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diff --git a/old/11743.txt b/old/11743.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..513a200 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/11743.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1900 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and +Instruction, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction + Volume 19. Issue 548 - 26 May 1832 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: March 28, 2004 [EBook #11743] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Bill Walker and PG Distributed Proofreaders + + + + +THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION. + +Vol. 19, No. 548.] SATURDAY, MAY 26, 1832. [PRICE 2d. + + + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: STAINES NEW BRIDGE.] + + +This handsome structure has lately been completed, and was opened on +Easter Monday last, April 24, by their Majesties and the Court passing +over with suitable ceremony. This was a gala day for Staines and its +vicinity; for, independently of the enthusiasm awakened by the visit +of the popular Sovereign, the completion of so useful and ornamental +a fabric must have been an occasion of no ordinary interest to every +inhabitant of the district. + +The _programme_, as the French would say, of the day's _fete_ has been +so recently given in the "chronicles of the times," that we need not +repeat it. A few descriptive particulars of the Bridge, from _The +Times_ Journal, may be found to possess a more permanent value:-- + + "It consists of three very flat segmental arches of granite. The + middle arch of 74 feet span, and the two side arches of 66 feet + each; besides two side arches of 10 feet each for the + towing-paths, and six brick arches of 20 feet span each, two on + the Surrey side, and four on the Middlesex side, to allow the + floods to pass off. The whole is surmounted by a plain, bold + cornice, and block parapet of granite, with pedestal for the + lamps, and a neat toll-house. The approaches to the Bridge on + either side form gentle curves of easy ascent. The cost of the + Bridge and approaches has been about 41,000l. The appearance of + the whole is very light and elegant. This is owing chiefly to + the slight dimensions of the piers, which are smaller in + proportion to the span of the arches they support than those of + any other bridge in England; but this slight appearance does + not, we understand, detract in any degree from their strength, + or from the durability of the superincumbent structure." + +From the same authority we gather this circumstantial account of the +Bridges erected at Staines from the year 1262: + + "The first erection mentioned in the archives of Staines, was a + wooden bridge, said to have been erected in the year 1262; it + was constructed of piles of oak driven into the bed of the river + and covered with planks. We hear of no new erection from that + period down to the year 1794; but from that year to the present, + there have been not less than four new bridges in succession, + and on nearly the same site. In the year 1794 and 1795, a new + bridge, of three semicircular arches of stone, from the design + of the celebrated Paul Sandby, was erected, but, from some + defect in its construction, it lasted only five years, when it + was replaced by a very elegant bridge of one arch, of 180 feet + span, of cast iron, from the design of Mr. Thomas Wilson, the + architect of the celebrated bridge over the river Weir, at + Sunderland. The design was attributed to the noted author of the + _Rights of Man_; but the arch designed by him was cast in the + year 1790, by Messrs. Walkers, at Rotherham, whence it was + brought to London, and erected at the bowling-green of the + Yorkshire Stingo public-house, where it was exhibited to the + public; Paine not being able to defray the expense, the arch was + taken down and carried back to Rotherham; part of it was + afterwards used in the Sunderland bridge, and part, it is + supposed, in the Staines bridge. This last, like its immediate + predecessor, was not destined to last long, for it had scarcely + been opened one month, when it was found necessary to close it + to the public, the arch having sunk in a very alarming degree. + His late Majesty King George the Third was said to have been + among the last to pass over it. In this emergency the late Mr. + Rennie was consulted, who pronounced the bridge altogether + dangerous, in consequence of the weakness of the abutments. No + alternative remained but to remove the iron bridge entirely, and + patch up the old wooden bridge until a new one of wood was + built. That bridge, which is the present old bridge, continued + to stand, with various repairs and alterations, until the year + 1828, when, in consequence of the decay of the piles, and the + continual heavy expenses required to uphold it, the + Commissioners determined to build a new one of more durable + materials. Messrs. Rennie were therefore applied to for designs, + and a bill was brought into Parliament to authorize the + Commissioners to raise funds. The works were commenced in the + spring of 1829, and on the 14th of September following the first + stone was laid by their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of + Clarence (their present Majesties). Since then, the works have + been carried on to their present completion under the direction + of Mr. G. Rennie and Mr. Brown, the superintendents, and Messrs. + Jolliffe and Banks, the contractors." + +The Engraving is from a Sketch by our obliging Windsor Correspondent: +it was taken from the old bridge, whence the spectator enjoys a +delightful view of Windsor Castle, through the centre arch of the new +fabric. + +By the way, we noticed the project of this new stone bridge, in +connexion with our Engraving of the new church at Staines, in vol. +xii. of _The Mirror_, August 30, 1828. + + * * * * * + + +THE WRECK. + + +_(FOR THE MIRROR.)_ + + + No mare, no more, o'er the dark blue sea, + Will the gallant vessel bound, + Fearless and proud as the warrior's plume + At the trumpet's startling sound; + No more will her banner assert its claim + To empire on the foam, + And the sailors cheer as the thunder rolls + From the guns of their wave-girt home! + + Her white sails gleam'd like the sunny dawn + On the brow of the sapphire sky, + And her thunder echoed along the cliffs, + Awaking the seamew's cry; + Oh! it was glorious to see her glide + Triumphantly over the sea, + With her blue flag fluttering in the wind, + The symbol of victory. + + But she lies forlorn in the breakers now, + Her stately masts are gone, + And cold are the hearts of the dauntless crew + That yielded their swords to none; + The gun is hush'd in her lofty sides, + And the flute on her silent deck; + Alas! that a queenly form like hers + Should ever have been a wreck! + + Thus Hope's illusions droop away + From the heart which their beauty won, + And leave it forlorn as the gallant ship, + Ere its summer of life is begun. + It is peopled with lovely images, + As o'er the sea it glides, + But wreck'd is its deep idolatry + On the dark and stormy tides. + _Deal._ G.R.C. + + * * * * * + + +THE ARBALEST OF ROBIN HOOD. + + +_(TO THE EDITOR.)_ + + +In No. 538, of _The Mirror_, is described an elegant Cross-bow, and +a desire expressed for information where such things are _now_ to be +seen. I have lived many years in Yorkshire, and have seen several +kinds of these bows at _Kirklees Hall_, the seat of Sir George +Armitage, a few miles from Huddersfield. Amongst those bows I saw one, +at least six feet long; but some of them were not more than two or +three feet in length. There were also a variety of weapons of war, +with helmets, and some curious boots, which buttoned on the leg from +top to the bottom, and had wooden soles. They were then kept in an +attic on the top of the leads over the hall. Many of these relics are +said to have belonged to the famous "Robin Hood," who lies buried +in the park; the remains of the ancient grave-stone having been +surrounded with a handsome iron railing, by the late Sir George +Armitage; in the wall is an old inscription on brass; it is situated +in a very gloomy place. Not far distant from his grave are the remains +of a Nunnery, and a burial-ground, with tombs in it; but I could find +no date, either in the house or on these tombs. One of the tombs has +this inscription round its edge: + + "Sweet Jesus of Nazareth, show mercy to Elizabeth Stainton, late + Prioress of this place." + +If an intelligent person were to call at the Hall, he would be able +to gather much information of an authentic nature respecting Robin +Hood.[1] + + [1] We hope this note may meet the eye of some of our Yorkshire + correspondents. + +JOHN BATEMAN. + + * * * * * + + + +SONGS, _FOUND IN THE ALBUM OF A DELIA CRUSCAN POET._ + + +_(FOR THE MIRROR.)_ + + +THE HUMMING-BIRD. + + +BY T. MOORE, ESQ. + + + Thou winged gem, whose starlike splendour + Gleams on the bosom of the rose, + I lore thy light when skies are tender, + And winds are wandering to repose. + The Grecian lute, the Moorish song, + And Crockford's home, with all that's in it, + May challenge fame from many a throng, + But thou, _alone_, fair bird, canst win it! + + I've often watch'd thy plumage glancing + So evanescent in thy bower, + And heard thy silver voice entrancing + Soothe me, as music soothes the flower. + Although diminutive as me, + Thy song is sweeter, who can doubt it? + So, as I cannot sing like thee, + I'll break my lute, and live without it. + + G.R.C. + + +THE SKYLARK. + + +BY L.E.L. + + + Thou minstrel of the sunny air, + Thy vocal fount is rich with song, + And fragrant breezes softly bear + Its silver melody along. + + I love to hear thy liquid note + When bees are humming on the rose, + And in their sapphire ocean float + The stars prophetic of repose. + + Thou feel'st the sunny influence + Like Memnon's fabled lyre of old, + And wanderest in the beam intense + Which turns the liquid air to gold. + + The spirit's bright imaginings + Ne'er soar'd to loftier spheres than thee, + And if I had, thy fairy wings, + Afar from earthly haunts I'd flee. + + Insipid are the weekly themes + Of ----'s imbecile review, + Whose page with adulation teems, + And makes me "beautifully blue." + + But cockney praise is ebbing fast, + And Sappho's lute has lost its power, + And surely my career is past + Like Summer's brightest, loveliest flower. + + Arcades ambo, Moore and me + Are Delia Crusca's sweetest doves, + And ours too is the poetry + Which meditative beauty loves. + + Sweet bird, farewell! and be it thine + To thrill the blue air with thy song; + But fame will wreathe this brow of mine, + If I am right, and _Pope_ is wrong. + +G.R.C. + + * * * * * + + + +DOMESTIC LIFE IN AMERICA. + + +_(IN A LETTER FROM A CORRESPONDENT AT CINCINNATI.)_ + + +This town is far superior to our late place of sojourn, Pittsburgh, +being spacious and clean, with handsome houses and wood for fuel. +Pittsburgh, on the contrary, is dirty and confined, abounding in iron +works burning coal, which gives forth a denser smoke than English +coal. The houses in this place, when we visited it in 1818, were +mostly of wood; these have been in general removed on wheels drawn +by oxen and horses, and placed in the suburbs, whence they are now +removing once more. Here are four markets well supplied with the +necessaries, and even the luxuries, of life, including almost +everything you can think of, and many things which you have never +thought of. Apple butter, for instance, is one of the latter, and is +made by stewing apples in new cider, after it has been boiled down to +one-third of its bulk. It is sold at 6-1/4 cts. per quart, and is +very delicious. The fruits of this country are abundant: apples are +excellent, and in profusion; peaches are plentiful in most seasons, +but sometimes totally fail; grapes grow wild and _tame_, i.e. +cultivated or imported; cherries are not very good, and dearer than at +Pittsburgh; pears, strawberries, and raspberries are not so choice as +with you; quinces are plentiful and fine; wild plums perfume the whole +house, like jessamine or mignionette, and are excellent for pies and +tarts. The persimon is a fruit to which you are a stranger; it may be +ranked with the plums, but has four stones, and is not fit to eat till +bitten by the frost, when its austere and astringent taste disappears, +and it becomes nearly transparent, and as rich and sweet as Guava +jelly. The May-apple, or Mandrake, a wild fruit, is a favourite with +our young folks; it grows on a single-steemed plant, usually one foot +high, and is about the size of a plum, but with seeds, and in taste +resembling a highly flavoured pear. The custard-apple, or paw-paw, is +my favourite, and my boys go with me into the woods to gather them +when ripe. In the summer, water melons, musk melons, nutmeg melons, +and Cantaloupes may be seen in large heaps in the market, or in carts +or wagons, at 6-1/4 to 25 and 50 cts. each, some weighing 40 lbs. + +Egg-plants, which you have seen as curiosities, are here brought to +market; some of them of purple colour, are as large as a child's +carpet-ball: they are sliced and fried in butter, and I am told +have the flavour of fried oysters. Cucumbers are unfortunately +superabundant, and the free use of them induces a variety of diseases +which are attributed to the climate. Squashes, cimolins, and cushas, +are gourds which are mashed up with butter like turnips; pumpkins +of this country are very sweet, and make delicious pies, or rather +cheesecakes; cranberries are brought from a distance, and pine-apples +are not very expensive, being brought up the river from Bermuda. + +Among the natural curiosities of the country, are the Stone Mountain +in Carolina, which may rank in antiquity with Stonehenge. It is +remarkable for a circular wall of stone of great thickness, probably +built by a people distinct from the present race of Indians, who are +quite incapable of erecting any building except a wigwam, or a pile of +loose stones over a grave. Next is the Kentucky Cavern, or as it is +called, on account of its magnitude, the Mammoth Cave. I have an +account before me of its being explored by a party in 1826, who +penetrated into this gloomy, though spacious, hollow for _fifteen +miles_, and were prevented from proceeding from extreme fatigue; they +found the names of persons written at the farthest part. There are +numbers of rooms as they are called, which are yet unexplored. In one +of these, a few miles from the entrance, there was discovered many +years since, a female figure sitting with a mat wrapped round her +shoulders; she was quite dried to a mummy, and has for many years been +exhibited in a caravan, through the United States. + +The river Ohio is here a quarter of a mile wide, and, as there is no +bridge, the traffic into Kentucky is accommodated with steam ferry +boats. Newport and Covington opposite, are pretty objects to look +at from this side, but will not bear a nearer inspection. _Big Bone +Lick_, where abundance of Mammoth bones have been discovered, is not +far hence. Mr. Bullock of the London Museum is here, and has at the +Lick discovered many rare specimens of bones, amongst which is a +mammoth's head, with evidence of its having been furnished with a +trunk, and of course having been an elephant of immense size. He has +also found hoofs of horses with their bones in a fossil state, proving +that the horse has been indigenous. The horses in this town being +a mixture from those of South America, where they are wild--are of +various colours. Some are brown and white, like pointer dogs, others +are spotted like Danish dogs, and some with curled hair. I saw one +which was white as far us the fore-quarter, and the rest sorel. + +An eye-witness has just related to me the following, which lately +occured in New Harmony: + + A snake about two feet long, was seen to enter the hole + inhabited by a crawfish,[2] from which he soon retreated, + followed by the rightful tenant, who stopped in defensive + attitude at the mouth of his habitation, raising his claws in + defiance. The snake turned quickly round, and seized the head of + the crawfish, as if to swallow him; but the crawfish soon put an + end to the conflict by clasping the snake's neck with his claws, + and severing the head completely from his body. This may appear + marvellous; but Audubon tells a story of a rattle-snake chasing + and over-taking a squirrel, which folks in America doubt. + + [2] Is not this a species of land-crab?--ED. M. + + * * * * * + + + +SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY. + + * * * * * + +POTTERY.[3] + + +_(CONTINUED FROM PAGE 284.)_ + + + +_CHINA._ + + +The name China, by which the ware that I am about to describe is known +in England, shows sufficiently the country from which we have received +it. The term porcelain, which is applied to it on the continent of +Europe, is Italian; _porcellana_ being in that language the name of +those univalve shells forming the genus _cypraea_ of the conchologist, +which have a high arched back like that of the hog (_porco_, Ital.), +and are remarkable for the white, smooth, vitreous glossiness of the +surface about the mouth of the shell, and sometimes, as in the common +cowry (_Cypraea moneta_), over the whole surface. + + [3] By Mr. A. Aikin, in Trans. Soc. Arts. + +The introduction of the Chinese porcelain soon excited a strong +desire in the various countries of Europe to imitate it; but as the +establishment of experimental manufactories for this purpose required +the expenditure of considerable sums, and at a risk beyond the means +of private persons, it is chiefly to the munificence of the sovereigns +of Europe that the public are indebted for the first steps made in +this interesting art. In Germany, chemists and mineralogists were set +to work; the latter to seek for the most appropriate raw materials, +and the former to purify and to combine them in the most advantageous +proportions. The French government adopted the very sensible plan of +instructing some of the Jesuit missionaries, who at that time had +penetrated to the court of China, and into most of the provinces +of that empire, to collect on the spot specimens of the materials +employed by the Chinese themselves, together with the particulars of +the process. The precise result thus obtained is not known; for as a +considerable rivalry existed between the different royal manufactories +of this ware, the most valuable information would of course be kept as +secret as possible. + +Of the European manufactories of porcelain, that established at +Miessen, near Dresden, by Augustus Elector of Saxony and King of +Poland, in the early part of the 17th century, was the first that +aspired to a competition with the Chinese. In compactness of texture +and infusibility it was reckoned perfect a hundred years ago. It is +not quite so white as some of the French and English porcelains, but +is inferior to none in its painting, gilding, and other decorations. + +The French royal manufactory at Sevres, near Paris, has been for +several years in a gradually advancing state, with regard to the +whiteness, compactness, and infusibility of the body, the elegance of +the forms, the brilliancy of the colours, the elaborateness of the +drawing, and the superb enrichments of the gilding. The private +manufactories of porcelain in France imitate and approach more or less +near to the royal establishment. + +At Berlin and at Vienna are royal porcelain manufactories in high +esteem, as well as in some of the smaller states of Germany. + +_BRITISH PORCELAIN._ + +The first manufactories of porcelain in England were those at Bow, and +at Chelsea, near London. In these, however, nothing but soft porcelain +was made. This was a mixture of white clay and fine white sand from +Alum bay, in the Isle of Wight, to which such a proportion of pounded +glass was added as, without causing the ware to soften so as to +lose its form, would give it when exposed to a full red heat a +semi-transparency resembling that of the fine porcelain of China. The +Chelsea ware, besides bearing a very imperfect similarity in body to +the Chinese, admitted only of a very fusible lead glaze; and in the +taste of its patterns, and in the style of their execution, stood +as low perhaps as any on the list. The china works at Derby come, I +believe, the next in date; then those of Worcester, established in +1751: and the most modern are those of Coalport, in Shropshire; of the +neighbourhood of Newcastle, in Staffordshire, and in other parts of +that county. + +The porcelain clay used at present in all the English works is +obtained in Cornwall, by pounding and washing over the gray +disintegrated granite which occurs in several parts of that county: by +this means the quartz and mica are got rid of, and the clay resulting +from the decomposition of the felspar is procured in the form of a +white, somewhat gritty powder. This clay is not fusible by the highest +heat of our furnaces, though the felspar, from the decomposition of +which it is derived, forms a spongy milk-white glass, or enamel, at +a low white heat. But felspar, when decomposed by the percolation of +water, while it forms a constituent of granite, loses the potash, +which is one of its ingredients to the amount of about 15 per cent, +and with it the fusibility that this latter substance imparts. + +The siliceous ingredient is calcined flint; and in some of the +porcelain works, (particularly, I believe, those at Worcester,) the +soapstone from the Lizard-point, in Cornwall, is employed. These are +all the avowed materials; but there is little doubt that the alkalies, +or alkaline earths, either pure or in combination, are also used, +in order to dispose the other ingredients to assume that state of +semi-fusion characteristic of porcelain. + +(The principal processes are) the grinding and due mixture of the +ingredients, in order to obtain a mass sufficiently plastic; the +forming this mass on the wheel; the subsequent drying of the ware; +the first firing, by which it is brought to the state of biscuit; the +application of the firmer colours occasionally on the surface of the +biscuit; the dipping the biscuit in the glaze; the second firing, by +which the glaze is vitrified; the pencilling in of the more tender +colours on the surface of the glaze; and the third and last firing +that is given to the porcelain. + +It is not for me to determine which of our English porcelains is +the best; probably, indeed, one will be found superior in hardness, +another in whiteness, a third in the thinness and evenness of the +glaze, a fourth in the form of the articles, a fifth in the design, +and a sixth in the colours. In hardness and in fusibility, they are +probably all inferior to the Dresden and to the Sevres porcelain; for +pieces in biscuit and in white glaze, from both these manufactories, +are imported in considerable quantities, in order to be painted and +finished here. But it is equally certain, that the last ten years +have seen the commencement, and, in part, the completion, of such +improvements in this fabric, as will probably place the English +porcelains on an equality with the best of the continental European +ones. + +Advantage has recently been taken of the semi-transparency of +porcelain biscuit to form it into plates, and to delineate upon it +some very beautiful copies of landscapes and other drawings, by so +adapting the various thicknesses of the plate as to produce, when held +between the eye and the light, the effects of light and shadow in +common drawings. The invention originated in the ingenuity of our +French neighbours. + + * * * * * + + +NOTES OF A READER + + +IMPROVEMENT OF LANCASHIRE. + + +The west of England has considerably the advantage over the eastern +side of the island. One way or another nature did much more for it. It +is true, that the eastern side was civilized much earlier; yet human +ingenuity and industry have of late years been much more successfully +employed in turning the gifts of nature to the best possible account. +Ireland and America are customers, for whom, though they were long in +coming, it was worth while to wait. After all, Lancashire is the most +remarkable and characteristic feature in the comparison. From being +among the most backward parts of England, this county has _worked_ its +way into the front rank. The contrast between its condition up to the +middle of the last century, and the astonishing spectacle which it +exhibits at present, belongs to the transformation which a hundred +years create in a newly settled country like America, far more than to +the gradual improvements and changes of an old English county. + +It would be curious to analyze the concurrent causes, and marshal +the successive steps, by which Lancashire has advanced;--not only +succeeding in appropriating to itself a leading interest in the +creative inventions of Watt and Arkwright, but connecting its name +in honourable alliance with literature and science. The very +circumstances from which a contrary presumption would originally have +been drawn, have (singularly enough) principally contributed to its +extraordinary progress. Lancashire owes the canals, by which the +commercial thoroughfare of that end of England has been turned from +the Humber to the Mersey, to the enterprise of a _Peer_. It owes the +docks, which have about them almost a Roman presentiment of future +greatness, to the spirit of a _Corporation_. It owes the taste and +accomplishments, by which the character of its wealth has been raised +above the drudgery and fanaticism of money-getting, almost entirely to +the zeal of a few _Dissenters_. The name of Governor Clinton is not so +pre-eminently united with the canal policy of America, as is the name +of the Duke of Bridgewater with the canals of England. He staked his +last shilling on the chance of thus cutting out an inland north-west +passage to the Atlantic. The corporation of Liverpool, by an +enlightened application of their vast resources, have accelerated, +consolidated, and secured the realization, of every expectation and +contingency which fortune threw in their way. They have hastened, +not to say, anticipated, events. There can be as little doubt of the +effect which the light radiating from the assemblage of Priestley, +Wakefield, Aikin, &c. at Warrington; from the presence of Percival, +Henry, Ferriar, and Dalton, at Manchester; and from that of Roscoe +and Currie at Liverpool, spread over their circle. The literary +attainments and cultivation of the manufacturers and merchants of +Lancashire, as a body, seem otherwise likely long to have lagged +behind their general powers of understanding, and their real station +in society.--_Edinburgh Review_. + + * * * * * + + +ENNUI OF FASHION. + + +It must be owned that five years form an awful lapse in human life:--a +lapse whose hours and minutes leave no where a trace more sharp and +injurious than on the minds and countenances of individuals involved +in the buzzing, stinging gnatswarms of fashionable life. Elsewhere, +existence marches with a more dignified step, and the scenes pictured +among the records of our memory assume a grander aspect; they lie in +masses,--their shadows are broader,--their lights more brilliantly +thrown out. But reminiscences of a life of ton are as vexatious as +they are frivolous. The season of 1829 differs from that of 1830, +only inasmuch as its quadrilles are varied with galoppes as well +as waltzes, and danced at Lady A.'s and Lady B.'s,--instead of the +Duchess of D.'s, and Countess E.'s. The Duchess is dead,--the Countess +ruined;--but no matter!--there are still plenty of balls to be had. +"Another and another still succeeds!" Since young ladies _will_ grow +up to be presented, lady-mothers and aunts _must_ continue to project +breakfasts, water parties, and galas, whereby to throw them in the way +of flirtation, courtship, and marriage. Mischief, in her most smiling +mask, sits like the beautiful witch in Thalaba at an everlasting +spinning-wheel, weaving a mingled yarn of sin and sorrow for the +daughters of Fashion. Although the cauldron of Hecate and her +priestesses has vanished from the heath at Forres, it bubbles in +nightly incantations among the elm-trees of Grosvenor Square; and +Hopper and Hellway, Puckle and Straddling, now croak forth their +chorus of rejoicing where golden lamps swing blazing over the ecarte +tables, and the soft strains of the Mazurka enervate the atmosphere of +the gorgeous temples of May Fair. Never yet was there a woman _really_ +improved in attraction by mingling with the motley throng of the _beau +monde_. She may learn to dress better, to step more gracefully; her +head may assume a more elegant turn, her conversation become more +polished, her air more distinguished;--but in point of _attraction_ +she acquires nothing. Her simplicity of mind departs;--her generous, +confiding impulses of character are lost;--she is no longer inclined +to interpret favourably of men and things,--she listens without +believing,--sees without admiring; has suffered persecution without +learning mercy;--and been taught to mistrust the candour of others +by the forfeiture of her own. The freshness of her disposition +has vanished with the freshness of her complexion; hard lines are +perceptible in her very soul, and crowsfeet contract her very fancy. +No longer pure and fair as the statue of alabaster, her beauty, like +that of some painted waxen effigy, is tawdry and meretricious. It is +not alone the rouge upon the cheek and the false tresses adorning +the forehead, which repel the ardour of admiration; it is the +artificiality of mind with which such efforts are connected that +breaks the spell of beauty. + +_From the Fair of May Fair._ + + * * * * * + + +BAMBOROUGH CASTLE + + +Is situate on the romantic coast of Northumberland, "over against" +an obscure town of the same name. It stands upon a basalt rock, of a +triangular shape, high, rugged, and abrupt on the land side; flanked +by the German Ocean, and strong natural rampires of sand, matted +together with sea rushes on the east; and only accessible to an enemy +on the south-east, which is guarded by a deep, dry ditch, and a series +of towers in the wall, on each side of the gateway. Nature has mantled +the rock with lichens of various rich tints: its beetling brow is 150 +feet above the level of the sea, upon a stratum of mouldering rock, +apparently scorched with violent heat, and having beneath it a close +flinty sandstone. Its crown is girt with walls and towers, which on +the land side have been nearly all repaired. The outer gateway stands +between two fine old towers, with time-worn heads; twelve paces within +it is a second gate, which is machicolated, and has a portcullis; and, +within this, on the left hand, on a lofty point of rock, is a very +ancient round tower of great strength; commanding a pass subject to +every annoyance from the besieged. This fort is believed to be of +Saxon origin. The keep stands on the area of the rock, having an open +space around it. It is square, and of that kind of building which +prevailed from the Conquest till about the time of our second Henry. +It had no chimney; but fires had been made in the middle of a large +room, which was lighted by a window near its top, three feet square. +All the other rooms were lighted by slit or loop holes, six inches +broad. The walls are of small stones, from a quarry at Sunderland on +the sea, three miles distant: within them is a draw well, discovered +in 1770, in clearing the cellar from sand and rubbish; its depth is +145 feet, cut through solid rock, of which seventy-five feet are of +whinstone. The remains of a chapel were discovered here, under a +prodigious mass of land, in the year 1773; its architecture was pure +Saxon, and the ancient font being found, was preserved in the keep. +The chapel has been rebuilt on the old foundations. + +[Illustration: _(Bamborough Castle before the general repairs.)_] + +The founder of the Castle is stated by Matthew of Westminster to have +been Ida, King of Northumberland. Sir Walter Scott sings + + Thy tower, proud Bamborough, mark'd they + here, + King Ida's castle, huge and square, + From its tall rock look grimly down, + And on the swelling ocean frown.[4] + + [4] Marmion. + +It was destroyed by the Danes in 993; but about the time of the +Conquest was in good repair. In 1095, it was in the possession of +Robert Mowbray, Earl of Northumberland, when it was besieged, and, +after much difficulty, taken by William II. The castle lost the +greatest part of its beauty in a siege after the battle of Hexham. +Camden tells us "from that time it has suffered by time and winds, +which throw up incredible quantities of sand from the sea upon its +walls, through the windows which are open." Sir John Forster was +governor of it in Elizabeth's reign; and his grandson John obtained +a grant of it and the manor from James the First. His descendant, +Thomas, forfeited it in 1715; but his maternal uncle, Nathaniel, Lord +Crewe, bishop of Durham, purchased his estates, and bequeathed them to +charitable purposes in 1720. The sunken rocks and shifting sands of +this coast had long been a terror to the mariners, but under his +lordship's will, Dr. Sharp, then archdeacon of Durham, fitted up the +keep of the Castle, for the reception of suffering seamen, and +of property which might be rescued from the fury of the ocean. +Regulations were also adopted, both to prevent accidents on the coast, +and to alleviate misfortunes when they had occurred. A nine pounder, +placed at the bottom of the great tower, gives signals to ships in +distress, and in case of a wreck, announces the same to the Custom +House officers and their servants, who hasten to prevent the wreck +being plundered. In addition to this, during a storm, horsemen patrol +the coast, and rewards are paid for the earliest intelligence of +vessels in distress. A flag is always hoisted when any ship is seen +in distress on the Fern Islands or Staples; or a rocket thrown up at +night, which gives notice to the Holy Island fishermen, who can put +off to the spot when no boat from the main can get over the breakers. +Life-boats have likewise been added to the establishment. The vast +increase of the residuary rents of the Castle estates also enables +the trustees to support within its walls two free-schools, a library, +infirmary, thirty beds for shipwrecked sailors, and a granary, whence +poor persons are supplied with provisions at the first price.[5] +Altogether, the establishment of Bamborough merits the epithet of +"princely," which it has received from the historians of the county. +Its philanthropic endowment has not been suffered to decay with the +romance of olden time, but the charitable intentions of the testator +are fulfilled, so as to maintain a lasting record of his active +benevolence. Such magnificence may be said to eclipse all the glitter +and gleam of chivalry, and make them appear but as idle dreams. + + [5] See _Mirror_, vol. xiii. p 415.--One of the best features of + the establishment is the gratuitous circulation of the library for + twenty miles round; the books being lent to any householder of + good report residing within twenty miles of the castle. + +A boundless view of the ocean presents itself from the towers of +Bamborough Castle, studded with small islands, having the Coquet +Island on the south, and the Holy Island on the north. + + * * * * * + + + +MANNERS & CUSTOMS OF ALL NATIONS. + + * * * * * + +ORIGIN OF EPSOM RACES. + + +In a pleasant little volume modestly entitled _Some Particulars +relating to the History of Epsom_, the following facts are collected +with much diligence. At the present season, they may be acceptable to +our readers. + +"When these races first commenced, we have not been able with +certainty to trace. Few writers, who mention the district, do more +than simply state the fact, that horse races are annually held at +Epsom. + +"Whether they were at first periodical or occasional, we will not +presume to determine, though the latter is, we think, the most +probable. + +"Races, it is generally agreed, took their origin from, if they did +not give birth to, the Olympic games. The first information we have of +their existence in this country is in the reign of Henry II. At that +time, and for many ages afterwards, the sport must have been merely +a rude pastime, perhaps as destitute of the science of the present +system, as of the vices, which are too generally engendered by it. + +"There can be no doubt, that Epsom downs (or as they are frequently, +though erroneously written in old writings, Banstead downs) early +became the spot, upon which the lovers of racing indulged their fancy. +And, perhaps, the known partiality of King James I., for this species +of diversion, will justify us in ascribing their commencement to the +period when he resided at the palace of Nonsuch. + +"The following extract from Clarendon's History of the Rebellion, will +shew, that during the troubles of his unfortunate successor, +Charles I., races upon Epsom downs, were viewed as no uncommon +occurrence.--'Soon after the meeting, which was held at Guildford, +18th May, 1648, to address the two Houses of Parliament, that the +King, their only lawful sovereign, might be restored to his due +honors, and might come to his parliament for a personal treaty, &c.--a +meeting of the royalists was held on Banstead (Epsom) downs, under the +pretence of a horse race, and six hundred horses were collected and +marched to Reigate.' + +"King James had imbibed a predilection for horse races, before he +ascended the English throne; they were in high estimation in Scotland +during his minority, previously to which, the English parliament seem +to have turned their attention to the subject. + +"We find, that in the time of Henry VII. and his successors, Henry +VIII. and Elizabeth, several acts of parliament were made to prevent +the exportation of horses to Scotland, and other parts. + +"There is an entry in the Lord's Journal, June 15th, 1540--'At length, +the bill is read this day, for encouraging the breed of horses, of a +larger stature, and despatched with unanimous consent, and without a +dissenting voice.' + +"The great men of Elizabeth's reign, appear to have been fully +disposed to profit by the example and injunctions of her father. +Italian masters were invited over; the art of managing horses became +an universal accomplishment, among the nobility and gentry of England; +but most of the professors, both of equitation and farriery, were +foreigners. + +"Horses were not yet kept exclusively for the purpose of running +races, but gentlemen matched their hunters or hacknies, and usually +rode the race themselves. + +"The most fashionable trial, however, of the speed and goodness of +their horses, was hunting red herrings, or 'the train scent,' as +it was then called, from the body of some animal, which had been +previously drawn across hedge and ditch. Here the scent was certain +and strong, and the hounds would run upon it to the end, with their +utmost speed. The matched horses followed these hounds, and to be +in with them, was generally accounted a very satisfactory proof of +goodness. + +"Markham, and that celebrated riding master, Michael Baret, describe, +also, another mode of running matches across the country in those days +denominated the wild goose chase; an imitation of which has continued +in occasional use, to the present time, under the name of steeple +hunting; that is to say, two horsemen, drunk or sober, in or out of +their wits, fix upon a steeple or some other conspicuous distant +object, to which they make a straight cut over hedge, ditch, and gate. +We think our readers will do any thing but smile, at this rational +pastime for reasonable creatures. + +"The wild goose chase, however, at last became more regular and better +conducted. It was prescribed, that after the horse had run twelve +score yards, he was to be followed wherever he went by the others, +within a certain distance agreed upon, as twice or thrice his length. +A horse being left behind twelve score, or any limited number of +yards, was deemed beaten, and lost the match. + +"These rude and barbarous modes of horse-racing gave way, in the +reign of James I., to the more scientific, accurate, and satisfactory +trials, of the horses carrying stated weights, over measured and even +ground. + +"That monarch, as has before been intimated, brought with him from +Scotland, a strong predilection for the turf, which must have +prevailed to a considerable degree in that country, for we find, that +during his reign there, and before his accession to the crown of +England, it was deemed necessary to restrain, by an express law, the +passion of the Scots for horse-racing, and laying large bets on the +events. + +"The reign of James I. may be fairly stated, as the period when +horse-racing first became a general and national amusement. The races +appear to have been at that time conducted nearly in the same style, +as to essentials, as in the present day. + +"They were then called bell courses, the prize being a silver bell; +the winner was said to bear or carry the bell. + +"Regular prizes were now run for in various parts of England. The king +and his court, frequently attended races at Croydon and Enfield, in +the vicinity of London. + +"The first match, upon record, in this country, was one against time, +which occurred in the year 1604, when John Lepton,[6] a groom, in the +service of King James I., undertook to ride five times between London +and York, from Monday morning until Saturday night, and actually +performed the task within five days. + + [6] This should be John Lenton, and the year 1603,--See _Mirror_, + vol. xvii, p. 181. + +"At this period, much attention was paid to the pedigrees of horses, +for the purpose of enhancing their reputation and worth. The training +discipline, in all its variety of regular food, clothing, physic, +airing, and gallops, was in full use; and the weights that race horses +had to carry were adjusted; the most usual of which were ten stone. + +"We find that, soon after the accession of Charles I., an ordinance +was issued, enjoining the substitution of bits or curbs, instead of +snaffles, which had probably been of late introduction in the army. +Not long afterwards, the king granted a special licence to William +Smith and others, to import into this kingdom, horses, mares and +geldings; further enjoining them to provide coach horses of the height +of fourteen hands and above, and not less than three, nor exceeding +seven years of age. + +"During the civil wars, amusements of the turf were partially +suspended, but not forgotten; for we find that Mr. Place, stud-master +to Cromwell, was proprietor of the famous horse, White Turk, (the sire +of Wormwood and Commoner) and of several capital brood mares, one of +which, a great favourite, he concealed in a vault, during the search +after Cromwell's effects, at the time of the Restoration, from which +circumstance, she took the name of the Coffin Mare, and is designated +as such in various pedigrees. + +"King Charles II., soon after his restoration, re-established the +races at Newmarket, which had been instituted by James I. He divided +them into regular meetings, and substituted, both there and at other +places, silver cups or bowls, of the value of one hundred pounds, +for the royal gift of the ancient bells, which were in consequence +generally dropped, both in name and effect. + +"William III., though not fond of the turf, paid much attention to the +breed of horses for martial service; and in his reign some of the most +celebrated stallions were imported. + +"George, Prince of Denmark, was a great amateur of horse-racing. He +obtained from his royal consort, Queen Anne, grants of royal plates +for several places, among which Epsom is, however, not mentioned. + +"King George I. is not handed down to us as a sporting character; but +towards the latter end of his reign, the change of the royal plates +into purses of hundred guineas each took place. + +"In the 13th year of the reign of King George II., an act, cap. 19. +was passed, 'to restrain and prevent the excessive increase of horse +races.' + +"By this act, after reciting 'that the great number of horse races for +small plates, prizes, or sums of money had contributed very much to +the encouragement of idleness, to the impoverishment of many of the +meaner sort of the subjects of this kingdom, and to the prejudice of +the breed of strong and useful horses;' it was enacted that no person +should, thenceforth, enter and start more than one horse, mare or +gelding, for one and the same plate, prize, or sum of money. And that +no plate, or prize of a less value than 50l. should be run for, +under the penalty of 200l. + +"It was also by the same act further enacted, that at every such race, +for a plate or prize of the value of 50l. and upwards, each horse, +if five years old, should carry ten stone; if six years old, eleven +stone; and if seven years old, twelve stone. And that the owner of any +horse, carrying less than the specified weight, should forfeit his +horse, and pay the penalty of 200l." + +(_TO BE CONCLUDED IN OUR NEXT_.) + + * * * * * + + + +THE SELECTOR; AND LITERARY NOTICES OF NEW WORKS. + + * * * * * + +THE FAIR OF MAY FAIR. + + +The volumes of sketches of fashionable life with this quaint title +will serve to amuse a few inveterate novel-readers; while occasional +pages may induce others to take up the thread of the narrative. The +flying follies of high life, or rather, we think, of affected ton, +are hit off with truth and vigour, and there is a pleasantry in +the writer's style which is an acceptable relief to the dulness of +common-place details. We shall endeavour to detach a scene or two, +one, as a specimen of "the art of ingeniously tormenting," and the +incipient waywardness of a newly-married pair. + +"From the first months of his domestication with his wife at Wellwood +Abbey, Sir Henry Wellwood had intended, had _longed_, to commence his +little system of tender remonstrance; but the slightest insinuation +of a difference of opinion was sufficient to fan the embers of +Henrietta's distemperature into a conflagration. The blaze was not +strong, indeed; for the lady had always been accustomed to find a fit +of wilfulness, or of affected despondency, more available and becoming +than one of hasty anger. But she was tolerably expert in those piquant +flippancies of speech which harass the enemy like a straggling fire; +and could contrive, when it suited her purpose, to make herself as +disagreeable as if her face had not been that of a cherub, or her +voice seraphic. + +"'A woman,' quoth La Bruyere, 'must be charming indeed, whose husband +does not repent, ten times a day, that he is a married man.' Sir Henry +Wellwood would have scoffed at the axiom. The 'idol of his soul' was +still an idol; although, like the votaries of old, he had managed to +discover that it was not wholly formed of precious metals; that its +feet were of clay! He still fancied himself the happiest of mortals; +particularly when Henrietta, in her best looks and spirits, was riding +by his side through the Wellwood plantations, listening to the project +of his intended improvements;--or seated in her boudoir sketching +designs and modelling plans for his two new lodges. Sometimes after +dinner she would busy herself with her guitar, and insist on his +attempting a second to her Italian notturno; sometimes she persuaded +him to lend her his arm towards the village, to assist in executing +that easy work of benevolence, the deplenishment of her silken purse. +At such, moments she was indeed enchanting;--and the fascinated +Wellwood was quite willing to echo the chorus of Mrs. Delafield's +visiters, that he had 'drawn a prize.' + +"But the sands of life are not formed exclusively of diamond sparks. +Flint and granite mingle in the contents of the hour-glass; and Sir +Henry often found himself required to listen to fractious complaints +of old Roddington's innovations, of Lawford's negligence--of roses +that would not blow at the gardener's bidding,--of London booksellers, +who would not send down the new novels in proper time,--of old women +who refused to be cured of their rheumatism, and young ones +who declined becoming scholars at her platting school. His own +misdemeanours, too, were frequent and unpardonable. He had a knack of +carrying off the very volume she was reading,--of losing _her_ place, +and leaving his own marked by leaving the unfortunate book sprawling +upon its face on the table, like a drunkard on the ground. He often +kept her waiting five minutes for her ride, or twenty for dinner; +would stop and detain her, in their walks, while he corrected the +practical blunders of some superannuated hedger and ditcher; had a +trick of whipping off the thistle-tops while driving her in the garden +chair, to the imminent indignation of her ponies; was sometimes seen +to nod after dinner, when the morning's run had been a good one; and +had an opinion of his own in politics, which precisely reversed those +of Lady Mandeville and her coterie.--In a word, he was often very +'tiresome!' and whenever the fair Henrietta was excited into +pronouncing that sentence on his proceedings, it was a signal for +ill-humour for the remainder of the day; or rather till the spoiled +child would condescend to be coaxed into a more satisfactory mood of +mind." + +But we are more struck with the appalling fidelity of the following +scene in a tale named _the Divorcee_. The heroine, Amelia, is married +in early life to a Mr. Allanby, "a man with 10,000l. per annum, +and a grey pigtail:" the match turns out a miserable one: Amelia's +dishonour by Vavasor Kendal, her divorce, and Mr. Allanby's death are +told in a few pages--the guilty pair, Vavasor and Amelia, flee to +Paris, and we are introduced to this faithful picture of Parisian +vice:-- + +"The infirmity of Amelia's health served at least to release her from +those forced efforts of gaiety which had recoiled so heavily on her +feelings. Her day for vivacity was gone.--In an atmosphere whose +buoyancy is exhausted, the feather falls as heavily as the plummet. + +"But instead of commiserating the languor and feebleness extending +from the physical to the moral existence of the invalid, Vavasor only +made her dulness an excuse for flying to the relief of society more +congenial with his own tendency to vice and folly. Lady Emlyn who +in London was the leader of a coterie devoted to the excitements of +high-play,--a coterie that felt privileged to inveigh with horror +against 'gambling,' because its members ventured their thousands +on games where cunning tempers the fortuities of chance,--on the +manoeuvres of ecarte and whist instead of the dare-all risks of +hazard and rouge-et-noir,--had now removed her card-table from +Grosvenor-square to a splendid hotel in the Rue Rivoli; where she had +the honour of assembling, twice a week, a larger proportion of the +idle and licentious of the exclusive caste, than could be found in any +other suite of drawing-rooms in civilized Europe. Her _salon_ was in +fact crowded with busy ranks of those swindlers of distinction who, +in opposition to their brethren of lower pretensions, (the chevaliers +d'industrie), ought surely to be termed the chevaliers de la paresse. +Among these, the brilliant air and lively effrontery of Captain Kendal +secured him a warm acceptance; and by frequenting the circle of Lady +Emlyn, he had not only the gratification of escaping from the insipid +mediocrity of the home his vices had created, but acquired the power +of indulging in others which were now still dearer to his heart. + +"Vavasor Kendal was an expert player. Like other frigid egotists, his +head and heart were always at leisure; and his successes had been +the means, on more than one occasion, of extending his means of +disgraceful enjoyment. At least, however, his career lay on the +verge of a precipice; for playing at a stake beyond the limit of his +fortune, a single faltering step might at any hour precipitate him +into an abyss of shame and ruin. Amelia was often tempted to doubt +whether she had more cause to dread that intoxication of triumph, +which induced him to still further excesses, or the reverses tending +to aggravate the violence of temper to which she was an habitual +victim. The fluctuating fortunes of the gamester,--his losses or +gains,--were equally a source of suffering to herself. But the +Carnival was drawing to a close; she soon began ardently to wish that +his sister might grow weary of the increasing dulness of the French +capital, and migrate among other swallows of the season, in search of +new pleasures. + +"Long had she been in expectation of an announcement to this effect, +when one night,--a cold cheerless night in March,--Vavasor exceeded +even his ordinary period of absence. The habitually dissolute of Paris +rarely keep late hours. Vice does not form with _them_, as with the +English _roue_, an occasional excess, but is consistent and regular +in its habits. Captain Kendal usually returned home between two and +three; and Amelia was accustomed to sit up, and by her own services +lighten the labours of their scanty establishment. It was _she_, the +invalid, who was careful to keep up light and fire for the tyrant of +the domestic hearth. + +"But on this occasion two o'clock came,--three, four, five +o'clock,--and no Vavasor. Hour after hour she listened to the chime of +the gaudy timepiece decorating their shabby apartment; and while the +night advanced, in all its chilly, lonely, comfortless protraction, +shivered as she added new logs to the dying embers, and as she hoped +or despaired of his return, alternately replaced the veilleuse by +candles, the candles by a veilleuse. She had already assumed her +night-apparel; and alter wandering like an unquiet spirit from her own +apartment to the sitting-room and back again, a thousand, thousand +times,--after reclining her exhausted frame and throbbing head against +the door of the ante-room, in the trust of catching the sound of his +well-known step upon the stairs, she threw herself down on the +sofa for a moment's respite. But in a few minutes she started up +again.--Surely that was _his_ voice, which reached her from some +passenger in the street below, some passenger humming an air from the +new Opera, according to Vavasor's custom, when returning flushed with +the excitement of success? Again and hurriedly did she prepare for his +reception,--again place his chair by the fire, his slippers beside +it; and stand with a beating heart and suspended breath, to await the +entrance of the truant. But, no! it was _not_ him. The wanderer had +hastened onwards to some happier home. The street was quiet again. She +would take a book and strive to beguile the tediousness of suspense. + +"Dreary indeed is that hour of the twenty-four which may be said to +afford the true division between night and day; when even the latest +watcher has retired to rest, while the earliest artisans scarcely +yet rouse themselves for the renewal of their struggle with +existence;--when even the studious, the sorrowing, and the dissipated, +close their over-wearied eyes;--and when those who 'do lack, and +suffer hunger,' enjoy that Heaven-vouchsafed stupor affording the only +interim to their consciousness of want and woe. The winds whistle more +shrilly in the stillness of that lonely hour. Man and beast are in +their lair, and unearthly things alone seem stirring;--the good genius +glides with a holy and hallowing influence through the tranquil +dwelling of virtue; the demon grins and gibbers in the deserted but +reeking chambers of the vicious. Even sorrow has phantoms of its own; +and when Amelia found herself a lonely watcher in the stillness of +night, the kind voice of old Allanby,--the voice that was wont of yore +to bid her speak her bosom's wish that it might be granted,--often +seemed creeping into the inmost cell of her ear. She could fancy him +close beside her,--taunting her,--touching her,--till, starting from +her seat, she strove to shake off the hideous delusion. Sometimes +the soft cordial tones of her mother,--her mother, who was in the +grave,--seemed again dispensing those lessons of virtue of which +her own life had afforded so pure an example: sometimes the playful +caresses of her boys seemed to grow warm upon her lips--around her +neck. Yes! she could hear them, see them:--little Charles, who, in +his very babyhood, had been accustomed to uplift his tiny arm in +championship of his own dear mother;--Digby, the soft, tender, +loving infant, whose every look was a smile, whose every action an +endearment!--And now they appeared to pass before her as strangers; +changed--matured--enlightened;--without one word of fondness--one +gesture of recognition! + +"From such meditations, how horrible to start up amid the dreariness +of night, nor find a human heart unto which to appeal for comfort,--a +human voice from which to claim reply in annihilation of the spell +that transfixed her mind. The cold cheerless room, the flickering +light, the desolation that was around her, struck more heavily than +ever on her heart. 'Oh! that this were an omen!' she cried, with +clasping hands, as she listened to the howling of the wind upon the +lofty staircase leading to their remote apartments. Drawing closer +over her bosom the wrapper by which she attempted to exclude the +piercing night-air, Amelia smiled at the thought of the chilliness of +the grave,--of the grave, where the heart beats not, and the fixed +glassy eye is incapable of tears. + +"'I shall lie among the multitudes of a strange country,' faltered +she; 'there will be no one to point out with officious finger to my +sons, the dishonoured resting-place of their mother,--their _divorced_ +mother! Vavasor will be freed from his bondage--free to choose anew, +and commence H more auspicious career. But for me he might have been a +different being. It is _I_ who have hardened his heart and seared his +mind. And oh! may Heaven in its mercy touch them,--that he may deal +gently with me during the last short remnant of our union!' + +"A harsh sound interrupted her contemplations;--the grating of his key +in the outer door,--of his step in the ante-room. Mechanically she +rose, and advanced to meet the truant who had kept her watching,--who +had so _often_ kept her watching,--so often been forgiven. A momentary +glimpse of his countenance convinced her that he was in no mood even +to wish for indulgence. His brow was black--his eyes red and glaring. +After a terrified pause, she tendered him her assistance to unclasp +his cloak; but with a deadly execration he rejected the offer. + +"'Are the servants up?' said he sullenly. + +"'Not yet.' + +"'So much the better! I must be off before they are on the move.' + +"'Off? Vavasor!--for the love of Heaven--' + +"'Be still! Do not harass me with your nonsense. I was a fool to come +here at all; only it may be necessary for you to know explicitly to +what you may trust for the future.' + +"Amelia sank stupefied into a chair. + +"'In one word, I am a ruined man. To-night's losses have made me +as hopeless as I ought to have been long ago. I have lost--but no +matter!--I know I played like a fool. What is to be expected from +a miserable dog like me, who has thrown away his prospects, and +is harassed with all sorts of cares and annoyances?--No +matter!--To-morrow the thing will be blown; and before my creditors +get wind of the business I shall be half way to Brussels.' + +"'To Brussels?' faltered Amelia. + +"'Of course it is out of the question hampering myself with companions +of any kind at such a moment. Besides, my sister has only afforded me +the means of getting out of the scrape, on condition that _you_ return +to England to your family. I have no longer the power of maintaining +you; but if you are inclined to co-operate in the only plan that can +save us both from starving, Sophia will secure you an allowance of +fifty or sixty pounds a year.' + +"Amelia was silent. + +"If not, you must take your chance; for I can do nothing further for +you. For Heaven's sake don't treat me with a scene; for I have only a +few minutes to pack up my property! The fiacre is waiting; there +is not a moment to lose. Well, Amelia! what do you say?--I want an +answer. Do you, or do you not choose to go to England?' + +"Amelia made an affirmative movement;--she could not utter a +syllable. And Vavasor instantly passed into his own room to make his +preparations for immediate flight.--She never knew in what manner +he took his last leave of her. When the servants proceeded to their +occupations on the following morning, they found her insensible on the +ground; but when restored to consciousness, the continued absence of +her husband and a note of five hundred franks which he had deposited +in her work-box for the purpose of enabling her to quit Paris, served +to prove that the dreadful impression on her mind was not a mere +delusion of the night. Alas! she was soon compelled to admit that she +had looked upon him for the last time." + + * * * * * + + +THE CABINET ANNUAL REGISTER FOR 1831 + + +Is a well-arranged digest of the history of the past year, in a more +concise and compact form than such matters are chronicled in that +woolly work--the Annual Register. The Parliamentary Summary is brief +but satisfactory, and the Occurrences are copious enough for the most +gossipping reader. The volume has been produced in truly good style, +is, in all respects, cheap, and deserves encouragement. + + * * * * * + + + +RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS. + + * * * * * + +ORIGIN OF THE HOUSE OF RUSSEL. + + +"The Russel family (say Britton and Brayley,) may date the era of +their greatness to a violent storm, which happened about the year +1500, on the coast of Dorset; a county which appears to have been the +birthplace of their ancestors, one of whom was Constable of Corfe +Castle, in the year 1221. Philip, Archduke of Austria, son of the +Emperor Maximilian, being on a voyage to Spain, was obliged by the +fury of a sudden tempest, to take refuge in the harbour of Weymouth. +He was received on shore, and accommodated by Sir Thomas Trenchard, +who invited his relation, _Mr. John Russel_, to wait upon the +Archduke. Philip was so much pleased with the polite manners and +cultivated talents of Mr. Russel, who was conversant with both the +French and German languages, that on arriving at court, he recommended +him to the notice of Henry VII., who immediately sent for him to his +palace, where he remained in great favour till the king's death. In +the estimation of Henry VIII. he rose still higher; by that monarch he +was made Lord Warden of the Stannaries, Lord Admiral of England and +Ireland, Knight of the Garter, and Lord Privy Seal, and on the 9th of +March, 1538, created Baron Russel, of Cheneys, in the county of Bucks, +which estate he afterwards acquired by marriage. At the Coronation +of Edward VI. he officiated as Lord High Steward, and two years +afterwards, in the year 1549, was created Earl of Bedford. He died in +1554, and was buried at Cheneys, where many of his descendants have +also been interred," &c. &c. + +"Henry VII. (says Pennant,) often resided at Baynard Castle, and from +hence made several of his solemn processions. Here, in 1505, he lodged +Philip of Austria,[7] the matrimonial King of Castille, tempest-driven +into his dominions, and showed him the pomp and glory of his capital." + +P.T.W. + + [7] There is an old (full-length) engraving of this personage, and + I am in the possession of one. + + * * * * * + + +COVENTRY CHARITY. + + +_(FOR THE MIRROR.)_ + + +Bablake Hospital, in the city of Coventry, was originally founded +in 1506, by Thomas Bond, Mayor. Part of this hospital furnishes a +residence for a number of boys, who are educated and clothed in blue, +through the _justice_ and benevolence of Thomas Wheatley, Mayor, in +1556, whose servant, sent to Spain by him to purchase some barrels of +steel gads, brought home through an unaccountable mistake, a number of +casks filled with ingots of silver and cochineal, which were offered +for sale in an open fair, as the articles alluded to, and bought as +such. This worthy ironmonger and card-maker made every possible effort +to discover the person who sold them, but without success. He then +honourably converted the profits to this charity, to which he added +part of his own property. P.T.W. + + * * * * * + + +CURIOUS PARLIAMENT. + + +_(FOR THE MIRROR.)_ + + +Acton Burnel, is a village in Shropshire, about three miles from Great +Wenlock, where a Parliament was held in the reign of Edward I., 1284. +Many of the Welsh nobles who had taken up arms were pardoned by this +Parliament, and the famous act, entitled _Statutum de Mercatoribus_, +was passed here, by which debtors in London, York, and Bristol, were +obliged to appear before the different Mayors, and agree upon a +certain day of payment, otherwise an execution was issued against +their goods. The Lords sat in the castle, and the Commons in a large +barn, the remains of which are still to be seen. P.T.W. + + * * * * * + + +FOUR LEARNED SISTERS. + + +_(FOR THE MIRROR.)_ + + +Sir Anthony Cooke, who was preceptor to King Edward VI., and great +grandson to Sir Thomas Cooke, Lord Mayor of London, in the year 1462, +was particularly fortunate in his four daughters, who were all eminent +for their great literary attainments. + +Mildred, the eldest, married William Cecil, Lord Burleigh. She was +learned in the Greek tongue, and wrote a letter in that language to +the University of Cambridge. + +Anne, the second, was the second wife of Sir Nicholas Bacon, Lord +Keeper, and mother of the great Lord St. Alban's. She was greatly +skilled in Greek, Latin, and Italian, and had the honour of being +appointed governess to King Edward VI. + +Elizabeth, the third, was first the wife of Sir Thomas Hobby, +ambassador to France, and afterwards, of John, Lord Russel, son and +heir of Francis Russel, Earl of Bedford. Such was her progress in the +learned languages, that she gained the applause of the most eminent +scholars of the age, and for the tombs of both her husbands, she wrote +epitaphs in Greek, Latin, and English. + +Catherine, the fourth, who was the wife of Sir Henry Killegrew, was +famous for her knowledge in the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin tongues, and +her skill in poetry. She was buried in the chancel of the church of +St. Thomas Apostle, in Vintry Ward, London, where there is an elegant +monument erected to her memory, with an inscription composed by +herself. Sir Anthony Cooke lived at Gidea Hall, near Romford, in +Essex, and had the honour of entertaining Queen Elizabeth here, in the +year 1568. Mary de Medicis, mother of Queen Henrietta Maria, was also +entertained in this mansion, the night before her arrival in London. + +P.T.W. + + * * * * * + + +PARISH REGISTERS OF ST. BRIDE'S. + + +At the great fire of London, nearly all the churches and records were +consumed, wherefore scarcely any registers are to be found in the city +of an earlier date than the above period. In searching the muniments +preserved in St. Bride's Church, Fleet-street, for a history of that +parish, Mr. Elmes, the architect, discovered a few days since, that, +although the church was destroyed, the records were left uninjured. He +has accordingly brought to light a series of vestry books from 1653, +embracing regular accounts and entries of the calamitous fire, and the +proceedings of the parish authorities during that eventful period, +till the re-opening of the church for public worship; together with +register books of baptisms, burials, &c. from 1587, nearly eighty +years before the fire, continued without interruption to the present +day. One of them is a complete record of every meeting of the +Committee for rebuilding the present splendid church, from its +commencement to its completion, containing many curious items relative +to contracts with the workmen, their prices, &c.; meetings with Sir +Christopher Wren, Mr. Hooke, and other eminent persons, and the +arrangement entered into for accommodating the parishioners with +pews and seats after the completion of the church. There are also +adjudications of property, settlements of boundaries, and many other +interesting documents of that eventful period. + +From the _Globe_ journal.--(Mr. Elmes will be recollected as the author +of a valuable Life of Sir Christopher Wren, published a few years since +in quarto, and of several practical works on architecture. We are happy +to learn that a kindred enthusiasm to that shown in this great +biographical labour, has led him to undertake the history of one of the +proudest monuments of Wren's genius--the church of St. Bride. Mr. Elmes +may therefore be considered peculiarly fortunate in his discovery of +these relics, and his work will be looked for with additional +curiosity.) + + * * * * * + + + +THE GATHERER. + + * * * * * + +_Oriental Apologue_.--A blind man having contracted a violent passion +for a certain female, married her, contrary to the advice of all his +friends, who told him that she was exceedingly ugly. A celebrated +physician at length undertook to restore him to sight. The blind man, +however, refused his assistance. "If I should recover my sight," said +he, "I should be deprived of the love I have for my wife, which alone +renders me happy." "Man of God," replied the physician, "tell me +which is of most consequence to a rational being, the attainment of +happiness or the attainment of truth?" S.H. + +_Honour_.--William the Third having insisted on Lord H----n's giving +him his _honour_ not to fight a man who had given him a box on the +ear, his lordship was obliged seemingly to comply; but as soon us he +was out of the king's presence he fought the man. The king was, at +first, highly incensed at his breaking his word with him, and asked +him how he came to do so, when he had just given him his honour. +"Sire," replied his lordship, "you were in the wrong to take such a +pledge, for at the time I gave it you, I had no honour to give." S.H. + +_Doll's Eyes_.--Insignificant as may appear this petty article of +commerce, it is well known to keep in employ several thousand hands, +and goes to show the vast importance of trifles to a country of +decided commercialists. Mr. Osler, an intelligent manufacturer of +Birmingham, gave the following statement before the Committee of the +House of Commons, in 1824. "Eighteen years ago, on my first journey +to London, a respectable looking man in the city asked me if I could +supply him with doll's eyes, and I was foolish enough to feel half +offended; I thought it derogatory to my new dignity as a manufacturer, +to make doll's eyes. He took me into a room quite as wide, and twice +the length of this, (one of the large rooms for Committees in the +House of Commons,) and we had just room to walk between the stacks, +from the floor to the ceiling, of parts of dolls. He said these are +only the legs and arms, the trunks are below, but I saw enough to +convince me that he wanted a great many eyes; and as the article +appeared quite in my own line of business, I said I would take an +order by way of experiment, and he showed me several specimens. I +copied the order, and on returning to the Tavistock Hotel I found it +amounted to upwards of five hundred pounds.'" SWAINE. + +_Eggs_.--The duty paid on eggs imported at Ramsgate within the last +three months, exceeds the sum of 2,000l.--_(Morning Herald.)_ The +rate of duty is, as stated in our last, 10d. on every 120 eggs. + +_The Druids and the Mistletoe_--Pliny, in his _Natural History_, tells +us, "The Druids held nothing so sacred as the mistletoe of the oak, +as this is very scarce and rarely to be found, when any of it is +discovered, they go with great pomp and ceremony on a certain day to +gather it. When they have got everything in readiness under the oak, +both for the sacrifice and the banquet, which they make on this great +festival, they begin by tying two white bulls to it by the horns, then +one of the Druids, clothed in white, mounts the tree, and with a knife +of gold, cuts the mistletoe, which is received in a white sagum; this +done, they proceed to their sacrifices and feastings." This festival +is said to have been kept as near as the age of the moon permitted +to the 10th of March, which was their New Year's Day. The common +mistletoe was the golden bough of Virgil, and was Aenea's passport to +the infernal regions. P.T.W. + + * * * * * + + +SPIRIT OF NEW BOOKS. + + +With the Next Number, A SUPPLEMENT of UNIQUE EXTRACTS from NEW BOOKS +of the last Six Weeks: with TWO ENGRAVINGS Illustrating Washington +Irving's NEW SKETCH BOOK. + + * * * * * + +_Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset +House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 620, New Market, Leipsic; +G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen +and Booksellers._ + + + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, +and Instruction, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE *** + +***** This file should be named 11743.txt or 11743.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/7/4/11743/ + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Bill Walker and PG Distributed Proofreaders + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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