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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction + No. 548 - 26 May 1832 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: March 28, 2004 [EBook #11743] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Bill Walker and PG Distributed Proofreaders + + + + + +</pre> + + <hr class="full" /> + + <h1>THE MIRROR<br /> + OF<br /> + LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1> + <hr class="full" /> + + <table width="100%" + summary="Volume, Number, and Date"> + <tr> + <td align="left"><b>Vol. 19. No. 548.]</b></td> + + <td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, MAY 26, 1832.</b></td> + + <td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td> + </tr> + </table> + <hr class="full" /> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:100%;"> + <a href="images/548-1.png"><img width="100%" + src="images/548-1.png" + alt="" /></a> + + <h3>STAINES NEW BRIDGE.</h3> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page321" + id="page321"></a>[pg 321]</span> This handsome structure has + lately been completed, and was opened on Easter Monday last, + April 24, by their Majesties and the Court passing over with + suitable ceremony. This was a gala day for Staines and its + vicinity; for, independently of the enthusiasm awakened by + the visit of the popular Sovereign, the completion of so + useful and ornamental a fabric must have been an occasion of + no ordinary interest to every inhabitant of the + district.<br /> + <br /> + + + <p>The <i>programme</i>, as the French would say, of the day's + <i>fête</i> has been so recently given in the "chronicles + of the times," that we need not repeat it. A few descriptive + particulars of the Bridge, from <i>The Times</i> Journal, may + be found to possess a more permanent value:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"It consists of three very flat segmental arches of + granite. The middle arch of 74 feet span, and the two side + arches of 66 feet each; besides two side arches of 10 feet + each for the towing-paths, and six brick arches of 20 feet + span each, two on the Surrey side, and four on the + Middlesex side, to allow the floods to pass off. The whole + is surmounted by a plain, bold cornice, and block parapet + of granite, with pedestal for the lamps, and a neat + toll-house. The approaches to the Bridge on either side + form gentle curves of easy ascent. The cost of the Bridge + and approaches has been about 41,000l. The appearance of + the whole is very light and elegant. This is owing chiefly + to the slight dimensions of the piers, which are smaller in + proportion to the span of the arches they support than + those of any other bridge in England; but this slight + appearance does not, we understand, detract in any degree + from their strength, or from the durability of the + superincumbent structure."</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>From the same authority we gather this circumstantial + account of the Bridges erected at Staines from the year + 1262:</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"The first erection mentioned in the archives of + Staines, was a wooden bridge, said to have been erected in + the year 1262; it was constructed of piles of oak driven + into the bed of the river and covered with planks. We hear + of no new erection from that period down to the year 1794; + but from that year to the present, there have been not less + than four new bridges in succession, and + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page322" + id="page322"></a>[pg 322]</span> on nearly the same + site. In the year 1794 and 1795, a new bridge, of three + semicircular arches of stone, from the design of the + celebrated Paul Sandby, was erected, but, from some + defect in its construction, it lasted only five years, + when it was replaced by a very elegant bridge of one + arch, of 180 feet span, of cast iron, from the design of + Mr. Thomas Wilson, the architect of the celebrated + bridge over the river Weir, at Sunderland. The design + was attributed to the noted author of the <i>Rights of + Man</i>; but the arch designed by him was cast in the + year 1790, by Messrs. Walkers, at Rotherham, whence it + was brought to London, and erected at the bowling-green + of the Yorkshire Stingo public-house, where it was + exhibited to the public; Paine not being able to defray + the expense, the arch was taken down and carried back to + Rotherham; part of it was afterwards used in the + Sunderland bridge, and part, it is supposed, in the + Staines bridge. This last, like its immediate + predecessor, was not destined to last long, for it had + scarcely been opened one month, when it was found + necessary to close it to the public, the arch having + sunk in a very alarming degree. His late Majesty King + George the Third was said to have been among the last to + pass over it. In this emergency the late Mr. Rennie was + consulted, who pronounced the bridge altogether + dangerous, in consequence of the weakness of the + abutments. No alternative remained but to remove the + iron bridge entirely, and patch up the old wooden bridge + until a new one of wood was built. That bridge, which is + the present old bridge, continued to stand, with various + repairs and alterations, until the year 1828, when, in + consequence of the decay of the piles, and the continual + heavy expenses required to uphold it, the Commissioners + determined to build a new one of more durable materials. + Messrs. Rennie were therefore applied to for designs, + and a bill was brought into Parliament to authorize the + Commissioners to raise funds. The works were commenced + in the spring of 1829, and on the 14th of September + following the first stone was laid by their Royal + Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Clarence (their + present Majesties). Since then, the works have been + carried on to their present completion under the + direction of Mr. G. Rennie and Mr. Brown, the + superintendents, and Messrs. Jolliffe and Banks, the + contractors."</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>The Engraving is from a Sketch by our obliging Windsor + Correspondent: it was taken from the old bridge, whence the + spectator enjoys a delightful view of Windsor Castle, through + the centre arch of the new fabric.</p> + + <p>By the way, we noticed the project of this new stone bridge, + in connexion with our Engraving of the new church at Staines, + in vol. xii. of <i>The Mirror</i>, August 30, 1828.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h3>THE WRECK.</h3> + + <h4><i>(For the Mirror.)</i></h4> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>No mare, no more, o'er the dark blue sea,</p> + + <p class="i2">Will the gallant vessel bound,</p> + + <p>Fearless and proud as the warrior's plume</p> + + <p class="i2">At the trumpet's startling sound;</p> + + <p>No more will her banner assert its claim</p> + + <p class="i2">To empire on the foam,</p> + + <p>And the sailors cheer as the thunder rolls</p> + + <p class="i2">From the guns of their wave-girt + home!</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Her white sails gleam'd like the sunny dawn</p> + + <p class="i2">On the brow of the sapphire sky,</p> + + <p>And her thunder echoed along the cliffs,</p> + + <p class="i2">Awaking the seamew's cry;</p> + + <p>Oh! it was glorious to see her glide</p> + + <p class="i2">Triumphantly over the sea,</p> + + <p>With her blue flag fluttering in the wind,</p> + + <p class="i2">The symbol of victory.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>But she lies forlorn in the breakers now,</p> + + <p class="i2">Her stately masts are gone,</p> + + <p>And cold are the hearts of the dauntless crew</p> + + <p class="i2">That yielded their swords to none;</p> + + <p>The gun is hush'd in her lofty sides,</p> + + <p class="i2">And the flute on her silent deck;</p> + + <p>Alas! that a queenly form like hers</p> + + <p class="i2">Should ever have been a wreck!</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thus Hope's illusions droop away</p> + + <p class="i2">From the heart which their beauty + won,</p> + + <p>And leave it forlorn as the gallant ship,</p> + + <p class="i2">Ere its summer of life is begun.</p> + + <p>It is peopled with lovely images,</p> + + <p class="i2">As o'er the sea it glides,</p> + + <p>But wreck'd is its deep idolatry</p> + + <p class="i2">On the dark and stormy tides.</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Deal.</i></p> + </div> + + <p>G.R.C.</p> + </div> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h3>THE ARBALEST OF ROBIN HOOD.</h3> + + <h4><i>(To the Editor.)</i></h4> + + <p>In No. 538, of <i>The Mirror</i>, is described an elegant + Cross-bow, and a desire expressed for information where such + things are <i>now</i> to be seen. I have lived many years in + Yorkshire, and have seen several kinds of these bows at + <i>Kirklees Hall</i>, the seat of Sir George Armitage, a few + miles from Huddersfield. Amongst those bows I saw one, at least + six feet long; but some of them were not more than two or three + feet in length. There were also a variety of weapons of war, + with helmets, and some curious boots, which buttoned on the leg + from top to the bottom, and had wooden soles. They were then + kept in an attic on the top of the leads over the hall. Many + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page323" + id="page323"></a>[pg 323]</span> of these relics are said to + have belonged to the famous "Robin Hood," who lies buried in + the park; the remains of the ancient grave-stone having been + surrounded with a handsome iron railing, by the late Sir + George Armitage; in the wall is an old inscription on brass; + it is situated in a very gloomy place. Not far distant from + his grave are the remains of a Nunnery, and a burial-ground, + with tombs in it; but I could find no date, either in the + house or on these tombs. One of the tombs has this + inscription round its edge:</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"Sweet Jesus of Nazareth, show mercy to Elizabeth + Stainton, late Prioress of this place."</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>If an intelligent person were to call at the Hall, he would + be able to gather much information of an authentic nature + respecting Robin Hood.<a id="footnotetag1" + name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a></p> + + <h4>JOHN BATEMAN.</h4> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>SONGS, <i>Found in the Album of a Delia Cruscan + Poet.</i></h2> + + <h4><i>(For the Mirror.)</i></h4> + + <h3>THE HUMMING-BIRD.</h3> + + <h4>By T. MOORE, ESQ.</h4> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thou winged gem, whose starlike splendour</p> + + <p class="i2">Gleams on the bosom of the rose,</p> + + <p>I lore thy light when skies are tender,</p> + + <p class="i2">And winds are wandering to repose.</p> + + <p>The Grecian lute, the Moorish song,</p> + + <p class="i2">And Crockford's home, with all that's in + it,</p> + + <p>May challenge fame from many a throng,</p> + + <p class="i2">But thou, <i>alone</i>, fair bird, canst + win it!</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>I've often watch'd thy plumage glancing</p> + + <p class="i2">So evanescent in thy bower,</p> + + <p>And heard thy silver voice entrancing</p> + + <p class="i2">Soothe me, as music soothes the + flower.</p> + + <p>Although diminutive as me,</p> + + <p class="i2">Thy song is sweeter, who can doubt + it?</p> + + <p>So, as I cannot sing like thee,</p> + + <p class="i2">I'll break my lute, and live without + it.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>G.R.C.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <h3>THE SKYLARK.</h3> + + <h4>By L.E.L.</h4> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thou minstrel of the sunny air,</p> + + <p class="i2">Thy vocal fount is rich with song,</p> + + <p>And fragrant breezes softly bear</p> + + <p class="i2">Its silver melody along.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>I love to hear thy liquid note</p> + + <p class="i2">When bees are humming on the rose,</p> + + <p>And in their sapphire ocean float</p> + + <p class="i2">The stars prophetic of repose.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thou feel'st the sunny influence</p> + + <p class="i2">Like Memnon's fabled lyre of old,</p> + + <p>And wanderest in the beam intense</p> + + <p class="i2">Which turns the liquid air to gold.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>The spirit's bright imaginings</p> + + <p class="i2">Ne'er soar'd to loftier spheres than + thee,</p> + + <p>And if I had, thy fairy wings,</p> + + <p class="i2">Afar from earthly haunts I'd flee.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Insipid are the weekly themes</p> + + <p class="i2">Of ——'s imbecile review,</p> + + <p>Whose page with adulation teems,</p> + + <p class="i2">And makes me "beautifully blue."</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>But cockney praise is ebbing fast,</p> + + <p class="i2">And Sappho's lute has lost its power,</p> + + <p>And surely my career is past</p> + + <p class="i2">Like Summer's brightest, loveliest + flower.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Arcades ambo, Moore and me</p> + + <p class="i2">Are Delia Crusca's sweetest doves,</p> + + <p>And ours too is the poetry</p> + + <p class="i2">Which meditative beauty loves.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sweet bird, farewell! and be it thine</p> + + <p class="i2">To thrill the blue air with thy song;</p> + + <p>But fame will wreathe this brow of mine,</p> + + <p class="i2">If I am right, and <i>Pope</i> is + wrong.</p> + </div> + + <p>G.R.C.</p> + </div> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>DOMESTIC LIFE IN AMERICA.</h2> + + <h4><i>(In a Letter from a Correspondent at + Cincinnati.)</i></h4> + + <p>This town is far superior to our late place of sojourn, + Pittsburgh, being spacious and clean, with handsome houses and + wood for fuel. Pittsburgh, on the contrary, is dirty and + confined, abounding in iron works burning coal, which gives + forth a denser smoke than English coal. The houses in this + place, when we visited it in 1818, were mostly of wood; these + have been in general removed on wheels drawn by oxen and + horses, and placed in the suburbs, whence they are now removing + once more. Here are four markets well supplied with the + necessaries, and even the luxuries, of life, including almost + everything you can think of, and many things which you have + never thought of. Apple butter, for instance, is one of the + latter, and is made by stewing apples in new cider, after it + has been boiled down to one-third of its bulk. It is sold at + 6-1/4 cts. per quart, and is very delicious. The fruits of this + country are abundant: apples are excellent, and in profusion; + peaches are plentiful in most seasons, but sometimes totally + fail; grapes grow wild and <i>tame</i>, i.e. cultivated or + imported; cherries are not very good, and dearer than at + Pittsburgh; pears, strawberries, and raspberries are not so + choice as with you; quinces are plentiful and fine; wild plums + perfume the whole house, like jessamine or mignionette, and are + excellent for pies and tarts. The persimon is a fruit to which + you are a stranger; it may be ranked with the plums, but has + four stones, and is not fit to eat till bitten by the frost, + when its austere and astringent taste disappears, and it + becomes nearly transparent, and as rich and sweet as + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page324" + id="page324"></a>[pg 324]</span> Guava jelly. The May-apple, + or Mandrake, a wild fruit, is a favourite with our young + folks; it grows on a single-steemed plant, usually one foot + high, and is about the size of a plum, but with seeds, and + in taste resembling a highly flavoured pear. The + custard-apple, or paw-paw, is my favourite, and my boys go + with me into the woods to gather them when ripe. In the + summer, water melons, musk melons, nutmeg melons, and + Cantaloupes may be seen in large heaps in the market, or in + carts or wagons, at 6-1/4 to 25 and 50 cts. each, some + weighing 40 lbs.</p> + + <p>Egg-plants, which you have seen as curiosities, are here + brought to market; some of them of purple colour, are as large + as a child's carpet-ball: they are sliced and fried in butter, + and I am told have the flavour of fried oysters. Cucumbers are + unfortunately superabundant, and the free use of them induces a + variety of diseases which are attributed to the climate. + Squashes, cimolins, and cushas, are gourds which are mashed up + with butter like turnips; pumpkins of this country are very + sweet, and make delicious pies, or rather cheesecakes; + cranberries are brought from a distance, and pine-apples are + not very expensive, being brought up the river from + Bermuda.</p> + + <p>Among the natural curiosities of the country, are the Stone + Mountain in Carolina, which may rank in antiquity with + Stonehenge. It is remarkable for a circular wall of stone of + great thickness, probably built by a people distinct from the + present race of Indians, who are quite incapable of erecting + any building except a wigwam, or a pile of loose stones over a + grave. Next is the Kentucky Cavern, or as it is called, on + account of its magnitude, the Mammoth Cave. I have an account + before me of its being explored by a party in 1826, who + penetrated into this gloomy, though spacious, hollow for + <i>fifteen miles</i>, and were prevented from proceeding from + extreme fatigue; they found the names of persons written at the + farthest part. There are numbers of rooms as they are called, + which are yet unexplored. In one of these, a few miles from the + entrance, there was discovered many years since, a female + figure sitting with a mat wrapped round her shoulders; she was + quite dried to a mummy, and has for many years been exhibited + in a caravan, through the United States.</p> + + <p>The river Ohio is here a quarter of a mile wide, and, as + there is no bridge, the traffic into Kentucky is accommodated + with steam ferry boats. Newport and Covington opposite, are + pretty objects to look at from this side, but will not bear a + nearer inspection. <i>Big Bone Lick</i>, where abundance of + Mammoth bones have been discovered, is not far hence. Mr. + Bullock of the London Museum is here, and has at the Lick + discovered many rare specimens of bones, amongst which is a + mammoth's head, with evidence of its having been furnished with + a trunk, and of course having been an elephant of immense size. + He has also found hoofs of horses with their bones in a fossil + state, proving that the horse has been indigenous. The horses + in this town being a mixture from those of South America, where + they are wild—are of various colours. Some are brown and + white, like pointer dogs, others are spotted like Danish dogs, + and some with curled hair. I saw one which was white as far us + the fore-quarter, and the rest sorel.</p> + + <p>An eye-witness has just related to me the following, which + lately occured in New Harmony:</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>A snake about two feet long, was seen to enter the hole + inhabited by a crawfish,<a id="footnotetag2" + name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> + from which he soon retreated, followed by the rightful + tenant, who stopped in defensive attitude at the mouth + of his habitation, raising his claws in defiance. The + snake turned quickly round, and seized the head of the + crawfish, as if to swallow him; but the crawfish soon + put an end to the conflict by clasping the snake's neck + with his claws, and severing the head completely from + his body. This may appear marvellous; but Audubon tells + a story of a rattle-snake chasing and over-taking a + squirrel, which folks in America doubt.</p> + </blockquote> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>Spirit of Discovery.</h2> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>POTTERY.<a id="footnotetag3" + name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a></h3> + + <h4><i>(Continued from page 284.)</i></h4> + + <h4><i>China.</i></h4> + + <p>The name China, by which the ware that I am about to + describe is known in England, shows sufficiently the country + from which we have received it. The term porcelain, which is + applied to it on the continent of Europe, is Italian; + <i>porcellana</i> being in that language the name of those + univalve shells forming the genus <i>cypraea</i> of the + conchologist, which have a high arched back like that of the + hog (<i>porco</i>, Ital.), and are remarkable for the white, + smooth, vitreous glossiness of the surface about the mouth of + the shell, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="page325" + id="page325"></a>[pg 325]</span> sometimes, as in the common + cowry (<i>Cypraea moneta</i>), over the whole surface.</p> + + <p>The introduction of the Chinese porcelain soon excited a + strong desire in the various countries of Europe to imitate it; + but as the establishment of experimental manufactories for this + purpose required the expenditure of considerable sums, and at a + risk beyond the means of private persons, it is chiefly to the + munificence of the sovereigns of Europe that the public are + indebted for the first steps made in this interesting art. In + Germany, chemists and mineralogists were set to work; the + latter to seek for the most appropriate raw materials, and the + former to purify and to combine them in the most advantageous + proportions. The French government adopted the very sensible + plan of instructing some of the Jesuit missionaries, who at + that time had penetrated to the court of China, and into most + of the provinces of that empire, to collect on the spot + specimens of the materials employed by the Chinese themselves, + together with the particulars of the process. The precise + result thus obtained is not known; for as a considerable + rivalry existed between the different royal manufactories of + this ware, the most valuable information would of course be + kept as secret as possible.</p> + + <p>Of the European manufactories of porcelain, that established + at Miessen, near Dresden, by Augustus Elector of Saxony and + King of Poland, in the early part of the 17th century, was the + first that aspired to a competition with the Chinese. In + compactness of texture and infusibility it was reckoned perfect + a hundred years ago. It is not quite so white as some of the + French and English porcelains, but is inferior to none in its + painting, gilding, and other decorations.</p> + + <p>The French royal manufactory at Sevrès, near Paris, + has been for several years in a gradually advancing state, with + regard to the whiteness, compactness, and infusibility of the + body, the elegance of the forms, the brilliancy of the colours, + the elaborateness of the drawing, and the superb enrichments of + the gilding. The private manufactories of porcelain in France + imitate and approach more or less near to the royal + establishment.</p> + + <p>At Berlin and at Vienna are royal porcelain manufactories in + high esteem, as well as in some of the smaller states of + Germany.</p> + + <h4><i>British Porcelain.</i></h4> + + <p>The first manufactories of porcelain in England were those + at Bow, and at Chelsea, near London. In these, however, nothing + but soft porcelain was made. This was a mixture of white clay + and fine white sand from Alum bay, in the Isle of Wight, to + which such a proportion of pounded glass was added as, without + causing the ware to soften so as to lose its form, would give + it when exposed to a full red heat a semi-transparency + resembling that of the fine porcelain of China. The Chelsea + ware, besides bearing a very imperfect similarity in body to + the Chinese, admitted only of a very fusible lead glaze; and in + the taste of its patterns, and in the style of their execution, + stood as low perhaps as any on the list. The china works at + Derby come, I believe, the next in date; then those of + Worcester, established in 1751: and the most modern are those + of Coalport, in Shropshire; of the neighbourhood of Newcastle, + in Staffordshire, and in other parts of that county.</p> + + <p>The porcelain clay used at present in all the English works + is obtained in Cornwall, by pounding and washing over the gray + disintegrated granite which occurs in several parts of that + county: by this means the quartz and mica are got rid of, and + the clay resulting from the decomposition of the felspar is + procured in the form of a white, somewhat gritty powder. This + clay is not fusible by the highest heat of our furnaces, though + the felspar, from the decomposition of which it is derived, + forms a spongy milk-white glass, or enamel, at a low white + heat. But felspar, when decomposed by the percolation of water, + while it forms a constituent of granite, loses the potash, + which is one of its ingredients to the amount of about 15 per + cent, and with it the fusibility that this latter substance + imparts.</p> + + <p>The siliceous ingredient is calcined flint; and in some of + the porcelain works, (particularly, I believe, those at + Worcester,) the soapstone from the Lizard-point, in Cornwall, + is employed. These are all the avowed materials; but there is + little doubt that the alkalies, or alkaline earths, either pure + or in combination, are also used, in order to dispose the other + ingredients to assume that state of semi-fusion characteristic + of porcelain.</p> + + <p>(The principal processes are) the grinding and due mixture + of the ingredients, in order to obtain a mass sufficiently + plastic; the forming this mass on the wheel; the subsequent + drying of the ware; the first firing, by which it is brought to + the state of biscuit; the + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page326" + id="page326"></a>[pg 326]</span> application of the firmer + colours occasionally on the surface of the biscuit; the + dipping the biscuit in the glaze; the second firing, by + which the glaze is vitrified; the pencilling in of the more + tender colours on the surface of the glaze; and the third + and last firing that is given to the porcelain.</p> + + <p>It is not for me to determine which of our English + porcelains is the best; probably, indeed, one will be found + superior in hardness, another in whiteness, a third in the + thinness and evenness of the glaze, a fourth in the form of the + articles, a fifth in the design, and a sixth in the colours. In + hardness and in fusibility, they are probably all inferior to + the Dresden and to the Sevrès porcelain; for pieces in + biscuit and in white glaze, from both these manufactories, are + imported in considerable quantities, in order to be painted and + finished here. But it is equally certain, that the last ten + years have seen the commencement, and, in part, the completion, + of such improvements in this fabric, as will probably place the + English porcelains on an equality with the best of the + continental European ones.</p> + + <p>Advantage has recently been taken of the semi-transparency + of porcelain biscuit to form it into plates, and to delineate + upon it some very beautiful copies of landscapes and other + drawings, by so adapting the various thicknesses of the plate + as to produce, when held between the eye and the light, the + effects of light and shadow in common drawings. The invention + originated in the ingenuity of our French neighbours.</p> + + <h4>(To be continued.)</h4> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>Notes of a Reader</h2> + + <h3>IMPROVEMENT OF LANCASHIRE.</h3> + + <p>The west of England has considerably the advantage over the + eastern side of the island. One way or another nature did much + more for it. It is true, that the eastern side was civilized + much earlier; yet human ingenuity and industry have of late + years been much more successfully employed in turning the gifts + of nature to the best possible account. Ireland and America are + customers, for whom, though they were long in coming, it was + worth while to wait. After all, Lancashire is the most + remarkable and characteristic feature in the comparison. From + being among the most backward parts of England, this county has + <i>worked</i> its way into the front rank. The contrast between + its condition up to the middle of the last century, and the + astonishing spectacle which it exhibits at present, belongs to + the transformation which a hundred years create in a newly + settled country like America, far more than to the gradual + improvements and changes of an old English county.</p> + + <p>It would be curious to analyze the concurrent causes, and + marshal the successive steps, by which Lancashire has + advanced;—not only succeeding in appropriating to itself + a leading interest in the creative inventions of Watt and + Arkwright, but connecting its name in honourable alliance with + literature and science. The very circumstances from which a + contrary presumption would originally have been drawn, have + (singularly enough) principally contributed to its + extraordinary progress. Lancashire owes the canals, by which + the commercial thoroughfare of that end of England has been + turned from the Humber to the Mersey, to the enterprise of a + <i>Peer</i>. It owes the docks, which have about them almost a + Roman presentiment of future greatness, to the spirit of a + <i>Corporation</i>. It owes the taste and accomplishments, by + which the character of its wealth has been raised above the + drudgery and fanaticism of money-getting, almost entirely to + the zeal of a few <i>Dissenters</i>. The name of Governor + Clinton is not so pre-eminently united with the canal policy of + America, as is the name of the Duke of Bridgewater with the + canals of England. He staked his last shilling on the chance of + thus cutting out an inland north-west passage to the Atlantic. + The corporation of Liverpool, by an enlightened application of + their vast resources, have accelerated, consolidated, and + secured the realization, of every expectation and contingency + which fortune threw in their way. They have hastened, not to + say, anticipated, events. There can be as little doubt of the + effect which the light radiating from the assemblage of + Priestley, Wakefield, Aikin, &c. at Warrington; from the + presence of Percival, Henry, Ferriar, and Dalton, at + Manchester; and from that of Roscoe and Currie at Liverpool, + spread over their circle. The literary attainments and + cultivation of the manufacturers and merchants of Lancashire, + as a body, seem otherwise likely long to have lagged behind + their general powers of understanding, and their real station + in society.—<i>Edinburgh Review</i>.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>ENNUI OF FASHION.</h3> + + <p>It must be owned that five years form an awful lapse in + human life:—a lapse whose hours and minutes leave no + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page327" + id="page327"></a>[pg 327]</span> where a trace more sharp + and injurious than on the minds and countenances of + individuals involved in the buzzing, stinging gnatswarms of + fashionable life. Elsewhere, existence marches with a more + dignified step, and the scenes pictured among the records of + our memory assume a grander aspect; they lie in + masses,—their shadows are broader,—their lights + more brilliantly thrown out. But reminiscences of a life of + ton are as vexatious as they are frivolous. The season of + 1829 differs from that of 1830, only inasmuch as its + quadrilles are varied with galoppes as well as waltzes, and + danced at Lady A.'s and Lady B.'s,—instead of the + Duchess of D.'s, and Countess E.'s. The Duchess is + dead,—the Countess ruined;—but no + matter!—there are still plenty of balls to be had. + "Another and another still succeeds!" Since young ladies + <i>will</i> grow up to be presented, lady-mothers and aunts + <i>must</i> continue to project breakfasts, water parties, + and galas, whereby to throw them in the way of flirtation, + courtship, and marriage. Mischief, in her most smiling mask, + sits like the beautiful witch in Thalaba at an everlasting + spinning-wheel, weaving a mingled yarn of sin and sorrow for + the daughters of Fashion. Although the cauldron of Hecate + and her priestesses has vanished from the heath at Forres, + it bubbles in nightly incantations among the elm-trees of + Grosvenor Square; and Hopper and Hellway, Puckle and + Straddling, now croak forth their chorus of rejoicing where + golden lamps swing blazing over the écarté + tables, and the soft strains of the Mazurka enervate the + atmosphere of the gorgeous temples of May Fair. Never yet + was there a woman <i>really</i> improved in attraction by + mingling with the motley throng of the <i>beau monde</i>. + She may learn to dress better, to step more gracefully; her + head may assume a more elegant turn, her conversation become + more polished, her air more distinguished; —but in + point of <i>attraction</i> she acquires nothing. Her + simplicity of mind departs;—her generous, confiding + impulses of character are lost;—she is no longer + inclined to interpret favourably of men and + things,—she listens without believing,—sees + without admiring; has suffered persecution without learning + mercy;—and been taught to mistrust the candour of + others by the forfeiture of her own. The freshness of her + disposition has vanished with the freshness of her + complexion; hard lines are perceptible in her very soul, and + crowsfeet contract her very fancy. No longer pure and fair + as the statue of alabaster, her beauty, like that of some + painted waxen effigy, is tawdry and meretricious. It is not + alone the rouge upon the cheek and the false tresses + adorning the forehead, which repel the ardour of admiration; + it is the artificiality of mind with which such efforts are + connected that breaks the spell of beauty.</p> + + <p><i>From the Fair of May Fair.</i></p> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>BAMBOROUGH CASTLE</h3> + + <p>Is situate on the romantic coast of Northumberland, "over + against" an obscure town of the same name. It stands upon a + basalt rock, of a triangular shape, high, rugged, and abrupt on + the land side; flanked by the German Ocean, and strong natural + rampires of sand, matted together with sea rushes on the east; + and only accessible to an enemy on the south-east, which is + guarded by a deep, dry ditch, and a series of towers in the + wall, on each side of the gateway. Nature has mantled the rock + with lichens of various rich tints: its beetling brow is 150 + feet above the level of the sea, upon a stratum of mouldering + rock, apparently scorched with violent heat, and having beneath + it a close flinty sandstone. Its crown is girt with walls and + towers, which on the land side have been nearly all repaired. + The outer gateway stands between two fine old towers, with + time-worn heads; twelve paces within it is a second gate, which + is machicolated, and has a portcullis; and, within this, on the + left hand, on a lofty point of rock, is a very ancient round + tower of great strength; commanding a pass subject to every + annoyance from the besieged. This fort is believed to be of + Saxon origin. The keep stands on the area of the rock, having + an open space around it. It is square, and of that kind of + building which prevailed from the Conquest till about the time + of our second Henry. It had no chimney; but fires had been made + in the middle of a large room, which was lighted by a window + near its top, three feet square. All the other rooms were + lighted by slit or loop holes, six inches broad. The walls are + of small stones, from a quarry at Sunderland on the sea, three + miles distant: within them is a draw well, discovered in 1770, + in clearing the cellar from sand and rubbish; its depth is 145 + feet, cut through solid rock, of which seventy-five feet are of + whinstone. The remains of a chapel were discovered here, under + a prodigious mass of land, in the year 1773; its architecture + was pure Saxon, and the ancient font being found, was preserved + in the keep. The chapel has been rebuilt on the old + foundations.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page328" + id="page328"></a>[pg 328]</span> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:100%;"> + <a href="images/548-2.png"><img width="100%" + src="images/548-2.png" + alt="" /></a> + + <h3><i>(Bamborough Castle before the general + repairs.)</i></h3> + </div> + + <p>The founder of the Castle is stated by Matthew of + Westminster to have been Ida, King of Northumberland. Sir + Walter Scott sings</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thy tower, proud Bamborough, mark'd they</p> + + <p class="i4">here,</p> + + <p>King Ida's castle, huge and square,</p> + + <p>From its tall rock look grimly down,</p> + + <p>And on the swelling ocean frown.<a id="footnotetag4" + name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a></p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>It was destroyed by the Danes in 993; but about the time of + the Conquest was in good repair. In 1095, it was in the + possession of Robert Mowbray, Earl of Northumberland, when it + was besieged, and, after much difficulty, taken by William II. + The castle lost the greatest part of its beauty in a siege + after the battle of Hexham. Camden tells us "from that time it + has suffered by time and winds, which throw up incredible + quantities of sand from the sea upon its walls, through the + windows which are open." Sir John Forster was governor of it in + Elizabeth's reign; and his grandson John obtained a grant of it + and the manor from James the First. His descendant, Thomas, + forfeited it in 1715; but his maternal uncle, Nathaniel, Lord + Crewe, bishop of Durham, purchased his estates, and bequeathed + them to charitable purposes in 1720. The sunken rocks and + shifting sands of this coast had long been a terror to the + mariners, but under his lordship's will, Dr. Sharp, then + archdeacon of Durham, fitted up the keep of the Castle, for the + reception of suffering seamen, and of property which might be + rescued from the fury of the ocean. Regulations were also + adopted, both to prevent accidents on the coast, and to + alleviate misfortunes when they had occurred. A nine pounder, + placed at the bottom of the great tower, gives signals to ships + in distress, and in case of a wreck, announces the same to the + Custom House officers and their servants, who hasten to prevent + the wreck being plundered. In addition to this, during a storm, + horsemen patrol the coast, and rewards are paid for the + earliest intelligence of vessels in distress. A flag is always + hoisted when any ship is seen in distress on the Fern Islands + or Staples; or a rocket thrown up at night, which gives notice + to the Holy Island fishermen, who can put off to the spot when + no boat from the main can get over the breakers. Life-boats + have likewise been added to the establishment. The vast + increase of the residuary rents of the Castle estates also + enables the trustees to support within its walls two + free-schools, a library, infirmary, thirty beds for shipwrecked + sailors, and a granary, whence poor persons are supplied with + provisions at the first price.<a id="footnotetag5" + name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a> + Altogether, the establishment of Bamborough merits the + epithet of "princely," which it has received from the + historians of the county. Its philanthropic endowment has + not been suffered to decay with the romance of olden time, + but the charitable intentions of the testator are fulfilled, + so as to maintain a lasting record of his active + benevolence. Such magnificence may be said to eclipse all + the glitter and gleam of chivalry, and make them appear but + as idle dreams.</p> + + <p>A boundless view of the ocean presents itself from the + towers of Bamborough Castle, studded with small islands, having + the Coquet Island on the south, and the Holy Island on the + north.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page329" + id="page329"></a>[pg 329]</span> + + <h2>Manners & Customs of all Nations.</h2> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>ORIGIN OF EPSOM RACES.</h3> + + <p>In a pleasant little volume modestly entitled <i>Some + Particulars relating to the History of Epsom</i>, the following + facts are collected with much diligence. At the present season, + they may be acceptable to our readers.</p> + + <p>"When these races first commenced, we have not been able + with certainty to trace. Few writers, who mention the district, + do more than simply state the fact, that horse races are + annually held at Epsom.</p> + + <p>"Whether they were at first periodical or occasional, we + will not presume to determine, though the latter is, we think, + the most probable.</p> + + <p>"Races, it is generally agreed, took their origin from, if + they did not give birth to, the Olympic games. The first + information we have of their existence in this country is in + the reign of Henry II. At that time, and for many ages + afterwards, the sport must have been merely a rude pastime, + perhaps as destitute of the science of the present system, as + of the vices, which are too generally engendered by it.</p> + + <p>"There can be no doubt, that Epsom downs (or as they are + frequently, though erroneously written in old writings, + Banstead downs) early became the spot, upon which the lovers of + racing indulged their fancy. And, perhaps, the known partiality + of King James I., for this species of diversion, will justify + us in ascribing their commencement to the period when he + resided at the palace of Nonsuch.</p> + + <p>"The following extract from Clarendon's History of the + Rebellion, will shew, that during the troubles of his + unfortunate successor, Charles I., races upon Epsom downs, were + viewed as no uncommon occurrence.—'Soon after the + meeting, which was held at Guildford, 18th May, 1648, to + address the two Houses of Parliament, that the King, their only + lawful sovereign, might be restored to his due honors, and + might come to his parliament for a personal treaty, + &c.—a meeting of the royalists was held on Banstead + (Epsom) downs, under the pretence of a horse race, and six + hundred horses were collected and marched to Reigate.'</p> + + <p>"King James had imbibed a predilection for horse races, + before he ascended the English throne; they were in high + estimation in Scotland during his minority, previously to + which, the English parliament seem to have turned their + attention to the subject.</p> + + <p>"We find, that in the time of Henry VII. and his successors, + Henry VIII. and Elizabeth, several acts of parliament were made + to prevent the exportation of horses to Scotland, and other + parts.</p> + + <p>"There is an entry in the Lord's Journal, June 15th, + 1540—'At length, the bill is read this day, for + encouraging the breed of horses, of a larger stature, and + despatched with unanimous consent, and without a dissenting + voice.'</p> + + <p>"The great men of Elizabeth's reign, appear to have been + fully disposed to profit by the example and injunctions of her + father. Italian masters were invited over; the art of managing + horses became an universal accomplishment, among the nobility + and gentry of England; but most of the professors, both of + equitation and farriery, were foreigners.</p> + + <p>"Horses were not yet kept exclusively for the purpose of + running races, but gentlemen matched their hunters or hacknies, + and usually rode the race themselves.</p> + + <p>"The most fashionable trial, however, of the speed and + goodness of their horses, was hunting red herrings, or 'the + train scent,' as it was then called, from the body of some + animal, which had been previously drawn across hedge and ditch. + Here the scent was certain and strong, and the hounds would run + upon it to the end, with their utmost speed. The matched horses + followed these hounds, and to be in with them, was generally + accounted a very satisfactory proof of goodness.</p> + + <p>"Markham, and that celebrated riding master, Michael Baret, + describe, also, another mode of running matches across the + country in those days denominated the wild goose chase; an + imitation of which has continued in occasional use, to the + present time, under the name of steeple hunting; that is to + say, two horsemen, drunk or sober, in or out of their wits, fix + upon a steeple or some other conspicuous distant object, to + which they make a straight cut over hedge, ditch, and gate. We + think our readers will do any thing but smile, at this rational + pastime for reasonable creatures.</p> + + <p>"The wild goose chase, however, at last became more regular + and better conducted. It was prescribed, that after the horse + had run twelve score yards, he was to be followed wherever he + went by the others, within a certain distance agreed upon, as + twice or thrice his length. A horse being left behind + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page330" + id="page330"></a>[pg 330]</span> twelve score, or any + limited number of yards, was deemed beaten, and lost the + match.</p> + + <p>"These rude and barbarous modes of horse-racing gave way, in + the reign of James I., to the more scientific, accurate, and + satisfactory trials, of the horses carrying stated weights, + over measured and even ground.</p> + + <p>"That monarch, as has before been intimated, brought with + him from Scotland, a strong predilection for the turf, which + must have prevailed to a considerable degree in that country, + for we find, that during his reign there, and before his + accession to the crown of England, it was deemed necessary to + restrain, by an express law, the passion of the Scots for + horse-racing, and laying large bets on the events.</p> + + <p>"The reign of James I. may be fairly stated, as the period + when horse-racing first became a general and national + amusement. The races appear to have been at that time conducted + nearly in the same style, as to essentials, as in the present + day.</p> + + <p>"They were then called bell courses, the prize being a + silver bell; the winner was said to bear or carry the bell.</p> + + <p>"Regular prizes were now run for in various parts of + England. The king and his court, frequently attended races at + Croydon and Enfield, in the vicinity of London.</p> + + <p>"The first match, upon record, in this country, was one + against time, which occurred in the year 1604, when John + Lepton,<a id="footnotetag6" + name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a> + a groom, in the service of King James I., undertook to ride + five times between London and York, from Monday morning + until Saturday night, and actually performed the task within + five days.</p> + + <p>"At this period, much attention was paid to the pedigrees of + horses, for the purpose of enhancing their reputation and + worth. The training discipline, in all its variety of regular + food, clothing, physic, airing, and gallops, was in full use; + and the weights that race horses had to carry were adjusted; + the most usual of which were ten stone.</p> + + <p>"We find that, soon after the accession of Charles I., an + ordinance was issued, enjoining the substitution of bits or + curbs, instead of snaffles, which had probably been of late + introduction in the army. Not long afterwards, the king granted + a special licence to William Smith and others, to import into + this kingdom, horses, mares and geldings; further enjoining + them to provide coach horses of the height of fourteen hands + and above, and not less than three, nor exceeding seven years + of age.</p> + + <p>"During the civil wars, amusements of the turf were + partially suspended, but not forgotten; for we find that Mr. + Place, stud-master to Cromwell, was proprietor of the famous + horse, White Turk, (the sire of Wormwood and Commoner) and of + several capital brood mares, one of which, a great favourite, + he concealed in a vault, during the search after Cromwell's + effects, at the time of the Restoration, from which + circumstance, she took the name of the Coffin Mare, and is + designated as such in various pedigrees.</p> + + <p>"King Charles II., soon after his restoration, + re-established the races at Newmarket, which had been + instituted by James I. He divided them into regular meetings, + and substituted, both there and at other places, silver cups or + bowls, of the value of one hundred pounds, for the royal gift + of the ancient bells, which were in consequence generally + dropped, both in name and effect.</p> + + <p>"William III., though not fond of the turf, paid much + attention to the breed of horses for martial service; and in + his reign some of the most celebrated stallions were + imported.</p> + + <p>"George, Prince of Denmark, was a great amateur of + horse-racing. He obtained from his royal consort, Queen Anne, + grants of royal plates for several places, among which Epsom + is, however, not mentioned.</p> + + <p>"King George I. is not handed down to us as a sporting + character; but towards the latter end of his reign, the change + of the royal plates into purses of hundred guineas each took + place.</p> + + <p>"In the 13th year of the reign of King George II., an act, + cap. 19. was passed, 'to restrain and prevent the excessive + increase of horse races.'</p> + + <p>"By this act, after reciting 'that the great number of horse + races for small plates, prizes, or sums of money had + contributed very much to the encouragement of idleness, to the + impoverishment of many of the meaner sort of the subjects of + this kingdom, and to the prejudice of the breed of strong and + useful horses;' it was enacted that no person should, + thenceforth, enter and start more than one horse, mare or + gelding, for one and the same plate, prize, or sum of money. + And that no plate, or prize of a less value than 50<i>l</i>. + should be run for, under the penalty of 200<i>l</i>.</p> + + <p>"It was also by the same act further enacted, that at every + such race, for a plate or prize of the value of 50<i>l</i>. and + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page331" + id="page331"></a>[pg 331]</span> upwards, each horse, if + five years old, should carry ten stone; if six years old, + eleven stone; and if seven years old, twelve stone. And that + the owner of any horse, carrying less than the specified + weight, should forfeit his horse, and pay the penalty of + 200<i>l</i>."</p> + + <h4>(<i>To be concluded in our next</i>.)</h4> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>THE SELECTOR; AND LITERARY NOTICES OF NEW WORKS.</h2> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>THE FAIR OF MAY FAIR.</h3> + + <p>The volumes of sketches of fashionable life with this quaint + title will serve to amuse a few inveterate novel-readers; while + occasional pages may induce others to take up the thread of the + narrative. The flying follies of high life, or rather, we + think, of affected ton, are hit off with truth and vigour, and + there is a pleasantry in the writer's style which is an + acceptable relief to the dulness of common-place details. We + shall endeavour to detach a scene or two, one, as a specimen of + "the art of ingeniously tormenting," and the incipient + waywardness of a newly-married pair.</p> + + <p>"From the first months of his domestication with his wife at + Wellwood Abbey, Sir Henry Wellwood had intended, had + <i>longed</i>, to commence his little system of tender + remonstrance; but the slightest insinuation of a difference of + opinion was sufficient to fan the embers of Henrietta's + distemperature into a conflagration. The blaze was not strong, + indeed; for the lady had always been accustomed to find a fit + of wilfulness, or of affected despondency, more available and + becoming than one of hasty anger. But she was tolerably expert + in those piquant flippancies of speech which harass the enemy + like a straggling fire; and could contrive, when it suited her + purpose, to make herself as disagreeable as if her face had not + been that of a cherub, or her voice seraphic.</p> + + <p>"'A woman,' quoth La Bruyère, 'must be charming + indeed, whose husband does not repent, ten times a day, that he + is a married man.' Sir Henry Wellwood would have scoffed at the + axiom. The 'idol of his soul' was still an idol; although, like + the votaries of old, he had managed to discover that it was not + wholly formed of precious metals; that its feet were of clay! + He still fancied himself the happiest of mortals; particularly + when Henrietta, in her best looks and spirits, was riding by + his side through the Wellwood plantations, listening to the + project of his intended improvements;—or seated in her + boudoir sketching designs and modelling plans for his two new + lodges. Sometimes after dinner she would busy herself with her + guitar, and insist on his attempting a second to her Italian + notturno; sometimes she persuaded him to lend her his arm + towards the village, to assist in executing that easy work of + benevolence, the deplenishment of her silken purse. At such, + moments she was indeed enchanting;—and the fascinated + Wellwood was quite willing to echo the chorus of Mrs. + Delafield's visiters, that he had 'drawn a prize.'</p> + + <p>"But the sands of life are not formed exclusively of diamond + sparks. Flint and granite mingle in the contents of the + hour-glass; and Sir Henry often found himself required to + listen to fractious complaints of old Roddington's innovations, + of Lawford's negligence—of roses that would not blow at + the gardener's bidding,—of London booksellers, who would + not send down the new novels in proper time,—of old women + who refused to be cured of their rheumatism, and young ones who + declined becoming scholars at her platting school. His own + misdemeanours, too, were frequent and unpardonable. He had a + knack of carrying off the very volume she was reading,—of + losing <i>her</i> place, and leaving his own marked by leaving + the unfortunate book sprawling upon its face on the table, like + a drunkard on the ground. He often kept her waiting five + minutes for her ride, or twenty for dinner; would stop and + detain her, in their walks, while he corrected the practical + blunders of some superannuated hedger and ditcher; had a trick + of whipping off the thistle-tops while driving her in the + garden chair, to the imminent indignation of her ponies; was + sometimes seen to nod after dinner, when the morning's run had + been a good one; and had an opinion of his own in politics, + which precisely reversed those of Lady Mandeville and her + coterie.—In a word, he was often very 'tiresome!' and + whenever the fair Henrietta was excited into pronouncing that + sentence on his proceedings, it was a signal for ill-humour for + the remainder of the day; or rather till the spoiled child + would condescend to be coaxed into a more satisfactory mood of + mind."</p> + + <p>But we are more struck with the appalling fidelity of the + following scene in a tale named <i>the Divorcee</i>. The + heroine, Amelia, is married in early life to a Mr. + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page332" + id="page332"></a>[pg 332]</span> Allanby, "a man with + 10,000<i>l</i>. per annum, and a grey pigtail:" the match + turns out a miserable one: Amelia's dishonour by Vavasor + Kendal, her divorce, and Mr. Allanby's death are told in a + few pages—the guilty pair, Vavasor and Amelia, flee to + Paris, and we are introduced to this faithful picture of + Parisian vice:—</p> + + <p>"The infirmity of Amelia's health served at least to release + her from those forced efforts of gaiety which had recoiled so + heavily on her feelings. Her day for vivacity was + gone.—In an atmosphere whose buoyancy is exhausted, the + feather falls as heavily as the plummet.</p> + + <p>"But instead of commiserating the languor and feebleness + extending from the physical to the moral existence of the + invalid, Vavasor only made her dulness an excuse for flying to + the relief of society more congenial with his own tendency to + vice and folly. Lady Emlyn who in London was the leader of a + coterie devoted to the excitements of high-play,—a + coterie that felt privileged to inveigh with horror against + 'gambling,' because its members ventured their thousands on + games where cunning tempers the fortuities of chance,—on + the manoeuvres of écarté and whist instead of the + dare-all risks of hazard and rouge-et-noir,—had now + removed her card-table from Grosvenor-square to a splendid + hotel in the Rue Rivoli; where she had the honour of + assembling, twice a week, a larger proportion of the idle and + licentious of the exclusive caste, than could be found in any + other suite of drawing-rooms in civilized Europe. Her + <i>salon</i> was in fact crowded with busy ranks of those + swindlers of distinction who, in opposition to their brethren + of lower pretensions, (the chevaliers d'industrie), ought + surely to be termed the chevaliers de la paresse. Among these, + the brilliant air and lively effrontery of Captain Kendal + secured him a warm acceptance; and by frequenting the circle of + Lady Emlyn, he had not only the gratification of escaping from + the insipid mediocrity of the home his vices had created, but + acquired the power of indulging in others which were now still + dearer to his heart.</p> + + <p>"Vavasor Kendal was an expert player. Like other frigid + egotists, his head and heart were always at leisure; and his + successes had been the means, on more than one occasion, of + extending his means of disgraceful enjoyment. At least, + however, his career lay on the verge of a precipice; for + playing at a stake beyond the limit of his fortune, a single + faltering step might at any hour precipitate him into an abyss + of shame and ruin. Amelia was often tempted to doubt whether + she had more cause to dread that intoxication of triumph, which + induced him to still further excesses, or the reverses tending + to aggravate the violence of temper to which she was an + habitual victim. The fluctuating fortunes of the + gamester,—his losses or gains,—were equally a + source of suffering to herself. But the Carnival was drawing to + a close; she soon began ardently to wish that his sister might + grow weary of the increasing dulness of the French capital, and + migrate among other swallows of the season, in search of new + pleasures.</p> + + <p>"Long had she been in expectation of an announcement to this + effect, when one night,—a cold cheerless night in + March,—Vavasor exceeded even his ordinary period of + absence. The habitually dissolute of Paris rarely keep late + hours. Vice does not form with <i>them</i>, as with the English + <i>roue</i>, an occasional excess, but is consistent and + regular in its habits. Captain Kendal usually returned home + between two and three; and Amelia was accustomed to sit up, and + by her own services lighten the labours of their scanty + establishment. It was <i>she</i>, the invalid, who was careful + to keep up light and fire for the tyrant of the domestic + hearth.</p> + + <p>"But on this occasion two o'clock came,—three, four, + five o'clock,—and no Vavasor. Hour after hour she + listened to the chime of the gaudy timepiece decorating their + shabby apartment; and while the night advanced, in all its + chilly, lonely, comfortless protraction, shivered as she added + new logs to the dying embers, and as she hoped or despaired of + his return, alternately replaced the veilleuse by candles, the + candles by a veilleuse. She had already assumed her + night-apparel; and alter wandering like an unquiet spirit from + her own apartment to the sitting-room and back again, a + thousand, thousand times,—after reclining her exhausted + frame and throbbing head against the door of the ante-room, in + the trust of catching the sound of his well-known step upon the + stairs, she threw herself down on the sofa for a moment's + respite. But in a few minutes she started up + again.—Surely that was <i>his</i> voice, which reached + her from some passenger in the street below, some passenger + humming an air from the new Opera, according to Vavasor's + custom, when returning flushed with the excitement of success? + Again and hurriedly did she prepare for his + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page333" + id="page333"></a>[pg 333]</span> reception,—again + place his chair by the fire, his slippers beside it; and + stand with a beating heart and suspended breath, to await + the entrance of the truant. But, no! it was <i>not</i> him. + The wanderer had hastened onwards to some happier home. The + street was quiet again. She would take a book and strive to + beguile the tediousness of suspense.</p> + + <p>"Dreary indeed is that hour of the twenty-four which may be + said to afford the true division between night and day; when + even the latest watcher has retired to rest, while the earliest + artisans scarcely yet rouse themselves for the renewal of their + struggle with existence;—when even the studious, the + sorrowing, and the dissipated, close their over-wearied + eyes;—and when those who 'do lack, and suffer hunger,' + enjoy that Heaven-vouchsafed stupor affording the only interim + to their consciousness of want and woe. The winds whistle more + shrilly in the stillness of that lonely hour. Man and beast are + in their lair, and unearthly things alone seem + stirring;—the good genius glides with a holy and + hallowing influence through the tranquil dwelling of virtue; + the demon grins and gibbers in the deserted but reeking + chambers of the vicious. Even sorrow has phantoms of its own; + and when Amelia found herself a lonely watcher in the stillness + of night, the kind voice of old Allanby,—the voice that + was wont of yore to bid her speak her bosom's wish that it + might be granted,—often seemed creeping into the inmost + cell of her ear. She could fancy him close beside + her,—taunting her,—touching her,—till, + starting from her seat, she strove to shake off the hideous + delusion. Sometimes the soft cordial tones of her + mother,—her mother, who was in the grave,—seemed + again dispensing those lessons of virtue of which her own life + had afforded so pure an example: sometimes the playful caresses + of her boys seemed to grow warm upon her lips—around her + neck. Yes! she could hear them, see them:—little Charles, + who, in his very babyhood, had been accustomed to uplift his + tiny arm in championship of his own dear mother;—Digby, + the soft, tender, loving infant, whose every look was a smile, + whose every action an endearment!—And now they appeared + to pass before her as strangers; + changed—matured—enlightened;—without one word + of fondness—one gesture of recognition!</p> + + <p>"From such meditations, how horrible to start up amid the + dreariness of night, nor find a human heart unto which to + appeal for comfort,—a human voice from which to claim + reply in annihilation of the spell that transfixed her mind. + The cold cheerless room, the flickering light, the desolation + that was around her, struck more heavily than ever on her + heart. 'Oh! that this were an omen!' she cried, with clasping + hands, as she listened to the howling of the wind upon the + lofty staircase leading to their remote apartments. Drawing + closer over her bosom the wrapper by which she attempted to + exclude the piercing night-air, Amelia smiled at the thought of + the chilliness of the grave,—of the grave, where the + heart beats not, and the fixed glassy eye is incapable of + tears.</p> + + <p>"'I shall lie among the multitudes of a strange country,' + faltered she; 'there will be no one to point out with officious + finger to my sons, the dishonoured resting-place of their + mother,—their <i>divorced</i> mother! Vavasor will be + freed from his bondage—free to choose anew, and commence + H more auspicious career. But for me he might have been a + different being. It is <i>I</i> who have hardened his heart and + seared his mind. And oh! may Heaven in its mercy touch + them,—that he may deal gently with me during the last + short remnant of our union!'</p> + + <p>"A harsh sound interrupted her contemplations;—the + grating of his key in the outer door,—of his step in the + ante-room. Mechanically she rose, and advanced to meet the + truant who had kept her watching,—who had so <i>often</i> + kept her watching,—so often been forgiven. A momentary + glimpse of his countenance convinced her that he was in no mood + even to wish for indulgence. His brow was black—his eyes + red and glaring. After a terrified pause, she tendered him her + assistance to unclasp his cloak; but with a deadly execration + he rejected the offer.</p> + + <p>"'Are the servants up?' said he sullenly.</p> + + <p>"'Not yet.'</p> + + <p>"'So much the better! I must be off before they are on the + move.'</p> + + <p>"'Off? Vavasor!—for the love of Heaven—'</p> + + <p>"'Be still! Do not harass me with your nonsense. I was a + fool to come here at all; only it may be necessary for you to + know explicitly to what you may trust for the future.'</p> + + <p>"Amelia sank stupefied into a chair.</p> + + <p>"'In one word, I am a ruined man. To-night's losses have + made me as hopeless as I ought to have been long ago. I have + lost—but no matter!—I know I played like a fool. + What is to be expected from a miserable dog like + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page334" + id="page334"></a>[pg 334]</span> me, who has thrown away his + prospects, and is harassed with all sorts of cares and + annoyances?—No matter!—To-morrow the thing will + be blown; and before my creditors get wind of the business I + shall be half way to Brussels.'</p> + + <p>"'To Brussels?' faltered Amelia.</p> + + <p>"'Of course it is out of the question hampering myself with + companions of any kind at such a moment. Besides, my sister has + only afforded me the means of getting out of the scrape, on + condition that <i>you</i> return to England to your family. I + have no longer the power of maintaining you; but if you are + inclined to co-operate in the only plan that can save us both + from starving, Sophia will secure you an allowance of fifty or + sixty pounds a year.'</p> + + <p>"Amelia was silent.</p> + + <p>"If not, you must take your chance; for I can do nothing + further for you. For Heaven's sake don't treat me with a scene; + for I have only a few minutes to pack up my property! The + fiacre is waiting; there is not a moment to lose. Well, Amelia! + what do you say?—I want an answer. Do you, or do you not + choose to go to England?'</p> + + <p>"Amelia made an affirmative movement;—she could not + utter a syllable. And Vavasor instantly passed into his own + room to make his preparations for immediate flight.—She + never knew in what manner he took his last leave of her. When + the servants proceeded to their occupations on the following + morning, they found her insensible on the ground; but when + restored to consciousness, the continued absence of her husband + and a note of five hundred franks which he had deposited in her + work-box for the purpose of enabling her to quit Paris, served + to prove that the dreadful impression on her mind was not a + mere delusion of the night. Alas! she was soon compelled to + admit that she had looked upon him for the last time."</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h3>THE CABINET ANNUAL REGISTER FOR 1831</h3> + + <p>Is a well-arranged digest of the history of the past year, + in a more concise and compact form than such matters are + chronicled in that woolly work—the Annual Register. The + Parliamentary Summary is brief but satisfactory, and the + Occurrences are copious enough for the most gossipping reader. + The volume has been produced in truly good style, is, in all + respects, cheap, and deserves encouragement.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>Retrospective Gleanings.</h2> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>ORIGIN OF THE HOUSE OF RUSSEL.</h3> + + <p>"The Russel family (say Britton and Brayley,) may date the + era of their greatness to a violent storm, which happened about + the year 1500, on the coast of Dorset; a county which appears + to have been the birthplace of their ancestors, one of whom was + Constable of Corfe Castle, in the year 1221. Philip, Archduke + of Austria, son of the Emperor Maximilian, being on a voyage to + Spain, was obliged by the fury of a sudden tempest, to take + refuge in the harbour of Weymouth. He was received on shore, + and accommodated by Sir Thomas Trenchard, who invited his + relation, <i>Mr. John Russel</i>, to wait upon the Archduke. + Philip was so much pleased with the polite manners and + cultivated talents of Mr. Russel, who was conversant with both + the French and German languages, that on arriving at court, he + recommended him to the notice of Henry VII., who immediately + sent for him to his palace, where he remained in great favour + till the king's death. In the estimation of Henry VIII. he rose + still higher; by that monarch he was made Lord Warden of the + Stannaries, Lord Admiral of England and Ireland, Knight of the + Garter, and Lord Privy Seal, and on the 9th of March, 1538, + created Baron Russel, of Cheneys, in the county of Bucks, which + estate he afterwards acquired by marriage. At the Coronation of + Edward VI. he officiated as Lord High Steward, and two years + afterwards, in the year 1549, was created Earl of Bedford. He + died in 1554, and was buried at Cheneys, where many of his + descendants have also been interred," &c. &c.</p> + + <p>"Henry VII. (says Pennant,) often resided at Baynard Castle, + and from hence made several of his solemn processions. Here, in + 1505, he lodged Philip of Austria,<a id="footnotetag7" + name="footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a> + the matrimonial King of Castille, tempest-driven into his + dominions, and showed him the pomp and glory of his + capital." P.T.W.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>COVENTRY CHARITY.</h3> + + <h4><i>(For the Mirror.)</i></h4> + + <p>Bablake Hospital, in the city of Coventry, was originally + founded in 1506, by Thomas Bond, Mayor. Part of this hospital + furnishes a residence for a number of boys, who are educated + and <span class="pagenum"><a name="page335" + id="page335"></a>[pg 335]</span> clothed in blue, through + the <i>justice</i> and benevolence of Thomas Wheatley, + Mayor, in 1556, whose servant, sent to Spain by him to + purchase some barrels of steel gads, brought home through an + unaccountable mistake, a number of casks filled with ingots + of silver and cochineal, which were offered for sale in an + open fair, as the articles alluded to, and bought as such. + This worthy ironmonger and card-maker made every possible + effort to discover the person who sold them, but without + success. He then honourably converted the profits to this + charity, to which he added part of his own property. + P.T.W.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>CURIOUS PARLIAMENT.</h3> + + <h4><i>(For the Mirror.)</i></h4> + + <p>Acton Burnel, is a village in Shropshire, about three miles + from Great Wenlock, where a Parliament was held in the reign of + Edward I., 1284. Many of the Welsh nobles who had taken up arms + were pardoned by this Parliament, and the famous act, entitled + <i>Statutum de Mercatoribus</i>, was passed here, by which + debtors in London, York, and Bristol, were obliged to appear + before the different Mayors, and agree upon a certain day of + payment, otherwise an execution was issued against their goods. + The Lords sat in the castle, and the Commons in a large barn, + the remains of which are still to be seen. P.T.W.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>FOUR LEARNED SISTERS.</h3> + + <h4><i>(For the Mirror.)</i></h4> + + <p>Sir Anthony Cooke, who was preceptor to King Edward VI., and + great grandson to Sir Thomas Cooke, Lord Mayor of London, in + the year 1462, was particularly fortunate in his four + daughters, who were all eminent for their great literary + attainments.</p> + + <p>Mildred, the eldest, married William Cecil, Lord Burleigh. + She was learned in the Greek tongue, and wrote a letter in that + language to the University of Cambridge.</p> + + <p>Anne, the second, was the second wife of Sir Nicholas Bacon, + Lord Keeper, and mother of the great Lord St. Alban's. She was + greatly skilled in Greek, Latin, and Italian, and had the + honour of being appointed governess to King Edward VI.</p> + + <p>Elizabeth, the third, was first the wife of Sir Thomas + Hobby, ambassador to France, and afterwards, of John, Lord + Russel, son and heir of Francis Russel, Earl of Bedford. Such + was her progress in the learned languages, that she gained the + applause of the most eminent scholars of the age, and for the + tombs of both her husbands, she wrote epitaphs in Greek, Latin, + and English.</p> + + <p>Catherine, the fourth, who was the wife of Sir Henry + Killegrew, was famous for her knowledge in the Hebrew, Greek, + and Latin tongues, and her skill in poetry. She was buried in + the chancel of the church of St. Thomas Apostle, in Vintry + Ward, London, where there is an elegant monument erected to her + memory, with an inscription composed by herself. Sir Anthony + Cooke lived at Gidea Hall, near Romford, in Essex, and had the + honour of entertaining Queen Elizabeth here, in the year 1568. + Mary de Medicis, mother of Queen Henrietta Maria, was also + entertained in this mansion, the night before her arrival in + London. P.T.W.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>PARISH REGISTERS OF ST. BRIDE'S.</h3> + + <p>At the great fire of London, nearly all the churches and + records were consumed, wherefore scarcely any registers are to + be found in the city of an earlier date than the above period. + In searching the muniments preserved in St. Bride's Church, + Fleet-street, for a history of that parish, Mr. Elmes, the + architect, discovered a few days since, that, although the + church was destroyed, the records were left uninjured. He has + accordingly brought to light a series of vestry books from + 1653, embracing regular accounts and entries of the calamitous + fire, and the proceedings of the parish authorities during that + eventful period, till the re-opening of the church for public + worship; together with register books of baptisms, burials, + &c. from 1587, nearly eighty years before the fire, + continued without interruption to the present day. One of them + is a complete record of every meeting of the Committee for + rebuilding the present splendid church, from its commencement + to its completion, containing many curious items relative to + contracts with the workmen, their prices, &c.; meetings + with Sir Christopher Wren, Mr. Hooke, and other eminent + persons, and the arrangement entered into for accommodating the + parishioners with pews and seats after the completion of the + church. There are also adjudications of property, settlements + of boundaries, and many other interesting documents of that + eventful period.</p> + + <p>From the <i>Globe</i> journal.—(Mr. Elmes + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page336" + id="page336"></a>[pg 336]</span> will be recollected as the + author of a valuable Life of Sir Christopher Wren, published + a few years since in quarto, and of several practical works + on architecture. We are happy to learn that a kindred + enthusiasm to that shown in this great biographical labour, + has led him to undertake the history of one of the proudest + monuments of Wren's genius—the church of St. Bride. + Mr. Elmes may therefore be considered peculiarly fortunate + in his discovery of these relics, and his work will be + looked for with additional curiosity.)</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>The Gatherer.</h2> + <hr class="short" /> + + <p><i>Oriental Apologue</i>.—A blind man having + contracted a violent passion for a certain female, married her, + contrary to the advice of all his friends, who told him that + she was exceedingly ugly. A celebrated physician at length + undertook to restore him to sight. The blind man, however, + refused his assistance. "If I should recover my sight," said + he, "I should be deprived of the love I have for my wife, which + alone renders me happy." "Man of God," replied the physician, + "tell me which is of most consequence to a rational being, the + attainment of happiness or the attainment of truth?" S.H.</p> + + <p><i>Honour</i>.—William the Third having insisted on + Lord H——n's giving him his <i>honour</i> not to + fight a man who had given him a box on the ear, his lordship + was obliged seemingly to comply; but as soon us he was out of + the king's presence he fought the man. The king was, at first, + highly incensed at his breaking his word with him, and asked + him how he came to do so, when he had just given him his + honour. "Sire," replied his lordship, "you were in the wrong to + take such a pledge, for at the time I gave it you, I had no + honour to give." S.H.</p> + + <p><i>Doll's Eyes</i>.—Insignificant as may appear this + petty article of commerce, it is well known to keep in employ + several thousand hands, and goes to show the vast importance of + trifles to a country of decided commercialists. Mr. Osler, an + intelligent manufacturer of Birmingham, gave the following + statement before the Committee of the House of Commons, in + 1824. "Eighteen years ago, on my first journey to London, a + respectable looking man in the city asked me if I could supply + him with doll's eyes, and I was foolish enough to feel half + offended; I thought it derogatory to my new dignity as a + manufacturer, to make doll's eyes. He took me into a room quite + as wide, and twice the length of this, (one of the large rooms + for Committees in the House of Commons,) and we had just room + to walk between the stacks, from the floor to the ceiling, of + parts of dolls. He said these are only the legs and arms, the + trunks are below, but I saw enough to convince me that he + wanted a great many eyes; and as the article appeared quite in + my own line of business, I said I would take an order by way of + experiment, and he showed me several specimens. I copied the + order, and on returning to the Tavistock Hotel I found it + amounted to upwards of five hundred pounds.'" SWAINE.</p> + + <p><i>Eggs</i>.—The duty paid on eggs imported at + Ramsgate within the last three months, exceeds the sum of + 2,000<i>l</i>.—<i>(Morning Herald.)</i> The rate of duty + is, as stated in our last, l0<i>d</i>. on every 120 eggs.</p> + + <p><i>The Druids and the Mistletoe</i>—Pliny, in his + <i>Natural History</i>, tells us, "The Druids held nothing so + sacred as the mistletoe of the oak, as this is very scarce and + rarely to be found, when any of it is discovered, they go with + great pomp and ceremony on a certain day to gather it. When + they have got everything in readiness under the oak, both for + the sacrifice and the banquet, which they make on this great + festival, they begin by tying two white bulls to it by the + horns, then one of the Druids, clothed in white, mounts the + tree, and with a knife of gold, cuts the mistletoe, which is + received in a white sagum; this done, they proceed to their + sacrifices and feastings." This festival is said to have been + kept as near as the age of the moon permitted to the 10th of + March, which was their New Year's Day. The common mistletoe was + the golden bough of Virgil, and was Aenea's passport to the + infernal regions. P.T.W.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote1" + name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a> + + <p>We hope this note may meet the eye of some of our + Yorkshire correspondents.</p> + </blockquote><br /> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote2" + name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a> + + <p>Is not this a species of land-crab?—ED. M.</p> + </blockquote><br /> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote3" + name="footnote3"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a> + + <p>By Mr. A. Aikin, in Trans. Soc. Arts.</p> + </blockquote><br /> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote4" + name="footnote4"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a> + + <p>Marmion.</p> + </blockquote><br /> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote5" + name="footnote5"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a> + + <p>See <i>Mirror</i>, vol. xiii. p 415.—One of + the best features of the establishment is the + gratuitous circulation of the library for twenty miles + round; the books being lent to any householder of good + report residing within twenty miles of the castle.</p> + </blockquote><br /> + + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote6" + name="footnote6"></a><b>Footnote 6:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a> + + <p>This should be John Lenton, and the year + 1603,—See <i>Mirror</i>, vol. xvii, p. 181.</p> + </blockquote><br /> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote7" + name="footnote7"></a><b>Footnote 7:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag7">(return)</a> + + <p>There is an old (full-length) engraving of this + personage, and I am in the possession of one.</p> + </blockquote><br /> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h3>SPIRIT OF NEW BOOKS.</h3> + + <p>With the Next Number, A SUPPLEMENT of UNIQUE EXTRACTS from + NEW BOOKS of the last Six Weeks: with TWO ENGRAVINGS + Illustrating Washington Irving's NEW SKETCH BOOK.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <p><i>Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near + Somerset House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 620, New + Market, Leipsic; G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, + Paris; and by all Newsmen and Booksellers.</i></p> + <hr class="full" /> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, +and Instruction, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE *** + +***** This file should be named 11743-h.htm or 11743-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/7/4/11743/ + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Bill Walker and PG Distributed Proofreaders + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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