as waltzes, and danced at Lady A.'s and Lady B.'s,--instead of the
+Duchess of D.'s, and Countess E.'s. The Duchess is dead,--the Countess
+ruined;--but no matter!--there are still plenty of balls to be had.
+"Another and another still succeeds!" Since young ladies _will_ grow
+up to be presented, lady-mothers and aunts _must_ continue to project
+breakfasts, water parties, and galas, whereby to throw them in the way
+of flirtation, courtship, and marriage. Mischief, in her most smiling
+mask, sits like the beautiful witch in Thalaba at an everlasting
+spinning-wheel, weaving a mingled yarn of sin and sorrow for the
+daughters of Fashion. Although the cauldron of Hecate and her
+priestesses has vanished from the heath at Forres, it bubbles in
+nightly incantations among the elm-trees of Grosvenor Square; and
+Hopper and Hellway, Puckle and Straddling, now croak forth their
+chorus of rejoicing where golden lamps swing blazing over the écarté
+tables, and the soft strains of the Mazurka enervate the atmosphere of
+the gorgeous temples of May Fair. Never yet was there a woman _really_
+improved in attraction by mingling with the motley throng of the _beau
+monde_. She may learn to dress better, to step more gracefully; her
+head may assume a more elegant turn, her conversation become more
+polished, her air more distinguished;--but in point of _attraction_
+she acquires nothing. Her simplicity of mind departs;--her generous,
+confiding impulses of character are lost;--she is no longer inclined
+to interpret favourably of men and things,--she listens without
+believing,--sees without admiring; has suffered persecution without
+learning mercy;--and been taught to mistrust the candour of others
+by the forfeiture of her own. The freshness of her disposition
+has vanished with the freshness of her complexion; hard lines are
+perceptible in her very soul, and crowsfeet contract her very fancy.
+No longer pure and fair as the statue of alabaster, her beauty, like
+that of some painted waxen effigy, is tawdry and meretricious. It is
+not alone the rouge upon the cheek and the false tresses adorning
+the forehead, which repel the ardour of admiration; it is the
+artificiality of mind with which such efforts are connected that
+breaks the spell of beauty.
+
+_From the Fair of May Fair._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BAMBOROUGH CASTLE
+
+
+Is situate on the romantic coast of Northumberland, "over against"
+an obscure town of the same name. It stands upon a basalt rock, of a
+triangular shape, high, rugged, and abrupt on the land side; flanked
+by the German Ocean, and strong natural rampires of sand, matted
+together with sea rushes on the east; and only accessible to an enemy
+on the south-east, which is guarded by a deep, dry ditch, and a series
+of towers in the wall, on each side of the gateway. Nature has mantled
+the rock with lichens of various rich tints: its beetling brow is 150
+feet above the level of the sea, upon a stratum of mouldering rock,
+apparently scorched with violent heat, and having beneath it a close
+flinty sandstone. Its crown is girt with walls and towers, which on
+the land side have been nearly all repaired. The outer gateway stands
+between two fine old towers, with time-worn heads; twelve paces within
+it is a second gate, which is machicolated, and has a portcullis; and,
+within this, on the left hand, on a lofty point of rock, is a very
+ancient round tower of great strength; commanding a pass subject to
+every annoyance from the besieged. This fort is believed to be of
+Saxon origin. The keep stands on the area of the rock, having an open
+space around it. It is square, and of that kind of building which
+prevailed from the Conquest till about the time of our second Henry.
+It had no chimney; but fires had been made in the middle of a large
+room, which was lighted by a window near its top, three feet square.
+All the other rooms were lighted by slit or loop holes, six inches
+broad. The walls are of small stones, from a quarry at Sunderland on
+the sea, three miles distant: within them is a draw well, discovered
+in 1770, in clearing the cellar from sand and rubbish; its depth is
+145 feet, cut through solid rock, of which seventy-five feet are of
+whinstone. The remains of a chapel were discovered here, under a
+prodigious mass of land, in the year 1773; its architecture was pure
+Saxon, and the ancient font being found, was preserved in the keep.
+The chapel has been rebuilt on the old foundations.
+
+[Illustration: _(Bamborough Castle before the general repairs.)_]
+
+The founder of the Castle is stated by Matthew of Westminster to have
+been Ida, King of Northumberland. Sir Walter Scott sings
+
+  Thy tower, proud Bamborough, mark'd they
+       here,
+  King Ida's castle, huge and square,
+  From its tall rock look grimly down,
+  And on the swelling ocean frown.[4]
+
+    [4] Marmion.
+
+It was destroyed by the Danes in 993; but about the time of the
+Conquest was in good repair. In 1095, it was in the possession of
+Robert Mowbray, Earl of Northumberland, when it was besieged, and,
+after much difficulty, taken by William II. The castle lost the
+greatest part of its beauty in a siege after the battle of Hexham.
+Camden tells us "from that time it has suffered by time and winds,
+which throw up incredible quantities of sand from the sea upon its
+walls, through the windows which are open." Sir John Forster was
+governor of it in Elizabeth's reign; and his grandson John obtained
+a grant of it and the manor from James the First. His descendant,
+Thomas, forfeited it in 1715; but his maternal uncle, Nathaniel, Lord
+Crewe, bishop of Durham, purchased his estates, and bequeathed them to
+charitable purposes in 1720. The sunken rocks and shifting sands of
+this coast had long been a terror to the mariners, but under his
+lordship's will, Dr. Sharp, then archdeacon of Durham, fitted up the
+keep of the Castle, for the reception of suffering seamen, and
+of property which might be rescued from the fury of the ocean.
+Regulations were also adopted, both to prevent accidents on the coast,
+and to alleviate misfortunes when they had occurred. A nine pounder,
+placed at the bottom of the great tower, gives signals to ships in
+distress, and in case of a wreck, announces the same to the Custom
+House officers and their servants, who hasten to prevent the wreck
+being plundered. In addition to this, during a storm, horsemen patrol
+the coast, and rewards are paid for the earliest intelligence of
+vessels in distress. A flag is always hoisted when any ship is seen
+in distress on the Fern Islands or Staples; or a rocket thrown up at
+night, which gives notice to the Holy Island fishermen, who can put
+off to the spot when no boat from the main can get over the breakers.
+Life-boats have likewise been added to the establishment. The vast
+increase of the residuary rents of the Castle estates also enables
+the trustees to support within its walls two free-schools, a library,
+infirmary, thirty beds for shipwrecked sailors, and a granary, whence
+poor persons are supplied with provisions at the first price.[5]
+Altogether, the establishment of Bamborough merits the epithet of
+"princely," which it has received from the historians of the county.
+Its philanthropic endowment has not been suffered to decay with the
+romance of olden time, but the charitable intentions of the testator
+are fulfilled, so as to maintain a lasting record of his active
+benevolence. Such magnificence may be said to eclipse all the glitter
+and gleam of chivalry, and make them appear but as idle dreams.
+
+    [5] See _Mirror_, vol. xiii. p 415.--One of the best features of
+    the establishment is the gratuitous circulation of the library for
+    twenty miles round; the books being lent to any householder of
+    good report residing within twenty miles of the castle.
+
+A boundless view of the ocean presents itself from the towers of
+Bamborough Castle, studded with small islands, having the Coquet
+Island on the south, and the Holy Island on the north.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+MANNERS & CUSTOMS OF ALL NATIONS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ORIGIN OF EPSOM RACES.
+
+
+In a pleasant little volume modestly entitled _Some Particulars
+relating to the History of Epsom_, the following facts are collected
+with much diligence. At the present season, they may be acceptable to
+our readers.
+
+"When these races first commenced, we have not been able with
+certainty to trace. Few writers, who mention the district, do more
+than simply state the fact, that horse races are annually held at
+Epsom.
+
+"Whether they were at first periodical or occasional, we will not
+presume to determine, though the latter is, we think, the most
+probable.
+
+"Races, it is generally agreed, took their origin from, if they did
+not give birth to, the Olympic games. The first information we have of
+their existence in this country is in the reign of Henry II. At that
+time, and for many ages afterwards, the sport must have been merely
+a rude pastime, perhaps as destitute of the science of the present
+system, as of the vices, which are too generally engendered by it.
+
+"There can be no doubt, that Epsom downs (or as they are frequently,
+though erroneously written in old writings, Banstead downs) early
+became the spot, upon which the lovers of racing indulged their fancy.
+And, perhaps, the known partiality of King James I., for this species
+of diversion, will justify us in ascribing their commencement to the
+period when he resided at the palace of Nonsuch.
+
+"The following extract from Clarendon's History of the Rebellion, will
+shew, that during the troubles of his unfortunate successor,
+Charles I., races upon Epsom downs, were viewed as no uncommon
+occurrence.--'Soon after the meeting, which was held at Guildford,
+18th May, 1648, to address the two Houses of Parliament, that the
+King, their only lawful sovereign, might be restored to his due
+honors, and might come to his parliament for a personal treaty, &c.--a
+meeting of the royalists was held on Banstead (Epsom) downs, under the
+pretence of a horse race, and six hundred horses were collected and
+marched to Reigate.'
+
+"King James had imbibed a predilection for horse races, before he
+ascended the English throne; they were in high estimation in Scotland
+during his minority, previously to which, the English parliament seem
+to have turned their attention to the subject.
+
+"We find, that in the time of Henry VII. and his successors, Henry
+VIII. and Elizabeth, several acts of parliament were made to prevent
+the exportation of horses to Scotland, and other parts.
+
+"There is an entry in the Lord's Journal, June 15th, 1540--'At length,
+the bill is read this day, for encouraging the breed of horses, of a
+larger stature, and despatched with unanimous consent, and without a
+dissenting voice.'
+
+"The great men of Elizabeth's reign, appear to have been fully
+disposed to profit by the example and injunctions of her father.
+Italian masters were invited over; the art of managing horses became
+an universal accomplishment, among the nobility and gentry of England;
+but most of the professors, both of equitation and farriery, were
+foreigners.
+
+"Horses were not yet kept exclusively for the purpose of running
+races, but gentlemen matched their hunters or hacknies, and usually
+rode the race themselves.
+
+"The most fashionable trial, however, of the speed and goodness of
+their horses, was hunting red herrings, or 'the train scent,' as
+it was then called, from the body of some animal, which had been
+previously drawn across hedge and ditch. Here the scent was certain
+and strong, and the hounds would run upon it to the end, with their
+utmost speed. The matched horses followed these hounds, and to be
+in with them, was generally accounted a very satisfactory proof of
+goodness.
+
+"Markham, and that celebrated riding master, Michael Baret, describe,
+also, another mode of running matches across the country in those days
+denominated the wild goose chase; an imitation of which has continued
+in occasional use, to the present time, under the name of steeple
+hunting; that is to say, two horsemen, drunk or sober, in or out of
+their wits, fix upon a steeple or some other conspicuous distant
+object, to which they make a straight cut over hedge, ditch, and gate.
+We think our readers will do any thing but smile, at this rational
+pastime for reasonable creatures.
+
+"The wild goose chase, however, at last became more regular and better
+conducted. It was prescribed, that after the horse had run twelve
+score yards, he was to be followed wherever he went by the others,
+within a certain distance agreed upon, as twice or thrice his length.
+A horse being left behind twelve score, or any limited number of
+yards, was deemed beaten, and lost the match.
+
+"These rude and barbarous modes of horse-racing gave way, in the
+reign of James I., to the more scientific, accurate, and satisfactory
+trials, of the horses carrying stated weights, over measured and even
+ground.
+
+"That monarch, as has before been intimated, brought with him from
+Scotland, a strong predilection for the turf, which must have
+prevailed to a considerable degree in that country, for we find, that
+during his reign there, and before his accession to the crown of
+England, it was deemed necessary to restrain, by an express law, the
+passion of the Scots for horse-racing, and laying large bets on the
+events.
+
+"The reign of James I. may be fairly stated, as the period when
+horse-racing first became a general and national amusement. The races
+appear to have been at that time conducted nearly in the same style,
+as to essentials, as in the present day.
+
+"They were then called bell courses, the prize being a silver bell;
+the winner was said to bear or carry the bell.
+
+"Regular prizes were now run for in various parts of England. The king
+and his court, frequently attended races at Croydon and Enfield, in
+the vicinity of London.
+
+"The first match, upon record, in this country, was one against time,
+which occurred in the year 1604, when John Lepton,[6] a groom, in the
+service of King James I., undertook to ride five times between London
+and York, from Monday morning until Saturday night, and actually
+performed the task within five days.
+
+    [6] This should be John Lenton, and the year 1603,--See _Mirror_,
+    vol. xvii, p. 181.
+
+"At this period, much attention was paid to the pedigrees of horses,
+for the purpose of enhancing their reputation and worth. The training
+discipline, in all its variety of regular food, clothing, physic,
+airing, and gallops, was in full use; and the weights that race horses
+had to carry were adjusted; the most usual of which were ten stone.
+
+"We find that, soon after the accession of Charles I., an ordinance
+was issued, enjoining the substitution of bits or curbs, instead of
+snaffles, which had probably been of late introduction in the army.
+Not long afterwards, the king granted a special licence to William
+Smith and others, to import into this kingdom, horses, mares and
+geldings; further enjoining them to provide coach horses of the height
+of fourteen hands and above, and not less than three, nor exceeding
+seven years of age.
+
+"During the civil wars, amusements of the turf were partially
+suspended, but not forgotten; for we find that Mr. Place, stud-master
+to Cromwell, was proprietor of the famous horse, White Turk, (the sire
+of Wormwood and Commoner) and of several capital brood mares, one of
+which, a great favourite, he concealed in a vault, during the search
+after Cromwell's effects, at the time of the Restoration, from which
+circumstance, she took the name of the Coffin Mare, and is designated
+as such in various pedigrees.
+
+"King Charles II., soon after his restoration, re-established the
+races at Newmarket, which had been instituted by James I. He divided
+them into regular meetings, and substituted, both there and at other
+places, silver cups or bowls, of the value of one hundred pounds,
+for the royal gift of the ancient bells, which were in consequence
+generally dropped, both in name and effect.
+
+"William III., though not fond of the turf, paid much attention to the
+breed of horses for martial service; and in his reign some of the most
+celebrated stallions were imported.
+
+"George, Prince of Denmark, was a great amateur of horse-racing. He
+obtained from his royal consort, Queen Anne, grants of royal plates
+for several places, among which Epsom is, however, not mentioned.
+
+"King George I. is not handed down to us as a sporting character; but
+towards the latter end of his reign, the change of the royal plates
+into purses of hundred guineas each took place.
+
+"In the 13th year of the reign of King George II., an act, cap. 19.
+was passed, 'to restrain and prevent the excessive increase of horse
+races.'
+
+"By this act, after reciting 'that the great number of horse races for
+small plates, prizes, or sums of money had contributed very much to
+the encouragement of idleness, to the impoverishment of many of the
+meaner sort of the subjects of this kingdom, and to the prejudice of
+the breed of strong and useful horses;' it was enacted that no person
+should, thenceforth, enter and start more than one horse, mare or
+gelding, for one and the same plate, prize, or sum of money. And that
+no plate, or prize of a less value than 50l. should be run for,
+under the penalty of 200l.
+
+"It was also by the same act further enacted, that at every such race,
+for a plate or prize of the value of 50l. and upwards, each horse,
+if five years old, should carry ten stone; if six years old, eleven
+stone; and if seven years old, twelve stone. And that the owner of any
+horse, carrying less than the specified weight, should forfeit his
+horse, and pay the penalty of 200l."
+
+(_TO BE CONCLUDED IN OUR NEXT_.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE SELECTOR; AND LITERARY NOTICES OF NEW WORKS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE FAIR OF MAY FAIR.
+
+
+The volumes of sketches of fashionable life with this quaint title
+will serve to amuse a few inveterate novel-readers; while occasional
+pages may induce others to take up the thread of the narrative. The
+flying follies of high life, or rather, we think, of affected ton,
+are hit off with truth and vigour, and there is a pleasantry in
+the writer's style which is an acceptable relief to the dulness of
+common-place details. We shall endeavour to detach a scene or two,
+one, as a specimen of "the art of ingeniously tormenting," and the
+incipient waywardness of a newly-married pair.
+
+"From the first months of his domestication with his wife at Wellwood
+Abbey, Sir Henry Wellwood had intended, had _longed_, to commence his
+little system of tender remonstrance; but the slightest insinuation
+of a difference of opinion was sufficient to fan the embers of
+Henrietta's distemperature into a conflagration. The blaze was not
+strong, indeed; for the lady had always been accustomed to find a fit
+of wilfulness, or of affected despondency, more available and becoming
+than one of hasty anger. But she was tolerably expert in those piquant
+flippancies of speech which harass the enemy like a straggling fire;
+and could contrive, when it suited her purpose, to make herself as
+disagreeable as if her face had not been that of a cherub, or her
+voice seraphic.
+
+"'A woman,' quoth La Bruyère, 'must be charming indeed, whose husband
+does not repent, ten times a day, that he is a married man.' Sir Henry
+Wellwood would have scoffed at the axiom. The 'idol of his soul' was
+still an idol; although, like the votaries of old, he had managed to
+discover that it was not wholly formed of precious metals; that its
+feet were of clay! He still fancied himself the happiest of mortals;
+particularly when Henrietta, in her best looks and spirits, was riding
+by his side through the Wellwood plantations, listening to the project
+of his intended improvements;--or seated in her boudoir sketching
+designs and modelling plans for his two new lodges. Sometimes after
+dinner she would busy herself with her guitar, and insist on his
+attempting a second to her Italian notturno; sometimes she persuaded
+him to lend her his arm towards the village, to assist in executing
+that easy work of benevolence, the deplenishment of her silken purse.
+At such, moments she was indeed enchanting;--and the fascinated
+Wellwood was quite willing to echo the chorus of Mrs. Delafield's
+visiters, that he had 'drawn a prize.'
+
+"But the sands of life are not formed exclusively of diamond sparks.
+Flint and granite mingle in the contents of the hour-glass; and Sir
+Henry often found himself required to listen to fractious complaints
+of old Roddington's innovations, of Lawford's negligence--of roses
+that would not blow at the gardener's bidding,--of London booksellers,
+who would not send down the new novels in proper time,--of old women
+who refused to be cured of their rheumatism, and young ones
+who declined becoming scholars at her platting school. His own
+misdemeanours, too, were frequent and unpardonable. He had a knack of
+carrying off the very volume she was reading,--of losing _her_ place,
+and leaving his own marked by leaving the unfortunate book sprawling
+upon its face on the table, like a drunkard on the ground. He often
+kept her waiting five minutes for her ride, or twenty for dinner;
+would stop and detain her, in their walks, while he corrected the
+practical blunders of some superannuated hedger and ditcher; had a
+trick of whipping off the thistle-tops while driving her in the garden
+chair, to the imminent indignation of her ponies; was sometimes seen
+to nod after dinner, when the morning's run had been a good one; and
+had an opinion of his own in politics, which precisely reversed those
+of Lady Mandeville and her coterie.--In a word, he was often very
+'tiresome!' and whenever the fair Henrietta was excited into
+pronouncing that sentence on his proceedings, it was a signal for
+ill-humour for the remainder of the day; or rather till the spoiled
+child would condescend to be coaxed into a more satisfactory mood of
+mind."
+
+But we are more struck with the appalling fidelity of the following
+scene in a tale named _the Divorcee_. The heroine, Amelia, is married
+in early life to a Mr. Allanby, "a man with 10,000l. per annum,
+and a grey pigtail:" the match turns out a miserable one: Amelia's
+dishonour by Vavasor Kendal, her divorce, and Mr. Allanby's death are
+told in a few pages--the guilty pair, Vavasor and Amelia, flee to
+Paris, and we are introduced to this faithful picture of Parisian
+vice:--
+
+"The infirmity of Amelia's health served at least to release her from
+those forced efforts of gaiety which had recoiled so heavily on her
+feelings. Her day for vivacity was gone.--In an atmosphere whose
+buoyancy is exhausted, the feather falls as heavily as the plummet.
+
+"But instead of commiserating the languor and feebleness extending
+from the physical to the moral existence of the invalid, Vavasor only
+made her dulness an excuse for flying to the relief of society more
+congenial with his own tendency to vice and folly. Lady Emlyn who
+in London was the leader of a coterie devoted to the excitements of
+high-play,--a coterie that felt privileged to inveigh with horror
+against 'gambling,' because its members ventured their thousands
+on games where cunning tempers the fortuities of chance,--on the
+manoeuvres of écarté and whist instead of the dare-all risks of
+hazard and rouge-et-noir,--had now removed her card-table from
+Grosvenor-square to a splendid hotel in the Rue Rivoli; where she had
+the honour of assembling, twice a week, a larger proportion of the
+idle and licentious of the exclusive caste, than could be found in any
+other suite of drawing-rooms in civilized Europe. Her _salon_ was in
+fact crowded with busy ranks of those swindlers of distinction who,
+in opposition to their brethren of lower pretensions, (the chevaliers
+d'industrie), ought surely to be termed the chevaliers de la paresse.
+Among these, the brilliant air and lively effrontery of Captain Kendal
+secured him a warm acceptance; and by frequenting the circle of Lady
+Emlyn, he had not only the gratification of escaping from the insipid
+mediocrity of the home his vices had created, but acquired the power
+of indulging in others which were now still dearer to his heart.
+
+"Vavasor Kendal was an expert player. Like other frigid egotists, his
+head and heart were always at leisure; and his successes had been
+the means, on more than one occasion, of extending his means of
+disgraceful enjoyment. At least, however, his career lay on the
+verge of a precipice; for playing at a stake beyond the limit of his
+fortune, a single faltering step might at any hour precipitate him
+into an abyss of shame and ruin. Amelia was often tempted to doubt
+whether she had more cause to dread that intoxication of triumph,
+which induced him to still further excesses, or the reverses tending
+to aggravate the violence of temper to which she was an habitual
+victim. The fluctuating fortunes of the gamester,--his losses or
+gains,--were equally a source of suffering to herself. But the
+Carnival was drawing to a close; she soon began ardently to wish that
+his sister might grow weary of the increasing dulness of the French
+capital, and migrate among other swallows of the season, in search of
+new pleasures.
+
+"Long had she been in expectation of an announcement to this effect,
+when one night,--a cold cheerless night in March,--Vavasor exceeded
+even his ordinary period of absence. The habitually dissolute of Paris
+rarely keep late hours. Vice does not form with _them_, as with the
+English _roue_, an occasional excess, but is consistent and regular
+in its habits. Captain Kendal usually returned home between two and
+three; and Amelia was accustomed to sit up, and by her own services
+lighten the labours of their scanty establishment. It was _she_, the
+invalid, who was careful to keep up light and fire for the tyrant of
+the domestic hearth.
+
+"But on this occasion two o'clock came,--three, four, five
+o'clock,--and no Vavasor. Hour after hour she listened to the chime of
+the gaudy timepiece decorating their shabby apartment; and while the
+night advanced, in all its chilly, lonely, comfortless protraction,
+shivered as she added new logs to the dying embers, and as she hoped
+or despaired of his return, alternately replaced the veilleuse by
+candles, the candles by a veilleuse. She had already assumed her
+night-apparel; and alter wandering like an unquiet spirit from her own
+apartment to the sitting-room and back again, a thousand, thousand
+times,--after reclining her exhausted frame and throbbing head against
+the door of the ante-room, in the trust of catching the sound of his
+well-known step upon the stairs, she threw herself down on the
+sofa for a moment's respite. But in a few minutes she started up
+again.--Surely that was _his_ voice, which reached her from some
+passenger in the street below, some passenger humming an air from the
+new Opera, according to Vavasor's custom, when returning flushed with
+the excitement of success? Again and hurriedly did she prepare for his
+reception,--again place his chair by the fire, his slippers beside
+it; and stand with a beating heart and suspended breath, to await the
+entrance of the truant. But, no! it was _not_ him. The wanderer had
+hastened onwards to some happier home. The street was quiet again. She
+would take a book and strive to beguile the tediousness of suspense.
+
+"Dreary indeed is that hour of the twenty-four which may be said to
+afford the true division between night and day; when even the latest
+watcher has retired to rest, while the earliest artisans scarcely
+yet rouse themselves for the renewal of their struggle with
+existence;--when even the studious, the sorrowing, and the dissipated,
+close their over-wearied eyes;--and when those who 'do lack, and
+suffer hunger,' enjoy that Heaven-vouchsafed stupor affording the only
+interim to their consciousness of want and woe. The winds whistle more
+shrilly in the stillness of that lonely hour. Man and beast are in
+their lair, and unearthly things alone seem stirring;--the good genius
+glides with a holy and hallowing influence through the tranquil
+dwelling of virtue; the demon grins and gibbers in the deserted but
+reeking chambers of the vicious. Even sorrow has phantoms of its own;
+and when Amelia found herself a lonely watcher in the stillness of
+night, the kind voice of old Allanby,--the voice that was wont of yore
+to bid her speak her bosom's wish that it might be granted,--often
+seemed creeping into the inmost cell of her ear. She could fancy him
+close beside her,--taunting her,--touching her,--till, starting from
+her seat, she strove to shake off the hideous delusion. Sometimes
+the soft cordial tones of her mother,--her mother, who was in the
+grave,--seemed again dispensing those lessons of virtue of which
+her own life had afforded so pure an example: sometimes the playful
+caresses of her boys seemed to grow warm upon her lips--around her
+neck. Yes! she could hear them, see them:--little Charles, who, in
+his very babyhood, had been accustomed to uplift his tiny arm in
+championship of his own dear mother;--Digby, the soft, tender,
+loving infant, whose every look was a smile, whose every action an
+endearment!--And now they appeared to pass before her as strangers;
+changed--matured--enlightened;--without one word of fondness--one
+gesture of recognition!
+
+"From such meditations, how horrible to start up amid the dreariness
+of night, nor find a human heart unto which to appeal for comfort,--a
+human voice from which to claim reply in annihilation of the spell
+that transfixed her mind. The cold cheerless room, the flickering
+light, the desolation that was around her, struck more heavily than
+ever on her heart. 'Oh! that this were an omen!' she cried, with
+clasping hands, as she listened to the howling of the wind upon the
+lofty staircase leading to their remote apartments. Drawing closer
+over her bosom the wrapper by which she attempted to exclude the
+piercing night-air, Amelia smiled at the thought of the chilliness of
+the grave,--of the grave, where the heart beats not, and the fixed
+glassy eye is incapable of tears.
+
+"'I shall lie among the multitudes of a strange country,' faltered
+she; 'there will be no one to point out with officious finger to my
+sons, the dishonoured resting-place of their mother,--their _divorced_
+mother! Vavasor will be freed from his bondage--free to choose anew,
+and commence H more auspicious career. But for me he might have been a
+different being. It is _I_ who have hardened his heart and seared his
+mind. And oh! may Heaven in its mercy touch them,--that he may deal
+gently with me during the last short remnant of our union!'
+
+"A harsh sound interrupted her contemplations;--the grating of his key
+in the outer door,--of his step in the ante-room. Mechanically she
+rose, and advanced to meet the truant who had kept her watching,--who
+had so _often_ kept her watching,--so often been forgiven. A momentary
+glimpse of his countenance convinced her that he was in no mood even
+to wish for indulgence. His brow was black--his eyes red and glaring.
+After a terrified pause, she tendered him her assistance to unclasp
+his cloak; but with a deadly execration he rejected the offer.
+
+"'Are the servants up?' said he sullenly.
+
+"'Not yet.'
+
+"'So much the better! I must be off before they are on the move.'
+
+"'Off? Vavasor!--for the love of Heaven--'
+
+"'Be still! Do not harass me with your nonsense. I was a fool to come
+here at all; only it may be necessary for you to know explicitly to
+what you may trust for the future.'
+
+"Amelia sank stupefied into a chair.
+
+"'In one word, I am a ruined man. To-night's losses have made me
+as hopeless as I ought to have been long ago. I have lost--but no
+matter!--I know I played like a fool. What is to be expected from
+a miserable dog like me, who has thrown away his prospects, and
+is harassed with all sorts of cares and annoyances?--No
+matter!--To-morrow the thing will be blown; and before my creditors
+get wind of the business I shall be half way to Brussels.'
+
+"'To Brussels?' faltered Amelia.
+
+"'Of course it is out of the question hampering myself with companions
+of any kind at such a moment. Besides, my sister has only afforded me
+the means of getting out of the scrape, on condition that _you_ return
+to England to your family. I have no longer the power of maintaining
+you; but if you are inclined to co-operate in the only plan that can
+save us both from starving, Sophia will secure you an allowance of
+fifty or sixty pounds a year.'
+
+"Amelia was silent.
+
+"If not, you must take your chance; for I can do nothing further for
+you. For Heaven's sake don't treat me with a scene; for I have only a
+few minutes to pack up my property! The fiacre is waiting; there
+is not a moment to lose. Well, Amelia! what do you say?--I want an
+answer. Do you, or do you not choose to go to England?'
+
+"Amelia made an affirmative movement;--she could not utter a
+syllable. And Vavasor instantly passed into his own room to make his
+preparations for immediate flight.--She never knew in what manner
+he took his last leave of her. When the servants proceeded to their
+occupations on the following morning, they found her insensible on the
+ground; but when restored to consciousness, the continued absence of
+her husband and a note of five hundred franks which he had deposited
+in her work-box for the purpose of enabling her to quit Paris, served
+to prove that the dreadful impression on her mind was not a mere
+delusion of the night. Alas! she was soon compelled to admit that she
+had looked upon him for the last time."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE CABINET ANNUAL REGISTER FOR 1831
+
+
+Is a well-arranged digest of the history of the past year, in a more
+concise and compact form than such matters are chronicled in that
+woolly work--the Annual Register. The Parliamentary Summary is brief
+but satisfactory, and the Occurrences are copious enough for the most
+gossipping reader. The volume has been produced in truly good style,
+is, in all respects, cheap, and deserves encouragement.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ORIGIN OF THE HOUSE OF RUSSEL.
+
+
+"The Russel family (say Britton and Brayley,) may date the era of
+their greatness to a violent storm, which happened about the year
+1500, on the coast of Dorset; a county which appears to have been the
+birthplace of their ancestors, one of whom was Constable of Corfe
+Castle, in the year 1221. Philip, Archduke of Austria, son of the
+Emperor Maximilian, being on a voyage to Spain, was obliged by the
+fury of a sudden tempest, to take refuge in the harbour of Weymouth.
+He was received on shore, and accommodated by Sir Thomas Trenchard,
+who invited his relation, _Mr. John Russel_, to wait upon the
+Archduke. Philip was so much pleased with the polite manners and
+cultivated talents of Mr. Russel, who was conversant with both the
+French and German languages, that on arriving at court, he recommended
+him to the notice of Henry VII., who immediately sent for him to his
+palace, where he remained in great favour till the king's death. In
+the estimation of Henry VIII. he rose still higher; by that monarch he
+was made Lord Warden of the Stannaries, Lord Admiral of England and
+Ireland, Knight of the Garter, and Lord Privy Seal, and on the 9th of
+March, 1538, created Baron Russel, of Cheneys, in the county of Bucks,
+which estate he afterwards acquired by marriage. At the Coronation
+of Edward VI. he officiated as Lord High Steward, and two years
+afterwards, in the year 1549, was created Earl of Bedford. He died in
+1554, and was buried at Cheneys, where many of his descendants have
+also been interred," &c. &c.
+
+"Henry VII. (says Pennant,) often resided at Baynard Castle, and from
+hence made several of his solemn processions. Here, in 1505, he lodged
+Philip of Austria,[7] the matrimonial King of Castille, tempest-driven
+into his dominions, and showed him the pomp and glory of his capital."
+
+P.T.W.
+
+    [7] There is an old (full-length) engraving of this personage, and
+    I am in the possession of one.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+COVENTRY CHARITY.
+
+
+_(FOR THE MIRROR.)_
+
+
+Bablake Hospital, in the city of Coventry, was originally founded
+in 1506, by Thomas Bond, Mayor. Part of this hospital furnishes a
+residence for a number of boys, who are educated and clothed in blue,
+through the _justice_ and benevolence of Thomas Wheatley, Mayor, in
+1556, whose servant, sent to Spain by him to purchase some barrels of
+steel gads, brought home through an unaccountable mistake, a number of
+casks filled with ingots of silver and cochineal, which were offered
+for sale in an open fair, as the articles alluded to, and bought as
+such. This worthy ironmonger and card-maker made every possible effort
+to discover the person who sold them, but without success. He then
+honourably converted the profits to this charity, to which he added
+part of his own property. P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CURIOUS PARLIAMENT.
+
+
+_(FOR THE MIRROR.)_
+
+
+Acton Burnel, is a village in Shropshire, about three miles from Great
+Wenlock, where a Parliament was held in the reign of Edward I., 1284.
+Many of the Welsh nobles who had taken up arms were pardoned by this
+Parliament, and the famous act, entitled _Statutum de Mercatoribus_,
+was passed here, by which debtors in London, York, and Bristol, were
+obliged to appear before the different Mayors, and agree upon a
+certain day of payment, otherwise an execution was issued against
+their goods. The Lords sat in the castle, and the Commons in a large
+barn, the remains of which are still to be seen. P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FOUR LEARNED SISTERS.
+
+
+_(FOR THE MIRROR.)_
+
+
+Sir Anthony Cooke, who was preceptor to King Edward VI., and great
+grandson to Sir Thomas Cooke, Lord Mayor of London, in the year 1462,
+was particularly fortunate in his four daughters, who were all eminent
+for their great literary attainments.
+
+Mildred, the eldest, married William Cecil, Lord Burleigh. She was
+learned in the Greek tongue, and wrote a letter in that language to
+the University of Cambridge.
+
+Anne, the second, was the second wife of Sir Nicholas Bacon, Lord
+Keeper, and mother of the great Lord St. Alban's. She was greatly
+skilled in Greek, Latin, and Italian, and had the honour of being
+appointed governess to King Edward VI.
+
+Elizabeth, the third, was first the wife of Sir Thomas Hobby,
+ambassador to France, and afterwards, of John, Lord Russel, son and
+heir of Francis Russel, Earl of Bedford. Such was her progress in the
+learned languages, that she gained the applause of the most eminent
+scholars of the age, and for the tombs of both her husbands, she wrote
+epitaphs in Greek, Latin, and English.
+
+Catherine, the fourth, who was the wife of Sir Henry Killegrew, was
+famous for her knowledge in the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin tongues, and
+her skill in poetry. She was buried in the chancel of the church of
+St. Thomas Apostle, in Vintry Ward, London, where there is an elegant
+monument erected to her memory, with an inscription composed by
+herself. Sir Anthony Cooke lived at Gidea Hall, near Romford, in
+Essex, and had the honour of entertaining Queen Elizabeth here, in the
+year 1568. Mary de Medicis, mother of Queen Henrietta Maria, was also
+entertained in this mansion, the night before her arrival in London.
+
+P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PARISH REGISTERS OF ST. BRIDE'S.
+
+
+At the great fire of London, nearly all the churches and records were
+consumed, wherefore scarcely any registers are to be found in the city
+of an earlier date than the above period. In searching the muniments
+preserved in St. Bride's Church, Fleet-street, for a history of that
+parish, Mr. Elmes, the architect, discovered a few days since, that,
+although the church was destroyed, the records were left uninjured. He
+has accordingly brought to light a series of vestry books from 1653,
+embracing regular accounts and entries of the calamitous fire, and the
+proceedings of the parish authorities during that eventful period,
+till the re-opening of the church for public worship; together with
+register books of baptisms, burials, &c. from 1587, nearly eighty
+years before the fire, continued without interruption to the present
+day. One of them is a complete record of every meeting of the
+Committee for rebuilding the present splendid church, from its
+commencement to its completion, containing many curious items relative
+to contracts with the workmen, their prices, &c.; meetings with Sir
+Christopher Wren, Mr. Hooke, and other eminent persons, and the
+arrangement entered into for accommodating the parishioners with
+pews and seats after the completion of the church. There are also
+adjudications of property, settlements of boundaries, and many other
+interesting documents of that eventful period.
+
+From the _Globe_ journal.--(Mr. Elmes will be recollected as the author
+of a valuable Life of Sir Christopher Wren, published a few years since
+in quarto, and of several practical works on architecture. We are happy
+to learn that a kindred enthusiasm to that shown in this great
+biographical labour, has led him to undertake the history of one of the
+proudest monuments of Wren's genius--the church of St. Bride. Mr. Elmes
+may therefore be considered peculiarly fortunate in his discovery of
+these relics, and his work will be looked for with additional
+curiosity.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Oriental Apologue_.--A blind man having contracted a violent passion
+for a certain female, married her, contrary to the advice of all his
+friends, who told him that she was exceedingly ugly. A celebrated
+physician at length undertook to restore him to sight. The blind man,
+however, refused his assistance. "If I should recover my sight," said
+he, "I should be deprived of the love I have for my wife, which alone
+renders me happy." "Man of God," replied the physician, "tell me
+which is of most consequence to a rational being, the attainment of
+happiness or the attainment of truth?" S.H.
+
+_Honour_.--William the Third having insisted on Lord H----n's giving
+him his _honour_ not to fight a man who had given him a box on the
+ear, his lordship was obliged seemingly to comply; but as soon us he
+was out of the king's presence he fought the man. The king was, at
+first, highly incensed at his breaking his word with him, and asked
+him how he came to do so, when he had just given him his honour.
+"Sire," replied his lordship, "you were in the wrong to take such a
+pledge, for at the time I gave it you, I had no honour to give." S.H.
+
+_Doll's Eyes_.--Insignificant as may appear this petty article of
+commerce, it is well known to keep in employ several thousand hands,
+and goes to show the vast importance of trifles to a country of
+decided commercialists. Mr. Osler, an intelligent manufacturer of
+Birmingham, gave the following statement before the Committee of the
+House of Commons, in 1824. "Eighteen years ago, on my first journey
+to London, a respectable looking man in the city asked me if I could
+supply him with doll's eyes, and I was foolish enough to feel half
+offended; I thought it derogatory to my new dignity as a manufacturer,
+to make doll's eyes. He took me into a room quite as wide, and twice
+the length of this, (one of the large rooms for Committees in the
+House of Commons,) and we had just room to walk between the stacks,
+from the floor to the ceiling, of parts of dolls. He said these are
+only the legs and arms, the trunks are below, but I saw enough to
+convince me that he wanted a great many eyes; and as the article
+appeared quite in my own line of business, I said I would take an
+order by way of experiment, and he showed me several specimens. I
+copied the order, and on returning to the Tavistock Hotel I found it
+amounted to upwards of five hundred pounds.'" SWAINE.
+
+_Eggs_.--The duty paid on eggs imported at Ramsgate within the last
+three months, exceeds the sum of 2,000l.--_(Morning Herald.)_ The
+rate of duty is, as stated in our last, 10d. on every 120 eggs.
+
+_The Druids and the Mistletoe_--Pliny, in his _Natural History_, tells
+us, "The Druids held nothing so sacred as the mistletoe of the oak,
+as this is very scarce and rarely to be found, when any of it is
+discovered, they go with great pomp and ceremony on a certain day to
+gather it. When they have got everything in readiness under the oak,
+both for the sacrifice and the banquet, which they make on this great
+festival, they begin by tying two white bulls to it by the horns, then
+one of the Druids, clothed in white, mounts the tree, and with a knife
+of gold, cuts the mistletoe, which is received in a white sagum; this
+done, they proceed to their sacrifices and feastings." This festival
+is said to have been kept as near as the age of the moon permitted
+to the 10th of March, which was their New Year's Day. The common
+mistletoe was the golden bough of Virgil, and was Aenea's passport to
+the infernal regions. P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SPIRIT OF NEW BOOKS.
+
+
+With the Next Number, A SUPPLEMENT of UNIQUE EXTRACTS from NEW BOOKS
+of the last Six Weeks: with TWO ENGRAVINGS Illustrating Washington
+Irving's NEW SKETCH BOOK.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 620, New Market, Leipsic;
+G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen
+and Booksellers._
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE ***
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+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+<head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
+          content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
+
+    <title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Mirror of Literature, Issue ***.</title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+    /*<![CDATA[*/
+
+    <!--
+    body                 {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;}
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+    {padding: 1em; margin: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em; margin: auto;}
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+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction
+       No. 548 - 26 May 1832
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 28, 2004 [EBook #11743]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Bill Walker and PG Distributed Proofreaders
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h1>THE MIRROR<br />
+     OF<br />
+     LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <table width="100%"
+           summary="Volume, Number, and Date">
+        <tr>
+            <td align="left"><b>Vol. 19. No. 548.]</b></td>
+
+            <td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, MAY 26, 1832.</b></td>
+
+            <td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td>
+        </tr>
+    </table>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:100%;">
+        <a href="images/548-1.png"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/548-1.png"
+             alt="" /></a>
+
+        <h3>STAINES NEW BRIDGE.</h3>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page321"
+       id="page321"></a>[pg 321]</span> This handsome structure has
+       lately been completed, and was opened on Easter Monday last,
+       April 24, by their Majesties and the Court passing over with
+       suitable ceremony. This was a gala day for Staines and its
+       vicinity; for, independently of the enthusiasm awakened by
+       the visit of the popular Sovereign, the completion of so
+       useful and ornamental a fabric must have been an occasion of
+       no ordinary interest to every inhabitant of the
+       district.<br />
+    <br />
+
+
+    <p>The <i>programme</i>, as the French would say, of the day's
+    <i>f&ecirc;te</i> has been so recently given in the "chronicles
+    of the times," that we need not repeat it. A few descriptive
+    particulars of the Bridge, from <i>The Times</i> Journal, may
+    be found to possess a more permanent value:&mdash;</p>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>"It consists of three very flat segmental arches of
+        granite. The middle arch of 74 feet span, and the two side
+        arches of 66 feet each; besides two side arches of 10 feet
+        each for the towing-paths, and six brick arches of 20 feet
+        span each, two on the Surrey side, and four on the
+        Middlesex side, to allow the floods to pass off. The whole
+        is surmounted by a plain, bold cornice, and block parapet
+        of granite, with pedestal for the lamps, and a neat
+        toll-house. The approaches to the Bridge on either side
+        form gentle curves of easy ascent. The cost of the Bridge
+        and approaches has been about 41,000l. The appearance of
+        the whole is very light and elegant. This is owing chiefly
+        to the slight dimensions of the piers, which are smaller in
+        proportion to the span of the arches they support than
+        those of any other bridge in England; but this slight
+        appearance does not, we understand, detract in any degree
+        from their strength, or from the durability of the
+        superincumbent structure."</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <p>From the same authority we gather this circumstantial
+    account of the Bridges erected at Staines from the year
+    1262:</p>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>"The first erection mentioned in the archives of
+        Staines, was a wooden bridge, said to have been erected in
+        the year 1262; it was constructed of piles of oak driven
+        into the bed of the river and covered with planks. We hear
+        of no new erection from that period down to the year 1794;
+        but from that year to the present, there have been not less
+        than four new bridges in succession, and
+        <span class="pagenum"><a name="page322"
+           id="page322"></a>[pg 322]</span> on nearly the same
+           site. In the year 1794 and 1795, a new bridge, of three
+           semicircular arches of stone, from the design of the
+           celebrated Paul Sandby, was erected, but, from some
+           defect in its construction, it lasted only five years,
+           when it was replaced by a very elegant bridge of one
+           arch, of 180 feet span, of cast iron, from the design of
+           Mr. Thomas Wilson, the architect of the celebrated
+           bridge over the river Weir, at Sunderland. The design
+           was attributed to the noted author of the <i>Rights of
+           Man</i>; but the arch designed by him was cast in the
+           year 1790, by Messrs. Walkers, at Rotherham, whence it
+           was brought to London, and erected at the bowling-green
+           of the Yorkshire Stingo public-house, where it was
+           exhibited to the public; Paine not being able to defray
+           the expense, the arch was taken down and carried back to
+           Rotherham; part of it was afterwards used in the
+           Sunderland bridge, and part, it is supposed, in the
+           Staines bridge. This last, like its immediate
+           predecessor, was not destined to last long, for it had
+           scarcely been opened one month, when it was found
+           necessary to close it to the public, the arch having
+           sunk in a very alarming degree. His late Majesty King
+           George the Third was said to have been among the last to
+           pass over it. In this emergency the late Mr. Rennie was
+           consulted, who pronounced the bridge altogether
+           dangerous, in consequence of the weakness of the
+           abutments. No alternative remained but to remove the
+           iron bridge entirely, and patch up the old wooden bridge
+           until a new one of wood was built. That bridge, which is
+           the present old bridge, continued to stand, with various
+           repairs and alterations, until the year 1828, when, in
+           consequence of the decay of the piles, and the continual
+           heavy expenses required to uphold it, the Commissioners
+           determined to build a new one of more durable materials.
+           Messrs. Rennie were therefore applied to for designs,
+           and a bill was brought into Parliament to authorize the
+           Commissioners to raise funds. The works were commenced
+           in the spring of 1829, and on the 14th of September
+           following the first stone was laid by their Royal
+           Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Clarence (their
+           present Majesties). Since then, the works have been
+           carried on to their present completion under the
+           direction of Mr. G. Rennie and Mr. Brown, the
+           superintendents, and Messrs. Jolliffe and Banks, the
+           contractors."</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <p>The Engraving is from a Sketch by our obliging Windsor
+    Correspondent: it was taken from the old bridge, whence the
+    spectator enjoys a delightful view of Windsor Castle, through
+    the centre arch of the new fabric.</p>
+
+    <p>By the way, we noticed the project of this new stone bridge,
+    in connexion with our Engraving of the new church at Staines,
+    in vol. xii. of <i>The Mirror</i>, August 30, 1828.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h3>THE WRECK.</h3>
+
+    <h4><i>(For the Mirror.)</i></h4>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>No mare, no more, o'er the dark blue sea,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Will the gallant vessel bound,</p>
+
+            <p>Fearless and proud as the warrior's plume</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">At the trumpet's startling sound;</p>
+
+            <p>No more will her banner assert its claim</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">To empire on the foam,</p>
+
+            <p>And the sailors cheer as the thunder rolls</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">From the guns of their wave-girt
+            home!</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Her white sails gleam'd like the sunny dawn</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">On the brow of the sapphire sky,</p>
+
+            <p>And her thunder echoed along the cliffs,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Awaking the seamew's cry;</p>
+
+            <p>Oh! it was glorious to see her glide</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Triumphantly over the sea,</p>
+
+            <p>With her blue flag fluttering in the wind,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">The symbol of victory.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>But she lies forlorn in the breakers now,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Her stately masts are gone,</p>
+
+            <p>And cold are the hearts of the dauntless crew</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">That yielded their swords to none;</p>
+
+            <p>The gun is hush'd in her lofty sides,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">And the flute on her silent deck;</p>
+
+            <p>Alas! that a queenly form like hers</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Should ever have been a wreck!</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Thus Hope's illusions droop away</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">From the heart which their beauty
+            won,</p>
+
+            <p>And leave it forlorn as the gallant ship,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Ere its summer of life is begun.</p>
+
+            <p>It is peopled with lovely images,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">As o'er the sea it glides,</p>
+
+            <p>But wreck'd is its deep idolatry</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">On the dark and stormy tides.</p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>Deal.</i></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p>G.R.C.</p>
+    </div>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h3>THE ARBALEST OF ROBIN HOOD.</h3>
+
+    <h4><i>(To the Editor.)</i></h4>
+
+    <p>In No. 538, of <i>The Mirror</i>, is described an elegant
+    Cross-bow, and a desire expressed for information where such
+    things are <i>now</i> to be seen. I have lived many years in
+    Yorkshire, and have seen several kinds of these bows at
+    <i>Kirklees Hall</i>, the seat of Sir George Armitage, a few
+    miles from Huddersfield. Amongst those bows I saw one, at least
+    six feet long; but some of them were not more than two or three
+    feet in length. There were also a variety of weapons of war,
+    with helmets, and some curious boots, which buttoned on the leg
+    from top to the bottom, and had wooden soles. They were then
+    kept in an attic on the top of the leads over the hall. Many
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page323"
+       id="page323"></a>[pg 323]</span> of these relics are said to
+       have belonged to the famous "Robin Hood," who lies buried in
+       the park; the remains of the ancient grave-stone having been
+       surrounded with a handsome iron railing, by the late Sir
+       George Armitage; in the wall is an old inscription on brass;
+       it is situated in a very gloomy place. Not far distant from
+       his grave are the remains of a Nunnery, and a burial-ground,
+       with tombs in it; but I could find no date, either in the
+       house or on these tombs. One of the tombs has this
+       inscription round its edge:</p>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>"Sweet Jesus of Nazareth, show mercy to Elizabeth
+        Stainton, late Prioress of this place."</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <p>If an intelligent person were to call at the Hall, he would
+    be able to gather much information of an authentic nature
+    respecting Robin Hood.<a id="footnotetag1"
+       name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a></p>
+
+    <h4>JOHN BATEMAN.</h4>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h2>SONGS, <i>Found in the Album of a Delia Cruscan
+    Poet.</i></h2>
+
+    <h4><i>(For the Mirror.)</i></h4>
+
+    <h3>THE HUMMING-BIRD.</h3>
+
+    <h4>By T. MOORE, ESQ.</h4>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Thou winged gem, whose starlike splendour</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Gleams on the bosom of the rose,</p>
+
+            <p>I lore thy light when skies are tender,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">And winds are wandering to repose.</p>
+
+            <p>The Grecian lute, the Moorish song,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">And Crockford's home, with all that's in
+            it,</p>
+
+            <p>May challenge fame from many a throng,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">But thou, <i>alone</i>, fair bird, canst
+            win it!</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>I've often watch'd thy plumage glancing</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">So evanescent in thy bower,</p>
+
+            <p>And heard thy silver voice entrancing</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Soothe me, as music soothes the
+            flower.</p>
+
+            <p>Although diminutive as me,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Thy song is sweeter, who can doubt
+            it?</p>
+
+            <p>So, as I cannot sing like thee,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">I'll break my lute, and live without
+            it.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>G.R.C.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <h3>THE SKYLARK.</h3>
+
+    <h4>By L.E.L.</h4>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Thou minstrel of the sunny air,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Thy vocal fount is rich with song,</p>
+
+            <p>And fragrant breezes softly bear</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Its silver melody along.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>I love to hear thy liquid note</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">When bees are humming on the rose,</p>
+
+            <p>And in their sapphire ocean float</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">The stars prophetic of repose.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Thou feel'st the sunny influence</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Like Memnon's fabled lyre of old,</p>
+
+            <p>And wanderest in the beam intense</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Which turns the liquid air to gold.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>The spirit's bright imaginings</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Ne'er soar'd to loftier spheres than
+            thee,</p>
+
+            <p>And if I had, thy fairy wings,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Afar from earthly haunts I'd flee.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Insipid are the weekly themes</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Of &mdash;&mdash;'s imbecile review,</p>
+
+            <p>Whose page with adulation teems,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">And makes me "beautifully blue."</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>But cockney praise is ebbing fast,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">And Sappho's lute has lost its power,</p>
+
+            <p>And surely my career is past</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Like Summer's brightest, loveliest
+            flower.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Arcades ambo, Moore and me</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Are Delia Crusca's sweetest doves,</p>
+
+            <p>And ours too is the poetry</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Which meditative beauty loves.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Sweet bird, farewell! and be it thine</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">To thrill the blue air with thy song;</p>
+
+            <p>But fame will wreathe this brow of mine,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">If I am right, and <i>Pope</i> is
+            wrong.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p>G.R.C.</p>
+    </div>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h2>DOMESTIC LIFE IN AMERICA.</h2>
+
+    <h4><i>(In a Letter from a Correspondent at
+    Cincinnati.)</i></h4>
+
+    <p>This town is far superior to our late place of sojourn,
+    Pittsburgh, being spacious and clean, with handsome houses and
+    wood for fuel. Pittsburgh, on the contrary, is dirty and
+    confined, abounding in iron works burning coal, which gives
+    forth a denser smoke than English coal. The houses in this
+    place, when we visited it in 1818, were mostly of wood; these
+    have been in general removed on wheels drawn by oxen and
+    horses, and placed in the suburbs, whence they are now removing
+    once more. Here are four markets well supplied with the
+    necessaries, and even the luxuries, of life, including almost
+    everything you can think of, and many things which you have
+    never thought of. Apple butter, for instance, is one of the
+    latter, and is made by stewing apples in new cider, after it
+    has been boiled down to one-third of its bulk. It is sold at
+    6-1/4 cts. per quart, and is very delicious. The fruits of this
+    country are abundant: apples are excellent, and in profusion;
+    peaches are plentiful in most seasons, but sometimes totally
+    fail; grapes grow wild and <i>tame</i>, i.e. cultivated or
+    imported; cherries are not very good, and dearer than at
+    Pittsburgh; pears, strawberries, and raspberries are not so
+    choice as with you; quinces are plentiful and fine; wild plums
+    perfume the whole house, like jessamine or mignionette, and are
+    excellent for pies and tarts. The persimon is a fruit to which
+    you are a stranger; it may be ranked with the plums, but has
+    four stones, and is not fit to eat till bitten by the frost,
+    when its austere and astringent taste disappears, and it
+    becomes nearly transparent, and as rich and sweet as
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page324"
+       id="page324"></a>[pg 324]</span> Guava jelly. The May-apple,
+       or Mandrake, a wild fruit, is a favourite with our young
+       folks; it grows on a single-steemed plant, usually one foot
+       high, and is about the size of a plum, but with seeds, and
+       in taste resembling a highly flavoured pear. The
+       custard-apple, or paw-paw, is my favourite, and my boys go
+       with me into the woods to gather them when ripe. In the
+       summer, water melons, musk melons, nutmeg melons, and
+       Cantaloupes may be seen in large heaps in the market, or in
+       carts or wagons, at 6-1/4 to 25 and 50 cts. each, some
+       weighing 40 lbs.</p>
+
+    <p>Egg-plants, which you have seen as curiosities, are here
+    brought to market; some of them of purple colour, are as large
+    as a child's carpet-ball: they are sliced and fried in butter,
+    and I am told have the flavour of fried oysters. Cucumbers are
+    unfortunately superabundant, and the free use of them induces a
+    variety of diseases which are attributed to the climate.
+    Squashes, cimolins, and cushas, are gourds which are mashed up
+    with butter like turnips; pumpkins of this country are very
+    sweet, and make delicious pies, or rather cheesecakes;
+    cranberries are brought from a distance, and pine-apples are
+    not very expensive, being brought up the river from
+    Bermuda.</p>
+
+    <p>Among the natural curiosities of the country, are the Stone
+    Mountain in Carolina, which may rank in antiquity with
+    Stonehenge. It is remarkable for a circular wall of stone of
+    great thickness, probably built by a people distinct from the
+    present race of Indians, who are quite incapable of erecting
+    any building except a wigwam, or a pile of loose stones over a
+    grave. Next is the Kentucky Cavern, or as it is called, on
+    account of its magnitude, the Mammoth Cave. I have an account
+    before me of its being explored by a party in 1826, who
+    penetrated into this gloomy, though spacious, hollow for
+    <i>fifteen miles</i>, and were prevented from proceeding from
+    extreme fatigue; they found the names of persons written at the
+    farthest part. There are numbers of rooms as they are called,
+    which are yet unexplored. In one of these, a few miles from the
+    entrance, there was discovered many years since, a female
+    figure sitting with a mat wrapped round her shoulders; she was
+    quite dried to a mummy, and has for many years been exhibited
+    in a caravan, through the United States.</p>
+
+    <p>The river Ohio is here a quarter of a mile wide, and, as
+    there is no bridge, the traffic into Kentucky is accommodated
+    with steam ferry boats. Newport and Covington opposite, are
+    pretty objects to look at from this side, but will not bear a
+    nearer inspection. <i>Big Bone Lick</i>, where abundance of
+    Mammoth bones have been discovered, is not far hence. Mr.
+    Bullock of the London Museum is here, and has at the Lick
+    discovered many rare specimens of bones, amongst which is a
+    mammoth's head, with evidence of its having been furnished with
+    a trunk, and of course having been an elephant of immense size.
+    He has also found hoofs of horses with their bones in a fossil
+    state, proving that the horse has been indigenous. The horses
+    in this town being a mixture from those of South America, where
+    they are wild&mdash;are of various colours. Some are brown and
+    white, like pointer dogs, others are spotted like Danish dogs,
+    and some with curled hair. I saw one which was white as far us
+    the fore-quarter, and the rest sorel.</p>
+
+    <p>An eye-witness has just related to me the following, which
+    lately occured in New Harmony:</p>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>A snake about two feet long, was seen to enter the hole
+        inhabited by a crawfish,<a id="footnotetag2"
+           name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a>
+           from which he soon retreated, followed by the rightful
+           tenant, who stopped in defensive attitude at the mouth
+           of his habitation, raising his claws in defiance. The
+           snake turned quickly round, and seized the head of the
+           crawfish, as if to swallow him; but the crawfish soon
+           put an end to the conflict by clasping the snake's neck
+           with his claws, and severing the head completely from
+           his body. This may appear marvellous; but Audubon tells
+           a story of a rattle-snake chasing and over-taking a
+           squirrel, which folks in America doubt.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h2>Spirit of Discovery.</h2>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>POTTERY.<a id="footnotetag3"
+       name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a></h3>
+
+    <h4><i>(Continued from page 284.)</i></h4>
+
+    <h4><i>China.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>The name China, by which the ware that I am about to
+    describe is known in England, shows sufficiently the country
+    from which we have received it. The term porcelain, which is
+    applied to it on the continent of Europe, is Italian;
+    <i>porcellana</i> being in that language the name of those
+    univalve shells forming the genus <i>cypraea</i> of the
+    conchologist, which have a high arched back like that of the
+    hog (<i>porco</i>, Ital.), and are remarkable for the white,
+    smooth, vitreous glossiness of the surface about the mouth of
+    the shell, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="page325"
+       id="page325"></a>[pg 325]</span> sometimes, as in the common
+       cowry (<i>Cypraea moneta</i>), over the whole surface.</p>
+
+    <p>The introduction of the Chinese porcelain soon excited a
+    strong desire in the various countries of Europe to imitate it;
+    but as the establishment of experimental manufactories for this
+    purpose required the expenditure of considerable sums, and at a
+    risk beyond the means of private persons, it is chiefly to the
+    munificence of the sovereigns of Europe that the public are
+    indebted for the first steps made in this interesting art. In
+    Germany, chemists and mineralogists were set to work; the
+    latter to seek for the most appropriate raw materials, and the
+    former to purify and to combine them in the most advantageous
+    proportions. The French government adopted the very sensible
+    plan of instructing some of the Jesuit missionaries, who at
+    that time had penetrated to the court of China, and into most
+    of the provinces of that empire, to collect on the spot
+    specimens of the materials employed by the Chinese themselves,
+    together with the particulars of the process. The precise
+    result thus obtained is not known; for as a considerable
+    rivalry existed between the different royal manufactories of
+    this ware, the most valuable information would of course be
+    kept as secret as possible.</p>
+
+    <p>Of the European manufactories of porcelain, that established
+    at Miessen, near Dresden, by Augustus Elector of Saxony and
+    King of Poland, in the early part of the 17th century, was the
+    first that aspired to a competition with the Chinese. In
+    compactness of texture and infusibility it was reckoned perfect
+    a hundred years ago. It is not quite so white as some of the
+    French and English porcelains, but is inferior to none in its
+    painting, gilding, and other decorations.</p>
+
+    <p>The French royal manufactory at Sevr&egrave;s, near Paris,
+    has been for several years in a gradually advancing state, with
+    regard to the whiteness, compactness, and infusibility of the
+    body, the elegance of the forms, the brilliancy of the colours,
+    the elaborateness of the drawing, and the superb enrichments of
+    the gilding. The private manufactories of porcelain in France
+    imitate and approach more or less near to the royal
+    establishment.</p>
+
+    <p>At Berlin and at Vienna are royal porcelain manufactories in
+    high esteem, as well as in some of the smaller states of
+    Germany.</p>
+
+    <h4><i>British Porcelain.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>The first manufactories of porcelain in England were those
+    at Bow, and at Chelsea, near London. In these, however, nothing
+    but soft porcelain was made. This was a mixture of white clay
+    and fine white sand from Alum bay, in the Isle of Wight, to
+    which such a proportion of pounded glass was added as, without
+    causing the ware to soften so as to lose its form, would give
+    it when exposed to a full red heat a semi-transparency
+    resembling that of the fine porcelain of China. The Chelsea
+    ware, besides bearing a very imperfect similarity in body to
+    the Chinese, admitted only of a very fusible lead glaze; and in
+    the taste of its patterns, and in the style of their execution,
+    stood as low perhaps as any on the list. The china works at
+    Derby come, I believe, the next in date; then those of
+    Worcester, established in 1751: and the most modern are those
+    of Coalport, in Shropshire; of the neighbourhood of Newcastle,
+    in Staffordshire, and in other parts of that county.</p>
+
+    <p>The porcelain clay used at present in all the English works
+    is obtained in Cornwall, by pounding and washing over the gray
+    disintegrated granite which occurs in several parts of that
+    county: by this means the quartz and mica are got rid of, and
+    the clay resulting from the decomposition of the felspar is
+    procured in the form of a white, somewhat gritty powder. This
+    clay is not fusible by the highest heat of our furnaces, though
+    the felspar, from the decomposition of which it is derived,
+    forms a spongy milk-white glass, or enamel, at a low white
+    heat. But felspar, when decomposed by the percolation of water,
+    while it forms a constituent of granite, loses the potash,
+    which is one of its ingredients to the amount of about 15 per
+    cent, and with it the fusibility that this latter substance
+    imparts.</p>
+
+    <p>The siliceous ingredient is calcined flint; and in some of
+    the porcelain works, (particularly, I believe, those at
+    Worcester,) the soapstone from the Lizard-point, in Cornwall,
+    is employed. These are all the avowed materials; but there is
+    little doubt that the alkalies, or alkaline earths, either pure
+    or in combination, are also used, in order to dispose the other
+    ingredients to assume that state of semi-fusion characteristic
+    of porcelain.</p>
+
+    <p>(The principal processes are) the grinding and due mixture
+    of the ingredients, in order to obtain a mass sufficiently
+    plastic; the forming this mass on the wheel; the subsequent
+    drying of the ware; the first firing, by which it is brought to
+    the state of biscuit; the
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page326"
+       id="page326"></a>[pg 326]</span> application of the firmer
+       colours occasionally on the surface of the biscuit; the
+       dipping the biscuit in the glaze; the second firing, by
+       which the glaze is vitrified; the pencilling in of the more
+       tender colours on the surface of the glaze; and the third
+       and last firing that is given to the porcelain.</p>
+
+    <p>It is not for me to determine which of our English
+    porcelains is the best; probably, indeed, one will be found
+    superior in hardness, another in whiteness, a third in the
+    thinness and evenness of the glaze, a fourth in the form of the
+    articles, a fifth in the design, and a sixth in the colours. In
+    hardness and in fusibility, they are probably all inferior to
+    the Dresden and to the Sevr&egrave;s porcelain; for pieces in
+    biscuit and in white glaze, from both these manufactories, are
+    imported in considerable quantities, in order to be painted and
+    finished here. But it is equally certain, that the last ten
+    years have seen the commencement, and, in part, the completion,
+    of such improvements in this fabric, as will probably place the
+    English porcelains on an equality with the best of the
+    continental European ones.</p>
+
+    <p>Advantage has recently been taken of the semi-transparency
+    of porcelain biscuit to form it into plates, and to delineate
+    upon it some very beautiful copies of landscapes and other
+    drawings, by so adapting the various thicknesses of the plate
+    as to produce, when held between the eye and the light, the
+    effects of light and shadow in common drawings. The invention
+    originated in the ingenuity of our French neighbours.</p>
+
+    <h4>(To be continued.)</h4>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h2>Notes of a Reader</h2>
+
+    <h3>IMPROVEMENT OF LANCASHIRE.</h3>
+
+    <p>The west of England has considerably the advantage over the
+    eastern side of the island. One way or another nature did much
+    more for it. It is true, that the eastern side was civilized
+    much earlier; yet human ingenuity and industry have of late
+    years been much more successfully employed in turning the gifts
+    of nature to the best possible account. Ireland and America are
+    customers, for whom, though they were long in coming, it was
+    worth while to wait. After all, Lancashire is the most
+    remarkable and characteristic feature in the comparison. From
+    being among the most backward parts of England, this county has
+    <i>worked</i> its way into the front rank. The contrast between
+    its condition up to the middle of the last century, and the
+    astonishing spectacle which it exhibits at present, belongs to
+    the transformation which a hundred years create in a newly
+    settled country like America, far more than to the gradual
+    improvements and changes of an old English county.</p>
+
+    <p>It would be curious to analyze the concurrent causes, and
+    marshal the successive steps, by which Lancashire has
+    advanced;&mdash;not only succeeding in appropriating to itself
+    a leading interest in the creative inventions of Watt and
+    Arkwright, but connecting its name in honourable alliance with
+    literature and science. The very circumstances from which a
+    contrary presumption would originally have been drawn, have
+    (singularly enough) principally contributed to its
+    extraordinary progress. Lancashire owes the canals, by which
+    the commercial thoroughfare of that end of England has been
+    turned from the Humber to the Mersey, to the enterprise of a
+    <i>Peer</i>. It owes the docks, which have about them almost a
+    Roman presentiment of future greatness, to the spirit of a
+    <i>Corporation</i>. It owes the taste and accomplishments, by
+    which the character of its wealth has been raised above the
+    drudgery and fanaticism of money-getting, almost entirely to
+    the zeal of a few <i>Dissenters</i>. The name of Governor
+    Clinton is not so pre-eminently united with the canal policy of
+    America, as is the name of the Duke of Bridgewater with the
+    canals of England. He staked his last shilling on the chance of
+    thus cutting out an inland north-west passage to the Atlantic.
+    The corporation of Liverpool, by an enlightened application of
+    their vast resources, have accelerated, consolidated, and
+    secured the realization, of every expectation and contingency
+    which fortune threw in their way. They have hastened, not to
+    say, anticipated, events. There can be as little doubt of the
+    effect which the light radiating from the assemblage of
+    Priestley, Wakefield, Aikin, &amp;c. at Warrington; from the
+    presence of Percival, Henry, Ferriar, and Dalton, at
+    Manchester; and from that of Roscoe and Currie at Liverpool,
+    spread over their circle. The literary attainments and
+    cultivation of the manufacturers and merchants of Lancashire,
+    as a body, seem otherwise likely long to have lagged behind
+    their general powers of understanding, and their real station
+    in society.&mdash;<i>Edinburgh Review</i>.</p>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>ENNUI OF FASHION.</h3>
+
+    <p>It must be owned that five years form an awful lapse in
+    human life:&mdash;a lapse whose hours and minutes leave no
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page327"
+       id="page327"></a>[pg 327]</span> where a trace more sharp
+       and injurious than on the minds and countenances of
+       individuals involved in the buzzing, stinging gnatswarms of
+       fashionable life. Elsewhere, existence marches with a more
+       dignified step, and the scenes pictured among the records of
+       our memory assume a grander aspect; they lie in
+       masses,&mdash;their shadows are broader,&mdash;their lights
+       more brilliantly thrown out. But reminiscences of a life of
+       ton are as vexatious as they are frivolous. The season of
+       1829 differs from that of 1830, only inasmuch as its
+       quadrilles are varied with galoppes as well as waltzes, and
+       danced at Lady A.'s and Lady B.'s,&mdash;instead of the
+       Duchess of D.'s, and Countess E.'s. The Duchess is
+       dead,&mdash;the Countess ruined;&mdash;but no
+       matter!&mdash;there are still plenty of balls to be had.
+       "Another and another still succeeds!" Since young ladies
+       <i>will</i> grow up to be presented, lady-mothers and aunts
+       <i>must</i> continue to project breakfasts, water parties,
+       and galas, whereby to throw them in the way of flirtation,
+       courtship, and marriage. Mischief, in her most smiling mask,
+       sits like the beautiful witch in Thalaba at an everlasting
+       spinning-wheel, weaving a mingled yarn of sin and sorrow for
+       the daughters of Fashion. Although the cauldron of Hecate
+       and her priestesses has vanished from the heath at Forres,
+       it bubbles in nightly incantations among the elm-trees of
+       Grosvenor Square; and Hopper and Hellway, Puckle and
+       Straddling, now croak forth their chorus of rejoicing where
+       golden lamps swing blazing over the &eacute;cart&eacute;
+       tables, and the soft strains of the Mazurka enervate the
+       atmosphere of the gorgeous temples of May Fair. Never yet
+       was there a woman <i>really</i> improved in attraction by
+       mingling with the motley throng of the <i>beau monde</i>.
+       She may learn to dress better, to step more gracefully; her
+       head may assume a more elegant turn, her conversation become
+       more polished, her air more distinguished; &mdash;but in
+       point of <i>attraction</i> she acquires nothing. Her
+       simplicity of mind departs;&mdash;her generous, confiding
+       impulses of character are lost;&mdash;she is no longer
+       inclined to interpret favourably of men and
+       things,&mdash;she listens without believing,&mdash;sees
+       without admiring; has suffered persecution without learning
+       mercy;&mdash;and been taught to mistrust the candour of
+       others by the forfeiture of her own. The freshness of her
+       disposition has vanished with the freshness of her
+       complexion; hard lines are perceptible in her very soul, and
+       crowsfeet contract her very fancy. No longer pure and fair
+       as the statue of alabaster, her beauty, like that of some
+       painted waxen effigy, is tawdry and meretricious. It is not
+       alone the rouge upon the cheek and the false tresses
+       adorning the forehead, which repel the ardour of admiration;
+       it is the artificiality of mind with which such efforts are
+       connected that breaks the spell of beauty.</p>
+
+    <p><i>From the Fair of May Fair.</i></p>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>BAMBOROUGH CASTLE</h3>
+
+    <p>Is situate on the romantic coast of Northumberland, "over
+    against" an obscure town of the same name. It stands upon a
+    basalt rock, of a triangular shape, high, rugged, and abrupt on
+    the land side; flanked by the German Ocean, and strong natural
+    rampires of sand, matted together with sea rushes on the east;
+    and only accessible to an enemy on the south-east, which is
+    guarded by a deep, dry ditch, and a series of towers in the
+    wall, on each side of the gateway. Nature has mantled the rock
+    with lichens of various rich tints: its beetling brow is 150
+    feet above the level of the sea, upon a stratum of mouldering
+    rock, apparently scorched with violent heat, and having beneath
+    it a close flinty sandstone. Its crown is girt with walls and
+    towers, which on the land side have been nearly all repaired.
+    The outer gateway stands between two fine old towers, with
+    time-worn heads; twelve paces within it is a second gate, which
+    is machicolated, and has a portcullis; and, within this, on the
+    left hand, on a lofty point of rock, is a very ancient round
+    tower of great strength; commanding a pass subject to every
+    annoyance from the besieged. This fort is believed to be of
+    Saxon origin. The keep stands on the area of the rock, having
+    an open space around it. It is square, and of that kind of
+    building which prevailed from the Conquest till about the time
+    of our second Henry. It had no chimney; but fires had been made
+    in the middle of a large room, which was lighted by a window
+    near its top, three feet square. All the other rooms were
+    lighted by slit or loop holes, six inches broad. The walls are
+    of small stones, from a quarry at Sunderland on the sea, three
+    miles distant: within them is a draw well, discovered in 1770,
+    in clearing the cellar from sand and rubbish; its depth is 145
+    feet, cut through solid rock, of which seventy-five feet are of
+    whinstone. The remains of a chapel were discovered here, under
+    a prodigious mass of land, in the year 1773; its architecture
+    was pure Saxon, and the ancient font being found, was preserved
+    in the keep. The chapel has been rebuilt on the old
+    foundations.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page328"
+       id="page328"></a>[pg 328]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:100%;">
+        <a href="images/548-2.png"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/548-2.png"
+             alt="" /></a>
+
+        <h3><i>(Bamborough Castle before the general
+        repairs.)</i></h3>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The founder of the Castle is stated by Matthew of
+    Westminster to have been Ida, King of Northumberland. Sir
+    Walter Scott sings</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Thy tower, proud Bamborough, mark'd they</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">here,</p>
+
+            <p>King Ida's castle, huge and square,</p>
+
+            <p>From its tall rock look grimly down,</p>
+
+            <p>And on the swelling ocean frown.<a id="footnotetag4"
+               name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a></p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>It was destroyed by the Danes in 993; but about the time of
+    the Conquest was in good repair. In 1095, it was in the
+    possession of Robert Mowbray, Earl of Northumberland, when it
+    was besieged, and, after much difficulty, taken by William II.
+    The castle lost the greatest part of its beauty in a siege
+    after the battle of Hexham. Camden tells us "from that time it
+    has suffered by time and winds, which throw up incredible
+    quantities of sand from the sea upon its walls, through the
+    windows which are open." Sir John Forster was governor of it in
+    Elizabeth's reign; and his grandson John obtained a grant of it
+    and the manor from James the First. His descendant, Thomas,
+    forfeited it in 1715; but his maternal uncle, Nathaniel, Lord
+    Crewe, bishop of Durham, purchased his estates, and bequeathed
+    them to charitable purposes in 1720. The sunken rocks and
+    shifting sands of this coast had long been a terror to the
+    mariners, but under his lordship's will, Dr. Sharp, then
+    archdeacon of Durham, fitted up the keep of the Castle, for the
+    reception of suffering seamen, and of property which might be
+    rescued from the fury of the ocean. Regulations were also
+    adopted, both to prevent accidents on the coast, and to
+    alleviate misfortunes when they had occurred. A nine pounder,
+    placed at the bottom of the great tower, gives signals to ships
+    in distress, and in case of a wreck, announces the same to the
+    Custom House officers and their servants, who hasten to prevent
+    the wreck being plundered. In addition to this, during a storm,
+    horsemen patrol the coast, and rewards are paid for the
+    earliest intelligence of vessels in distress. A flag is always
+    hoisted when any ship is seen in distress on the Fern Islands
+    or Staples; or a rocket thrown up at night, which gives notice
+    to the Holy Island fishermen, who can put off to the spot when
+    no boat from the main can get over the breakers. Life-boats
+    have likewise been added to the establishment. The vast
+    increase of the residuary rents of the Castle estates also
+    enables the trustees to support within its walls two
+    free-schools, a library, infirmary, thirty beds for shipwrecked
+    sailors, and a granary, whence poor persons are supplied with
+    provisions at the first price.<a id="footnotetag5"
+       name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a>
+       Altogether, the establishment of Bamborough merits the
+       epithet of "princely," which it has received from the
+       historians of the county. Its philanthropic endowment has
+       not been suffered to decay with the romance of olden time,
+       but the charitable intentions of the testator are fulfilled,
+       so as to maintain a lasting record of his active
+       benevolence. Such magnificence may be said to eclipse all
+       the glitter and gleam of chivalry, and make them appear but
+       as idle dreams.</p>
+
+    <p>A boundless view of the ocean presents itself from the
+    towers of Bamborough Castle, studded with small islands, having
+    the Coquet Island on the south, and the Holy Island on the
+    north.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page329"
+       id="page329"></a>[pg 329]</span>
+
+    <h2>Manners &amp; Customs of all Nations.</h2>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>ORIGIN OF EPSOM RACES.</h3>
+
+    <p>In a pleasant little volume modestly entitled <i>Some
+    Particulars relating to the History of Epsom</i>, the following
+    facts are collected with much diligence. At the present season,
+    they may be acceptable to our readers.</p>
+
+    <p>"When these races first commenced, we have not been able
+    with certainty to trace. Few writers, who mention the district,
+    do more than simply state the fact, that horse races are
+    annually held at Epsom.</p>
+
+    <p>"Whether they were at first periodical or occasional, we
+    will not presume to determine, though the latter is, we think,
+    the most probable.</p>
+
+    <p>"Races, it is generally agreed, took their origin from, if
+    they did not give birth to, the Olympic games. The first
+    information we have of their existence in this country is in
+    the reign of Henry II. At that time, and for many ages
+    afterwards, the sport must have been merely a rude pastime,
+    perhaps as destitute of the science of the present system, as
+    of the vices, which are too generally engendered by it.</p>
+
+    <p>"There can be no doubt, that Epsom downs (or as they are
+    frequently, though erroneously written in old writings,
+    Banstead downs) early became the spot, upon which the lovers of
+    racing indulged their fancy. And, perhaps, the known partiality
+    of King James I., for this species of diversion, will justify
+    us in ascribing their commencement to the period when he
+    resided at the palace of Nonsuch.</p>
+
+    <p>"The following extract from Clarendon's History of the
+    Rebellion, will shew, that during the troubles of his
+    unfortunate successor, Charles I., races upon Epsom downs, were
+    viewed as no uncommon occurrence.&mdash;'Soon after the
+    meeting, which was held at Guildford, 18th May, 1648, to
+    address the two Houses of Parliament, that the King, their only
+    lawful sovereign, might be restored to his due honors, and
+    might come to his parliament for a personal treaty,
+    &amp;c.&mdash;a meeting of the royalists was held on Banstead
+    (Epsom) downs, under the pretence of a horse race, and six
+    hundred horses were collected and marched to Reigate.'</p>
+
+    <p>"King James had imbibed a predilection for horse races,
+    before he ascended the English throne; they were in high
+    estimation in Scotland during his minority, previously to
+    which, the English parliament seem to have turned their
+    attention to the subject.</p>
+
+    <p>"We find, that in the time of Henry VII. and his successors,
+    Henry VIII. and Elizabeth, several acts of parliament were made
+    to prevent the exportation of horses to Scotland, and other
+    parts.</p>
+
+    <p>"There is an entry in the Lord's Journal, June 15th,
+    1540&mdash;'At length, the bill is read this day, for
+    encouraging the breed of horses, of a larger stature, and
+    despatched with unanimous consent, and without a dissenting
+    voice.'</p>
+
+    <p>"The great men of Elizabeth's reign, appear to have been
+    fully disposed to profit by the example and injunctions of her
+    father. Italian masters were invited over; the art of managing
+    horses became an universal accomplishment, among the nobility
+    and gentry of England; but most of the professors, both of
+    equitation and farriery, were foreigners.</p>
+
+    <p>"Horses were not yet kept exclusively for the purpose of
+    running races, but gentlemen matched their hunters or hacknies,
+    and usually rode the race themselves.</p>
+
+    <p>"The most fashionable trial, however, of the speed and
+    goodness of their horses, was hunting red herrings, or 'the
+    train scent,' as it was then called, from the body of some
+    animal, which had been previously drawn across hedge and ditch.
+    Here the scent was certain and strong, and the hounds would run
+    upon it to the end, with their utmost speed. The matched horses
+    followed these hounds, and to be in with them, was generally
+    accounted a very satisfactory proof of goodness.</p>
+
+    <p>"Markham, and that celebrated riding master, Michael Baret,
+    describe, also, another mode of running matches across the
+    country in those days denominated the wild goose chase; an
+    imitation of which has continued in occasional use, to the
+    present time, under the name of steeple hunting; that is to
+    say, two horsemen, drunk or sober, in or out of their wits, fix
+    upon a steeple or some other conspicuous distant object, to
+    which they make a straight cut over hedge, ditch, and gate. We
+    think our readers will do any thing but smile, at this rational
+    pastime for reasonable creatures.</p>
+
+    <p>"The wild goose chase, however, at last became more regular
+    and better conducted. It was prescribed, that after the horse
+    had run twelve score yards, he was to be followed wherever he
+    went by the others, within a certain distance agreed upon, as
+    twice or thrice his length. A horse being left behind
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page330"
+       id="page330"></a>[pg 330]</span> twelve score, or any
+       limited number of yards, was deemed beaten, and lost the
+       match.</p>
+
+    <p>"These rude and barbarous modes of horse-racing gave way, in
+    the reign of James I., to the more scientific, accurate, and
+    satisfactory trials, of the horses carrying stated weights,
+    over measured and even ground.</p>
+
+    <p>"That monarch, as has before been intimated, brought with
+    him from Scotland, a strong predilection for the turf, which
+    must have prevailed to a considerable degree in that country,
+    for we find, that during his reign there, and before his
+    accession to the crown of England, it was deemed necessary to
+    restrain, by an express law, the passion of the Scots for
+    horse-racing, and laying large bets on the events.</p>
+
+    <p>"The reign of James I. may be fairly stated, as the period
+    when horse-racing first became a general and national
+    amusement. The races appear to have been at that time conducted
+    nearly in the same style, as to essentials, as in the present
+    day.</p>
+
+    <p>"They were then called bell courses, the prize being a
+    silver bell; the winner was said to bear or carry the bell.</p>
+
+    <p>"Regular prizes were now run for in various parts of
+    England. The king and his court, frequently attended races at
+    Croydon and Enfield, in the vicinity of London.</p>
+
+    <p>"The first match, upon record, in this country, was one
+    against time, which occurred in the year 1604, when John
+    Lepton,<a id="footnotetag6"
+       name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a>
+       a groom, in the service of King James I., undertook to ride
+       five times between London and York, from Monday morning
+       until Saturday night, and actually performed the task within
+       five days.</p>
+
+    <p>"At this period, much attention was paid to the pedigrees of
+    horses, for the purpose of enhancing their reputation and
+    worth. The training discipline, in all its variety of regular
+    food, clothing, physic, airing, and gallops, was in full use;
+    and the weights that race horses had to carry were adjusted;
+    the most usual of which were ten stone.</p>
+
+    <p>"We find that, soon after the accession of Charles I., an
+    ordinance was issued, enjoining the substitution of bits or
+    curbs, instead of snaffles, which had probably been of late
+    introduction in the army. Not long afterwards, the king granted
+    a special licence to William Smith and others, to import into
+    this kingdom, horses, mares and geldings; further enjoining
+    them to provide coach horses of the height of fourteen hands
+    and above, and not less than three, nor exceeding seven years
+    of age.</p>
+
+    <p>"During the civil wars, amusements of the turf were
+    partially suspended, but not forgotten; for we find that Mr.
+    Place, stud-master to Cromwell, was proprietor of the famous
+    horse, White Turk, (the sire of Wormwood and Commoner) and of
+    several capital brood mares, one of which, a great favourite,
+    he concealed in a vault, during the search after Cromwell's
+    effects, at the time of the Restoration, from which
+    circumstance, she took the name of the Coffin Mare, and is
+    designated as such in various pedigrees.</p>
+
+    <p>"King Charles II., soon after his restoration,
+    re-established the races at Newmarket, which had been
+    instituted by James I. He divided them into regular meetings,
+    and substituted, both there and at other places, silver cups or
+    bowls, of the value of one hundred pounds, for the royal gift
+    of the ancient bells, which were in consequence generally
+    dropped, both in name and effect.</p>
+
+    <p>"William III., though not fond of the turf, paid much
+    attention to the breed of horses for martial service; and in
+    his reign some of the most celebrated stallions were
+    imported.</p>
+
+    <p>"George, Prince of Denmark, was a great amateur of
+    horse-racing. He obtained from his royal consort, Queen Anne,
+    grants of royal plates for several places, among which Epsom
+    is, however, not mentioned.</p>
+
+    <p>"King George I. is not handed down to us as a sporting
+    character; but towards the latter end of his reign, the change
+    of the royal plates into purses of hundred guineas each took
+    place.</p>
+
+    <p>"In the 13th year of the reign of King George II., an act,
+    cap. 19. was passed, 'to restrain and prevent the excessive
+    increase of horse races.'</p>
+
+    <p>"By this act, after reciting 'that the great number of horse
+    races for small plates, prizes, or sums of money had
+    contributed very much to the encouragement of idleness, to the
+    impoverishment of many of the meaner sort of the subjects of
+    this kingdom, and to the prejudice of the breed of strong and
+    useful horses;' it was enacted that no person should,
+    thenceforth, enter and start more than one horse, mare or
+    gelding, for one and the same plate, prize, or sum of money.
+    And that no plate, or prize of a less value than 50<i>l</i>.
+    should be run for, under the penalty of 200<i>l</i>.</p>
+
+    <p>"It was also by the same act further enacted, that at every
+    such race, for a plate or prize of the value of 50<i>l</i>. and
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page331"
+       id="page331"></a>[pg 331]</span> upwards, each horse, if
+       five years old, should carry ten stone; if six years old,
+       eleven stone; and if seven years old, twelve stone. And that
+       the owner of any horse, carrying less than the specified
+       weight, should forfeit his horse, and pay the penalty of
+       200<i>l</i>."</p>
+
+    <h4>(<i>To be concluded in our next</i>.)</h4>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h2>THE SELECTOR; AND LITERARY NOTICES OF NEW WORKS.</h2>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>THE FAIR OF MAY FAIR.</h3>
+
+    <p>The volumes of sketches of fashionable life with this quaint
+    title will serve to amuse a few inveterate novel-readers; while
+    occasional pages may induce others to take up the thread of the
+    narrative. The flying follies of high life, or rather, we
+    think, of affected ton, are hit off with truth and vigour, and
+    there is a pleasantry in the writer's style which is an
+    acceptable relief to the dulness of common-place details. We
+    shall endeavour to detach a scene or two, one, as a specimen of
+    "the art of ingeniously tormenting," and the incipient
+    waywardness of a newly-married pair.</p>
+
+    <p>"From the first months of his domestication with his wife at
+    Wellwood Abbey, Sir Henry Wellwood had intended, had
+    <i>longed</i>, to commence his little system of tender
+    remonstrance; but the slightest insinuation of a difference of
+    opinion was sufficient to fan the embers of Henrietta's
+    distemperature into a conflagration. The blaze was not strong,
+    indeed; for the lady had always been accustomed to find a fit
+    of wilfulness, or of affected despondency, more available and
+    becoming than one of hasty anger. But she was tolerably expert
+    in those piquant flippancies of speech which harass the enemy
+    like a straggling fire; and could contrive, when it suited her
+    purpose, to make herself as disagreeable as if her face had not
+    been that of a cherub, or her voice seraphic.</p>
+
+    <p>"'A woman,' quoth La Bruy&egrave;re, 'must be charming
+    indeed, whose husband does not repent, ten times a day, that he
+    is a married man.' Sir Henry Wellwood would have scoffed at the
+    axiom. The 'idol of his soul' was still an idol; although, like
+    the votaries of old, he had managed to discover that it was not
+    wholly formed of precious metals; that its feet were of clay!
+    He still fancied himself the happiest of mortals; particularly
+    when Henrietta, in her best looks and spirits, was riding by
+    his side through the Wellwood plantations, listening to the
+    project of his intended improvements;&mdash;or seated in her
+    boudoir sketching designs and modelling plans for his two new
+    lodges. Sometimes after dinner she would busy herself with her
+    guitar, and insist on his attempting a second to her Italian
+    notturno; sometimes she persuaded him to lend her his arm
+    towards the village, to assist in executing that easy work of
+    benevolence, the deplenishment of her silken purse. At such,
+    moments she was indeed enchanting;&mdash;and the fascinated
+    Wellwood was quite willing to echo the chorus of Mrs.
+    Delafield's visiters, that he had 'drawn a prize.'</p>
+
+    <p>"But the sands of life are not formed exclusively of diamond
+    sparks. Flint and granite mingle in the contents of the
+    hour-glass; and Sir Henry often found himself required to
+    listen to fractious complaints of old Roddington's innovations,
+    of Lawford's negligence&mdash;of roses that would not blow at
+    the gardener's bidding,&mdash;of London booksellers, who would
+    not send down the new novels in proper time,&mdash;of old women
+    who refused to be cured of their rheumatism, and young ones who
+    declined becoming scholars at her platting school. His own
+    misdemeanours, too, were frequent and unpardonable. He had a
+    knack of carrying off the very volume she was reading,&mdash;of
+    losing <i>her</i> place, and leaving his own marked by leaving
+    the unfortunate book sprawling upon its face on the table, like
+    a drunkard on the ground. He often kept her waiting five
+    minutes for her ride, or twenty for dinner; would stop and
+    detain her, in their walks, while he corrected the practical
+    blunders of some superannuated hedger and ditcher; had a trick
+    of whipping off the thistle-tops while driving her in the
+    garden chair, to the imminent indignation of her ponies; was
+    sometimes seen to nod after dinner, when the morning's run had
+    been a good one; and had an opinion of his own in politics,
+    which precisely reversed those of Lady Mandeville and her
+    coterie.&mdash;In a word, he was often very 'tiresome!' and
+    whenever the fair Henrietta was excited into pronouncing that
+    sentence on his proceedings, it was a signal for ill-humour for
+    the remainder of the day; or rather till the spoiled child
+    would condescend to be coaxed into a more satisfactory mood of
+    mind."</p>
+
+    <p>But we are more struck with the appalling fidelity of the
+    following scene in a tale named <i>the Divorcee</i>. The
+    heroine, Amelia, is married in early life to a Mr.
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page332"
+       id="page332"></a>[pg 332]</span> Allanby, "a man with
+       10,000<i>l</i>. per annum, and a grey pigtail:" the match
+       turns out a miserable one: Amelia's dishonour by Vavasor
+       Kendal, her divorce, and Mr. Allanby's death are told in a
+       few pages&mdash;the guilty pair, Vavasor and Amelia, flee to
+       Paris, and we are introduced to this faithful picture of
+       Parisian vice:&mdash;</p>
+
+    <p>"The infirmity of Amelia's health served at least to release
+    her from those forced efforts of gaiety which had recoiled so
+    heavily on her feelings. Her day for vivacity was
+    gone.&mdash;In an atmosphere whose buoyancy is exhausted, the
+    feather falls as heavily as the plummet.</p>
+
+    <p>"But instead of commiserating the languor and feebleness
+    extending from the physical to the moral existence of the
+    invalid, Vavasor only made her dulness an excuse for flying to
+    the relief of society more congenial with his own tendency to
+    vice and folly. Lady Emlyn who in London was the leader of a
+    coterie devoted to the excitements of high-play,&mdash;a
+    coterie that felt privileged to inveigh with horror against
+    'gambling,' because its members ventured their thousands on
+    games where cunning tempers the fortuities of chance,&mdash;on
+    the manoeuvres of &eacute;cart&eacute; and whist instead of the
+    dare-all risks of hazard and rouge-et-noir,&mdash;had now
+    removed her card-table from Grosvenor-square to a splendid
+    hotel in the Rue Rivoli; where she had the honour of
+    assembling, twice a week, a larger proportion of the idle and
+    licentious of the exclusive caste, than could be found in any
+    other suite of drawing-rooms in civilized Europe. Her
+    <i>salon</i> was in fact crowded with busy ranks of those
+    swindlers of distinction who, in opposition to their brethren
+    of lower pretensions, (the chevaliers d'industrie), ought
+    surely to be termed the chevaliers de la paresse. Among these,
+    the brilliant air and lively effrontery of Captain Kendal
+    secured him a warm acceptance; and by frequenting the circle of
+    Lady Emlyn, he had not only the gratification of escaping from
+    the insipid mediocrity of the home his vices had created, but
+    acquired the power of indulging in others which were now still
+    dearer to his heart.</p>
+
+    <p>"Vavasor Kendal was an expert player. Like other frigid
+    egotists, his head and heart were always at leisure; and his
+    successes had been the means, on more than one occasion, of
+    extending his means of disgraceful enjoyment. At least,
+    however, his career lay on the verge of a precipice; for
+    playing at a stake beyond the limit of his fortune, a single
+    faltering step might at any hour precipitate him into an abyss
+    of shame and ruin. Amelia was often tempted to doubt whether
+    she had more cause to dread that intoxication of triumph, which
+    induced him to still further excesses, or the reverses tending
+    to aggravate the violence of temper to which she was an
+    habitual victim. The fluctuating fortunes of the
+    gamester,&mdash;his losses or gains,&mdash;were equally a
+    source of suffering to herself. But the Carnival was drawing to
+    a close; she soon began ardently to wish that his sister might
+    grow weary of the increasing dulness of the French capital, and
+    migrate among other swallows of the season, in search of new
+    pleasures.</p>
+
+    <p>"Long had she been in expectation of an announcement to this
+    effect, when one night,&mdash;a cold cheerless night in
+    March,&mdash;Vavasor exceeded even his ordinary period of
+    absence. The habitually dissolute of Paris rarely keep late
+    hours. Vice does not form with <i>them</i>, as with the English
+    <i>roue</i>, an occasional excess, but is consistent and
+    regular in its habits. Captain Kendal usually returned home
+    between two and three; and Amelia was accustomed to sit up, and
+    by her own services lighten the labours of their scanty
+    establishment. It was <i>she</i>, the invalid, who was careful
+    to keep up light and fire for the tyrant of the domestic
+    hearth.</p>
+
+    <p>"But on this occasion two o'clock came,&mdash;three, four,
+    five o'clock,&mdash;and no Vavasor. Hour after hour she
+    listened to the chime of the gaudy timepiece decorating their
+    shabby apartment; and while the night advanced, in all its
+    chilly, lonely, comfortless protraction, shivered as she added
+    new logs to the dying embers, and as she hoped or despaired of
+    his return, alternately replaced the veilleuse by candles, the
+    candles by a veilleuse. She had already assumed her
+    night-apparel; and alter wandering like an unquiet spirit from
+    her own apartment to the sitting-room and back again, a
+    thousand, thousand times,&mdash;after reclining her exhausted
+    frame and throbbing head against the door of the ante-room, in
+    the trust of catching the sound of his well-known step upon the
+    stairs, she threw herself down on the sofa for a moment's
+    respite. But in a few minutes she started up
+    again.&mdash;Surely that was <i>his</i> voice, which reached
+    her from some passenger in the street below, some passenger
+    humming an air from the new Opera, according to Vavasor's
+    custom, when returning flushed with the excitement of success?
+    Again and hurriedly did she prepare for his
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page333"
+       id="page333"></a>[pg 333]</span> reception,&mdash;again
+       place his chair by the fire, his slippers beside it; and
+       stand with a beating heart and suspended breath, to await
+       the entrance of the truant. But, no! it was <i>not</i> him.
+       The wanderer had hastened onwards to some happier home. The
+       street was quiet again. She would take a book and strive to
+       beguile the tediousness of suspense.</p>
+
+    <p>"Dreary indeed is that hour of the twenty-four which may be
+    said to afford the true division between night and day; when
+    even the latest watcher has retired to rest, while the earliest
+    artisans scarcely yet rouse themselves for the renewal of their
+    struggle with existence;&mdash;when even the studious, the
+    sorrowing, and the dissipated, close their over-wearied
+    eyes;&mdash;and when those who 'do lack, and suffer hunger,'
+    enjoy that Heaven-vouchsafed stupor affording the only interim
+    to their consciousness of want and woe. The winds whistle more
+    shrilly in the stillness of that lonely hour. Man and beast are
+    in their lair, and unearthly things alone seem
+    stirring;&mdash;the good genius glides with a holy and
+    hallowing influence through the tranquil dwelling of virtue;
+    the demon grins and gibbers in the deserted but reeking
+    chambers of the vicious. Even sorrow has phantoms of its own;
+    and when Amelia found herself a lonely watcher in the stillness
+    of night, the kind voice of old Allanby,&mdash;the voice that
+    was wont of yore to bid her speak her bosom's wish that it
+    might be granted,&mdash;often seemed creeping into the inmost
+    cell of her ear. She could fancy him close beside
+    her,&mdash;taunting her,&mdash;touching her,&mdash;till,
+    starting from her seat, she strove to shake off the hideous
+    delusion. Sometimes the soft cordial tones of her
+    mother,&mdash;her mother, who was in the grave,&mdash;seemed
+    again dispensing those lessons of virtue of which her own life
+    had afforded so pure an example: sometimes the playful caresses
+    of her boys seemed to grow warm upon her lips&mdash;around her
+    neck. Yes! she could hear them, see them:&mdash;little Charles,
+    who, in his very babyhood, had been accustomed to uplift his
+    tiny arm in championship of his own dear mother;&mdash;Digby,
+    the soft, tender, loving infant, whose every look was a smile,
+    whose every action an endearment!&mdash;And now they appeared
+    to pass before her as strangers;
+    changed&mdash;matured&mdash;enlightened;&mdash;without one word
+    of fondness&mdash;one gesture of recognition!</p>
+
+    <p>"From such meditations, how horrible to start up amid the
+    dreariness of night, nor find a human heart unto which to
+    appeal for comfort,&mdash;a human voice from which to claim
+    reply in annihilation of the spell that transfixed her mind.
+    The cold cheerless room, the flickering light, the desolation
+    that was around her, struck more heavily than ever on her
+    heart. 'Oh! that this were an omen!' she cried, with clasping
+    hands, as she listened to the howling of the wind upon the
+    lofty staircase leading to their remote apartments. Drawing
+    closer over her bosom the wrapper by which she attempted to
+    exclude the piercing night-air, Amelia smiled at the thought of
+    the chilliness of the grave,&mdash;of the grave, where the
+    heart beats not, and the fixed glassy eye is incapable of
+    tears.</p>
+
+    <p>"'I shall lie among the multitudes of a strange country,'
+    faltered she; 'there will be no one to point out with officious
+    finger to my sons, the dishonoured resting-place of their
+    mother,&mdash;their <i>divorced</i> mother! Vavasor will be
+    freed from his bondage&mdash;free to choose anew, and commence
+    H more auspicious career. But for me he might have been a
+    different being. It is <i>I</i> who have hardened his heart and
+    seared his mind. And oh! may Heaven in its mercy touch
+    them,&mdash;that he may deal gently with me during the last
+    short remnant of our union!'</p>
+
+    <p>"A harsh sound interrupted her contemplations;&mdash;the
+    grating of his key in the outer door,&mdash;of his step in the
+    ante-room. Mechanically she rose, and advanced to meet the
+    truant who had kept her watching,&mdash;who had so <i>often</i>
+    kept her watching,&mdash;so often been forgiven. A momentary
+    glimpse of his countenance convinced her that he was in no mood
+    even to wish for indulgence. His brow was black&mdash;his eyes
+    red and glaring. After a terrified pause, she tendered him her
+    assistance to unclasp his cloak; but with a deadly execration
+    he rejected the offer.</p>
+
+    <p>"'Are the servants up?' said he sullenly.</p>
+
+    <p>"'Not yet.'</p>
+
+    <p>"'So much the better! I must be off before they are on the
+    move.'</p>
+
+    <p>"'Off? Vavasor!&mdash;for the love of Heaven&mdash;'</p>
+
+    <p>"'Be still! Do not harass me with your nonsense. I was a
+    fool to come here at all; only it may be necessary for you to
+    know explicitly to what you may trust for the future.'</p>
+
+    <p>"Amelia sank stupefied into a chair.</p>
+
+    <p>"'In one word, I am a ruined man. To-night's losses have
+    made me as hopeless as I ought to have been long ago. I have
+    lost&mdash;but no matter!&mdash;I know I played like a fool.
+    What is to be expected from a miserable dog like
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page334"
+       id="page334"></a>[pg 334]</span> me, who has thrown away his
+       prospects, and is harassed with all sorts of cares and
+       annoyances?&mdash;No matter!&mdash;To-morrow the thing will
+       be blown; and before my creditors get wind of the business I
+       shall be half way to Brussels.'</p>
+
+    <p>"'To Brussels?' faltered Amelia.</p>
+
+    <p>"'Of course it is out of the question hampering myself with
+    companions of any kind at such a moment. Besides, my sister has
+    only afforded me the means of getting out of the scrape, on
+    condition that <i>you</i> return to England to your family. I
+    have no longer the power of maintaining you; but if you are
+    inclined to co-operate in the only plan that can save us both
+    from starving, Sophia will secure you an allowance of fifty or
+    sixty pounds a year.'</p>
+
+    <p>"Amelia was silent.</p>
+
+    <p>"If not, you must take your chance; for I can do nothing
+    further for you. For Heaven's sake don't treat me with a scene;
+    for I have only a few minutes to pack up my property! The
+    fiacre is waiting; there is not a moment to lose. Well, Amelia!
+    what do you say?&mdash;I want an answer. Do you, or do you not
+    choose to go to England?'</p>
+
+    <p>"Amelia made an affirmative movement;&mdash;she could not
+    utter a syllable. And Vavasor instantly passed into his own
+    room to make his preparations for immediate flight.&mdash;She
+    never knew in what manner he took his last leave of her. When
+    the servants proceeded to their occupations on the following
+    morning, they found her insensible on the ground; but when
+    restored to consciousness, the continued absence of her husband
+    and a note of five hundred franks which he had deposited in her
+    work-box for the purpose of enabling her to quit Paris, served
+    to prove that the dreadful impression on her mind was not a
+    mere delusion of the night. Alas! she was soon compelled to
+    admit that she had looked upon him for the last time."</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h3>THE CABINET ANNUAL REGISTER FOR 1831</h3>
+
+    <p>Is a well-arranged digest of the history of the past year,
+    in a more concise and compact form than such matters are
+    chronicled in that woolly work&mdash;the Annual Register. The
+    Parliamentary Summary is brief but satisfactory, and the
+    Occurrences are copious enough for the most gossipping reader.
+    The volume has been produced in truly good style, is, in all
+    respects, cheap, and deserves encouragement.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h2>Retrospective Gleanings.</h2>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>ORIGIN OF THE HOUSE OF RUSSEL.</h3>
+
+    <p>"The Russel family (say Britton and Brayley,) may date the
+    era of their greatness to a violent storm, which happened about
+    the year 1500, on the coast of Dorset; a county which appears
+    to have been the birthplace of their ancestors, one of whom was
+    Constable of Corfe Castle, in the year 1221. Philip, Archduke
+    of Austria, son of the Emperor Maximilian, being on a voyage to
+    Spain, was obliged by the fury of a sudden tempest, to take
+    refuge in the harbour of Weymouth. He was received on shore,
+    and accommodated by Sir Thomas Trenchard, who invited his
+    relation, <i>Mr. John Russel</i>, to wait upon the Archduke.
+    Philip was so much pleased with the polite manners and
+    cultivated talents of Mr. Russel, who was conversant with both
+    the French and German languages, that on arriving at court, he
+    recommended him to the notice of Henry VII., who immediately
+    sent for him to his palace, where he remained in great favour
+    till the king's death. In the estimation of Henry VIII. he rose
+    still higher; by that monarch he was made Lord Warden of the
+    Stannaries, Lord Admiral of England and Ireland, Knight of the
+    Garter, and Lord Privy Seal, and on the 9th of March, 1538,
+    created Baron Russel, of Cheneys, in the county of Bucks, which
+    estate he afterwards acquired by marriage. At the Coronation of
+    Edward VI. he officiated as Lord High Steward, and two years
+    afterwards, in the year 1549, was created Earl of Bedford. He
+    died in 1554, and was buried at Cheneys, where many of his
+    descendants have also been interred," &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+
+    <p>"Henry VII. (says Pennant,) often resided at Baynard Castle,
+    and from hence made several of his solemn processions. Here, in
+    1505, he lodged Philip of Austria,<a id="footnotetag7"
+       name="footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a>
+       the matrimonial King of Castille, tempest-driven into his
+       dominions, and showed him the pomp and glory of his
+       capital." P.T.W.</p>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>COVENTRY CHARITY.</h3>
+
+    <h4><i>(For the Mirror.)</i></h4>
+
+    <p>Bablake Hospital, in the city of Coventry, was originally
+    founded in 1506, by Thomas Bond, Mayor. Part of this hospital
+    furnishes a residence for a number of boys, who are educated
+    and <span class="pagenum"><a name="page335"
+       id="page335"></a>[pg 335]</span> clothed in blue, through
+       the <i>justice</i> and benevolence of Thomas Wheatley,
+       Mayor, in 1556, whose servant, sent to Spain by him to
+       purchase some barrels of steel gads, brought home through an
+       unaccountable mistake, a number of casks filled with ingots
+       of silver and cochineal, which were offered for sale in an
+       open fair, as the articles alluded to, and bought as such.
+       This worthy ironmonger and card-maker made every possible
+       effort to discover the person who sold them, but without
+       success. He then honourably converted the profits to this
+       charity, to which he added part of his own property.
+       P.T.W.</p>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>CURIOUS PARLIAMENT.</h3>
+
+    <h4><i>(For the Mirror.)</i></h4>
+
+    <p>Acton Burnel, is a village in Shropshire, about three miles
+    from Great Wenlock, where a Parliament was held in the reign of
+    Edward I., 1284. Many of the Welsh nobles who had taken up arms
+    were pardoned by this Parliament, and the famous act, entitled
+    <i>Statutum de Mercatoribus</i>, was passed here, by which
+    debtors in London, York, and Bristol, were obliged to appear
+    before the different Mayors, and agree upon a certain day of
+    payment, otherwise an execution was issued against their goods.
+    The Lords sat in the castle, and the Commons in a large barn,
+    the remains of which are still to be seen. P.T.W.</p>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>FOUR LEARNED SISTERS.</h3>
+
+    <h4><i>(For the Mirror.)</i></h4>
+
+    <p>Sir Anthony Cooke, who was preceptor to King Edward VI., and
+    great grandson to Sir Thomas Cooke, Lord Mayor of London, in
+    the year 1462, was particularly fortunate in his four
+    daughters, who were all eminent for their great literary
+    attainments.</p>
+
+    <p>Mildred, the eldest, married William Cecil, Lord Burleigh.
+    She was learned in the Greek tongue, and wrote a letter in that
+    language to the University of Cambridge.</p>
+
+    <p>Anne, the second, was the second wife of Sir Nicholas Bacon,
+    Lord Keeper, and mother of the great Lord St. Alban's. She was
+    greatly skilled in Greek, Latin, and Italian, and had the
+    honour of being appointed governess to King Edward VI.</p>
+
+    <p>Elizabeth, the third, was first the wife of Sir Thomas
+    Hobby, ambassador to France, and afterwards, of John, Lord
+    Russel, son and heir of Francis Russel, Earl of Bedford. Such
+    was her progress in the learned languages, that she gained the
+    applause of the most eminent scholars of the age, and for the
+    tombs of both her husbands, she wrote epitaphs in Greek, Latin,
+    and English.</p>
+
+    <p>Catherine, the fourth, who was the wife of Sir Henry
+    Killegrew, was famous for her knowledge in the Hebrew, Greek,
+    and Latin tongues, and her skill in poetry. She was buried in
+    the chancel of the church of St. Thomas Apostle, in Vintry
+    Ward, London, where there is an elegant monument erected to her
+    memory, with an inscription composed by herself. Sir Anthony
+    Cooke lived at Gidea Hall, near Romford, in Essex, and had the
+    honour of entertaining Queen Elizabeth here, in the year 1568.
+    Mary de Medicis, mother of Queen Henrietta Maria, was also
+    entertained in this mansion, the night before her arrival in
+    London. P.T.W.</p>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>PARISH REGISTERS OF ST. BRIDE'S.</h3>
+
+    <p>At the great fire of London, nearly all the churches and
+    records were consumed, wherefore scarcely any registers are to
+    be found in the city of an earlier date than the above period.
+    In searching the muniments preserved in St. Bride's Church,
+    Fleet-street, for a history of that parish, Mr. Elmes, the
+    architect, discovered a few days since, that, although the
+    church was destroyed, the records were left uninjured. He has
+    accordingly brought to light a series of vestry books from
+    1653, embracing regular accounts and entries of the calamitous
+    fire, and the proceedings of the parish authorities during that
+    eventful period, till the re-opening of the church for public
+    worship; together with register books of baptisms, burials,
+    &amp;c. from 1587, nearly eighty years before the fire,
+    continued without interruption to the present day. One of them
+    is a complete record of every meeting of the Committee for
+    rebuilding the present splendid church, from its commencement
+    to its completion, containing many curious items relative to
+    contracts with the workmen, their prices, &amp;c.; meetings
+    with Sir Christopher Wren, Mr. Hooke, and other eminent
+    persons, and the arrangement entered into for accommodating the
+    parishioners with pews and seats after the completion of the
+    church. There are also adjudications of property, settlements
+    of boundaries, and many other interesting documents of that
+    eventful period.</p>
+
+    <p>From the <i>Globe</i> journal.&mdash;(Mr. Elmes
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page336"
+       id="page336"></a>[pg 336]</span> will be recollected as the
+       author of a valuable Life of Sir Christopher Wren, published
+       a few years since in quarto, and of several practical works
+       on architecture. We are happy to learn that a kindred
+       enthusiasm to that shown in this great biographical labour,
+       has led him to undertake the history of one of the proudest
+       monuments of Wren's genius&mdash;the church of St. Bride.
+       Mr. Elmes may therefore be considered peculiarly fortunate
+       in his discovery of these relics, and his work will be
+       looked for with additional curiosity.)</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h2>The Gatherer.</h2>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <p><i>Oriental Apologue</i>.&mdash;A blind man having
+    contracted a violent passion for a certain female, married her,
+    contrary to the advice of all his friends, who told him that
+    she was exceedingly ugly. A celebrated physician at length
+    undertook to restore him to sight. The blind man, however,
+    refused his assistance. "If I should recover my sight," said
+    he, "I should be deprived of the love I have for my wife, which
+    alone renders me happy." "Man of God," replied the physician,
+    "tell me which is of most consequence to a rational being, the
+    attainment of happiness or the attainment of truth?" S.H.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Honour</i>.&mdash;William the Third having insisted on
+    Lord H&mdash;&mdash;n's giving him his <i>honour</i> not to
+    fight a man who had given him a box on the ear, his lordship
+    was obliged seemingly to comply; but as soon us he was out of
+    the king's presence he fought the man. The king was, at first,
+    highly incensed at his breaking his word with him, and asked
+    him how he came to do so, when he had just given him his
+    honour. "Sire," replied his lordship, "you were in the wrong to
+    take such a pledge, for at the time I gave it you, I had no
+    honour to give." S.H.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Doll's Eyes</i>.&mdash;Insignificant as may appear this
+    petty article of commerce, it is well known to keep in employ
+    several thousand hands, and goes to show the vast importance of
+    trifles to a country of decided commercialists. Mr. Osler, an
+    intelligent manufacturer of Birmingham, gave the following
+    statement before the Committee of the House of Commons, in
+    1824. "Eighteen years ago, on my first journey to London, a
+    respectable looking man in the city asked me if I could supply
+    him with doll's eyes, and I was foolish enough to feel half
+    offended; I thought it derogatory to my new dignity as a
+    manufacturer, to make doll's eyes. He took me into a room quite
+    as wide, and twice the length of this, (one of the large rooms
+    for Committees in the House of Commons,) and we had just room
+    to walk between the stacks, from the floor to the ceiling, of
+    parts of dolls. He said these are only the legs and arms, the
+    trunks are below, but I saw enough to convince me that he
+    wanted a great many eyes; and as the article appeared quite in
+    my own line of business, I said I would take an order by way of
+    experiment, and he showed me several specimens. I copied the
+    order, and on returning to the Tavistock Hotel I found it
+    amounted to upwards of five hundred pounds.'" SWAINE.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Eggs</i>.&mdash;The duty paid on eggs imported at
+    Ramsgate within the last three months, exceeds the sum of
+    2,000<i>l</i>.&mdash;<i>(Morning Herald.)</i> The rate of duty
+    is, as stated in our last, l0<i>d</i>. on every 120 eggs.</p>
+
+    <p><i>The Druids and the Mistletoe</i>&mdash;Pliny, in his
+    <i>Natural History</i>, tells us, "The Druids held nothing so
+    sacred as the mistletoe of the oak, as this is very scarce and
+    rarely to be found, when any of it is discovered, they go with
+    great pomp and ceremony on a certain day to gather it. When
+    they have got everything in readiness under the oak, both for
+    the sacrifice and the banquet, which they make on this great
+    festival, they begin by tying two white bulls to it by the
+    horns, then one of the Druids, clothed in white, mounts the
+    tree, and with a knife of gold, cuts the mistletoe, which is
+    received in a white sagum; this done, they proceed to their
+    sacrifices and feastings." This festival is said to have been
+    kept as near as the age of the moon permitted to the 10th of
+    March, which was their New Year's Day. The common mistletoe was
+    the golden bough of Virgil, and was Aenea's passport to the
+    infernal regions. P.T.W.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+        <blockquote class="footnote">
+            <a id="footnote1"
+                        name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b>
+                        <a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+
+            <p>We hope this note may meet the eye of some of our
+            Yorkshire correspondents.</p>
+    </blockquote><br />
+
+        <blockquote class="footnote">
+            <a id="footnote2"
+                        name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b>
+                        <a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+
+            <p>Is not this a species of land-crab?&mdash;ED. M.</p>
+    </blockquote><br />
+
+        <blockquote class="footnote">
+            <a id="footnote3"
+                        name="footnote3"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b>
+                        <a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a>
+
+            <p>By Mr. A. Aikin, in Trans. Soc. Arts.</p>
+    </blockquote><br />
+
+        <blockquote class="footnote">
+            <a id="footnote4"
+                        name="footnote4"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b>
+                        <a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a>
+
+            <p>Marmion.</p>
+    </blockquote><br />
+
+        <blockquote class="footnote">
+            <a id="footnote5"
+                        name="footnote5"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b>
+                        <a href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a>
+
+            <p>See <i>Mirror</i>, vol. xiii. p 415.&mdash;One of
+            the best features of the establishment is the
+            gratuitous circulation of the library for twenty miles
+            round; the books being lent to any householder of good
+            report residing within twenty miles of the castle.</p>
+    </blockquote><br />
+
+
+        <blockquote class="footnote">
+            <a id="footnote6"
+                        name="footnote6"></a><b>Footnote 6:</b>
+                        <a href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a>
+
+            <p>This should be John Lenton, and the year
+            1603,&mdash;See <i>Mirror</i>, vol. xvii, p. 181.</p>
+    </blockquote><br />
+
+        <blockquote class="footnote">
+            <a id="footnote7"
+                        name="footnote7"></a><b>Footnote 7:</b>
+                        <a href="#footnotetag7">(return)</a>
+
+            <p>There is an old (full-length) engraving of this
+            personage, and I am in the possession of one.</p>
+    </blockquote><br />
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h3>SPIRIT OF NEW BOOKS.</h3>
+
+    <p>With the Next Number, A SUPPLEMENT of UNIQUE EXTRACTS from
+    NEW BOOKS of the last Six Weeks: with TWO ENGRAVINGS
+    Illustrating Washington Irving's NEW SKETCH BOOK.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <p><i>Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near
+    Somerset House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 620, New
+    Market, Leipsic; G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin,
+    Paris; and by all Newsmen and Booksellers.</i></p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction, by Various
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+</body>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction
+       Volume 19. Issue 548 - 26 May 1832
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 28, 2004 [EBook #11743]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Bill Walker and PG Distributed Proofreaders
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+Vol. 19, No. 548.] SATURDAY, MAY 26, 1832. [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: STAINES NEW BRIDGE.]
+
+
+This handsome structure has lately been completed, and was opened on
+Easter Monday last, April 24, by their Majesties and the Court passing
+over with suitable ceremony. This was a gala day for Staines and its
+vicinity; for, independently of the enthusiasm awakened by the visit
+of the popular Sovereign, the completion of so useful and ornamental
+a fabric must have been an occasion of no ordinary interest to every
+inhabitant of the district.
+
+The _programme_, as the French would say, of the day's _fete_ has been
+so recently given in the "chronicles of the times," that we need not
+repeat it. A few descriptive particulars of the Bridge, from _The
+Times_ Journal, may be found to possess a more permanent value:--
+
+    "It consists of three very flat segmental arches of granite. The
+    middle arch of 74 feet span, and the two side arches of 66 feet
+    each; besides two side arches of 10 feet each for the
+    towing-paths, and six brick arches of 20 feet span each, two on
+    the Surrey side, and four on the Middlesex side, to allow the
+    floods to pass off. The whole is surmounted by a plain, bold
+    cornice, and block parapet of granite, with pedestal for the
+    lamps, and a neat toll-house. The approaches to the Bridge on
+    either side form gentle curves of easy ascent. The cost of the
+    Bridge and approaches has been about 41,000l. The appearance of
+    the whole is very light and elegant. This is owing chiefly to
+    the slight dimensions of the piers, which are smaller in
+    proportion to the span of the arches they support than those of
+    any other bridge in England; but this slight appearance does
+    not, we understand, detract in any degree from their strength,
+    or from the durability of the superincumbent structure."
+
+From the same authority we gather this circumstantial account of the
+Bridges erected at Staines from the year 1262:
+
+    "The first erection mentioned in the archives of Staines, was a
+    wooden bridge, said to have been erected in the year 1262; it
+    was constructed of piles of oak driven into the bed of the river
+    and covered with planks. We hear of no new erection from that
+    period down to the year 1794; but from that year to the present,
+    there have been not less than four new bridges in succession,
+    and on nearly the same site. In the year 1794 and 1795, a new
+    bridge, of three semicircular arches of stone, from the design
+    of the celebrated Paul Sandby, was erected, but, from some
+    defect in its construction, it lasted only five years, when it
+    was replaced by a very elegant bridge of one arch, of 180 feet
+    span, of cast iron, from the design of Mr. Thomas Wilson, the
+    architect of the celebrated bridge over the river Weir, at
+    Sunderland. The design was attributed to the noted author of the
+    _Rights of Man_; but the arch designed by him was cast in the
+    year 1790, by Messrs. Walkers, at Rotherham, whence it was
+    brought to London, and erected at the bowling-green of the
+    Yorkshire Stingo public-house, where it was exhibited to the
+    public; Paine not being able to defray the expense, the arch was
+    taken down and carried back to Rotherham; part of it was
+    afterwards used in the Sunderland bridge, and part, it is
+    supposed, in the Staines bridge. This last, like its immediate
+    predecessor, was not destined to last long, for it had scarcely
+    been opened one month, when it was found necessary to close it
+    to the public, the arch having sunk in a very alarming degree.
+    His late Majesty King George the Third was said to have been
+    among the last to pass over it. In this emergency the late Mr.
+    Rennie was consulted, who pronounced the bridge altogether
+    dangerous, in consequence of the weakness of the abutments. No
+    alternative remained but to remove the iron bridge entirely, and
+    patch up the old wooden bridge until a new one of wood was
+    built. That bridge, which is the present old bridge, continued
+    to stand, with various repairs and alterations, until the year
+    1828, when, in consequence of the decay of the piles, and the
+    continual heavy expenses required to uphold it, the
+    Commissioners determined to build a new one of more durable
+    materials. Messrs. Rennie were therefore applied to for designs,
+    and a bill was brought into Parliament to authorize the
+    Commissioners to raise funds. The works were commenced in the
+    spring of 1829, and on the 14th of September following the first
+    stone was laid by their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of
+    Clarence (their present Majesties). Since then, the works have
+    been carried on to their present completion under the direction
+    of Mr. G. Rennie and Mr. Brown, the superintendents, and Messrs.
+    Jolliffe and Banks, the contractors."
+
+The Engraving is from a Sketch by our obliging Windsor Correspondent:
+it was taken from the old bridge, whence the spectator enjoys a
+delightful view of Windsor Castle, through the centre arch of the new
+fabric.
+
+By the way, we noticed the project of this new stone bridge, in
+connexion with our Engraving of the new church at Staines, in vol.
+xii. of _The Mirror_, August 30, 1828.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE WRECK.
+
+
+_(FOR THE MIRROR.)_
+
+
+  No mare, no more, o'er the dark blue sea,
+    Will the gallant vessel bound,
+  Fearless and proud as the warrior's plume
+    At the trumpet's startling sound;
+  No more will her banner assert its claim
+    To empire on the foam,
+  And the sailors cheer as the thunder rolls
+    From the guns of their wave-girt home!
+
+  Her white sails gleam'd like the sunny dawn
+    On the brow of the sapphire sky,
+  And her thunder echoed along the cliffs,
+    Awaking the seamew's cry;
+  Oh! it was glorious to see her glide
+    Triumphantly over the sea,
+  With her blue flag fluttering in the wind,
+    The symbol of victory.
+
+  But she lies forlorn in the breakers now,
+    Her stately masts are gone,
+  And cold are the hearts of the dauntless crew
+    That yielded their swords to none;
+  The gun is hush'd in her lofty sides,
+    And the flute on her silent deck;
+  Alas! that a queenly form like hers
+    Should ever have been a wreck!
+
+  Thus Hope's illusions droop away
+    From the heart which their beauty won,
+  And leave it forlorn as the gallant ship,
+    Ere its summer of life is begun.
+  It is peopled with lovely images,
+    As o'er the sea it glides,
+  But wreck'd is its deep idolatry
+    On the dark and stormy tides.
+    _Deal._           G.R.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE ARBALEST OF ROBIN HOOD.
+
+
+_(TO THE EDITOR.)_
+
+
+In No. 538, of _The Mirror_, is described an elegant Cross-bow, and
+a desire expressed for information where such things are _now_ to be
+seen. I have lived many years in Yorkshire, and have seen several
+kinds of these bows at _Kirklees Hall_, the seat of Sir George
+Armitage, a few miles from Huddersfield. Amongst those bows I saw one,
+at least six feet long; but some of them were not more than two or
+three feet in length. There were also a variety of weapons of war,
+with helmets, and some curious boots, which buttoned on the leg from
+top to the bottom, and had wooden soles. They were then kept in an
+attic on the top of the leads over the hall. Many of these relics are
+said to have belonged to the famous "Robin Hood," who lies buried
+in the park; the remains of the ancient grave-stone having been
+surrounded with a handsome iron railing, by the late Sir George
+Armitage; in the wall is an old inscription on brass; it is situated
+in a very gloomy place. Not far distant from his grave are the remains
+of a Nunnery, and a burial-ground, with tombs in it; but I could find
+no date, either in the house or on these tombs. One of the tombs has
+this inscription round its edge:
+
+    "Sweet Jesus of Nazareth, show mercy to Elizabeth Stainton, late
+    Prioress of this place."
+
+If an intelligent person were to call at the Hall, he would be able
+to gather much information of an authentic nature respecting Robin
+Hood.[1]
+
+    [1] We hope this note may meet the eye of some of our Yorkshire
+    correspondents.
+
+JOHN BATEMAN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SONGS, _FOUND IN THE ALBUM OF A DELIA CRUSCAN POET._
+
+
+_(FOR THE MIRROR.)_
+
+
+THE HUMMING-BIRD.
+
+
+BY T. MOORE, ESQ.
+
+
+  Thou winged gem, whose starlike splendour
+    Gleams on the bosom of the rose,
+  I lore thy light when skies are tender,
+    And winds are wandering to repose.
+  The Grecian lute, the Moorish song,
+    And Crockford's home, with all that's in it,
+  May challenge fame from many a throng,
+    But thou, _alone_, fair bird, canst win it!
+
+  I've often watch'd thy plumage glancing
+    So evanescent in thy bower,
+  And heard thy silver voice entrancing
+    Soothe me, as music soothes the flower.
+  Although diminutive as me,
+    Thy song is sweeter, who can doubt it?
+  So, as I cannot sing like thee,
+    I'll break my lute, and live without it.
+
+  G.R.C.
+
+
+THE SKYLARK.
+
+
+BY L.E.L.
+
+
+  Thou minstrel of the sunny air,
+    Thy vocal fount is rich with song,
+  And fragrant breezes softly bear
+    Its silver melody along.
+
+  I love to hear thy liquid note
+    When bees are humming on the rose,
+  And in their sapphire ocean float
+    The stars prophetic of repose.
+
+  Thou feel'st the sunny influence
+    Like Memnon's fabled lyre of old,
+  And wanderest in the beam intense
+    Which turns the liquid air to gold.
+
+  The spirit's bright imaginings
+    Ne'er soar'd to loftier spheres than thee,
+  And if I had, thy fairy wings,
+    Afar from earthly haunts I'd flee.
+
+  Insipid are the weekly themes
+    Of ----'s imbecile review,
+  Whose page with adulation teems,
+    And makes me "beautifully blue."
+
+  But cockney praise is ebbing fast,
+    And Sappho's lute has lost its power,
+  And surely my career is past
+    Like Summer's brightest, loveliest flower.
+
+  Arcades ambo, Moore and me
+    Are Delia Crusca's sweetest doves,
+  And ours too is the poetry
+    Which meditative beauty loves.
+
+  Sweet bird, farewell! and be it thine
+    To thrill the blue air with thy song;
+  But fame will wreathe this brow of mine,
+    If I am right, and _Pope_ is wrong.
+
+G.R.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+DOMESTIC LIFE IN AMERICA.
+
+
+_(IN A LETTER FROM A CORRESPONDENT AT CINCINNATI.)_
+
+
+This town is far superior to our late place of sojourn, Pittsburgh,
+being spacious and clean, with handsome houses and wood for fuel.
+Pittsburgh, on the contrary, is dirty and confined, abounding in iron
+works burning coal, which gives forth a denser smoke than English
+coal. The houses in this place, when we visited it in 1818, were
+mostly of wood; these have been in general removed on wheels drawn
+by oxen and horses, and placed in the suburbs, whence they are now
+removing once more. Here are four markets well supplied with the
+necessaries, and even the luxuries, of life, including almost
+everything you can think of, and many things which you have never
+thought of. Apple butter, for instance, is one of the latter, and is
+made by stewing apples in new cider, after it has been boiled down to
+one-third of its bulk. It is sold at 6-1/4 cts. per quart, and is
+very delicious. The fruits of this country are abundant: apples are
+excellent, and in profusion; peaches are plentiful in most seasons,
+but sometimes totally fail; grapes grow wild and _tame_, i.e.
+cultivated or imported; cherries are not very good, and dearer than at
+Pittsburgh; pears, strawberries, and raspberries are not so choice as
+with you; quinces are plentiful and fine; wild plums perfume the whole
+house, like jessamine or mignionette, and are excellent for pies and
+tarts. The persimon is a fruit to which you are a stranger; it may be
+ranked with the plums, but has four stones, and is not fit to eat till
+bitten by the frost, when its austere and astringent taste disappears,
+and it becomes nearly transparent, and as rich and sweet as Guava
+jelly. The May-apple, or Mandrake, a wild fruit, is a favourite with
+our young folks; it grows on a single-steemed plant, usually one foot
+high, and is about the size of a plum, but with seeds, and in taste
+resembling a highly flavoured pear. The custard-apple, or paw-paw, is
+my favourite, and my boys go with me into the woods to gather them
+when ripe. In the summer, water melons, musk melons, nutmeg melons,
+and Cantaloupes may be seen in large heaps in the market, or in carts
+or wagons, at 6-1/4 to 25 and 50 cts. each, some weighing 40 lbs.
+
+Egg-plants, which you have seen as curiosities, are here brought to
+market; some of them of purple colour, are as large as a child's
+carpet-ball: they are sliced and fried in butter, and I am told
+have the flavour of fried oysters. Cucumbers are unfortunately
+superabundant, and the free use of them induces a variety of diseases
+which are attributed to the climate. Squashes, cimolins, and cushas,
+are gourds which are mashed up with butter like turnips; pumpkins
+of this country are very sweet, and make delicious pies, or rather
+cheesecakes; cranberries are brought from a distance, and pine-apples
+are not very expensive, being brought up the river from Bermuda.
+
+Among the natural curiosities of the country, are the Stone Mountain
+in Carolina, which may rank in antiquity with Stonehenge. It is
+remarkable for a circular wall of stone of great thickness, probably
+built by a people distinct from the present race of Indians, who are
+quite incapable of erecting any building except a wigwam, or a pile of
+loose stones over a grave. Next is the Kentucky Cavern, or as it is
+called, on account of its magnitude, the Mammoth Cave. I have an
+account before me of its being explored by a party in 1826, who
+penetrated into this gloomy, though spacious, hollow for _fifteen
+miles_, and were prevented from proceeding from extreme fatigue; they
+found the names of persons written at the farthest part. There are
+numbers of rooms as they are called, which are yet unexplored. In one
+of these, a few miles from the entrance, there was discovered many
+years since, a female figure sitting with a mat wrapped round her
+shoulders; she was quite dried to a mummy, and has for many years been
+exhibited in a caravan, through the United States.
+
+The river Ohio is here a quarter of a mile wide, and, as there is no
+bridge, the traffic into Kentucky is accommodated with steam ferry
+boats. Newport and Covington opposite, are pretty objects to look
+at from this side, but will not bear a nearer inspection. _Big Bone
+Lick_, where abundance of Mammoth bones have been discovered, is not
+far hence. Mr. Bullock of the London Museum is here, and has at the
+Lick discovered many rare specimens of bones, amongst which is a
+mammoth's head, with evidence of its having been furnished with a
+trunk, and of course having been an elephant of immense size. He has
+also found hoofs of horses with their bones in a fossil state, proving
+that the horse has been indigenous. The horses in this town being
+a mixture from those of South America, where they are wild--are of
+various colours. Some are brown and white, like pointer dogs, others
+are spotted like Danish dogs, and some with curled hair. I saw one
+which was white as far us the fore-quarter, and the rest sorel.
+
+An eye-witness has just related to me the following, which lately
+occured in New Harmony:
+
+    A snake about two feet long, was seen to enter the hole
+    inhabited by a crawfish,[2] from which he soon retreated,
+    followed by the rightful tenant, who stopped in defensive
+    attitude at the mouth of his habitation, raising his claws in
+    defiance. The snake turned quickly round, and seized the head of
+    the crawfish, as if to swallow him; but the crawfish soon put an
+    end to the conflict by clasping the snake's neck with his claws,
+    and severing the head completely from his body. This may appear
+    marvellous; but Audubon tells a story of a rattle-snake chasing
+    and over-taking a squirrel, which folks in America doubt.
+
+    [2] Is not this a species of land-crab?--ED. M.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+POTTERY.[3]
+
+
+_(CONTINUED FROM PAGE 284.)_
+
+
+
+_CHINA._
+
+
+The name China, by which the ware that I am about to describe is known
+in England, shows sufficiently the country from which we have received
+it. The term porcelain, which is applied to it on the continent of
+Europe, is Italian; _porcellana_ being in that language the name of
+those univalve shells forming the genus _cypraea_ of the conchologist,
+which have a high arched back like that of the hog (_porco_, Ital.),
+and are remarkable for the white, smooth, vitreous glossiness of the
+surface about the mouth of the shell, and sometimes, as in the common
+cowry (_Cypraea moneta_), over the whole surface.
+
+    [3] By Mr. A. Aikin, in Trans. Soc. Arts.
+
+The introduction of the Chinese porcelain soon excited a strong
+desire in the various countries of Europe to imitate it; but as the
+establishment of experimental manufactories for this purpose required
+the expenditure of considerable sums, and at a risk beyond the means
+of private persons, it is chiefly to the munificence of the sovereigns
+of Europe that the public are indebted for the first steps made in
+this interesting art. In Germany, chemists and mineralogists were set
+to work; the latter to seek for the most appropriate raw materials,
+and the former to purify and to combine them in the most advantageous
+proportions. The French government adopted the very sensible plan of
+instructing some of the Jesuit missionaries, who at that time had
+penetrated to the court of China, and into most of the provinces
+of that empire, to collect on the spot specimens of the materials
+employed by the Chinese themselves, together with the particulars of
+the process. The precise result thus obtained is not known; for as a
+considerable rivalry existed between the different royal manufactories
+of this ware, the most valuable information would of course be kept as
+secret as possible.
+
+Of the European manufactories of porcelain, that established at
+Miessen, near Dresden, by Augustus Elector of Saxony and King of
+Poland, in the early part of the 17th century, was the first that
+aspired to a competition with the Chinese. In compactness of texture
+and infusibility it was reckoned perfect a hundred years ago. It is
+not quite so white as some of the French and English porcelains, but
+is inferior to none in its painting, gilding, and other decorations.
+
+The French royal manufactory at Sevres, near Paris, has been for
+several years in a gradually advancing state, with regard to the
+whiteness, compactness, and infusibility of the body, the elegance of
+the forms, the brilliancy of the colours, the elaborateness of the
+drawing, and the superb enrichments of the gilding. The private
+manufactories of porcelain in France imitate and approach more or less
+near to the royal establishment.
+
+At Berlin and at Vienna are royal porcelain manufactories in high
+esteem, as well as in some of the smaller states of Germany.
+
+_BRITISH PORCELAIN._
+
+The first manufactories of porcelain in England were those at Bow, and
+at Chelsea, near London. In these, however, nothing but soft porcelain
+was made. This was a mixture of white clay and fine white sand from
+Alum bay, in the Isle of Wight, to which such a proportion of pounded
+glass was added as, without causing the ware to soften so as to
+lose its form, would give it when exposed to a full red heat a
+semi-transparency resembling that of the fine porcelain of China. The
+Chelsea ware, besides bearing a very imperfect similarity in body to
+the Chinese, admitted only of a very fusible lead glaze; and in the
+taste of its patterns, and in the style of their execution, stood
+as low perhaps as any on the list. The china works at Derby come, I
+believe, the next in date; then those of Worcester, established in
+1751: and the most modern are those of Coalport, in Shropshire; of the
+neighbourhood of Newcastle, in Staffordshire, and in other parts of
+that county.
+
+The porcelain clay used at present in all the English works is
+obtained in Cornwall, by pounding and washing over the gray
+disintegrated granite which occurs in several parts of that county: by
+this means the quartz and mica are got rid of, and the clay resulting
+from the decomposition of the felspar is procured in the form of a
+white, somewhat gritty powder. This clay is not fusible by the highest
+heat of our furnaces, though the felspar, from the decomposition of
+which it is derived, forms a spongy milk-white glass, or enamel, at
+a low white heat. But felspar, when decomposed by the percolation of
+water, while it forms a constituent of granite, loses the potash,
+which is one of its ingredients to the amount of about 15 per cent,
+and with it the fusibility that this latter substance imparts.
+
+The siliceous ingredient is calcined flint; and in some of the
+porcelain works, (particularly, I believe, those at Worcester,) the
+soapstone from the Lizard-point, in Cornwall, is employed. These are
+all the avowed materials; but there is little doubt that the alkalies,
+or alkaline earths, either pure or in combination, are also used,
+in order to dispose the other ingredients to assume that state of
+semi-fusion characteristic of porcelain.
+
+(The principal processes are) the grinding and due mixture of the
+ingredients, in order to obtain a mass sufficiently plastic; the
+forming this mass on the wheel; the subsequent drying of the ware;
+the first firing, by which it is brought to the state of biscuit; the
+application of the firmer colours occasionally on the surface of the
+biscuit; the dipping the biscuit in the glaze; the second firing, by
+which the glaze is vitrified; the pencilling in of the more tender
+colours on the surface of the glaze; and the third and last firing
+that is given to the porcelain.
+
+It is not for me to determine which of our English porcelains is
+the best; probably, indeed, one will be found superior in hardness,
+another in whiteness, a third in the thinness and evenness of the
+glaze, a fourth in the form of the articles, a fifth in the design,
+and a sixth in the colours. In hardness and in fusibility, they are
+probably all inferior to the Dresden and to the Sevres porcelain; for
+pieces in biscuit and in white glaze, from both these manufactories,
+are imported in considerable quantities, in order to be painted and
+finished here. But it is equally certain, that the last ten years
+have seen the commencement, and, in part, the completion, of such
+improvements in this fabric, as will probably place the English
+porcelains on an equality with the best of the continental European
+ones.
+
+Advantage has recently been taken of the semi-transparency of
+porcelain biscuit to form it into plates, and to delineate upon it
+some very beautiful copies of landscapes and other drawings, by so
+adapting the various thicknesses of the plate as to produce, when held
+between the eye and the light, the effects of light and shadow in
+common drawings. The invention originated in the ingenuity of our
+French neighbours.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NOTES OF A READER
+
+
+IMPROVEMENT OF LANCASHIRE.
+
+
+The west of England has considerably the advantage over the eastern
+side of the island. One way or another nature did much more for it. It
+is true, that the eastern side was civilized much earlier; yet human
+ingenuity and industry have of late years been much more successfully
+employed in turning the gifts of nature to the best possible account.
+Ireland and America are customers, for whom, though they were long in
+coming, it was worth while to wait. After all, Lancashire is the most
+remarkable and characteristic feature in the comparison. From being
+among the most backward parts of England, this county has _worked_ its
+way into the front rank. The contrast between its condition up to the
+middle of the last century, and the astonishing spectacle which it
+exhibits at present, belongs to the transformation which a hundred
+years create in a newly settled country like America, far more than to
+the gradual improvements and changes of an old English county.
+
+It would be curious to analyze the concurrent causes, and marshal
+the successive steps, by which Lancashire has advanced;--not only
+succeeding in appropriating to itself a leading interest in the
+creative inventions of Watt and Arkwright, but connecting its name
+in honourable alliance with literature and science. The very
+circumstances from which a contrary presumption would originally have
+been drawn, have (singularly enough) principally contributed to its
+extraordinary progress. Lancashire owes the canals, by which the
+commercial thoroughfare of that end of England has been turned from
+the Humber to the Mersey, to the enterprise of a _Peer_. It owes the
+docks, which have about them almost a Roman presentiment of future
+greatness, to the spirit of a _Corporation_. It owes the taste and
+accomplishments, by which the character of its wealth has been raised
+above the drudgery and fanaticism of money-getting, almost entirely to
+the zeal of a few _Dissenters_. The name of Governor Clinton is not so
+pre-eminently united with the canal policy of America, as is the name
+of the Duke of Bridgewater with the canals of England. He staked his
+last shilling on the chance of thus cutting out an inland north-west
+passage to the Atlantic. The corporation of Liverpool, by an
+enlightened application of their vast resources, have accelerated,
+consolidated, and secured the realization, of every expectation and
+contingency which fortune threw in their way. They have hastened,
+not to say, anticipated, events. There can be as little doubt of the
+effect which the light radiating from the assemblage of Priestley,
+Wakefield, Aikin, &c. at Warrington; from the presence of Percival,
+Henry, Ferriar, and Dalton, at Manchester; and from that of Roscoe
+and Currie at Liverpool, spread over their circle. The literary
+attainments and cultivation of the manufacturers and merchants of
+Lancashire, as a body, seem otherwise likely long to have lagged
+behind their general powers of understanding, and their real station
+in society.--_Edinburgh Review_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ENNUI OF FASHION.
+
+
+It must be owned that five years form an awful lapse in human life:--a
+lapse whose hours and minutes leave no where a trace more sharp and
+injurious than on the minds and countenances of individuals involved
+in the buzzing, stinging gnatswarms of fashionable life. Elsewhere,
+existence marches with a more dignified step, and the scenes pictured
+among the records of our memory assume a grander aspect; they lie in
+masses,--their shadows are broader,--their lights more brilliantly
+thrown out. But reminiscences of a life of ton are as vexatious as
+they are frivolous. The season of 1829 differs from that of 1830,
+only inasmuch as its quadrilles are varied with galoppes as well
+as waltzes, and danced at Lady A.'s and Lady B.'s,--instead of the
+Duchess of D.'s, and Countess E.'s. The Duchess is dead,--the Countess
+ruined;--but no matter!--there are still plenty of balls to be had.
+"Another and another still succeeds!" Since young ladies _will_ grow
+up to be presented, lady-mothers and aunts _must_ continue to project
+breakfasts, water parties, and galas, whereby to throw them in the way
+of flirtation, courtship, and marriage. Mischief, in her most smiling
+mask, sits like the beautiful witch in Thalaba at an everlasting
+spinning-wheel, weaving a mingled yarn of sin and sorrow for the
+daughters of Fashion. Although the cauldron of Hecate and her
+priestesses has vanished from the heath at Forres, it bubbles in
+nightly incantations among the elm-trees of Grosvenor Square; and
+Hopper and Hellway, Puckle and Straddling, now croak forth their
+chorus of rejoicing where golden lamps swing blazing over the ecarte
+tables, and the soft strains of the Mazurka enervate the atmosphere of
+the gorgeous temples of May Fair. Never yet was there a woman _really_
+improved in attraction by mingling with the motley throng of the _beau
+monde_. She may learn to dress better, to step more gracefully; her
+head may assume a more elegant turn, her conversation become more
+polished, her air more distinguished;--but in point of _attraction_
+she acquires nothing. Her simplicity of mind departs;--her generous,
+confiding impulses of character are lost;--she is no longer inclined
+to interpret favourably of men and things,--she listens without
+believing,--sees without admiring; has suffered persecution without
+learning mercy;--and been taught to mistrust the candour of others
+by the forfeiture of her own. The freshness of her disposition
+has vanished with the freshness of her complexion; hard lines are
+perceptible in her very soul, and crowsfeet contract her very fancy.
+No longer pure and fair as the statue of alabaster, her beauty, like
+that of some painted waxen effigy, is tawdry and meretricious. It is
+not alone the rouge upon the cheek and the false tresses adorning
+the forehead, which repel the ardour of admiration; it is the
+artificiality of mind with which such efforts are connected that
+breaks the spell of beauty.
+
+_From the Fair of May Fair._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BAMBOROUGH CASTLE
+
+
+Is situate on the romantic coast of Northumberland, "over against"
+an obscure town of the same name. It stands upon a basalt rock, of a
+triangular shape, high, rugged, and abrupt on the land side; flanked
+by the German Ocean, and strong natural rampires of sand, matted
+together with sea rushes on the east; and only accessible to an enemy
+on the south-east, which is guarded by a deep, dry ditch, and a series
+of towers in the wall, on each side of the gateway. Nature has mantled
+the rock with lichens of various rich tints: its beetling brow is 150
+feet above the level of the sea, upon a stratum of mouldering rock,
+apparently scorched with violent heat, and having beneath it a close
+flinty sandstone. Its crown is girt with walls and towers, which on
+the land side have been nearly all repaired. The outer gateway stands
+between two fine old towers, with time-worn heads; twelve paces within
+it is a second gate, which is machicolated, and has a portcullis; and,
+within this, on the left hand, on a lofty point of rock, is a very
+ancient round tower of great strength; commanding a pass subject to
+every annoyance from the besieged. This fort is believed to be of
+Saxon origin. The keep stands on the area of the rock, having an open
+space around it. It is square, and of that kind of building which
+prevailed from the Conquest till about the time of our second Henry.
+It had no chimney; but fires had been made in the middle of a large
+room, which was lighted by a window near its top, three feet square.
+All the other rooms were lighted by slit or loop holes, six inches
+broad. The walls are of small stones, from a quarry at Sunderland on
+the sea, three miles distant: within them is a draw well, discovered
+in 1770, in clearing the cellar from sand and rubbish; its depth is
+145 feet, cut through solid rock, of which seventy-five feet are of
+whinstone. The remains of a chapel were discovered here, under a
+prodigious mass of land, in the year 1773; its architecture was pure
+Saxon, and the ancient font being found, was preserved in the keep.
+The chapel has been rebuilt on the old foundations.
+
+[Illustration: _(Bamborough Castle before the general repairs.)_]
+
+The founder of the Castle is stated by Matthew of Westminster to have
+been Ida, King of Northumberland. Sir Walter Scott sings
+
+  Thy tower, proud Bamborough, mark'd they
+       here,
+  King Ida's castle, huge and square,
+  From its tall rock look grimly down,
+  And on the swelling ocean frown.[4]
+
+    [4] Marmion.
+
+It was destroyed by the Danes in 993; but about the time of the
+Conquest was in good repair. In 1095, it was in the possession of
+Robert Mowbray, Earl of Northumberland, when it was besieged, and,
+after much difficulty, taken by William II. The castle lost the
+greatest part of its beauty in a siege after the battle of Hexham.
+Camden tells us "from that time it has suffered by time and winds,
+which throw up incredible quantities of sand from the sea upon its
+walls, through the windows which are open." Sir John Forster was
+governor of it in Elizabeth's reign; and his grandson John obtained
+a grant of it and the manor from James the First. His descendant,
+Thomas, forfeited it in 1715; but his maternal uncle, Nathaniel, Lord
+Crewe, bishop of Durham, purchased his estates, and bequeathed them to
+charitable purposes in 1720. The sunken rocks and shifting sands of
+this coast had long been a terror to the mariners, but under his
+lordship's will, Dr. Sharp, then archdeacon of Durham, fitted up the
+keep of the Castle, for the reception of suffering seamen, and
+of property which might be rescued from the fury of the ocean.
+Regulations were also adopted, both to prevent accidents on the coast,
+and to alleviate misfortunes when they had occurred. A nine pounder,
+placed at the bottom of the great tower, gives signals to ships in
+distress, and in case of a wreck, announces the same to the Custom
+House officers and their servants, who hasten to prevent the wreck
+being plundered. In addition to this, during a storm, horsemen patrol
+the coast, and rewards are paid for the earliest intelligence of
+vessels in distress. A flag is always hoisted when any ship is seen
+in distress on the Fern Islands or Staples; or a rocket thrown up at
+night, which gives notice to the Holy Island fishermen, who can put
+off to the spot when no boat from the main can get over the breakers.
+Life-boats have likewise been added to the establishment. The vast
+increase of the residuary rents of the Castle estates also enables
+the trustees to support within its walls two free-schools, a library,
+infirmary, thirty beds for shipwrecked sailors, and a granary, whence
+poor persons are supplied with provisions at the first price.[5]
+Altogether, the establishment of Bamborough merits the epithet of
+"princely," which it has received from the historians of the county.
+Its philanthropic endowment has not been suffered to decay with the
+romance of olden time, but the charitable intentions of the testator
+are fulfilled, so as to maintain a lasting record of his active
+benevolence. Such magnificence may be said to eclipse all the glitter
+and gleam of chivalry, and make them appear but as idle dreams.
+
+    [5] See _Mirror_, vol. xiii. p 415.--One of the best features of
+    the establishment is the gratuitous circulation of the library for
+    twenty miles round; the books being lent to any householder of
+    good report residing within twenty miles of the castle.
+
+A boundless view of the ocean presents itself from the towers of
+Bamborough Castle, studded with small islands, having the Coquet
+Island on the south, and the Holy Island on the north.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+MANNERS & CUSTOMS OF ALL NATIONS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ORIGIN OF EPSOM RACES.
+
+
+In a pleasant little volume modestly entitled _Some Particulars
+relating to the History of Epsom_, the following facts are collected
+with much diligence. At the present season, they may be acceptable to
+our readers.
+
+"When these races first commenced, we have not been able with
+certainty to trace. Few writers, who mention the district, do more
+than simply state the fact, that horse races are annually held at
+Epsom.
+
+"Whether they were at first periodical or occasional, we will not
+presume to determine, though the latter is, we think, the most
+probable.
+
+"Races, it is generally agreed, took their origin from, if they did
+not give birth to, the Olympic games. The first information we have of
+their existence in this country is in the reign of Henry II. At that
+time, and for many ages afterwards, the sport must have been merely
+a rude pastime, perhaps as destitute of the science of the present
+system, as of the vices, which are too generally engendered by it.
+
+"There can be no doubt, that Epsom downs (or as they are frequently,
+though erroneously written in old writings, Banstead downs) early
+became the spot, upon which the lovers of racing indulged their fancy.
+And, perhaps, the known partiality of King James I., for this species
+of diversion, will justify us in ascribing their commencement to the
+period when he resided at the palace of Nonsuch.
+
+"The following extract from Clarendon's History of the Rebellion, will
+shew, that during the troubles of his unfortunate successor,
+Charles I., races upon Epsom downs, were viewed as no uncommon
+occurrence.--'Soon after the meeting, which was held at Guildford,
+18th May, 1648, to address the two Houses of Parliament, that the
+King, their only lawful sovereign, might be restored to his due
+honors, and might come to his parliament for a personal treaty, &c.--a
+meeting of the royalists was held on Banstead (Epsom) downs, under the
+pretence of a horse race, and six hundred horses were collected and
+marched to Reigate.'
+
+"King James had imbibed a predilection for horse races, before he
+ascended the English throne; they were in high estimation in Scotland
+during his minority, previously to which, the English parliament seem
+to have turned their attention to the subject.
+
+"We find, that in the time of Henry VII. and his successors, Henry
+VIII. and Elizabeth, several acts of parliament were made to prevent
+the exportation of horses to Scotland, and other parts.
+
+"There is an entry in the Lord's Journal, June 15th, 1540--'At length,
+the bill is read this day, for encouraging the breed of horses, of a
+larger stature, and despatched with unanimous consent, and without a
+dissenting voice.'
+
+"The great men of Elizabeth's reign, appear to have been fully
+disposed to profit by the example and injunctions of her father.
+Italian masters were invited over; the art of managing horses became
+an universal accomplishment, among the nobility and gentry of England;
+but most of the professors, both of equitation and farriery, were
+foreigners.
+
+"Horses were not yet kept exclusively for the purpose of running
+races, but gentlemen matched their hunters or hacknies, and usually
+rode the race themselves.
+
+"The most fashionable trial, however, of the speed and goodness of
+their horses, was hunting red herrings, or 'the train scent,' as
+it was then called, from the body of some animal, which had been
+previously drawn across hedge and ditch. Here the scent was certain
+and strong, and the hounds would run upon it to the end, with their
+utmost speed. The matched horses followed these hounds, and to be
+in with them, was generally accounted a very satisfactory proof of
+goodness.
+
+"Markham, and that celebrated riding master, Michael Baret, describe,
+also, another mode of running matches across the country in those days
+denominated the wild goose chase; an imitation of which has continued
+in occasional use, to the present time, under the name of steeple
+hunting; that is to say, two horsemen, drunk or sober, in or out of
+their wits, fix upon a steeple or some other conspicuous distant
+object, to which they make a straight cut over hedge, ditch, and gate.
+We think our readers will do any thing but smile, at this rational
+pastime for reasonable creatures.
+
+"The wild goose chase, however, at last became more regular and better
+conducted. It was prescribed, that after the horse had run twelve
+score yards, he was to be followed wherever he went by the others,
+within a certain distance agreed upon, as twice or thrice his length.
+A horse being left behind twelve score, or any limited number of
+yards, was deemed beaten, and lost the match.
+
+"These rude and barbarous modes of horse-racing gave way, in the
+reign of James I., to the more scientific, accurate, and satisfactory
+trials, of the horses carrying stated weights, over measured and even
+ground.
+
+"That monarch, as has before been intimated, brought with him from
+Scotland, a strong predilection for the turf, which must have
+prevailed to a considerable degree in that country, for we find, that
+during his reign there, and before his accession to the crown of
+England, it was deemed necessary to restrain, by an express law, the
+passion of the Scots for horse-racing, and laying large bets on the
+events.
+
+"The reign of James I. may be fairly stated, as the period when
+horse-racing first became a general and national amusement. The races
+appear to have been at that time conducted nearly in the same style,
+as to essentials, as in the present day.
+
+"They were then called bell courses, the prize being a silver bell;
+the winner was said to bear or carry the bell.
+
+"Regular prizes were now run for in various parts of England. The king
+and his court, frequently attended races at Croydon and Enfield, in
+the vicinity of London.
+
+"The first match, upon record, in this country, was one against time,
+which occurred in the year 1604, when John Lepton,[6] a groom, in the
+service of King James I., undertook to ride five times between London
+and York, from Monday morning until Saturday night, and actually
+performed the task within five days.
+
+    [6] This should be John Lenton, and the year 1603,--See _Mirror_,
+    vol. xvii, p. 181.
+
+"At this period, much attention was paid to the pedigrees of horses,
+for the purpose of enhancing their reputation and worth. The training
+discipline, in all its variety of regular food, clothing, physic,
+airing, and gallops, was in full use; and the weights that race horses
+had to carry were adjusted; the most usual of which were ten stone.
+
+"We find that, soon after the accession of Charles I., an ordinance
+was issued, enjoining the substitution of bits or curbs, instead of
+snaffles, which had probably been of late introduction in the army.
+Not long afterwards, the king granted a special licence to William
+Smith and others, to import into this kingdom, horses, mares and
+geldings; further enjoining them to provide coach horses of the height
+of fourteen hands and above, and not less than three, nor exceeding
+seven years of age.
+
+"During the civil wars, amusements of the turf were partially
+suspended, but not forgotten; for we find that Mr. Place, stud-master
+to Cromwell, was proprietor of the famous horse, White Turk, (the sire
+of Wormwood and Commoner) and of several capital brood mares, one of
+which, a great favourite, he concealed in a vault, during the search
+after Cromwell's effects, at the time of the Restoration, from which
+circumstance, she took the name of the Coffin Mare, and is designated
+as such in various pedigrees.
+
+"King Charles II., soon after his restoration, re-established the
+races at Newmarket, which had been instituted by James I. He divided
+them into regular meetings, and substituted, both there and at other
+places, silver cups or bowls, of the value of one hundred pounds,
+for the royal gift of the ancient bells, which were in consequence
+generally dropped, both in name and effect.
+
+"William III., though not fond of the turf, paid much attention to the
+breed of horses for martial service; and in his reign some of the most
+celebrated stallions were imported.
+
+"George, Prince of Denmark, was a great amateur of horse-racing. He
+obtained from his royal consort, Queen Anne, grants of royal plates
+for several places, among which Epsom is, however, not mentioned.
+
+"King George I. is not handed down to us as a sporting character; but
+towards the latter end of his reign, the change of the royal plates
+into purses of hundred guineas each took place.
+
+"In the 13th year of the reign of King George II., an act, cap. 19.
+was passed, 'to restrain and prevent the excessive increase of horse
+races.'
+
+"By this act, after reciting 'that the great number of horse races for
+small plates, prizes, or sums of money had contributed very much to
+the encouragement of idleness, to the impoverishment of many of the
+meaner sort of the subjects of this kingdom, and to the prejudice of
+the breed of strong and useful horses;' it was enacted that no person
+should, thenceforth, enter and start more than one horse, mare or
+gelding, for one and the same plate, prize, or sum of money. And that
+no plate, or prize of a less value than 50l. should be run for,
+under the penalty of 200l.
+
+"It was also by the same act further enacted, that at every such race,
+for a plate or prize of the value of 50l. and upwards, each horse,
+if five years old, should carry ten stone; if six years old, eleven
+stone; and if seven years old, twelve stone. And that the owner of any
+horse, carrying less than the specified weight, should forfeit his
+horse, and pay the penalty of 200l."
+
+(_TO BE CONCLUDED IN OUR NEXT_.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE SELECTOR; AND LITERARY NOTICES OF NEW WORKS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE FAIR OF MAY FAIR.
+
+
+The volumes of sketches of fashionable life with this quaint title
+will serve to amuse a few inveterate novel-readers; while occasional
+pages may induce others to take up the thread of the narrative. The
+flying follies of high life, or rather, we think, of affected ton,
+are hit off with truth and vigour, and there is a pleasantry in
+the writer's style which is an acceptable relief to the dulness of
+common-place details. We shall endeavour to detach a scene or two,
+one, as a specimen of "the art of ingeniously tormenting," and the
+incipient waywardness of a newly-married pair.
+
+"From the first months of his domestication with his wife at Wellwood
+Abbey, Sir Henry Wellwood had intended, had _longed_, to commence his
+little system of tender remonstrance; but the slightest insinuation
+of a difference of opinion was sufficient to fan the embers of
+Henrietta's distemperature into a conflagration. The blaze was not
+strong, indeed; for the lady had always been accustomed to find a fit
+of wilfulness, or of affected despondency, more available and becoming
+than one of hasty anger. But she was tolerably expert in those piquant
+flippancies of speech which harass the enemy like a straggling fire;
+and could contrive, when it suited her purpose, to make herself as
+disagreeable as if her face had not been that of a cherub, or her
+voice seraphic.
+
+"'A woman,' quoth La Bruyere, 'must be charming indeed, whose husband
+does not repent, ten times a day, that he is a married man.' Sir Henry
+Wellwood would have scoffed at the axiom. The 'idol of his soul' was
+still an idol; although, like the votaries of old, he had managed to
+discover that it was not wholly formed of precious metals; that its
+feet were of clay! He still fancied himself the happiest of mortals;
+particularly when Henrietta, in her best looks and spirits, was riding
+by his side through the Wellwood plantations, listening to the project
+of his intended improvements;--or seated in her boudoir sketching
+designs and modelling plans for his two new lodges. Sometimes after
+dinner she would busy herself with her guitar, and insist on his
+attempting a second to her Italian notturno; sometimes she persuaded
+him to lend her his arm towards the village, to assist in executing
+that easy work of benevolence, the deplenishment of her silken purse.
+At such, moments she was indeed enchanting;--and the fascinated
+Wellwood was quite willing to echo the chorus of Mrs. Delafield's
+visiters, that he had 'drawn a prize.'
+
+"But the sands of life are not formed exclusively of diamond sparks.
+Flint and granite mingle in the contents of the hour-glass; and Sir
+Henry often found himself required to listen to fractious complaints
+of old Roddington's innovations, of Lawford's negligence--of roses
+that would not blow at the gardener's bidding,--of London booksellers,
+who would not send down the new novels in proper time,--of old women
+who refused to be cured of their rheumatism, and young ones
+who declined becoming scholars at her platting school. His own
+misdemeanours, too, were frequent and unpardonable. He had a knack of
+carrying off the very volume she was reading,--of losing _her_ place,
+and leaving his own marked by leaving the unfortunate book sprawling
+upon its face on the table, like a drunkard on the ground. He often
+kept her waiting five minutes for her ride, or twenty for dinner;
+would stop and detain her, in their walks, while he corrected the
+practical blunders of some superannuated hedger and ditcher; had a
+trick of whipping off the thistle-tops while driving her in the garden
+chair, to the imminent indignation of her ponies; was sometimes seen
+to nod after dinner, when the morning's run had been a good one; and
+had an opinion of his own in politics, which precisely reversed those
+of Lady Mandeville and her coterie.--In a word, he was often very
+'tiresome!' and whenever the fair Henrietta was excited into
+pronouncing that sentence on his proceedings, it was a signal for
+ill-humour for the remainder of the day; or rather till the spoiled
+child would condescend to be coaxed into a more satisfactory mood of
+mind."
+
+But we are more struck with the appalling fidelity of the following
+scene in a tale named _the Divorcee_. The heroine, Amelia, is married
+in early life to a Mr. Allanby, "a man with 10,000l. per annum,
+and a grey pigtail:" the match turns out a miserable one: Amelia's
+dishonour by Vavasor Kendal, her divorce, and Mr. Allanby's death are
+told in a few pages--the guilty pair, Vavasor and Amelia, flee to
+Paris, and we are introduced to this faithful picture of Parisian
+vice:--
+
+"The infirmity of Amelia's health served at least to release her from
+those forced efforts of gaiety which had recoiled so heavily on her
+feelings. Her day for vivacity was gone.--In an atmosphere whose
+buoyancy is exhausted, the feather falls as heavily as the plummet.
+
+"But instead of commiserating the languor and feebleness extending
+from the physical to the moral existence of the invalid, Vavasor only
+made her dulness an excuse for flying to the relief of society more
+congenial with his own tendency to vice and folly. Lady Emlyn who
+in London was the leader of a coterie devoted to the excitements of
+high-play,--a coterie that felt privileged to inveigh with horror
+against 'gambling,' because its members ventured their thousands
+on games where cunning tempers the fortuities of chance,--on the
+manoeuvres of ecarte and whist instead of the dare-all risks of
+hazard and rouge-et-noir,--had now removed her card-table from
+Grosvenor-square to a splendid hotel in the Rue Rivoli; where she had
+the honour of assembling, twice a week, a larger proportion of the
+idle and licentious of the exclusive caste, than could be found in any
+other suite of drawing-rooms in civilized Europe. Her _salon_ was in
+fact crowded with busy ranks of those swindlers of distinction who,
+in opposition to their brethren of lower pretensions, (the chevaliers
+d'industrie), ought surely to be termed the chevaliers de la paresse.
+Among these, the brilliant air and lively effrontery of Captain Kendal
+secured him a warm acceptance; and by frequenting the circle of Lady
+Emlyn, he had not only the gratification of escaping from the insipid
+mediocrity of the home his vices had created, but acquired the power
+of indulging in others which were now still dearer to his heart.
+
+"Vavasor Kendal was an expert player. Like other frigid egotists, his
+head and heart were always at leisure; and his successes had been
+the means, on more than one occasion, of extending his means of
+disgraceful enjoyment. At least, however, his career lay on the
+verge of a precipice; for playing at a stake beyond the limit of his
+fortune, a single faltering step might at any hour precipitate him
+into an abyss of shame and ruin. Amelia was often tempted to doubt
+whether she had more cause to dread that intoxication of triumph,
+which induced him to still further excesses, or the reverses tending
+to aggravate the violence of temper to which she was an habitual
+victim. The fluctuating fortunes of the gamester,--his losses or
+gains,--were equally a source of suffering to herself. But the
+Carnival was drawing to a close; she soon began ardently to wish that
+his sister might grow weary of the increasing dulness of the French
+capital, and migrate among other swallows of the season, in search of
+new pleasures.
+
+"Long had she been in expectation of an announcement to this effect,
+when one night,--a cold cheerless night in March,--Vavasor exceeded
+even his ordinary period of absence. The habitually dissolute of Paris
+rarely keep late hours. Vice does not form with _them_, as with the
+English _roue_, an occasional excess, but is consistent and regular
+in its habits. Captain Kendal usually returned home between two and
+three; and Amelia was accustomed to sit up, and by her own services
+lighten the labours of their scanty establishment. It was _she_, the
+invalid, who was careful to keep up light and fire for the tyrant of
+the domestic hearth.
+
+"But on this occasion two o'clock came,--three, four, five
+o'clock,--and no Vavasor. Hour after hour she listened to the chime of
+the gaudy timepiece decorating their shabby apartment; and while the
+night advanced, in all its chilly, lonely, comfortless protraction,
+shivered as she added new logs to the dying embers, and as she hoped
+or despaired of his return, alternately replaced the veilleuse by
+candles, the candles by a veilleuse. She had already assumed her
+night-apparel; and alter wandering like an unquiet spirit from her own
+apartment to the sitting-room and back again, a thousand, thousand
+times,--after reclining her exhausted frame and throbbing head against
+the door of the ante-room, in the trust of catching the sound of his
+well-known step upon the stairs, she threw herself down on the
+sofa for a moment's respite. But in a few minutes she started up
+again.--Surely that was _his_ voice, which reached her from some
+passenger in the street below, some passenger humming an air from the
+new Opera, according to Vavasor's custom, when returning flushed with
+the excitement of success? Again and hurriedly did she prepare for his
+reception,--again place his chair by the fire, his slippers beside
+it; and stand with a beating heart and suspended breath, to await the
+entrance of the truant. But, no! it was _not_ him. The wanderer had
+hastened onwards to some happier home. The street was quiet again. She
+would take a book and strive to beguile the tediousness of suspense.
+
+"Dreary indeed is that hour of the twenty-four which may be said to
+afford the true division between night and day; when even the latest
+watcher has retired to rest, while the earliest artisans scarcely
+yet rouse themselves for the renewal of their struggle with
+existence;--when even the studious, the sorrowing, and the dissipated,
+close their over-wearied eyes;--and when those who 'do lack, and
+suffer hunger,' enjoy that Heaven-vouchsafed stupor affording the only
+interim to their consciousness of want and woe. The winds whistle more
+shrilly in the stillness of that lonely hour. Man and beast are in
+their lair, and unearthly things alone seem stirring;--the good genius
+glides with a holy and hallowing influence through the tranquil
+dwelling of virtue; the demon grins and gibbers in the deserted but
+reeking chambers of the vicious. Even sorrow has phantoms of its own;
+and when Amelia found herself a lonely watcher in the stillness of
+night, the kind voice of old Allanby,--the voice that was wont of yore
+to bid her speak her bosom's wish that it might be granted,--often
+seemed creeping into the inmost cell of her ear. She could fancy him
+close beside her,--taunting her,--touching her,--till, starting from
+her seat, she strove to shake off the hideous delusion. Sometimes
+the soft cordial tones of her mother,--her mother, who was in the
+grave,--seemed again dispensing those lessons of virtue of which
+her own life had afforded so pure an example: sometimes the playful
+caresses of her boys seemed to grow warm upon her lips--around her
+neck. Yes! she could hear them, see them:--little Charles, who, in
+his very babyhood, had been accustomed to uplift his tiny arm in
+championship of his own dear mother;--Digby, the soft, tender,
+loving infant, whose every look was a smile, whose every action an
+endearment!--And now they appeared to pass before her as strangers;
+changed--matured--enlightened;--without one word of fondness--one
+gesture of recognition!
+
+"From such meditations, how horrible to start up amid the dreariness
+of night, nor find a human heart unto which to appeal for comfort,--a
+human voice from which to claim reply in annihilation of the spell
+that transfixed her mind. The cold cheerless room, the flickering
+light, the desolation that was around her, struck more heavily than
+ever on her heart. 'Oh! that this were an omen!' she cried, with
+clasping hands, as she listened to the howling of the wind upon the
+lofty staircase leading to their remote apartments. Drawing closer
+over her bosom the wrapper by which she attempted to exclude the
+piercing night-air, Amelia smiled at the thought of the chilliness of
+the grave,--of the grave, where the heart beats not, and the fixed
+glassy eye is incapable of tears.
+
+"'I shall lie among the multitudes of a strange country,' faltered
+she; 'there will be no one to point out with officious finger to my
+sons, the dishonoured resting-place of their mother,--their _divorced_
+mother! Vavasor will be freed from his bondage--free to choose anew,
+and commence H more auspicious career. But for me he might have been a
+different being. It is _I_ who have hardened his heart and seared his
+mind. And oh! may Heaven in its mercy touch them,--that he may deal
+gently with me during the last short remnant of our union!'
+
+"A harsh sound interrupted her contemplations;--the grating of his key
+in the outer door,--of his step in the ante-room. Mechanically she
+rose, and advanced to meet the truant who had kept her watching,--who
+had so _often_ kept her watching,--so often been forgiven. A momentary
+glimpse of his countenance convinced her that he was in no mood even
+to wish for indulgence. His brow was black--his eyes red and glaring.
+After a terrified pause, she tendered him her assistance to unclasp
+his cloak; but with a deadly execration he rejected the offer.
+
+"'Are the servants up?' said he sullenly.
+
+"'Not yet.'
+
+"'So much the better! I must be off before they are on the move.'
+
+"'Off? Vavasor!--for the love of Heaven--'
+
+"'Be still! Do not harass me with your nonsense. I was a fool to come
+here at all; only it may be necessary for you to know explicitly to
+what you may trust for the future.'
+
+"Amelia sank stupefied into a chair.
+
+"'In one word, I am a ruined man. To-night's losses have made me
+as hopeless as I ought to have been long ago. I have lost--but no
+matter!--I know I played like a fool. What is to be expected from
+a miserable dog like me, who has thrown away his prospects, and
+is harassed with all sorts of cares and annoyances?--No
+matter!--To-morrow the thing will be blown; and before my creditors
+get wind of the business I shall be half way to Brussels.'
+
+"'To Brussels?' faltered Amelia.
+
+"'Of course it is out of the question hampering myself with companions
+of any kind at such a moment. Besides, my sister has only afforded me
+the means of getting out of the scrape, on condition that _you_ return
+to England to your family. I have no longer the power of maintaining
+you; but if you are inclined to co-operate in the only plan that can
+save us both from starving, Sophia will secure you an allowance of
+fifty or sixty pounds a year.'
+
+"Amelia was silent.
+
+"If not, you must take your chance; for I can do nothing further for
+you. For Heaven's sake don't treat me with a scene; for I have only a
+few minutes to pack up my property! The fiacre is waiting; there
+is not a moment to lose. Well, Amelia! what do you say?--I want an
+answer. Do you, or do you not choose to go to England?'
+
+"Amelia made an affirmative movement;--she could not utter a
+syllable. And Vavasor instantly passed into his own room to make his
+preparations for immediate flight.--She never knew in what manner
+he took his last leave of her. When the servants proceeded to their
+occupations on the following morning, they found her insensible on the
+ground; but when restored to consciousness, the continued absence of
+her husband and a note of five hundred franks which he had deposited
+in her work-box for the purpose of enabling her to quit Paris, served
+to prove that the dreadful impression on her mind was not a mere
+delusion of the night. Alas! she was soon compelled to admit that she
+had looked upon him for the last time."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE CABINET ANNUAL REGISTER FOR 1831
+
+
+Is a well-arranged digest of the history of the past year, in a more
+concise and compact form than such matters are chronicled in that
+woolly work--the Annual Register. The Parliamentary Summary is brief
+but satisfactory, and the Occurrences are copious enough for the most
+gossipping reader. The volume has been produced in truly good style,
+is, in all respects, cheap, and deserves encouragement.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ORIGIN OF THE HOUSE OF RUSSEL.
+
+
+"The Russel family (say Britton and Brayley,) may date the era of
+their greatness to a violent storm, which happened about the year
+1500, on the coast of Dorset; a county which appears to have been the
+birthplace of their ancestors, one of whom was Constable of Corfe
+Castle, in the year 1221. Philip, Archduke of Austria, son of the
+Emperor Maximilian, being on a voyage to Spain, was obliged by the
+fury of a sudden tempest, to take refuge in the harbour of Weymouth.
+He was received on shore, and accommodated by Sir Thomas Trenchard,
+who invited his relation, _Mr. John Russel_, to wait upon the
+Archduke. Philip was so much pleased with the polite manners and
+cultivated talents of Mr. Russel, who was conversant with both the
+French and German languages, that on arriving at court, he recommended
+him to the notice of Henry VII., who immediately sent for him to his
+palace, where he remained in great favour till the king's death. In
+the estimation of Henry VIII. he rose still higher; by that monarch he
+was made Lord Warden of the Stannaries, Lord Admiral of England and
+Ireland, Knight of the Garter, and Lord Privy Seal, and on the 9th of
+March, 1538, created Baron Russel, of Cheneys, in the county of Bucks,
+which estate he afterwards acquired by marriage. At the Coronation
+of Edward VI. he officiated as Lord High Steward, and two years
+afterwards, in the year 1549, was created Earl of Bedford. He died in
+1554, and was buried at Cheneys, where many of his descendants have
+also been interred," &c. &c.
+
+"Henry VII. (says Pennant,) often resided at Baynard Castle, and from
+hence made several of his solemn processions. Here, in 1505, he lodged
+Philip of Austria,[7] the matrimonial King of Castille, tempest-driven
+into his dominions, and showed him the pomp and glory of his capital."
+
+P.T.W.
+
+    [7] There is an old (full-length) engraving of this personage, and
+    I am in the possession of one.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+COVENTRY CHARITY.
+
+
+_(FOR THE MIRROR.)_
+
+
+Bablake Hospital, in the city of Coventry, was originally founded
+in 1506, by Thomas Bond, Mayor. Part of this hospital furnishes a
+residence for a number of boys, who are educated and clothed in blue,
+through the _justice_ and benevolence of Thomas Wheatley, Mayor, in
+1556, whose servant, sent to Spain by him to purchase some barrels of
+steel gads, brought home through an unaccountable mistake, a number of
+casks filled with ingots of silver and cochineal, which were offered
+for sale in an open fair, as the articles alluded to, and bought as
+such. This worthy ironmonger and card-maker made every possible effort
+to discover the person who sold them, but without success. He then
+honourably converted the profits to this charity, to which he added
+part of his own property. P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CURIOUS PARLIAMENT.
+
+
+_(FOR THE MIRROR.)_
+
+
+Acton Burnel, is a village in Shropshire, about three miles from Great
+Wenlock, where a Parliament was held in the reign of Edward I., 1284.
+Many of the Welsh nobles who had taken up arms were pardoned by this
+Parliament, and the famous act, entitled _Statutum de Mercatoribus_,
+was passed here, by which debtors in London, York, and Bristol, were
+obliged to appear before the different Mayors, and agree upon a
+certain day of payment, otherwise an execution was issued against
+their goods. The Lords sat in the castle, and the Commons in a large
+barn, the remains of which are still to be seen. P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FOUR LEARNED SISTERS.
+
+
+_(FOR THE MIRROR.)_
+
+
+Sir Anthony Cooke, who was preceptor to King Edward VI., and great
+grandson to Sir Thomas Cooke, Lord Mayor of London, in the year 1462,
+was particularly fortunate in his four daughters, who were all eminent
+for their great literary attainments.
+
+Mildred, the eldest, married William Cecil, Lord Burleigh. She was
+learned in the Greek tongue, and wrote a letter in that language to
+the University of Cambridge.
+
+Anne, the second, was the second wife of Sir Nicholas Bacon, Lord
+Keeper, and mother of the great Lord St. Alban's. She was greatly
+skilled in Greek, Latin, and Italian, and had the honour of being
+appointed governess to King Edward VI.
+
+Elizabeth, the third, was first the wife of Sir Thomas Hobby,
+ambassador to France, and afterwards, of John, Lord Russel, son and
+heir of Francis Russel, Earl of Bedford. Such was her progress in the
+learned languages, that she gained the applause of the most eminent
+scholars of the age, and for the tombs of both her husbands, she wrote
+epitaphs in Greek, Latin, and English.
+
+Catherine, the fourth, who was the wife of Sir Henry Killegrew, was
+famous for her knowledge in the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin tongues, and
+her skill in poetry. She was buried in the chancel of the church of
+St. Thomas Apostle, in Vintry Ward, London, where there is an elegant
+monument erected to her memory, with an inscription composed by
+herself. Sir Anthony Cooke lived at Gidea Hall, near Romford, in
+Essex, and had the honour of entertaining Queen Elizabeth here, in the
+year 1568. Mary de Medicis, mother of Queen Henrietta Maria, was also
+entertained in this mansion, the night before her arrival in London.
+
+P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PARISH REGISTERS OF ST. BRIDE'S.
+
+
+At the great fire of London, nearly all the churches and records were
+consumed, wherefore scarcely any registers are to be found in the city
+of an earlier date than the above period. In searching the muniments
+preserved in St. Bride's Church, Fleet-street, for a history of that
+parish, Mr. Elmes, the architect, discovered a few days since, that,
+although the church was destroyed, the records were left uninjured. He
+has accordingly brought to light a series of vestry books from 1653,
+embracing regular accounts and entries of the calamitous fire, and the
+proceedings of the parish authorities during that eventful period,
+till the re-opening of the church for public worship; together with
+register books of baptisms, burials, &c. from 1587, nearly eighty
+years before the fire, continued without interruption to the present
+day. One of them is a complete record of every meeting of the
+Committee for rebuilding the present splendid church, from its
+commencement to its completion, containing many curious items relative
+to contracts with the workmen, their prices, &c.; meetings with Sir
+Christopher Wren, Mr. Hooke, and other eminent persons, and the
+arrangement entered into for accommodating the parishioners with
+pews and seats after the completion of the church. There are also
+adjudications of property, settlements of boundaries, and many other
+interesting documents of that eventful period.
+
+From the _Globe_ journal.--(Mr. Elmes will be recollected as the author
+of a valuable Life of Sir Christopher Wren, published a few years since
+in quarto, and of several practical works on architecture. We are happy
+to learn that a kindred enthusiasm to that shown in this great
+biographical labour, has led him to undertake the history of one of the
+proudest monuments of Wren's genius--the church of St. Bride. Mr. Elmes
+may therefore be considered peculiarly fortunate in his discovery of
+these relics, and his work will be looked for with additional
+curiosity.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Oriental Apologue_.--A blind man having contracted a violent passion
+for a certain female, married her, contrary to the advice of all his
+friends, who told him that she was exceedingly ugly. A celebrated
+physician at length undertook to restore him to sight. The blind man,
+however, refused his assistance. "If I should recover my sight," said
+he, "I should be deprived of the love I have for my wife, which alone
+renders me happy." "Man of God," replied the physician, "tell me
+which is of most consequence to a rational being, the attainment of
+happiness or the attainment of truth?" S.H.
+
+_Honour_.--William the Third having insisted on Lord H----n's giving
+him his _honour_ not to fight a man who had given him a box on the
+ear, his lordship was obliged seemingly to comply; but as soon us he
+was out of the king's presence he fought the man. The king was, at
+first, highly incensed at his breaking his word with him, and asked
+him how he came to do so, when he had just given him his honour.
+"Sire," replied his lordship, "you were in the wrong to take such a
+pledge, for at the time I gave it you, I had no honour to give." S.H.
+
+_Doll's Eyes_.--Insignificant as may appear this petty article of
+commerce, it is well known to keep in employ several thousand hands,
+and goes to show the vast importance of trifles to a country of
+decided commercialists. Mr. Osler, an intelligent manufacturer of
+Birmingham, gave the following statement before the Committee of the
+House of Commons, in 1824. "Eighteen years ago, on my first journey
+to London, a respectable looking man in the city asked me if I could
+supply him with doll's eyes, and I was foolish enough to feel half
+offended; I thought it derogatory to my new dignity as a manufacturer,
+to make doll's eyes. He took me into a room quite as wide, and twice
+the length of this, (one of the large rooms for Committees in the
+House of Commons,) and we had just room to walk between the stacks,
+from the floor to the ceiling, of parts of dolls. He said these are
+only the legs and arms, the trunks are below, but I saw enough to
+convince me that he wanted a great many eyes; and as the article
+appeared quite in my own line of business, I said I would take an
+order by way of experiment, and he showed me several specimens. I
+copied the order, and on returning to the Tavistock Hotel I found it
+amounted to upwards of five hundred pounds.'" SWAINE.
+
+_Eggs_.--The duty paid on eggs imported at Ramsgate within the last
+three months, exceeds the sum of 2,000l.--_(Morning Herald.)_ The
+rate of duty is, as stated in our last, 10d. on every 120 eggs.
+
+_The Druids and the Mistletoe_--Pliny, in his _Natural History_, tells
+us, "The Druids held nothing so sacred as the mistletoe of the oak,
+as this is very scarce and rarely to be found, when any of it is
+discovered, they go with great pomp and ceremony on a certain day to
+gather it. When they have got everything in readiness under the oak,
+both for the sacrifice and the banquet, which they make on this great
+festival, they begin by tying two white bulls to it by the horns, then
+one of the Druids, clothed in white, mounts the tree, and with a knife
+of gold, cuts the mistletoe, which is received in a white sagum; this
+done, they proceed to their sacrifices and feastings." This festival
+is said to have been kept as near as the age of the moon permitted
+to the 10th of March, which was their New Year's Day. The common
+mistletoe was the golden bough of Virgil, and was Aenea's passport to
+the infernal regions. P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SPIRIT OF NEW BOOKS.
+
+
+With the Next Number, A SUPPLEMENT of UNIQUE EXTRACTS from NEW BOOKS
+of the last Six Weeks: with TWO ENGRAVINGS Illustrating Washington
+Irving's NEW SKETCH BOOK.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 620, New Market, Leipsic;
+G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen
+and Booksellers._
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE ***
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+***** This file should be named 11743.txt or 11743.zip *****
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