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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/11551-0.txt b/11551-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6f2f7b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/11551-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1483 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11551 *** + +THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION. + +VOL. 19, NO. 546.] SATURDAY, MAY 12, 1832. [PRICE 2d. + + * * * * * + + + +ST. PANCRAS (OLD) CHURCH. + + +[Illustration: ST. PANCRAS (OLD) CHURCH.] + +This humble village fane is situated to the north of London, somewhat +more than a mile from Holborn Bars. Persons unacquainted with the site, +may hitherto have considered it as part and parcel of this vast +metropolis: but, lo! here it stands amidst much of its primitive, +peaceful rusticity. + +Pancras is still, by courtesy, called a _village_, though its charms may +be of the _rus-in-urbe_ description. It derives its name from the saint +to whom the church is dedicated:[1] it was called St. Pancras when the +Survey of Domesday was taken. The parish is of great extent. Mr. Lysons +states it at 2,700 acres of land, including the site of buildings. It is +bounded on the north by Islington, Hornsey, and Finchley; and on the +west by Hampstead and Marybone. On the south it meets the parishes of +St. Giles's in the Fields, St. George the Martyr, St. George, +Bloomsbury, and St. Andrew's, Holborn.[2] On the east it is bounded by +St. James's, Clerkenwell. Kentish Town, part of Highgate, Camden Town, +and Somer's Town,[3] are comprised within this parish as hamlets. Mr. +Lysons supposes it to have included the prebendal manor of Kentish +Town,[4] or Cantelows, which now constitutes a stall in St. Paul's +Cathedral. Among the prebendaries have been men eminent for their +learning and piety: as Lancelot Andrews, bishop of Winchester, Dr. +Sherlock, Archdeacon Paley, and the Rev. William Beloe, B.D. well known +by his translation of Herodotus. + + [1] St. Pancras was a young Phrygian nobleman, who suffered + death under the Emperor Dioclesian, for his zealous adherence to + the Christian faith. + + [2] Lysons's Environs, 4to. vol. ii. part ii. + + [3] The parish extends in this direction to the foot of Gray's + Inn Lane, and includes part of a house in Queen's Square. + + [4] Anciently Kentistonne, where William Bruges, Garter King at + Arms in the reign of Henry V. had a country-house, at which he + entertained the emperor Sigismund. + +It would occupy too much space to detail the progressive increase of +this district. When a visitation of the church was made in the year +1251, there were only forty houses in the parish. The desolate situation +of the village in the latter part of the sixteenth century is +emphatically described by Norden, in his _Speculum Britanniæ_. After +noticing the solitary condition of the church, he says, "yet about this +structure have bin manie buildings now decaied, leaving poore Pancras +without companie or comfort." In some manuscription additions to his +work, the same writer has the following observations:--"Although this +place be, as it were, forsaken of all; and true men seldom frequent the +same, but upon devyne occasions; yet it is visyted by thieves, who +assemble there not to pray, but to wait for praye; and manie fell into +their handes, clothed, that are glad when they are escaped naked. Walk +not there too late." Newcourt, whose work was published in 1700, says +that houses had been built near the church. The first important increase +of the parish took place in the neighbourhood of Tottenham Court Road. + +"Pancras Church," says Norden, "standeth all alone, as utterly forsaken, +old and wether-beten, which, for the antiquity thereof, it is thought +not to yield to Paules in London." It is of rude Gothic architecture, +built of stones and flints, which are now covered with plaster. Mr. +Lysons says, "It is certainly not older than the fourteenth century, +perhaps in Norden's time it had the appearance of great decay; the same +building, nevertheless, repaired from time to time, still remains; looks +no longer 'old and wether-beten,' and may still exist perhaps to be +spoken of by some antiquary of a future century. It is a very small +structure, consisting only of a nave and chancel; at the west end is a +low tower, with a kind of dome."[5] Mr. Lysons speaks of the +disproportionate size of the church to the population of the parish; but +since his time another church has been erected, the splendour and size +of which in every respect accord with the increased wealth and numbers +of the parish. + + [5] The visitation of the church in the year 1251, mentions a + very small tower, a good slope font, and a small marble stone + ornamented with copper to carry the _Pax_. + +The church and churchyard of Pancras have long been noted as the +burial-place of such Roman Catholics as die in London and its +vicinity.[6] Many of the tombs exhibit a cross, and the initials R.I.P. +(_Requiescat in pace_), which initials, or others analogous to them, are +always used by the Catholics on their sepulchral monuments. Mr. Lysons +heard it assigned by some of that persuasion, as a reason for this +preference to Pancras as a burial-place, that masses were formerly said +in a church in the south of France, dedicated to the same saint, for the +souls of the deceased interred at St. Pancras in England. After the +French revolution, a great number of ecclesiastics and other refugees, +some of them of high rank, were buried in this churchyard; and in 1811, +Mr. Lysons observed that probably about 30 of the French clergy had on +an average been buried at Pancras for some years past: in 1801 there +were 41, and in 1802, 32. Mr. Lysons's explanation of this preference to +Pancras by the Catholics is, however, disputed by the author of +_Ecclesiastical Topography_, who observes that a reason more generally +given is, that "Pancras was the last church in England where mass was +performed after the Reformation." + + [6] Strype, in his additions to Stowe, says, the Roman Catholics + have of late _effected_ to be buried at this place. + +In the chancel are monuments of Daniel Clarke, Esq. who had been +master-cook to Queen Elizabeth; and of Cooper the artist, whose style +approached so near to that of Vandyke, that he has been called Vandyke +in miniature: he taught the author of Hudibras to paint; his wife was +sister to Pope's mother. + +In the churchyard are the tombs of Anthony Woodhead, 1678, who was in +his day, the great champion of the Roman Catholic religion, and was +reputed to have written the Whole Duty of Man; Lady Slingsby, whose name +occurs as an actress in Dryden and Lee's plays, from 1681 to 1689; +Jeremy Collier, 1726, the pertinacious non-juror, who repressed the +immoralities of the stage; Ned Ward, author of the London Spy, 1731; +Leoni, the architect, 1746; Lady Henrietta, wife of Beard, the vocalist, +1753; Van Bleeck, the portrait-painter; Ravenet, the engraver, 1764; +Mazzinghi, 1775, leader of the band at Marylebone Gardens, and father of +Mazzinghi, the celebrated composer; Henry and Robert Rackett, Pope's +nephews; Woollett, the engraver, 1785, to whose memory a monument has +been placed in the cloisters of Westminster Abbey; Baron de Wenzel, the +celebrated oculist, 1790; Mary Wollestonecraft Godwin, author of a +Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1797; the Rev. Arthur O'Leary, or +Father O'Leary, the amiable Franciscan friar, 1802; Paoli, the patriotic +Corsican, 1807; Walker editor of the Pronouncing Dictionary; the +Chevalier d'Eon, 1810, of epicene notoriety; and Packer, the comedian, +1806, who is said to have performed 4,852 times, besides walking in +processions; Edwards, professor of Perspective, 1806; Scheemakers, the +statuary, 1808. + +In the _Beauties of England and Wales_, it is stated that 23 acres of +land belong to the church; and the great increase of buildings renders +these of considerable value; though it is not known to whom the church +is indebted for this possession. + + * * * * * + + +ELEGY. + +FROM THE GERMAN. + +(_For the Mirror._) + + + Through oak-woods green, + A silver sheen, + Sweet moon, from thee + Afforded me + A tranquil joy, + Me, _then_, a happy boy. + Still makes thy light + My window bright, + But can no more + Lost peace restore: + My brow is shaded, + My cheek with weeping faded. + Thy beams, O moon, + Will glitter soon, + As softly clear, + Upon my bier: + For soon, earth must + Conceal in youth my dust. + + C.H. + + * * * * * + + +CLEOPATRA'S NEEDLES. + +(_For the Mirror._) + + +These remains of ancient art are destined to be removed to Europe.[7] +The palace of Cleopatra was built upon the walls facing the port of +Alexandria, Egypt, having a gallery on the outside, supported by several +fine columns. Towards the eastern part of the palace are two obelisks, +vulgarly called _Cleopatra's Needles_. They are of Thebaic stone, and +covered with hieroglyphics; one is overturned, broken, and lying under +the sand; the other is on its pedestal. These two obelisks, each of them +of a single stone, are about sixty feet high, by seven feet square at +the base. The Egyptian priests called these obelisks the sun's fingers, +because they served as stiles or gnomons to mark the hours on the +ground. In the first ages of the world they were made use of to transmit +to posterity the principal precepts of philosophy, which were engraven +on them in hieroglyphics. + + "Between the statues, _Obelisks_ were placed: + And the learned walls with _hieroglyphics_ grac'd. + _Pope._ + +In after ages they were used to immortalize the actions of heroes, and +the memory of persons beloved. + + [7] One is stated to be on its way to England; our parliament + has voted 10,000_l_ to defray the expense. The other needle is + destined for France. + +The first obelisk we know of was that raised by Rameses, King of Egypt, +in the time of the Trojan war. Augustus erected an obelisk at Rome, in +the Campus Martius, which served to mark the hours on an horizontal +dial, drawn on the pavement. This obelisk was brought from Egypt, and +was said to have been formed by Sesostris, near a thousand years before +Christ. It was used by Manlius for the same purpose for which it was +originally destined, namely, to measure the height of the sun. + +P.T.W. + + * * * * * + + +THE DYING MAIDEN'S PARDON TO HER FAITHLESS LOVER. + +FROM THE FRENCH. + +(_For the Mirror._) + + + If death's keen anguish thou would'st charm + Ere speeds his fatal dart, + Come, place thine hand--while yet 'tis warm, + Upon my breaking heart. + + And though remorse--thou may'st not feel + When its last throb is o'er, + Thou'lt say--"that heart which lov'd so well, + Shall passion feel no more." + + E'en love for thee forsakes my soul-- + Thy work, relentless see, + Near as I am life's destin'd gaol, + I'm frozen--less than thee. + + Yet take this heart--I ne'er had more + To give thee in thy need: + Search well--for at its inmost core, + Thy pardon thou may'st read. + +T.R.P. + + * * * * * + + + +ANECDOTE GALLERY. + + + * * * * * + + +TRAITS OF IRISH CHARACTER. + +(_For the Mirror._) + + +A gentleman residing in the vicinity of Dublin, found, notwithstanding +the protection of a thick, and thorny hedge, that great depredations +were committed on his garden and paddocks; so he inclosed them with a +high, strong wall. As he kept cows, and had more milk than was +sufficient for his family, he distributed the overplus amongst his poor +neighbours. One day, inspecting in person, this distribution, he saw a +woman attending with her pails, who, he was tolerably certain did not +require such assistance. "You, here! my good friend," said he, "I +thought you kept a cow?" + +"Ay, plase yer honour's honour, and _two_ it was that I _once_ kept, the +craters!" + +"_Once_, why don't you keep them now?" + +"Ough! 'tis yeaself must answer that question, for why? the bastes did +well enough afore your rav'rence run up that bit o' wall round your +fields, seein' the cows lived off your grass; but sorra for me now, I've +sold 'em both, by rason I couldn't _keep_ 'em no longer." + +An English gentleman, on a tour in Ireland, was beset at a fine +waterfall by numerous beggars; one woman was particularly clamorous for +relief, but Mr. R. instructed by his guide, said to her, "My good +friend, you cannot possibly want relief, as you keep several cows, and +have a very profitable farm; indeed I cannot bestow my charity upon +you." The woman, looking sulky, and _detected_, immediately pointed to +another, exclaiming, "Then give to _her_, for she's got _nothing_!" The +stranger in Dublin is particularly requested to send all beggars to an +institution in Copper Alley, for their relief. Being once much +importuned by an old man for money, we desired him to go to this place. +"I can't," said he. + +"Why not?" + +"Becase 'tis a bad place for the poor." + +"How so? don't they give you anything to eat?" + +"Ah, yes, yes, but the thing is, my jewel, they wont by no manes give a +poor body _anything to drink_." The intelligent reader will not be at a +loss to translate the complaint of thirsty Pat. + + * * * * * + + +FRENCH CRUELTY. + + +During the late French Revolution, one of the royalist soldiers having +his horse shot under him by a pupil of the Polytechnic School, and +finding when thus brought down, that he could not regain his feet and +resume a posture of defence, but was entirely at the mercy of his +ferocious young adversary, he immediately surrendered his sword, +exclaiming, "I am your prisoner, and entreat of you mercy and life." To +which the _generous_ and _heroic_ youth replied, "No prisoners, no +mercy!" and taking from his pocket a pike-head or some similar rough +weapon, deliberately drove it into the unfortunate soldier's heart! + + * * * * * + + +EFFRONTERY. + + +A nobleman being, it is said, some years since, in the shop of a +celebrated London shoemaker, saw, pass through it, a very handsome young +woman, "Who is that fine girl?" said he. + +"My daughter," replied the _cord-wainer_, "with sixty thousand pounds at +your lordship's service." + + * * * * * + + +A BLUNDER. + + +Literary topics came under discussion one evening in a small social +circle, of which the writer made one, and particularly the +autobiographical works, and personal memoirs, now so much in vogue. A +gentleman then stated, that having seen much of the world, he thought he +must follow the fashion, and one day favour it with his own life and +adventures. Numerous ladies were to figure in his book, which was, in +fact, as he modestly gave the present company to understand, to be a +complete chronicle of the flirtations and conquests of himself, and male +allies, with letters, portraits, &c. and _names_ in full. "But," +remarked a lady, humouring the jest, "if you _do_ render your book so +very personal, are you not afraid of the consequences?" + +"Not at all," replied the embryo author very gravely, "for though I +shall enjoy the remarks of the world, upon my _autobiography_, they +cannot affect me, as it will of course be a _posthumous work_." + + * * * * * + + +COOL COURAGE. + + +During the disastrous fire of the Kent East Indiaman, a lady on board +exhibited a very singular instance of _sang froid_ and presence of mind. +Being in one of the cabins, with a large, helpless, despairing, and of +course, most troublesome party, chiefly of her own sex, "all hands" of +the other being "turned up," we presume, to check the advances of the +devouring element, she proposed, by way of keeping them quiet, _to make +tea for them_, and we believe her proposal was accepted, and had the +desired effect. + +_Great Marlow, Bucks_. + +M.L.B. + + * * * * * + + +ABSTRACT STUDIES. + +(_For the Mirror_.) + + +Demosthenes to be the more removed from noise, and less subject to +distraction, caused a small chamber to be made under ground, in which he +shut himself up sometimes for whole months, shaving half his head and +only half his face, that he might not be in a condition to go abroad. It +was there, by the light of a small lamp, he composed his admirable +Orations, which were said by those who envied him, to smell of the oil, +to imply that they were too elaborate. He rose very early, and used to +say, that he was sorry when any workman was at his business before him. +He copied Thucydides' history eight times with his own hand, in order to +render the style of that great man familiar to him. + +Adrian Turnebus, a French critic, was so indefatigable in his study, +that it was said of him, as it was of Budaeus, that he spent some hours +in study even on the day he was married. + +Frederick Morel had so strong an attachment to study, that when he was +informed of his wife's being at the point of death, he would not lay +down his pen, till he had finished what he was upon, and when she was +dead, as she was before they could prevail on him to stir, he was only +heard to reply coldly, "I am very sorry, she was a good woman." + +Sir Isaac Newton, when he had any mathematical problems or solutions in +his mind, would never quit the subject on any account; dinner was often +known to be three hours ready for him before he could be brought to +table. His man often said, when he was getting up in the morning, and +began to dress, he would, with one leg in his breeches, sit down again +on the bed, and remain there for hours before he got his clothes on. + +Mr. Abraham Sharp, the astronomer, through his love of study, was very +irregular as to his meals, which he frequently took in the following +manner: a little square hole, something like a window, made a +communication between the room where he usually studied, and another +chamber in the house, where a servant could enter, and before this hole +he had contrived a sliding board, the servant always placing his +victuals in the hole, without speaking a word or making the least noise, +and when he had leisure he visited it to see what it contained, and to +satisfy his hunger or thirst. But it often happened that the breakfast, +the dinner, and the supper remained untouched by him, so deeply was he +engaged in his calculations and solemn musings. At one time after his +provisions had been neglected for a long season, his family became +uneasy, and resolved to break in upon his retirement; he complained, but +with great mildness, that they had disconcerted his thoughts in a chain +of calculations which had cost him intense application for three days +successively. On an old oak table, where for a long course of years he +used to write, cavities might easily be perceived, worn by the perpetual +rubbing of his arms and elbows.[8] + +SWAINE. + + [8] Mr. Colton used to say that he wrote his treasurable, + "Lacon: or, many things in a few words," upon a small, rickety + deal table. We perceive from Galignani's _Messenger_, that Mr. + Colton put an end to his existence, a few days since, at + Fontainbleau, it is stated in consequence of the dread of a + surgical operation which it had become necessary that he should + undergo. + + * * * * * + + +THE SELECTOR; AND LITERARY NOTICES OF _NEW WORKS_. + + + * * * * * + + +THE CONTRAST. + + +The title of Lord Mulgrave's clever novel is sufficiently explained by +the hero, Lord Castleton, a man of high refinement, marrying an +unsophisticated, uneducated peasant girl. The scenes and incidents of +her introduction into the fashionable world are replete with humour, yet +true to the life. Thus, how naturally are her new Ladyship's +embarrassments told:-- + +"There were some points on which she would even have endeavoured to +extract knowledge from the servants; but dreading, from her former +habits, nothing so much as too great a familiarity in this respect, +Castleton had made it one of his first desires to her, that she would +confine her communications with them, to asking for what she wanted. To +this, as to every other desire of his, she yielded, as far as she could, +implicit obedience; but it was often a great exertion on her part to do +so. Of her own maid she had felt from the first a considerable awe; and +to such a degree did this continue, that she could not conceive any +fatigue from labour equal to the burthen of her assistance. Being +naturally of a disposition both active and obliging, it was quite new to +her to have any thing done for her which she could do for herself. For +some time she had as great a horror of touching a bell-rope, as others +have in touching the string of a shower-bath; and when services were +obtruded on her by the domestics as a matter of course, she had much +difficulty in checking the exuberance of her gratitude. + +"At home, Big Betsey, mentioned before as the maid of all work, never +considered as any part of her multitudinous duties the waiting on Miss +Lucy, who she not only said 'mought moind herself,' but sometimes called +to her, almost authoritatively, 'to lend a hauping haund.' It was, +probably, in consequence of the habit thus engendered, that Lady +Castleton was one day caught 'lending a helping hand' to an over-loaded +under laundry-maid, who had been sent by her superior with a +wicker-bound snowy freight of her Ladyship's own superfine linen. But of +all the irksome feelings caused by Lucy's new position, there was none +from which she suffered more, than _waiting_ to be _waited on_. And it +was hinted in the hall, that when my Lord was not in the room, my Lady +got up to help herself to what she wanted from the sideboard!! And it +was whispered in the female conclave of the housekeeper's room, that her +Lady-ship seemed even to like to--lace her own stays!!" + +Again, after Lady Castleton receiving a visit from a ton-ish family, his +Lordship asks:-- + +And did they make many inquiries of you? ask many questions?" + +"Oh, such a many!" + +"So many, dearest love, you mean to say." + +"Well, so I do, thank you; and then the mamma asked me, as she had never +seen me before, if I had not been much abroad; and I said, never at all +till I married; and then she said, 'What! had I been to Paris since?' +and I find she meant foreign parts by abroad. And she told me that we +ought to go to London soon; that the season was advanced, and that the +Pasta would come out soon this spring. What is the Pasta--a plant?" + +"A plant! no, love. Pasta is a singer's name, you could not be expected +to know that; but I hope you didn't say any thing to show them your +ignorance?" + +"Oh, no; you told me, whenever I was completely puzzled, that silence +was best; so I said nothing. Pasta's the name of a singer, then! Oh, +that accounts, for a moment after she the mamma said, that her daughter +Arabella sang delightfully, and asked me if I would sing with her; so I +said no, I'd much rather listen. That was right, warn't it? You see I +knew you'd ask me all about it, so I recollected it for you. Arabella +then asked me if I would accompany her? so I said, Wherever she +liked,--where did she want to go? But, I suppose, she altered her mind, +for she sat down to the grand instrument you had brought here for me to +begin my lessons upon; and then she sang such an extraordinary song--all +coming from her throat. And the sister asked me if I understood German? +and I answered, No, nor French neither." + +"That was an unnecessary addition, my love." + +"Well, so it was. Then the youngest sister explained to me, that it was +a song a Swiss peasant girl sang whilst she was milking her cow; and I +said that must be very difficult, to sing while milking a cow. And then +the mamma asked how I knew; and I said I had _tried_ very _often_." + +"How could you, dear Lucy, volunteer such an avowal?" + +"I thought you would be afraid of that; but it all did very well, for +the mother said I was so amusing, had so much natural wit, and they all +tried to persuade me I had said something clever." + +"Well, go on--and what then?" + +"And then the lady took me aside, and began saying so much in praise of +you; and when she once got me on that subject, I was ready and glib +enough, I warrant you. But somehow, though I then found it so much +easier to speak, I find it more difficult to recollect exactly what I +said. Is not that strange? And then she said that my happiness would +excite so much envy in the great world; that you had been admired, +courted, nay, even loved by rich, noble, clever ladies. Why was all +this? and how could you ever think to leave all these, to seek out from +her quiet home your poor little Lucy?" + +"Oh, that's a story of by-gone days. These were follies of my youth, +which I thought I had lived to repent. + + "'Nor knew, till seated by thy side, + My heart in all save hope the same.'" + +"Why, save hope, my dear Lord? What may you not only hope, but trust, +from my constant devotion?" + +"I did not mean to tie myself precisely to every word I uttered. It was +only a quotation." + +"And what is a quotation?" + +"A quotation is the vehicle in which imagination posts forward, when she +only hires her Pegasus from memory. Or sometimes it is only a quit-rent, +which the intellectual cultivator, who farms an idea, pays to the +original proprietor; or rather,"--(seeing that he was not making the +matter more intelligible by his explanation,)--"or rather, it is when we +convey our own thoughts by the means of the more perfect expressions of +some favourite author." + +"But then, surely _you_ need not be driven to borrow, whose own words +always sound to me like a book. As for poor me, I wish I could talk in +quotations for ever; then I need not fear to make these mistakes, which, +as it is, I am afraid I am always like to do." + +(A scene at _the Opera_ is richer still: the performance _Semiramide_:) + +"Lady Gayland took the opportunity of inquiring of Lady Castleton, 'how +the opera had amused her?' There was that unmistakable air of real +interest in Lady Gayland's manner, whenever she addressed Lucy, which +made her always reply in a tone of confidence, different from that which +she felt towards any other member of the society in which she moved. + +"Why, to tell the honest truth," said she, leaning forwards towards her +questioner, "I can't say that I could the least understand what it all +meant. It's not likely that people should sing when they're in such +sorrow; and then I can't guess why that young man should kill the queen +that was so kind to him all along." + +"I don't wonder that that should surprise you, my dear; but he was not +aware of what he was doing. It was in the dark." + +"In the dark! But I could see very well who it was, though I did not +know her so well as he did, and was so much farther off." + +"I am afraid you are in the dark, too, a little as yet," said Lady +Gayland, (tapping her gently with her fan.) "But, tell me, did you not +admire the singing, though you could not understand the story." + +"Why, I should, perhaps, if I had known the language; but even then they +seemed to me more like birds, than men and women singing words. I like a +song that I can make out every word that's said." + +"The curtain then rose for the ballet; at first, Lucy was delighted with +the scenery and pageantry, for the spectacle was grand and imposing. But +at length the resounding plaudits announced the _entrée_ of the perfect +Taglioni. Lucy was a little astonished at her costume upon her first +appearance. She was attired as a goddess, and goddesses' gowns are +somewhat of the shortest, and their legs rather _au naturel_; but when +she came to elicit universal admiration by pointing her toe, and +revolving in the slow _pirouette_, Lucy, from the situation in which she +sat was overpowered with shame at the effect; and whilst Lady Gayland, +with her _longnette_ fixed on the stage, ejaculated, 'Beautiful! +inimitable!' the unpractised Lucy could not help exclaiming, 'O that is +too bad! I cannot stay to see that!' and she turned her head away +blushing deeply." + +"Is your ladyship ill?" exclaimed Lord Stayinmore. "Castleton, I am +afraid Lady Castleton feels herself indisposed." + +"Would you like to go?" kindly inquired Castleton. + +"O so much!" she answered. + +"Are you ill, my dear?" asked Lady Gayland. + +"Oh, no!" she said. + +"Then you had better stay, it is so beautiful." + +"Thank you, Lord Castleton is kind enough to let me go." + +(They get into the carriage.) + +"And how do you find yourself now, my dear Lucy?" tenderly inquired +Castleton, as the carriage drove off. + +"Oh, I am quite well, thank you." + +"Quite well! are you? What was it, then, that was the matter with you?" + +"There was nothing the matter with me, it was that woman." + +"What woman? what can you mean? Did you not say that you were ill; and +was not that the reason that we hurried away?" + +"No! YOU said I was ill; and I did not contradict you, because you tell +me that in the world, as you call it, it is not always right to give the +real reason for what we do; and therefore I thought, perhaps, that +though of course you wished me to come away, you liked to put it upon my +being ill." + +"Of course I wished you to come away! I was never more unwilling to move +in all my life; and nothing but consideration for your health would have +induced me to stir. Why should I have wished you to come away?" + +"Why, the naked woman," stammered Lucy. + +"What can you mean?" + +"You couldn't surely wish me to sit by the side of those people, to see +such a thing as that?" + +"As to being by the side of those people, I must remind you, that it was +Lady Gayland's box in which you were; and that whatever she, with her +acknowledged taste and refinement, sanctions with her presence, can only +be objected to by ignorance or prejudice. You have still a great deal to +learn, my dear Lucy," added he, more kindly; "and nothing can be so +fatal to your progress in that respect, as your attempting to lead, or +to find fault, with what you do not understand." + +"But surely I can understand that it is not right to do what I saw that +woman do," interrupted Lucy, presuming a little more doggedly than she +usually ventured to do on any subject with her husband; for this time +she had been really shocked by what she had seen. + +"Wrong it certainly is not, if you mean moral wrong. As to such an +exhibition being becoming or not in point of manners, that depends +entirely upon custom. Many things at your father's might strike me as +coarseness, which made no impression upon you from habit, though much +worse in my opinion than this presumed indecorum. Those things probably +arose from ignorance on your parts, which might be corrected. This, on +the other hand, from conventional indifference, consequent on custom, +which it is not in you to correct. Depend upon it you will only get +yourself laughed at, and me too, if you preach about dancers' +petticoats." + +"I don't want to preach to any body; and you know how much it fashes me +to contend with you." + +"Don't say FASHES, say distresses, or annoys, not _fashes_, for heaven's +sake, my dear Lucy." + +"Oh, dear, it was very stupid of me to forget it. That was one of the +first things you taught me, and it is a many days since I said it last; +but it is so strange to me to venture to differ with you, that I get +confused, and don't say any thing as right as I could do. Even now I +should like to ask, if modesty is a merit, whether nakedness ought to be +a show; but I'll say no more, for I dare say you won't make me go there +again." + +"No, that will be the best way to settle it." + +The plot of the Contrast is not, as the reader may perceive, one of +fashionable life: it has more of the romance of nature in its +composition: the characters are not the drawling bores that we find in +fashionable novels, though their affected freaks are occasionally +introduced to contrast with unsophisticated humility, and thus exhibit +the deformities of high life. The whole work is, however, light as +gossamer: we had almost said that a fly might read it through the +meshes, without endangering his patience or liberty. + + * * * * * + + +THE LIBRARY OF ENTERTAINING KNOWLEDGE + + +Maintains its rank in sober, we mean useful, literature. The volume +before us contains such matter as is only to be found in large and +expensive works, with a host of annotations from the journals of recent +travellers and other volumes which bear upon the main subject. This part +of the series, describing vegetable substances used for the food of man, +is executed with considerable minuteness. A Pythagorean would gloat over +its accuracy, and a vegetable diet man would become inflated with its +success in establishing his eccentricities. The contents are the +Corn-plants, Esculent Roots, Herbs, Spices, Tea, Coffee, &c. &c. In such +a multiplicity of facts as the history of these plants must necessarily +include, some misstatements may be expected. For example, the opinion +that succory is superior to coffee, though supported by Drs. Howison and +Duncan, is not entitled to notice. All over the continent, succory, or +_chicorée_, is used to _adulterate_ coffee, notwithstanding which a few +scheming persons have attempted to introduce it in this country as an +improvement, by selling it at four times its worth. Why say "it is +sometimes considered superior to the exotic berry," and in the same +page, "it is not likely to gain much esteem, where economy is not the +consideration." We looked in vain for mention of the President of the +Horticultural Society under Celery; though we never eat a fine head of +this delicious vegetable without grateful recollection of Mr. T.A. +Knight. All preachment of the economy of the Potato is judiciously +omitted, though we fear to the displeasure of Sir John Sinclair; nor is +there more space devoted to this overpraised root than it deserves. +Truffles are not only used "like mushrooms," but for stuffing game and +poultry, especially in France: who does not remember the _perdrixaux +truffes_, of the Parisian _carte_. The chapter on coffee, cacao, tea, +and sugar, is brief but entertaining. We may observe, by the way, that +one of the obstacles to the profitable cultivation of tea in this +country is our ignorance of the modes of drying, &c. as practised in +China. + +Another volume of the Entertaining Series, published since that just +noticed, contains a selection of _Criminal Trials_, amongst which are +those of Throckmorton and the Duke of Norfolk, for treason. They are, in +the main, reprints from the State Trials, which the professional editor +states to contain a large fund of instruction and _entertainment_. We +have been deceived in the latter quality, though we must admit that in +judicious hands, a volume of untiring interest might be wrought up from +the State records. As they are, their dulness and prolixity are past +endurance. As the present work proceeds in chronological order, it will +doubtless improve in its entertaining character, since no class of +literature has been more enriched by the publication of journals, +diaries, &c., than historical biography, which will thus enable the +editor to enliven his pages with characteristic traits of the principal +actors. This has been done, to some extent, in the portion before us, +and in like manner fits the volume for popular reading. + + * * * * * + + + +MANNERS & CUSTOMS OF ALL NATIONS. + + + * * * * * + + +FIRE TEMPLES IN PERSIA. + +[Illustration: Persian Temple] + + +These mystical relics are but a short journey from the celebrated ruins +of Persepolis. Mr. Buckingham describes them in his usual picturesque +language: "Having several villages in sight, as the sun rose, with +cultivated land, flocks, trees, and water, we arrived at the foot of the +mountain, which forms the northern boundary of the plain of Merdusht. +The first object we saw on the west was a small rock, on which stood two +fire altars of a peculiar form: their dimensions were five feet square +at the base, and three at the top, and they were five feet high. There +were pillars or pilasters at the corners, and arches in the sides. In +the centre of each of these, near the top, was a square basin, about +eight inches in diameter, and six in depth, for the reception of the +fire, formerly used by the disciples of Zoroaster in their worship." + +Like Pythagoras, it may be here observed, Zoroaster, the inventer of +Magic, or the doctrines of the Magi, admitted no visible object of +devotion except fire, which he considered as the most proper emblem of a +supreme being; these doctrines seem to have been preserved by Numa, in +the worship and ceremonies which he instituted in honour of Vesta. +According to some of the moderns, the doctrines, laws, and regulations +of Zoroaster are still extant, and they have been lately introduced in +Europe, in a French translation by M. Anquetil. + +Mr. Buckingham notices an existing custom, which he attributes to this +reverence to fire. "Throughout all Persia, a custom prevails of giving +the salute 'Salami Alaikom,' whenever the first lighted lamp or candle +is brought into the room in the evening; and this is done between +servants and masters as well as between equals. As this is not practised +in any other Mahommedan country, it is probably a relic of the ancient +reverence to fire, once so prevalent here, though the form of the salute +is naturally that of the present religion." + + * * * * * + + + +THE NATURALIST. + + + * * * * * + + +WHALE CHASE. + + +A Scottish journal, the _Caledonian Mercury_, describes the following +animated scene, which lately took place off the town of Stornoway, in +the island of Lewis. An immense shoal of whales was, early in the +morning, chased to the mouth of the harbour by two fishing-boats, which +had met them in the offing. + +"The circumstance was immediately descried from the shore, and a host of +boats, amounting to 30 or 40, and armed with every species of weapon, +set off to join the others in pursuit. The chase soon became one of +bustle and anxiety on the part both of man and fish. The boats arranged +themselves in the form of a crescent, in the fold of which the whales +were collected, and where they had to encounter incessant showers of +stones, splashing of oars, with frequent gashes from a harpoon or spear, +while the din created by the shouts of the boats' crews and the +multitude on shore, was tremendous. On more than one occasion, however, +the floating phalanx was broken, and it required the greatest activity +and tact ere the breach could be repaired and possession of the +fugitives regained. The shore was neared by degrees, the boats advancing +and retreating by turns, till at length they succeeded in driving the +captive monsters on a beach opposite to the town, and within a few yards +of it. The gambols of the whales were now highly diverting, and, except +when a fish became unmanageable and enraged while the harpoon was fixed, +or the noose of a rope pulled tight round its tail, they were not at all +dangerous to be approached. In the course of a few hours the capture was +complete, the shore was strewed with their dead carcases, while the sea +presented a bloody and troubled aspect, giving evident proofs that it +was with no small effort they were subdued. For fear of contagion, the +whole fish amounting to ninety-eight, some of them very large, were +immediately towed to a spot distant from the town, where they were on +Thursday sold by public roup, the proceeds to be divided among the +captors. An annual visit is generally paid by the whales to the Lewis +coast, and besides being profitable when caught, they generally furnish +a source of considerable amusement. On the present occasion, the whole +inhabitants of the place, male and female, repaired to the beach, +opposite to the scene of slaughter, where they evidently were delighted +spectators, and occasionally gave assistance. A young sailor received a +stroke from the tail of one of the largest fish, which nearly killed +him." + + * * * * * + + +AUDUBON. + + +The Philadelphia journals communicate some particulars of the journey of +this enterprising naturalist into E. Florida. He has discovered, shot, +and drawn a new Ibis, which he has named _Tantalus fuscus_. In a letter, +he says + +"I have discovered three different new species of Heath, one bearing a +yellow blossom, the two others a red and purple one;--also, a beautiful +new Kalmia, and several extraordinary parasitical plants, bearing some +resemblance to the pineapple plant, growing on the _eastern_ side of the +cyprus tree in swamps, about 6 or 10 feet above the water. + +"During my late excursion I almost became an amphibious being--spending +the most of my days in the water, and by night pitching my tent on the +barren sands. Whilst I remained at Spring Garden, the alligators were +yet in full life; the white-headed eagles setting; the smaller resident +birds paring; and strange to say, the warblers which migrate, moving +easterly every warm day, and returning every cold day, a curious +circumstance, tending to illustrate certain principles in natural +economy." + +Six boxes of prepared skins of birds, &c. as well as a number of choice +shells, seeds, roots, &c. the result of Audubon's researches, have been +received in Charleston. + +"In this collection there are between four and five hundred skins of +Birds, several of them rare in this part of the United States--some that +are never found here, and a few that have not yet been described. Of +these are two of the species of Pelican (Pelicanus) not described by +Wilson. The Parrot (psittacus Carolinensis); the palm warbler of +Buonaparte (Silvia palmerea), and the Florida Jay, a beautiful bird +without the crest, so common in that genus. + +"Among the new discoveries of Audubon in Florida, we perceive a noble +bird partaking of the appearance both of the Falcon and Vulture tribes, +which would seem to be a connecting link between the two. His habits +too, it is said, partake of his appearance, he being alternately a bird +of prey, and feeding on the same food with the Vultures. This bird +remains yet to be described, and will add not only a new species, but a +new genus to the birds of the United States. We perceive also in Mr. +Audubon's collection, a new species of Coot (Fulica).[9] + + [9] Abridged from printed extracts furnished by our + correspondent, M.L.B. + + * * * * * + + +REMARKABLE JAY. + + +A lady residing at Blackheath has in her possession a fine Jay, which +displays instinct allied to reason and reflection in no ordinary degree. +This bird is stated by a Correspondent, (A.T.) to repeat distinctly any +word that may be uttered before. She can identify persons after having +once seen them, and been told their names; the latter she will pronounce +with surprising clearness. She has a strong affection for a goldfinch in +the same apartment, the latter bird appearing to return this fondness by +fluttering its wings and other demonstrations of delight. The Jay has +also been seen playing with two kittens, while the old cat looked +composedly on at their gambols. This bird is in beautiful plumage, and +is about twenty years of age. She is well known to the residents of +Blackheath and its vicinity. + + * * * * * + + +ENTOMOLOGY. + + +I have lately observed a curious fact, which I have never seen noticed +in any book which has fallen in my way, viz. that it is the tail of the +caterpillar which becomes the head of the butterfly. I found it hard to +believe till I had convinced myself of it in a number of instances. The +caterpillar weaves its web from its mouth, finishes with the head +downwards, and the head, with the six front legs, are thrown off from +the chrysalis, and may be found dried up, but quite distinguishable, at +the bottom of the web. The butterfly comes out at the top. Is this fact +generally known?--_Corresp. Mag. Nat. Hist._ + + * * * * * + + +THE RIVER TINTO. + + +The river Tinto rises in Sierra Morena, and empties itself into the +Mediterranean, near Huelva, having the name of Tinto given it from the +tinge of its waters, which are as yellow as a topaz, hardening the sand +and petrifying it in a most surprising manner. If a stone happen to fall +in, and rest on another, they both become in a year's time perfectly +united and conglutiated. This river withers all the plants on its banks, +as well as the roots of trees, which it dyes of the same hue as its +waters. No kind of verdure will flourish where it reaches, nor any fish +live in its stream. It kills worms in cattle, when given them to drink; +but in general no animals will drink out of the river, except goats, +whose flesh, nevertheless, has an excellent flavour. These singular +properties continue till other rivulets run into it, and alter its +nature; for when it passes by Niebla, it is not different from other +rivers. It falls into the Mediterranean six leagues lower down, at the +town of Huelva, where it is two leagues broad, and admits of large +vessels, which may come up the river as high as San Juan del Puerto, +three leagues above Huelva.--_From a Correspondent._ + + * * * * * + + + +SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS + + + * * * * * + + +THE GALLEY SLAVES. + + +About a mile distant from one of the southern barriers of Paris, a +palace was built during _our_ Henry the Sixth's brief and precarious +possession of French royalty, by the Bishop of Winchester. It was known +by the name of Winchester, of which, however, the French kept +continually clipping and changing the consonants, until the Anglo-Saxon +Winchester dwindled into the French appellation of Bicêtre. The Bishop's +old palace was treated as unceremoniously as his name, being burnt in +some of the civil wars. But there is this advantage in a sumptuous +edifice, that its very ruins suggest the thought and supply the means of +rebuilding it. Bicêtre, accordingly, reared its head, and is now a +straggling mass of building, containing a mad-house, a poor-house, an +hospital, and a prison. + +To see it is a matter of trifling difficulty, except on one particular +day--that devoted to the rivetting of the _chaine_. A surgeon, however, +belonging to the establishment, promised to procure me admission, and on +receiving his summons, I started one forenoon for Bicêtre. Mortifying +news awaited my arrival. The convicts had plotted a general insurrection +and escape, which was to have taken place on the preceding night. It had +been discovered in time, however, and such precautions taken, as +completely prevented even the attempt. The chief of these precautions +appeared in half a regiment of troops, that had bivouacked all night in +the square adjoining the prison, and were still some lying, some +loitering about. Strict orders had been issued, that no strangers should +be admitted to witness the ceremony of rivetting; and the turnkeys and +gaolers, in appearance not yet recovered from the alarm of the preceding +evening, refused to listen to either bribe, menace, or solicitation. It +was confoundedly vexatious. Whilst expostulating with the turnkey, I +caught a glimpse through a barred window of the interior court, athwart +which the chains lay extended, whilst in one railed off even from this +the convicts were crowded, marching round and round--precaution forbade +their remaining still--and uttering from time to time such yells and +imprecations as might deafen and appal a Mohawk. "I have caught a +glimpse at least," thought I, as we were unceremoniously turned out. + +My friend, the surgeon, bade us, however, not despair. When the man of +influence arrived he hoped to prevail; and in the mean time he led us to +view the other curiosities of Bicêtre. There was the well, the kitchen, +the anatomical theatre. The courts were crowded with aged paupers, who +each well knew that his carcass would undergo what laceration the +scalpel of my friend and his comrades chose to inflict upon it. But the +thought seemed not to affect them so much as it did us. Methought the +business of dissecting dead subjects might have been carried on more +remote from the living candidates; but I was wrong, for mystery and +secrecy always beget fear. + +The mad-house was another curiosity. It contains many whose brain the +revolution of July, 1830, had turned. One man, a fine youth, had +travelled on foot from a distant part of the kingdom, to shed his blood +as a sacrifice to the memory of Napoleon. He gave his last franc to +obtain admission within the pillar of the Place Vendôme, and when there +opened the veins of both his arms, crying out, "I offer the blood of the +brave to the manes of Napoleon." His rolling black eye was now +contrasted with a face pale as death. He had lost so much blood that few +hopes were entertained of his recovery. + +But by far the most curious patient of the mad-house, was a young man +who imagined himself to be a woman. He was handsome, but not feminine in +appearance. He adored a little mirror, with which he was gratified. Rags +of all colours were his delight; and he had made a precious collection. +His coquetry was evident; and he answered pertinently all questions, +never belying at the same time his fixed opinion, that he was endowed +with a maiden's charms. + +We looked over the book of reports, and found seven-eighths of the +female patients to have become deranged from love; whilst, with the +majority of the males, the hallucination proceeded from disappointments +of ambition. Surprised, I could make out no case of a religious maniac; +glad, I could discover none of a student. + +We now returned to machinations for the purpose of entering the +forbidden prison. Aprons were handed us, not unlike a barber's. They +were surgeons' aprons, always worn by those of the establishment when on +duty. Might not then the barbers' aprons be a tradition of the +barber-surgeons? I refrained from asking the question in that company. +The scheme was, that we should pass for _Carabins_--such is the nickname +of French students in chirurgery--and in this quality demand admission. +The Cerberus of the prison grinned at the deceit, but wearied and amused +by our importunities, he actually opened the _quicket_ and admitted us. +There are two grated doors of this kind, one always locked whilst the +other is opened. In an instant we were in Pandemonium. + +The buildings, which surrounded and formed the courts, evidently the +oldest and strongest of Bicêtre, harmonized in dinginess with the scene. +At every barred window, and these were numerous, about a dozen ruffianly +heads were thrust together, to regard the chains of their +companions.--What a study of physiognomy! The murderer's scowl was +there, by the side of the laughing countenance of the vagabond, whose +shouts and jokes formed a kind of tenor to the muttered imprecations of +the other. Here and there was protruded the fine, open, high-fronted +head,--pale, striking, features, and dark looks, of some felon of +intellect and natural superiority; whilst by his side, ignominy looked +stupidly and maliciously on. A handsome little fellow at one of the +grates, was dressing his hair unconsciously with most agitated fingers, +evidently affected by the scene. Our question of "What are you in for?" +aroused him. "False signing a billet of twenty thousand francs," replied +he, with a shrug and a smile. "And he, your neighbour?" asked we +cautiously, concerning one of a fine, thoughtful, philosophic, and +passionate countenance. "Ha! you may ask--he gave his mistress a potion, +for the purpose of merely seducing her, and it turned out to be +poison--a _carabin_ like yourselves." But these made no part of the +_chaine_. + +The convicts destined for this operation were kept in movement round a +post in an adjoining court, and were shouting, rarely in intelligible +language, to their companions. Joy was the universal tone, and a +sniveller ran imminent danger. One poor fellow I remarked holding down +his head, when he was saluted with a kick from him who followed, and the +objurgation, _Tu es forçat, toi, heim?_--"You a convict, and durst be +sad." These men were all unmanacled. Methought a general rush on their +part both practicable and formidable. One half must have perished, and +the other half might have escaped. + +They were now marched out from the inner court in batches of thirty at a +time, drawn up in rank, stripped, and examined with such rigid scrutiny +as I dare not precise. They were then marched and placed along one of +the extended chains, and made to sit down, resting it in their laps. A +square fetter was then fitted and placed around the neck of each. In +this, before, some detached links from the chain were placed, whilst a +huge smith proceeded to rivet each from behind. Fixing a kind of movable +anvil behind the convict's back, the fetter that encircled his neck was +brought with its joint upon it, and half a dozen blows of the sledge +riveted the captive inextricably to the main chain and to his +twenty-nine comrades. The smith must be adroit at his task, and the +convict steady in his position; for, as the fetter is tight round the +neck, the hammer, in its blow, must pass within a quarter of an inch of +his skull, and a wince on his part might prove fatal. This, indeed, is +the trying moment, when the stoutest cheek is blanched. The sturdiest +frame, shaken by the blows of the sledge, then betrays emotion, and +tears of penitence are at that moment almost always seen to fall. On +sitting down, each had in general an air of bravado, produced in a great +measure by the regards of the seemingly more hardened ruffians from the +windows. Under the riveting there was no smile; whilst after it, apathy +was affected or resumed, each endeavouring to make his iron collar as +supportable and comfortable as possible, by enveloping it in a +handkerchief, and guaranteeing the neck from its chill or galling. + +When the _chaine_ was completed, its wearers were made to stand up. They +formed themselves in couples, the chain running betwixt two ranks, and +they walked round the yard to take their first lesson in their galling +exercise. They are thus fettered together till they reach Brest or +Toulon. The choice is left to them of walking or being carried in carts, +more provender being given to those who make the journey on foot. + +The only part of their habiliments, which seemed left to themselves to +provide, was a covering for the head, the red or green cap being given +them only upon entering the _bagne_. For their journey, some of the +fellows had provided themselves with strange head-gear, mostly made of +straw; one had a three-cocked hat; others, one of all kinds of _outré_ +shapes. A prime vagabond had woven for himself a complete and +magnificent tiara, precisely like the Roman Pontiff's in form, and +surmounted by a cross. This was the _Pope_, the Pope of the _Chaine_, +and I never heard a shout so appalling, as that with which his +appearance was welcomed by the prisoners from the windows of the +building. They danced, they yelled, tore and tumbled over each other in +the most exuberant delight, thrusting their crowded heads and distorted +features almost through the gratings. I have gleaned from it quite an +idea of a scene of merriment and exultation _below_. + +The said Pope was a very extraordinary fellow: a slight fair form, +pointed features, and eyes that were penetrating, despite their common +shade of grey. He was called _Champenois_, his real name unknown, not +more than three-and-twenty, and the Lieutenant of the _Chaine_ said, one +of the most talented and extraordinary characters that _he_ had ever met +with. He had been the prime mover of the intended insurrection, but +without a proof against him, except his universal authority, unusual in +so young a thief. His physiognomy was one, which it required not a +second look in order to remember for ever. + +Another figure struck me, not so much as singular in itself, as in +contrast with those around. It struck me as that of an English +cabin-boy, a pale, freckled, ill-conditioned lad. On following the +calling over of the register in roll, I found my conjecture too true. He +was an unfortunate young sailor, a native of England, guilty of some +misdemeanour, and by name Aikin. He understood not a word of French, but +protested with a shake of his head against his being English; patriotism +had in him outlived honesty and self-respect. I spoke to him in English: +he wept, but would not reply, puckering up his poor lips in all the +agony of his desolate condition. I was glad to remark the humanity with +which he had been chained to a prisoner, pensive and downcast like +himself. + +There were some cases certainly hard; one or two for resisting the +_gen-d'armerie_ in a riot at Rouen. To transport a rioter, unless under +aggravated circumstances, is grievous enough; but after the revolution +of July, that hallowed riot, to make a galley-slave of a _brave_ for +resisting the police, must have been at least surprising to him. The +tribunal no doubt felt the necessity of severity; and we acknowledged it +all in deploring the degradation of these poor devils for an act, which +in so many thousand others was, at the moment, extolled to the skies as +the acmé of heroism. But justice hath her lottery-wheel as well as +fortune. + +As the last _chaine_ was completing, an ecclesiastic went round to +collect money of the visitors. But as there were few, so were the +offerings. The convicts at the same time produced the fruits of their +ingenuity in straw work-boxes, needle-cases, carved ivory and wood. The +guardians, to do them justice, seemed humane. + +The _bagne_ at Toulon, the destination of the members of the _chaine_, +was respectably peopled when I visited it some years ago. It contained +amongst others, Sarrazin, a famous general, who had deserted to us from +Buonaparte, and whose works on the Spanish and other campaigns, are +still read with interest. The general had caught the inexcusable habit +of marrying a wife in each town wherein he was quartered, and was sent +to the gallies for _trigintagamy_. They boasted a bishop too amongst the +convicts at Toulon, a merry little fellow, that bore his fate gaily, and +who still contrived to exercise a kind of spiritual supremacy over his +unfortunate comrades. + +The ingenuity and hardihood of these men is surprising. Despite the +vigilance, the ramparts, the fetters, and the logs, they escape hourly +and daily;--at what risk is manifest from the regulations, by which +three cannon shots always announce the disappearance of a convict, +serving to warn the peasants, and call them to earn the handsome reward +given to whoever arrests one of the branded fugitives. They are easily +recognised by the halt in one limb; as they are wont to drag after them +that which has been accustomed to the bullet. + +The only pursuits that seem to pervade the _bagne_, are those of +_eating_ and _dying_: with the exception of escape, all others are +denied. And those who have given up the latter hope, confine their +thoughts either to bettering their meagre fare of beans, or to getting +rid of existence in the most advantageous way. It is remarkable and +degrading to observe the utmost human ingenuity and industry employed, +in order to procure a dish of potatoes fried in grease once in the week. +Yet such is the luxury of a _forçat_, and he must labour for it harder +than even an Hibernian peasant, or a poet of the same line. + +The more philosophic, who scorn the luxury of potatoes, and with it the +life that affords no other, meditate how best to get rid of existence; +and this they effect almost ever in one way; viz., by killing their most +obnoxious keeper, and thus earning the guillotine. + +It is a frequent scene in the _bagne_, that of an execution. It occurs +every week or fortnight. All the convicts are obliged to attend, for the +purpose of striking them with terror, and working contrition and good +behaviour in them. Alas! it is a huge mistake. For these days are of all +other days of _fête_ to them. Their countenances are marked by universal +joy, and they shout congratulations, not condolences, to their comrade +about to perish. Death to them is indeed an escape. Its ceremony is to +them a marriage feast: and decapitation, what a _black job_ was to Lord +Portsmouth,--the only variety and excitement that could give a spur to +their heavy and painful existence. + +Speak as we may against the pains of death, this is worse, not only +physically but morally; for it degrades humanity far lower than is +conceiveable. The French have an idea that they can imitate the American +mode of punishment by solitary confinement. This again will be still +worse than the galleys; since religious consolation can alone redeem or +ameliorate man in this state of durance; and as this makes no part of +the French system, I cannot help thinking the _guillotine_ more +merciful, than either their _bagne_ or their solitary cells.--_Monthly +Magazine._ + + * * * * * + + +THE SEALS. + +Written at the suggestion of a Lover who inferred the decline, of his +mistress's affections from her changing the seals of her letters. + +BY THE AUTHOR OF THE HUNCHBACK. + + + You've changed the seal--you've changed it thrice: + Your first implied you loved: + How welcome was the dear device, + A thousand kisses proved. + + Your next was love--it spoke the flame, + Yet scarce so plain methought-- + I kiss'd it, wishing it the same + Your first sweet letter brought + + The second change, was change indeed-- + To friendship--Judge my bliss-- + And did I kiss that seal--I did-- + But 'twas a farewell kiss. + + The third--nor love, nor friendship--There + Indeed love's dream should end-- + As coldest stranger better far + Than lover turn'd to friend. + + No kiss I gave that seal--no name-- + Still dear--of thine it bore-- + The signet, whence the impress came, + Perhaps a rival wore. + + I smil'd to think 'twas so--'twas strange-- + And have such cause to sigh-- + How couldst thou--fairest creature--change? + O, wherefore could not I. + +_Monthly Mag._ + + * * * * * + +By a Parliamentary return it appears, that Kensington Palace cost the +public in 1828, 2,412_l_. 8_s_. 11_d_.; in 1829, 4,638_l_. 8_s_.; in +1830, 6,203_l_. 5_s_. 11_d_.; and in 183l, 3,921_l_. 15_s_. Hampton +Court in 1828, cost 4,430_l_. 19_s_. 5_d_.; in 1829, 5,964_l_. 13_s_. +1_d_.; in 1830, 4,144_l_. 2_s_. 4_d_.; and in 183l, 3,994_l_. 15_s_. +11_d_.--_Times_. + + * * * * * + + + +THE GATHERER. + + + * * * * * + +Dr. Johnson has remarked that the French are fond of Young's _Night +Thoughts_, a fact which is hard to be accounted for, that a nation so +celebrated for their gaiety should have a regard for an author treating +on such serious subjects. + +_Wigs_.--In the reign of Queen Anne, enormous full-bottomed wigs often +cost twenty or thirty guineas each. + +"_Capillary Attraction_."--When Charles II. was espoused to the Infanta +of Portugal, a fleet was sent over to Lisbon, with proper attendants to +bring her hither, but her majesty being informed that there were some +particular customs in Portugal, with relation to the ladies, which the +king would not easily dispense with, the fleet was detained six or seven +weeks, at a great expense, till _her majesty's hair grew_. + +(Mr. Prince, with his Russia Oil, would have prospered under Royal +Patronage in those days; and Mr. Rowland would not have needed +immortality in Byron's verse: "incomparable _huile Macassar_.") + +_The King of Kippen._--When James V. of Scotland, travelled in disguise, +he used a name which was known only to some of the principal nobility +and attendants. He was called the Goodman (the tenant, that is) of +Ballangiech. Ballangiech is a steep pass, which leads down behind the +Castle of Stirling. Once, when he was feasting in Stirling, the king +sent for some venison from the neighbouring hills. The deer were killed +and put on horses' backs to be transported to Stirling. Unluckily, they +had to pass the castle gates of Ampryor, belonging to a chief of the +Buchanans, who had a considerable number of guests with him. It was +late, and the company were rather short of victuals, though they had +more than enough of liquor. The chief, seeing so much fat venison +passing his very door, seized on it; and, to the expostulations of the +keepers, who told him that it belonged to King James, he answered +insolently, that if James was king in Scotland, he, Buchanan, was king +in Kippen, being the name of the district in which the Castle of Ampryor +lay. On hearing what had happened, the king got on horseback, and rode +instantly from Stirling to Buchanan's house, where he found a strong, +fierce-looking Highlander, with an axe on his shoulder, standing +sentinel at the door. This grim warder refused the king admittance, +saying that "the Laird of Arnpryor was at dinner, and would not be +disturbed." "Yet go up to the company, my good friend," said the king, +"and tell him that the good man of Ballangiech is come to feast with the +King of Kippen." The porter went grumbling into the house, and told his +master that there was a fellow with a red beard who called himself the +good man of Ballangiech, at the gate, and said he was come to dine with +the King of Kippen. As soon as Buchanan heard these words, he knew that +the king was there in person, and hastened down to kneel at James's +feet, and to ask forgiveness for his insolent behaviour. But the king, +who only meant to give him a fright, forgave him freely, and, going into +the castle, feasted on his own venison, which Buchanan had intercepted. +Buchanan of Arnpryor was ever afterwards called King of Kippen. + +W.G.C. + +_Remarkable Murder_.--"Anno 1605: one William Calverly, of Calverly, in +the county of York, esquire, murthered two of his own children at home +at his own house, then stabbed his wife into the body, with full intent +to have killed her, and then went out with intention to have killed his +child, at nurse, but was prevented. He was pressed to death, at York, +for this murther, because he stood mute, and would not plead."--_Old +History_. + +_Law respecting Caps_.--An old Law, enacted that every person above +seven years of age, should wear on Sundays, and Holidays, a cap of wool, +knit-made, thickened and dressed in England, by some of the trade of +Cappers--under the forfeiture of three-farthings for every day's +neglect; excepting _Maids, Ladies_, and _Gentlemen_, and every _Lord, +Knight_, and Gentleman of _Twenty marks of land_, and their _heirs_, and +such as had borne office of worship in any _City, Town_, or _Place_, and +the Wardens of the London Companies. + +T. GILL. + +_Splendid Biography_.--Richard Neville, the Great Earl of Warwick and +Salisbury, was well known in history by the appellation of the King +Maker. His biographer says, "He was a man whose hospitality was so +abundant, that the ordinary consumption of a breakfast, at his house in +London, was six oxen; whose popularity was so great, that his absence +was accounted as the absence of the sun from the hemisphere; whose +service was so courted, that men of all degrees were proud to wear the +badges of his livery; and whose authority was so potent, that kings were +raised, or deposed, as suited his humour." + +P.T.W. + +_Character of England by Henry the Seventh._--Henry the Seventh (whose +breeding had been low and private) being once pressed by some of his +council, to pursue his title to France, returned this answer: "That +France was indeed a flourishing and gallant kingdom; but England, in his +mind, was as fine a seat for a country gentleman as any that could be +found in Europe." + +G.K. + +_The Plough._ + + "Look how the purple flower, which the plough + Hath shorn in sunder, languishing doth die." + + _Peachum._ + +This implement was known to the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, and was +invented at a very early period, being perhaps nearly coeval with the +cultivation of the soil itself. Anciently, the tenants (in England) in +some manors, were not allowed to have their rural implements sharpened +by any but those whom the lord appointed; for which an acknowledgment +was to be paid, called _agusa dura_; in some places _agusage_, a fee for +sharpening plough-tackle, which some take to be the same with what was +otherwise called _reillage_, from the ancient French _reille_, a +_ploughshare_. + +_Ancient Fête at Gorhamlury._--In the year 1577, Queen Elizabeth was +entertained at Gorhambury, by Sir Nicholas Bacon, Lord Keeper, from +Saturday, May the 18th, to the Wednesday following, at the expense of +577_l_. 6_s_. 7-1/4_d_. besides fifteen bucks and two stags. Among the +dainties of the feathered kind, enumerated in this entertainment, Mr. +Nichols mentions herons, bitterns, godwites, dotterels, shovelers, +curlews, and knots. Sir Nicholas Bacon was frequently visited by the +queen, who dated many of her state papers from Gorhambury. + +P.T.W. + +_Adrian the Fourth._--Adrian the Fourth was the only Englishman who ever +filled the Papal chair. His name was Nicholas Breakspeare, and he was +born at Abbot's Langley, a village in Herts. Such was the unbounded +pride of this pontiff, that when the Emperor Frederick the First went to +Rome, in 1155, to receive the imperial diadem, the Pope, after many +difficulties concerning the ceremonial of investiture, insisted that the +emperor should prostrate himself before him, kiss his feet, hold his +stirrup, and lead the white palfrey on which the holy father rode. +Frederick did not submit to this humiliation without reluctance; and as +he took hold of the stirrup, he observed that "he had not yet been +taught the profession of a groom." In a letter to his old friend, John +of Salisbury, he says that St. Peter's Chair was the most uneasy seat in +the world, and that his crown seemed to be clapped burning on his head. +Yet did this haughty Pope (according to Dr. Cave) allow his mother to be +maintained by the alms of the church of Canterbury. + +P.T.W. + +_Quid pro quo._--A peasant of Burgundy, whom Louis XI. had taken some +notice of, while Dauphin, appeared before him when he ascended the +throne, and presented him with an extraordinary large radish; Louis +received it with much goodwill, and handsomely repaid the peasant. The +great man of the place, to whom the countryman related his good fortune, +imagined that if he were to offer Louis something, he would, at any +rate, make him a prince. Accordingly he went to court, and presented his +finest horse to the king. Louis received his present as graciously as he +had before taken the radish, and after he had sufficiently praised the +horse, "See here," said he, taking the radish in his hand, "here is a +radish, which, like your horse, is one of the rarest of its kind; I +present it to you with many thanks." + +Iota. + +_Muswell Hill_ derives its name from a famous well on the hill, where, +formerly, the fraternity of St. John of Jerusalem, in Clerkenwell, had +their dairy, with a large farm adjacent. Here they built a chapel for +the benefit of some nuns, in which they fixed the image of our Lady of +Muswell. These nuns had the sole management of the dairy: and it is +singular, that the said well and farm do, at this time, belong to the +parish of St. James, Clerkenwell. The water of this spring was then +deemed a miraculous cure for scrofulous and cutaneous disorders. For +that reason it was much resorted to; and, as tradition says, a king of +Scotland made a pilgrimage hither, and was perfectly cured. + + * * * * * + +_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, London; sold by +ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; and by all Newsmen and +Booksellers._ + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, +and Instruction, by Various + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11551 *** diff --git a/11551-h/11551-h.htm b/11551-h/11551-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d31cfae --- /dev/null +++ b/11551-h/11551-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1470 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<meta name="generator" content= +"HTML Tidy for Solaris (vers 1st October 2003), see www.w3.org" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content= +"text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> +<title>The Mirror of Literature, Issue 546.</title> + +<style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[*/ + + <!-- + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + p {text-align: justify;} + blockquote {text-align: justify;} + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center;} + pre {font-size: 0.7em;} + + hr {text-align: center; width: 50%;} + html>body hr {margin-right: 25%; margin-left: 25%; width: 50%;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + html>body hr.full {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;} + hr.short {text-align: center; width: 20%;} + html>body hr.short {margin-right: 40%; margin-left: 40%; width: 20%;} + + .note, .footnote + {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + + span.pagenum + {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt;} + + .poem + {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem p {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem p.i2 {margin-left: 1em;} + .poem p.i4 {margin-left: 2em;} + .poem p.i6 {margin-left: 3em;} + .poem p.i8 {margin-left: 4em;} + .poem p.i10 {margin-left: 5em;} + + .figure + {padding: 1em; margin: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em; margin: auto;} + .figure img + {border: none;} + .figure p + + .side { float:right; + font-size: 75%; + width: 25%; + padding-left:10px; + border-left: dashed thin; + margin-left: 10px; + text-align: left; + text-indent: 0; + font-weight: bold; + font-style: italic;} + --> +/*]]>*/ +</style> +</head> +<body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11551 ***</div> + +<hr class="full" /> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page289" name="page289"></a>[pg +289]</span> +<h1>THE MIRROR<br /> +OF<br /> +LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1> +<hr class="full" /> +<table width="100%" summary="Volume, Number, and Date"> +<tr> +<td align="left"><b>Vol. 19. No. 546.]</b></td> +<td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, MAY 12, 1832</b></td> +<td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td> +</tr> +</table> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2>ST. PANCRAS (OLD) CHURCH.</h2> +<div class="figure" style="width:80%;"><a href= +"images/546-1.png"><img width="100%" src="images/546-1.png" alt= +"" /></a> ST. PANCRAS (OLD) CHURCH.</div> +<p>This humble village fane is situated to the north of London, +somewhat more than a mile from Holborn Bars. Persons unacquainted +with the site, may hitherto have considered it as part and parcel +of this vast metropolis: but, lo! here it stands amidst much of its +primitive, peaceful rusticity.</p> +<p>Pancras is still, by courtesy, called a <i>village</i>, though +its charms may be of the <i>rus-in-urbe</i> description. It derives +its name from the saint to whom the church is dedicated:<a id= +"footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a href= +"#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a> it was called St. Pancras when the +Survey of Domesday was taken. The parish is of great extent. Mr. +Lysons states it at 2,700 acres of land, including the site of +buildings. It is bounded on the north by Islington, Hornsey, and +Finchley; and on the west by Hampstead and Marybone. On the south +it meets the parishes of St. Giles's in the Fields, St. George the +Martyr, St. George, Bloomsbury, and St. Andrew's, Holborn.<a id= +"footnotetag2" name="footnotetag2"></a><a href= +"#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> On the east it is bounded by St. +James's, Clerkenwell. Kentish Town, part of Highgate, Camden Town, +and Somer's Town,<a id="footnotetag3" name= +"footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a> are +comprised within this parish as hamlets. Mr. Lysons supposes it to +have included the prebendal manor of Kentish Town,<a id= +"footnotetag4" name="footnotetag4"></a><a href= +"#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a> or Cantelows, which now constitutes a +stall in St. Paul's Cathedral. Among the prebendaries have been men +eminent for their learning and piety: as Lancelot Andrews, bishop +of Winchester, Dr. Sherlock, Archdeacon Paley, and the Rev. William +Beloe, B.D. well known by his translation of Herodotus.</p> +<p>It would occupy too much space to detail the progressive +increase of this district. When a visitation of the church +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page290" name="page290"></a>[pg +290]</span> was made in the year 1251, there were only forty houses +in the parish. The desolate situation of the village in the latter +part of the sixteenth century is emphatically described by Norden, +in his <i>Speculum Britanniæ</i>. After noticing the solitary +condition of the church, he says, "yet about this structure have +bin manie buildings now decaied, leaving poore Pancras without +companie or comfort." In some manuscription additions to his work, +the same writer has the following observations:—"Although +this place be, as it were, forsaken of all; and true men seldom +frequent the same, but upon devyne occasions; yet it is visyted by +thieves, who assemble there not to pray, but to wait for praye; and +manie fell into their handes, clothed, that are glad when they are +escaped naked. Walk not there too late." Newcourt, whose work was +published in 1700, says that houses had been built near the church. +The first important increase of the parish took place in the +neighbourhood of Tottenham Court Road.</p> +<p>"Pancras Church," says Norden, "standeth all alone, as utterly +forsaken, old and wether-beten, which, for the antiquity thereof, +it is thought not to yield to Paules in London." It is of rude +Gothic architecture, built of stones and flints, which are now +covered with plaster. Mr. Lysons says, "It is certainly not older +than the fourteenth century, perhaps in Norden's time it had the +appearance of great decay; the same building, nevertheless, +repaired from time to time, still remains; looks no longer 'old and +wether-beten,' and may still exist perhaps to be spoken of by some +antiquary of a future century. It is a very small structure, +consisting only of a nave and chancel; at the west end is a low +tower, with a kind of dome."<a id="footnotetag5" name= +"footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a> Mr. Lysons +speaks of the disproportionate size of the church to the population +of the parish; but since his time another church has been erected, +the splendour and size of which in every respect accord with the +increased wealth and numbers of the parish.</p> +<p>The church and churchyard of Pancras have long been noted as the +burial-place of such Roman Catholics as die in London and its +vicinity.<a id="footnotetag6" name="footnotetag6"></a><a href= +"#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a> Many of the tombs exhibit a cross, +and the initials R.I.P. (<i>Requiescat in pace</i>), which +initials, or others analogous to them, are always used by the +Catholics on their sepulchral monuments. Mr. Lysons heard it +assigned by some of that persuasion, as a reason for this +preference to Pancras as a burial-place, that masses were formerly +said in a church in the south of France, dedicated to the same +saint, for the souls of the deceased interred at St. Pancras in +England. After the French revolution, a great number of +ecclesiastics and other refugees, some of them of high rank, were +buried in this churchyard; and in 1811, Mr. Lysons observed that +probably about 30 of the French clergy had on an average been +buried at Pancras for some years past: in 1801 there were 41, and +in 1802, 32. Mr. Lysons's explanation of this preference to Pancras +by the Catholics is, however, disputed by the author of +<i>Ecclesiastical Topography</i>, who observes that a reason more +generally given is, that "Pancras was the last church in England +where mass was performed after the Reformation."</p> +<p>In the chancel are monuments of Daniel Clarke, Esq. who had been +master-cook to Queen Elizabeth; and of Cooper the artist, whose +style approached so near to that of Vandyke, that he has been +called Vandyke in miniature: he taught the author of Hudibras to +paint; his wife was sister to Pope's mother.</p> +<p>In the churchyard are the tombs of Anthony Woodhead, 1678, who +was in his day, the great champion of the Roman Catholic religion, +and was reputed to have written the Whole Duty of Man; Lady +Slingsby, whose name occurs as an actress in Dryden and Lee's +plays, from 1681 to 1689; Jeremy Collier, 1726, the pertinacious +non-juror, who repressed the immoralities of the stage; Ned Ward, +author of the London Spy, 1731; Leoni, the architect, 1746; Lady +Henrietta, wife of Beard, the vocalist, 1753; Van Bleeck, the +portrait-painter; Ravenet, the engraver, 1764; Mazzinghi, 1775, +leader of the band at Marylebone Gardens, and father of Mazzinghi, +the celebrated composer; Henry and Robert Rackett, Pope's nephews; +Woollett, the engraver, 1785, to whose memory a monument has been +placed in the cloisters of Westminster Abbey; Baron de Wenzel, the +celebrated oculist, 1790; Mary Wollestonecraft Godwin, author of a +Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1797; the Rev. Arthur O'Leary, +or Father O'Leary, the amiable Franciscan friar, 1802; Paoli, the +patriotic Corsican, 1807; Walker editor of the Pronouncing +Dictionary; the Chevalier d'Eon, 1810, of epicene notoriety; and +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page291" name="page291"></a>[pg +291]</span> Packer, the comedian, 1806, who is said to have +performed 4,852 times, besides walking in processions; Edwards, +professor of Perspective, 1806; Scheemakers, the statuary, +1808.</p> +<p>In the <i>Beauties of England and Wales</i>, it is stated that +23 acres of land belong to the church; and the great increase of +buildings renders these of considerable value; though it is not +known to whom the church is indebted for this possession.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>ELEGY.</h3> +<h4>FROM THE GERMAN.</h4> +<h4>(<i>For the Mirror.</i>)</h4> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>Through oak-woods green,</p> +<p class="i2">A silver sheen,</p> +<p>Sweet moon, from thee</p> +<p class="i2">Afforded me</p> +<p>A tranquil joy,</p> +<p class="i2">Me, <i>then</i>, a happy boy.</p> +<p>Still makes thy light</p> +<p class="i2">My window bright,</p> +<p>But can no more</p> +<p class="i2">Lost peace restore:</p> +<p>My brow is shaded,</p> +<p class="i2">My cheek with weeping faded.</p> +<p>Thy beams, O moon,</p> +<p class="i2">Will glitter soon,</p> +<p>As softly clear,</p> +<p class="i2">Upon my bier:</p> +<p>For soon, earth must</p> +<p class="i2">Conceal in youth my dust.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p><span style="margin-left:3em">C.H.</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<hr /> +<h3>CLEOPATRA'S NEEDLES.</h3> +<h4>(<i>For the Mirror.</i>)</h4> +<p>These remains of ancient art are destined to be removed to +Europe.<a id="footnotetag7" name="footnotetag7"></a><a href= +"#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a> The palace of Cleopatra was built +upon the walls facing the port of Alexandria, Egypt, having a +gallery on the outside, supported by several fine columns. Towards +the eastern part of the palace are two obelisks, vulgarly called +<i>Cleopatra's Needles</i>. They are of Thebaic stone, and covered +with hieroglyphics; one is overturned, broken, and lying under the +sand; the other is on its pedestal. These two obelisks, each of +them of a single stone, are about sixty feet high, by seven feet +square at the base. The Egyptian priests called these obelisks the +sun's fingers, because they served as stiles or gnomons to mark the +hours on the ground. In the first ages of the world they were made +use of to transmit to posterity the principal precepts of +philosophy, which were engraven on them in hieroglyphics.</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Between the statues, <i>Obelisks</i> were placed:</p> +<p>And the learned walls with <i>hieroglyphics</i> grac'd.</p> +<p><span style="margin-left:3em"><i>Pope.</i></span></p> +</div> +</div> +<p>In after ages they were used to immortalize the actions of +heroes, and the memory of persons beloved.</p> +<p>The first obelisk we know of was that raised by Rameses, King of +Egypt, in the time of the Trojan war. Augustus erected an obelisk +at Rome, in the Campus Martius, which served to mark the hours on +an horizontal dial, drawn on the pavement. This obelisk was brought +from Egypt, and was said to have been formed by Sesostris, near a +thousand years before Christ. It was used by Manlius for the same +purpose for which it was originally destined, namely, to measure +the height of the sun.</p> +<p>P.T.W.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>THE DYING MAIDEN'S PARDON TO HER FAITHLESS LOVER.</h3> +<h4>FROM THE FRENCH.</h4> +<h4>(<i>For the Mirror.</i>)</h4> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>If death's keen anguish thou would'st charm</p> +<p class="i2">Ere speeds his fatal dart,</p> +<p>Come, place thine hand—while yet 'tis warm,</p> +<p class="i2">Upon my breaking heart.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>And though remorse—thou may'st not feel</p> +<p class="i2">When its last throb is o'er,</p> +<p>Thou'lt say—"that heart which lov'd so well,</p> +<p class="i2">Shall passion feel no more."</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>E'en love for thee forsakes my soul—</p> +<p class="i2">Thy work, relentless see,</p> +<p>Near as I am life's destin'd gaol,</p> +<p class="i2">I'm frozen—less than thee.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>Yet take this heart—I ne'er had more</p> +<p class="i2">To give thee in thy need:</p> +<p>Search well—for at its inmost core,</p> +<p class="i2">Thy pardon thou may'st read.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p><span style="margin-left:3em">T.R.P.</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2>ANECDOTE GALLERY.</h2> +<hr /> +<h3>TRAITS OF IRISH CHARACTER.</h3> +<h4>(<i>For the Mirror.</i>)</h4> +<p>A gentleman residing in the vicinity of Dublin, found, +notwithstanding the protection of a thick, and thorny hedge, that +great depredations were committed on his garden and paddocks; so he +inclosed them with a high, strong wall. As he kept cows, and had +more milk than was sufficient for his family, he distributed the +overplus amongst his poor neighbours. One day, inspecting in +person, this distribution, he saw a woman attending with her pails, +who, he was tolerably certain did not require such assistance. +"You, here! my good friend," said he, "I thought you kept a +cow?"</p> +<p>"Ay, plase yer honour's honour, and <i>two</i> it was that I +<i>once</i> kept, the craters!"</p> +<p>"<i>Once</i>, why don't you keep them now?"</p> +<p>"Ough! 'tis yeaself must answer that question, for why? the +bastes did <span class="pagenum"><a id="page292" name= +"page292"></a>[pg 292]</span> well enough afore your rav'rence run +up that bit o' wall round your fields, seein' the cows lived off +your grass; but sorra for me now, I've sold 'em both, by rason I +couldn't <i>keep</i> 'em no longer."</p> +<p>An English gentleman, on a tour in Ireland, was beset at a fine +waterfall by numerous beggars; one woman was particularly clamorous +for relief, but Mr. R. instructed by his guide, said to her, "My +good friend, you cannot possibly want relief, as you keep several +cows, and have a very profitable farm; indeed I cannot bestow my +charity upon you." The woman, looking sulky, and <i>detected</i>, +immediately pointed to another, exclaiming, "Then give to +<i>her</i>, for she's got <i>nothing</i>!" The stranger in Dublin +is particularly requested to send all beggars to an institution in +Copper Alley, for their relief. Being once much importuned by an +old man for money, we desired him to go to this place. "I can't," +said he.</p> +<p>"Why not?"</p> +<p>"Becase 'tis a bad place for the poor."</p> +<p>"How so? don't they give you anything to eat?"</p> +<p>"Ah, yes, yes, but the thing is, my jewel, they wont by no manes +give a poor body <i>anything to drink</i>." The intelligent reader +will not be at a loss to translate the complaint of thirsty +Pat.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>FRENCH CRUELTY.</h3> +<p>During the late French Revolution, one of the royalist soldiers +having his horse shot under him by a pupil of the Polytechnic +School, and finding when thus brought down, that he could not +regain his feet and resume a posture of defence, but was entirely +at the mercy of his ferocious young adversary, he immediately +surrendered his sword, exclaiming, "I am your prisoner, and entreat +of you mercy and life." To which the <i>generous</i> and +<i>heroic</i> youth replied, "No prisoners, no mercy!" and taking +from his pocket a pike-head or some similar rough weapon, +deliberately drove it into the unfortunate soldier's heart!</p> +<hr /> +<h3>EFFRONTERY.</h3> +<p>A nobleman being, it is said, some years since, in the shop of a +celebrated London shoemaker, saw, pass through it, a very handsome +young woman, "Who is that fine girl?" said he.</p> +<p>"My daughter," replied the <i>cord-wainer</i>, "with sixty +thousand pounds at your lordship's service."</p> +<hr /> +<h3>A BLUNDER.</h3> +<p>Literary topics came under discussion one evening in a small +social circle, of which the writer made one, and particularly the +autobiographical works, and personal memoirs, now so much in vogue. +A gentleman then stated, that having seen much of the world, he +thought he must follow the fashion, and one day favour it with his +own life and adventures. Numerous ladies were to figure in his +book, which was, in fact, as he modestly gave the present company +to understand, to be a complete chronicle of the flirtations and +conquests of himself, and male allies, with letters, portraits, +&c. and <i>names</i> in full. "But," remarked a lady, humouring +the jest, "if you <i>do</i> render your book so very personal, are +you not afraid of the consequences?"</p> +<p>"Not at all," replied the embryo author very gravely, "for +though I shall enjoy the remarks of the world, upon my +<i>autobiography</i>, they cannot affect me, as it will of course +be a <i>posthumous work</i>."</p> +<hr /> +<h3>COOL COURAGE.</h3> +<p>During the disastrous fire of the Kent East Indiaman, a lady on +board exhibited a very singular instance of <i>sang froid</i> and +presence of mind. Being in one of the cabins, with a large, +helpless, despairing, and of course, most troublesome party, +chiefly of her own sex, "all hands" of the other being "turned up," +we presume, to check the advances of the devouring element, she +proposed, by way of keeping them quiet, <i>to make tea for +them</i>, and we believe her proposal was accepted, and had the +desired effect.</p> +<p><i>Great Marlow, Bucks</i>.</p> +<p>M.L.B.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>ABSTRACT STUDIES.</h3> +<h4>(<i>For the Mirror</i>.)</h4> +<p>Demosthenes to be the more removed from noise, and less subject +to distraction, caused a small chamber to be made under ground, in +which he shut himself up sometimes for whole months, shaving half +his head and only half his face, that he might not be in a +condition to go abroad. It was there, by the light of a small lamp, +he composed his admirable Orations, which were said by those who +envied him, to smell of the oil, to imply that they were too +elaborate. He rose very early, and used to say, that he was sorry +when any workman was at his business before him. He copied +Thucydides' history eight times with his own hand, in order to +render the style of that great man familiar to him.</p> +<p>Adrian Turnebus, a French critic, was so indefatigable in his +study, that it <span class="pagenum"><a id="page293" name= +"page293"></a>[pg 293]</span> was said of him, as it was of +Budaeus, that he spent some hours in study even on the day he was +married.</p> +<p>Frederick Morel had so strong an attachment to study, that when +he was informed of his wife's being at the point of death, he would +not lay down his pen, till he had finished what he was upon, and +when she was dead, as she was before they could prevail on him to +stir, he was only heard to reply coldly, "I am very sorry, she was +a good woman."</p> +<p>Sir Isaac Newton, when he had any mathematical problems or +solutions in his mind, would never quit the subject on any account; +dinner was often known to be three hours ready for him before he +could be brought to table. His man often said, when he was getting +up in the morning, and began to dress, he would, with one leg in +his breeches, sit down again on the bed, and remain there for hours +before he got his clothes on.</p> +<p>Mr. Abraham Sharp, the astronomer, through his love of study, +was very irregular as to his meals, which he frequently took in the +following manner: a little square hole, something like a window, +made a communication between the room where he usually studied, and +another chamber in the house, where a servant could enter, and +before this hole he had contrived a sliding board, the servant +always placing his victuals in the hole, without speaking a word or +making the least noise, and when he had leisure he visited it to +see what it contained, and to satisfy his hunger or thirst. But it +often happened that the breakfast, the dinner, and the supper +remained untouched by him, so deeply was he engaged in his +calculations and solemn musings. At one time after his provisions +had been neglected for a long season, his family became uneasy, and +resolved to break in upon his retirement; he complained, but with +great mildness, that they had disconcerted his thoughts in a chain +of calculations which had cost him intense application for three +days successively. On an old oak table, where for a long course of +years he used to write, cavities might easily be perceived, worn by +the perpetual rubbing of his arms and elbows.<a id="footnotetag8" +name="footnotetag8"></a><a href="#footnote8"><sup>8</sup></a></p> +<p>SWAINE.</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2>THE SELECTOR; AND LITERARY NOTICES OF <i>NEW WORKS</i>.</h2> +<hr /> +<h3>THE CONTRAST.</h3> +<p>The title of Lord Mulgrave's clever novel is sufficiently +explained by the hero, Lord Castleton, a man of high refinement, +marrying an unsophisticated, uneducated peasant girl. The scenes +and incidents of her introduction into the fashionable world are +replete with humour, yet true to the life. Thus, how naturally are +her new Ladyship's embarrassments told:—</p> +<p>"There were some points on which she would even have endeavoured +to extract knowledge from the servants; but dreading, from her +former habits, nothing so much as too great a familiarity in this +respect, Castleton had made it one of his first desires to her, +that she would confine her communications with them, to asking for +what she wanted. To this, as to every other desire of his, she +yielded, as far as she could, implicit obedience; but it was often +a great exertion on her part to do so. Of her own maid she had felt +from the first a considerable awe; and to such a degree did this +continue, that she could not conceive any fatigue from labour equal +to the burthen of her assistance. Being naturally of a disposition +both active and obliging, it was quite new to her to have any thing +done for her which she could do for herself. For some time she had +as great a horror of touching a bell-rope, as others have in +touching the string of a shower-bath; and when services were +obtruded on her by the domestics as a matter of course, she had +much difficulty in checking the exuberance of her gratitude.</p> +<p>"At home, Big Betsey, mentioned before as the maid of all work, +never considered as any part of her multitudinous duties the +waiting on Miss Lucy, who she not only said 'mought moind herself,' +but sometimes called to her, almost authoritatively, 'to lend a +hauping haund.' It was, probably, in consequence of the habit thus +engendered, that Lady Castleton was one day caught 'lending a +helping hand' to an over-loaded under laundry-maid, who had been +sent by her superior with a wicker-bound snowy freight of her +Ladyship's own superfine linen. But of all the irksome feelings +caused by Lucy's new position, there was none from which she +suffered more, than <i>waiting</i> to be <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page294" name="page294"></a>[pg 294]</span> +<i>waited on</i>. And it was hinted in the hall, that when my Lord +was not in the room, my Lady got up to help herself to what she +wanted from the sideboard!! And it was whispered in the female +conclave of the housekeeper's room, that her Lady-ship seemed even +to like to—lace her own stays!!"</p> +<p>Again, after Lady Castleton receiving a visit from a ton-ish +family, his Lordship asks:—</p> +<p>And did they make many inquiries of you? ask many +questions?"</p> +<p>"Oh, such a many!"</p> +<p>"So many, dearest love, you mean to say."</p> +<p>"Well, so I do, thank you; and then the mamma asked me, as she +had never seen me before, if I had not been much abroad; and I +said, never at all till I married; and then she said, 'What! had I +been to Paris since?' and I find she meant foreign parts by abroad. +And she told me that we ought to go to London soon; that the season +was advanced, and that the Pasta would come out soon this spring. +What is the Pasta—a plant?"</p> +<p>"A plant! no, love. Pasta is a singer's name, you could not be +expected to know that; but I hope you didn't say any thing to show +them your ignorance?"</p> +<p>"Oh, no; you told me, whenever I was completely puzzled, that +silence was best; so I said nothing. Pasta's the name of a singer, +then! Oh, that accounts, for a moment after she the mamma said, +that her daughter Arabella sang delightfully, and asked me if I +would sing with her; so I said no, I'd much rather listen. That was +right, warn't it? You see I knew you'd ask me all about it, so I +recollected it for you. Arabella then asked me if I would accompany +her? so I said, Wherever she liked,—where did she want to go? +But, I suppose, she altered her mind, for she sat down to the grand +instrument you had brought here for me to begin my lessons upon; +and then she sang such an extraordinary song—all coming from +her throat. And the sister asked me if I understood German? and I +answered, No, nor French neither."</p> +<p>"That was an unnecessary addition, my love."</p> +<p>"Well, so it was. Then the youngest sister explained to me, that +it was a song a Swiss peasant girl sang whilst she was milking her +cow; and I said that must be very difficult, to sing while milking +a cow. And then the mamma asked how I knew; and I said I had +<i>tried</i> very <i>often</i>."</p> +<p>"How could you, dear Lucy, volunteer such an avowal?"</p> +<p>"I thought you would be afraid of that; but it all did very +well, for the mother said I was so amusing, had so much natural +wit, and they all tried to persuade me I had said something +clever."</p> +<p>"Well, go on—and what then?"</p> +<p>"And then the lady took me aside, and began saying so much in +praise of you; and when she once got me on that subject, I was +ready and glib enough, I warrant you. But somehow, though I then +found it so much easier to speak, I find it more difficult to +recollect exactly what I said. Is not that strange? And then she +said that my happiness would excite so much envy in the great +world; that you had been admired, courted, nay, even loved by rich, +noble, clever ladies. Why was all this? and how could you ever +think to leave all these, to seek out from her quiet home your poor +little Lucy?"</p> +<p>"Oh, that's a story of by-gone days. These were follies of my +youth, which I thought I had lived to repent.</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"'Nor knew, till seated by thy side,</p> +<p>My heart in all save hope the same.'"</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>"Why, save hope, my dear Lord? What may you not only hope, but +trust, from my constant devotion?"</p> +<p>"I did not mean to tie myself precisely to every word I uttered. +It was only a quotation."</p> +<p>"And what is a quotation?"</p> +<p>"A quotation is the vehicle in which imagination posts forward, +when she only hires her Pegasus from memory. Or sometimes it is +only a quit-rent, which the intellectual cultivator, who farms an +idea, pays to the original proprietor; or rather,"—(seeing +that he was not making the matter more intelligible by his +explanation,)—"or rather, it is when we convey our own +thoughts by the means of the more perfect expressions of some +favourite author."</p> +<p>"But then, surely <i>you</i> need not be driven to borrow, whose +own words always sound to me like a book. As for poor me, I wish I +could talk in quotations for ever; then I need not fear to make +these mistakes, which, as it is, I am afraid I am always like to +do."</p> +<p>(A scene at <i>the Opera</i> is richer still: the performance +<i>Semiramide</i>:)</p> +<p>"Lady Gayland took the opportunity of inquiring of Lady +Castleton, 'how the opera had amused her?' There was that +unmistakable air of real interest in Lady Gayland's manner, +whenever she addressed Lucy, which made her always reply in a tone +of confidence, different <span class="pagenum"><a id="page295" +name="page295"></a>[pg 295]</span> from that which she felt towards +any other member of the society in which she moved.</p> +<p>"Why, to tell the honest truth," said she, leaning forwards +towards her questioner, "I can't say that I could the least +understand what it all meant. It's not likely that people should +sing when they're in such sorrow; and then I can't guess why that +young man should kill the queen that was so kind to him all +along."</p> +<p>"I don't wonder that that should surprise you, my dear; but he +was not aware of what he was doing. It was in the dark."</p> +<p>"In the dark! But I could see very well who it was, though I did +not know her so well as he did, and was so much farther off."</p> +<p>"I am afraid you are in the dark, too, a little as yet," said +Lady Gayland, (tapping her gently with her fan.) "But, tell me, did +you not admire the singing, though you could not understand the +story."</p> +<p>"Why, I should, perhaps, if I had known the language; but even +then they seemed to me more like birds, than men and women singing +words. I like a song that I can make out every word that's +said."</p> +<p>"The curtain then rose for the ballet; at first, Lucy was +delighted with the scenery and pageantry, for the spectacle was +grand and imposing. But at length the resounding plaudits announced +the <i>entrée</i> of the perfect Taglioni. Lucy was a little +astonished at her costume upon her first appearance. She was +attired as a goddess, and goddesses' gowns are somewhat of the +shortest, and their legs rather <i>au naturel</i>; but when she +came to elicit universal admiration by pointing her toe, and +revolving in the slow <i>pirouette</i>, Lucy, from the situation in +which she sat was overpowered with shame at the effect; and whilst +Lady Gayland, with her <i>longnette</i> fixed on the stage, +ejaculated, 'Beautiful! inimitable!' the unpractised Lucy could not +help exclaiming, 'O that is too bad! I cannot stay to see that!' +and she turned her head away blushing deeply."</p> +<p>"Is your ladyship ill?" exclaimed Lord Stayinmore. "Castleton, I +am afraid Lady Castleton feels herself indisposed."</p> +<p>"Would you like to go?" kindly inquired Castleton.</p> +<p>"O so much!" she answered.</p> +<p>"Are you ill, my dear?" asked Lady Gayland.</p> +<p>"Oh, no!" she said.</p> +<p>"Then you had better stay, it is so beautiful."</p> +<p>"Thank you, Lord Castleton is kind enough to let me go."</p> +<p>(They get into the carriage.)</p> +<p>"And how do you find yourself now, my dear Lucy?" tenderly +inquired Castleton, as the carriage drove off.</p> +<p>"Oh, I am quite well, thank you."</p> +<p>"Quite well! are you? What was it, then, that was the matter +with you?"</p> +<p>"There was nothing the matter with me, it was that woman."</p> +<p>"What woman? what can you mean? Did you not say that you were +ill; and was not that the reason that we hurried away?"</p> +<p>"No! YOU said I was ill; and I did not contradict you, because +you tell me that in the world, as you call it, it is not always +right to give the real reason for what we do; and therefore I +thought, perhaps, that though of course you wished me to come away, +you liked to put it upon my being ill."</p> +<p>"Of course I wished you to come away! I was never more unwilling +to move in all my life; and nothing but consideration for your +health would have induced me to stir. Why should I have wished you +to come away?"</p> +<p>"Why, the naked woman," stammered Lucy.</p> +<p>"What can you mean?"</p> +<p>"You couldn't surely wish me to sit by the side of those people, +to see such a thing as that?"</p> +<p>"As to being by the side of those people, I must remind you, +that it was Lady Gayland's box in which you were; and that whatever +she, with her acknowledged taste and refinement, sanctions with her +presence, can only be objected to by ignorance or prejudice. You +have still a great deal to learn, my dear Lucy," added he, more +kindly; "and nothing can be so fatal to your progress in that +respect, as your attempting to lead, or to find fault, with what +you do not understand."</p> +<p>"But surely I can understand that it is not right to do what I +saw that woman do," interrupted Lucy, presuming a little more +doggedly than she usually ventured to do on any subject with her +husband; for this time she had been really shocked by what she had +seen.</p> +<p>"Wrong it certainly is not, if you mean moral wrong. As to such +an exhibition being becoming or not in point of manners, that +depends entirely upon custom. Many things at your father's might +strike me as coarseness, which made no impression upon you from +habit, though much worse in my opinion than this presumed +indecorum. Those <span class="pagenum"><a id="page296" name= +"page296"></a>[pg 296]</span> things probably arose from ignorance +on your parts, which might be corrected. This, on the other hand, +from conventional indifference, consequent on custom, which it is +not in you to correct. Depend upon it you will only get yourself +laughed at, and me too, if you preach about dancers' +petticoats."</p> +<p>"I don't want to preach to any body; and you know how much it +fashes me to contend with you."</p> +<p>"Don't say FASHES, say distresses, or annoys, not <i>fashes</i>, +for heaven's sake, my dear Lucy."</p> +<p>"Oh, dear, it was very stupid of me to forget it. That was one +of the first things you taught me, and it is a many days since I +said it last; but it is so strange to me to venture to differ with +you, that I get confused, and don't say any thing as right as I +could do. Even now I should like to ask, if modesty is a merit, +whether nakedness ought to be a show; but I'll say no more, for I +dare say you won't make me go there again."</p> +<p>"No, that will be the best way to settle it."</p> +<p>The plot of the Contrast is not, as the reader may perceive, one +of fashionable life: it has more of the romance of nature in its +composition: the characters are not the drawling bores that we find +in fashionable novels, though their affected freaks are +occasionally introduced to contrast with unsophisticated humility, +and thus exhibit the deformities of high life. The whole work is, +however, light as gossamer: we had almost said that a fly might +read it through the meshes, without endangering his patience or +liberty.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>THE LIBRARY OF ENTERTAINING KNOWLEDGE</h3> +<p>Maintains its rank in sober, we mean useful, literature. The +volume before us contains such matter as is only to be found in +large and expensive works, with a host of annotations from the +journals of recent travellers and other volumes which bear upon the +main subject. This part of the series, describing vegetable +substances used for the food of man, is executed with considerable +minuteness. A Pythagorean would gloat over its accuracy, and a +vegetable diet man would become inflated with its success in +establishing his eccentricities. The contents are the Corn-plants, +Esculent Roots, Herbs, Spices, Tea, Coffee, &c. &c. In such +a multiplicity of facts as the history of these plants must +necessarily include, some misstatements may be expected. For +example, the opinion that succory is superior to coffee, though +supported by Drs. Howison and Duncan, is not entitled to notice. +All over the continent, succory, or <i>chicorée</i>, is used +to <i>adulterate</i> coffee, notwithstanding which a few scheming +persons have attempted to introduce it in this country as an +improvement, by selling it at four times its worth. Why say "it is +sometimes considered superior to the exotic berry," and in the same +page, "it is not likely to gain much esteem, where economy is not +the consideration." We looked in vain for mention of the President +of the Horticultural Society under Celery; though we never eat a +fine head of this delicious vegetable without grateful recollection +of Mr. T.A. Knight. All preachment of the economy of the Potato is +judiciously omitted, though we fear to the displeasure of Sir John +Sinclair; nor is there more space devoted to this overpraised root +than it deserves. Truffles are not only used "like mushrooms," but +for stuffing game and poultry, especially in France: who does not +remember the <i>perdrixaux truffes</i>, of the Parisian +<i>carte</i>. The chapter on coffee, cacao, tea, and sugar, is +brief but entertaining. We may observe, by the way, that one of the +obstacles to the profitable cultivation of tea in this country is +our ignorance of the modes of drying, &c. as practised in +China.</p> +<p>Another volume of the Entertaining Series, published since that +just noticed, contains a selection of <i>Criminal Trials</i>, +amongst which are those of Throckmorton and the Duke of Norfolk, +for treason. They are, in the main, reprints from the State Trials, +which the professional editor states to contain a large fund of +instruction and <i>entertainment</i>. We have been deceived in the +latter quality, though we must admit that in judicious hands, a +volume of untiring interest might be wrought up from the State +records. As they are, their dulness and prolixity are past +endurance. As the present work proceeds in chronological order, it +will doubtless improve in its entertaining character, since no +class of literature has been more enriched by the publication of +journals, diaries, &c., than historical biography, which will +thus enable the editor to enliven his pages with characteristic +traits of the principal actors. This has been done, to some extent, +in the portion before us, and in like manner fits the volume for +popular reading.</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page297" name="page297"></a>[pg +297]</span> +<h2>MANNERS & CUSTOMS OF ALL NATIONS.</h2> +<hr /> +<h3>FIRE TEMPLES IN PERSIA.</h3> +<div class="figure" style="width:80%;"><a href= +"images/546-2.png"><img width="100%" src="images/546-2.png" alt= +"" /></a> Persian Temple</div> +<p>These mystical relics are but a short journey from the +celebrated ruins of Persepolis. Mr. Buckingham describes them in +his usual picturesque language: "Having several villages in sight, +as the sun rose, with cultivated land, flocks, trees, and water, we +arrived at the foot of the mountain, which forms the northern +boundary of the plain of Merdusht. The first object we saw on the +west was a small rock, on which stood two fire altars of a peculiar +form: their dimensions were five feet square at the base, and three +at the top, and they were five feet high. There were pillars or +pilasters at the corners, and arches in the sides. In the centre of +each of these, near the top, was a square basin, about eight inches +in diameter, and six in depth, for the reception of the fire, +formerly used by the disciples of Zoroaster in their worship."</p> +<p>Like Pythagoras, it may be here observed, Zoroaster, the +inventer of Magic, or the doctrines of the Magi, admitted no +visible object of devotion except fire, which he considered as the +most proper emblem of a supreme being; these doctrines seem to have +been preserved by Numa, in the worship and ceremonies which he +instituted in honour of Vesta. According to some of the moderns, +the doctrines, laws, and regulations of Zoroaster are still extant, +and they have been lately introduced in Europe, in a French +translation by M. Anquetil.</p> +<p>Mr. Buckingham notices an existing custom, which he attributes +to this reverence to fire. "Throughout all Persia, a custom +prevails of giving the salute 'Salami Alaikom,' whenever the first +lighted lamp or candle is brought into the room in the evening; and +this is done between servants and masters as well as between +equals. As this is not practised in any other Mahommedan country, +it is probably a relic of the ancient reverence to fire, once so +prevalent here, though the form of the salute is naturally that of +the present religion."</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2>THE NATURALIST.</h2> +<hr /> +<h3>WHALE CHASE.</h3> +<p>A Scottish journal, the <i>Caledonian Mercury</i>, describes the +following animated scene, which lately took place off the town of +Stornoway, in the island of Lewis. An immense shoal of whales was, +early in the morning, chased to the mouth of the harbour by two +fishing-boats, which had met them in the offing.</p> +<p>"The circumstance was immediately descried from the shore, and a +host of boats, amounting to 30 or 40, and armed with every species +of weapon, set off to join the others in pursuit. The chase soon +became one of bustle and anxiety on the part both of man and fish. +The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page298" name="page298"></a>[pg +298]</span> boats arranged themselves in the form of a crescent, in +the fold of which the whales were collected, and where they had to +encounter incessant showers of stones, splashing of oars, with +frequent gashes from a harpoon or spear, while the din created by +the shouts of the boats' crews and the multitude on shore, was +tremendous. On more than one occasion, however, the floating +phalanx was broken, and it required the greatest activity and tact +ere the breach could be repaired and possession of the fugitives +regained. The shore was neared by degrees, the boats advancing and +retreating by turns, till at length they succeeded in driving the +captive monsters on a beach opposite to the town, and within a few +yards of it. The gambols of the whales were now highly diverting, +and, except when a fish became unmanageable and enraged while the +harpoon was fixed, or the noose of a rope pulled tight round its +tail, they were not at all dangerous to be approached. In the +course of a few hours the capture was complete, the shore was +strewed with their dead carcases, while the sea presented a bloody +and troubled aspect, giving evident proofs that it was with no +small effort they were subdued. For fear of contagion, the whole +fish amounting to ninety-eight, some of them very large, were +immediately towed to a spot distant from the town, where they were +on Thursday sold by public roup, the proceeds to be divided among +the captors. An annual visit is generally paid by the whales to the +Lewis coast, and besides being profitable when caught, they +generally furnish a source of considerable amusement. On the +present occasion, the whole inhabitants of the place, male and +female, repaired to the beach, opposite to the scene of slaughter, +where they evidently were delighted spectators, and occasionally +gave assistance. A young sailor received a stroke from the tail of +one of the largest fish, which nearly killed him."</p> +<hr /> +<h3>AUDUBON.</h3> +<p>The Philadelphia journals communicate some particulars of the +journey of this enterprising naturalist into E. Florida. He has +discovered, shot, and drawn a new Ibis, which he has named +<i>Tantalus fuscus</i>. In a letter, he says</p> +<p>"I have discovered three different new species of Heath, one +bearing a yellow blossom, the two others a red and purple +one;—also, a beautiful new Kalmia, and several extraordinary +parasitical plants, bearing some resemblance to the pineapple +plant, growing on the <i>eastern</i> side of the cyprus tree in +swamps, about 6 or 10 feet above the water.</p> +<p>"During my late excursion I almost became an amphibious +being—spending the most of my days in the water, and by night +pitching my tent on the barren sands. Whilst I remained at Spring +Garden, the alligators were yet in full life; the white-headed +eagles setting; the smaller resident birds paring; and strange to +say, the warblers which migrate, moving easterly every warm day, +and returning every cold day, a curious circumstance, tending to +illustrate certain principles in natural economy."</p> +<p>Six boxes of prepared skins of birds, &c. as well as a +number of choice shells, seeds, roots, &c. the result of +Audubon's researches, have been received in Charleston.</p> +<p>"In this collection there are between four and five hundred +skins of Birds, several of them rare in this part of the United +States—some that are never found here, and a few that have +not yet been described. Of these are two of the species of Pelican +(Pelicanus) not described by Wilson. The Parrot (psittacus +Carolinensis); the palm warbler of Buonaparte (Silvia palmerea), +and the Florida Jay, a beautiful bird without the crest, so common +in that genus.</p> +<p>"Among the new discoveries of Audubon in Florida, we perceive a +noble bird partaking of the appearance both of the Falcon and +Vulture tribes, which would seem to be a connecting link between +the two. His habits too, it is said, partake of his appearance, he +being alternately a bird of prey, and feeding on the same food with +the Vultures. This bird remains yet to be described, and will add +not only a new species, but a new genus to the birds of the United +States. We perceive also in Mr. Audubon's collection, a new species +of Coot (Fulica).<a id="footnotetag9" name= +"footnotetag9"></a><a href="#footnote9"><sup>9</sup></a></p> +<hr /> +<h3>REMARKABLE JAY.</h3> +<p>A lady residing at Blackheath has in her possession a fine Jay, +which displays instinct allied to reason and reflection in no +ordinary degree. This bird is stated by a Correspondent, (A.T.) to +repeat distinctly any word that may be uttered before. She can +identify persons after having once seen them, and been told their +names; the latter she will pronounce with surprising clearness. She +has a strong affection for a goldfinch in the same apartment, the +latter bird appearing <span class="pagenum"><a id="page299" name= +"page299"></a>[pg 299]</span> to return this fondness by fluttering +its wings and other demonstrations of delight. The Jay has also +been seen playing with two kittens, while the old cat looked +composedly on at their gambols. This bird is in beautiful plumage, +and is about twenty years of age. She is well known to the +residents of Blackheath and its vicinity.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>ENTOMOLOGY.</h3> +<p>I have lately observed a curious fact, which I have never seen +noticed in any book which has fallen in my way, viz. that it is the +tail of the caterpillar which becomes the head of the butterfly. I +found it hard to believe till I had convinced myself of it in a +number of instances. The caterpillar weaves its web from its mouth, +finishes with the head downwards, and the head, with the six front +legs, are thrown off from the chrysalis, and may be found dried up, +but quite distinguishable, at the bottom of the web. The butterfly +comes out at the top. Is this fact generally +known?—<i>Corresp. Mag. Nat. Hist.</i></p> +<hr /> +<h3>THE RIVER TINTO.</h3> +<p>The river Tinto rises in Sierra Morena, and empties itself into +the Mediterranean, near Huelva, having the name of Tinto given it +from the tinge of its waters, which are as yellow as a topaz, +hardening the sand and petrifying it in a most surprising manner. +If a stone happen to fall in, and rest on another, they both become +in a year's time perfectly united and conglutiated. This river +withers all the plants on its banks, as well as the roots of trees, +which it dyes of the same hue as its waters. No kind of verdure +will flourish where it reaches, nor any fish live in its stream. It +kills worms in cattle, when given them to drink; but in general no +animals will drink out of the river, except goats, whose flesh, +nevertheless, has an excellent flavour. These singular properties +continue till other rivulets run into it, and alter its nature; for +when it passes by Niebla, it is not different from other rivers. It +falls into the Mediterranean six leagues lower down, at the town of +Huelva, where it is two leagues broad, and admits of large vessels, +which may come up the river as high as San Juan del Puerto, three +leagues above Huelva.—<i>From a Correspondent.</i></p> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2>SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS</h2> +<hr /> +<h3>THE GALLEY SLAVES.</h3> +<p>About a mile distant from one of the southern barriers of Paris, +a palace was built during <i>our</i> Henry the Sixth's brief and +precarious possession of French royalty, by the Bishop of +Winchester. It was known by the name of Winchester, of which, +however, the French kept continually clipping and changing the +consonants, until the Anglo-Saxon Winchester dwindled into the +French appellation of Bicêtre. The Bishop's old palace was +treated as unceremoniously as his name, being burnt in some of the +civil wars. But there is this advantage in a sumptuous edifice, +that its very ruins suggest the thought and supply the means of +rebuilding it. Bicêtre, accordingly, reared its head, and is +now a straggling mass of building, containing a mad-house, a +poor-house, an hospital, and a prison.</p> +<p>To see it is a matter of trifling difficulty, except on one +particular day—that devoted to the rivetting of the +<i>chaine</i>. A surgeon, however, belonging to the establishment, +promised to procure me admission, and on receiving his summons, I +started one forenoon for Bicêtre. Mortifying news awaited my +arrival. The convicts had plotted a general insurrection and +escape, which was to have taken place on the preceding night. It +had been discovered in time, however, and such precautions taken, +as completely prevented even the attempt. The chief of these +precautions appeared in half a regiment of troops, that had +bivouacked all night in the square adjoining the prison, and were +still some lying, some loitering about. Strict orders had been +issued, that no strangers should be admitted to witness the +ceremony of rivetting; and the turnkeys and gaolers, in appearance +not yet recovered from the alarm of the preceding evening, refused +to listen to either bribe, menace, or solicitation. It was +confoundedly vexatious. Whilst expostulating with the turnkey, I +caught a glimpse through a barred window of the interior court, +athwart which the chains lay extended, whilst in one railed off +even from this the convicts were crowded, marching round and +round—precaution forbade their remaining still—and +uttering from time to time such yells and imprecations as might +deafen and appal a Mohawk. "I have caught a glimpse at least," +thought I, as we were unceremoniously turned out.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page300" name="page300"></a>[pg +300]</span> +<p>My friend, the surgeon, bade us, however, not despair. When the +man of influence arrived he hoped to prevail; and in the mean time +he led us to view the other curiosities of Bicêtre. There was +the well, the kitchen, the anatomical theatre. The courts were +crowded with aged paupers, who each well knew that his carcass +would undergo what laceration the scalpel of my friend and his +comrades chose to inflict upon it. But the thought seemed not to +affect them so much as it did us. Methought the business of +dissecting dead subjects might have been carried on more remote +from the living candidates; but I was wrong, for mystery and +secrecy always beget fear.</p> +<p>The mad-house was another curiosity. It contains many whose +brain the revolution of July, 1830, had turned. One man, a fine +youth, had travelled on foot from a distant part of the kingdom, to +shed his blood as a sacrifice to the memory of Napoleon. He gave +his last franc to obtain admission within the pillar of the Place +Vendôme, and when there opened the veins of both his arms, +crying out, "I offer the blood of the brave to the manes of +Napoleon." His rolling black eye was now contrasted with a face +pale as death. He had lost so much blood that few hopes were +entertained of his recovery.</p> +<p>But by far the most curious patient of the mad-house, was a +young man who imagined himself to be a woman. He was handsome, but +not feminine in appearance. He adored a little mirror, with which +he was gratified. Rags of all colours were his delight; and he had +made a precious collection. His coquetry was evident; and he +answered pertinently all questions, never belying at the same time +his fixed opinion, that he was endowed with a maiden's charms.</p> +<p>We looked over the book of reports, and found seven-eighths of +the female patients to have become deranged from love; whilst, with +the majority of the males, the hallucination proceeded from +disappointments of ambition. Surprised, I could make out no case of +a religious maniac; glad, I could discover none of a student.</p> +<p>We now returned to machinations for the purpose of entering the +forbidden prison. Aprons were handed us, not unlike a barber's. +They were surgeons' aprons, always worn by those of the +establishment when on duty. Might not then the barbers' aprons be a +tradition of the barber-surgeons? I refrained from asking the +question in that company. The scheme was, that we should pass for +<i>Carabins</i>—such is the nickname of French students in +chirurgery—and in this quality demand admission. The Cerberus +of the prison grinned at the deceit, but wearied and amused by our +importunities, he actually opened the <i>quicket</i> and admitted +us. There are two grated doors of this kind, one always locked +whilst the other is opened. In an instant we were in +Pandemonium.</p> +<p>The buildings, which surrounded and formed the courts, evidently +the oldest and strongest of Bicêtre, harmonized in dinginess +with the scene. At every barred window, and these were numerous, +about a dozen ruffianly heads were thrust together, to regard the +chains of their companions.—What a study of physiognomy! The +murderer's scowl was there, by the side of the laughing countenance +of the vagabond, whose shouts and jokes formed a kind of tenor to +the muttered imprecations of the other. Here and there was +protruded the fine, open, high-fronted head,—pale, striking, +features, and dark looks, of some felon of intellect and natural +superiority; whilst by his side, ignominy looked stupidly and +maliciously on. A handsome little fellow at one of the grates, was +dressing his hair unconsciously with most agitated fingers, +evidently affected by the scene. Our question of "What are you in +for?" aroused him. "False signing a billet of twenty thousand +francs," replied he, with a shrug and a smile. "And he, your +neighbour?" asked we cautiously, concerning one of a fine, +thoughtful, philosophic, and passionate countenance. "Ha! you may +ask—he gave his mistress a potion, for the purpose of merely +seducing her, and it turned out to be poison—a <i>carabin</i> +like yourselves." But these made no part of the <i>chaine</i>.</p> +<p>The convicts destined for this operation were kept in movement +round a post in an adjoining court, and were shouting, rarely in +intelligible language, to their companions. Joy was the universal +tone, and a sniveller ran imminent danger. One poor fellow I +remarked holding down his head, when he was saluted with a kick +from him who followed, and the objurgation, <i>Tu es forçat, +toi, heim?</i>—"You a convict, and durst be sad." These men +were all unmanacled. Methought a general rush on their part both +practicable and formidable. One half must have perished, and the +other half might have escaped.</p> +<p>They were now marched out from the inner court in batches of +thirty at a time, drawn up in rank, stripped, and examined +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page301" name="page301"></a>[pg +301]</span> with such rigid scrutiny as I dare not precise. They +were then marched and placed along one of the extended chains, and +made to sit down, resting it in their laps. A square fetter was +then fitted and placed around the neck of each. In this, before, +some detached links from the chain were placed, whilst a huge smith +proceeded to rivet each from behind. Fixing a kind of movable anvil +behind the convict's back, the fetter that encircled his neck was +brought with its joint upon it, and half a dozen blows of the +sledge riveted the captive inextricably to the main chain and to +his twenty-nine comrades. The smith must be adroit at his task, and +the convict steady in his position; for, as the fetter is tight +round the neck, the hammer, in its blow, must pass within a quarter +of an inch of his skull, and a wince on his part might prove fatal. +This, indeed, is the trying moment, when the stoutest cheek is +blanched. The sturdiest frame, shaken by the blows of the sledge, +then betrays emotion, and tears of penitence are at that moment +almost always seen to fall. On sitting down, each had in general an +air of bravado, produced in a great measure by the regards of the +seemingly more hardened ruffians from the windows. Under the +riveting there was no smile; whilst after it, apathy was affected +or resumed, each endeavouring to make his iron collar as +supportable and comfortable as possible, by enveloping it in a +handkerchief, and guaranteeing the neck from its chill or +galling.</p> +<p>When the <i>chaine</i> was completed, its wearers were made to +stand up. They formed themselves in couples, the chain running +betwixt two ranks, and they walked round the yard to take their +first lesson in their galling exercise. They are thus fettered +together till they reach Brest or Toulon. The choice is left to +them of walking or being carried in carts, more provender being +given to those who make the journey on foot.</p> +<p>The only part of their habiliments, which seemed left to +themselves to provide, was a covering for the head, the red or +green cap being given them only upon entering the <i>bagne</i>. For +their journey, some of the fellows had provided themselves with +strange head-gear, mostly made of straw; one had a three-cocked +hat; others, one of all kinds of <i>outré</i> shapes. A +prime vagabond had woven for himself a complete and magnificent +tiara, precisely like the Roman Pontiff's in form, and surmounted +by a cross. This was the <i>Pope</i>, the Pope of the +<i>Chaine</i>, and I never heard a shout so appalling, as that with +which his appearance was welcomed by the prisoners from the windows +of the building. They danced, they yelled, tore and tumbled over +each other in the most exuberant delight, thrusting their crowded +heads and distorted features almost through the gratings. I have +gleaned from it quite an idea of a scene of merriment and +exultation <i>below</i>.</p> +<p>The said Pope was a very extraordinary fellow: a slight fair +form, pointed features, and eyes that were penetrating, despite +their common shade of grey. He was called <i>Champenois</i>, his +real name unknown, not more than three-and-twenty, and the +Lieutenant of the <i>Chaine</i> said, one of the most talented and +extraordinary characters that <i>he</i> had ever met with. He had +been the prime mover of the intended insurrection, but without a +proof against him, except his universal authority, unusual in so +young a thief. His physiognomy was one, which it required not a +second look in order to remember for ever.</p> +<p>Another figure struck me, not so much as singular in itself, as +in contrast with those around. It struck me as that of an English +cabin-boy, a pale, freckled, ill-conditioned lad. On following the +calling over of the register in roll, I found my conjecture too +true. He was an unfortunate young sailor, a native of England, +guilty of some misdemeanour, and by name Aikin. He understood not a +word of French, but protested with a shake of his head against his +being English; patriotism had in him outlived honesty and +self-respect. I spoke to him in English: he wept, but would not +reply, puckering up his poor lips in all the agony of his desolate +condition. I was glad to remark the humanity with which he had been +chained to a prisoner, pensive and downcast like himself.</p> +<p>There were some cases certainly hard; one or two for resisting +the <i>gen-d'armerie</i> in a riot at Rouen. To transport a rioter, +unless under aggravated circumstances, is grievous enough; but +after the revolution of July, that hallowed riot, to make a +galley-slave of a <i>brave</i> for resisting the police, must have +been at least surprising to him. The tribunal no doubt felt the +necessity of severity; and we acknowledged it all in deploring the +degradation of these poor devils for an act, which in so many +thousand others was, at the moment, extolled to the skies as the +acmé of heroism. But justice hath her lottery-wheel as well +as fortune.</p> +<p>As the last <i>chaine</i> was completing, an <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page302" name="page302"></a>[pg 302]</span> +ecclesiastic went round to collect money of the visitors. But as +there were few, so were the offerings. The convicts at the same +time produced the fruits of their ingenuity in straw work-boxes, +needle-cases, carved ivory and wood. The guardians, to do them +justice, seemed humane.</p> +<p>The <i>bagne</i> at Toulon, the destination of the members of +the <i>chaine</i>, was respectably peopled when I visited it some +years ago. It contained amongst others, Sarrazin, a famous general, +who had deserted to us from Buonaparte, and whose works on the +Spanish and other campaigns, are still read with interest. The +general had caught the inexcusable habit of marrying a wife in each +town wherein he was quartered, and was sent to the gallies for +<i>trigintagamy</i>. They boasted a bishop too amongst the convicts +at Toulon, a merry little fellow, that bore his fate gaily, and who +still contrived to exercise a kind of spiritual supremacy over his +unfortunate comrades.</p> +<p>The ingenuity and hardihood of these men is surprising. Despite +the vigilance, the ramparts, the fetters, and the logs, they escape +hourly and daily;—at what risk is manifest from the +regulations, by which three cannon shots always announce the +disappearance of a convict, serving to warn the peasants, and call +them to earn the handsome reward given to whoever arrests one of +the branded fugitives. They are easily recognised by the halt in +one limb; as they are wont to drag after them that which has been +accustomed to the bullet.</p> +<p>The only pursuits that seem to pervade the <i>bagne</i>, are +those of <i>eating</i> and <i>dying</i>: with the exception of +escape, all others are denied. And those who have given up the +latter hope, confine their thoughts either to bettering their +meagre fare of beans, or to getting rid of existence in the most +advantageous way. It is remarkable and degrading to observe the +utmost human ingenuity and industry employed, in order to procure a +dish of potatoes fried in grease once in the week. Yet such is the +luxury of a <i>forçat</i>, and he must labour for it harder +than even an Hibernian peasant, or a poet of the same line.</p> +<p>The more philosophic, who scorn the luxury of potatoes, and with +it the life that affords no other, meditate how best to get rid of +existence; and this they effect almost ever in one way; viz., by +killing their most obnoxious keeper, and thus earning the +guillotine.</p> +<p>It is a frequent scene in the <i>bagne</i>, that of an +execution. It occurs every week or fortnight. All the convicts are +obliged to attend, for the purpose of striking them with terror, +and working contrition and good behaviour in them. Alas! it is a +huge mistake. For these days are of all other days of +<i>fête</i> to them. Their countenances are marked by +universal joy, and they shout congratulations, not condolences, to +their comrade about to perish. Death to them is indeed an escape. +Its ceremony is to them a marriage feast: and decapitation, what a +<i>black job</i> was to Lord Portsmouth,—the only variety and +excitement that could give a spur to their heavy and painful +existence.</p> +<p>Speak as we may against the pains of death, this is worse, not +only physically but morally; for it degrades humanity far lower +than is conceiveable. The French have an idea that they can imitate +the American mode of punishment by solitary confinement. This again +will be still worse than the galleys; since religious consolation +can alone redeem or ameliorate man in this state of durance; and as +this makes no part of the French system, I cannot help thinking the +<i>guillotine</i> more merciful, than either their <i>bagne</i> or +their solitary cells.—<i>Monthly Magazine.</i></p> +<hr /> +<h3>THE SEALS.</h3> +<h4>Written at the suggestion of a Lover who inferred the decline, +of his mistress's affections from her changing the seals of her +letters.</h4> +<h4>BY THE AUTHOR OF THE HUNCHBACK.</h4> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>You've changed the seal—you've changed it thrice:</p> +<p class="i2">Your first implied you loved:</p> +<p>How welcome was the dear device,</p> +<p class="i2">A thousand kisses proved.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>Your next was love—it spoke the flame,</p> +<p class="i2">Yet scarce so plain methought—</p> +<p>I kiss'd it, wishing it the same</p> +<p class="i2">Your first sweet letter brought</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>The second change, was change indeed—</p> +<p class="i2">To friendship—Judge my bliss—</p> +<p>And did I kiss that seal—I did—</p> +<p class="i2">But 'twas a farewell kiss.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>The third—nor love, nor friendship—There</p> +<p class="i2">Indeed love's dream should end—</p> +<p>As coldest stranger better far</p> +<p class="i2">Than lover turn'd to friend.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>No kiss I gave that seal—no name—</p> +<p class="i2">Still dear—of thine it bore—</p> +<p>The signet, whence the impress came,</p> +<p class="i2">Perhaps a rival wore.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>I smil'd to think 'twas so—'twas strange—</p> +<p class="i2">And have such cause to sigh—</p> +<p>How couldst thou—fairest creature—change?</p> +<p class="i2">O, wherefore could not I.</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>Monthly Mag.</i></p> +<hr /> +<p>By a Parliamentary return it appears, that Kensington Palace +cost the public in 1828, 2,412<i>l</i>. 8<i>s</i>. 11<i>d</i>.; in +1829, 4,638<i>l</i>. 8<i>s</i>.; in 1830, 6,203<i>l</i>. 5<i>s</i>. +11<i>d</i>.; and in 183l, 3,921<i>l</i>. 15<i>s</i>. Hampton Court +in 1828, cost 4,430<i>l</i>. 19<i>s</i>. 5<i>d</i>.; in 1829, +5,964<i>l</i>. 13<i>s</i>. 1<i>d</i>.; in 1830, 4,144<i>l</i>. +2<i>s</i>. 4<i>d</i>.; and in 183l, 3,994<i>l</i>. 15<i>s</i>. +11<i>d</i>.—<i>Times</i>.</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page303" name="page303"></a>[pg +303]</span> +<h2>THE GATHERER.</h2> +<hr /> +<p>Dr. Johnson has remarked that the French are fond of Young's +<i>Night Thoughts</i>, a fact which is hard to be accounted for, +that a nation so celebrated for their gaiety should have a regard +for an author treating on such serious subjects.</p> +<p><i>Wigs</i>.—In the reign of Queen Anne, enormous +full-bottomed wigs often cost twenty or thirty guineas each.</p> +<p>"<i>Capillary Attraction</i>."—When Charles II. was +espoused to the Infanta of Portugal, a fleet was sent over to +Lisbon, with proper attendants to bring her hither, but her majesty +being informed that there were some particular customs in Portugal, +with relation to the ladies, which the king would not easily +dispense with, the fleet was detained six or seven weeks, at a +great expense, till <i>her majesty's hair grew</i>.</p> +<p>(Mr. Prince, with his Russia Oil, would have prospered under +Royal Patronage in those days; and Mr. Rowland would not have +needed immortality in Byron's verse: "incomparable <i>huile +Macassar</i>.")</p> +<p><i>The King of Kippen.</i>—When James V. of Scotland, +travelled in disguise, he used a name which was known only to some +of the principal nobility and attendants. He was called the Goodman +(the tenant, that is) of Ballangiech. Ballangiech is a steep pass, +which leads down behind the Castle of Stirling. Once, when he was +feasting in Stirling, the king sent for some venison from the +neighbouring hills. The deer were killed and put on horses' backs +to be transported to Stirling. Unluckily, they had to pass the +castle gates of Ampryor, belonging to a chief of the Buchanans, who +had a considerable number of guests with him. It was late, and the +company were rather short of victuals, though they had more than +enough of liquor. The chief, seeing so much fat venison passing his +very door, seized on it; and, to the expostulations of the keepers, +who told him that it belonged to King James, he answered +insolently, that if James was king in Scotland, he, Buchanan, was +king in Kippen, being the name of the district in which the Castle +of Ampryor lay. On hearing what had happened, the king got on +horseback, and rode instantly from Stirling to Buchanan's house, +where he found a strong, fierce-looking Highlander, with an axe on +his shoulder, standing sentinel at the door. This grim warder +refused the king admittance, saying that "the Laird of Arnpryor was +at dinner, and would not be disturbed." "Yet go up to the company, +my good friend," said the king, "and tell him that the good man of +Ballangiech is come to feast with the King of Kippen." The porter +went grumbling into the house, and told his master that there was a +fellow with a red beard who called himself the good man of +Ballangiech, at the gate, and said he was come to dine with the +King of Kippen. As soon as Buchanan heard these words, he knew that +the king was there in person, and hastened down to kneel at James's +feet, and to ask forgiveness for his insolent behavour. But the +king, who only meant to give him a fright, forgave him freely, and, +going into the castle, feasted on his own venison, which Buchanan +had intercepted. Buchanan of Arnpryor was ever afterwards called +King of Kippen.</p> +<p>W.G.C.</p> +<p><i>Remarkable Murder</i>.—"Anno 1605: one William +Calverly, of Calverly, in the county of York, esquire, murthered +two of his own children at home at his own house, then stabbed his +wife into the body, with full intent to have killed her, and then +went out with intention to have killed his child, at nurse, but was +prevented. He was pressed to death, at York, for this murther, +because he stood mute, and would not plead."—<i>Old +History</i>.</p> +<p><i>Law respecting Caps</i>.—An old Law, enacted that every +person above seven years of age, should wear on Sundays, and +Holidays, a cap of wool, knit-made, thickened and dressed in +England, by some of the trade of Cappers—under the forfeiture +of three-farthings for every day's neglect; excepting <i>Maids, +Ladies</i>, and <i>Gentlemen</i>, and every <i>Lord, Knight</i>, +and Gentleman of <i>Twenty marks of land</i>, and their +<i>heirs</i>, and such as had borne office of worship in any +<i>City, Town</i>, or <i>Place</i>, and the Wardens of the London +Companies.</p> +<p>T. GILL.</p> +<p><i>Splendid Biography</i>.—Richard Neville, the Great Earl +of Warwick and Salisbury, was well known in history by the +appellation of the King Maker. His biographer says, "He was a man +whose hospitality was so abundant, that the ordinary consumption of +a breakfast, at his house in London, was six oxen; whose popularity +was so great, that his absence was accounted as the absence of the +sun from the hemisphere; whose service was so courted, that men of +all <span class="pagenum"><a id="page304" name="page304"></a>[pg +304]</span> degrees were proud to wear the badges of his livery; +and whose authority was so potent, that kings were raised, or +deposed, as suited his humour."</p> +<p>P.T.W.</p> +<p><i>Character of England by Henry the Seventh.</i>—Henry +the Seventh (whose breeding had been low and private) being once +pressed by some of his council, to pursue his title to France, +returned this answer: "That France was indeed a flourishing and +gallant kingdom; but England, in his mind, was as fine a seat for a +country gentleman as any that could be found in Europe."</p> +<p>G.K.</p> +<p><i>The Plough.</i></p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Look how the purple flower, which the plough</p> +<p>Hath shorn in sunder, languishing doth die."</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p><span style="margin-left:3em"><i>Peachum.</i></span></p> +</div> +</div> +<p>This implement was known to the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, +and was invented at a very early period, being perhaps nearly +coeval with the cultivation of the soil itself. Anciently, the +tenants (in England) in some manors, were not allowed to have their +rural implements sharpened by any but those whom the lord +appointed; for which an acknowledgment was to be paid, called +<i>agusa dura</i>; in some places <i>agusage</i>, a fee for +sharpening plough-tackle, which some take to be the same with what +was otherwise called <i>reillage</i>, from the ancient French +<i>reille</i>, a <i>ploughshare</i>.</p> +<p><i>Ancient Fête at Gorhamlury.</i>—In the year 1577, +Queen Elizabeth was entertained at Gorhambury, by Sir Nicholas +Bacon, Lord Keeper, from Saturday, May the 18th, to the Wednesday +following, at the expense of 577<i>l</i>. 6<i>s</i>. 7-1/4<i>d</i>. +besides fifteen bucks and two stags. Among the dainties of the +feathered kind, enumerated in this entertainment, Mr. Nichols +mentions herons, bitterns, godwites, dotterels, shovelers, curlews, +and knots. Sir Nicholas Bacon was frequently visited by the queen, +who dated many of her state papers from Gorhambury.</p> +<p>P.T.W.</p> +<p><i>Adrian the Fourth.</i>—Adrian the Fourth was the only +Englishman who ever filled the Papal chair. His name was Nicholas +Breakspeare, and he was born at Abbot's Langley, a village in +Herts. Such was the unbounded pride of this pontiff, that when the +Emperor Frederick the First went to Rome, in 1155, to receive the +imperial diadem, the Pope, after many difficulties concerning the +ceremonial of investiture, insisted that the emperor should +prostrate himself before him, kiss his feet, hold his stirrup, and +lead the white palfrey on which the holy father rode. Frederick did +not submit to this humiliation without reluctance; and as he took +hold of the stirrup, he observed that "he had not yet been taught +the profession of a groom." In a letter to his old friend, John of +Salisbury, he says that St. Peter's Chair was the most uneasy seat +in the world, and that his crown seemed to be clapped burning on +his head. Yet did this haughty Pope (according to Dr. Cave) allow +his mother to be maintained by the alms of the church of +Canterbury.</p> +<p>P.T.W.</p> +<p><i>Quid pro quo.</i>—A peasant of Burgundy, whom Louis XI. +had taken some notice of, while Dauphin, appeared before him when +he ascended the throne, and presented him with an extraordinary +large radish; Louis received it with much goodwill, and handsomely +repaid the peasant. The great man of the place, to whom the +countryman related his good fortune, imagined that if he were to +offer Louis something, he would, at any rate, make him a prince. +Accordingly he went to court, and presented his finest horse to the +king. Louis received his present as graciously as he had before +taken the radish, and after he had sufficiently praised the horse, +"See here," said he, taking the radish in his hand, "here is a +radish, which, like your horse, is one of the rarest of its kind; I +present it to you with many thanks."</p> +<p>Iota.</p> +<p><i>Muswell Hill</i> derives its name from a famous well on the +hill, where, formerly, the fraternity of St. John of Jerusalem, in +Clerkenwell, had their dairy, with a large farm adjacent. Here they +built a chapel for the benefit of some nuns, in which they fixed +the image of our Lady of Muswell. These nuns had the sole +management of the dairy: and it is singular, that the said well and +farm do, at this time, belong to the parish of St. James, +Clerkenwell. The water of this spring was then deemed a miraculous +cure for scrofulous and cutaneous disorders. For that reason it was +much resorted to; and, as tradition says, a king of Scotland made a +pilgrimage hither, and was perfectly cured.</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote1" name= +"footnote1"></a> <b>Footnote 1</b>:<a href= +"#footnotetag1">(return)</a> +<p>St. Pancras was a young Phrygian nobleman, who suffered death +under the Emperor Dioclesian, for his zealous adherence to the +Christian faith.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote2" name= +"footnote2"></a> <b>Footnote 2</b>:<a href= +"#footnotetag2">(return)</a> +<p>Lysons's Environs, 4to. vol. ii. part ii.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote3" name= +"footnote3"></a> <b>Footnote 3</b>:<a href= +"#footnotetag3">(return)</a> +<p>The parish extends in this direction to the foot of Gray's Inn +Lane, and includes part of a house in Queen's Square.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote4" name= +"footnote4"></a> <b>Footnote 4</b>:<a href= +"#footnotetag4">(return)</a> +<p>Anciently Kentistonne, where William Bruges, Garter King at Arms +in the reign of Henry V. had a country-house, at which he +entertained the emperor Sigismund.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote5" name= +"footnote5"></a> <b>Footnote 5</b>:<a href= +"#footnotetag5">(return)</a> +<p>The visitation of the church in the year 1251, mentions a very +small tower, a good slope font, and a small marble stone ornamented +with copper to carry the <i>Pax</i>.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote6" name= +"footnote6"></a> <b>Footnote 6</b>:<a href= +"#footnotetag6">(return)</a> +<p>Strype, in his additions to Stowe, says, the Roman Catholics +have of late <i>effected</i> to be buried at this place.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote7" name= +"footnote7"></a> <b>Footnote 7</b>:<a href= +"#footnotetag7">(return)</a> +<p>One is stated to be on its way to England; our parliament has +voted 10,000<i>l</i> to defray the expense. The other needle is +destined for France.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote8" name= +"footnote8"></a> <b>Footnote 8</b>:<a href= +"#footnotetag8">(return)</a> +<p>Mr. Colton used to say that he wrote his treasurable, "Lacon: +or, many things in a few words," upon a small, rickety deal table. +We perceive from Galignani's <i>Messenger</i>, that Mr. Colton put +an end to his existence, a few days since, at Fontainbleau, it is +stated in consequence of the dread of a surgical operation which it +had become necessary that he should undergo.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote9" name= +"footnote9"></a> <b>Footnote 9</b>:<a href= +"#footnotetag9">(return)</a> +<p>Abridged from printed extracts furnished by our correspondent, +M.L.B.</p> +</blockquote> +<hr class="full" /> +<p><i>Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, London; +sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; and by all +Newsmen and Booksellers.</i></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11551 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/11551-h/images/546-1.png b/11551-h/images/546-1.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..25079dd --- /dev/null +++ b/11551-h/images/546-1.png diff --git a/11551-h/images/546-2.png b/11551-h/images/546-2.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0dd9987 --- /dev/null +++ b/11551-h/images/546-2.png diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7687269 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #11551 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11551) diff --git a/old/11551-8.txt b/old/11551-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f4ae3df --- /dev/null +++ b/old/11551-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1907 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and +Instruction, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction + Vol. 19, Issue 546, May 12, 1832 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: March 12, 2004 [EBook #11551] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David King, and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team + + + + + +THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION. + +VOL. 19, NO. 546.] SATURDAY, MAY 12, 1832. [PRICE 2d. + + * * * * * + + + +ST. PANCRAS (OLD) CHURCH. + + +[Illustration: ST. PANCRAS (OLD) CHURCH.] + +This humble village fane is situated to the north of London, somewhat +more than a mile from Holborn Bars. Persons unacquainted with the site, +may hitherto have considered it as part and parcel of this vast +metropolis: but, lo! here it stands amidst much of its primitive, +peaceful rusticity. + +Pancras is still, by courtesy, called a _village_, though its charms may +be of the _rus-in-urbe_ description. It derives its name from the saint +to whom the church is dedicated:[1] it was called St. Pancras when the +Survey of Domesday was taken. The parish is of great extent. Mr. Lysons +states it at 2,700 acres of land, including the site of buildings. It is +bounded on the north by Islington, Hornsey, and Finchley; and on the +west by Hampstead and Marybone. On the south it meets the parishes of +St. Giles's in the Fields, St. George the Martyr, St. George, +Bloomsbury, and St. Andrew's, Holborn.[2] On the east it is bounded by +St. James's, Clerkenwell. Kentish Town, part of Highgate, Camden Town, +and Somer's Town,[3] are comprised within this parish as hamlets. Mr. +Lysons supposes it to have included the prebendal manor of Kentish +Town,[4] or Cantelows, which now constitutes a stall in St. Paul's +Cathedral. Among the prebendaries have been men eminent for their +learning and piety: as Lancelot Andrews, bishop of Winchester, Dr. +Sherlock, Archdeacon Paley, and the Rev. William Beloe, B.D. well known +by his translation of Herodotus. + + [1] St. Pancras was a young Phrygian nobleman, who suffered + death under the Emperor Dioclesian, for his zealous adherence to + the Christian faith. + + [2] Lysons's Environs, 4to. vol. ii. part ii. + + [3] The parish extends in this direction to the foot of Gray's + Inn Lane, and includes part of a house in Queen's Square. + + [4] Anciently Kentistonne, where William Bruges, Garter King at + Arms in the reign of Henry V. had a country-house, at which he + entertained the emperor Sigismund. + +It would occupy too much space to detail the progressive increase of +this district. When a visitation of the church was made in the year +1251, there were only forty houses in the parish. The desolate situation +of the village in the latter part of the sixteenth century is +emphatically described by Norden, in his _Speculum Britanniæ_. After +noticing the solitary condition of the church, he says, "yet about this +structure have bin manie buildings now decaied, leaving poore Pancras +without companie or comfort." In some manuscription additions to his +work, the same writer has the following observations:--"Although this +place be, as it were, forsaken of all; and true men seldom frequent the +same, but upon devyne occasions; yet it is visyted by thieves, who +assemble there not to pray, but to wait for praye; and manie fell into +their handes, clothed, that are glad when they are escaped naked. Walk +not there too late." Newcourt, whose work was published in 1700, says +that houses had been built near the church. The first important increase +of the parish took place in the neighbourhood of Tottenham Court Road. + +"Pancras Church," says Norden, "standeth all alone, as utterly forsaken, +old and wether-beten, which, for the antiquity thereof, it is thought +not to yield to Paules in London." It is of rude Gothic architecture, +built of stones and flints, which are now covered with plaster. Mr. +Lysons says, "It is certainly not older than the fourteenth century, +perhaps in Norden's time it had the appearance of great decay; the same +building, nevertheless, repaired from time to time, still remains; looks +no longer 'old and wether-beten,' and may still exist perhaps to be +spoken of by some antiquary of a future century. It is a very small +structure, consisting only of a nave and chancel; at the west end is a +low tower, with a kind of dome."[5] Mr. Lysons speaks of the +disproportionate size of the church to the population of the parish; but +since his time another church has been erected, the splendour and size +of which in every respect accord with the increased wealth and numbers +of the parish. + + [5] The visitation of the church in the year 1251, mentions a + very small tower, a good slope font, and a small marble stone + ornamented with copper to carry the _Pax_. + +The church and churchyard of Pancras have long been noted as the +burial-place of such Roman Catholics as die in London and its +vicinity.[6] Many of the tombs exhibit a cross, and the initials R.I.P. +(_Requiescat in pace_), which initials, or others analogous to them, are +always used by the Catholics on their sepulchral monuments. Mr. Lysons +heard it assigned by some of that persuasion, as a reason for this +preference to Pancras as a burial-place, that masses were formerly said +in a church in the south of France, dedicated to the same saint, for the +souls of the deceased interred at St. Pancras in England. After the +French revolution, a great number of ecclesiastics and other refugees, +some of them of high rank, were buried in this churchyard; and in 1811, +Mr. Lysons observed that probably about 30 of the French clergy had on +an average been buried at Pancras for some years past: in 1801 there +were 41, and in 1802, 32. Mr. Lysons's explanation of this preference to +Pancras by the Catholics is, however, disputed by the author of +_Ecclesiastical Topography_, who observes that a reason more generally +given is, that "Pancras was the last church in England where mass was +performed after the Reformation." + + [6] Strype, in his additions to Stowe, says, the Roman Catholics + have of late _effected_ to be buried at this place. + +In the chancel are monuments of Daniel Clarke, Esq. who had been +master-cook to Queen Elizabeth; and of Cooper the artist, whose style +approached so near to that of Vandyke, that he has been called Vandyke +in miniature: he taught the author of Hudibras to paint; his wife was +sister to Pope's mother. + +In the churchyard are the tombs of Anthony Woodhead, 1678, who was in +his day, the great champion of the Roman Catholic religion, and was +reputed to have written the Whole Duty of Man; Lady Slingsby, whose name +occurs as an actress in Dryden and Lee's plays, from 1681 to 1689; +Jeremy Collier, 1726, the pertinacious non-juror, who repressed the +immoralities of the stage; Ned Ward, author of the London Spy, 1731; +Leoni, the architect, 1746; Lady Henrietta, wife of Beard, the vocalist, +1753; Van Bleeck, the portrait-painter; Ravenet, the engraver, 1764; +Mazzinghi, 1775, leader of the band at Marylebone Gardens, and father of +Mazzinghi, the celebrated composer; Henry and Robert Rackett, Pope's +nephews; Woollett, the engraver, 1785, to whose memory a monument has +been placed in the cloisters of Westminster Abbey; Baron de Wenzel, the +celebrated oculist, 1790; Mary Wollestonecraft Godwin, author of a +Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1797; the Rev. Arthur O'Leary, or +Father O'Leary, the amiable Franciscan friar, 1802; Paoli, the patriotic +Corsican, 1807; Walker editor of the Pronouncing Dictionary; the +Chevalier d'Eon, 1810, of epicene notoriety; and Packer, the comedian, +1806, who is said to have performed 4,852 times, besides walking in +processions; Edwards, professor of Perspective, 1806; Scheemakers, the +statuary, 1808. + +In the _Beauties of England and Wales_, it is stated that 23 acres of +land belong to the church; and the great increase of buildings renders +these of considerable value; though it is not known to whom the church +is indebted for this possession. + + * * * * * + + +ELEGY. + +FROM THE GERMAN. + +(_For the Mirror._) + + + Through oak-woods green, + A silver sheen, + Sweet moon, from thee + Afforded me + A tranquil joy, + Me, _then_, a happy boy. + Still makes thy light + My window bright, + But can no more + Lost peace restore: + My brow is shaded, + My cheek with weeping faded. + Thy beams, O moon, + Will glitter soon, + As softly clear, + Upon my bier: + For soon, earth must + Conceal in youth my dust. + + C.H. + + * * * * * + + +CLEOPATRA'S NEEDLES. + +(_For the Mirror._) + + +These remains of ancient art are destined to be removed to Europe.[7] +The palace of Cleopatra was built upon the walls facing the port of +Alexandria, Egypt, having a gallery on the outside, supported by several +fine columns. Towards the eastern part of the palace are two obelisks, +vulgarly called _Cleopatra's Needles_. They are of Thebaic stone, and +covered with hieroglyphics; one is overturned, broken, and lying under +the sand; the other is on its pedestal. These two obelisks, each of them +of a single stone, are about sixty feet high, by seven feet square at +the base. The Egyptian priests called these obelisks the sun's fingers, +because they served as stiles or gnomons to mark the hours on the +ground. In the first ages of the world they were made use of to transmit +to posterity the principal precepts of philosophy, which were engraven +on them in hieroglyphics. + + "Between the statues, _Obelisks_ were placed: + And the learned walls with _hieroglyphics_ grac'd. + _Pope._ + +In after ages they were used to immortalize the actions of heroes, and +the memory of persons beloved. + + [7] One is stated to be on its way to England; our parliament + has voted 10,000_l_ to defray the expense. The other needle is + destined for France. + +The first obelisk we know of was that raised by Rameses, King of Egypt, +in the time of the Trojan war. Augustus erected an obelisk at Rome, in +the Campus Martius, which served to mark the hours on an horizontal +dial, drawn on the pavement. This obelisk was brought from Egypt, and +was said to have been formed by Sesostris, near a thousand years before +Christ. It was used by Manlius for the same purpose for which it was +originally destined, namely, to measure the height of the sun. + +P.T.W. + + * * * * * + + +THE DYING MAIDEN'S PARDON TO HER FAITHLESS LOVER. + +FROM THE FRENCH. + +(_For the Mirror._) + + + If death's keen anguish thou would'st charm + Ere speeds his fatal dart, + Come, place thine hand--while yet 'tis warm, + Upon my breaking heart. + + And though remorse--thou may'st not feel + When its last throb is o'er, + Thou'lt say--"that heart which lov'd so well, + Shall passion feel no more." + + E'en love for thee forsakes my soul-- + Thy work, relentless see, + Near as I am life's destin'd gaol, + I'm frozen--less than thee. + + Yet take this heart--I ne'er had more + To give thee in thy need: + Search well--for at its inmost core, + Thy pardon thou may'st read. + +T.R.P. + + * * * * * + + + +ANECDOTE GALLERY. + + + * * * * * + + +TRAITS OF IRISH CHARACTER. + +(_For the Mirror._) + + +A gentleman residing in the vicinity of Dublin, found, notwithstanding +the protection of a thick, and thorny hedge, that great depredations +were committed on his garden and paddocks; so he inclosed them with a +high, strong wall. As he kept cows, and had more milk than was +sufficient for his family, he distributed the overplus amongst his poor +neighbours. One day, inspecting in person, this distribution, he saw a +woman attending with her pails, who, he was tolerably certain did not +require such assistance. "You, here! my good friend," said he, "I +thought you kept a cow?" + +"Ay, plase yer honour's honour, and _two_ it was that I _once_ kept, the +craters!" + +"_Once_, why don't you keep them now?" + +"Ough! 'tis yeaself must answer that question, for why? the bastes did +well enough afore your rav'rence run up that bit o' wall round your +fields, seein' the cows lived off your grass; but sorra for me now, I've +sold 'em both, by rason I couldn't _keep_ 'em no longer." + +An English gentleman, on a tour in Ireland, was beset at a fine +waterfall by numerous beggars; one woman was particularly clamorous for +relief, but Mr. R. instructed by his guide, said to her, "My good +friend, you cannot possibly want relief, as you keep several cows, and +have a very profitable farm; indeed I cannot bestow my charity upon +you." The woman, looking sulky, and _detected_, immediately pointed to +another, exclaiming, "Then give to _her_, for she's got _nothing_!" The +stranger in Dublin is particularly requested to send all beggars to an +institution in Copper Alley, for their relief. Being once much +importuned by an old man for money, we desired him to go to this place. +"I can't," said he. + +"Why not?" + +"Becase 'tis a bad place for the poor." + +"How so? don't they give you anything to eat?" + +"Ah, yes, yes, but the thing is, my jewel, they wont by no manes give a +poor body _anything to drink_." The intelligent reader will not be at a +loss to translate the complaint of thirsty Pat. + + * * * * * + + +FRENCH CRUELTY. + + +During the late French Revolution, one of the royalist soldiers having +his horse shot under him by a pupil of the Polytechnic School, and +finding when thus brought down, that he could not regain his feet and +resume a posture of defence, but was entirely at the mercy of his +ferocious young adversary, he immediately surrendered his sword, +exclaiming, "I am your prisoner, and entreat of you mercy and life." To +which the _generous_ and _heroic_ youth replied, "No prisoners, no +mercy!" and taking from his pocket a pike-head or some similar rough +weapon, deliberately drove it into the unfortunate soldier's heart! + + * * * * * + + +EFFRONTERY. + + +A nobleman being, it is said, some years since, in the shop of a +celebrated London shoemaker, saw, pass through it, a very handsome young +woman, "Who is that fine girl?" said he. + +"My daughter," replied the _cord-wainer_, "with sixty thousand pounds at +your lordship's service." + + * * * * * + + +A BLUNDER. + + +Literary topics came under discussion one evening in a small social +circle, of which the writer made one, and particularly the +autobiographical works, and personal memoirs, now so much in vogue. A +gentleman then stated, that having seen much of the world, he thought he +must follow the fashion, and one day favour it with his own life and +adventures. Numerous ladies were to figure in his book, which was, in +fact, as he modestly gave the present company to understand, to be a +complete chronicle of the flirtations and conquests of himself, and male +allies, with letters, portraits, &c. and _names_ in full. "But," +remarked a lady, humouring the jest, "if you _do_ render your book so +very personal, are you not afraid of the consequences?" + +"Not at all," replied the embryo author very gravely, "for though I +shall enjoy the remarks of the world, upon my _autobiography_, they +cannot affect me, as it will of course be a _posthumous work_." + + * * * * * + + +COOL COURAGE. + + +During the disastrous fire of the Kent East Indiaman, a lady on board +exhibited a very singular instance of _sang froid_ and presence of mind. +Being in one of the cabins, with a large, helpless, despairing, and of +course, most troublesome party, chiefly of her own sex, "all hands" of +the other being "turned up," we presume, to check the advances of the +devouring element, she proposed, by way of keeping them quiet, _to make +tea for them_, and we believe her proposal was accepted, and had the +desired effect. + +_Great Marlow, Bucks_. + +M.L.B. + + * * * * * + + +ABSTRACT STUDIES. + +(_For the Mirror_.) + + +Demosthenes to be the more removed from noise, and less subject to +distraction, caused a small chamber to be made under ground, in which he +shut himself up sometimes for whole months, shaving half his head and +only half his face, that he might not be in a condition to go abroad. It +was there, by the light of a small lamp, he composed his admirable +Orations, which were said by those who envied him, to smell of the oil, +to imply that they were too elaborate. He rose very early, and used to +say, that he was sorry when any workman was at his business before him. +He copied Thucydides' history eight times with his own hand, in order to +render the style of that great man familiar to him. + +Adrian Turnebus, a French critic, was so indefatigable in his study, +that it was said of him, as it was of Budaeus, that he spent some hours +in study even on the day he was married. + +Frederick Morel had so strong an attachment to study, that when he was +informed of his wife's being at the point of death, he would not lay +down his pen, till he had finished what he was upon, and when she was +dead, as she was before they could prevail on him to stir, he was only +heard to reply coldly, "I am very sorry, she was a good woman." + +Sir Isaac Newton, when he had any mathematical problems or solutions in +his mind, would never quit the subject on any account; dinner was often +known to be three hours ready for him before he could be brought to +table. His man often said, when he was getting up in the morning, and +began to dress, he would, with one leg in his breeches, sit down again +on the bed, and remain there for hours before he got his clothes on. + +Mr. Abraham Sharp, the astronomer, through his love of study, was very +irregular as to his meals, which he frequently took in the following +manner: a little square hole, something like a window, made a +communication between the room where he usually studied, and another +chamber in the house, where a servant could enter, and before this hole +he had contrived a sliding board, the servant always placing his +victuals in the hole, without speaking a word or making the least noise, +and when he had leisure he visited it to see what it contained, and to +satisfy his hunger or thirst. But it often happened that the breakfast, +the dinner, and the supper remained untouched by him, so deeply was he +engaged in his calculations and solemn musings. At one time after his +provisions had been neglected for a long season, his family became +uneasy, and resolved to break in upon his retirement; he complained, but +with great mildness, that they had disconcerted his thoughts in a chain +of calculations which had cost him intense application for three days +successively. On an old oak table, where for a long course of years he +used to write, cavities might easily be perceived, worn by the perpetual +rubbing of his arms and elbows.[8] + +SWAINE. + + [8] Mr. Colton used to say that he wrote his treasurable, + "Lacon: or, many things in a few words," upon a small, rickety + deal table. We perceive from Galignani's _Messenger_, that Mr. + Colton put an end to his existence, a few days since, at + Fontainbleau, it is stated in consequence of the dread of a + surgical operation which it had become necessary that he should + undergo. + + * * * * * + + +THE SELECTOR; AND LITERARY NOTICES OF _NEW WORKS_. + + + * * * * * + + +THE CONTRAST. + + +The title of Lord Mulgrave's clever novel is sufficiently explained by +the hero, Lord Castleton, a man of high refinement, marrying an +unsophisticated, uneducated peasant girl. The scenes and incidents of +her introduction into the fashionable world are replete with humour, yet +true to the life. Thus, how naturally are her new Ladyship's +embarrassments told:-- + +"There were some points on which she would even have endeavoured to +extract knowledge from the servants; but dreading, from her former +habits, nothing so much as too great a familiarity in this respect, +Castleton had made it one of his first desires to her, that she would +confine her communications with them, to asking for what she wanted. To +this, as to every other desire of his, she yielded, as far as she could, +implicit obedience; but it was often a great exertion on her part to do +so. Of her own maid she had felt from the first a considerable awe; and +to such a degree did this continue, that she could not conceive any +fatigue from labour equal to the burthen of her assistance. Being +naturally of a disposition both active and obliging, it was quite new to +her to have any thing done for her which she could do for herself. For +some time she had as great a horror of touching a bell-rope, as others +have in touching the string of a shower-bath; and when services were +obtruded on her by the domestics as a matter of course, she had much +difficulty in checking the exuberance of her gratitude. + +"At home, Big Betsey, mentioned before as the maid of all work, never +considered as any part of her multitudinous duties the waiting on Miss +Lucy, who she not only said 'mought moind herself,' but sometimes called +to her, almost authoritatively, 'to lend a hauping haund.' It was, +probably, in consequence of the habit thus engendered, that Lady +Castleton was one day caught 'lending a helping hand' to an over-loaded +under laundry-maid, who had been sent by her superior with a +wicker-bound snowy freight of her Ladyship's own superfine linen. But of +all the irksome feelings caused by Lucy's new position, there was none +from which she suffered more, than _waiting_ to be _waited on_. And it +was hinted in the hall, that when my Lord was not in the room, my Lady +got up to help herself to what she wanted from the sideboard!! And it +was whispered in the female conclave of the housekeeper's room, that her +Lady-ship seemed even to like to--lace her own stays!!" + +Again, after Lady Castleton receiving a visit from a ton-ish family, his +Lordship asks:-- + +And did they make many inquiries of you? ask many questions?" + +"Oh, such a many!" + +"So many, dearest love, you mean to say." + +"Well, so I do, thank you; and then the mamma asked me, as she had never +seen me before, if I had not been much abroad; and I said, never at all +till I married; and then she said, 'What! had I been to Paris since?' +and I find she meant foreign parts by abroad. And she told me that we +ought to go to London soon; that the season was advanced, and that the +Pasta would come out soon this spring. What is the Pasta--a plant?" + +"A plant! no, love. Pasta is a singer's name, you could not be expected +to know that; but I hope you didn't say any thing to show them your +ignorance?" + +"Oh, no; you told me, whenever I was completely puzzled, that silence +was best; so I said nothing. Pasta's the name of a singer, then! Oh, +that accounts, for a moment after she the mamma said, that her daughter +Arabella sang delightfully, and asked me if I would sing with her; so I +said no, I'd much rather listen. That was right, warn't it? You see I +knew you'd ask me all about it, so I recollected it for you. Arabella +then asked me if I would accompany her? so I said, Wherever she +liked,--where did she want to go? But, I suppose, she altered her mind, +for she sat down to the grand instrument you had brought here for me to +begin my lessons upon; and then she sang such an extraordinary song--all +coming from her throat. And the sister asked me if I understood German? +and I answered, No, nor French neither." + +"That was an unnecessary addition, my love." + +"Well, so it was. Then the youngest sister explained to me, that it was +a song a Swiss peasant girl sang whilst she was milking her cow; and I +said that must be very difficult, to sing while milking a cow. And then +the mamma asked how I knew; and I said I had _tried_ very _often_." + +"How could you, dear Lucy, volunteer such an avowal?" + +"I thought you would be afraid of that; but it all did very well, for +the mother said I was so amusing, had so much natural wit, and they all +tried to persuade me I had said something clever." + +"Well, go on--and what then?" + +"And then the lady took me aside, and began saying so much in praise of +you; and when she once got me on that subject, I was ready and glib +enough, I warrant you. But somehow, though I then found it so much +easier to speak, I find it more difficult to recollect exactly what I +said. Is not that strange? And then she said that my happiness would +excite so much envy in the great world; that you had been admired, +courted, nay, even loved by rich, noble, clever ladies. Why was all +this? and how could you ever think to leave all these, to seek out from +her quiet home your poor little Lucy?" + +"Oh, that's a story of by-gone days. These were follies of my youth, +which I thought I had lived to repent. + + "'Nor knew, till seated by thy side, + My heart in all save hope the same.'" + +"Why, save hope, my dear Lord? What may you not only hope, but trust, +from my constant devotion?" + +"I did not mean to tie myself precisely to every word I uttered. It was +only a quotation." + +"And what is a quotation?" + +"A quotation is the vehicle in which imagination posts forward, when she +only hires her Pegasus from memory. Or sometimes it is only a quit-rent, +which the intellectual cultivator, who farms an idea, pays to the +original proprietor; or rather,"--(seeing that he was not making the +matter more intelligible by his explanation,)--"or rather, it is when we +convey our own thoughts by the means of the more perfect expressions of +some favourite author." + +"But then, surely _you_ need not be driven to borrow, whose own words +always sound to me like a book. As for poor me, I wish I could talk in +quotations for ever; then I need not fear to make these mistakes, which, +as it is, I am afraid I am always like to do." + +(A scene at _the Opera_ is richer still: the performance _Semiramide_:) + +"Lady Gayland took the opportunity of inquiring of Lady Castleton, 'how +the opera had amused her?' There was that unmistakable air of real +interest in Lady Gayland's manner, whenever she addressed Lucy, which +made her always reply in a tone of confidence, different from that which +she felt towards any other member of the society in which she moved. + +"Why, to tell the honest truth," said she, leaning forwards towards her +questioner, "I can't say that I could the least understand what it all +meant. It's not likely that people should sing when they're in such +sorrow; and then I can't guess why that young man should kill the queen +that was so kind to him all along." + +"I don't wonder that that should surprise you, my dear; but he was not +aware of what he was doing. It was in the dark." + +"In the dark! But I could see very well who it was, though I did not +know her so well as he did, and was so much farther off." + +"I am afraid you are in the dark, too, a little as yet," said Lady +Gayland, (tapping her gently with her fan.) "But, tell me, did you not +admire the singing, though you could not understand the story." + +"Why, I should, perhaps, if I had known the language; but even then they +seemed to me more like birds, than men and women singing words. I like a +song that I can make out every word that's said." + +"The curtain then rose for the ballet; at first, Lucy was delighted with +the scenery and pageantry, for the spectacle was grand and imposing. But +at length the resounding plaudits announced the _entrée_ of the perfect +Taglioni. Lucy was a little astonished at her costume upon her first +appearance. She was attired as a goddess, and goddesses' gowns are +somewhat of the shortest, and their legs rather _au naturel_; but when +she came to elicit universal admiration by pointing her toe, and +revolving in the slow _pirouette_, Lucy, from the situation in which she +sat was overpowered with shame at the effect; and whilst Lady Gayland, +with her _longnette_ fixed on the stage, ejaculated, 'Beautiful! +inimitable!' the unpractised Lucy could not help exclaiming, 'O that is +too bad! I cannot stay to see that!' and she turned her head away +blushing deeply." + +"Is your ladyship ill?" exclaimed Lord Stayinmore. "Castleton, I am +afraid Lady Castleton feels herself indisposed." + +"Would you like to go?" kindly inquired Castleton. + +"O so much!" she answered. + +"Are you ill, my dear?" asked Lady Gayland. + +"Oh, no!" she said. + +"Then you had better stay, it is so beautiful." + +"Thank you, Lord Castleton is kind enough to let me go." + +(They get into the carriage.) + +"And how do you find yourself now, my dear Lucy?" tenderly inquired +Castleton, as the carriage drove off. + +"Oh, I am quite well, thank you." + +"Quite well! are you? What was it, then, that was the matter with you?" + +"There was nothing the matter with me, it was that woman." + +"What woman? what can you mean? Did you not say that you were ill; and +was not that the reason that we hurried away?" + +"No! YOU said I was ill; and I did not contradict you, because you tell +me that in the world, as you call it, it is not always right to give the +real reason for what we do; and therefore I thought, perhaps, that +though of course you wished me to come away, you liked to put it upon my +being ill." + +"Of course I wished you to come away! I was never more unwilling to move +in all my life; and nothing but consideration for your health would have +induced me to stir. Why should I have wished you to come away?" + +"Why, the naked woman," stammered Lucy. + +"What can you mean?" + +"You couldn't surely wish me to sit by the side of those people, to see +such a thing as that?" + +"As to being by the side of those people, I must remind you, that it was +Lady Gayland's box in which you were; and that whatever she, with her +acknowledged taste and refinement, sanctions with her presence, can only +be objected to by ignorance or prejudice. You have still a great deal to +learn, my dear Lucy," added he, more kindly; "and nothing can be so +fatal to your progress in that respect, as your attempting to lead, or +to find fault, with what you do not understand." + +"But surely I can understand that it is not right to do what I saw that +woman do," interrupted Lucy, presuming a little more doggedly than she +usually ventured to do on any subject with her husband; for this time +she had been really shocked by what she had seen. + +"Wrong it certainly is not, if you mean moral wrong. As to such an +exhibition being becoming or not in point of manners, that depends +entirely upon custom. Many things at your father's might strike me as +coarseness, which made no impression upon you from habit, though much +worse in my opinion than this presumed indecorum. Those things probably +arose from ignorance on your parts, which might be corrected. This, on +the other hand, from conventional indifference, consequent on custom, +which it is not in you to correct. Depend upon it you will only get +yourself laughed at, and me too, if you preach about dancers' +petticoats." + +"I don't want to preach to any body; and you know how much it fashes me +to contend with you." + +"Don't say FASHES, say distresses, or annoys, not _fashes_, for heaven's +sake, my dear Lucy." + +"Oh, dear, it was very stupid of me to forget it. That was one of the +first things you taught me, and it is a many days since I said it last; +but it is so strange to me to venture to differ with you, that I get +confused, and don't say any thing as right as I could do. Even now I +should like to ask, if modesty is a merit, whether nakedness ought to be +a show; but I'll say no more, for I dare say you won't make me go there +again." + +"No, that will be the best way to settle it." + +The plot of the Contrast is not, as the reader may perceive, one of +fashionable life: it has more of the romance of nature in its +composition: the characters are not the drawling bores that we find in +fashionable novels, though their affected freaks are occasionally +introduced to contrast with unsophisticated humility, and thus exhibit +the deformities of high life. The whole work is, however, light as +gossamer: we had almost said that a fly might read it through the +meshes, without endangering his patience or liberty. + + * * * * * + + +THE LIBRARY OF ENTERTAINING KNOWLEDGE + + +Maintains its rank in sober, we mean useful, literature. The volume +before us contains such matter as is only to be found in large and +expensive works, with a host of annotations from the journals of recent +travellers and other volumes which bear upon the main subject. This part +of the series, describing vegetable substances used for the food of man, +is executed with considerable minuteness. A Pythagorean would gloat over +its accuracy, and a vegetable diet man would become inflated with its +success in establishing his eccentricities. The contents are the +Corn-plants, Esculent Roots, Herbs, Spices, Tea, Coffee, &c. &c. In such +a multiplicity of facts as the history of these plants must necessarily +include, some misstatements may be expected. For example, the opinion +that succory is superior to coffee, though supported by Drs. Howison and +Duncan, is not entitled to notice. All over the continent, succory, or +_chicorée_, is used to _adulterate_ coffee, notwithstanding which a few +scheming persons have attempted to introduce it in this country as an +improvement, by selling it at four times its worth. Why say "it is +sometimes considered superior to the exotic berry," and in the same +page, "it is not likely to gain much esteem, where economy is not the +consideration." We looked in vain for mention of the President of the +Horticultural Society under Celery; though we never eat a fine head of +this delicious vegetable without grateful recollection of Mr. T.A. +Knight. All preachment of the economy of the Potato is judiciously +omitted, though we fear to the displeasure of Sir John Sinclair; nor is +there more space devoted to this overpraised root than it deserves. +Truffles are not only used "like mushrooms," but for stuffing game and +poultry, especially in France: who does not remember the _perdrixaux +truffes_, of the Parisian _carte_. The chapter on coffee, cacao, tea, +and sugar, is brief but entertaining. We may observe, by the way, that +one of the obstacles to the profitable cultivation of tea in this +country is our ignorance of the modes of drying, &c. as practised in +China. + +Another volume of the Entertaining Series, published since that just +noticed, contains a selection of _Criminal Trials_, amongst which are +those of Throckmorton and the Duke of Norfolk, for treason. They are, in +the main, reprints from the State Trials, which the professional editor +states to contain a large fund of instruction and _entertainment_. We +have been deceived in the latter quality, though we must admit that in +judicious hands, a volume of untiring interest might be wrought up from +the State records. As they are, their dulness and prolixity are past +endurance. As the present work proceeds in chronological order, it will +doubtless improve in its entertaining character, since no class of +literature has been more enriched by the publication of journals, +diaries, &c., than historical biography, which will thus enable the +editor to enliven his pages with characteristic traits of the principal +actors. This has been done, to some extent, in the portion before us, +and in like manner fits the volume for popular reading. + + * * * * * + + + +MANNERS & CUSTOMS OF ALL NATIONS. + + + * * * * * + + +FIRE TEMPLES IN PERSIA. + +[Illustration: Persian Temple] + + +These mystical relics are but a short journey from the celebrated ruins +of Persepolis. Mr. Buckingham describes them in his usual picturesque +language: "Having several villages in sight, as the sun rose, with +cultivated land, flocks, trees, and water, we arrived at the foot of the +mountain, which forms the northern boundary of the plain of Merdusht. +The first object we saw on the west was a small rock, on which stood two +fire altars of a peculiar form: their dimensions were five feet square +at the base, and three at the top, and they were five feet high. There +were pillars or pilasters at the corners, and arches in the sides. In +the centre of each of these, near the top, was a square basin, about +eight inches in diameter, and six in depth, for the reception of the +fire, formerly used by the disciples of Zoroaster in their worship." + +Like Pythagoras, it may be here observed, Zoroaster, the inventer of +Magic, or the doctrines of the Magi, admitted no visible object of +devotion except fire, which he considered as the most proper emblem of a +supreme being; these doctrines seem to have been preserved by Numa, in +the worship and ceremonies which he instituted in honour of Vesta. +According to some of the moderns, the doctrines, laws, and regulations +of Zoroaster are still extant, and they have been lately introduced in +Europe, in a French translation by M. Anquetil. + +Mr. Buckingham notices an existing custom, which he attributes to this +reverence to fire. "Throughout all Persia, a custom prevails of giving +the salute 'Salami Alaikom,' whenever the first lighted lamp or candle +is brought into the room in the evening; and this is done between +servants and masters as well as between equals. As this is not practised +in any other Mahommedan country, it is probably a relic of the ancient +reverence to fire, once so prevalent here, though the form of the salute +is naturally that of the present religion." + + * * * * * + + + +THE NATURALIST. + + + * * * * * + + +WHALE CHASE. + + +A Scottish journal, the _Caledonian Mercury_, describes the following +animated scene, which lately took place off the town of Stornoway, in +the island of Lewis. An immense shoal of whales was, early in the +morning, chased to the mouth of the harbour by two fishing-boats, which +had met them in the offing. + +"The circumstance was immediately descried from the shore, and a host of +boats, amounting to 30 or 40, and armed with every species of weapon, +set off to join the others in pursuit. The chase soon became one of +bustle and anxiety on the part both of man and fish. The boats arranged +themselves in the form of a crescent, in the fold of which the whales +were collected, and where they had to encounter incessant showers of +stones, splashing of oars, with frequent gashes from a harpoon or spear, +while the din created by the shouts of the boats' crews and the +multitude on shore, was tremendous. On more than one occasion, however, +the floating phalanx was broken, and it required the greatest activity +and tact ere the breach could be repaired and possession of the +fugitives regained. The shore was neared by degrees, the boats advancing +and retreating by turns, till at length they succeeded in driving the +captive monsters on a beach opposite to the town, and within a few yards +of it. The gambols of the whales were now highly diverting, and, except +when a fish became unmanageable and enraged while the harpoon was fixed, +or the noose of a rope pulled tight round its tail, they were not at all +dangerous to be approached. In the course of a few hours the capture was +complete, the shore was strewed with their dead carcases, while the sea +presented a bloody and troubled aspect, giving evident proofs that it +was with no small effort they were subdued. For fear of contagion, the +whole fish amounting to ninety-eight, some of them very large, were +immediately towed to a spot distant from the town, where they were on +Thursday sold by public roup, the proceeds to be divided among the +captors. An annual visit is generally paid by the whales to the Lewis +coast, and besides being profitable when caught, they generally furnish +a source of considerable amusement. On the present occasion, the whole +inhabitants of the place, male and female, repaired to the beach, +opposite to the scene of slaughter, where they evidently were delighted +spectators, and occasionally gave assistance. A young sailor received a +stroke from the tail of one of the largest fish, which nearly killed +him." + + * * * * * + + +AUDUBON. + + +The Philadelphia journals communicate some particulars of the journey of +this enterprising naturalist into E. Florida. He has discovered, shot, +and drawn a new Ibis, which he has named _Tantalus fuscus_. In a letter, +he says + +"I have discovered three different new species of Heath, one bearing a +yellow blossom, the two others a red and purple one;--also, a beautiful +new Kalmia, and several extraordinary parasitical plants, bearing some +resemblance to the pineapple plant, growing on the _eastern_ side of the +cyprus tree in swamps, about 6 or 10 feet above the water. + +"During my late excursion I almost became an amphibious being--spending +the most of my days in the water, and by night pitching my tent on the +barren sands. Whilst I remained at Spring Garden, the alligators were +yet in full life; the white-headed eagles setting; the smaller resident +birds paring; and strange to say, the warblers which migrate, moving +easterly every warm day, and returning every cold day, a curious +circumstance, tending to illustrate certain principles in natural +economy." + +Six boxes of prepared skins of birds, &c. as well as a number of choice +shells, seeds, roots, &c. the result of Audubon's researches, have been +received in Charleston. + +"In this collection there are between four and five hundred skins of +Birds, several of them rare in this part of the United States--some that +are never found here, and a few that have not yet been described. Of +these are two of the species of Pelican (Pelicanus) not described by +Wilson. The Parrot (psittacus Carolinensis); the palm warbler of +Buonaparte (Silvia palmerea), and the Florida Jay, a beautiful bird +without the crest, so common in that genus. + +"Among the new discoveries of Audubon in Florida, we perceive a noble +bird partaking of the appearance both of the Falcon and Vulture tribes, +which would seem to be a connecting link between the two. His habits +too, it is said, partake of his appearance, he being alternately a bird +of prey, and feeding on the same food with the Vultures. This bird +remains yet to be described, and will add not only a new species, but a +new genus to the birds of the United States. We perceive also in Mr. +Audubon's collection, a new species of Coot (Fulica).[9] + + [9] Abridged from printed extracts furnished by our + correspondent, M.L.B. + + * * * * * + + +REMARKABLE JAY. + + +A lady residing at Blackheath has in her possession a fine Jay, which +displays instinct allied to reason and reflection in no ordinary degree. +This bird is stated by a Correspondent, (A.T.) to repeat distinctly any +word that may be uttered before. She can identify persons after having +once seen them, and been told their names; the latter she will pronounce +with surprising clearness. She has a strong affection for a goldfinch in +the same apartment, the latter bird appearing to return this fondness by +fluttering its wings and other demonstrations of delight. The Jay has +also been seen playing with two kittens, while the old cat looked +composedly on at their gambols. This bird is in beautiful plumage, and +is about twenty years of age. She is well known to the residents of +Blackheath and its vicinity. + + * * * * * + + +ENTOMOLOGY. + + +I have lately observed a curious fact, which I have never seen noticed +in any book which has fallen in my way, viz. that it is the tail of the +caterpillar which becomes the head of the butterfly. I found it hard to +believe till I had convinced myself of it in a number of instances. The +caterpillar weaves its web from its mouth, finishes with the head +downwards, and the head, with the six front legs, are thrown off from +the chrysalis, and may be found dried up, but quite distinguishable, at +the bottom of the web. The butterfly comes out at the top. Is this fact +generally known?--_Corresp. Mag. Nat. Hist._ + + * * * * * + + +THE RIVER TINTO. + + +The river Tinto rises in Sierra Morena, and empties itself into the +Mediterranean, near Huelva, having the name of Tinto given it from the +tinge of its waters, which are as yellow as a topaz, hardening the sand +and petrifying it in a most surprising manner. If a stone happen to fall +in, and rest on another, they both become in a year's time perfectly +united and conglutiated. This river withers all the plants on its banks, +as well as the roots of trees, which it dyes of the same hue as its +waters. No kind of verdure will flourish where it reaches, nor any fish +live in its stream. It kills worms in cattle, when given them to drink; +but in general no animals will drink out of the river, except goats, +whose flesh, nevertheless, has an excellent flavour. These singular +properties continue till other rivulets run into it, and alter its +nature; for when it passes by Niebla, it is not different from other +rivers. It falls into the Mediterranean six leagues lower down, at the +town of Huelva, where it is two leagues broad, and admits of large +vessels, which may come up the river as high as San Juan del Puerto, +three leagues above Huelva.--_From a Correspondent._ + + * * * * * + + + +SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS + + + * * * * * + + +THE GALLEY SLAVES. + + +About a mile distant from one of the southern barriers of Paris, a +palace was built during _our_ Henry the Sixth's brief and precarious +possession of French royalty, by the Bishop of Winchester. It was known +by the name of Winchester, of which, however, the French kept +continually clipping and changing the consonants, until the Anglo-Saxon +Winchester dwindled into the French appellation of Bicêtre. The Bishop's +old palace was treated as unceremoniously as his name, being burnt in +some of the civil wars. But there is this advantage in a sumptuous +edifice, that its very ruins suggest the thought and supply the means of +rebuilding it. Bicêtre, accordingly, reared its head, and is now a +straggling mass of building, containing a mad-house, a poor-house, an +hospital, and a prison. + +To see it is a matter of trifling difficulty, except on one particular +day--that devoted to the rivetting of the _chaine_. A surgeon, however, +belonging to the establishment, promised to procure me admission, and on +receiving his summons, I started one forenoon for Bicêtre. Mortifying +news awaited my arrival. The convicts had plotted a general insurrection +and escape, which was to have taken place on the preceding night. It had +been discovered in time, however, and such precautions taken, as +completely prevented even the attempt. The chief of these precautions +appeared in half a regiment of troops, that had bivouacked all night in +the square adjoining the prison, and were still some lying, some +loitering about. Strict orders had been issued, that no strangers should +be admitted to witness the ceremony of rivetting; and the turnkeys and +gaolers, in appearance not yet recovered from the alarm of the preceding +evening, refused to listen to either bribe, menace, or solicitation. It +was confoundedly vexatious. Whilst expostulating with the turnkey, I +caught a glimpse through a barred window of the interior court, athwart +which the chains lay extended, whilst in one railed off even from this +the convicts were crowded, marching round and round--precaution forbade +their remaining still--and uttering from time to time such yells and +imprecations as might deafen and appal a Mohawk. "I have caught a +glimpse at least," thought I, as we were unceremoniously turned out. + +My friend, the surgeon, bade us, however, not despair. When the man of +influence arrived he hoped to prevail; and in the mean time he led us to +view the other curiosities of Bicêtre. There was the well, the kitchen, +the anatomical theatre. The courts were crowded with aged paupers, who +each well knew that his carcass would undergo what laceration the +scalpel of my friend and his comrades chose to inflict upon it. But the +thought seemed not to affect them so much as it did us. Methought the +business of dissecting dead subjects might have been carried on more +remote from the living candidates; but I was wrong, for mystery and +secrecy always beget fear. + +The mad-house was another curiosity. It contains many whose brain the +revolution of July, 1830, had turned. One man, a fine youth, had +travelled on foot from a distant part of the kingdom, to shed his blood +as a sacrifice to the memory of Napoleon. He gave his last franc to +obtain admission within the pillar of the Place Vendôme, and when there +opened the veins of both his arms, crying out, "I offer the blood of the +brave to the manes of Napoleon." His rolling black eye was now +contrasted with a face pale as death. He had lost so much blood that few +hopes were entertained of his recovery. + +But by far the most curious patient of the mad-house, was a young man +who imagined himself to be a woman. He was handsome, but not feminine in +appearance. He adored a little mirror, with which he was gratified. Rags +of all colours were his delight; and he had made a precious collection. +His coquetry was evident; and he answered pertinently all questions, +never belying at the same time his fixed opinion, that he was endowed +with a maiden's charms. + +We looked over the book of reports, and found seven-eighths of the +female patients to have become deranged from love; whilst, with the +majority of the males, the hallucination proceeded from disappointments +of ambition. Surprised, I could make out no case of a religious maniac; +glad, I could discover none of a student. + +We now returned to machinations for the purpose of entering the +forbidden prison. Aprons were handed us, not unlike a barber's. They +were surgeons' aprons, always worn by those of the establishment when on +duty. Might not then the barbers' aprons be a tradition of the +barber-surgeons? I refrained from asking the question in that company. +The scheme was, that we should pass for _Carabins_--such is the nickname +of French students in chirurgery--and in this quality demand admission. +The Cerberus of the prison grinned at the deceit, but wearied and amused +by our importunities, he actually opened the _quicket_ and admitted us. +There are two grated doors of this kind, one always locked whilst the +other is opened. In an instant we were in Pandemonium. + +The buildings, which surrounded and formed the courts, evidently the +oldest and strongest of Bicêtre, harmonized in dinginess with the scene. +At every barred window, and these were numerous, about a dozen ruffianly +heads were thrust together, to regard the chains of their +companions.--What a study of physiognomy! The murderer's scowl was +there, by the side of the laughing countenance of the vagabond, whose +shouts and jokes formed a kind of tenor to the muttered imprecations of +the other. Here and there was protruded the fine, open, high-fronted +head,--pale, striking, features, and dark looks, of some felon of +intellect and natural superiority; whilst by his side, ignominy looked +stupidly and maliciously on. A handsome little fellow at one of the +grates, was dressing his hair unconsciously with most agitated fingers, +evidently affected by the scene. Our question of "What are you in for?" +aroused him. "False signing a billet of twenty thousand francs," replied +he, with a shrug and a smile. "And he, your neighbour?" asked we +cautiously, concerning one of a fine, thoughtful, philosophic, and +passionate countenance. "Ha! you may ask--he gave his mistress a potion, +for the purpose of merely seducing her, and it turned out to be +poison--a _carabin_ like yourselves." But these made no part of the +_chaine_. + +The convicts destined for this operation were kept in movement round a +post in an adjoining court, and were shouting, rarely in intelligible +language, to their companions. Joy was the universal tone, and a +sniveller ran imminent danger. One poor fellow I remarked holding down +his head, when he was saluted with a kick from him who followed, and the +objurgation, _Tu es forçat, toi, heim?_--"You a convict, and durst be +sad." These men were all unmanacled. Methought a general rush on their +part both practicable and formidable. One half must have perished, and +the other half might have escaped. + +They were now marched out from the inner court in batches of thirty at a +time, drawn up in rank, stripped, and examined with such rigid scrutiny +as I dare not precise. They were then marched and placed along one of +the extended chains, and made to sit down, resting it in their laps. A +square fetter was then fitted and placed around the neck of each. In +this, before, some detached links from the chain were placed, whilst a +huge smith proceeded to rivet each from behind. Fixing a kind of movable +anvil behind the convict's back, the fetter that encircled his neck was +brought with its joint upon it, and half a dozen blows of the sledge +riveted the captive inextricably to the main chain and to his +twenty-nine comrades. The smith must be adroit at his task, and the +convict steady in his position; for, as the fetter is tight round the +neck, the hammer, in its blow, must pass within a quarter of an inch of +his skull, and a wince on his part might prove fatal. This, indeed, is +the trying moment, when the stoutest cheek is blanched. The sturdiest +frame, shaken by the blows of the sledge, then betrays emotion, and +tears of penitence are at that moment almost always seen to fall. On +sitting down, each had in general an air of bravado, produced in a great +measure by the regards of the seemingly more hardened ruffians from the +windows. Under the riveting there was no smile; whilst after it, apathy +was affected or resumed, each endeavouring to make his iron collar as +supportable and comfortable as possible, by enveloping it in a +handkerchief, and guaranteeing the neck from its chill or galling. + +When the _chaine_ was completed, its wearers were made to stand up. They +formed themselves in couples, the chain running betwixt two ranks, and +they walked round the yard to take their first lesson in their galling +exercise. They are thus fettered together till they reach Brest or +Toulon. The choice is left to them of walking or being carried in carts, +more provender being given to those who make the journey on foot. + +The only part of their habiliments, which seemed left to themselves to +provide, was a covering for the head, the red or green cap being given +them only upon entering the _bagne_. For their journey, some of the +fellows had provided themselves with strange head-gear, mostly made of +straw; one had a three-cocked hat; others, one of all kinds of _outré_ +shapes. A prime vagabond had woven for himself a complete and +magnificent tiara, precisely like the Roman Pontiff's in form, and +surmounted by a cross. This was the _Pope_, the Pope of the _Chaine_, +and I never heard a shout so appalling, as that with which his +appearance was welcomed by the prisoners from the windows of the +building. They danced, they yelled, tore and tumbled over each other in +the most exuberant delight, thrusting their crowded heads and distorted +features almost through the gratings. I have gleaned from it quite an +idea of a scene of merriment and exultation _below_. + +The said Pope was a very extraordinary fellow: a slight fair form, +pointed features, and eyes that were penetrating, despite their common +shade of grey. He was called _Champenois_, his real name unknown, not +more than three-and-twenty, and the Lieutenant of the _Chaine_ said, one +of the most talented and extraordinary characters that _he_ had ever met +with. He had been the prime mover of the intended insurrection, but +without a proof against him, except his universal authority, unusual in +so young a thief. His physiognomy was one, which it required not a +second look in order to remember for ever. + +Another figure struck me, not so much as singular in itself, as in +contrast with those around. It struck me as that of an English +cabin-boy, a pale, freckled, ill-conditioned lad. On following the +calling over of the register in roll, I found my conjecture too true. He +was an unfortunate young sailor, a native of England, guilty of some +misdemeanour, and by name Aikin. He understood not a word of French, but +protested with a shake of his head against his being English; patriotism +had in him outlived honesty and self-respect. I spoke to him in English: +he wept, but would not reply, puckering up his poor lips in all the +agony of his desolate condition. I was glad to remark the humanity with +which he had been chained to a prisoner, pensive and downcast like +himself. + +There were some cases certainly hard; one or two for resisting the +_gen-d'armerie_ in a riot at Rouen. To transport a rioter, unless under +aggravated circumstances, is grievous enough; but after the revolution +of July, that hallowed riot, to make a galley-slave of a _brave_ for +resisting the police, must have been at least surprising to him. The +tribunal no doubt felt the necessity of severity; and we acknowledged it +all in deploring the degradation of these poor devils for an act, which +in so many thousand others was, at the moment, extolled to the skies as +the acmé of heroism. But justice hath her lottery-wheel as well as +fortune. + +As the last _chaine_ was completing, an ecclesiastic went round to +collect money of the visitors. But as there were few, so were the +offerings. The convicts at the same time produced the fruits of their +ingenuity in straw work-boxes, needle-cases, carved ivory and wood. The +guardians, to do them justice, seemed humane. + +The _bagne_ at Toulon, the destination of the members of the _chaine_, +was respectably peopled when I visited it some years ago. It contained +amongst others, Sarrazin, a famous general, who had deserted to us from +Buonaparte, and whose works on the Spanish and other campaigns, are +still read with interest. The general had caught the inexcusable habit +of marrying a wife in each town wherein he was quartered, and was sent +to the gallies for _trigintagamy_. They boasted a bishop too amongst the +convicts at Toulon, a merry little fellow, that bore his fate gaily, and +who still contrived to exercise a kind of spiritual supremacy over his +unfortunate comrades. + +The ingenuity and hardihood of these men is surprising. Despite the +vigilance, the ramparts, the fetters, and the logs, they escape hourly +and daily;--at what risk is manifest from the regulations, by which +three cannon shots always announce the disappearance of a convict, +serving to warn the peasants, and call them to earn the handsome reward +given to whoever arrests one of the branded fugitives. They are easily +recognised by the halt in one limb; as they are wont to drag after them +that which has been accustomed to the bullet. + +The only pursuits that seem to pervade the _bagne_, are those of +_eating_ and _dying_: with the exception of escape, all others are +denied. And those who have given up the latter hope, confine their +thoughts either to bettering their meagre fare of beans, or to getting +rid of existence in the most advantageous way. It is remarkable and +degrading to observe the utmost human ingenuity and industry employed, +in order to procure a dish of potatoes fried in grease once in the week. +Yet such is the luxury of a _forçat_, and he must labour for it harder +than even an Hibernian peasant, or a poet of the same line. + +The more philosophic, who scorn the luxury of potatoes, and with it the +life that affords no other, meditate how best to get rid of existence; +and this they effect almost ever in one way; viz., by killing their most +obnoxious keeper, and thus earning the guillotine. + +It is a frequent scene in the _bagne_, that of an execution. It occurs +every week or fortnight. All the convicts are obliged to attend, for the +purpose of striking them with terror, and working contrition and good +behaviour in them. Alas! it is a huge mistake. For these days are of all +other days of _fête_ to them. Their countenances are marked by universal +joy, and they shout congratulations, not condolences, to their comrade +about to perish. Death to them is indeed an escape. Its ceremony is to +them a marriage feast: and decapitation, what a _black job_ was to Lord +Portsmouth,--the only variety and excitement that could give a spur to +their heavy and painful existence. + +Speak as we may against the pains of death, this is worse, not only +physically but morally; for it degrades humanity far lower than is +conceiveable. The French have an idea that they can imitate the American +mode of punishment by solitary confinement. This again will be still +worse than the galleys; since religious consolation can alone redeem or +ameliorate man in this state of durance; and as this makes no part of +the French system, I cannot help thinking the _guillotine_ more +merciful, than either their _bagne_ or their solitary cells.--_Monthly +Magazine._ + + * * * * * + + +THE SEALS. + +Written at the suggestion of a Lover who inferred the decline, of his +mistress's affections from her changing the seals of her letters. + +BY THE AUTHOR OF THE HUNCHBACK. + + + You've changed the seal--you've changed it thrice: + Your first implied you loved: + How welcome was the dear device, + A thousand kisses proved. + + Your next was love--it spoke the flame, + Yet scarce so plain methought-- + I kiss'd it, wishing it the same + Your first sweet letter brought + + The second change, was change indeed-- + To friendship--Judge my bliss-- + And did I kiss that seal--I did-- + But 'twas a farewell kiss. + + The third--nor love, nor friendship--There + Indeed love's dream should end-- + As coldest stranger better far + Than lover turn'd to friend. + + No kiss I gave that seal--no name-- + Still dear--of thine it bore-- + The signet, whence the impress came, + Perhaps a rival wore. + + I smil'd to think 'twas so--'twas strange-- + And have such cause to sigh-- + How couldst thou--fairest creature--change? + O, wherefore could not I. + +_Monthly Mag._ + + * * * * * + +By a Parliamentary return it appears, that Kensington Palace cost the +public in 1828, 2,412_l_. 8_s_. 11_d_.; in 1829, 4,638_l_. 8_s_.; in +1830, 6,203_l_. 5_s_. 11_d_.; and in 183l, 3,921_l_. 15_s_. Hampton +Court in 1828, cost 4,430_l_. 19_s_. 5_d_.; in 1829, 5,964_l_. 13_s_. +1_d_.; in 1830, 4,144_l_. 2_s_. 4_d_.; and in 183l, 3,994_l_. 15_s_. +11_d_.--_Times_. + + * * * * * + + + +THE GATHERER. + + + * * * * * + +Dr. Johnson has remarked that the French are fond of Young's _Night +Thoughts_, a fact which is hard to be accounted for, that a nation so +celebrated for their gaiety should have a regard for an author treating +on such serious subjects. + +_Wigs_.--In the reign of Queen Anne, enormous full-bottomed wigs often +cost twenty or thirty guineas each. + +"_Capillary Attraction_."--When Charles II. was espoused to the Infanta +of Portugal, a fleet was sent over to Lisbon, with proper attendants to +bring her hither, but her majesty being informed that there were some +particular customs in Portugal, with relation to the ladies, which the +king would not easily dispense with, the fleet was detained six or seven +weeks, at a great expense, till _her majesty's hair grew_. + +(Mr. Prince, with his Russia Oil, would have prospered under Royal +Patronage in those days; and Mr. Rowland would not have needed +immortality in Byron's verse: "incomparable _huile Macassar_.") + +_The King of Kippen._--When James V. of Scotland, travelled in disguise, +he used a name which was known only to some of the principal nobility +and attendants. He was called the Goodman (the tenant, that is) of +Ballangiech. Ballangiech is a steep pass, which leads down behind the +Castle of Stirling. Once, when he was feasting in Stirling, the king +sent for some venison from the neighbouring hills. The deer were killed +and put on horses' backs to be transported to Stirling. Unluckily, they +had to pass the castle gates of Ampryor, belonging to a chief of the +Buchanans, who had a considerable number of guests with him. It was +late, and the company were rather short of victuals, though they had +more than enough of liquor. The chief, seeing so much fat venison +passing his very door, seized on it; and, to the expostulations of the +keepers, who told him that it belonged to King James, he answered +insolently, that if James was king in Scotland, he, Buchanan, was king +in Kippen, being the name of the district in which the Castle of Ampryor +lay. On hearing what had happened, the king got on horseback, and rode +instantly from Stirling to Buchanan's house, where he found a strong, +fierce-looking Highlander, with an axe on his shoulder, standing +sentinel at the door. This grim warder refused the king admittance, +saying that "the Laird of Arnpryor was at dinner, and would not be +disturbed." "Yet go up to the company, my good friend," said the king, +"and tell him that the good man of Ballangiech is come to feast with the +King of Kippen." The porter went grumbling into the house, and told his +master that there was a fellow with a red beard who called himself the +good man of Ballangiech, at the gate, and said he was come to dine with +the King of Kippen. As soon as Buchanan heard these words, he knew that +the king was there in person, and hastened down to kneel at James's +feet, and to ask forgiveness for his insolent behaviour. But the king, +who only meant to give him a fright, forgave him freely, and, going into +the castle, feasted on his own venison, which Buchanan had intercepted. +Buchanan of Arnpryor was ever afterwards called King of Kippen. + +W.G.C. + +_Remarkable Murder_.--"Anno 1605: one William Calverly, of Calverly, in +the county of York, esquire, murthered two of his own children at home +at his own house, then stabbed his wife into the body, with full intent +to have killed her, and then went out with intention to have killed his +child, at nurse, but was prevented. He was pressed to death, at York, +for this murther, because he stood mute, and would not plead."--_Old +History_. + +_Law respecting Caps_.--An old Law, enacted that every person above +seven years of age, should wear on Sundays, and Holidays, a cap of wool, +knit-made, thickened and dressed in England, by some of the trade of +Cappers--under the forfeiture of three-farthings for every day's +neglect; excepting _Maids, Ladies_, and _Gentlemen_, and every _Lord, +Knight_, and Gentleman of _Twenty marks of land_, and their _heirs_, and +such as had borne office of worship in any _City, Town_, or _Place_, and +the Wardens of the London Companies. + +T. GILL. + +_Splendid Biography_.--Richard Neville, the Great Earl of Warwick and +Salisbury, was well known in history by the appellation of the King +Maker. His biographer says, "He was a man whose hospitality was so +abundant, that the ordinary consumption of a breakfast, at his house in +London, was six oxen; whose popularity was so great, that his absence +was accounted as the absence of the sun from the hemisphere; whose +service was so courted, that men of all degrees were proud to wear the +badges of his livery; and whose authority was so potent, that kings were +raised, or deposed, as suited his humour." + +P.T.W. + +_Character of England by Henry the Seventh._--Henry the Seventh (whose +breeding had been low and private) being once pressed by some of his +council, to pursue his title to France, returned this answer: "That +France was indeed a flourishing and gallant kingdom; but England, in his +mind, was as fine a seat for a country gentleman as any that could be +found in Europe." + +G.K. + +_The Plough._ + + "Look how the purple flower, which the plough + Hath shorn in sunder, languishing doth die." + + _Peachum._ + +This implement was known to the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, and was +invented at a very early period, being perhaps nearly coeval with the +cultivation of the soil itself. Anciently, the tenants (in England) in +some manors, were not allowed to have their rural implements sharpened +by any but those whom the lord appointed; for which an acknowledgment +was to be paid, called _agusa dura_; in some places _agusage_, a fee for +sharpening plough-tackle, which some take to be the same with what was +otherwise called _reillage_, from the ancient French _reille_, a +_ploughshare_. + +_Ancient Fête at Gorhamlury._--In the year 1577, Queen Elizabeth was +entertained at Gorhambury, by Sir Nicholas Bacon, Lord Keeper, from +Saturday, May the 18th, to the Wednesday following, at the expense of +577_l_. 6_s_. 7-1/4_d_. besides fifteen bucks and two stags. Among the +dainties of the feathered kind, enumerated in this entertainment, Mr. +Nichols mentions herons, bitterns, godwites, dotterels, shovelers, +curlews, and knots. Sir Nicholas Bacon was frequently visited by the +queen, who dated many of her state papers from Gorhambury. + +P.T.W. + +_Adrian the Fourth._--Adrian the Fourth was the only Englishman who ever +filled the Papal chair. His name was Nicholas Breakspeare, and he was +born at Abbot's Langley, a village in Herts. Such was the unbounded +pride of this pontiff, that when the Emperor Frederick the First went to +Rome, in 1155, to receive the imperial diadem, the Pope, after many +difficulties concerning the ceremonial of investiture, insisted that the +emperor should prostrate himself before him, kiss his feet, hold his +stirrup, and lead the white palfrey on which the holy father rode. +Frederick did not submit to this humiliation without reluctance; and as +he took hold of the stirrup, he observed that "he had not yet been +taught the profession of a groom." In a letter to his old friend, John +of Salisbury, he says that St. Peter's Chair was the most uneasy seat in +the world, and that his crown seemed to be clapped burning on his head. +Yet did this haughty Pope (according to Dr. Cave) allow his mother to be +maintained by the alms of the church of Canterbury. + +P.T.W. + +_Quid pro quo._--A peasant of Burgundy, whom Louis XI. had taken some +notice of, while Dauphin, appeared before him when he ascended the +throne, and presented him with an extraordinary large radish; Louis +received it with much goodwill, and handsomely repaid the peasant. The +great man of the place, to whom the countryman related his good fortune, +imagined that if he were to offer Louis something, he would, at any +rate, make him a prince. Accordingly he went to court, and presented his +finest horse to the king. Louis received his present as graciously as he +had before taken the radish, and after he had sufficiently praised the +horse, "See here," said he, taking the radish in his hand, "here is a +radish, which, like your horse, is one of the rarest of its kind; I +present it to you with many thanks." + +Iota. + +_Muswell Hill_ derives its name from a famous well on the hill, where, +formerly, the fraternity of St. John of Jerusalem, in Clerkenwell, had +their dairy, with a large farm adjacent. Here they built a chapel for +the benefit of some nuns, in which they fixed the image of our Lady of +Muswell. These nuns had the sole management of the dairy: and it is +singular, that the said well and farm do, at this time, belong to the +parish of St. James, Clerkenwell. The water of this spring was then +deemed a miraculous cure for scrofulous and cutaneous disorders. For +that reason it was much resorted to; and, as tradition says, a king of +Scotland made a pilgrimage hither, and was perfectly cured. + + * * * * * + +_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, London; sold by +ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; and by all Newsmen and +Booksellers._ + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, +and Instruction, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE *** + +***** This file should be named 11551-8.txt or 11551-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/5/5/11551/ + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David King, and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction + Vol. 19, Issue 546, May 12, 1832 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: March 12, 2004 [EBook #11551] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David King, and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team + + + + + + +</pre> + +<hr class="full" /> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page289" name="page289"></a>[pg +289]</span> +<h1>THE MIRROR<br /> +OF<br /> +LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1> +<hr class="full" /> +<table width="100%" summary="Volume, Number, and Date"> +<tr> +<td align="left"><b>Vol. 19. No. 546.]</b></td> +<td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, MAY 12, 1832</b></td> +<td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td> +</tr> +</table> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2>ST. PANCRAS (OLD) CHURCH.</h2> +<div class="figure" style="width:80%;"><a href= +"images/546-1.png"><img width="100%" src="images/546-1.png" alt= +"" /></a> ST. PANCRAS (OLD) CHURCH.</div> +<p>This humble village fane is situated to the north of London, +somewhat more than a mile from Holborn Bars. Persons unacquainted +with the site, may hitherto have considered it as part and parcel +of this vast metropolis: but, lo! here it stands amidst much of its +primitive, peaceful rusticity.</p> +<p>Pancras is still, by courtesy, called a <i>village</i>, though +its charms may be of the <i>rus-in-urbe</i> description. It derives +its name from the saint to whom the church is dedicated:<a id= +"footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a href= +"#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a> it was called St. Pancras when the +Survey of Domesday was taken. The parish is of great extent. Mr. +Lysons states it at 2,700 acres of land, including the site of +buildings. It is bounded on the north by Islington, Hornsey, and +Finchley; and on the west by Hampstead and Marybone. On the south +it meets the parishes of St. Giles's in the Fields, St. George the +Martyr, St. George, Bloomsbury, and St. Andrew's, Holborn.<a id= +"footnotetag2" name="footnotetag2"></a><a href= +"#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> On the east it is bounded by St. +James's, Clerkenwell. Kentish Town, part of Highgate, Camden Town, +and Somer's Town,<a id="footnotetag3" name= +"footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a> are +comprised within this parish as hamlets. Mr. Lysons supposes it to +have included the prebendal manor of Kentish Town,<a id= +"footnotetag4" name="footnotetag4"></a><a href= +"#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a> or Cantelows, which now constitutes a +stall in St. Paul's Cathedral. Among the prebendaries have been men +eminent for their learning and piety: as Lancelot Andrews, bishop +of Winchester, Dr. Sherlock, Archdeacon Paley, and the Rev. William +Beloe, B.D. well known by his translation of Herodotus.</p> +<p>It would occupy too much space to detail the progressive +increase of this district. When a visitation of the church +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page290" name="page290"></a>[pg +290]</span> was made in the year 1251, there were only forty houses +in the parish. The desolate situation of the village in the latter +part of the sixteenth century is emphatically described by Norden, +in his <i>Speculum Britanniæ</i>. After noticing the solitary +condition of the church, he says, "yet about this structure have +bin manie buildings now decaied, leaving poore Pancras without +companie or comfort." In some manuscription additions to his work, +the same writer has the following observations:—"Although +this place be, as it were, forsaken of all; and true men seldom +frequent the same, but upon devyne occasions; yet it is visyted by +thieves, who assemble there not to pray, but to wait for praye; and +manie fell into their handes, clothed, that are glad when they are +escaped naked. Walk not there too late." Newcourt, whose work was +published in 1700, says that houses had been built near the church. +The first important increase of the parish took place in the +neighbourhood of Tottenham Court Road.</p> +<p>"Pancras Church," says Norden, "standeth all alone, as utterly +forsaken, old and wether-beten, which, for the antiquity thereof, +it is thought not to yield to Paules in London." It is of rude +Gothic architecture, built of stones and flints, which are now +covered with plaster. Mr. Lysons says, "It is certainly not older +than the fourteenth century, perhaps in Norden's time it had the +appearance of great decay; the same building, nevertheless, +repaired from time to time, still remains; looks no longer 'old and +wether-beten,' and may still exist perhaps to be spoken of by some +antiquary of a future century. It is a very small structure, +consisting only of a nave and chancel; at the west end is a low +tower, with a kind of dome."<a id="footnotetag5" name= +"footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a> Mr. Lysons +speaks of the disproportionate size of the church to the population +of the parish; but since his time another church has been erected, +the splendour and size of which in every respect accord with the +increased wealth and numbers of the parish.</p> +<p>The church and churchyard of Pancras have long been noted as the +burial-place of such Roman Catholics as die in London and its +vicinity.<a id="footnotetag6" name="footnotetag6"></a><a href= +"#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a> Many of the tombs exhibit a cross, +and the initials R.I.P. (<i>Requiescat in pace</i>), which +initials, or others analogous to them, are always used by the +Catholics on their sepulchral monuments. Mr. Lysons heard it +assigned by some of that persuasion, as a reason for this +preference to Pancras as a burial-place, that masses were formerly +said in a church in the south of France, dedicated to the same +saint, for the souls of the deceased interred at St. Pancras in +England. After the French revolution, a great number of +ecclesiastics and other refugees, some of them of high rank, were +buried in this churchyard; and in 1811, Mr. Lysons observed that +probably about 30 of the French clergy had on an average been +buried at Pancras for some years past: in 1801 there were 41, and +in 1802, 32. Mr. Lysons's explanation of this preference to Pancras +by the Catholics is, however, disputed by the author of +<i>Ecclesiastical Topography</i>, who observes that a reason more +generally given is, that "Pancras was the last church in England +where mass was performed after the Reformation."</p> +<p>In the chancel are monuments of Daniel Clarke, Esq. who had been +master-cook to Queen Elizabeth; and of Cooper the artist, whose +style approached so near to that of Vandyke, that he has been +called Vandyke in miniature: he taught the author of Hudibras to +paint; his wife was sister to Pope's mother.</p> +<p>In the churchyard are the tombs of Anthony Woodhead, 1678, who +was in his day, the great champion of the Roman Catholic religion, +and was reputed to have written the Whole Duty of Man; Lady +Slingsby, whose name occurs as an actress in Dryden and Lee's +plays, from 1681 to 1689; Jeremy Collier, 1726, the pertinacious +non-juror, who repressed the immoralities of the stage; Ned Ward, +author of the London Spy, 1731; Leoni, the architect, 1746; Lady +Henrietta, wife of Beard, the vocalist, 1753; Van Bleeck, the +portrait-painter; Ravenet, the engraver, 1764; Mazzinghi, 1775, +leader of the band at Marylebone Gardens, and father of Mazzinghi, +the celebrated composer; Henry and Robert Rackett, Pope's nephews; +Woollett, the engraver, 1785, to whose memory a monument has been +placed in the cloisters of Westminster Abbey; Baron de Wenzel, the +celebrated oculist, 1790; Mary Wollestonecraft Godwin, author of a +Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1797; the Rev. Arthur O'Leary, +or Father O'Leary, the amiable Franciscan friar, 1802; Paoli, the +patriotic Corsican, 1807; Walker editor of the Pronouncing +Dictionary; the Chevalier d'Eon, 1810, of epicene notoriety; and +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page291" name="page291"></a>[pg +291]</span> Packer, the comedian, 1806, who is said to have +performed 4,852 times, besides walking in processions; Edwards, +professor of Perspective, 1806; Scheemakers, the statuary, +1808.</p> +<p>In the <i>Beauties of England and Wales</i>, it is stated that +23 acres of land belong to the church; and the great increase of +buildings renders these of considerable value; though it is not +known to whom the church is indebted for this possession.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>ELEGY.</h3> +<h4>FROM THE GERMAN.</h4> +<h4>(<i>For the Mirror.</i>)</h4> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>Through oak-woods green,</p> +<p class="i2">A silver sheen,</p> +<p>Sweet moon, from thee</p> +<p class="i2">Afforded me</p> +<p>A tranquil joy,</p> +<p class="i2">Me, <i>then</i>, a happy boy.</p> +<p>Still makes thy light</p> +<p class="i2">My window bright,</p> +<p>But can no more</p> +<p class="i2">Lost peace restore:</p> +<p>My brow is shaded,</p> +<p class="i2">My cheek with weeping faded.</p> +<p>Thy beams, O moon,</p> +<p class="i2">Will glitter soon,</p> +<p>As softly clear,</p> +<p class="i2">Upon my bier:</p> +<p>For soon, earth must</p> +<p class="i2">Conceal in youth my dust.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p><span style="margin-left:3em">C.H.</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<hr /> +<h3>CLEOPATRA'S NEEDLES.</h3> +<h4>(<i>For the Mirror.</i>)</h4> +<p>These remains of ancient art are destined to be removed to +Europe.<a id="footnotetag7" name="footnotetag7"></a><a href= +"#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a> The palace of Cleopatra was built +upon the walls facing the port of Alexandria, Egypt, having a +gallery on the outside, supported by several fine columns. Towards +the eastern part of the palace are two obelisks, vulgarly called +<i>Cleopatra's Needles</i>. They are of Thebaic stone, and covered +with hieroglyphics; one is overturned, broken, and lying under the +sand; the other is on its pedestal. These two obelisks, each of +them of a single stone, are about sixty feet high, by seven feet +square at the base. The Egyptian priests called these obelisks the +sun's fingers, because they served as stiles or gnomons to mark the +hours on the ground. In the first ages of the world they were made +use of to transmit to posterity the principal precepts of +philosophy, which were engraven on them in hieroglyphics.</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Between the statues, <i>Obelisks</i> were placed:</p> +<p>And the learned walls with <i>hieroglyphics</i> grac'd.</p> +<p><span style="margin-left:3em"><i>Pope.</i></span></p> +</div> +</div> +<p>In after ages they were used to immortalize the actions of +heroes, and the memory of persons beloved.</p> +<p>The first obelisk we know of was that raised by Rameses, King of +Egypt, in the time of the Trojan war. Augustus erected an obelisk +at Rome, in the Campus Martius, which served to mark the hours on +an horizontal dial, drawn on the pavement. This obelisk was brought +from Egypt, and was said to have been formed by Sesostris, near a +thousand years before Christ. It was used by Manlius for the same +purpose for which it was originally destined, namely, to measure +the height of the sun.</p> +<p>P.T.W.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>THE DYING MAIDEN'S PARDON TO HER FAITHLESS LOVER.</h3> +<h4>FROM THE FRENCH.</h4> +<h4>(<i>For the Mirror.</i>)</h4> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>If death's keen anguish thou would'st charm</p> +<p class="i2">Ere speeds his fatal dart,</p> +<p>Come, place thine hand—while yet 'tis warm,</p> +<p class="i2">Upon my breaking heart.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>And though remorse—thou may'st not feel</p> +<p class="i2">When its last throb is o'er,</p> +<p>Thou'lt say—"that heart which lov'd so well,</p> +<p class="i2">Shall passion feel no more."</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>E'en love for thee forsakes my soul—</p> +<p class="i2">Thy work, relentless see,</p> +<p>Near as I am life's destin'd gaol,</p> +<p class="i2">I'm frozen—less than thee.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>Yet take this heart—I ne'er had more</p> +<p class="i2">To give thee in thy need:</p> +<p>Search well—for at its inmost core,</p> +<p class="i2">Thy pardon thou may'st read.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p><span style="margin-left:3em">T.R.P.</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2>ANECDOTE GALLERY.</h2> +<hr /> +<h3>TRAITS OF IRISH CHARACTER.</h3> +<h4>(<i>For the Mirror.</i>)</h4> +<p>A gentleman residing in the vicinity of Dublin, found, +notwithstanding the protection of a thick, and thorny hedge, that +great depredations were committed on his garden and paddocks; so he +inclosed them with a high, strong wall. As he kept cows, and had +more milk than was sufficient for his family, he distributed the +overplus amongst his poor neighbours. One day, inspecting in +person, this distribution, he saw a woman attending with her pails, +who, he was tolerably certain did not require such assistance. +"You, here! my good friend," said he, "I thought you kept a +cow?"</p> +<p>"Ay, plase yer honour's honour, and <i>two</i> it was that I +<i>once</i> kept, the craters!"</p> +<p>"<i>Once</i>, why don't you keep them now?"</p> +<p>"Ough! 'tis yeaself must answer that question, for why? the +bastes did <span class="pagenum"><a id="page292" name= +"page292"></a>[pg 292]</span> well enough afore your rav'rence run +up that bit o' wall round your fields, seein' the cows lived off +your grass; but sorra for me now, I've sold 'em both, by rason I +couldn't <i>keep</i> 'em no longer."</p> +<p>An English gentleman, on a tour in Ireland, was beset at a fine +waterfall by numerous beggars; one woman was particularly clamorous +for relief, but Mr. R. instructed by his guide, said to her, "My +good friend, you cannot possibly want relief, as you keep several +cows, and have a very profitable farm; indeed I cannot bestow my +charity upon you." The woman, looking sulky, and <i>detected</i>, +immediately pointed to another, exclaiming, "Then give to +<i>her</i>, for she's got <i>nothing</i>!" The stranger in Dublin +is particularly requested to send all beggars to an institution in +Copper Alley, for their relief. Being once much importuned by an +old man for money, we desired him to go to this place. "I can't," +said he.</p> +<p>"Why not?"</p> +<p>"Becase 'tis a bad place for the poor."</p> +<p>"How so? don't they give you anything to eat?"</p> +<p>"Ah, yes, yes, but the thing is, my jewel, they wont by no manes +give a poor body <i>anything to drink</i>." The intelligent reader +will not be at a loss to translate the complaint of thirsty +Pat.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>FRENCH CRUELTY.</h3> +<p>During the late French Revolution, one of the royalist soldiers +having his horse shot under him by a pupil of the Polytechnic +School, and finding when thus brought down, that he could not +regain his feet and resume a posture of defence, but was entirely +at the mercy of his ferocious young adversary, he immediately +surrendered his sword, exclaiming, "I am your prisoner, and entreat +of you mercy and life." To which the <i>generous</i> and +<i>heroic</i> youth replied, "No prisoners, no mercy!" and taking +from his pocket a pike-head or some similar rough weapon, +deliberately drove it into the unfortunate soldier's heart!</p> +<hr /> +<h3>EFFRONTERY.</h3> +<p>A nobleman being, it is said, some years since, in the shop of a +celebrated London shoemaker, saw, pass through it, a very handsome +young woman, "Who is that fine girl?" said he.</p> +<p>"My daughter," replied the <i>cord-wainer</i>, "with sixty +thousand pounds at your lordship's service."</p> +<hr /> +<h3>A BLUNDER.</h3> +<p>Literary topics came under discussion one evening in a small +social circle, of which the writer made one, and particularly the +autobiographical works, and personal memoirs, now so much in vogue. +A gentleman then stated, that having seen much of the world, he +thought he must follow the fashion, and one day favour it with his +own life and adventures. Numerous ladies were to figure in his +book, which was, in fact, as he modestly gave the present company +to understand, to be a complete chronicle of the flirtations and +conquests of himself, and male allies, with letters, portraits, +&c. and <i>names</i> in full. "But," remarked a lady, humouring +the jest, "if you <i>do</i> render your book so very personal, are +you not afraid of the consequences?"</p> +<p>"Not at all," replied the embryo author very gravely, "for +though I shall enjoy the remarks of the world, upon my +<i>autobiography</i>, they cannot affect me, as it will of course +be a <i>posthumous work</i>."</p> +<hr /> +<h3>COOL COURAGE.</h3> +<p>During the disastrous fire of the Kent East Indiaman, a lady on +board exhibited a very singular instance of <i>sang froid</i> and +presence of mind. Being in one of the cabins, with a large, +helpless, despairing, and of course, most troublesome party, +chiefly of her own sex, "all hands" of the other being "turned up," +we presume, to check the advances of the devouring element, she +proposed, by way of keeping them quiet, <i>to make tea for +them</i>, and we believe her proposal was accepted, and had the +desired effect.</p> +<p><i>Great Marlow, Bucks</i>.</p> +<p>M.L.B.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>ABSTRACT STUDIES.</h3> +<h4>(<i>For the Mirror</i>.)</h4> +<p>Demosthenes to be the more removed from noise, and less subject +to distraction, caused a small chamber to be made under ground, in +which he shut himself up sometimes for whole months, shaving half +his head and only half his face, that he might not be in a +condition to go abroad. It was there, by the light of a small lamp, +he composed his admirable Orations, which were said by those who +envied him, to smell of the oil, to imply that they were too +elaborate. He rose very early, and used to say, that he was sorry +when any workman was at his business before him. He copied +Thucydides' history eight times with his own hand, in order to +render the style of that great man familiar to him.</p> +<p>Adrian Turnebus, a French critic, was so indefatigable in his +study, that it <span class="pagenum"><a id="page293" name= +"page293"></a>[pg 293]</span> was said of him, as it was of +Budaeus, that he spent some hours in study even on the day he was +married.</p> +<p>Frederick Morel had so strong an attachment to study, that when +he was informed of his wife's being at the point of death, he would +not lay down his pen, till he had finished what he was upon, and +when she was dead, as she was before they could prevail on him to +stir, he was only heard to reply coldly, "I am very sorry, she was +a good woman."</p> +<p>Sir Isaac Newton, when he had any mathematical problems or +solutions in his mind, would never quit the subject on any account; +dinner was often known to be three hours ready for him before he +could be brought to table. His man often said, when he was getting +up in the morning, and began to dress, he would, with one leg in +his breeches, sit down again on the bed, and remain there for hours +before he got his clothes on.</p> +<p>Mr. Abraham Sharp, the astronomer, through his love of study, +was very irregular as to his meals, which he frequently took in the +following manner: a little square hole, something like a window, +made a communication between the room where he usually studied, and +another chamber in the house, where a servant could enter, and +before this hole he had contrived a sliding board, the servant +always placing his victuals in the hole, without speaking a word or +making the least noise, and when he had leisure he visited it to +see what it contained, and to satisfy his hunger or thirst. But it +often happened that the breakfast, the dinner, and the supper +remained untouched by him, so deeply was he engaged in his +calculations and solemn musings. At one time after his provisions +had been neglected for a long season, his family became uneasy, and +resolved to break in upon his retirement; he complained, but with +great mildness, that they had disconcerted his thoughts in a chain +of calculations which had cost him intense application for three +days successively. On an old oak table, where for a long course of +years he used to write, cavities might easily be perceived, worn by +the perpetual rubbing of his arms and elbows.<a id="footnotetag8" +name="footnotetag8"></a><a href="#footnote8"><sup>8</sup></a></p> +<p>SWAINE.</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2>THE SELECTOR; AND LITERARY NOTICES OF <i>NEW WORKS</i>.</h2> +<hr /> +<h3>THE CONTRAST.</h3> +<p>The title of Lord Mulgrave's clever novel is sufficiently +explained by the hero, Lord Castleton, a man of high refinement, +marrying an unsophisticated, uneducated peasant girl. The scenes +and incidents of her introduction into the fashionable world are +replete with humour, yet true to the life. Thus, how naturally are +her new Ladyship's embarrassments told:—</p> +<p>"There were some points on which she would even have endeavoured +to extract knowledge from the servants; but dreading, from her +former habits, nothing so much as too great a familiarity in this +respect, Castleton had made it one of his first desires to her, +that she would confine her communications with them, to asking for +what she wanted. To this, as to every other desire of his, she +yielded, as far as she could, implicit obedience; but it was often +a great exertion on her part to do so. Of her own maid she had felt +from the first a considerable awe; and to such a degree did this +continue, that she could not conceive any fatigue from labour equal +to the burthen of her assistance. Being naturally of a disposition +both active and obliging, it was quite new to her to have any thing +done for her which she could do for herself. For some time she had +as great a horror of touching a bell-rope, as others have in +touching the string of a shower-bath; and when services were +obtruded on her by the domestics as a matter of course, she had +much difficulty in checking the exuberance of her gratitude.</p> +<p>"At home, Big Betsey, mentioned before as the maid of all work, +never considered as any part of her multitudinous duties the +waiting on Miss Lucy, who she not only said 'mought moind herself,' +but sometimes called to her, almost authoritatively, 'to lend a +hauping haund.' It was, probably, in consequence of the habit thus +engendered, that Lady Castleton was one day caught 'lending a +helping hand' to an over-loaded under laundry-maid, who had been +sent by her superior with a wicker-bound snowy freight of her +Ladyship's own superfine linen. But of all the irksome feelings +caused by Lucy's new position, there was none from which she +suffered more, than <i>waiting</i> to be <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page294" name="page294"></a>[pg 294]</span> +<i>waited on</i>. And it was hinted in the hall, that when my Lord +was not in the room, my Lady got up to help herself to what she +wanted from the sideboard!! And it was whispered in the female +conclave of the housekeeper's room, that her Lady-ship seemed even +to like to—lace her own stays!!"</p> +<p>Again, after Lady Castleton receiving a visit from a ton-ish +family, his Lordship asks:—</p> +<p>And did they make many inquiries of you? ask many +questions?"</p> +<p>"Oh, such a many!"</p> +<p>"So many, dearest love, you mean to say."</p> +<p>"Well, so I do, thank you; and then the mamma asked me, as she +had never seen me before, if I had not been much abroad; and I +said, never at all till I married; and then she said, 'What! had I +been to Paris since?' and I find she meant foreign parts by abroad. +And she told me that we ought to go to London soon; that the season +was advanced, and that the Pasta would come out soon this spring. +What is the Pasta—a plant?"</p> +<p>"A plant! no, love. Pasta is a singer's name, you could not be +expected to know that; but I hope you didn't say any thing to show +them your ignorance?"</p> +<p>"Oh, no; you told me, whenever I was completely puzzled, that +silence was best; so I said nothing. Pasta's the name of a singer, +then! Oh, that accounts, for a moment after she the mamma said, +that her daughter Arabella sang delightfully, and asked me if I +would sing with her; so I said no, I'd much rather listen. That was +right, warn't it? You see I knew you'd ask me all about it, so I +recollected it for you. Arabella then asked me if I would accompany +her? so I said, Wherever she liked,—where did she want to go? +But, I suppose, she altered her mind, for she sat down to the grand +instrument you had brought here for me to begin my lessons upon; +and then she sang such an extraordinary song—all coming from +her throat. And the sister asked me if I understood German? and I +answered, No, nor French neither."</p> +<p>"That was an unnecessary addition, my love."</p> +<p>"Well, so it was. Then the youngest sister explained to me, that +it was a song a Swiss peasant girl sang whilst she was milking her +cow; and I said that must be very difficult, to sing while milking +a cow. And then the mamma asked how I knew; and I said I had +<i>tried</i> very <i>often</i>."</p> +<p>"How could you, dear Lucy, volunteer such an avowal?"</p> +<p>"I thought you would be afraid of that; but it all did very +well, for the mother said I was so amusing, had so much natural +wit, and they all tried to persuade me I had said something +clever."</p> +<p>"Well, go on—and what then?"</p> +<p>"And then the lady took me aside, and began saying so much in +praise of you; and when she once got me on that subject, I was +ready and glib enough, I warrant you. But somehow, though I then +found it so much easier to speak, I find it more difficult to +recollect exactly what I said. Is not that strange? And then she +said that my happiness would excite so much envy in the great +world; that you had been admired, courted, nay, even loved by rich, +noble, clever ladies. Why was all this? and how could you ever +think to leave all these, to seek out from her quiet home your poor +little Lucy?"</p> +<p>"Oh, that's a story of by-gone days. These were follies of my +youth, which I thought I had lived to repent.</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"'Nor knew, till seated by thy side,</p> +<p>My heart in all save hope the same.'"</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>"Why, save hope, my dear Lord? What may you not only hope, but +trust, from my constant devotion?"</p> +<p>"I did not mean to tie myself precisely to every word I uttered. +It was only a quotation."</p> +<p>"And what is a quotation?"</p> +<p>"A quotation is the vehicle in which imagination posts forward, +when she only hires her Pegasus from memory. Or sometimes it is +only a quit-rent, which the intellectual cultivator, who farms an +idea, pays to the original proprietor; or rather,"—(seeing +that he was not making the matter more intelligible by his +explanation,)—"or rather, it is when we convey our own +thoughts by the means of the more perfect expressions of some +favourite author."</p> +<p>"But then, surely <i>you</i> need not be driven to borrow, whose +own words always sound to me like a book. As for poor me, I wish I +could talk in quotations for ever; then I need not fear to make +these mistakes, which, as it is, I am afraid I am always like to +do."</p> +<p>(A scene at <i>the Opera</i> is richer still: the performance +<i>Semiramide</i>:)</p> +<p>"Lady Gayland took the opportunity of inquiring of Lady +Castleton, 'how the opera had amused her?' There was that +unmistakable air of real interest in Lady Gayland's manner, +whenever she addressed Lucy, which made her always reply in a tone +of confidence, different <span class="pagenum"><a id="page295" +name="page295"></a>[pg 295]</span> from that which she felt towards +any other member of the society in which she moved.</p> +<p>"Why, to tell the honest truth," said she, leaning forwards +towards her questioner, "I can't say that I could the least +understand what it all meant. It's not likely that people should +sing when they're in such sorrow; and then I can't guess why that +young man should kill the queen that was so kind to him all +along."</p> +<p>"I don't wonder that that should surprise you, my dear; but he +was not aware of what he was doing. It was in the dark."</p> +<p>"In the dark! But I could see very well who it was, though I did +not know her so well as he did, and was so much farther off."</p> +<p>"I am afraid you are in the dark, too, a little as yet," said +Lady Gayland, (tapping her gently with her fan.) "But, tell me, did +you not admire the singing, though you could not understand the +story."</p> +<p>"Why, I should, perhaps, if I had known the language; but even +then they seemed to me more like birds, than men and women singing +words. I like a song that I can make out every word that's +said."</p> +<p>"The curtain then rose for the ballet; at first, Lucy was +delighted with the scenery and pageantry, for the spectacle was +grand and imposing. But at length the resounding plaudits announced +the <i>entrée</i> of the perfect Taglioni. Lucy was a little +astonished at her costume upon her first appearance. She was +attired as a goddess, and goddesses' gowns are somewhat of the +shortest, and their legs rather <i>au naturel</i>; but when she +came to elicit universal admiration by pointing her toe, and +revolving in the slow <i>pirouette</i>, Lucy, from the situation in +which she sat was overpowered with shame at the effect; and whilst +Lady Gayland, with her <i>longnette</i> fixed on the stage, +ejaculated, 'Beautiful! inimitable!' the unpractised Lucy could not +help exclaiming, 'O that is too bad! I cannot stay to see that!' +and she turned her head away blushing deeply."</p> +<p>"Is your ladyship ill?" exclaimed Lord Stayinmore. "Castleton, I +am afraid Lady Castleton feels herself indisposed."</p> +<p>"Would you like to go?" kindly inquired Castleton.</p> +<p>"O so much!" she answered.</p> +<p>"Are you ill, my dear?" asked Lady Gayland.</p> +<p>"Oh, no!" she said.</p> +<p>"Then you had better stay, it is so beautiful."</p> +<p>"Thank you, Lord Castleton is kind enough to let me go."</p> +<p>(They get into the carriage.)</p> +<p>"And how do you find yourself now, my dear Lucy?" tenderly +inquired Castleton, as the carriage drove off.</p> +<p>"Oh, I am quite well, thank you."</p> +<p>"Quite well! are you? What was it, then, that was the matter +with you?"</p> +<p>"There was nothing the matter with me, it was that woman."</p> +<p>"What woman? what can you mean? Did you not say that you were +ill; and was not that the reason that we hurried away?"</p> +<p>"No! YOU said I was ill; and I did not contradict you, because +you tell me that in the world, as you call it, it is not always +right to give the real reason for what we do; and therefore I +thought, perhaps, that though of course you wished me to come away, +you liked to put it upon my being ill."</p> +<p>"Of course I wished you to come away! I was never more unwilling +to move in all my life; and nothing but consideration for your +health would have induced me to stir. Why should I have wished you +to come away?"</p> +<p>"Why, the naked woman," stammered Lucy.</p> +<p>"What can you mean?"</p> +<p>"You couldn't surely wish me to sit by the side of those people, +to see such a thing as that?"</p> +<p>"As to being by the side of those people, I must remind you, +that it was Lady Gayland's box in which you were; and that whatever +she, with her acknowledged taste and refinement, sanctions with her +presence, can only be objected to by ignorance or prejudice. You +have still a great deal to learn, my dear Lucy," added he, more +kindly; "and nothing can be so fatal to your progress in that +respect, as your attempting to lead, or to find fault, with what +you do not understand."</p> +<p>"But surely I can understand that it is not right to do what I +saw that woman do," interrupted Lucy, presuming a little more +doggedly than she usually ventured to do on any subject with her +husband; for this time she had been really shocked by what she had +seen.</p> +<p>"Wrong it certainly is not, if you mean moral wrong. As to such +an exhibition being becoming or not in point of manners, that +depends entirely upon custom. Many things at your father's might +strike me as coarseness, which made no impression upon you from +habit, though much worse in my opinion than this presumed +indecorum. Those <span class="pagenum"><a id="page296" name= +"page296"></a>[pg 296]</span> things probably arose from ignorance +on your parts, which might be corrected. This, on the other hand, +from conventional indifference, consequent on custom, which it is +not in you to correct. Depend upon it you will only get yourself +laughed at, and me too, if you preach about dancers' +petticoats."</p> +<p>"I don't want to preach to any body; and you know how much it +fashes me to contend with you."</p> +<p>"Don't say FASHES, say distresses, or annoys, not <i>fashes</i>, +for heaven's sake, my dear Lucy."</p> +<p>"Oh, dear, it was very stupid of me to forget it. That was one +of the first things you taught me, and it is a many days since I +said it last; but it is so strange to me to venture to differ with +you, that I get confused, and don't say any thing as right as I +could do. Even now I should like to ask, if modesty is a merit, +whether nakedness ought to be a show; but I'll say no more, for I +dare say you won't make me go there again."</p> +<p>"No, that will be the best way to settle it."</p> +<p>The plot of the Contrast is not, as the reader may perceive, one +of fashionable life: it has more of the romance of nature in its +composition: the characters are not the drawling bores that we find +in fashionable novels, though their affected freaks are +occasionally introduced to contrast with unsophisticated humility, +and thus exhibit the deformities of high life. The whole work is, +however, light as gossamer: we had almost said that a fly might +read it through the meshes, without endangering his patience or +liberty.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>THE LIBRARY OF ENTERTAINING KNOWLEDGE</h3> +<p>Maintains its rank in sober, we mean useful, literature. The +volume before us contains such matter as is only to be found in +large and expensive works, with a host of annotations from the +journals of recent travellers and other volumes which bear upon the +main subject. This part of the series, describing vegetable +substances used for the food of man, is executed with considerable +minuteness. A Pythagorean would gloat over its accuracy, and a +vegetable diet man would become inflated with its success in +establishing his eccentricities. The contents are the Corn-plants, +Esculent Roots, Herbs, Spices, Tea, Coffee, &c. &c. In such +a multiplicity of facts as the history of these plants must +necessarily include, some misstatements may be expected. For +example, the opinion that succory is superior to coffee, though +supported by Drs. Howison and Duncan, is not entitled to notice. +All over the continent, succory, or <i>chicorée</i>, is used +to <i>adulterate</i> coffee, notwithstanding which a few scheming +persons have attempted to introduce it in this country as an +improvement, by selling it at four times its worth. Why say "it is +sometimes considered superior to the exotic berry," and in the same +page, "it is not likely to gain much esteem, where economy is not +the consideration." We looked in vain for mention of the President +of the Horticultural Society under Celery; though we never eat a +fine head of this delicious vegetable without grateful recollection +of Mr. T.A. Knight. All preachment of the economy of the Potato is +judiciously omitted, though we fear to the displeasure of Sir John +Sinclair; nor is there more space devoted to this overpraised root +than it deserves. Truffles are not only used "like mushrooms," but +for stuffing game and poultry, especially in France: who does not +remember the <i>perdrixaux truffes</i>, of the Parisian +<i>carte</i>. The chapter on coffee, cacao, tea, and sugar, is +brief but entertaining. We may observe, by the way, that one of the +obstacles to the profitable cultivation of tea in this country is +our ignorance of the modes of drying, &c. as practised in +China.</p> +<p>Another volume of the Entertaining Series, published since that +just noticed, contains a selection of <i>Criminal Trials</i>, +amongst which are those of Throckmorton and the Duke of Norfolk, +for treason. They are, in the main, reprints from the State Trials, +which the professional editor states to contain a large fund of +instruction and <i>entertainment</i>. We have been deceived in the +latter quality, though we must admit that in judicious hands, a +volume of untiring interest might be wrought up from the State +records. As they are, their dulness and prolixity are past +endurance. As the present work proceeds in chronological order, it +will doubtless improve in its entertaining character, since no +class of literature has been more enriched by the publication of +journals, diaries, &c., than historical biography, which will +thus enable the editor to enliven his pages with characteristic +traits of the principal actors. This has been done, to some extent, +in the portion before us, and in like manner fits the volume for +popular reading.</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page297" name="page297"></a>[pg +297]</span> +<h2>MANNERS & CUSTOMS OF ALL NATIONS.</h2> +<hr /> +<h3>FIRE TEMPLES IN PERSIA.</h3> +<div class="figure" style="width:80%;"><a href= +"images/546-2.png"><img width="100%" src="images/546-2.png" alt= +"" /></a> Persian Temple</div> +<p>These mystical relics are but a short journey from the +celebrated ruins of Persepolis. Mr. Buckingham describes them in +his usual picturesque language: "Having several villages in sight, +as the sun rose, with cultivated land, flocks, trees, and water, we +arrived at the foot of the mountain, which forms the northern +boundary of the plain of Merdusht. The first object we saw on the +west was a small rock, on which stood two fire altars of a peculiar +form: their dimensions were five feet square at the base, and three +at the top, and they were five feet high. There were pillars or +pilasters at the corners, and arches in the sides. In the centre of +each of these, near the top, was a square basin, about eight inches +in diameter, and six in depth, for the reception of the fire, +formerly used by the disciples of Zoroaster in their worship."</p> +<p>Like Pythagoras, it may be here observed, Zoroaster, the +inventer of Magic, or the doctrines of the Magi, admitted no +visible object of devotion except fire, which he considered as the +most proper emblem of a supreme being; these doctrines seem to have +been preserved by Numa, in the worship and ceremonies which he +instituted in honour of Vesta. According to some of the moderns, +the doctrines, laws, and regulations of Zoroaster are still extant, +and they have been lately introduced in Europe, in a French +translation by M. Anquetil.</p> +<p>Mr. Buckingham notices an existing custom, which he attributes +to this reverence to fire. "Throughout all Persia, a custom +prevails of giving the salute 'Salami Alaikom,' whenever the first +lighted lamp or candle is brought into the room in the evening; and +this is done between servants and masters as well as between +equals. As this is not practised in any other Mahommedan country, +it is probably a relic of the ancient reverence to fire, once so +prevalent here, though the form of the salute is naturally that of +the present religion."</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2>THE NATURALIST.</h2> +<hr /> +<h3>WHALE CHASE.</h3> +<p>A Scottish journal, the <i>Caledonian Mercury</i>, describes the +following animated scene, which lately took place off the town of +Stornoway, in the island of Lewis. An immense shoal of whales was, +early in the morning, chased to the mouth of the harbour by two +fishing-boats, which had met them in the offing.</p> +<p>"The circumstance was immediately descried from the shore, and a +host of boats, amounting to 30 or 40, and armed with every species +of weapon, set off to join the others in pursuit. The chase soon +became one of bustle and anxiety on the part both of man and fish. +The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page298" name="page298"></a>[pg +298]</span> boats arranged themselves in the form of a crescent, in +the fold of which the whales were collected, and where they had to +encounter incessant showers of stones, splashing of oars, with +frequent gashes from a harpoon or spear, while the din created by +the shouts of the boats' crews and the multitude on shore, was +tremendous. On more than one occasion, however, the floating +phalanx was broken, and it required the greatest activity and tact +ere the breach could be repaired and possession of the fugitives +regained. The shore was neared by degrees, the boats advancing and +retreating by turns, till at length they succeeded in driving the +captive monsters on a beach opposite to the town, and within a few +yards of it. The gambols of the whales were now highly diverting, +and, except when a fish became unmanageable and enraged while the +harpoon was fixed, or the noose of a rope pulled tight round its +tail, they were not at all dangerous to be approached. In the +course of a few hours the capture was complete, the shore was +strewed with their dead carcases, while the sea presented a bloody +and troubled aspect, giving evident proofs that it was with no +small effort they were subdued. For fear of contagion, the whole +fish amounting to ninety-eight, some of them very large, were +immediately towed to a spot distant from the town, where they were +on Thursday sold by public roup, the proceeds to be divided among +the captors. An annual visit is generally paid by the whales to the +Lewis coast, and besides being profitable when caught, they +generally furnish a source of considerable amusement. On the +present occasion, the whole inhabitants of the place, male and +female, repaired to the beach, opposite to the scene of slaughter, +where they evidently were delighted spectators, and occasionally +gave assistance. A young sailor received a stroke from the tail of +one of the largest fish, which nearly killed him."</p> +<hr /> +<h3>AUDUBON.</h3> +<p>The Philadelphia journals communicate some particulars of the +journey of this enterprising naturalist into E. Florida. He has +discovered, shot, and drawn a new Ibis, which he has named +<i>Tantalus fuscus</i>. In a letter, he says</p> +<p>"I have discovered three different new species of Heath, one +bearing a yellow blossom, the two others a red and purple +one;—also, a beautiful new Kalmia, and several extraordinary +parasitical plants, bearing some resemblance to the pineapple +plant, growing on the <i>eastern</i> side of the cyprus tree in +swamps, about 6 or 10 feet above the water.</p> +<p>"During my late excursion I almost became an amphibious +being—spending the most of my days in the water, and by night +pitching my tent on the barren sands. Whilst I remained at Spring +Garden, the alligators were yet in full life; the white-headed +eagles setting; the smaller resident birds paring; and strange to +say, the warblers which migrate, moving easterly every warm day, +and returning every cold day, a curious circumstance, tending to +illustrate certain principles in natural economy."</p> +<p>Six boxes of prepared skins of birds, &c. as well as a +number of choice shells, seeds, roots, &c. the result of +Audubon's researches, have been received in Charleston.</p> +<p>"In this collection there are between four and five hundred +skins of Birds, several of them rare in this part of the United +States—some that are never found here, and a few that have +not yet been described. Of these are two of the species of Pelican +(Pelicanus) not described by Wilson. The Parrot (psittacus +Carolinensis); the palm warbler of Buonaparte (Silvia palmerea), +and the Florida Jay, a beautiful bird without the crest, so common +in that genus.</p> +<p>"Among the new discoveries of Audubon in Florida, we perceive a +noble bird partaking of the appearance both of the Falcon and +Vulture tribes, which would seem to be a connecting link between +the two. His habits too, it is said, partake of his appearance, he +being alternately a bird of prey, and feeding on the same food with +the Vultures. This bird remains yet to be described, and will add +not only a new species, but a new genus to the birds of the United +States. We perceive also in Mr. Audubon's collection, a new species +of Coot (Fulica).<a id="footnotetag9" name= +"footnotetag9"></a><a href="#footnote9"><sup>9</sup></a></p> +<hr /> +<h3>REMARKABLE JAY.</h3> +<p>A lady residing at Blackheath has in her possession a fine Jay, +which displays instinct allied to reason and reflection in no +ordinary degree. This bird is stated by a Correspondent, (A.T.) to +repeat distinctly any word that may be uttered before. She can +identify persons after having once seen them, and been told their +names; the latter she will pronounce with surprising clearness. She +has a strong affection for a goldfinch in the same apartment, the +latter bird appearing <span class="pagenum"><a id="page299" name= +"page299"></a>[pg 299]</span> to return this fondness by fluttering +its wings and other demonstrations of delight. The Jay has also +been seen playing with two kittens, while the old cat looked +composedly on at their gambols. This bird is in beautiful plumage, +and is about twenty years of age. She is well known to the +residents of Blackheath and its vicinity.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>ENTOMOLOGY.</h3> +<p>I have lately observed a curious fact, which I have never seen +noticed in any book which has fallen in my way, viz. that it is the +tail of the caterpillar which becomes the head of the butterfly. I +found it hard to believe till I had convinced myself of it in a +number of instances. The caterpillar weaves its web from its mouth, +finishes with the head downwards, and the head, with the six front +legs, are thrown off from the chrysalis, and may be found dried up, +but quite distinguishable, at the bottom of the web. The butterfly +comes out at the top. Is this fact generally +known?—<i>Corresp. Mag. Nat. Hist.</i></p> +<hr /> +<h3>THE RIVER TINTO.</h3> +<p>The river Tinto rises in Sierra Morena, and empties itself into +the Mediterranean, near Huelva, having the name of Tinto given it +from the tinge of its waters, which are as yellow as a topaz, +hardening the sand and petrifying it in a most surprising manner. +If a stone happen to fall in, and rest on another, they both become +in a year's time perfectly united and conglutiated. This river +withers all the plants on its banks, as well as the roots of trees, +which it dyes of the same hue as its waters. No kind of verdure +will flourish where it reaches, nor any fish live in its stream. It +kills worms in cattle, when given them to drink; but in general no +animals will drink out of the river, except goats, whose flesh, +nevertheless, has an excellent flavour. These singular properties +continue till other rivulets run into it, and alter its nature; for +when it passes by Niebla, it is not different from other rivers. It +falls into the Mediterranean six leagues lower down, at the town of +Huelva, where it is two leagues broad, and admits of large vessels, +which may come up the river as high as San Juan del Puerto, three +leagues above Huelva.—<i>From a Correspondent.</i></p> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2>SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS</h2> +<hr /> +<h3>THE GALLEY SLAVES.</h3> +<p>About a mile distant from one of the southern barriers of Paris, +a palace was built during <i>our</i> Henry the Sixth's brief and +precarious possession of French royalty, by the Bishop of +Winchester. It was known by the name of Winchester, of which, +however, the French kept continually clipping and changing the +consonants, until the Anglo-Saxon Winchester dwindled into the +French appellation of Bicêtre. The Bishop's old palace was +treated as unceremoniously as his name, being burnt in some of the +civil wars. But there is this advantage in a sumptuous edifice, +that its very ruins suggest the thought and supply the means of +rebuilding it. Bicêtre, accordingly, reared its head, and is +now a straggling mass of building, containing a mad-house, a +poor-house, an hospital, and a prison.</p> +<p>To see it is a matter of trifling difficulty, except on one +particular day—that devoted to the rivetting of the +<i>chaine</i>. A surgeon, however, belonging to the establishment, +promised to procure me admission, and on receiving his summons, I +started one forenoon for Bicêtre. Mortifying news awaited my +arrival. The convicts had plotted a general insurrection and +escape, which was to have taken place on the preceding night. It +had been discovered in time, however, and such precautions taken, +as completely prevented even the attempt. The chief of these +precautions appeared in half a regiment of troops, that had +bivouacked all night in the square adjoining the prison, and were +still some lying, some loitering about. Strict orders had been +issued, that no strangers should be admitted to witness the +ceremony of rivetting; and the turnkeys and gaolers, in appearance +not yet recovered from the alarm of the preceding evening, refused +to listen to either bribe, menace, or solicitation. It was +confoundedly vexatious. Whilst expostulating with the turnkey, I +caught a glimpse through a barred window of the interior court, +athwart which the chains lay extended, whilst in one railed off +even from this the convicts were crowded, marching round and +round—precaution forbade their remaining still—and +uttering from time to time such yells and imprecations as might +deafen and appal a Mohawk. "I have caught a glimpse at least," +thought I, as we were unceremoniously turned out.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page300" name="page300"></a>[pg +300]</span> +<p>My friend, the surgeon, bade us, however, not despair. When the +man of influence arrived he hoped to prevail; and in the mean time +he led us to view the other curiosities of Bicêtre. There was +the well, the kitchen, the anatomical theatre. The courts were +crowded with aged paupers, who each well knew that his carcass +would undergo what laceration the scalpel of my friend and his +comrades chose to inflict upon it. But the thought seemed not to +affect them so much as it did us. Methought the business of +dissecting dead subjects might have been carried on more remote +from the living candidates; but I was wrong, for mystery and +secrecy always beget fear.</p> +<p>The mad-house was another curiosity. It contains many whose +brain the revolution of July, 1830, had turned. One man, a fine +youth, had travelled on foot from a distant part of the kingdom, to +shed his blood as a sacrifice to the memory of Napoleon. He gave +his last franc to obtain admission within the pillar of the Place +Vendôme, and when there opened the veins of both his arms, +crying out, "I offer the blood of the brave to the manes of +Napoleon." His rolling black eye was now contrasted with a face +pale as death. He had lost so much blood that few hopes were +entertained of his recovery.</p> +<p>But by far the most curious patient of the mad-house, was a +young man who imagined himself to be a woman. He was handsome, but +not feminine in appearance. He adored a little mirror, with which +he was gratified. Rags of all colours were his delight; and he had +made a precious collection. His coquetry was evident; and he +answered pertinently all questions, never belying at the same time +his fixed opinion, that he was endowed with a maiden's charms.</p> +<p>We looked over the book of reports, and found seven-eighths of +the female patients to have become deranged from love; whilst, with +the majority of the males, the hallucination proceeded from +disappointments of ambition. Surprised, I could make out no case of +a religious maniac; glad, I could discover none of a student.</p> +<p>We now returned to machinations for the purpose of entering the +forbidden prison. Aprons were handed us, not unlike a barber's. +They were surgeons' aprons, always worn by those of the +establishment when on duty. Might not then the barbers' aprons be a +tradition of the barber-surgeons? I refrained from asking the +question in that company. The scheme was, that we should pass for +<i>Carabins</i>—such is the nickname of French students in +chirurgery—and in this quality demand admission. The Cerberus +of the prison grinned at the deceit, but wearied and amused by our +importunities, he actually opened the <i>quicket</i> and admitted +us. There are two grated doors of this kind, one always locked +whilst the other is opened. In an instant we were in +Pandemonium.</p> +<p>The buildings, which surrounded and formed the courts, evidently +the oldest and strongest of Bicêtre, harmonized in dinginess +with the scene. At every barred window, and these were numerous, +about a dozen ruffianly heads were thrust together, to regard the +chains of their companions.—What a study of physiognomy! The +murderer's scowl was there, by the side of the laughing countenance +of the vagabond, whose shouts and jokes formed a kind of tenor to +the muttered imprecations of the other. Here and there was +protruded the fine, open, high-fronted head,—pale, striking, +features, and dark looks, of some felon of intellect and natural +superiority; whilst by his side, ignominy looked stupidly and +maliciously on. A handsome little fellow at one of the grates, was +dressing his hair unconsciously with most agitated fingers, +evidently affected by the scene. Our question of "What are you in +for?" aroused him. "False signing a billet of twenty thousand +francs," replied he, with a shrug and a smile. "And he, your +neighbour?" asked we cautiously, concerning one of a fine, +thoughtful, philosophic, and passionate countenance. "Ha! you may +ask—he gave his mistress a potion, for the purpose of merely +seducing her, and it turned out to be poison—a <i>carabin</i> +like yourselves." But these made no part of the <i>chaine</i>.</p> +<p>The convicts destined for this operation were kept in movement +round a post in an adjoining court, and were shouting, rarely in +intelligible language, to their companions. Joy was the universal +tone, and a sniveller ran imminent danger. One poor fellow I +remarked holding down his head, when he was saluted with a kick +from him who followed, and the objurgation, <i>Tu es forçat, +toi, heim?</i>—"You a convict, and durst be sad." These men +were all unmanacled. Methought a general rush on their part both +practicable and formidable. One half must have perished, and the +other half might have escaped.</p> +<p>They were now marched out from the inner court in batches of +thirty at a time, drawn up in rank, stripped, and examined +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page301" name="page301"></a>[pg +301]</span> with such rigid scrutiny as I dare not precise. They +were then marched and placed along one of the extended chains, and +made to sit down, resting it in their laps. A square fetter was +then fitted and placed around the neck of each. In this, before, +some detached links from the chain were placed, whilst a huge smith +proceeded to rivet each from behind. Fixing a kind of movable anvil +behind the convict's back, the fetter that encircled his neck was +brought with its joint upon it, and half a dozen blows of the +sledge riveted the captive inextricably to the main chain and to +his twenty-nine comrades. The smith must be adroit at his task, and +the convict steady in his position; for, as the fetter is tight +round the neck, the hammer, in its blow, must pass within a quarter +of an inch of his skull, and a wince on his part might prove fatal. +This, indeed, is the trying moment, when the stoutest cheek is +blanched. The sturdiest frame, shaken by the blows of the sledge, +then betrays emotion, and tears of penitence are at that moment +almost always seen to fall. On sitting down, each had in general an +air of bravado, produced in a great measure by the regards of the +seemingly more hardened ruffians from the windows. Under the +riveting there was no smile; whilst after it, apathy was affected +or resumed, each endeavouring to make his iron collar as +supportable and comfortable as possible, by enveloping it in a +handkerchief, and guaranteeing the neck from its chill or +galling.</p> +<p>When the <i>chaine</i> was completed, its wearers were made to +stand up. They formed themselves in couples, the chain running +betwixt two ranks, and they walked round the yard to take their +first lesson in their galling exercise. They are thus fettered +together till they reach Brest or Toulon. The choice is left to +them of walking or being carried in carts, more provender being +given to those who make the journey on foot.</p> +<p>The only part of their habiliments, which seemed left to +themselves to provide, was a covering for the head, the red or +green cap being given them only upon entering the <i>bagne</i>. For +their journey, some of the fellows had provided themselves with +strange head-gear, mostly made of straw; one had a three-cocked +hat; others, one of all kinds of <i>outré</i> shapes. A +prime vagabond had woven for himself a complete and magnificent +tiara, precisely like the Roman Pontiff's in form, and surmounted +by a cross. This was the <i>Pope</i>, the Pope of the +<i>Chaine</i>, and I never heard a shout so appalling, as that with +which his appearance was welcomed by the prisoners from the windows +of the building. They danced, they yelled, tore and tumbled over +each other in the most exuberant delight, thrusting their crowded +heads and distorted features almost through the gratings. I have +gleaned from it quite an idea of a scene of merriment and +exultation <i>below</i>.</p> +<p>The said Pope was a very extraordinary fellow: a slight fair +form, pointed features, and eyes that were penetrating, despite +their common shade of grey. He was called <i>Champenois</i>, his +real name unknown, not more than three-and-twenty, and the +Lieutenant of the <i>Chaine</i> said, one of the most talented and +extraordinary characters that <i>he</i> had ever met with. He had +been the prime mover of the intended insurrection, but without a +proof against him, except his universal authority, unusual in so +young a thief. His physiognomy was one, which it required not a +second look in order to remember for ever.</p> +<p>Another figure struck me, not so much as singular in itself, as +in contrast with those around. It struck me as that of an English +cabin-boy, a pale, freckled, ill-conditioned lad. On following the +calling over of the register in roll, I found my conjecture too +true. He was an unfortunate young sailor, a native of England, +guilty of some misdemeanour, and by name Aikin. He understood not a +word of French, but protested with a shake of his head against his +being English; patriotism had in him outlived honesty and +self-respect. I spoke to him in English: he wept, but would not +reply, puckering up his poor lips in all the agony of his desolate +condition. I was glad to remark the humanity with which he had been +chained to a prisoner, pensive and downcast like himself.</p> +<p>There were some cases certainly hard; one or two for resisting +the <i>gen-d'armerie</i> in a riot at Rouen. To transport a rioter, +unless under aggravated circumstances, is grievous enough; but +after the revolution of July, that hallowed riot, to make a +galley-slave of a <i>brave</i> for resisting the police, must have +been at least surprising to him. The tribunal no doubt felt the +necessity of severity; and we acknowledged it all in deploring the +degradation of these poor devils for an act, which in so many +thousand others was, at the moment, extolled to the skies as the +acmé of heroism. But justice hath her lottery-wheel as well +as fortune.</p> +<p>As the last <i>chaine</i> was completing, an <span class= +"pagenum"><a id="page302" name="page302"></a>[pg 302]</span> +ecclesiastic went round to collect money of the visitors. But as +there were few, so were the offerings. The convicts at the same +time produced the fruits of their ingenuity in straw work-boxes, +needle-cases, carved ivory and wood. The guardians, to do them +justice, seemed humane.</p> +<p>The <i>bagne</i> at Toulon, the destination of the members of +the <i>chaine</i>, was respectably peopled when I visited it some +years ago. It contained amongst others, Sarrazin, a famous general, +who had deserted to us from Buonaparte, and whose works on the +Spanish and other campaigns, are still read with interest. The +general had caught the inexcusable habit of marrying a wife in each +town wherein he was quartered, and was sent to the gallies for +<i>trigintagamy</i>. They boasted a bishop too amongst the convicts +at Toulon, a merry little fellow, that bore his fate gaily, and who +still contrived to exercise a kind of spiritual supremacy over his +unfortunate comrades.</p> +<p>The ingenuity and hardihood of these men is surprising. Despite +the vigilance, the ramparts, the fetters, and the logs, they escape +hourly and daily;—at what risk is manifest from the +regulations, by which three cannon shots always announce the +disappearance of a convict, serving to warn the peasants, and call +them to earn the handsome reward given to whoever arrests one of +the branded fugitives. They are easily recognised by the halt in +one limb; as they are wont to drag after them that which has been +accustomed to the bullet.</p> +<p>The only pursuits that seem to pervade the <i>bagne</i>, are +those of <i>eating</i> and <i>dying</i>: with the exception of +escape, all others are denied. And those who have given up the +latter hope, confine their thoughts either to bettering their +meagre fare of beans, or to getting rid of existence in the most +advantageous way. It is remarkable and degrading to observe the +utmost human ingenuity and industry employed, in order to procure a +dish of potatoes fried in grease once in the week. Yet such is the +luxury of a <i>forçat</i>, and he must labour for it harder +than even an Hibernian peasant, or a poet of the same line.</p> +<p>The more philosophic, who scorn the luxury of potatoes, and with +it the life that affords no other, meditate how best to get rid of +existence; and this they effect almost ever in one way; viz., by +killing their most obnoxious keeper, and thus earning the +guillotine.</p> +<p>It is a frequent scene in the <i>bagne</i>, that of an +execution. It occurs every week or fortnight. All the convicts are +obliged to attend, for the purpose of striking them with terror, +and working contrition and good behaviour in them. Alas! it is a +huge mistake. For these days are of all other days of +<i>fête</i> to them. Their countenances are marked by +universal joy, and they shout congratulations, not condolences, to +their comrade about to perish. Death to them is indeed an escape. +Its ceremony is to them a marriage feast: and decapitation, what a +<i>black job</i> was to Lord Portsmouth,—the only variety and +excitement that could give a spur to their heavy and painful +existence.</p> +<p>Speak as we may against the pains of death, this is worse, not +only physically but morally; for it degrades humanity far lower +than is conceiveable. The French have an idea that they can imitate +the American mode of punishment by solitary confinement. This again +will be still worse than the galleys; since religious consolation +can alone redeem or ameliorate man in this state of durance; and as +this makes no part of the French system, I cannot help thinking the +<i>guillotine</i> more merciful, than either their <i>bagne</i> or +their solitary cells.—<i>Monthly Magazine.</i></p> +<hr /> +<h3>THE SEALS.</h3> +<h4>Written at the suggestion of a Lover who inferred the decline, +of his mistress's affections from her changing the seals of her +letters.</h4> +<h4>BY THE AUTHOR OF THE HUNCHBACK.</h4> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>You've changed the seal—you've changed it thrice:</p> +<p class="i2">Your first implied you loved:</p> +<p>How welcome was the dear device,</p> +<p class="i2">A thousand kisses proved.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>Your next was love—it spoke the flame,</p> +<p class="i2">Yet scarce so plain methought—</p> +<p>I kiss'd it, wishing it the same</p> +<p class="i2">Your first sweet letter brought</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>The second change, was change indeed—</p> +<p class="i2">To friendship—Judge my bliss—</p> +<p>And did I kiss that seal—I did—</p> +<p class="i2">But 'twas a farewell kiss.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>The third—nor love, nor friendship—There</p> +<p class="i2">Indeed love's dream should end—</p> +<p>As coldest stranger better far</p> +<p class="i2">Than lover turn'd to friend.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>No kiss I gave that seal—no name—</p> +<p class="i2">Still dear—of thine it bore—</p> +<p>The signet, whence the impress came,</p> +<p class="i2">Perhaps a rival wore.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>I smil'd to think 'twas so—'twas strange—</p> +<p class="i2">And have such cause to sigh—</p> +<p>How couldst thou—fairest creature—change?</p> +<p class="i2">O, wherefore could not I.</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>Monthly Mag.</i></p> +<hr /> +<p>By a Parliamentary return it appears, that Kensington Palace +cost the public in 1828, 2,412<i>l</i>. 8<i>s</i>. 11<i>d</i>.; in +1829, 4,638<i>l</i>. 8<i>s</i>.; in 1830, 6,203<i>l</i>. 5<i>s</i>. +11<i>d</i>.; and in 183l, 3,921<i>l</i>. 15<i>s</i>. Hampton Court +in 1828, cost 4,430<i>l</i>. 19<i>s</i>. 5<i>d</i>.; in 1829, +5,964<i>l</i>. 13<i>s</i>. 1<i>d</i>.; in 1830, 4,144<i>l</i>. +2<i>s</i>. 4<i>d</i>.; and in 183l, 3,994<i>l</i>. 15<i>s</i>. +11<i>d</i>.—<i>Times</i>.</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page303" name="page303"></a>[pg +303]</span> +<h2>THE GATHERER.</h2> +<hr /> +<p>Dr. Johnson has remarked that the French are fond of Young's +<i>Night Thoughts</i>, a fact which is hard to be accounted for, +that a nation so celebrated for their gaiety should have a regard +for an author treating on such serious subjects.</p> +<p><i>Wigs</i>.—In the reign of Queen Anne, enormous +full-bottomed wigs often cost twenty or thirty guineas each.</p> +<p>"<i>Capillary Attraction</i>."—When Charles II. was +espoused to the Infanta of Portugal, a fleet was sent over to +Lisbon, with proper attendants to bring her hither, but her majesty +being informed that there were some particular customs in Portugal, +with relation to the ladies, which the king would not easily +dispense with, the fleet was detained six or seven weeks, at a +great expense, till <i>her majesty's hair grew</i>.</p> +<p>(Mr. Prince, with his Russia Oil, would have prospered under +Royal Patronage in those days; and Mr. Rowland would not have +needed immortality in Byron's verse: "incomparable <i>huile +Macassar</i>.")</p> +<p><i>The King of Kippen.</i>—When James V. of Scotland, +travelled in disguise, he used a name which was known only to some +of the principal nobility and attendants. He was called the Goodman +(the tenant, that is) of Ballangiech. Ballangiech is a steep pass, +which leads down behind the Castle of Stirling. Once, when he was +feasting in Stirling, the king sent for some venison from the +neighbouring hills. The deer were killed and put on horses' backs +to be transported to Stirling. Unluckily, they had to pass the +castle gates of Ampryor, belonging to a chief of the Buchanans, who +had a considerable number of guests with him. It was late, and the +company were rather short of victuals, though they had more than +enough of liquor. The chief, seeing so much fat venison passing his +very door, seized on it; and, to the expostulations of the keepers, +who told him that it belonged to King James, he answered +insolently, that if James was king in Scotland, he, Buchanan, was +king in Kippen, being the name of the district in which the Castle +of Ampryor lay. On hearing what had happened, the king got on +horseback, and rode instantly from Stirling to Buchanan's house, +where he found a strong, fierce-looking Highlander, with an axe on +his shoulder, standing sentinel at the door. This grim warder +refused the king admittance, saying that "the Laird of Arnpryor was +at dinner, and would not be disturbed." "Yet go up to the company, +my good friend," said the king, "and tell him that the good man of +Ballangiech is come to feast with the King of Kippen." The porter +went grumbling into the house, and told his master that there was a +fellow with a red beard who called himself the good man of +Ballangiech, at the gate, and said he was come to dine with the +King of Kippen. As soon as Buchanan heard these words, he knew that +the king was there in person, and hastened down to kneel at James's +feet, and to ask forgiveness for his insolent behavour. But the +king, who only meant to give him a fright, forgave him freely, and, +going into the castle, feasted on his own venison, which Buchanan +had intercepted. Buchanan of Arnpryor was ever afterwards called +King of Kippen.</p> +<p>W.G.C.</p> +<p><i>Remarkable Murder</i>.—"Anno 1605: one William +Calverly, of Calverly, in the county of York, esquire, murthered +two of his own children at home at his own house, then stabbed his +wife into the body, with full intent to have killed her, and then +went out with intention to have killed his child, at nurse, but was +prevented. He was pressed to death, at York, for this murther, +because he stood mute, and would not plead."—<i>Old +History</i>.</p> +<p><i>Law respecting Caps</i>.—An old Law, enacted that every +person above seven years of age, should wear on Sundays, and +Holidays, a cap of wool, knit-made, thickened and dressed in +England, by some of the trade of Cappers—under the forfeiture +of three-farthings for every day's neglect; excepting <i>Maids, +Ladies</i>, and <i>Gentlemen</i>, and every <i>Lord, Knight</i>, +and Gentleman of <i>Twenty marks of land</i>, and their +<i>heirs</i>, and such as had borne office of worship in any +<i>City, Town</i>, or <i>Place</i>, and the Wardens of the London +Companies.</p> +<p>T. GILL.</p> +<p><i>Splendid Biography</i>.—Richard Neville, the Great Earl +of Warwick and Salisbury, was well known in history by the +appellation of the King Maker. His biographer says, "He was a man +whose hospitality was so abundant, that the ordinary consumption of +a breakfast, at his house in London, was six oxen; whose popularity +was so great, that his absence was accounted as the absence of the +sun from the hemisphere; whose service was so courted, that men of +all <span class="pagenum"><a id="page304" name="page304"></a>[pg +304]</span> degrees were proud to wear the badges of his livery; +and whose authority was so potent, that kings were raised, or +deposed, as suited his humour."</p> +<p>P.T.W.</p> +<p><i>Character of England by Henry the Seventh.</i>—Henry +the Seventh (whose breeding had been low and private) being once +pressed by some of his council, to pursue his title to France, +returned this answer: "That France was indeed a flourishing and +gallant kingdom; but England, in his mind, was as fine a seat for a +country gentleman as any that could be found in Europe."</p> +<p>G.K.</p> +<p><i>The Plough.</i></p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Look how the purple flower, which the plough</p> +<p>Hath shorn in sunder, languishing doth die."</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p><span style="margin-left:3em"><i>Peachum.</i></span></p> +</div> +</div> +<p>This implement was known to the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, +and was invented at a very early period, being perhaps nearly +coeval with the cultivation of the soil itself. Anciently, the +tenants (in England) in some manors, were not allowed to have their +rural implements sharpened by any but those whom the lord +appointed; for which an acknowledgment was to be paid, called +<i>agusa dura</i>; in some places <i>agusage</i>, a fee for +sharpening plough-tackle, which some take to be the same with what +was otherwise called <i>reillage</i>, from the ancient French +<i>reille</i>, a <i>ploughshare</i>.</p> +<p><i>Ancient Fête at Gorhamlury.</i>—In the year 1577, +Queen Elizabeth was entertained at Gorhambury, by Sir Nicholas +Bacon, Lord Keeper, from Saturday, May the 18th, to the Wednesday +following, at the expense of 577<i>l</i>. 6<i>s</i>. 7-1/4<i>d</i>. +besides fifteen bucks and two stags. Among the dainties of the +feathered kind, enumerated in this entertainment, Mr. Nichols +mentions herons, bitterns, godwites, dotterels, shovelers, curlews, +and knots. Sir Nicholas Bacon was frequently visited by the queen, +who dated many of her state papers from Gorhambury.</p> +<p>P.T.W.</p> +<p><i>Adrian the Fourth.</i>—Adrian the Fourth was the only +Englishman who ever filled the Papal chair. His name was Nicholas +Breakspeare, and he was born at Abbot's Langley, a village in +Herts. Such was the unbounded pride of this pontiff, that when the +Emperor Frederick the First went to Rome, in 1155, to receive the +imperial diadem, the Pope, after many difficulties concerning the +ceremonial of investiture, insisted that the emperor should +prostrate himself before him, kiss his feet, hold his stirrup, and +lead the white palfrey on which the holy father rode. Frederick did +not submit to this humiliation without reluctance; and as he took +hold of the stirrup, he observed that "he had not yet been taught +the profession of a groom." In a letter to his old friend, John of +Salisbury, he says that St. Peter's Chair was the most uneasy seat +in the world, and that his crown seemed to be clapped burning on +his head. Yet did this haughty Pope (according to Dr. Cave) allow +his mother to be maintained by the alms of the church of +Canterbury.</p> +<p>P.T.W.</p> +<p><i>Quid pro quo.</i>—A peasant of Burgundy, whom Louis XI. +had taken some notice of, while Dauphin, appeared before him when +he ascended the throne, and presented him with an extraordinary +large radish; Louis received it with much goodwill, and handsomely +repaid the peasant. The great man of the place, to whom the +countryman related his good fortune, imagined that if he were to +offer Louis something, he would, at any rate, make him a prince. +Accordingly he went to court, and presented his finest horse to the +king. Louis received his present as graciously as he had before +taken the radish, and after he had sufficiently praised the horse, +"See here," said he, taking the radish in his hand, "here is a +radish, which, like your horse, is one of the rarest of its kind; I +present it to you with many thanks."</p> +<p>Iota.</p> +<p><i>Muswell Hill</i> derives its name from a famous well on the +hill, where, formerly, the fraternity of St. John of Jerusalem, in +Clerkenwell, had their dairy, with a large farm adjacent. Here they +built a chapel for the benefit of some nuns, in which they fixed +the image of our Lady of Muswell. These nuns had the sole +management of the dairy: and it is singular, that the said well and +farm do, at this time, belong to the parish of St. James, +Clerkenwell. The water of this spring was then deemed a miraculous +cure for scrofulous and cutaneous disorders. For that reason it was +much resorted to; and, as tradition says, a king of Scotland made a +pilgrimage hither, and was perfectly cured.</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote1" name= +"footnote1"></a> <b>Footnote 1</b>:<a href= +"#footnotetag1">(return)</a> +<p>St. Pancras was a young Phrygian nobleman, who suffered death +under the Emperor Dioclesian, for his zealous adherence to the +Christian faith.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote2" name= +"footnote2"></a> <b>Footnote 2</b>:<a href= +"#footnotetag2">(return)</a> +<p>Lysons's Environs, 4to. vol. ii. part ii.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote3" name= +"footnote3"></a> <b>Footnote 3</b>:<a href= +"#footnotetag3">(return)</a> +<p>The parish extends in this direction to the foot of Gray's Inn +Lane, and includes part of a house in Queen's Square.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote4" name= +"footnote4"></a> <b>Footnote 4</b>:<a href= +"#footnotetag4">(return)</a> +<p>Anciently Kentistonne, where William Bruges, Garter King at Arms +in the reign of Henry V. had a country-house, at which he +entertained the emperor Sigismund.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote5" name= +"footnote5"></a> <b>Footnote 5</b>:<a href= +"#footnotetag5">(return)</a> +<p>The visitation of the church in the year 1251, mentions a very +small tower, a good slope font, and a small marble stone ornamented +with copper to carry the <i>Pax</i>.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote6" name= +"footnote6"></a> <b>Footnote 6</b>:<a href= +"#footnotetag6">(return)</a> +<p>Strype, in his additions to Stowe, says, the Roman Catholics +have of late <i>effected</i> to be buried at this place.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote7" name= +"footnote7"></a> <b>Footnote 7</b>:<a href= +"#footnotetag7">(return)</a> +<p>One is stated to be on its way to England; our parliament has +voted 10,000<i>l</i> to defray the expense. The other needle is +destined for France.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote8" name= +"footnote8"></a> <b>Footnote 8</b>:<a href= +"#footnotetag8">(return)</a> +<p>Mr. Colton used to say that he wrote his treasurable, "Lacon: +or, many things in a few words," upon a small, rickety deal table. +We perceive from Galignani's <i>Messenger</i>, that Mr. Colton put +an end to his existence, a few days since, at Fontainbleau, it is +stated in consequence of the dread of a surgical operation which it +had become necessary that he should undergo.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote9" name= +"footnote9"></a> <b>Footnote 9</b>:<a href= +"#footnotetag9">(return)</a> +<p>Abridged from printed extracts furnished by our correspondent, +M.L.B.</p> +</blockquote> +<hr class="full" /> +<p><i>Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, London; +sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; and by all +Newsmen and Booksellers.</i></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, +and Instruction, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE *** + +***** This file should be named 11551-h.htm or 11551-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/5/5/11551/ + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David King, and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction + Vol. 19, Issue 546, May 12, 1832 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: March 12, 2004 [EBook #11551] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David King, and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team + + + + + +THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION. + +VOL. 19, NO. 546.] SATURDAY, MAY 12, 1832. [PRICE 2d. + + * * * * * + + + +ST. PANCRAS (OLD) CHURCH. + + +[Illustration: ST. PANCRAS (OLD) CHURCH.] + +This humble village fane is situated to the north of London, somewhat +more than a mile from Holborn Bars. Persons unacquainted with the site, +may hitherto have considered it as part and parcel of this vast +metropolis: but, lo! here it stands amidst much of its primitive, +peaceful rusticity. + +Pancras is still, by courtesy, called a _village_, though its charms may +be of the _rus-in-urbe_ description. It derives its name from the saint +to whom the church is dedicated:[1] it was called St. Pancras when the +Survey of Domesday was taken. The parish is of great extent. Mr. Lysons +states it at 2,700 acres of land, including the site of buildings. It is +bounded on the north by Islington, Hornsey, and Finchley; and on the +west by Hampstead and Marybone. On the south it meets the parishes of +St. Giles's in the Fields, St. George the Martyr, St. George, +Bloomsbury, and St. Andrew's, Holborn.[2] On the east it is bounded by +St. James's, Clerkenwell. Kentish Town, part of Highgate, Camden Town, +and Somer's Town,[3] are comprised within this parish as hamlets. Mr. +Lysons supposes it to have included the prebendal manor of Kentish +Town,[4] or Cantelows, which now constitutes a stall in St. Paul's +Cathedral. Among the prebendaries have been men eminent for their +learning and piety: as Lancelot Andrews, bishop of Winchester, Dr. +Sherlock, Archdeacon Paley, and the Rev. William Beloe, B.D. well known +by his translation of Herodotus. + + [1] St. Pancras was a young Phrygian nobleman, who suffered + death under the Emperor Dioclesian, for his zealous adherence to + the Christian faith. + + [2] Lysons's Environs, 4to. vol. ii. part ii. + + [3] The parish extends in this direction to the foot of Gray's + Inn Lane, and includes part of a house in Queen's Square. + + [4] Anciently Kentistonne, where William Bruges, Garter King at + Arms in the reign of Henry V. had a country-house, at which he + entertained the emperor Sigismund. + +It would occupy too much space to detail the progressive increase of +this district. When a visitation of the church was made in the year +1251, there were only forty houses in the parish. The desolate situation +of the village in the latter part of the sixteenth century is +emphatically described by Norden, in his _Speculum Britanniae_. After +noticing the solitary condition of the church, he says, "yet about this +structure have bin manie buildings now decaied, leaving poore Pancras +without companie or comfort." In some manuscription additions to his +work, the same writer has the following observations:--"Although this +place be, as it were, forsaken of all; and true men seldom frequent the +same, but upon devyne occasions; yet it is visyted by thieves, who +assemble there not to pray, but to wait for praye; and manie fell into +their handes, clothed, that are glad when they are escaped naked. Walk +not there too late." Newcourt, whose work was published in 1700, says +that houses had been built near the church. The first important increase +of the parish took place in the neighbourhood of Tottenham Court Road. + +"Pancras Church," says Norden, "standeth all alone, as utterly forsaken, +old and wether-beten, which, for the antiquity thereof, it is thought +not to yield to Paules in London." It is of rude Gothic architecture, +built of stones and flints, which are now covered with plaster. Mr. +Lysons says, "It is certainly not older than the fourteenth century, +perhaps in Norden's time it had the appearance of great decay; the same +building, nevertheless, repaired from time to time, still remains; looks +no longer 'old and wether-beten,' and may still exist perhaps to be +spoken of by some antiquary of a future century. It is a very small +structure, consisting only of a nave and chancel; at the west end is a +low tower, with a kind of dome."[5] Mr. Lysons speaks of the +disproportionate size of the church to the population of the parish; but +since his time another church has been erected, the splendour and size +of which in every respect accord with the increased wealth and numbers +of the parish. + + [5] The visitation of the church in the year 1251, mentions a + very small tower, a good slope font, and a small marble stone + ornamented with copper to carry the _Pax_. + +The church and churchyard of Pancras have long been noted as the +burial-place of such Roman Catholics as die in London and its +vicinity.[6] Many of the tombs exhibit a cross, and the initials R.I.P. +(_Requiescat in pace_), which initials, or others analogous to them, are +always used by the Catholics on their sepulchral monuments. Mr. Lysons +heard it assigned by some of that persuasion, as a reason for this +preference to Pancras as a burial-place, that masses were formerly said +in a church in the south of France, dedicated to the same saint, for the +souls of the deceased interred at St. Pancras in England. After the +French revolution, a great number of ecclesiastics and other refugees, +some of them of high rank, were buried in this churchyard; and in 1811, +Mr. Lysons observed that probably about 30 of the French clergy had on +an average been buried at Pancras for some years past: in 1801 there +were 41, and in 1802, 32. Mr. Lysons's explanation of this preference to +Pancras by the Catholics is, however, disputed by the author of +_Ecclesiastical Topography_, who observes that a reason more generally +given is, that "Pancras was the last church in England where mass was +performed after the Reformation." + + [6] Strype, in his additions to Stowe, says, the Roman Catholics + have of late _effected_ to be buried at this place. + +In the chancel are monuments of Daniel Clarke, Esq. who had been +master-cook to Queen Elizabeth; and of Cooper the artist, whose style +approached so near to that of Vandyke, that he has been called Vandyke +in miniature: he taught the author of Hudibras to paint; his wife was +sister to Pope's mother. + +In the churchyard are the tombs of Anthony Woodhead, 1678, who was in +his day, the great champion of the Roman Catholic religion, and was +reputed to have written the Whole Duty of Man; Lady Slingsby, whose name +occurs as an actress in Dryden and Lee's plays, from 1681 to 1689; +Jeremy Collier, 1726, the pertinacious non-juror, who repressed the +immoralities of the stage; Ned Ward, author of the London Spy, 1731; +Leoni, the architect, 1746; Lady Henrietta, wife of Beard, the vocalist, +1753; Van Bleeck, the portrait-painter; Ravenet, the engraver, 1764; +Mazzinghi, 1775, leader of the band at Marylebone Gardens, and father of +Mazzinghi, the celebrated composer; Henry and Robert Rackett, Pope's +nephews; Woollett, the engraver, 1785, to whose memory a monument has +been placed in the cloisters of Westminster Abbey; Baron de Wenzel, the +celebrated oculist, 1790; Mary Wollestonecraft Godwin, author of a +Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1797; the Rev. Arthur O'Leary, or +Father O'Leary, the amiable Franciscan friar, 1802; Paoli, the patriotic +Corsican, 1807; Walker editor of the Pronouncing Dictionary; the +Chevalier d'Eon, 1810, of epicene notoriety; and Packer, the comedian, +1806, who is said to have performed 4,852 times, besides walking in +processions; Edwards, professor of Perspective, 1806; Scheemakers, the +statuary, 1808. + +In the _Beauties of England and Wales_, it is stated that 23 acres of +land belong to the church; and the great increase of buildings renders +these of considerable value; though it is not known to whom the church +is indebted for this possession. + + * * * * * + + +ELEGY. + +FROM THE GERMAN. + +(_For the Mirror._) + + + Through oak-woods green, + A silver sheen, + Sweet moon, from thee + Afforded me + A tranquil joy, + Me, _then_, a happy boy. + Still makes thy light + My window bright, + But can no more + Lost peace restore: + My brow is shaded, + My cheek with weeping faded. + Thy beams, O moon, + Will glitter soon, + As softly clear, + Upon my bier: + For soon, earth must + Conceal in youth my dust. + + C.H. + + * * * * * + + +CLEOPATRA'S NEEDLES. + +(_For the Mirror._) + + +These remains of ancient art are destined to be removed to Europe.[7] +The palace of Cleopatra was built upon the walls facing the port of +Alexandria, Egypt, having a gallery on the outside, supported by several +fine columns. Towards the eastern part of the palace are two obelisks, +vulgarly called _Cleopatra's Needles_. They are of Thebaic stone, and +covered with hieroglyphics; one is overturned, broken, and lying under +the sand; the other is on its pedestal. These two obelisks, each of them +of a single stone, are about sixty feet high, by seven feet square at +the base. The Egyptian priests called these obelisks the sun's fingers, +because they served as stiles or gnomons to mark the hours on the +ground. In the first ages of the world they were made use of to transmit +to posterity the principal precepts of philosophy, which were engraven +on them in hieroglyphics. + + "Between the statues, _Obelisks_ were placed: + And the learned walls with _hieroglyphics_ grac'd. + _Pope._ + +In after ages they were used to immortalize the actions of heroes, and +the memory of persons beloved. + + [7] One is stated to be on its way to England; our parliament + has voted 10,000_l_ to defray the expense. The other needle is + destined for France. + +The first obelisk we know of was that raised by Rameses, King of Egypt, +in the time of the Trojan war. Augustus erected an obelisk at Rome, in +the Campus Martius, which served to mark the hours on an horizontal +dial, drawn on the pavement. This obelisk was brought from Egypt, and +was said to have been formed by Sesostris, near a thousand years before +Christ. It was used by Manlius for the same purpose for which it was +originally destined, namely, to measure the height of the sun. + +P.T.W. + + * * * * * + + +THE DYING MAIDEN'S PARDON TO HER FAITHLESS LOVER. + +FROM THE FRENCH. + +(_For the Mirror._) + + + If death's keen anguish thou would'st charm + Ere speeds his fatal dart, + Come, place thine hand--while yet 'tis warm, + Upon my breaking heart. + + And though remorse--thou may'st not feel + When its last throb is o'er, + Thou'lt say--"that heart which lov'd so well, + Shall passion feel no more." + + E'en love for thee forsakes my soul-- + Thy work, relentless see, + Near as I am life's destin'd gaol, + I'm frozen--less than thee. + + Yet take this heart--I ne'er had more + To give thee in thy need: + Search well--for at its inmost core, + Thy pardon thou may'st read. + +T.R.P. + + * * * * * + + + +ANECDOTE GALLERY. + + + * * * * * + + +TRAITS OF IRISH CHARACTER. + +(_For the Mirror._) + + +A gentleman residing in the vicinity of Dublin, found, notwithstanding +the protection of a thick, and thorny hedge, that great depredations +were committed on his garden and paddocks; so he inclosed them with a +high, strong wall. As he kept cows, and had more milk than was +sufficient for his family, he distributed the overplus amongst his poor +neighbours. One day, inspecting in person, this distribution, he saw a +woman attending with her pails, who, he was tolerably certain did not +require such assistance. "You, here! my good friend," said he, "I +thought you kept a cow?" + +"Ay, plase yer honour's honour, and _two_ it was that I _once_ kept, the +craters!" + +"_Once_, why don't you keep them now?" + +"Ough! 'tis yeaself must answer that question, for why? the bastes did +well enough afore your rav'rence run up that bit o' wall round your +fields, seein' the cows lived off your grass; but sorra for me now, I've +sold 'em both, by rason I couldn't _keep_ 'em no longer." + +An English gentleman, on a tour in Ireland, was beset at a fine +waterfall by numerous beggars; one woman was particularly clamorous for +relief, but Mr. R. instructed by his guide, said to her, "My good +friend, you cannot possibly want relief, as you keep several cows, and +have a very profitable farm; indeed I cannot bestow my charity upon +you." The woman, looking sulky, and _detected_, immediately pointed to +another, exclaiming, "Then give to _her_, for she's got _nothing_!" The +stranger in Dublin is particularly requested to send all beggars to an +institution in Copper Alley, for their relief. Being once much +importuned by an old man for money, we desired him to go to this place. +"I can't," said he. + +"Why not?" + +"Becase 'tis a bad place for the poor." + +"How so? don't they give you anything to eat?" + +"Ah, yes, yes, but the thing is, my jewel, they wont by no manes give a +poor body _anything to drink_." The intelligent reader will not be at a +loss to translate the complaint of thirsty Pat. + + * * * * * + + +FRENCH CRUELTY. + + +During the late French Revolution, one of the royalist soldiers having +his horse shot under him by a pupil of the Polytechnic School, and +finding when thus brought down, that he could not regain his feet and +resume a posture of defence, but was entirely at the mercy of his +ferocious young adversary, he immediately surrendered his sword, +exclaiming, "I am your prisoner, and entreat of you mercy and life." To +which the _generous_ and _heroic_ youth replied, "No prisoners, no +mercy!" and taking from his pocket a pike-head or some similar rough +weapon, deliberately drove it into the unfortunate soldier's heart! + + * * * * * + + +EFFRONTERY. + + +A nobleman being, it is said, some years since, in the shop of a +celebrated London shoemaker, saw, pass through it, a very handsome young +woman, "Who is that fine girl?" said he. + +"My daughter," replied the _cord-wainer_, "with sixty thousand pounds at +your lordship's service." + + * * * * * + + +A BLUNDER. + + +Literary topics came under discussion one evening in a small social +circle, of which the writer made one, and particularly the +autobiographical works, and personal memoirs, now so much in vogue. A +gentleman then stated, that having seen much of the world, he thought he +must follow the fashion, and one day favour it with his own life and +adventures. Numerous ladies were to figure in his book, which was, in +fact, as he modestly gave the present company to understand, to be a +complete chronicle of the flirtations and conquests of himself, and male +allies, with letters, portraits, &c. and _names_ in full. "But," +remarked a lady, humouring the jest, "if you _do_ render your book so +very personal, are you not afraid of the consequences?" + +"Not at all," replied the embryo author very gravely, "for though I +shall enjoy the remarks of the world, upon my _autobiography_, they +cannot affect me, as it will of course be a _posthumous work_." + + * * * * * + + +COOL COURAGE. + + +During the disastrous fire of the Kent East Indiaman, a lady on board +exhibited a very singular instance of _sang froid_ and presence of mind. +Being in one of the cabins, with a large, helpless, despairing, and of +course, most troublesome party, chiefly of her own sex, "all hands" of +the other being "turned up," we presume, to check the advances of the +devouring element, she proposed, by way of keeping them quiet, _to make +tea for them_, and we believe her proposal was accepted, and had the +desired effect. + +_Great Marlow, Bucks_. + +M.L.B. + + * * * * * + + +ABSTRACT STUDIES. + +(_For the Mirror_.) + + +Demosthenes to be the more removed from noise, and less subject to +distraction, caused a small chamber to be made under ground, in which he +shut himself up sometimes for whole months, shaving half his head and +only half his face, that he might not be in a condition to go abroad. It +was there, by the light of a small lamp, he composed his admirable +Orations, which were said by those who envied him, to smell of the oil, +to imply that they were too elaborate. He rose very early, and used to +say, that he was sorry when any workman was at his business before him. +He copied Thucydides' history eight times with his own hand, in order to +render the style of that great man familiar to him. + +Adrian Turnebus, a French critic, was so indefatigable in his study, +that it was said of him, as it was of Budaeus, that he spent some hours +in study even on the day he was married. + +Frederick Morel had so strong an attachment to study, that when he was +informed of his wife's being at the point of death, he would not lay +down his pen, till he had finished what he was upon, and when she was +dead, as she was before they could prevail on him to stir, he was only +heard to reply coldly, "I am very sorry, she was a good woman." + +Sir Isaac Newton, when he had any mathematical problems or solutions in +his mind, would never quit the subject on any account; dinner was often +known to be three hours ready for him before he could be brought to +table. His man often said, when he was getting up in the morning, and +began to dress, he would, with one leg in his breeches, sit down again +on the bed, and remain there for hours before he got his clothes on. + +Mr. Abraham Sharp, the astronomer, through his love of study, was very +irregular as to his meals, which he frequently took in the following +manner: a little square hole, something like a window, made a +communication between the room where he usually studied, and another +chamber in the house, where a servant could enter, and before this hole +he had contrived a sliding board, the servant always placing his +victuals in the hole, without speaking a word or making the least noise, +and when he had leisure he visited it to see what it contained, and to +satisfy his hunger or thirst. But it often happened that the breakfast, +the dinner, and the supper remained untouched by him, so deeply was he +engaged in his calculations and solemn musings. At one time after his +provisions had been neglected for a long season, his family became +uneasy, and resolved to break in upon his retirement; he complained, but +with great mildness, that they had disconcerted his thoughts in a chain +of calculations which had cost him intense application for three days +successively. On an old oak table, where for a long course of years he +used to write, cavities might easily be perceived, worn by the perpetual +rubbing of his arms and elbows.[8] + +SWAINE. + + [8] Mr. Colton used to say that he wrote his treasurable, + "Lacon: or, many things in a few words," upon a small, rickety + deal table. We perceive from Galignani's _Messenger_, that Mr. + Colton put an end to his existence, a few days since, at + Fontainbleau, it is stated in consequence of the dread of a + surgical operation which it had become necessary that he should + undergo. + + * * * * * + + +THE SELECTOR; AND LITERARY NOTICES OF _NEW WORKS_. + + + * * * * * + + +THE CONTRAST. + + +The title of Lord Mulgrave's clever novel is sufficiently explained by +the hero, Lord Castleton, a man of high refinement, marrying an +unsophisticated, uneducated peasant girl. The scenes and incidents of +her introduction into the fashionable world are replete with humour, yet +true to the life. Thus, how naturally are her new Ladyship's +embarrassments told:-- + +"There were some points on which she would even have endeavoured to +extract knowledge from the servants; but dreading, from her former +habits, nothing so much as too great a familiarity in this respect, +Castleton had made it one of his first desires to her, that she would +confine her communications with them, to asking for what she wanted. To +this, as to every other desire of his, she yielded, as far as she could, +implicit obedience; but it was often a great exertion on her part to do +so. Of her own maid she had felt from the first a considerable awe; and +to such a degree did this continue, that she could not conceive any +fatigue from labour equal to the burthen of her assistance. Being +naturally of a disposition both active and obliging, it was quite new to +her to have any thing done for her which she could do for herself. For +some time she had as great a horror of touching a bell-rope, as others +have in touching the string of a shower-bath; and when services were +obtruded on her by the domestics as a matter of course, she had much +difficulty in checking the exuberance of her gratitude. + +"At home, Big Betsey, mentioned before as the maid of all work, never +considered as any part of her multitudinous duties the waiting on Miss +Lucy, who she not only said 'mought moind herself,' but sometimes called +to her, almost authoritatively, 'to lend a hauping haund.' It was, +probably, in consequence of the habit thus engendered, that Lady +Castleton was one day caught 'lending a helping hand' to an over-loaded +under laundry-maid, who had been sent by her superior with a +wicker-bound snowy freight of her Ladyship's own superfine linen. But of +all the irksome feelings caused by Lucy's new position, there was none +from which she suffered more, than _waiting_ to be _waited on_. And it +was hinted in the hall, that when my Lord was not in the room, my Lady +got up to help herself to what she wanted from the sideboard!! And it +was whispered in the female conclave of the housekeeper's room, that her +Lady-ship seemed even to like to--lace her own stays!!" + +Again, after Lady Castleton receiving a visit from a ton-ish family, his +Lordship asks:-- + +And did they make many inquiries of you? ask many questions?" + +"Oh, such a many!" + +"So many, dearest love, you mean to say." + +"Well, so I do, thank you; and then the mamma asked me, as she had never +seen me before, if I had not been much abroad; and I said, never at all +till I married; and then she said, 'What! had I been to Paris since?' +and I find she meant foreign parts by abroad. And she told me that we +ought to go to London soon; that the season was advanced, and that the +Pasta would come out soon this spring. What is the Pasta--a plant?" + +"A plant! no, love. Pasta is a singer's name, you could not be expected +to know that; but I hope you didn't say any thing to show them your +ignorance?" + +"Oh, no; you told me, whenever I was completely puzzled, that silence +was best; so I said nothing. Pasta's the name of a singer, then! Oh, +that accounts, for a moment after she the mamma said, that her daughter +Arabella sang delightfully, and asked me if I would sing with her; so I +said no, I'd much rather listen. That was right, warn't it? You see I +knew you'd ask me all about it, so I recollected it for you. Arabella +then asked me if I would accompany her? so I said, Wherever she +liked,--where did she want to go? But, I suppose, she altered her mind, +for she sat down to the grand instrument you had brought here for me to +begin my lessons upon; and then she sang such an extraordinary song--all +coming from her throat. And the sister asked me if I understood German? +and I answered, No, nor French neither." + +"That was an unnecessary addition, my love." + +"Well, so it was. Then the youngest sister explained to me, that it was +a song a Swiss peasant girl sang whilst she was milking her cow; and I +said that must be very difficult, to sing while milking a cow. And then +the mamma asked how I knew; and I said I had _tried_ very _often_." + +"How could you, dear Lucy, volunteer such an avowal?" + +"I thought you would be afraid of that; but it all did very well, for +the mother said I was so amusing, had so much natural wit, and they all +tried to persuade me I had said something clever." + +"Well, go on--and what then?" + +"And then the lady took me aside, and began saying so much in praise of +you; and when she once got me on that subject, I was ready and glib +enough, I warrant you. But somehow, though I then found it so much +easier to speak, I find it more difficult to recollect exactly what I +said. Is not that strange? And then she said that my happiness would +excite so much envy in the great world; that you had been admired, +courted, nay, even loved by rich, noble, clever ladies. Why was all +this? and how could you ever think to leave all these, to seek out from +her quiet home your poor little Lucy?" + +"Oh, that's a story of by-gone days. These were follies of my youth, +which I thought I had lived to repent. + + "'Nor knew, till seated by thy side, + My heart in all save hope the same.'" + +"Why, save hope, my dear Lord? What may you not only hope, but trust, +from my constant devotion?" + +"I did not mean to tie myself precisely to every word I uttered. It was +only a quotation." + +"And what is a quotation?" + +"A quotation is the vehicle in which imagination posts forward, when she +only hires her Pegasus from memory. Or sometimes it is only a quit-rent, +which the intellectual cultivator, who farms an idea, pays to the +original proprietor; or rather,"--(seeing that he was not making the +matter more intelligible by his explanation,)--"or rather, it is when we +convey our own thoughts by the means of the more perfect expressions of +some favourite author." + +"But then, surely _you_ need not be driven to borrow, whose own words +always sound to me like a book. As for poor me, I wish I could talk in +quotations for ever; then I need not fear to make these mistakes, which, +as it is, I am afraid I am always like to do." + +(A scene at _the Opera_ is richer still: the performance _Semiramide_:) + +"Lady Gayland took the opportunity of inquiring of Lady Castleton, 'how +the opera had amused her?' There was that unmistakable air of real +interest in Lady Gayland's manner, whenever she addressed Lucy, which +made her always reply in a tone of confidence, different from that which +she felt towards any other member of the society in which she moved. + +"Why, to tell the honest truth," said she, leaning forwards towards her +questioner, "I can't say that I could the least understand what it all +meant. It's not likely that people should sing when they're in such +sorrow; and then I can't guess why that young man should kill the queen +that was so kind to him all along." + +"I don't wonder that that should surprise you, my dear; but he was not +aware of what he was doing. It was in the dark." + +"In the dark! But I could see very well who it was, though I did not +know her so well as he did, and was so much farther off." + +"I am afraid you are in the dark, too, a little as yet," said Lady +Gayland, (tapping her gently with her fan.) "But, tell me, did you not +admire the singing, though you could not understand the story." + +"Why, I should, perhaps, if I had known the language; but even then they +seemed to me more like birds, than men and women singing words. I like a +song that I can make out every word that's said." + +"The curtain then rose for the ballet; at first, Lucy was delighted with +the scenery and pageantry, for the spectacle was grand and imposing. But +at length the resounding plaudits announced the _entree_ of the perfect +Taglioni. Lucy was a little astonished at her costume upon her first +appearance. She was attired as a goddess, and goddesses' gowns are +somewhat of the shortest, and their legs rather _au naturel_; but when +she came to elicit universal admiration by pointing her toe, and +revolving in the slow _pirouette_, Lucy, from the situation in which she +sat was overpowered with shame at the effect; and whilst Lady Gayland, +with her _longnette_ fixed on the stage, ejaculated, 'Beautiful! +inimitable!' the unpractised Lucy could not help exclaiming, 'O that is +too bad! I cannot stay to see that!' and she turned her head away +blushing deeply." + +"Is your ladyship ill?" exclaimed Lord Stayinmore. "Castleton, I am +afraid Lady Castleton feels herself indisposed." + +"Would you like to go?" kindly inquired Castleton. + +"O so much!" she answered. + +"Are you ill, my dear?" asked Lady Gayland. + +"Oh, no!" she said. + +"Then you had better stay, it is so beautiful." + +"Thank you, Lord Castleton is kind enough to let me go." + +(They get into the carriage.) + +"And how do you find yourself now, my dear Lucy?" tenderly inquired +Castleton, as the carriage drove off. + +"Oh, I am quite well, thank you." + +"Quite well! are you? What was it, then, that was the matter with you?" + +"There was nothing the matter with me, it was that woman." + +"What woman? what can you mean? Did you not say that you were ill; and +was not that the reason that we hurried away?" + +"No! YOU said I was ill; and I did not contradict you, because you tell +me that in the world, as you call it, it is not always right to give the +real reason for what we do; and therefore I thought, perhaps, that +though of course you wished me to come away, you liked to put it upon my +being ill." + +"Of course I wished you to come away! I was never more unwilling to move +in all my life; and nothing but consideration for your health would have +induced me to stir. Why should I have wished you to come away?" + +"Why, the naked woman," stammered Lucy. + +"What can you mean?" + +"You couldn't surely wish me to sit by the side of those people, to see +such a thing as that?" + +"As to being by the side of those people, I must remind you, that it was +Lady Gayland's box in which you were; and that whatever she, with her +acknowledged taste and refinement, sanctions with her presence, can only +be objected to by ignorance or prejudice. You have still a great deal to +learn, my dear Lucy," added he, more kindly; "and nothing can be so +fatal to your progress in that respect, as your attempting to lead, or +to find fault, with what you do not understand." + +"But surely I can understand that it is not right to do what I saw that +woman do," interrupted Lucy, presuming a little more doggedly than she +usually ventured to do on any subject with her husband; for this time +she had been really shocked by what she had seen. + +"Wrong it certainly is not, if you mean moral wrong. As to such an +exhibition being becoming or not in point of manners, that depends +entirely upon custom. Many things at your father's might strike me as +coarseness, which made no impression upon you from habit, though much +worse in my opinion than this presumed indecorum. Those things probably +arose from ignorance on your parts, which might be corrected. This, on +the other hand, from conventional indifference, consequent on custom, +which it is not in you to correct. Depend upon it you will only get +yourself laughed at, and me too, if you preach about dancers' +petticoats." + +"I don't want to preach to any body; and you know how much it fashes me +to contend with you." + +"Don't say FASHES, say distresses, or annoys, not _fashes_, for heaven's +sake, my dear Lucy." + +"Oh, dear, it was very stupid of me to forget it. That was one of the +first things you taught me, and it is a many days since I said it last; +but it is so strange to me to venture to differ with you, that I get +confused, and don't say any thing as right as I could do. Even now I +should like to ask, if modesty is a merit, whether nakedness ought to be +a show; but I'll say no more, for I dare say you won't make me go there +again." + +"No, that will be the best way to settle it." + +The plot of the Contrast is not, as the reader may perceive, one of +fashionable life: it has more of the romance of nature in its +composition: the characters are not the drawling bores that we find in +fashionable novels, though their affected freaks are occasionally +introduced to contrast with unsophisticated humility, and thus exhibit +the deformities of high life. The whole work is, however, light as +gossamer: we had almost said that a fly might read it through the +meshes, without endangering his patience or liberty. + + * * * * * + + +THE LIBRARY OF ENTERTAINING KNOWLEDGE + + +Maintains its rank in sober, we mean useful, literature. The volume +before us contains such matter as is only to be found in large and +expensive works, with a host of annotations from the journals of recent +travellers and other volumes which bear upon the main subject. This part +of the series, describing vegetable substances used for the food of man, +is executed with considerable minuteness. A Pythagorean would gloat over +its accuracy, and a vegetable diet man would become inflated with its +success in establishing his eccentricities. The contents are the +Corn-plants, Esculent Roots, Herbs, Spices, Tea, Coffee, &c. &c. In such +a multiplicity of facts as the history of these plants must necessarily +include, some misstatements may be expected. For example, the opinion +that succory is superior to coffee, though supported by Drs. Howison and +Duncan, is not entitled to notice. All over the continent, succory, or +_chicoree_, is used to _adulterate_ coffee, notwithstanding which a few +scheming persons have attempted to introduce it in this country as an +improvement, by selling it at four times its worth. Why say "it is +sometimes considered superior to the exotic berry," and in the same +page, "it is not likely to gain much esteem, where economy is not the +consideration." We looked in vain for mention of the President of the +Horticultural Society under Celery; though we never eat a fine head of +this delicious vegetable without grateful recollection of Mr. T.A. +Knight. All preachment of the economy of the Potato is judiciously +omitted, though we fear to the displeasure of Sir John Sinclair; nor is +there more space devoted to this overpraised root than it deserves. +Truffles are not only used "like mushrooms," but for stuffing game and +poultry, especially in France: who does not remember the _perdrixaux +truffes_, of the Parisian _carte_. The chapter on coffee, cacao, tea, +and sugar, is brief but entertaining. We may observe, by the way, that +one of the obstacles to the profitable cultivation of tea in this +country is our ignorance of the modes of drying, &c. as practised in +China. + +Another volume of the Entertaining Series, published since that just +noticed, contains a selection of _Criminal Trials_, amongst which are +those of Throckmorton and the Duke of Norfolk, for treason. They are, in +the main, reprints from the State Trials, which the professional editor +states to contain a large fund of instruction and _entertainment_. We +have been deceived in the latter quality, though we must admit that in +judicious hands, a volume of untiring interest might be wrought up from +the State records. As they are, their dulness and prolixity are past +endurance. As the present work proceeds in chronological order, it will +doubtless improve in its entertaining character, since no class of +literature has been more enriched by the publication of journals, +diaries, &c., than historical biography, which will thus enable the +editor to enliven his pages with characteristic traits of the principal +actors. This has been done, to some extent, in the portion before us, +and in like manner fits the volume for popular reading. + + * * * * * + + + +MANNERS & CUSTOMS OF ALL NATIONS. + + + * * * * * + + +FIRE TEMPLES IN PERSIA. + +[Illustration: Persian Temple] + + +These mystical relics are but a short journey from the celebrated ruins +of Persepolis. Mr. Buckingham describes them in his usual picturesque +language: "Having several villages in sight, as the sun rose, with +cultivated land, flocks, trees, and water, we arrived at the foot of the +mountain, which forms the northern boundary of the plain of Merdusht. +The first object we saw on the west was a small rock, on which stood two +fire altars of a peculiar form: their dimensions were five feet square +at the base, and three at the top, and they were five feet high. There +were pillars or pilasters at the corners, and arches in the sides. In +the centre of each of these, near the top, was a square basin, about +eight inches in diameter, and six in depth, for the reception of the +fire, formerly used by the disciples of Zoroaster in their worship." + +Like Pythagoras, it may be here observed, Zoroaster, the inventer of +Magic, or the doctrines of the Magi, admitted no visible object of +devotion except fire, which he considered as the most proper emblem of a +supreme being; these doctrines seem to have been preserved by Numa, in +the worship and ceremonies which he instituted in honour of Vesta. +According to some of the moderns, the doctrines, laws, and regulations +of Zoroaster are still extant, and they have been lately introduced in +Europe, in a French translation by M. Anquetil. + +Mr. Buckingham notices an existing custom, which he attributes to this +reverence to fire. "Throughout all Persia, a custom prevails of giving +the salute 'Salami Alaikom,' whenever the first lighted lamp or candle +is brought into the room in the evening; and this is done between +servants and masters as well as between equals. As this is not practised +in any other Mahommedan country, it is probably a relic of the ancient +reverence to fire, once so prevalent here, though the form of the salute +is naturally that of the present religion." + + * * * * * + + + +THE NATURALIST. + + + * * * * * + + +WHALE CHASE. + + +A Scottish journal, the _Caledonian Mercury_, describes the following +animated scene, which lately took place off the town of Stornoway, in +the island of Lewis. An immense shoal of whales was, early in the +morning, chased to the mouth of the harbour by two fishing-boats, which +had met them in the offing. + +"The circumstance was immediately descried from the shore, and a host of +boats, amounting to 30 or 40, and armed with every species of weapon, +set off to join the others in pursuit. The chase soon became one of +bustle and anxiety on the part both of man and fish. The boats arranged +themselves in the form of a crescent, in the fold of which the whales +were collected, and where they had to encounter incessant showers of +stones, splashing of oars, with frequent gashes from a harpoon or spear, +while the din created by the shouts of the boats' crews and the +multitude on shore, was tremendous. On more than one occasion, however, +the floating phalanx was broken, and it required the greatest activity +and tact ere the breach could be repaired and possession of the +fugitives regained. The shore was neared by degrees, the boats advancing +and retreating by turns, till at length they succeeded in driving the +captive monsters on a beach opposite to the town, and within a few yards +of it. The gambols of the whales were now highly diverting, and, except +when a fish became unmanageable and enraged while the harpoon was fixed, +or the noose of a rope pulled tight round its tail, they were not at all +dangerous to be approached. In the course of a few hours the capture was +complete, the shore was strewed with their dead carcases, while the sea +presented a bloody and troubled aspect, giving evident proofs that it +was with no small effort they were subdued. For fear of contagion, the +whole fish amounting to ninety-eight, some of them very large, were +immediately towed to a spot distant from the town, where they were on +Thursday sold by public roup, the proceeds to be divided among the +captors. An annual visit is generally paid by the whales to the Lewis +coast, and besides being profitable when caught, they generally furnish +a source of considerable amusement. On the present occasion, the whole +inhabitants of the place, male and female, repaired to the beach, +opposite to the scene of slaughter, where they evidently were delighted +spectators, and occasionally gave assistance. A young sailor received a +stroke from the tail of one of the largest fish, which nearly killed +him." + + * * * * * + + +AUDUBON. + + +The Philadelphia journals communicate some particulars of the journey of +this enterprising naturalist into E. Florida. He has discovered, shot, +and drawn a new Ibis, which he has named _Tantalus fuscus_. In a letter, +he says + +"I have discovered three different new species of Heath, one bearing a +yellow blossom, the two others a red and purple one;--also, a beautiful +new Kalmia, and several extraordinary parasitical plants, bearing some +resemblance to the pineapple plant, growing on the _eastern_ side of the +cyprus tree in swamps, about 6 or 10 feet above the water. + +"During my late excursion I almost became an amphibious being--spending +the most of my days in the water, and by night pitching my tent on the +barren sands. Whilst I remained at Spring Garden, the alligators were +yet in full life; the white-headed eagles setting; the smaller resident +birds paring; and strange to say, the warblers which migrate, moving +easterly every warm day, and returning every cold day, a curious +circumstance, tending to illustrate certain principles in natural +economy." + +Six boxes of prepared skins of birds, &c. as well as a number of choice +shells, seeds, roots, &c. the result of Audubon's researches, have been +received in Charleston. + +"In this collection there are between four and five hundred skins of +Birds, several of them rare in this part of the United States--some that +are never found here, and a few that have not yet been described. Of +these are two of the species of Pelican (Pelicanus) not described by +Wilson. The Parrot (psittacus Carolinensis); the palm warbler of +Buonaparte (Silvia palmerea), and the Florida Jay, a beautiful bird +without the crest, so common in that genus. + +"Among the new discoveries of Audubon in Florida, we perceive a noble +bird partaking of the appearance both of the Falcon and Vulture tribes, +which would seem to be a connecting link between the two. His habits +too, it is said, partake of his appearance, he being alternately a bird +of prey, and feeding on the same food with the Vultures. This bird +remains yet to be described, and will add not only a new species, but a +new genus to the birds of the United States. We perceive also in Mr. +Audubon's collection, a new species of Coot (Fulica).[9] + + [9] Abridged from printed extracts furnished by our + correspondent, M.L.B. + + * * * * * + + +REMARKABLE JAY. + + +A lady residing at Blackheath has in her possession a fine Jay, which +displays instinct allied to reason and reflection in no ordinary degree. +This bird is stated by a Correspondent, (A.T.) to repeat distinctly any +word that may be uttered before. She can identify persons after having +once seen them, and been told their names; the latter she will pronounce +with surprising clearness. She has a strong affection for a goldfinch in +the same apartment, the latter bird appearing to return this fondness by +fluttering its wings and other demonstrations of delight. The Jay has +also been seen playing with two kittens, while the old cat looked +composedly on at their gambols. This bird is in beautiful plumage, and +is about twenty years of age. She is well known to the residents of +Blackheath and its vicinity. + + * * * * * + + +ENTOMOLOGY. + + +I have lately observed a curious fact, which I have never seen noticed +in any book which has fallen in my way, viz. that it is the tail of the +caterpillar which becomes the head of the butterfly. I found it hard to +believe till I had convinced myself of it in a number of instances. The +caterpillar weaves its web from its mouth, finishes with the head +downwards, and the head, with the six front legs, are thrown off from +the chrysalis, and may be found dried up, but quite distinguishable, at +the bottom of the web. The butterfly comes out at the top. Is this fact +generally known?--_Corresp. Mag. Nat. Hist._ + + * * * * * + + +THE RIVER TINTO. + + +The river Tinto rises in Sierra Morena, and empties itself into the +Mediterranean, near Huelva, having the name of Tinto given it from the +tinge of its waters, which are as yellow as a topaz, hardening the sand +and petrifying it in a most surprising manner. If a stone happen to fall +in, and rest on another, they both become in a year's time perfectly +united and conglutiated. This river withers all the plants on its banks, +as well as the roots of trees, which it dyes of the same hue as its +waters. No kind of verdure will flourish where it reaches, nor any fish +live in its stream. It kills worms in cattle, when given them to drink; +but in general no animals will drink out of the river, except goats, +whose flesh, nevertheless, has an excellent flavour. These singular +properties continue till other rivulets run into it, and alter its +nature; for when it passes by Niebla, it is not different from other +rivers. It falls into the Mediterranean six leagues lower down, at the +town of Huelva, where it is two leagues broad, and admits of large +vessels, which may come up the river as high as San Juan del Puerto, +three leagues above Huelva.--_From a Correspondent._ + + * * * * * + + + +SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS + + + * * * * * + + +THE GALLEY SLAVES. + + +About a mile distant from one of the southern barriers of Paris, a +palace was built during _our_ Henry the Sixth's brief and precarious +possession of French royalty, by the Bishop of Winchester. It was known +by the name of Winchester, of which, however, the French kept +continually clipping and changing the consonants, until the Anglo-Saxon +Winchester dwindled into the French appellation of Bicetre. The Bishop's +old palace was treated as unceremoniously as his name, being burnt in +some of the civil wars. But there is this advantage in a sumptuous +edifice, that its very ruins suggest the thought and supply the means of +rebuilding it. Bicetre, accordingly, reared its head, and is now a +straggling mass of building, containing a mad-house, a poor-house, an +hospital, and a prison. + +To see it is a matter of trifling difficulty, except on one particular +day--that devoted to the rivetting of the _chaine_. A surgeon, however, +belonging to the establishment, promised to procure me admission, and on +receiving his summons, I started one forenoon for Bicetre. Mortifying +news awaited my arrival. The convicts had plotted a general insurrection +and escape, which was to have taken place on the preceding night. It had +been discovered in time, however, and such precautions taken, as +completely prevented even the attempt. The chief of these precautions +appeared in half a regiment of troops, that had bivouacked all night in +the square adjoining the prison, and were still some lying, some +loitering about. Strict orders had been issued, that no strangers should +be admitted to witness the ceremony of rivetting; and the turnkeys and +gaolers, in appearance not yet recovered from the alarm of the preceding +evening, refused to listen to either bribe, menace, or solicitation. It +was confoundedly vexatious. Whilst expostulating with the turnkey, I +caught a glimpse through a barred window of the interior court, athwart +which the chains lay extended, whilst in one railed off even from this +the convicts were crowded, marching round and round--precaution forbade +their remaining still--and uttering from time to time such yells and +imprecations as might deafen and appal a Mohawk. "I have caught a +glimpse at least," thought I, as we were unceremoniously turned out. + +My friend, the surgeon, bade us, however, not despair. When the man of +influence arrived he hoped to prevail; and in the mean time he led us to +view the other curiosities of Bicetre. There was the well, the kitchen, +the anatomical theatre. The courts were crowded with aged paupers, who +each well knew that his carcass would undergo what laceration the +scalpel of my friend and his comrades chose to inflict upon it. But the +thought seemed not to affect them so much as it did us. Methought the +business of dissecting dead subjects might have been carried on more +remote from the living candidates; but I was wrong, for mystery and +secrecy always beget fear. + +The mad-house was another curiosity. It contains many whose brain the +revolution of July, 1830, had turned. One man, a fine youth, had +travelled on foot from a distant part of the kingdom, to shed his blood +as a sacrifice to the memory of Napoleon. He gave his last franc to +obtain admission within the pillar of the Place Vendome, and when there +opened the veins of both his arms, crying out, "I offer the blood of the +brave to the manes of Napoleon." His rolling black eye was now +contrasted with a face pale as death. He had lost so much blood that few +hopes were entertained of his recovery. + +But by far the most curious patient of the mad-house, was a young man +who imagined himself to be a woman. He was handsome, but not feminine in +appearance. He adored a little mirror, with which he was gratified. Rags +of all colours were his delight; and he had made a precious collection. +His coquetry was evident; and he answered pertinently all questions, +never belying at the same time his fixed opinion, that he was endowed +with a maiden's charms. + +We looked over the book of reports, and found seven-eighths of the +female patients to have become deranged from love; whilst, with the +majority of the males, the hallucination proceeded from disappointments +of ambition. Surprised, I could make out no case of a religious maniac; +glad, I could discover none of a student. + +We now returned to machinations for the purpose of entering the +forbidden prison. Aprons were handed us, not unlike a barber's. They +were surgeons' aprons, always worn by those of the establishment when on +duty. Might not then the barbers' aprons be a tradition of the +barber-surgeons? I refrained from asking the question in that company. +The scheme was, that we should pass for _Carabins_--such is the nickname +of French students in chirurgery--and in this quality demand admission. +The Cerberus of the prison grinned at the deceit, but wearied and amused +by our importunities, he actually opened the _quicket_ and admitted us. +There are two grated doors of this kind, one always locked whilst the +other is opened. In an instant we were in Pandemonium. + +The buildings, which surrounded and formed the courts, evidently the +oldest and strongest of Bicetre, harmonized in dinginess with the scene. +At every barred window, and these were numerous, about a dozen ruffianly +heads were thrust together, to regard the chains of their +companions.--What a study of physiognomy! The murderer's scowl was +there, by the side of the laughing countenance of the vagabond, whose +shouts and jokes formed a kind of tenor to the muttered imprecations of +the other. Here and there was protruded the fine, open, high-fronted +head,--pale, striking, features, and dark looks, of some felon of +intellect and natural superiority; whilst by his side, ignominy looked +stupidly and maliciously on. A handsome little fellow at one of the +grates, was dressing his hair unconsciously with most agitated fingers, +evidently affected by the scene. Our question of "What are you in for?" +aroused him. "False signing a billet of twenty thousand francs," replied +he, with a shrug and a smile. "And he, your neighbour?" asked we +cautiously, concerning one of a fine, thoughtful, philosophic, and +passionate countenance. "Ha! you may ask--he gave his mistress a potion, +for the purpose of merely seducing her, and it turned out to be +poison--a _carabin_ like yourselves." But these made no part of the +_chaine_. + +The convicts destined for this operation were kept in movement round a +post in an adjoining court, and were shouting, rarely in intelligible +language, to their companions. Joy was the universal tone, and a +sniveller ran imminent danger. One poor fellow I remarked holding down +his head, when he was saluted with a kick from him who followed, and the +objurgation, _Tu es forcat, toi, heim?_--"You a convict, and durst be +sad." These men were all unmanacled. Methought a general rush on their +part both practicable and formidable. One half must have perished, and +the other half might have escaped. + +They were now marched out from the inner court in batches of thirty at a +time, drawn up in rank, stripped, and examined with such rigid scrutiny +as I dare not precise. They were then marched and placed along one of +the extended chains, and made to sit down, resting it in their laps. A +square fetter was then fitted and placed around the neck of each. In +this, before, some detached links from the chain were placed, whilst a +huge smith proceeded to rivet each from behind. Fixing a kind of movable +anvil behind the convict's back, the fetter that encircled his neck was +brought with its joint upon it, and half a dozen blows of the sledge +riveted the captive inextricably to the main chain and to his +twenty-nine comrades. The smith must be adroit at his task, and the +convict steady in his position; for, as the fetter is tight round the +neck, the hammer, in its blow, must pass within a quarter of an inch of +his skull, and a wince on his part might prove fatal. This, indeed, is +the trying moment, when the stoutest cheek is blanched. The sturdiest +frame, shaken by the blows of the sledge, then betrays emotion, and +tears of penitence are at that moment almost always seen to fall. On +sitting down, each had in general an air of bravado, produced in a great +measure by the regards of the seemingly more hardened ruffians from the +windows. Under the riveting there was no smile; whilst after it, apathy +was affected or resumed, each endeavouring to make his iron collar as +supportable and comfortable as possible, by enveloping it in a +handkerchief, and guaranteeing the neck from its chill or galling. + +When the _chaine_ was completed, its wearers were made to stand up. They +formed themselves in couples, the chain running betwixt two ranks, and +they walked round the yard to take their first lesson in their galling +exercise. They are thus fettered together till they reach Brest or +Toulon. The choice is left to them of walking or being carried in carts, +more provender being given to those who make the journey on foot. + +The only part of their habiliments, which seemed left to themselves to +provide, was a covering for the head, the red or green cap being given +them only upon entering the _bagne_. For their journey, some of the +fellows had provided themselves with strange head-gear, mostly made of +straw; one had a three-cocked hat; others, one of all kinds of _outre_ +shapes. A prime vagabond had woven for himself a complete and +magnificent tiara, precisely like the Roman Pontiff's in form, and +surmounted by a cross. This was the _Pope_, the Pope of the _Chaine_, +and I never heard a shout so appalling, as that with which his +appearance was welcomed by the prisoners from the windows of the +building. They danced, they yelled, tore and tumbled over each other in +the most exuberant delight, thrusting their crowded heads and distorted +features almost through the gratings. I have gleaned from it quite an +idea of a scene of merriment and exultation _below_. + +The said Pope was a very extraordinary fellow: a slight fair form, +pointed features, and eyes that were penetrating, despite their common +shade of grey. He was called _Champenois_, his real name unknown, not +more than three-and-twenty, and the Lieutenant of the _Chaine_ said, one +of the most talented and extraordinary characters that _he_ had ever met +with. He had been the prime mover of the intended insurrection, but +without a proof against him, except his universal authority, unusual in +so young a thief. His physiognomy was one, which it required not a +second look in order to remember for ever. + +Another figure struck me, not so much as singular in itself, as in +contrast with those around. It struck me as that of an English +cabin-boy, a pale, freckled, ill-conditioned lad. On following the +calling over of the register in roll, I found my conjecture too true. He +was an unfortunate young sailor, a native of England, guilty of some +misdemeanour, and by name Aikin. He understood not a word of French, but +protested with a shake of his head against his being English; patriotism +had in him outlived honesty and self-respect. I spoke to him in English: +he wept, but would not reply, puckering up his poor lips in all the +agony of his desolate condition. I was glad to remark the humanity with +which he had been chained to a prisoner, pensive and downcast like +himself. + +There were some cases certainly hard; one or two for resisting the +_gen-d'armerie_ in a riot at Rouen. To transport a rioter, unless under +aggravated circumstances, is grievous enough; but after the revolution +of July, that hallowed riot, to make a galley-slave of a _brave_ for +resisting the police, must have been at least surprising to him. The +tribunal no doubt felt the necessity of severity; and we acknowledged it +all in deploring the degradation of these poor devils for an act, which +in so many thousand others was, at the moment, extolled to the skies as +the acme of heroism. But justice hath her lottery-wheel as well as +fortune. + +As the last _chaine_ was completing, an ecclesiastic went round to +collect money of the visitors. But as there were few, so were the +offerings. The convicts at the same time produced the fruits of their +ingenuity in straw work-boxes, needle-cases, carved ivory and wood. The +guardians, to do them justice, seemed humane. + +The _bagne_ at Toulon, the destination of the members of the _chaine_, +was respectably peopled when I visited it some years ago. It contained +amongst others, Sarrazin, a famous general, who had deserted to us from +Buonaparte, and whose works on the Spanish and other campaigns, are +still read with interest. The general had caught the inexcusable habit +of marrying a wife in each town wherein he was quartered, and was sent +to the gallies for _trigintagamy_. They boasted a bishop too amongst the +convicts at Toulon, a merry little fellow, that bore his fate gaily, and +who still contrived to exercise a kind of spiritual supremacy over his +unfortunate comrades. + +The ingenuity and hardihood of these men is surprising. Despite the +vigilance, the ramparts, the fetters, and the logs, they escape hourly +and daily;--at what risk is manifest from the regulations, by which +three cannon shots always announce the disappearance of a convict, +serving to warn the peasants, and call them to earn the handsome reward +given to whoever arrests one of the branded fugitives. They are easily +recognised by the halt in one limb; as they are wont to drag after them +that which has been accustomed to the bullet. + +The only pursuits that seem to pervade the _bagne_, are those of +_eating_ and _dying_: with the exception of escape, all others are +denied. And those who have given up the latter hope, confine their +thoughts either to bettering their meagre fare of beans, or to getting +rid of existence in the most advantageous way. It is remarkable and +degrading to observe the utmost human ingenuity and industry employed, +in order to procure a dish of potatoes fried in grease once in the week. +Yet such is the luxury of a _forcat_, and he must labour for it harder +than even an Hibernian peasant, or a poet of the same line. + +The more philosophic, who scorn the luxury of potatoes, and with it the +life that affords no other, meditate how best to get rid of existence; +and this they effect almost ever in one way; viz., by killing their most +obnoxious keeper, and thus earning the guillotine. + +It is a frequent scene in the _bagne_, that of an execution. It occurs +every week or fortnight. All the convicts are obliged to attend, for the +purpose of striking them with terror, and working contrition and good +behaviour in them. Alas! it is a huge mistake. For these days are of all +other days of _fete_ to them. Their countenances are marked by universal +joy, and they shout congratulations, not condolences, to their comrade +about to perish. Death to them is indeed an escape. Its ceremony is to +them a marriage feast: and decapitation, what a _black job_ was to Lord +Portsmouth,--the only variety and excitement that could give a spur to +their heavy and painful existence. + +Speak as we may against the pains of death, this is worse, not only +physically but morally; for it degrades humanity far lower than is +conceiveable. The French have an idea that they can imitate the American +mode of punishment by solitary confinement. This again will be still +worse than the galleys; since religious consolation can alone redeem or +ameliorate man in this state of durance; and as this makes no part of +the French system, I cannot help thinking the _guillotine_ more +merciful, than either their _bagne_ or their solitary cells.--_Monthly +Magazine._ + + * * * * * + + +THE SEALS. + +Written at the suggestion of a Lover who inferred the decline, of his +mistress's affections from her changing the seals of her letters. + +BY THE AUTHOR OF THE HUNCHBACK. + + + You've changed the seal--you've changed it thrice: + Your first implied you loved: + How welcome was the dear device, + A thousand kisses proved. + + Your next was love--it spoke the flame, + Yet scarce so plain methought-- + I kiss'd it, wishing it the same + Your first sweet letter brought + + The second change, was change indeed-- + To friendship--Judge my bliss-- + And did I kiss that seal--I did-- + But 'twas a farewell kiss. + + The third--nor love, nor friendship--There + Indeed love's dream should end-- + As coldest stranger better far + Than lover turn'd to friend. + + No kiss I gave that seal--no name-- + Still dear--of thine it bore-- + The signet, whence the impress came, + Perhaps a rival wore. + + I smil'd to think 'twas so--'twas strange-- + And have such cause to sigh-- + How couldst thou--fairest creature--change? + O, wherefore could not I. + +_Monthly Mag._ + + * * * * * + +By a Parliamentary return it appears, that Kensington Palace cost the +public in 1828, 2,412_l_. 8_s_. 11_d_.; in 1829, 4,638_l_. 8_s_.; in +1830, 6,203_l_. 5_s_. 11_d_.; and in 183l, 3,921_l_. 15_s_. Hampton +Court in 1828, cost 4,430_l_. 19_s_. 5_d_.; in 1829, 5,964_l_. 13_s_. +1_d_.; in 1830, 4,144_l_. 2_s_. 4_d_.; and in 183l, 3,994_l_. 15_s_. +11_d_.--_Times_. + + * * * * * + + + +THE GATHERER. + + + * * * * * + +Dr. Johnson has remarked that the French are fond of Young's _Night +Thoughts_, a fact which is hard to be accounted for, that a nation so +celebrated for their gaiety should have a regard for an author treating +on such serious subjects. + +_Wigs_.--In the reign of Queen Anne, enormous full-bottomed wigs often +cost twenty or thirty guineas each. + +"_Capillary Attraction_."--When Charles II. was espoused to the Infanta +of Portugal, a fleet was sent over to Lisbon, with proper attendants to +bring her hither, but her majesty being informed that there were some +particular customs in Portugal, with relation to the ladies, which the +king would not easily dispense with, the fleet was detained six or seven +weeks, at a great expense, till _her majesty's hair grew_. + +(Mr. Prince, with his Russia Oil, would have prospered under Royal +Patronage in those days; and Mr. Rowland would not have needed +immortality in Byron's verse: "incomparable _huile Macassar_.") + +_The King of Kippen._--When James V. of Scotland, travelled in disguise, +he used a name which was known only to some of the principal nobility +and attendants. He was called the Goodman (the tenant, that is) of +Ballangiech. Ballangiech is a steep pass, which leads down behind the +Castle of Stirling. Once, when he was feasting in Stirling, the king +sent for some venison from the neighbouring hills. The deer were killed +and put on horses' backs to be transported to Stirling. Unluckily, they +had to pass the castle gates of Ampryor, belonging to a chief of the +Buchanans, who had a considerable number of guests with him. It was +late, and the company were rather short of victuals, though they had +more than enough of liquor. The chief, seeing so much fat venison +passing his very door, seized on it; and, to the expostulations of the +keepers, who told him that it belonged to King James, he answered +insolently, that if James was king in Scotland, he, Buchanan, was king +in Kippen, being the name of the district in which the Castle of Ampryor +lay. On hearing what had happened, the king got on horseback, and rode +instantly from Stirling to Buchanan's house, where he found a strong, +fierce-looking Highlander, with an axe on his shoulder, standing +sentinel at the door. This grim warder refused the king admittance, +saying that "the Laird of Arnpryor was at dinner, and would not be +disturbed." "Yet go up to the company, my good friend," said the king, +"and tell him that the good man of Ballangiech is come to feast with the +King of Kippen." The porter went grumbling into the house, and told his +master that there was a fellow with a red beard who called himself the +good man of Ballangiech, at the gate, and said he was come to dine with +the King of Kippen. As soon as Buchanan heard these words, he knew that +the king was there in person, and hastened down to kneel at James's +feet, and to ask forgiveness for his insolent behaviour. But the king, +who only meant to give him a fright, forgave him freely, and, going into +the castle, feasted on his own venison, which Buchanan had intercepted. +Buchanan of Arnpryor was ever afterwards called King of Kippen. + +W.G.C. + +_Remarkable Murder_.--"Anno 1605: one William Calverly, of Calverly, in +the county of York, esquire, murthered two of his own children at home +at his own house, then stabbed his wife into the body, with full intent +to have killed her, and then went out with intention to have killed his +child, at nurse, but was prevented. He was pressed to death, at York, +for this murther, because he stood mute, and would not plead."--_Old +History_. + +_Law respecting Caps_.--An old Law, enacted that every person above +seven years of age, should wear on Sundays, and Holidays, a cap of wool, +knit-made, thickened and dressed in England, by some of the trade of +Cappers--under the forfeiture of three-farthings for every day's +neglect; excepting _Maids, Ladies_, and _Gentlemen_, and every _Lord, +Knight_, and Gentleman of _Twenty marks of land_, and their _heirs_, and +such as had borne office of worship in any _City, Town_, or _Place_, and +the Wardens of the London Companies. + +T. GILL. + +_Splendid Biography_.--Richard Neville, the Great Earl of Warwick and +Salisbury, was well known in history by the appellation of the King +Maker. His biographer says, "He was a man whose hospitality was so +abundant, that the ordinary consumption of a breakfast, at his house in +London, was six oxen; whose popularity was so great, that his absence +was accounted as the absence of the sun from the hemisphere; whose +service was so courted, that men of all degrees were proud to wear the +badges of his livery; and whose authority was so potent, that kings were +raised, or deposed, as suited his humour." + +P.T.W. + +_Character of England by Henry the Seventh._--Henry the Seventh (whose +breeding had been low and private) being once pressed by some of his +council, to pursue his title to France, returned this answer: "That +France was indeed a flourishing and gallant kingdom; but England, in his +mind, was as fine a seat for a country gentleman as any that could be +found in Europe." + +G.K. + +_The Plough._ + + "Look how the purple flower, which the plough + Hath shorn in sunder, languishing doth die." + + _Peachum._ + +This implement was known to the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, and was +invented at a very early period, being perhaps nearly coeval with the +cultivation of the soil itself. Anciently, the tenants (in England) in +some manors, were not allowed to have their rural implements sharpened +by any but those whom the lord appointed; for which an acknowledgment +was to be paid, called _agusa dura_; in some places _agusage_, a fee for +sharpening plough-tackle, which some take to be the same with what was +otherwise called _reillage_, from the ancient French _reille_, a +_ploughshare_. + +_Ancient Fete at Gorhamlury._--In the year 1577, Queen Elizabeth was +entertained at Gorhambury, by Sir Nicholas Bacon, Lord Keeper, from +Saturday, May the 18th, to the Wednesday following, at the expense of +577_l_. 6_s_. 7-1/4_d_. besides fifteen bucks and two stags. Among the +dainties of the feathered kind, enumerated in this entertainment, Mr. +Nichols mentions herons, bitterns, godwites, dotterels, shovelers, +curlews, and knots. Sir Nicholas Bacon was frequently visited by the +queen, who dated many of her state papers from Gorhambury. + +P.T.W. + +_Adrian the Fourth._--Adrian the Fourth was the only Englishman who ever +filled the Papal chair. His name was Nicholas Breakspeare, and he was +born at Abbot's Langley, a village in Herts. Such was the unbounded +pride of this pontiff, that when the Emperor Frederick the First went to +Rome, in 1155, to receive the imperial diadem, the Pope, after many +difficulties concerning the ceremonial of investiture, insisted that the +emperor should prostrate himself before him, kiss his feet, hold his +stirrup, and lead the white palfrey on which the holy father rode. +Frederick did not submit to this humiliation without reluctance; and as +he took hold of the stirrup, he observed that "he had not yet been +taught the profession of a groom." In a letter to his old friend, John +of Salisbury, he says that St. Peter's Chair was the most uneasy seat in +the world, and that his crown seemed to be clapped burning on his head. +Yet did this haughty Pope (according to Dr. Cave) allow his mother to be +maintained by the alms of the church of Canterbury. + +P.T.W. + +_Quid pro quo._--A peasant of Burgundy, whom Louis XI. had taken some +notice of, while Dauphin, appeared before him when he ascended the +throne, and presented him with an extraordinary large radish; Louis +received it with much goodwill, and handsomely repaid the peasant. The +great man of the place, to whom the countryman related his good fortune, +imagined that if he were to offer Louis something, he would, at any +rate, make him a prince. Accordingly he went to court, and presented his +finest horse to the king. Louis received his present as graciously as he +had before taken the radish, and after he had sufficiently praised the +horse, "See here," said he, taking the radish in his hand, "here is a +radish, which, like your horse, is one of the rarest of its kind; I +present it to you with many thanks." + +Iota. + +_Muswell Hill_ derives its name from a famous well on the hill, where, +formerly, the fraternity of St. John of Jerusalem, in Clerkenwell, had +their dairy, with a large farm adjacent. Here they built a chapel for +the benefit of some nuns, in which they fixed the image of our Lady of +Muswell. These nuns had the sole management of the dairy: and it is +singular, that the said well and farm do, at this time, belong to the +parish of St. James, Clerkenwell. The water of this spring was then +deemed a miraculous cure for scrofulous and cutaneous disorders. For +that reason it was much resorted to; and, as tradition says, a king of +Scotland made a pilgrimage hither, and was perfectly cured. + + * * * * * + +_Printed and Published by J. 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