initial commit of ebook 11551HEADmain

15 files changed, 8703 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6833f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* text=auto
+*.txt text
+*.md text
diff --git a/11551-0.txt b/11551-0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6f2f7b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/11551-0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1483 @@
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11551 ***
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. 19, NO. 546.]    SATURDAY, MAY 12, 1832.    [PRICE 2d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+ST. PANCRAS (OLD) CHURCH.
+
+
+[Illustration: ST. PANCRAS (OLD) CHURCH.]
+
+This humble village fane is situated to the north of London, somewhat
+more than a mile from Holborn Bars. Persons unacquainted with the site,
+may hitherto have considered it as part and parcel of this vast
+metropolis: but, lo! here it stands amidst much of its primitive,
+peaceful rusticity.
+
+Pancras is still, by courtesy, called a _village_, though its charms may
+be of the _rus-in-urbe_ description. It derives its name from the saint
+to whom the church is dedicated:[1] it was called St. Pancras when the
+Survey of Domesday was taken. The parish is of great extent. Mr. Lysons
+states it at 2,700 acres of land, including the site of buildings. It is
+bounded on the north by Islington, Hornsey, and Finchley; and on the
+west by Hampstead and Marybone. On the south it meets the parishes of
+St. Giles's in the Fields, St. George the Martyr, St. George,
+Bloomsbury, and St. Andrew's, Holborn.[2] On the east it is bounded by
+St. James's, Clerkenwell. Kentish Town, part of Highgate, Camden Town,
+and Somer's Town,[3] are comprised within this parish as hamlets. Mr.
+Lysons supposes it to have included the prebendal manor of Kentish
+Town,[4] or Cantelows, which now constitutes a stall in St. Paul's
+Cathedral. Among the prebendaries have been men eminent for their
+learning and piety: as Lancelot Andrews, bishop of Winchester, Dr.
+Sherlock, Archdeacon Paley, and the Rev. William Beloe, B.D. well known
+by his translation of Herodotus.
+
+    [1] St. Pancras was a young Phrygian nobleman, who suffered
+    death under the Emperor Dioclesian, for his zealous adherence to
+    the Christian faith.
+
+    [2] Lysons's Environs, 4to. vol. ii. part ii.
+
+    [3] The parish extends in this direction to the foot of Gray's
+    Inn Lane, and includes part of a house in Queen's Square.
+
+    [4] Anciently Kentistonne, where William Bruges, Garter King at
+    Arms in the reign of Henry V. had a country-house, at which he
+    entertained the emperor Sigismund.
+
+It would occupy too much space to detail the progressive increase of
+this district. When a visitation of the church was made in the year
+1251, there were only forty houses in the parish. The desolate situation
+of the village in the latter part of the sixteenth century is
+emphatically described by Norden, in his _Speculum Britanniæ_. After
+noticing the solitary condition of the church, he says, "yet about this
+structure have bin manie buildings now decaied, leaving poore Pancras
+without companie or comfort." In some manuscription additions to his
+work, the same writer has the following observations:--"Although this
+place be, as it were, forsaken of all; and true men seldom frequent the
+same, but upon devyne occasions; yet it is visyted by thieves, who
+assemble there not to pray, but to wait for praye; and manie fell into
+their handes, clothed, that are glad when they are escaped naked. Walk
+not there too late." Newcourt, whose work was published in 1700, says
+that houses had been built near the church. The first important increase
+of the parish took place in the neighbourhood of Tottenham Court Road.
+
+"Pancras Church," says Norden, "standeth all alone, as utterly forsaken,
+old and wether-beten, which, for the antiquity thereof, it is thought
+not to yield to Paules in London." It is of rude Gothic architecture,
+built of stones and flints, which are now covered with plaster. Mr.
+Lysons says, "It is certainly not older than the fourteenth century,
+perhaps in Norden's time it had the appearance of great decay; the same
+building, nevertheless, repaired from time to time, still remains; looks
+no longer 'old and wether-beten,' and may still exist perhaps to be
+spoken of by some antiquary of a future century. It is a very small
+structure, consisting only of a nave and chancel; at the west end is a
+low tower, with a kind of dome."[5] Mr. Lysons speaks of the
+disproportionate size of the church to the population of the parish; but
+since his time another church has been erected, the splendour and size
+of which in every respect accord with the increased wealth and numbers
+of the parish.
+
+    [5] The visitation of the church in the year 1251, mentions a
+    very small tower, a good slope font, and a small marble stone
+    ornamented with copper to carry the _Pax_.
+
+The church and churchyard of Pancras have long been noted as the
+burial-place of such Roman Catholics as die in London and its
+vicinity.[6] Many of the tombs exhibit a cross, and the initials R.I.P.
+(_Requiescat in pace_), which initials, or others analogous to them, are
+always used by the Catholics on their sepulchral monuments. Mr. Lysons
+heard it assigned by some of that persuasion, as a reason for this
+preference to Pancras as a burial-place, that masses were formerly said
+in a church in the south of France, dedicated to the same saint, for the
+souls of the deceased interred at St. Pancras in England. After the
+French revolution, a great number of ecclesiastics and other refugees,
+some of them of high rank, were buried in this churchyard; and in 1811,
+Mr. Lysons observed that probably about 30 of the French clergy had on
+an average been buried at Pancras for some years past: in 1801 there
+were 41, and in 1802, 32. Mr. Lysons's explanation of this preference to
+Pancras by the Catholics is, however, disputed by the author of
+_Ecclesiastical Topography_, who observes that a reason more generally
+given is, that "Pancras was the last church in England where mass was
+performed after the Reformation."
+
+    [6] Strype, in his additions to Stowe, says, the Roman Catholics
+    have of late _effected_ to be buried at this place.
+
+In the chancel are monuments of Daniel Clarke, Esq. who had been
+master-cook to Queen Elizabeth; and of Cooper the artist, whose style
+approached so near to that of Vandyke, that he has been called Vandyke
+in miniature: he taught the author of Hudibras to paint; his wife was
+sister to Pope's mother.
+
+In the churchyard are the tombs of Anthony Woodhead, 1678, who was in
+his day, the great champion of the Roman Catholic religion, and was
+reputed to have written the Whole Duty of Man; Lady Slingsby, whose name
+occurs as an actress in Dryden and Lee's plays, from 1681 to 1689;
+Jeremy Collier, 1726, the pertinacious non-juror, who repressed the
+immoralities of the stage; Ned Ward, author of the London Spy, 1731;
+Leoni, the architect, 1746; Lady Henrietta, wife of Beard, the vocalist,
+1753; Van Bleeck, the portrait-painter; Ravenet, the engraver, 1764;
+Mazzinghi, 1775, leader of the band at Marylebone Gardens, and father of
+Mazzinghi, the celebrated composer; Henry and Robert Rackett, Pope's
+nephews; Woollett, the engraver, 1785, to whose memory a monument has
+been placed in the cloisters of Westminster Abbey; Baron de Wenzel, the
+celebrated oculist, 1790; Mary Wollestonecraft Godwin, author of a
+Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1797; the Rev. Arthur O'Leary, or
+Father O'Leary, the amiable Franciscan friar, 1802; Paoli, the patriotic
+Corsican, 1807; Walker editor of the Pronouncing Dictionary; the
+Chevalier d'Eon, 1810, of epicene notoriety; and Packer, the comedian,
+1806, who is said to have performed 4,852 times, besides walking in
+processions; Edwards, professor of Perspective, 1806; Scheemakers, the
+statuary, 1808.
+
+In the _Beauties of England and Wales_, it is stated that 23 acres of
+land belong to the church; and the great increase of buildings renders
+these of considerable value; though it is not known to whom the church
+is indebted for this possession.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ELEGY.
+
+FROM THE GERMAN.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+  Through oak-woods green,
+    A silver sheen,
+  Sweet moon, from thee
+    Afforded me
+  A tranquil joy,
+    Me, _then_, a happy boy.
+  Still makes thy light
+    My window bright,
+  But can no more
+    Lost peace restore:
+  My brow is shaded,
+    My cheek with weeping faded.
+  Thy beams, O moon,
+    Will glitter soon,
+  As softly clear,
+    Upon my bier:
+  For soon, earth must
+    Conceal in youth my dust.
+
+  C.H.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CLEOPATRA'S NEEDLES.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+These remains of ancient art are destined to be removed to Europe.[7]
+The palace of Cleopatra was built upon the walls facing the port of
+Alexandria, Egypt, having a gallery on the outside, supported by several
+fine columns. Towards the eastern part of the palace are two obelisks,
+vulgarly called _Cleopatra's Needles_. They are of Thebaic stone, and
+covered with hieroglyphics; one is overturned, broken, and lying under
+the sand; the other is on its pedestal. These two obelisks, each of them
+of a single stone, are about sixty feet high, by seven feet square at
+the base. The Egyptian priests called these obelisks the sun's fingers,
+because they served as stiles or gnomons to mark the hours on the
+ground. In the first ages of the world they were made use of to transmit
+to posterity the principal precepts of philosophy, which were engraven
+on them in hieroglyphics.
+
+  "Between the statues, _Obelisks_ were placed:
+  And the learned walls with _hieroglyphics_ grac'd.
+                            _Pope._
+
+In after ages they were used to immortalize the actions of heroes, and
+the memory of persons beloved.
+
+    [7] One is stated to be on its way to England; our parliament
+    has voted 10,000_l_ to defray the expense. The other needle is
+    destined for France.
+
+The first obelisk we know of was that raised by Rameses, King of Egypt,
+in the time of the Trojan war. Augustus erected an obelisk at Rome, in
+the Campus Martius, which served to mark the hours on an horizontal
+dial, drawn on the pavement. This obelisk was brought from Egypt, and
+was said to have been formed by Sesostris, near a thousand years before
+Christ. It was used by Manlius for the same purpose for which it was
+originally destined, namely, to measure the height of the sun.
+
+P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE DYING MAIDEN'S PARDON TO HER FAITHLESS LOVER.
+
+FROM THE FRENCH.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+  If death's keen anguish thou would'st charm
+    Ere speeds his fatal dart,
+  Come, place thine hand--while yet 'tis warm,
+    Upon my breaking heart.
+
+  And though remorse--thou may'st not feel
+    When its last throb is o'er,
+  Thou'lt say--"that heart which lov'd so well,
+    Shall passion feel no more."
+
+  E'en love for thee forsakes my soul--
+    Thy work, relentless see,
+  Near as I am life's destin'd gaol,
+    I'm frozen--less than thee.
+
+  Yet take this heart--I ne'er had more
+    To give thee in thy need:
+  Search well--for at its inmost core,
+    Thy pardon thou may'st read.
+
+T.R.P.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+ANECDOTE GALLERY.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TRAITS OF IRISH CHARACTER.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+A gentleman residing in the vicinity of Dublin, found, notwithstanding
+the protection of a thick, and thorny hedge, that great depredations
+were committed on his garden and paddocks; so he inclosed them with a
+high, strong wall. As he kept cows, and had more milk than was
+sufficient for his family, he distributed the overplus amongst his poor
+neighbours. One day, inspecting in person, this distribution, he saw a
+woman attending with her pails, who, he was tolerably certain did not
+require such assistance. "You, here! my good friend," said he, "I
+thought you kept a cow?"
+
+"Ay, plase yer honour's honour, and _two_ it was that I _once_ kept, the
+craters!"
+
+"_Once_, why don't you keep them now?"
+
+"Ough! 'tis yeaself must answer that question, for why? the bastes did
+well enough afore your rav'rence run up that bit o' wall round your
+fields, seein' the cows lived off your grass; but sorra for me now, I've
+sold 'em both, by rason I couldn't _keep_ 'em no longer."
+
+An English gentleman, on a tour in Ireland, was beset at a fine
+waterfall by numerous beggars; one woman was particularly clamorous for
+relief, but Mr. R. instructed by his guide, said to her, "My good
+friend, you cannot possibly want relief, as you keep several cows, and
+have a very profitable farm; indeed I cannot bestow my charity upon
+you." The woman, looking sulky, and _detected_, immediately pointed to
+another, exclaiming, "Then give to _her_, for she's got _nothing_!" The
+stranger in Dublin is particularly requested to send all beggars to an
+institution in Copper Alley, for their relief. Being once much
+importuned by an old man for money, we desired him to go to this place.
+"I can't," said he.
+
+"Why not?"
+
+"Becase 'tis a bad place for the poor."
+
+"How so? don't they give you anything to eat?"
+
+"Ah, yes, yes, but the thing is, my jewel, they wont by no manes give a
+poor body _anything to drink_." The intelligent reader will not be at a
+loss to translate the complaint of thirsty Pat.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FRENCH CRUELTY.
+
+
+During the late French Revolution, one of the royalist soldiers having
+his horse shot under him by a pupil of the Polytechnic School, and
+finding when thus brought down, that he could not regain his feet and
+resume a posture of defence, but was entirely at the mercy of his
+ferocious young adversary, he immediately surrendered his sword,
+exclaiming, "I am your prisoner, and entreat of you mercy and life." To
+which the _generous_ and _heroic_ youth replied, "No prisoners, no
+mercy!" and taking from his pocket a pike-head or some similar rough
+weapon, deliberately drove it into the unfortunate soldier's heart!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+EFFRONTERY.
+
+
+A nobleman being, it is said, some years since, in the shop of a
+celebrated London shoemaker, saw, pass through it, a very handsome young
+woman, "Who is that fine girl?" said he.
+
+"My daughter," replied the _cord-wainer_, "with sixty thousand pounds at
+your lordship's service."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A BLUNDER.
+
+
+Literary topics came under discussion one evening in a small social
+circle, of which the writer made one, and particularly the
+autobiographical works, and personal memoirs, now so much in vogue. A
+gentleman then stated, that having seen much of the world, he thought he
+must follow the fashion, and one day favour it with his own life and
+adventures. Numerous ladies were to figure in his book, which was, in
+fact, as he modestly gave the present company to understand, to be a
+complete chronicle of the flirtations and conquests of himself, and male
+allies, with letters, portraits, &c. and _names_ in full. "But,"
+remarked a lady, humouring the jest, "if you _do_ render your book so
+very personal, are you not afraid of the consequences?"
+
+"Not at all," replied the embryo author very gravely, "for though I
+shall enjoy the remarks of the world, upon my _autobiography_, they
+cannot affect me, as it will of course be a _posthumous work_."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+COOL COURAGE.
+
+
+During the disastrous fire of the Kent East Indiaman, a lady on board
+exhibited a very singular instance of _sang froid_ and presence of mind.
+Being in one of the cabins, with a large, helpless, despairing, and of
+course, most troublesome party, chiefly of her own sex, "all hands" of
+the other being "turned up," we presume, to check the advances of the
+devouring element, she proposed, by way of keeping them quiet, _to make
+tea for them_, and we believe her proposal was accepted, and had the
+desired effect.
+
+_Great Marlow, Bucks_.
+
+M.L.B.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ABSTRACT STUDIES.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+Demosthenes to be the more removed from noise, and less subject to
+distraction, caused a small chamber to be made under ground, in which he
+shut himself up sometimes for whole months, shaving half his head and
+only half his face, that he might not be in a condition to go abroad. It
+was there, by the light of a small lamp, he composed his admirable
+Orations, which were said by those who envied him, to smell of the oil,
+to imply that they were too elaborate. He rose very early, and used to
+say, that he was sorry when any workman was at his business before him.
+He copied Thucydides' history eight times with his own hand, in order to
+render the style of that great man familiar to him.
+
+Adrian Turnebus, a French critic, was so indefatigable in his study,
+that it was said of him, as it was of Budaeus, that he spent some hours
+in study even on the day he was married.
+
+Frederick Morel had so strong an attachment to study, that when he was
+informed of his wife's being at the point of death, he would not lay
+down his pen, till he had finished what he was upon, and when she was
+dead, as she was before they could prevail on him to stir, he was only
+heard to reply coldly, "I am very sorry, she was a good woman."
+
+Sir Isaac Newton, when he had any mathematical problems or solutions in
+his mind, would never quit the subject on any account; dinner was often
+known to be three hours ready for him before he could be brought to
+table. His man often said, when he was getting up in the morning, and
+began to dress, he would, with one leg in his breeches, sit down again
+on the bed, and remain there for hours before he got his clothes on.
+
+Mr. Abraham Sharp, the astronomer, through his love of study, was very
+irregular as to his meals, which he frequently took in the following
+manner: a little square hole, something like a window, made a
+communication between the room where he usually studied, and another
+chamber in the house, where a servant could enter, and before this hole
+he had contrived a sliding board, the servant always placing his
+victuals in the hole, without speaking a word or making the least noise,
+and when he had leisure he visited it to see what it contained, and to
+satisfy his hunger or thirst. But it often happened that the breakfast,
+the dinner, and the supper remained untouched by him, so deeply was he
+engaged in his calculations and solemn musings. At one time after his
+provisions had been neglected for a long season, his family became
+uneasy, and resolved to break in upon his retirement; he complained, but
+with great mildness, that they had disconcerted his thoughts in a chain
+of calculations which had cost him intense application for three days
+successively. On an old oak table, where for a long course of years he
+used to write, cavities might easily be perceived, worn by the perpetual
+rubbing of his arms and elbows.[8]
+
+SWAINE.
+
+    [8] Mr. Colton used to say that he wrote his treasurable,
+    "Lacon: or, many things in a few words," upon a small, rickety
+    deal table. We perceive from Galignani's _Messenger_, that Mr.
+    Colton put an end to his existence, a few days since, at
+    Fontainbleau, it is stated in consequence of the dread of a
+    surgical operation which it had become necessary that he should
+    undergo.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE SELECTOR; AND LITERARY NOTICES OF _NEW WORKS_.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE CONTRAST.
+
+
+The title of Lord Mulgrave's clever novel is sufficiently explained by
+the hero, Lord Castleton, a man of high refinement, marrying an
+unsophisticated, uneducated peasant girl. The scenes and incidents of
+her introduction into the fashionable world are replete with humour, yet
+true to the life. Thus, how naturally are her new Ladyship's
+embarrassments told:--
+
+"There were some points on which she would even have endeavoured to
+extract knowledge from the servants; but dreading, from her former
+habits, nothing so much as too great a familiarity in this respect,
+Castleton had made it one of his first desires to her, that she would
+confine her communications with them, to asking for what she wanted. To
+this, as to every other desire of his, she yielded, as far as she could,
+implicit obedience; but it was often a great exertion on her part to do
+so. Of her own maid she had felt from the first a considerable awe; and
+to such a degree did this continue, that she could not conceive any
+fatigue from labour equal to the burthen of her assistance. Being
+naturally of a disposition both active and obliging, it was quite new to
+her to have any thing done for her which she could do for herself. For
+some time she had as great a horror of touching a bell-rope, as others
+have in touching the string of a shower-bath; and when services were
+obtruded on her by the domestics as a matter of course, she had much
+difficulty in checking the exuberance of her gratitude.
+
+"At home, Big Betsey, mentioned before as the maid of all work, never
+considered as any part of her multitudinous duties the waiting on Miss
+Lucy, who she not only said 'mought moind herself,' but sometimes called
+to her, almost authoritatively, 'to lend a hauping haund.' It was,
+probably, in consequence of the habit thus engendered, that Lady
+Castleton was one day caught 'lending a helping hand' to an over-loaded
+under laundry-maid, who had been sent by her superior with a
+wicker-bound snowy freight of her Ladyship's own superfine linen. But of
+all the irksome feelings caused by Lucy's new position, there was none
+from which she suffered more, than _waiting_ to be _waited on_. And it
+was hinted in the hall, that when my Lord was not in the room, my Lady
+got up to help herself to what she wanted from the sideboard!! And it
+was whispered in the female conclave of the housekeeper's room, that her
+Lady-ship seemed even to like to--lace her own stays!!"
+
+Again, after Lady Castleton receiving a visit from a ton-ish family, his
+Lordship asks:--
+
+And did they make many inquiries of you? ask many questions?"
+
+"Oh, such a many!"
+
+"So many, dearest love, you mean to say."
+
+"Well, so I do, thank you; and then the mamma asked me, as she had never
+seen me before, if I had not been much abroad; and I said, never at all
+till I married; and then she said, 'What! had I been to Paris since?'
+and I find she meant foreign parts by abroad. And she told me that we
+ought to go to London soon; that the season was advanced, and that the
+Pasta would come out soon this spring. What is the Pasta--a plant?"
+
+"A plant! no, love. Pasta is a singer's name, you could not be expected
+to know that; but I hope you didn't say any thing to show them your
+ignorance?"
+
+"Oh, no; you told me, whenever I was completely puzzled, that silence
+was best; so I said nothing. Pasta's the name of a singer, then! Oh,
+that accounts, for a moment after she the mamma said, that her daughter
+Arabella sang delightfully, and asked me if I would sing with her; so I
+said no, I'd much rather listen. That was right, warn't it? You see I
+knew you'd ask me all about it, so I recollected it for you. Arabella
+then asked me if I would accompany her? so I said, Wherever she
+liked,--where did she want to go? But, I suppose, she altered her mind,
+for she sat down to the grand instrument you had brought here for me to
+begin my lessons upon; and then she sang such an extraordinary song--all
+coming from her throat. And the sister asked me if I understood German?
+and I answered, No, nor French neither."
+
+"That was an unnecessary addition, my love."
+
+"Well, so it was. Then the youngest sister explained to me, that it was
+a song a Swiss peasant girl sang whilst she was milking her cow; and I
+said that must be very difficult, to sing while milking a cow. And then
+the mamma asked how I knew; and I said I had _tried_ very _often_."
+
+"How could you, dear Lucy, volunteer such an avowal?"
+
+"I thought you would be afraid of that; but it all did very well, for
+the mother said I was so amusing, had so much natural wit, and they all
+tried to persuade me I had said something clever."
+
+"Well, go on--and what then?"
+
+"And then the lady took me aside, and began saying so much in praise of
+you; and when she once got me on that subject, I was ready and glib
+enough, I warrant you. But somehow, though I then found it so much
+easier to speak, I find it more difficult to recollect exactly what I
+said. Is not that strange? And then she said that my happiness would
+excite so much envy in the great world; that you had been admired,
+courted, nay, even loved by rich, noble, clever ladies. Why was all
+this? and how could you ever think to leave all these, to seek out from
+her quiet home your poor little Lucy?"
+
+"Oh, that's a story of by-gone days. These were follies of my youth,
+which I thought I had lived to repent.
+
+  "'Nor knew, till seated by thy side,
+  My heart in all save hope the same.'"
+
+"Why, save hope, my dear Lord? What may you not only hope, but trust,
+from my constant devotion?"
+
+"I did not mean to tie myself precisely to every word I uttered. It was
+only a quotation."
+
+"And what is a quotation?"
+
+"A quotation is the vehicle in which imagination posts forward, when she
+only hires her Pegasus from memory. Or sometimes it is only a quit-rent,
+which the intellectual cultivator, who farms an idea, pays to the
+original proprietor; or rather,"--(seeing that he was not making the
+matter more intelligible by his explanation,)--"or rather, it is when we
+convey our own thoughts by the means of the more perfect expressions of
+some favourite author."
+
+"But then, surely _you_ need not be driven to borrow, whose own words
+always sound to me like a book. As for poor me, I wish I could talk in
+quotations for ever; then I need not fear to make these mistakes, which,
+as it is, I am afraid I am always like to do."
+
+(A scene at _the Opera_ is richer still: the performance _Semiramide_:)
+
+"Lady Gayland took the opportunity of inquiring of Lady Castleton, 'how
+the opera had amused her?' There was that unmistakable air of real
+interest in Lady Gayland's manner, whenever she addressed Lucy, which
+made her always reply in a tone of confidence, different from that which
+she felt towards any other member of the society in which she moved.
+
+"Why, to tell the honest truth," said she, leaning forwards towards her
+questioner, "I can't say that I could the least understand what it all
+meant. It's not likely that people should sing when they're in such
+sorrow; and then I can't guess why that young man should kill the queen
+that was so kind to him all along."
+
+"I don't wonder that that should surprise you, my dear; but he was not
+aware of what he was doing. It was in the dark."
+
+"In the dark! But I could see very well who it was, though I did not
+know her so well as he did, and was so much farther off."
+
+"I am afraid you are in the dark, too, a little as yet," said Lady
+Gayland, (tapping her gently with her fan.) "But, tell me, did you not
+admire the singing, though you could not understand the story."
+
+"Why, I should, perhaps, if I had known the language; but even then they
+seemed to me more like birds, than men and women singing words. I like a
+song that I can make out every word that's said."
+
+"The curtain then rose for the ballet; at first, Lucy was delighted with
+the scenery and pageantry, for the spectacle was grand and imposing. But
+at length the resounding plaudits announced the _entrée_ of the perfect
+Taglioni. Lucy was a little astonished at her costume upon her first
+appearance. She was attired as a goddess, and goddesses' gowns are
+somewhat of the shortest, and their legs rather _au naturel_; but when
+she came to elicit universal admiration by pointing her toe, and
+revolving in the slow _pirouette_, Lucy, from the situation in which she
+sat was overpowered with shame at the effect; and whilst Lady Gayland,
+with her _longnette_ fixed on the stage, ejaculated, 'Beautiful!
+inimitable!' the unpractised Lucy could not help exclaiming, 'O that is
+too bad! I cannot stay to see that!' and she turned her head away
+blushing deeply."
+
+"Is your ladyship ill?" exclaimed Lord Stayinmore. "Castleton, I am
+afraid Lady Castleton feels herself indisposed."
+
+"Would you like to go?" kindly inquired Castleton.
+
+"O so much!" she answered.
+
+"Are you ill, my dear?" asked Lady Gayland.
+
+"Oh, no!" she said.
+
+"Then you had better stay, it is so beautiful."
+
+"Thank you, Lord Castleton is kind enough to let me go."
+
+(They get into the carriage.)
+
+"And how do you find yourself now, my dear Lucy?" tenderly inquired
+Castleton, as the carriage drove off.
+
+"Oh, I am quite well, thank you."
+
+"Quite well! are you? What was it, then, that was the matter with you?"
+
+"There was nothing the matter with me, it was that woman."
+
+"What woman? what can you mean? Did you not say that you were ill; and
+was not that the reason that we hurried away?"
+
+"No! YOU said I was ill; and I did not contradict you, because you tell
+me that in the world, as you call it, it is not always right to give the
+real reason for what we do; and therefore I thought, perhaps, that
+though of course you wished me to come away, you liked to put it upon my
+being ill."
+
+"Of course I wished you to come away! I was never more unwilling to move
+in all my life; and nothing but consideration for your health would have
+induced me to stir. Why should I have wished you to come away?"
+
+"Why, the naked woman," stammered Lucy.
+
+"What can you mean?"
+
+"You couldn't surely wish me to sit by the side of those people, to see
+such a thing as that?"
+
+"As to being by the side of those people, I must remind you, that it was
+Lady Gayland's box in which you were; and that whatever she, with her
+acknowledged taste and refinement, sanctions with her presence, can only
+be objected to by ignorance or prejudice. You have still a great deal to
+learn, my dear Lucy," added he, more kindly; "and nothing can be so
+fatal to your progress in that respect, as your attempting to lead, or
+to find fault, with what you do not understand."
+
+"But surely I can understand that it is not right to do what I saw that
+woman do," interrupted Lucy, presuming a little more doggedly than she
+usually ventured to do on any subject with her husband; for this time
+she had been really shocked by what she had seen.
+
+"Wrong it certainly is not, if you mean moral wrong. As to such an
+exhibition being becoming or not in point of manners, that depends
+entirely upon custom. Many things at your father's might strike me as
+coarseness, which made no impression upon you from habit, though much
+worse in my opinion than this presumed indecorum. Those things probably
+arose from ignorance on your parts, which might be corrected. This, on
+the other hand, from conventional indifference, consequent on custom,
+which it is not in you to correct. Depend upon it you will only get
+yourself laughed at, and me too, if you preach about dancers'
+petticoats."
+
+"I don't want to preach to any body; and you know how much it fashes me
+to contend with you."
+
+"Don't say FASHES, say distresses, or annoys, not _fashes_, for heaven's
+sake, my dear Lucy."
+
+"Oh, dear, it was very stupid of me to forget it. That was one of the
+first things you taught me, and it is a many days since I said it last;
+but it is so strange to me to venture to differ with you, that I get
+confused, and don't say any thing as right as I could do. Even now I
+should like to ask, if modesty is a merit, whether nakedness ought to be
+a show; but I'll say no more, for I dare say you won't make me go there
+again."
+
+"No, that will be the best way to settle it."
+
+The plot of the Contrast is not, as the reader may perceive, one of
+fashionable life: it has more of the romance of nature in its
+composition: the characters are not the drawling bores that we find in
+fashionable novels, though their affected freaks are occasionally
+introduced to contrast with unsophisticated humility, and thus exhibit
+the deformities of high life. The whole work is, however, light as
+gossamer: we had almost said that a fly might read it through the
+meshes, without endangering his patience or liberty.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE LIBRARY OF ENTERTAINING KNOWLEDGE
+
+
+Maintains its rank in sober, we mean useful, literature. The volume
+before us contains such matter as is only to be found in large and
+expensive works, with a host of annotations from the journals of recent
+travellers and other volumes which bear upon the main subject. This part
+of the series, describing vegetable substances used for the food of man,
+is executed with considerable minuteness. A Pythagorean would gloat over
+its accuracy, and a vegetable diet man would become inflated with its
+success in establishing his eccentricities. The contents are the
+Corn-plants, Esculent Roots, Herbs, Spices, Tea, Coffee, &c. &c. In such
+a multiplicity of facts as the history of these plants must necessarily
+include, some misstatements may be expected. For example, the opinion
+that succory is superior to coffee, though supported by Drs. Howison and
+Duncan, is not entitled to notice. All over the continent, succory, or
+_chicorée_, is used to _adulterate_ coffee, notwithstanding which a few
+scheming persons have attempted to introduce it in this country as an
+improvement, by selling it at four times its worth. Why say "it is
+sometimes considered superior to the exotic berry," and in the same
+page, "it is not likely to gain much esteem, where economy is not the
+consideration." We looked in vain for mention of the President of the
+Horticultural Society under Celery; though we never eat a fine head of
+this delicious vegetable without grateful recollection of Mr. T.A.
+Knight. All preachment of the economy of the Potato is judiciously
+omitted, though we fear to the displeasure of Sir John Sinclair; nor is
+there more space devoted to this overpraised root than it deserves.
+Truffles are not only used "like mushrooms," but for stuffing game and
+poultry, especially in France: who does not remember the _perdrixaux
+truffes_, of the Parisian _carte_. The chapter on coffee, cacao, tea,
+and sugar, is brief but entertaining. We may observe, by the way, that
+one of the obstacles to the profitable cultivation of tea in this
+country is our ignorance of the modes of drying, &c. as practised in
+China.
+
+Another volume of the Entertaining Series, published since that just
+noticed, contains a selection of _Criminal Trials_, amongst which are
+those of Throckmorton and the Duke of Norfolk, for treason. They are, in
+the main, reprints from the State Trials, which the professional editor
+states to contain a large fund of instruction and _entertainment_. We
+have been deceived in the latter quality, though we must admit that in
+judicious hands, a volume of untiring interest might be wrought up from
+the State records. As they are, their dulness and prolixity are past
+endurance. As the present work proceeds in chronological order, it will
+doubtless improve in its entertaining character, since no class of
+literature has been more enriched by the publication of journals,
+diaries, &c., than historical biography, which will thus enable the
+editor to enliven his pages with characteristic traits of the principal
+actors. This has been done, to some extent, in the portion before us,
+and in like manner fits the volume for popular reading.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+MANNERS & CUSTOMS OF ALL NATIONS.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FIRE TEMPLES IN PERSIA.
+
+[Illustration: Persian Temple]
+
+
+These mystical relics are but a short journey from the celebrated ruins
+of Persepolis. Mr. Buckingham describes them in his usual picturesque
+language: "Having several villages in sight, as the sun rose, with
+cultivated land, flocks, trees, and water, we arrived at the foot of the
+mountain, which forms the northern boundary of the plain of Merdusht.
+The first object we saw on the west was a small rock, on which stood two
+fire altars of a peculiar form: their dimensions were five feet square
+at the base, and three at the top, and they were five feet high. There
+were pillars or pilasters at the corners, and arches in the sides. In
+the centre of each of these, near the top, was a square basin, about
+eight inches in diameter, and six in depth, for the reception of the
+fire, formerly used by the disciples of Zoroaster in their worship."
+
+Like Pythagoras, it may be here observed, Zoroaster, the inventer of
+Magic, or the doctrines of the Magi, admitted no visible object of
+devotion except fire, which he considered as the most proper emblem of a
+supreme being; these doctrines seem to have been preserved by Numa, in
+the worship and ceremonies which he instituted in honour of Vesta.
+According to some of the moderns, the doctrines, laws, and regulations
+of Zoroaster are still extant, and they have been lately introduced in
+Europe, in a French translation by M. Anquetil.
+
+Mr. Buckingham notices an existing custom, which he attributes to this
+reverence to fire. "Throughout all Persia, a custom prevails of giving
+the salute 'Salami Alaikom,' whenever the first lighted lamp or candle
+is brought into the room in the evening; and this is done between
+servants and masters as well as between equals. As this is not practised
+in any other Mahommedan country, it is probably a relic of the ancient
+reverence to fire, once so prevalent here, though the form of the salute
+is naturally that of the present religion."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE NATURALIST.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WHALE CHASE.
+
+
+A Scottish journal, the _Caledonian Mercury_, describes the following
+animated scene, which lately took place off the town of Stornoway, in
+the island of Lewis. An immense shoal of whales was, early in the
+morning, chased to the mouth of the harbour by two fishing-boats, which
+had met them in the offing.
+
+"The circumstance was immediately descried from the shore, and a host of
+boats, amounting to 30 or 40, and armed with every species of weapon,
+set off to join the others in pursuit. The chase soon became one of
+bustle and anxiety on the part both of man and fish. The boats arranged
+themselves in the form of a crescent, in the fold of which the whales
+were collected, and where they had to encounter incessant showers of
+stones, splashing of oars, with frequent gashes from a harpoon or spear,
+while the din created by the shouts of the boats' crews and the
+multitude on shore, was tremendous. On more than one occasion, however,
+the floating phalanx was broken, and it required the greatest activity
+and tact ere the breach could be repaired and possession of the
+fugitives regained. The shore was neared by degrees, the boats advancing
+and retreating by turns, till at length they succeeded in driving the
+captive monsters on a beach opposite to the town, and within a few yards
+of it. The gambols of the whales were now highly diverting, and, except
+when a fish became unmanageable and enraged while the harpoon was fixed,
+or the noose of a rope pulled tight round its tail, they were not at all
+dangerous to be approached. In the course of a few hours the capture was
+complete, the shore was strewed with their dead carcases, while the sea
+presented a bloody and troubled aspect, giving evident proofs that it
+was with no small effort they were subdued. For fear of contagion, the
+whole fish amounting to ninety-eight, some of them very large, were
+immediately towed to a spot distant from the town, where they were on
+Thursday sold by public roup, the proceeds to be divided among the
+captors. An annual visit is generally paid by the whales to the Lewis
+coast, and besides being profitable when caught, they generally furnish
+a source of considerable amusement. On the present occasion, the whole
+inhabitants of the place, male and female, repaired to the beach,
+opposite to the scene of slaughter, where they evidently were delighted
+spectators, and occasionally gave assistance. A young sailor received a
+stroke from the tail of one of the largest fish, which nearly killed
+him."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+AUDUBON.
+
+
+The Philadelphia journals communicate some particulars of the journey of
+this enterprising naturalist into E. Florida. He has discovered, shot,
+and drawn a new Ibis, which he has named _Tantalus fuscus_. In a letter,
+he says
+
+"I have discovered three different new species of Heath, one bearing a
+yellow blossom, the two others a red and purple one;--also, a beautiful
+new Kalmia, and several extraordinary parasitical plants, bearing some
+resemblance to the pineapple plant, growing on the _eastern_ side of the
+cyprus tree in swamps, about 6 or 10 feet above the water.
+
+"During my late excursion I almost became an amphibious being--spending
+the most of my days in the water, and by night pitching my tent on the
+barren sands. Whilst I remained at Spring Garden, the alligators were
+yet in full life; the white-headed eagles setting; the smaller resident
+birds paring; and strange to say, the warblers which migrate, moving
+easterly every warm day, and returning every cold day, a curious
+circumstance, tending to illustrate certain principles in natural
+economy."
+
+Six boxes of prepared skins of birds, &c. as well as a number of choice
+shells, seeds, roots, &c. the result of Audubon's researches, have been
+received in Charleston.
+
+"In this collection there are between four and five hundred skins of
+Birds, several of them rare in this part of the United States--some that
+are never found here, and a few that have not yet been described. Of
+these are two of the species of Pelican (Pelicanus) not described by
+Wilson. The Parrot (psittacus Carolinensis); the palm warbler of
+Buonaparte (Silvia palmerea), and the Florida Jay, a beautiful bird
+without the crest, so common in that genus.
+
+"Among the new discoveries of Audubon in Florida, we perceive a noble
+bird partaking of the appearance both of the Falcon and Vulture tribes,
+which would seem to be a connecting link between the two. His habits
+too, it is said, partake of his appearance, he being alternately a bird
+of prey, and feeding on the same food with the Vultures. This bird
+remains yet to be described, and will add not only a new species, but a
+new genus to the birds of the United States. We perceive also in Mr.
+Audubon's collection, a new species of Coot (Fulica).[9]
+
+    [9] Abridged from printed extracts furnished by our
+    correspondent, M.L.B.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+REMARKABLE JAY.
+
+
+A lady residing at Blackheath has in her possession a fine Jay, which
+displays instinct allied to reason and reflection in no ordinary degree.
+This bird is stated by a Correspondent, (A.T.) to repeat distinctly any
+word that may be uttered before. She can identify persons after having
+once seen them, and been told their names; the latter she will pronounce
+with surprising clearness. She has a strong affection for a goldfinch in
+the same apartment, the latter bird appearing to return this fondness by
+fluttering its wings and other demonstrations of delight. The Jay has
+also been seen playing with two kittens, while the old cat looked
+composedly on at their gambols. This bird is in beautiful plumage, and
+is about twenty years of age. She is well known to the residents of
+Blackheath and its vicinity.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ENTOMOLOGY.
+
+
+I have lately observed a curious fact, which I have never seen noticed
+in any book which has fallen in my way, viz. that it is the tail of the
+caterpillar which becomes the head of the butterfly. I found it hard to
+believe till I had convinced myself of it in a number of instances. The
+caterpillar weaves its web from its mouth, finishes with the head
+downwards, and the head, with the six front legs, are thrown off from
+the chrysalis, and may be found dried up, but quite distinguishable, at
+the bottom of the web. The butterfly comes out at the top. Is this fact
+generally known?--_Corresp. Mag. Nat. Hist._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE RIVER TINTO.
+
+
+The river Tinto rises in Sierra Morena, and empties itself into the
+Mediterranean, near Huelva, having the name of Tinto given it from the
+tinge of its waters, which are as yellow as a topaz, hardening the sand
+and petrifying it in a most surprising manner. If a stone happen to fall
+in, and rest on another, they both become in a year's time perfectly
+united and conglutiated. This river withers all the plants on its banks,
+as well as the roots of trees, which it dyes of the same hue as its
+waters. No kind of verdure will flourish where it reaches, nor any fish
+live in its stream. It kills worms in cattle, when given them to drink;
+but in general no animals will drink out of the river, except goats,
+whose flesh, nevertheless, has an excellent flavour. These singular
+properties continue till other rivulets run into it, and alter its
+nature; for when it passes by Niebla, it is not different from other
+rivers. It falls into the Mediterranean six leagues lower down, at the
+town of Huelva, where it is two leagues broad, and admits of large
+vessels, which may come up the river as high as San Juan del Puerto,
+three leagues above Huelva.--_From a Correspondent._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE GALLEY SLAVES.
+
+
+About a mile distant from one of the southern barriers of Paris, a
+palace was built during _our_ Henry the Sixth's brief and precarious
+possession of French royalty, by the Bishop of Winchester. It was known
+by the name of Winchester, of which, however, the French kept
+continually clipping and changing the consonants, until the Anglo-Saxon
+Winchester dwindled into the French appellation of Bicêtre. The Bishop's
+old palace was treated as unceremoniously as his name, being burnt in
+some of the civil wars. But there is this advantage in a sumptuous
+edifice, that its very ruins suggest the thought and supply the means of
+rebuilding it. Bicêtre, accordingly, reared its head, and is now a
+straggling mass of building, containing a mad-house, a poor-house, an
+hospital, and a prison.
+
+To see it is a matter of trifling difficulty, except on one particular
+day--that devoted to the rivetting of the _chaine_. A surgeon, however,
+belonging to the establishment, promised to procure me admission, and on
+receiving his summons, I started one forenoon for Bicêtre. Mortifying
+news awaited my arrival. The convicts had plotted a general insurrection
+and escape, which was to have taken place on the preceding night. It had
+been discovered in time, however, and such precautions taken, as
+completely prevented even the attempt. The chief of these precautions
+appeared in half a regiment of troops, that had bivouacked all night in
+the square adjoining the prison, and were still some lying, some
+loitering about. Strict orders had been issued, that no strangers should
+be admitted to witness the ceremony of rivetting; and the turnkeys and
+gaolers, in appearance not yet recovered from the alarm of the preceding
+evening, refused to listen to either bribe, menace, or solicitation. It
+was confoundedly vexatious. Whilst expostulating with the turnkey, I
+caught a glimpse through a barred window of the interior court, athwart
+which the chains lay extended, whilst in one railed off even from this
+the convicts were crowded, marching round and round--precaution forbade
+their remaining still--and uttering from time to time such yells and
+imprecations as might deafen and appal a Mohawk. "I have caught a
+glimpse at least," thought I, as we were unceremoniously turned out.
+
+My friend, the surgeon, bade us, however, not despair. When the man of
+influence arrived he hoped to prevail; and in the mean time he led us to
+view the other curiosities of Bicêtre. There was the well, the kitchen,
+the anatomical theatre. The courts were crowded with aged paupers, who
+each well knew that his carcass would undergo what laceration the
+scalpel of my friend and his comrades chose to inflict upon it. But the
+thought seemed not to affect them so much as it did us. Methought the
+business of dissecting dead subjects might have been carried on more
+remote from the living candidates; but I was wrong, for mystery and
+secrecy always beget fear.
+
+The mad-house was another curiosity. It contains many whose brain the
+revolution of July, 1830, had turned. One man, a fine youth, had
+travelled on foot from a distant part of the kingdom, to shed his blood
+as a sacrifice to the memory of Napoleon. He gave his last franc to
+obtain admission within the pillar of the Place Vendôme, and when there
+opened the veins of both his arms, crying out, "I offer the blood of the
+brave to the manes of Napoleon." His rolling black eye was now
+contrasted with a face pale as death. He had lost so much blood that few
+hopes were entertained of his recovery.
+
+But by far the most curious patient of the mad-house, was a young man
+who imagined himself to be a woman. He was handsome, but not feminine in
+appearance. He adored a little mirror, with which he was gratified. Rags
+of all colours were his delight; and he had made a precious collection.
+His coquetry was evident; and he answered pertinently all questions,
+never belying at the same time his fixed opinion, that he was endowed
+with a maiden's charms.
+
+We looked over the book of reports, and found seven-eighths of the
+female patients to have become deranged from love; whilst, with the
+majority of the males, the hallucination proceeded from disappointments
+of ambition. Surprised, I could make out no case of a religious maniac;
+glad, I could discover none of a student.
+
+We now returned to machinations for the purpose of entering the
+forbidden prison. Aprons were handed us, not unlike a barber's. They
+were surgeons' aprons, always worn by those of the establishment when on
+duty. Might not then the barbers' aprons be a tradition of the
+barber-surgeons? I refrained from asking the question in that company.
+The scheme was, that we should pass for _Carabins_--such is the nickname
+of French students in chirurgery--and in this quality demand admission.
+The Cerberus of the prison grinned at the deceit, but wearied and amused
+by our importunities, he actually opened the _quicket_ and admitted us.
+There are two grated doors of this kind, one always locked whilst the
+other is opened. In an instant we were in Pandemonium.
+
+The buildings, which surrounded and formed the courts, evidently the
+oldest and strongest of Bicêtre, harmonized in dinginess with the scene.
+At every barred window, and these were numerous, about a dozen ruffianly
+heads were thrust together, to regard the chains of their
+companions.--What a study of physiognomy! The murderer's scowl was
+there, by the side of the laughing countenance of the vagabond, whose
+shouts and jokes formed a kind of tenor to the muttered imprecations of
+the other. Here and there was protruded the fine, open, high-fronted
+head,--pale, striking, features, and dark looks, of some felon of
+intellect and natural superiority; whilst by his side, ignominy looked
+stupidly and maliciously on. A handsome little fellow at one of the
+grates, was dressing his hair unconsciously with most agitated fingers,
+evidently affected by the scene. Our question of "What are you in for?"
+aroused him. "False signing a billet of twenty thousand francs," replied
+he, with a shrug and a smile. "And he, your neighbour?" asked we
+cautiously, concerning one of a fine, thoughtful, philosophic, and
+passionate countenance. "Ha! you may ask--he gave his mistress a potion,
+for the purpose of merely seducing her, and it turned out to be
+poison--a _carabin_ like yourselves." But these made no part of the
+_chaine_.
+
+The convicts destined for this operation were kept in movement round a
+post in an adjoining court, and were shouting, rarely in intelligible
+language, to their companions. Joy was the universal tone, and a
+sniveller ran imminent danger. One poor fellow I remarked holding down
+his head, when he was saluted with a kick from him who followed, and the
+objurgation, _Tu es forçat, toi, heim?_--"You a convict, and durst be
+sad." These men were all unmanacled. Methought a general rush on their
+part both practicable and formidable. One half must have perished, and
+the other half might have escaped.
+
+They were now marched out from the inner court in batches of thirty at a
+time, drawn up in rank, stripped, and examined with such rigid scrutiny
+as I dare not precise. They were then marched and placed along one of
+the extended chains, and made to sit down, resting it in their laps. A
+square fetter was then fitted and placed around the neck of each. In
+this, before, some detached links from the chain were placed, whilst a
+huge smith proceeded to rivet each from behind. Fixing a kind of movable
+anvil behind the convict's back, the fetter that encircled his neck was
+brought with its joint upon it, and half a dozen blows of the sledge
+riveted the captive inextricably to the main chain and to his
+twenty-nine comrades. The smith must be adroit at his task, and the
+convict steady in his position; for, as the fetter is tight round the
+neck, the hammer, in its blow, must pass within a quarter of an inch of
+his skull, and a wince on his part might prove fatal. This, indeed, is
+the trying moment, when the stoutest cheek is blanched. The sturdiest
+frame, shaken by the blows of the sledge, then betrays emotion, and
+tears of penitence are at that moment almost always seen to fall. On
+sitting down, each had in general an air of bravado, produced in a great
+measure by the regards of the seemingly more hardened ruffians from the
+windows. Under the riveting there was no smile; whilst after it, apathy
+was affected or resumed, each endeavouring to make his iron collar as
+supportable and comfortable as possible, by enveloping it in a
+handkerchief, and guaranteeing the neck from its chill or galling.
+
+When the _chaine_ was completed, its wearers were made to stand up. They
+formed themselves in couples, the chain running betwixt two ranks, and
+they walked round the yard to take their first lesson in their galling
+exercise. They are thus fettered together till they reach Brest or
+Toulon. The choice is left to them of walking or being carried in carts,
+more provender being given to those who make the journey on foot.
+
+The only part of their habiliments, which seemed left to themselves to
+provide, was a covering for the head, the red or green cap being given
+them only upon entering the _bagne_. For their journey, some of the
+fellows had provided themselves with strange head-gear, mostly made of
+straw; one had a three-cocked hat; others, one of all kinds of _outré_
+shapes. A prime vagabond had woven for himself a complete and
+magnificent tiara, precisely like the Roman Pontiff's in form, and
+surmounted by a cross. This was the _Pope_, the Pope of the _Chaine_,
+and I never heard a shout so appalling, as that with which his
+appearance was welcomed by the prisoners from the windows of the
+building. They danced, they yelled, tore and tumbled over each other in
+the most exuberant delight, thrusting their crowded heads and distorted
+features almost through the gratings. I have gleaned from it quite an
+idea of a scene of merriment and exultation _below_.
+
+The said Pope was a very extraordinary fellow: a slight fair form,
+pointed features, and eyes that were penetrating, despite their common
+shade of grey. He was called _Champenois_, his real name unknown, not
+more than three-and-twenty, and the Lieutenant of the _Chaine_ said, one
+of the most talented and extraordinary characters that _he_ had ever met
+with. He had been the prime mover of the intended insurrection, but
+without a proof against him, except his universal authority, unusual in
+so young a thief. His physiognomy was one, which it required not a
+second look in order to remember for ever.
+
+Another figure struck me, not so much as singular in itself, as in
+contrast with those around. It struck me as that of an English
+cabin-boy, a pale, freckled, ill-conditioned lad. On following the
+calling over of the register in roll, I found my conjecture too true. He
+was an unfortunate young sailor, a native of England, guilty of some
+misdemeanour, and by name Aikin. He understood not a word of French, but
+protested with a shake of his head against his being English; patriotism
+had in him outlived honesty and self-respect. I spoke to him in English:
+he wept, but would not reply, puckering up his poor lips in all the
+agony of his desolate condition. I was glad to remark the humanity with
+which he had been chained to a prisoner, pensive and downcast like
+himself.
+
+There were some cases certainly hard; one or two for resisting the
+_gen-d'armerie_ in a riot at Rouen. To transport a rioter, unless under
+aggravated circumstances, is grievous enough; but after the revolution
+of July, that hallowed riot, to make a galley-slave of a _brave_ for
+resisting the police, must have been at least surprising to him. The
+tribunal no doubt felt the necessity of severity; and we acknowledged it
+all in deploring the degradation of these poor devils for an act, which
+in so many thousand others was, at the moment, extolled to the skies as
+the acmé of heroism. But justice hath her lottery-wheel as well as
+fortune.
+
+As the last _chaine_ was completing, an ecclesiastic went round to
+collect money of the visitors. But as there were few, so were the
+offerings. The convicts at the same time produced the fruits of their
+ingenuity in straw work-boxes, needle-cases, carved ivory and wood. The
+guardians, to do them justice, seemed humane.
+
+The _bagne_ at Toulon, the destination of the members of the _chaine_,
+was respectably peopled when I visited it some years ago. It contained
+amongst others, Sarrazin, a famous general, who had deserted to us from
+Buonaparte, and whose works on the Spanish and other campaigns, are
+still read with interest. The general had caught the inexcusable habit
+of marrying a wife in each town wherein he was quartered, and was sent
+to the gallies for _trigintagamy_. They boasted a bishop too amongst the
+convicts at Toulon, a merry little fellow, that bore his fate gaily, and
+who still contrived to exercise a kind of spiritual supremacy over his
+unfortunate comrades.
+
+The ingenuity and hardihood of these men is surprising. Despite the
+vigilance, the ramparts, the fetters, and the logs, they escape hourly
+and daily;--at what risk is manifest from the regulations, by which
+three cannon shots always announce the disappearance of a convict,
+serving to warn the peasants, and call them to earn the handsome reward
+given to whoever arrests one of the branded fugitives. They are easily
+recognised by the halt in one limb; as they are wont to drag after them
+that which has been accustomed to the bullet.
+
+The only pursuits that seem to pervade the _bagne_, are those of
+_eating_ and _dying_: with the exception of escape, all others are
+denied. And those who have given up the latter hope, confine their
+thoughts either to bettering their meagre fare of beans, or to getting
+rid of existence in the most advantageous way. It is remarkable and
+degrading to observe the utmost human ingenuity and industry employed,
+in order to procure a dish of potatoes fried in grease once in the week.
+Yet such is the luxury of a _forçat_, and he must labour for it harder
+than even an Hibernian peasant, or a poet of the same line.
+
+The more philosophic, who scorn the luxury of potatoes, and with it the
+life that affords no other, meditate how best to get rid of existence;
+and this they effect almost ever in one way; viz., by killing their most
+obnoxious keeper, and thus earning the guillotine.
+
+It is a frequent scene in the _bagne_, that of an execution. It occurs
+every week or fortnight. All the convicts are obliged to attend, for the
+purpose of striking them with terror, and working contrition and good
+behaviour in them. Alas! it is a huge mistake. For these days are of all
+other days of _fête_ to them. Their countenances are marked by universal
+joy, and they shout congratulations, not condolences, to their comrade
+about to perish. Death to them is indeed an escape. Its ceremony is to
+them a marriage feast: and decapitation, what a _black job_ was to Lord
+Portsmouth,--the only variety and excitement that could give a spur to
+their heavy and painful existence.
+
+Speak as we may against the pains of death, this is worse, not only
+physically but morally; for it degrades humanity far lower than is
+conceiveable. The French have an idea that they can imitate the American
+mode of punishment by solitary confinement. This again will be still
+worse than the galleys; since religious consolation can alone redeem or
+ameliorate man in this state of durance; and as this makes no part of
+the French system, I cannot help thinking the _guillotine_ more
+merciful, than either their _bagne_ or their solitary cells.--_Monthly
+Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE SEALS.
+
+Written at the suggestion of a Lover who inferred the decline, of his
+mistress's affections from her changing the seals of her letters.
+
+BY THE AUTHOR OF THE HUNCHBACK.
+
+
+  You've changed the seal--you've changed it thrice:
+    Your first implied you loved:
+  How welcome was the dear device,
+    A thousand kisses proved.
+
+  Your next was love--it spoke the flame,
+    Yet scarce so plain methought--
+  I kiss'd it, wishing it the same
+    Your first sweet letter brought
+
+  The second change, was change indeed--
+    To friendship--Judge my bliss--
+  And did I kiss that seal--I did--
+    But 'twas a farewell kiss.
+
+  The third--nor love, nor friendship--There
+    Indeed love's dream should end--
+  As coldest stranger better far
+    Than lover turn'd to friend.
+
+  No kiss I gave that seal--no name--
+    Still dear--of thine it bore--
+  The signet, whence the impress came,
+    Perhaps a rival wore.
+
+  I smil'd to think 'twas so--'twas strange--
+    And have such cause to sigh--
+  How couldst thou--fairest creature--change?
+    O, wherefore could not I.
+
+_Monthly Mag._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+By a Parliamentary return it appears, that Kensington Palace cost the
+public in 1828, 2,412_l_. 8_s_. 11_d_.; in 1829, 4,638_l_. 8_s_.; in
+1830, 6,203_l_. 5_s_. 11_d_.; and in 183l, 3,921_l_. 15_s_. Hampton
+Court in 1828, cost 4,430_l_. 19_s_. 5_d_.; in 1829, 5,964_l_. 13_s_.
+1_d_.; in 1830, 4,144_l_. 2_s_. 4_d_.; and in 183l, 3,994_l_. 15_s_.
+11_d_.--_Times_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Dr. Johnson has remarked that the French are fond of Young's _Night
+Thoughts_, a fact which is hard to be accounted for, that a nation so
+celebrated for their gaiety should have a regard for an author treating
+on such serious subjects.
+
+_Wigs_.--In the reign of Queen Anne, enormous full-bottomed wigs often
+cost twenty or thirty guineas each.
+
+"_Capillary Attraction_."--When Charles II. was espoused to the Infanta
+of Portugal, a fleet was sent over to Lisbon, with proper attendants to
+bring her hither, but her majesty being informed that there were some
+particular customs in Portugal, with relation to the ladies, which the
+king would not easily dispense with, the fleet was detained six or seven
+weeks, at a great expense, till _her majesty's hair grew_.
+
+(Mr. Prince, with his Russia Oil, would have prospered under Royal
+Patronage in those days; and Mr. Rowland would not have needed
+immortality in Byron's verse: "incomparable _huile Macassar_.")
+
+_The King of Kippen._--When James V. of Scotland, travelled in disguise,
+he used a name which was known only to some of the principal nobility
+and attendants. He was called the Goodman (the tenant, that is) of
+Ballangiech. Ballangiech is a steep pass, which leads down behind the
+Castle of Stirling. Once, when he was feasting in Stirling, the king
+sent for some venison from the neighbouring hills. The deer were killed
+and put on horses' backs to be transported to Stirling. Unluckily, they
+had to pass the castle gates of Ampryor, belonging to a chief of the
+Buchanans, who had a considerable number of guests with him. It was
+late, and the company were rather short of victuals, though they had
+more than enough of liquor. The chief, seeing so much fat venison
+passing his very door, seized on it; and, to the expostulations of the
+keepers, who told him that it belonged to King James, he answered
+insolently, that if James was king in Scotland, he, Buchanan, was king
+in Kippen, being the name of the district in which the Castle of Ampryor
+lay. On hearing what had happened, the king got on horseback, and rode
+instantly from Stirling to Buchanan's house, where he found a strong,
+fierce-looking Highlander, with an axe on his shoulder, standing
+sentinel at the door. This grim warder refused the king admittance,
+saying that "the Laird of Arnpryor was at dinner, and would not be
+disturbed." "Yet go up to the company, my good friend," said the king,
+"and tell him that the good man of Ballangiech is come to feast with the
+King of Kippen." The porter went grumbling into the house, and told his
+master that there was a fellow with a red beard who called himself the
+good man of Ballangiech, at the gate, and said he was come to dine with
+the King of Kippen. As soon as Buchanan heard these words, he knew that
+the king was there in person, and hastened down to kneel at James's
+feet, and to ask forgiveness for his insolent behaviour. But the king,
+who only meant to give him a fright, forgave him freely, and, going into
+the castle, feasted on his own venison, which Buchanan had intercepted.
+Buchanan of Arnpryor was ever afterwards called King of Kippen.
+
+W.G.C.
+
+_Remarkable Murder_.--"Anno 1605: one William Calverly, of Calverly, in
+the county of York, esquire, murthered two of his own children at home
+at his own house, then stabbed his wife into the body, with full intent
+to have killed her, and then went out with intention to have killed his
+child, at nurse, but was prevented. He was pressed to death, at York,
+for this murther, because he stood mute, and would not plead."--_Old
+History_.
+
+_Law respecting Caps_.--An old Law, enacted that every person above
+seven years of age, should wear on Sundays, and Holidays, a cap of wool,
+knit-made, thickened and dressed in England, by some of the trade of
+Cappers--under the forfeiture of three-farthings for every day's
+neglect; excepting _Maids, Ladies_, and _Gentlemen_, and every _Lord,
+Knight_, and Gentleman of _Twenty marks of land_, and their _heirs_, and
+such as had borne office of worship in any _City, Town_, or _Place_, and
+the Wardens of the London Companies.
+
+T. GILL.
+
+_Splendid Biography_.--Richard Neville, the Great Earl of Warwick and
+Salisbury, was well known in history by the appellation of the King
+Maker. His biographer says, "He was a man whose hospitality was so
+abundant, that the ordinary consumption of a breakfast, at his house in
+London, was six oxen; whose popularity was so great, that his absence
+was accounted as the absence of the sun from the hemisphere; whose
+service was so courted, that men of all degrees were proud to wear the
+badges of his livery; and whose authority was so potent, that kings were
+raised, or deposed, as suited his humour."
+
+P.T.W.
+
+_Character of England by Henry the Seventh._--Henry the Seventh (whose
+breeding had been low and private) being once pressed by some of his
+council, to pursue his title to France, returned this answer: "That
+France was indeed a flourishing and gallant kingdom; but England, in his
+mind, was as fine a seat for a country gentleman as any that could be
+found in Europe."
+
+G.K.
+
+_The Plough._
+
+  "Look how the purple flower, which the plough
+  Hath shorn in sunder, languishing doth die."
+
+                     _Peachum._
+
+This implement was known to the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, and was
+invented at a very early period, being perhaps nearly coeval with the
+cultivation of the soil itself. Anciently, the tenants (in England) in
+some manors, were not allowed to have their rural implements sharpened
+by any but those whom the lord appointed; for which an acknowledgment
+was to be paid, called _agusa dura_; in some places _agusage_, a fee for
+sharpening plough-tackle, which some take to be the same with what was
+otherwise called _reillage_, from the ancient French _reille_, a
+_ploughshare_.
+
+_Ancient Fête at Gorhamlury._--In the year 1577, Queen Elizabeth was
+entertained at Gorhambury, by Sir Nicholas Bacon, Lord Keeper, from
+Saturday, May the 18th, to the Wednesday following, at the expense of
+577_l_. 6_s_. 7-1/4_d_. besides fifteen bucks and two stags. Among the
+dainties of the feathered kind, enumerated in this entertainment, Mr.
+Nichols mentions herons, bitterns, godwites, dotterels, shovelers,
+curlews, and knots. Sir Nicholas Bacon was frequently visited by the
+queen, who dated many of her state papers from Gorhambury.
+
+P.T.W.
+
+_Adrian the Fourth._--Adrian the Fourth was the only Englishman who ever
+filled the Papal chair. His name was Nicholas Breakspeare, and he was
+born at Abbot's Langley, a village in Herts. Such was the unbounded
+pride of this pontiff, that when the Emperor Frederick the First went to
+Rome, in 1155, to receive the imperial diadem, the Pope, after many
+difficulties concerning the ceremonial of investiture, insisted that the
+emperor should prostrate himself before him, kiss his feet, hold his
+stirrup, and lead the white palfrey on which the holy father rode.
+Frederick did not submit to this humiliation without reluctance; and as
+he took hold of the stirrup, he observed that "he had not yet been
+taught the profession of a groom." In a letter to his old friend, John
+of Salisbury, he says that St. Peter's Chair was the most uneasy seat in
+the world, and that his crown seemed to be clapped burning on his head.
+Yet did this haughty Pope (according to Dr. Cave) allow his mother to be
+maintained by the alms of the church of Canterbury.
+
+P.T.W.
+
+_Quid pro quo._--A peasant of Burgundy, whom Louis XI. had taken some
+notice of, while Dauphin, appeared before him when he ascended the
+throne, and presented him with an extraordinary large radish; Louis
+received it with much goodwill, and handsomely repaid the peasant. The
+great man of the place, to whom the countryman related his good fortune,
+imagined that if he were to offer Louis something, he would, at any
+rate, make him a prince. Accordingly he went to court, and presented his
+finest horse to the king. Louis received his present as graciously as he
+had before taken the radish, and after he had sufficiently praised the
+horse, "See here," said he, taking the radish in his hand, "here is a
+radish, which, like your horse, is one of the rarest of its kind; I
+present it to you with many thanks."
+
+Iota.
+
+_Muswell Hill_ derives its name from a famous well on the hill, where,
+formerly, the fraternity of St. John of Jerusalem, in Clerkenwell, had
+their dairy, with a large farm adjacent. Here they built a chapel for
+the benefit of some nuns, in which they fixed the image of our Lady of
+Muswell. These nuns had the sole management of the dairy: and it is
+singular, that the said well and farm do, at this time, belong to the
+parish of St. James, Clerkenwell. The water of this spring was then
+deemed a miraculous cure for scrofulous and cutaneous disorders. For
+that reason it was much resorted to; and, as tradition says, a king of
+Scotland made a pilgrimage hither, and was perfectly cured.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, London; sold by
+ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; and by all Newsmen and
+Booksellers._
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction, by Various
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11551 ***
diff --git a/11551-h/11551-h.htm b/11551-h/11551-h.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d31cfae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/11551-h/11551-h.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,1470 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+<head>
+<meta name="generator" content=
+"HTML Tidy for Solaris (vers 1st October 2003), see www.w3.org" />
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
+"text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
+<title>The Mirror of Literature, Issue 546.</title>
+
+<style type="text/css">
+/*<![CDATA[*/
+
+  <!--
+  body                 {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;}
+  p                    {text-align: justify;}
+  blockquote           {text-align: justify;}
+  h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6    {text-align: center;}
+  pre                  {font-size: 0.7em;}
+
+  hr                   {text-align: center; width: 50%;}
+  html>body hr         {margin-right: 25%; margin-left: 25%; width: 50%;}
+  hr.full              {width: 100%;}
+  html>body hr.full    {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;}
+  hr.short             {text-align: center; width: 20%;}
+  html>body hr.short   {margin-right: 40%; margin-left: 40%; width: 20%;}
+
+  .note, .footnote
+  {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;}
+
+  span.pagenum
+  {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt;}
+
+  .poem
+  {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;}
+  .poem .stanza        {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;}
+  .poem p              {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+  .poem p.i2           {margin-left: 1em;}
+  .poem p.i4           {margin-left: 2em;}
+  .poem p.i6           {margin-left: 3em;}
+  .poem p.i8           {margin-left: 4em;}
+  .poem p.i10          {margin-left: 5em;}
+
+  .figure
+  {padding: 1em; margin: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em; margin: auto;}
+  .figure img
+                       {border: none;}
+  .figure p
+
+  .side { float:right;
+          font-size: 75%;
+          width: 25%;
+          padding-left:10px;
+          border-left: dashed thin;
+          margin-left: 10px;
+          text-align: left;
+          text-indent: 0;
+          font-weight: bold;
+          font-style: italic;}
+  -->
+/*]]>*/
+</style>
+</head>
+<body>
+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11551 ***</div>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page289" name="page289"></a>[pg
+289]</span>
+<h1>THE MIRROR<br />
+OF<br />
+LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1>
+<hr class="full" />
+<table width="100%" summary="Volume, Number, and Date">
+<tr>
+<td align="left"><b>Vol. 19. No. 546.]</b></td>
+<td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, MAY 12, 1832</b></td>
+<td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>ST. PANCRAS (OLD) CHURCH.</h2>
+<div class="figure" style="width:80%;"><a href=
+"images/546-1.png"><img width="100%" src="images/546-1.png" alt=
+"" /></a> ST. PANCRAS (OLD) CHURCH.</div>
+<p>This humble village fane is situated to the north of London,
+somewhat more than a mile from Holborn Bars. Persons unacquainted
+with the site, may hitherto have considered it as part and parcel
+of this vast metropolis: but, lo! here it stands amidst much of its
+primitive, peaceful rusticity.</p>
+<p>Pancras is still, by courtesy, called a <i>village</i>, though
+its charms may be of the <i>rus-in-urbe</i> description. It derives
+its name from the saint to whom the church is dedicated:<a id=
+"footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a href=
+"#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a> it was called St. Pancras when the
+Survey of Domesday was taken. The parish is of great extent. Mr.
+Lysons states it at 2,700 acres of land, including the site of
+buildings. It is bounded on the north by Islington, Hornsey, and
+Finchley; and on the west by Hampstead and Marybone. On the south
+it meets the parishes of St. Giles's in the Fields, St. George the
+Martyr, St. George, Bloomsbury, and St. Andrew's, Holborn.<a id=
+"footnotetag2" name="footnotetag2"></a><a href=
+"#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> On the east it is bounded by St.
+James's, Clerkenwell. Kentish Town, part of Highgate, Camden Town,
+and Somer's Town,<a id="footnotetag3" name=
+"footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a> are
+comprised within this parish as hamlets. Mr. Lysons supposes it to
+have included the prebendal manor of Kentish Town,<a id=
+"footnotetag4" name="footnotetag4"></a><a href=
+"#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a> or Cantelows, which now constitutes a
+stall in St. Paul's Cathedral. Among the prebendaries have been men
+eminent for their learning and piety: as Lancelot Andrews, bishop
+of Winchester, Dr. Sherlock, Archdeacon Paley, and the Rev. William
+Beloe, B.D. well known by his translation of Herodotus.</p>
+<p>It would occupy too much space to detail the progressive
+increase of this district. When a visitation of the church
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page290" name="page290"></a>[pg
+290]</span> was made in the year 1251, there were only forty houses
+in the parish. The desolate situation of the village in the latter
+part of the sixteenth century is emphatically described by Norden,
+in his <i>Speculum Britanni&aelig;</i>. After noticing the solitary
+condition of the church, he says, "yet about this structure have
+bin manie buildings now decaied, leaving poore Pancras without
+companie or comfort." In some manuscription additions to his work,
+the same writer has the following observations:&mdash;"Although
+this place be, as it were, forsaken of all; and true men seldom
+frequent the same, but upon devyne occasions; yet it is visyted by
+thieves, who assemble there not to pray, but to wait for praye; and
+manie fell into their handes, clothed, that are glad when they are
+escaped naked. Walk not there too late." Newcourt, whose work was
+published in 1700, says that houses had been built near the church.
+The first important increase of the parish took place in the
+neighbourhood of Tottenham Court Road.</p>
+<p>"Pancras Church," says Norden, "standeth all alone, as utterly
+forsaken, old and wether-beten, which, for the antiquity thereof,
+it is thought not to yield to Paules in London." It is of rude
+Gothic architecture, built of stones and flints, which are now
+covered with plaster. Mr. Lysons says, "It is certainly not older
+than the fourteenth century, perhaps in Norden's time it had the
+appearance of great decay; the same building, nevertheless,
+repaired from time to time, still remains; looks no longer 'old and
+wether-beten,' and may still exist perhaps to be spoken of by some
+antiquary of a future century. It is a very small structure,
+consisting only of a nave and chancel; at the west end is a low
+tower, with a kind of dome."<a id="footnotetag5" name=
+"footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a> Mr. Lysons
+speaks of the disproportionate size of the church to the population
+of the parish; but since his time another church has been erected,
+the splendour and size of which in every respect accord with the
+increased wealth and numbers of the parish.</p>
+<p>The church and churchyard of Pancras have long been noted as the
+burial-place of such Roman Catholics as die in London and its
+vicinity.<a id="footnotetag6" name="footnotetag6"></a><a href=
+"#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a> Many of the tombs exhibit a cross,
+and the initials R.I.P. (<i>Requiescat in pace</i>), which
+initials, or others analogous to them, are always used by the
+Catholics on their sepulchral monuments. Mr. Lysons heard it
+assigned by some of that persuasion, as a reason for this
+preference to Pancras as a burial-place, that masses were formerly
+said in a church in the south of France, dedicated to the same
+saint, for the souls of the deceased interred at St. Pancras in
+England. After the French revolution, a great number of
+ecclesiastics and other refugees, some of them of high rank, were
+buried in this churchyard; and in 1811, Mr. Lysons observed that
+probably about 30 of the French clergy had on an average been
+buried at Pancras for some years past: in 1801 there were 41, and
+in 1802, 32. Mr. Lysons's explanation of this preference to Pancras
+by the Catholics is, however, disputed by the author of
+<i>Ecclesiastical Topography</i>, who observes that a reason more
+generally given is, that "Pancras was the last church in England
+where mass was performed after the Reformation."</p>
+<p>In the chancel are monuments of Daniel Clarke, Esq. who had been
+master-cook to Queen Elizabeth; and of Cooper the artist, whose
+style approached so near to that of Vandyke, that he has been
+called Vandyke in miniature: he taught the author of Hudibras to
+paint; his wife was sister to Pope's mother.</p>
+<p>In the churchyard are the tombs of Anthony Woodhead, 1678, who
+was in his day, the great champion of the Roman Catholic religion,
+and was reputed to have written the Whole Duty of Man; Lady
+Slingsby, whose name occurs as an actress in Dryden and Lee's
+plays, from 1681 to 1689; Jeremy Collier, 1726, the pertinacious
+non-juror, who repressed the immoralities of the stage; Ned Ward,
+author of the London Spy, 1731; Leoni, the architect, 1746; Lady
+Henrietta, wife of Beard, the vocalist, 1753; Van Bleeck, the
+portrait-painter; Ravenet, the engraver, 1764; Mazzinghi, 1775,
+leader of the band at Marylebone Gardens, and father of Mazzinghi,
+the celebrated composer; Henry and Robert Rackett, Pope's nephews;
+Woollett, the engraver, 1785, to whose memory a monument has been
+placed in the cloisters of Westminster Abbey; Baron de Wenzel, the
+celebrated oculist, 1790; Mary Wollestonecraft Godwin, author of a
+Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1797; the Rev. Arthur O'Leary,
+or Father O'Leary, the amiable Franciscan friar, 1802; Paoli, the
+patriotic Corsican, 1807; Walker editor of the Pronouncing
+Dictionary; the Chevalier d'Eon, 1810, of epicene notoriety; and
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page291" name="page291"></a>[pg
+291]</span> Packer, the comedian, 1806, who is said to have
+performed 4,852 times, besides walking in processions; Edwards,
+professor of Perspective, 1806; Scheemakers, the statuary,
+1808.</p>
+<p>In the <i>Beauties of England and Wales</i>, it is stated that
+23 acres of land belong to the church; and the great increase of
+buildings renders these of considerable value; though it is not
+known to whom the church is indebted for this possession.</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>ELEGY.</h3>
+<h4>FROM THE GERMAN.</h4>
+<h4>(<i>For the Mirror.</i>)</h4>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Through oak-woods green,</p>
+<p class="i2">A silver sheen,</p>
+<p>Sweet moon, from thee</p>
+<p class="i2">Afforded me</p>
+<p>A tranquil joy,</p>
+<p class="i2">Me, <i>then</i>, a happy boy.</p>
+<p>Still makes thy light</p>
+<p class="i2">My window bright,</p>
+<p>But can no more</p>
+<p class="i2">Lost peace restore:</p>
+<p>My brow is shaded,</p>
+<p class="i2">My cheek with weeping faded.</p>
+<p>Thy beams, O moon,</p>
+<p class="i2">Will glitter soon,</p>
+<p>As softly clear,</p>
+<p class="i2">Upon my bier:</p>
+<p>For soon, earth must</p>
+<p class="i2">Conceal in youth my dust.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p><span style="margin-left:3em">C.H.</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<hr />
+<h3>CLEOPATRA'S NEEDLES.</h3>
+<h4>(<i>For the Mirror.</i>)</h4>
+<p>These remains of ancient art are destined to be removed to
+Europe.<a id="footnotetag7" name="footnotetag7"></a><a href=
+"#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a> The palace of Cleopatra was built
+upon the walls facing the port of Alexandria, Egypt, having a
+gallery on the outside, supported by several fine columns. Towards
+the eastern part of the palace are two obelisks, vulgarly called
+<i>Cleopatra's Needles</i>. They are of Thebaic stone, and covered
+with hieroglyphics; one is overturned, broken, and lying under the
+sand; the other is on its pedestal. These two obelisks, each of
+them of a single stone, are about sixty feet high, by seven feet
+square at the base. The Egyptian priests called these obelisks the
+sun's fingers, because they served as stiles or gnomons to mark the
+hours on the ground. In the first ages of the world they were made
+use of to transmit to posterity the principal precepts of
+philosophy, which were engraven on them in hieroglyphics.</p>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>"Between the statues, <i>Obelisks</i> were placed:</p>
+<p>And the learned walls with <i>hieroglyphics</i> grac'd.</p>
+<p><span style="margin-left:3em"><i>Pope.</i></span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>In after ages they were used to immortalize the actions of
+heroes, and the memory of persons beloved.</p>
+<p>The first obelisk we know of was that raised by Rameses, King of
+Egypt, in the time of the Trojan war. Augustus erected an obelisk
+at Rome, in the Campus Martius, which served to mark the hours on
+an horizontal dial, drawn on the pavement. This obelisk was brought
+from Egypt, and was said to have been formed by Sesostris, near a
+thousand years before Christ. It was used by Manlius for the same
+purpose for which it was originally destined, namely, to measure
+the height of the sun.</p>
+<p>P.T.W.</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>THE DYING MAIDEN'S PARDON TO HER FAITHLESS LOVER.</h3>
+<h4>FROM THE FRENCH.</h4>
+<h4>(<i>For the Mirror.</i>)</h4>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>If death's keen anguish thou would'st charm</p>
+<p class="i2">Ere speeds his fatal dart,</p>
+<p>Come, place thine hand&mdash;while yet 'tis warm,</p>
+<p class="i2">Upon my breaking heart.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>And though remorse&mdash;thou may'st not feel</p>
+<p class="i2">When its last throb is o'er,</p>
+<p>Thou'lt say&mdash;"that heart which lov'd so well,</p>
+<p class="i2">Shall passion feel no more."</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>E'en love for thee forsakes my soul&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">Thy work, relentless see,</p>
+<p>Near as I am life's destin'd gaol,</p>
+<p class="i2">I'm frozen&mdash;less than thee.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Yet take this heart&mdash;I ne'er had more</p>
+<p class="i2">To give thee in thy need:</p>
+<p>Search well&mdash;for at its inmost core,</p>
+<p class="i2">Thy pardon thou may'st read.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p><span style="margin-left:3em">T.R.P.</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>ANECDOTE GALLERY.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>TRAITS OF IRISH CHARACTER.</h3>
+<h4>(<i>For the Mirror.</i>)</h4>
+<p>A gentleman residing in the vicinity of Dublin, found,
+notwithstanding the protection of a thick, and thorny hedge, that
+great depredations were committed on his garden and paddocks; so he
+inclosed them with a high, strong wall. As he kept cows, and had
+more milk than was sufficient for his family, he distributed the
+overplus amongst his poor neighbours. One day, inspecting in
+person, this distribution, he saw a woman attending with her pails,
+who, he was tolerably certain did not require such assistance.
+"You, here! my good friend," said he, "I thought you kept a
+cow?"</p>
+<p>"Ay, plase yer honour's honour, and <i>two</i> it was that I
+<i>once</i> kept, the craters!"</p>
+<p>"<i>Once</i>, why don't you keep them now?"</p>
+<p>"Ough! 'tis yeaself must answer that question, for why? the
+bastes did <span class="pagenum"><a id="page292" name=
+"page292"></a>[pg 292]</span> well enough afore your rav'rence run
+up that bit o' wall round your fields, seein' the cows lived off
+your grass; but sorra for me now, I've sold 'em both, by rason I
+couldn't <i>keep</i> 'em no longer."</p>
+<p>An English gentleman, on a tour in Ireland, was beset at a fine
+waterfall by numerous beggars; one woman was particularly clamorous
+for relief, but Mr. R. instructed by his guide, said to her, "My
+good friend, you cannot possibly want relief, as you keep several
+cows, and have a very profitable farm; indeed I cannot bestow my
+charity upon you." The woman, looking sulky, and <i>detected</i>,
+immediately pointed to another, exclaiming, "Then give to
+<i>her</i>, for she's got <i>nothing</i>!" The stranger in Dublin
+is particularly requested to send all beggars to an institution in
+Copper Alley, for their relief. Being once much importuned by an
+old man for money, we desired him to go to this place. "I can't,"
+said he.</p>
+<p>"Why not?"</p>
+<p>"Becase 'tis a bad place for the poor."</p>
+<p>"How so? don't they give you anything to eat?"</p>
+<p>"Ah, yes, yes, but the thing is, my jewel, they wont by no manes
+give a poor body <i>anything to drink</i>." The intelligent reader
+will not be at a loss to translate the complaint of thirsty
+Pat.</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>FRENCH CRUELTY.</h3>
+<p>During the late French Revolution, one of the royalist soldiers
+having his horse shot under him by a pupil of the Polytechnic
+School, and finding when thus brought down, that he could not
+regain his feet and resume a posture of defence, but was entirely
+at the mercy of his ferocious young adversary, he immediately
+surrendered his sword, exclaiming, "I am your prisoner, and entreat
+of you mercy and life." To which the <i>generous</i> and
+<i>heroic</i> youth replied, "No prisoners, no mercy!" and taking
+from his pocket a pike-head or some similar rough weapon,
+deliberately drove it into the unfortunate soldier's heart!</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>EFFRONTERY.</h3>
+<p>A nobleman being, it is said, some years since, in the shop of a
+celebrated London shoemaker, saw, pass through it, a very handsome
+young woman, "Who is that fine girl?" said he.</p>
+<p>"My daughter," replied the <i>cord-wainer</i>, "with sixty
+thousand pounds at your lordship's service."</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>A BLUNDER.</h3>
+<p>Literary topics came under discussion one evening in a small
+social circle, of which the writer made one, and particularly the
+autobiographical works, and personal memoirs, now so much in vogue.
+A gentleman then stated, that having seen much of the world, he
+thought he must follow the fashion, and one day favour it with his
+own life and adventures. Numerous ladies were to figure in his
+book, which was, in fact, as he modestly gave the present company
+to understand, to be a complete chronicle of the flirtations and
+conquests of himself, and male allies, with letters, portraits,
+&amp;c. and <i>names</i> in full. "But," remarked a lady, humouring
+the jest, "if you <i>do</i> render your book so very personal, are
+you not afraid of the consequences?"</p>
+<p>"Not at all," replied the embryo author very gravely, "for
+though I shall enjoy the remarks of the world, upon my
+<i>autobiography</i>, they cannot affect me, as it will of course
+be a <i>posthumous work</i>."</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>COOL COURAGE.</h3>
+<p>During the disastrous fire of the Kent East Indiaman, a lady on
+board exhibited a very singular instance of <i>sang froid</i> and
+presence of mind. Being in one of the cabins, with a large,
+helpless, despairing, and of course, most troublesome party,
+chiefly of her own sex, "all hands" of the other being "turned up,"
+we presume, to check the advances of the devouring element, she
+proposed, by way of keeping them quiet, <i>to make tea for
+them</i>, and we believe her proposal was accepted, and had the
+desired effect.</p>
+<p><i>Great Marlow, Bucks</i>.</p>
+<p>M.L.B.</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>ABSTRACT STUDIES.</h3>
+<h4>(<i>For the Mirror</i>.)</h4>
+<p>Demosthenes to be the more removed from noise, and less subject
+to distraction, caused a small chamber to be made under ground, in
+which he shut himself up sometimes for whole months, shaving half
+his head and only half his face, that he might not be in a
+condition to go abroad. It was there, by the light of a small lamp,
+he composed his admirable Orations, which were said by those who
+envied him, to smell of the oil, to imply that they were too
+elaborate. He rose very early, and used to say, that he was sorry
+when any workman was at his business before him. He copied
+Thucydides' history eight times with his own hand, in order to
+render the style of that great man familiar to him.</p>
+<p>Adrian Turnebus, a French critic, was so indefatigable in his
+study, that it <span class="pagenum"><a id="page293" name=
+"page293"></a>[pg 293]</span> was said of him, as it was of
+Budaeus, that he spent some hours in study even on the day he was
+married.</p>
+<p>Frederick Morel had so strong an attachment to study, that when
+he was informed of his wife's being at the point of death, he would
+not lay down his pen, till he had finished what he was upon, and
+when she was dead, as she was before they could prevail on him to
+stir, he was only heard to reply coldly, "I am very sorry, she was
+a good woman."</p>
+<p>Sir Isaac Newton, when he had any mathematical problems or
+solutions in his mind, would never quit the subject on any account;
+dinner was often known to be three hours ready for him before he
+could be brought to table. His man often said, when he was getting
+up in the morning, and began to dress, he would, with one leg in
+his breeches, sit down again on the bed, and remain there for hours
+before he got his clothes on.</p>
+<p>Mr. Abraham Sharp, the astronomer, through his love of study,
+was very irregular as to his meals, which he frequently took in the
+following manner: a little square hole, something like a window,
+made a communication between the room where he usually studied, and
+another chamber in the house, where a servant could enter, and
+before this hole he had contrived a sliding board, the servant
+always placing his victuals in the hole, without speaking a word or
+making the least noise, and when he had leisure he visited it to
+see what it contained, and to satisfy his hunger or thirst. But it
+often happened that the breakfast, the dinner, and the supper
+remained untouched by him, so deeply was he engaged in his
+calculations and solemn musings. At one time after his provisions
+had been neglected for a long season, his family became uneasy, and
+resolved to break in upon his retirement; he complained, but with
+great mildness, that they had disconcerted his thoughts in a chain
+of calculations which had cost him intense application for three
+days successively. On an old oak table, where for a long course of
+years he used to write, cavities might easily be perceived, worn by
+the perpetual rubbing of his arms and elbows.<a id="footnotetag8"
+name="footnotetag8"></a><a href="#footnote8"><sup>8</sup></a></p>
+<p>SWAINE.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>THE SELECTOR; AND LITERARY NOTICES OF <i>NEW WORKS</i>.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>THE CONTRAST.</h3>
+<p>The title of Lord Mulgrave's clever novel is sufficiently
+explained by the hero, Lord Castleton, a man of high refinement,
+marrying an unsophisticated, uneducated peasant girl. The scenes
+and incidents of her introduction into the fashionable world are
+replete with humour, yet true to the life. Thus, how naturally are
+her new Ladyship's embarrassments told:&mdash;</p>
+<p>"There were some points on which she would even have endeavoured
+to extract knowledge from the servants; but dreading, from her
+former habits, nothing so much as too great a familiarity in this
+respect, Castleton had made it one of his first desires to her,
+that she would confine her communications with them, to asking for
+what she wanted. To this, as to every other desire of his, she
+yielded, as far as she could, implicit obedience; but it was often
+a great exertion on her part to do so. Of her own maid she had felt
+from the first a considerable awe; and to such a degree did this
+continue, that she could not conceive any fatigue from labour equal
+to the burthen of her assistance. Being naturally of a disposition
+both active and obliging, it was quite new to her to have any thing
+done for her which she could do for herself. For some time she had
+as great a horror of touching a bell-rope, as others have in
+touching the string of a shower-bath; and when services were
+obtruded on her by the domestics as a matter of course, she had
+much difficulty in checking the exuberance of her gratitude.</p>
+<p>"At home, Big Betsey, mentioned before as the maid of all work,
+never considered as any part of her multitudinous duties the
+waiting on Miss Lucy, who she not only said 'mought moind herself,'
+but sometimes called to her, almost authoritatively, 'to lend a
+hauping haund.' It was, probably, in consequence of the habit thus
+engendered, that Lady Castleton was one day caught 'lending a
+helping hand' to an over-loaded under laundry-maid, who had been
+sent by her superior with a wicker-bound snowy freight of her
+Ladyship's own superfine linen. But of all the irksome feelings
+caused by Lucy's new position, there was none from which she
+suffered more, than <i>waiting</i> to be <span class=
+"pagenum"><a id="page294" name="page294"></a>[pg 294]</span>
+<i>waited on</i>. And it was hinted in the hall, that when my Lord
+was not in the room, my Lady got up to help herself to what she
+wanted from the sideboard!! And it was whispered in the female
+conclave of the housekeeper's room, that her Lady-ship seemed even
+to like to&mdash;lace her own stays!!"</p>
+<p>Again, after Lady Castleton receiving a visit from a ton-ish
+family, his Lordship asks:&mdash;</p>
+<p>And did they make many inquiries of you? ask many
+questions?"</p>
+<p>"Oh, such a many!"</p>
+<p>"So many, dearest love, you mean to say."</p>
+<p>"Well, so I do, thank you; and then the mamma asked me, as she
+had never seen me before, if I had not been much abroad; and I
+said, never at all till I married; and then she said, 'What! had I
+been to Paris since?' and I find she meant foreign parts by abroad.
+And she told me that we ought to go to London soon; that the season
+was advanced, and that the Pasta would come out soon this spring.
+What is the Pasta&mdash;a plant?"</p>
+<p>"A plant! no, love. Pasta is a singer's name, you could not be
+expected to know that; but I hope you didn't say any thing to show
+them your ignorance?"</p>
+<p>"Oh, no; you told me, whenever I was completely puzzled, that
+silence was best; so I said nothing. Pasta's the name of a singer,
+then! Oh, that accounts, for a moment after she the mamma said,
+that her daughter Arabella sang delightfully, and asked me if I
+would sing with her; so I said no, I'd much rather listen. That was
+right, warn't it? You see I knew you'd ask me all about it, so I
+recollected it for you. Arabella then asked me if I would accompany
+her? so I said, Wherever she liked,&mdash;where did she want to go?
+But, I suppose, she altered her mind, for she sat down to the grand
+instrument you had brought here for me to begin my lessons upon;
+and then she sang such an extraordinary song&mdash;all coming from
+her throat. And the sister asked me if I understood German? and I
+answered, No, nor French neither."</p>
+<p>"That was an unnecessary addition, my love."</p>
+<p>"Well, so it was. Then the youngest sister explained to me, that
+it was a song a Swiss peasant girl sang whilst she was milking her
+cow; and I said that must be very difficult, to sing while milking
+a cow. And then the mamma asked how I knew; and I said I had
+<i>tried</i> very <i>often</i>."</p>
+<p>"How could you, dear Lucy, volunteer such an avowal?"</p>
+<p>"I thought you would be afraid of that; but it all did very
+well, for the mother said I was so amusing, had so much natural
+wit, and they all tried to persuade me I had said something
+clever."</p>
+<p>"Well, go on&mdash;and what then?"</p>
+<p>"And then the lady took me aside, and began saying so much in
+praise of you; and when she once got me on that subject, I was
+ready and glib enough, I warrant you. But somehow, though I then
+found it so much easier to speak, I find it more difficult to
+recollect exactly what I said. Is not that strange? And then she
+said that my happiness would excite so much envy in the great
+world; that you had been admired, courted, nay, even loved by rich,
+noble, clever ladies. Why was all this? and how could you ever
+think to leave all these, to seek out from her quiet home your poor
+little Lucy?"</p>
+<p>"Oh, that's a story of by-gone days. These were follies of my
+youth, which I thought I had lived to repent.</p>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>"'Nor knew, till seated by thy side,</p>
+<p>My heart in all save hope the same.'"</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>"Why, save hope, my dear Lord? What may you not only hope, but
+trust, from my constant devotion?"</p>
+<p>"I did not mean to tie myself precisely to every word I uttered.
+It was only a quotation."</p>
+<p>"And what is a quotation?"</p>
+<p>"A quotation is the vehicle in which imagination posts forward,
+when she only hires her Pegasus from memory. Or sometimes it is
+only a quit-rent, which the intellectual cultivator, who farms an
+idea, pays to the original proprietor; or rather,"&mdash;(seeing
+that he was not making the matter more intelligible by his
+explanation,)&mdash;"or rather, it is when we convey our own
+thoughts by the means of the more perfect expressions of some
+favourite author."</p>
+<p>"But then, surely <i>you</i> need not be driven to borrow, whose
+own words always sound to me like a book. As for poor me, I wish I
+could talk in quotations for ever; then I need not fear to make
+these mistakes, which, as it is, I am afraid I am always like to
+do."</p>
+<p>(A scene at <i>the Opera</i> is richer still: the performance
+<i>Semiramide</i>:)</p>
+<p>"Lady Gayland took the opportunity of inquiring of Lady
+Castleton, 'how the opera had amused her?' There was that
+unmistakable air of real interest in Lady Gayland's manner,
+whenever she addressed Lucy, which made her always reply in a tone
+of confidence, different <span class="pagenum"><a id="page295"
+name="page295"></a>[pg 295]</span> from that which she felt towards
+any other member of the society in which she moved.</p>
+<p>"Why, to tell the honest truth," said she, leaning forwards
+towards her questioner, "I can't say that I could the least
+understand what it all meant. It's not likely that people should
+sing when they're in such sorrow; and then I can't guess why that
+young man should kill the queen that was so kind to him all
+along."</p>
+<p>"I don't wonder that that should surprise you, my dear; but he
+was not aware of what he was doing. It was in the dark."</p>
+<p>"In the dark! But I could see very well who it was, though I did
+not know her so well as he did, and was so much farther off."</p>
+<p>"I am afraid you are in the dark, too, a little as yet," said
+Lady Gayland, (tapping her gently with her fan.) "But, tell me, did
+you not admire the singing, though you could not understand the
+story."</p>
+<p>"Why, I should, perhaps, if I had known the language; but even
+then they seemed to me more like birds, than men and women singing
+words. I like a song that I can make out every word that's
+said."</p>
+<p>"The curtain then rose for the ballet; at first, Lucy was
+delighted with the scenery and pageantry, for the spectacle was
+grand and imposing. But at length the resounding plaudits announced
+the <i>entr&eacute;e</i> of the perfect Taglioni. Lucy was a little
+astonished at her costume upon her first appearance. She was
+attired as a goddess, and goddesses' gowns are somewhat of the
+shortest, and their legs rather <i>au naturel</i>; but when she
+came to elicit universal admiration by pointing her toe, and
+revolving in the slow <i>pirouette</i>, Lucy, from the situation in
+which she sat was overpowered with shame at the effect; and whilst
+Lady Gayland, with her <i>longnette</i> fixed on the stage,
+ejaculated, 'Beautiful! inimitable!' the unpractised Lucy could not
+help exclaiming, 'O that is too bad! I cannot stay to see that!'
+and she turned her head away blushing deeply."</p>
+<p>"Is your ladyship ill?" exclaimed Lord Stayinmore. "Castleton, I
+am afraid Lady Castleton feels herself indisposed."</p>
+<p>"Would you like to go?" kindly inquired Castleton.</p>
+<p>"O so much!" she answered.</p>
+<p>"Are you ill, my dear?" asked Lady Gayland.</p>
+<p>"Oh, no!" she said.</p>
+<p>"Then you had better stay, it is so beautiful."</p>
+<p>"Thank you, Lord Castleton is kind enough to let me go."</p>
+<p>(They get into the carriage.)</p>
+<p>"And how do you find yourself now, my dear Lucy?" tenderly
+inquired Castleton, as the carriage drove off.</p>
+<p>"Oh, I am quite well, thank you."</p>
+<p>"Quite well! are you? What was it, then, that was the matter
+with you?"</p>
+<p>"There was nothing the matter with me, it was that woman."</p>
+<p>"What woman? what can you mean? Did you not say that you were
+ill; and was not that the reason that we hurried away?"</p>
+<p>"No! YOU said I was ill; and I did not contradict you, because
+you tell me that in the world, as you call it, it is not always
+right to give the real reason for what we do; and therefore I
+thought, perhaps, that though of course you wished me to come away,
+you liked to put it upon my being ill."</p>
+<p>"Of course I wished you to come away! I was never more unwilling
+to move in all my life; and nothing but consideration for your
+health would have induced me to stir. Why should I have wished you
+to come away?"</p>
+<p>"Why, the naked woman," stammered Lucy.</p>
+<p>"What can you mean?"</p>
+<p>"You couldn't surely wish me to sit by the side of those people,
+to see such a thing as that?"</p>
+<p>"As to being by the side of those people, I must remind you,
+that it was Lady Gayland's box in which you were; and that whatever
+she, with her acknowledged taste and refinement, sanctions with her
+presence, can only be objected to by ignorance or prejudice. You
+have still a great deal to learn, my dear Lucy," added he, more
+kindly; "and nothing can be so fatal to your progress in that
+respect, as your attempting to lead, or to find fault, with what
+you do not understand."</p>
+<p>"But surely I can understand that it is not right to do what I
+saw that woman do," interrupted Lucy, presuming a little more
+doggedly than she usually ventured to do on any subject with her
+husband; for this time she had been really shocked by what she had
+seen.</p>
+<p>"Wrong it certainly is not, if you mean moral wrong. As to such
+an exhibition being becoming or not in point of manners, that
+depends entirely upon custom. Many things at your father's might
+strike me as coarseness, which made no impression upon you from
+habit, though much worse in my opinion than this presumed
+indecorum. Those <span class="pagenum"><a id="page296" name=
+"page296"></a>[pg 296]</span> things probably arose from ignorance
+on your parts, which might be corrected. This, on the other hand,
+from conventional indifference, consequent on custom, which it is
+not in you to correct. Depend upon it you will only get yourself
+laughed at, and me too, if you preach about dancers'
+petticoats."</p>
+<p>"I don't want to preach to any body; and you know how much it
+fashes me to contend with you."</p>
+<p>"Don't say FASHES, say distresses, or annoys, not <i>fashes</i>,
+for heaven's sake, my dear Lucy."</p>
+<p>"Oh, dear, it was very stupid of me to forget it. That was one
+of the first things you taught me, and it is a many days since I
+said it last; but it is so strange to me to venture to differ with
+you, that I get confused, and don't say any thing as right as I
+could do. Even now I should like to ask, if modesty is a merit,
+whether nakedness ought to be a show; but I'll say no more, for I
+dare say you won't make me go there again."</p>
+<p>"No, that will be the best way to settle it."</p>
+<p>The plot of the Contrast is not, as the reader may perceive, one
+of fashionable life: it has more of the romance of nature in its
+composition: the characters are not the drawling bores that we find
+in fashionable novels, though their affected freaks are
+occasionally introduced to contrast with unsophisticated humility,
+and thus exhibit the deformities of high life. The whole work is,
+however, light as gossamer: we had almost said that a fly might
+read it through the meshes, without endangering his patience or
+liberty.</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>THE LIBRARY OF ENTERTAINING KNOWLEDGE</h3>
+<p>Maintains its rank in sober, we mean useful, literature. The
+volume before us contains such matter as is only to be found in
+large and expensive works, with a host of annotations from the
+journals of recent travellers and other volumes which bear upon the
+main subject. This part of the series, describing vegetable
+substances used for the food of man, is executed with considerable
+minuteness. A Pythagorean would gloat over its accuracy, and a
+vegetable diet man would become inflated with its success in
+establishing his eccentricities. The contents are the Corn-plants,
+Esculent Roots, Herbs, Spices, Tea, Coffee, &amp;c. &amp;c. In such
+a multiplicity of facts as the history of these plants must
+necessarily include, some misstatements may be expected. For
+example, the opinion that succory is superior to coffee, though
+supported by Drs. Howison and Duncan, is not entitled to notice.
+All over the continent, succory, or <i>chicor&eacute;e</i>, is used
+to <i>adulterate</i> coffee, notwithstanding which a few scheming
+persons have attempted to introduce it in this country as an
+improvement, by selling it at four times its worth. Why say "it is
+sometimes considered superior to the exotic berry," and in the same
+page, "it is not likely to gain much esteem, where economy is not
+the consideration." We looked in vain for mention of the President
+of the Horticultural Society under Celery; though we never eat a
+fine head of this delicious vegetable without grateful recollection
+of Mr. T.A. Knight. All preachment of the economy of the Potato is
+judiciously omitted, though we fear to the displeasure of Sir John
+Sinclair; nor is there more space devoted to this overpraised root
+than it deserves. Truffles are not only used "like mushrooms," but
+for stuffing game and poultry, especially in France: who does not
+remember the <i>perdrixaux truffes</i>, of the Parisian
+<i>carte</i>. The chapter on coffee, cacao, tea, and sugar, is
+brief but entertaining. We may observe, by the way, that one of the
+obstacles to the profitable cultivation of tea in this country is
+our ignorance of the modes of drying, &amp;c. as practised in
+China.</p>
+<p>Another volume of the Entertaining Series, published since that
+just noticed, contains a selection of <i>Criminal Trials</i>,
+amongst which are those of Throckmorton and the Duke of Norfolk,
+for treason. They are, in the main, reprints from the State Trials,
+which the professional editor states to contain a large fund of
+instruction and <i>entertainment</i>. We have been deceived in the
+latter quality, though we must admit that in judicious hands, a
+volume of untiring interest might be wrought up from the State
+records. As they are, their dulness and prolixity are past
+endurance. As the present work proceeds in chronological order, it
+will doubtless improve in its entertaining character, since no
+class of literature has been more enriched by the publication of
+journals, diaries, &amp;c., than historical biography, which will
+thus enable the editor to enliven his pages with characteristic
+traits of the principal actors. This has been done, to some extent,
+in the portion before us, and in like manner fits the volume for
+popular reading.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page297" name="page297"></a>[pg
+297]</span>
+<h2>MANNERS &amp; CUSTOMS OF ALL NATIONS.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>FIRE TEMPLES IN PERSIA.</h3>
+<div class="figure" style="width:80%;"><a href=
+"images/546-2.png"><img width="100%" src="images/546-2.png" alt=
+"" /></a> Persian Temple</div>
+<p>These mystical relics are but a short journey from the
+celebrated ruins of Persepolis. Mr. Buckingham describes them in
+his usual picturesque language: "Having several villages in sight,
+as the sun rose, with cultivated land, flocks, trees, and water, we
+arrived at the foot of the mountain, which forms the northern
+boundary of the plain of Merdusht. The first object we saw on the
+west was a small rock, on which stood two fire altars of a peculiar
+form: their dimensions were five feet square at the base, and three
+at the top, and they were five feet high. There were pillars or
+pilasters at the corners, and arches in the sides. In the centre of
+each of these, near the top, was a square basin, about eight inches
+in diameter, and six in depth, for the reception of the fire,
+formerly used by the disciples of Zoroaster in their worship."</p>
+<p>Like Pythagoras, it may be here observed, Zoroaster, the
+inventer of Magic, or the doctrines of the Magi, admitted no
+visible object of devotion except fire, which he considered as the
+most proper emblem of a supreme being; these doctrines seem to have
+been preserved by Numa, in the worship and ceremonies which he
+instituted in honour of Vesta. According to some of the moderns,
+the doctrines, laws, and regulations of Zoroaster are still extant,
+and they have been lately introduced in Europe, in a French
+translation by M. Anquetil.</p>
+<p>Mr. Buckingham notices an existing custom, which he attributes
+to this reverence to fire. "Throughout all Persia, a custom
+prevails of giving the salute 'Salami Alaikom,' whenever the first
+lighted lamp or candle is brought into the room in the evening; and
+this is done between servants and masters as well as between
+equals. As this is not practised in any other Mahommedan country,
+it is probably a relic of the ancient reverence to fire, once so
+prevalent here, though the form of the salute is naturally that of
+the present religion."</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>THE NATURALIST.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>WHALE CHASE.</h3>
+<p>A Scottish journal, the <i>Caledonian Mercury</i>, describes the
+following animated scene, which lately took place off the town of
+Stornoway, in the island of Lewis. An immense shoal of whales was,
+early in the morning, chased to the mouth of the harbour by two
+fishing-boats, which had met them in the offing.</p>
+<p>"The circumstance was immediately descried from the shore, and a
+host of boats, amounting to 30 or 40, and armed with every species
+of weapon, set off to join the others in pursuit. The chase soon
+became one of bustle and anxiety on the part both of man and fish.
+The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page298" name="page298"></a>[pg
+298]</span> boats arranged themselves in the form of a crescent, in
+the fold of which the whales were collected, and where they had to
+encounter incessant showers of stones, splashing of oars, with
+frequent gashes from a harpoon or spear, while the din created by
+the shouts of the boats' crews and the multitude on shore, was
+tremendous. On more than one occasion, however, the floating
+phalanx was broken, and it required the greatest activity and tact
+ere the breach could be repaired and possession of the fugitives
+regained. The shore was neared by degrees, the boats advancing and
+retreating by turns, till at length they succeeded in driving the
+captive monsters on a beach opposite to the town, and within a few
+yards of it. The gambols of the whales were now highly diverting,
+and, except when a fish became unmanageable and enraged while the
+harpoon was fixed, or the noose of a rope pulled tight round its
+tail, they were not at all dangerous to be approached. In the
+course of a few hours the capture was complete, the shore was
+strewed with their dead carcases, while the sea presented a bloody
+and troubled aspect, giving evident proofs that it was with no
+small effort they were subdued. For fear of contagion, the whole
+fish amounting to ninety-eight, some of them very large, were
+immediately towed to a spot distant from the town, where they were
+on Thursday sold by public roup, the proceeds to be divided among
+the captors. An annual visit is generally paid by the whales to the
+Lewis coast, and besides being profitable when caught, they
+generally furnish a source of considerable amusement. On the
+present occasion, the whole inhabitants of the place, male and
+female, repaired to the beach, opposite to the scene of slaughter,
+where they evidently were delighted spectators, and occasionally
+gave assistance. A young sailor received a stroke from the tail of
+one of the largest fish, which nearly killed him."</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>AUDUBON.</h3>
+<p>The Philadelphia journals communicate some particulars of the
+journey of this enterprising naturalist into E. Florida. He has
+discovered, shot, and drawn a new Ibis, which he has named
+<i>Tantalus fuscus</i>. In a letter, he says</p>
+<p>"I have discovered three different new species of Heath, one
+bearing a yellow blossom, the two others a red and purple
+one;&mdash;also, a beautiful new Kalmia, and several extraordinary
+parasitical plants, bearing some resemblance to the pineapple
+plant, growing on the <i>eastern</i> side of the cyprus tree in
+swamps, about 6 or 10 feet above the water.</p>
+<p>"During my late excursion I almost became an amphibious
+being&mdash;spending the most of my days in the water, and by night
+pitching my tent on the barren sands. Whilst I remained at Spring
+Garden, the alligators were yet in full life; the white-headed
+eagles setting; the smaller resident birds paring; and strange to
+say, the warblers which migrate, moving easterly every warm day,
+and returning every cold day, a curious circumstance, tending to
+illustrate certain principles in natural economy."</p>
+<p>Six boxes of prepared skins of birds, &amp;c. as well as a
+number of choice shells, seeds, roots, &amp;c. the result of
+Audubon's researches, have been received in Charleston.</p>
+<p>"In this collection there are between four and five hundred
+skins of Birds, several of them rare in this part of the United
+States&mdash;some that are never found here, and a few that have
+not yet been described. Of these are two of the species of Pelican
+(Pelicanus) not described by Wilson. The Parrot (psittacus
+Carolinensis); the palm warbler of Buonaparte (Silvia palmerea),
+and the Florida Jay, a beautiful bird without the crest, so common
+in that genus.</p>
+<p>"Among the new discoveries of Audubon in Florida, we perceive a
+noble bird partaking of the appearance both of the Falcon and
+Vulture tribes, which would seem to be a connecting link between
+the two. His habits too, it is said, partake of his appearance, he
+being alternately a bird of prey, and feeding on the same food with
+the Vultures. This bird remains yet to be described, and will add
+not only a new species, but a new genus to the birds of the United
+States. We perceive also in Mr. Audubon's collection, a new species
+of Coot (Fulica).<a id="footnotetag9" name=
+"footnotetag9"></a><a href="#footnote9"><sup>9</sup></a></p>
+<hr />
+<h3>REMARKABLE JAY.</h3>
+<p>A lady residing at Blackheath has in her possession a fine Jay,
+which displays instinct allied to reason and reflection in no
+ordinary degree. This bird is stated by a Correspondent, (A.T.) to
+repeat distinctly any word that may be uttered before. She can
+identify persons after having once seen them, and been told their
+names; the latter she will pronounce with surprising clearness. She
+has a strong affection for a goldfinch in the same apartment, the
+latter bird appearing <span class="pagenum"><a id="page299" name=
+"page299"></a>[pg 299]</span> to return this fondness by fluttering
+its wings and other demonstrations of delight. The Jay has also
+been seen playing with two kittens, while the old cat looked
+composedly on at their gambols. This bird is in beautiful plumage,
+and is about twenty years of age. She is well known to the
+residents of Blackheath and its vicinity.</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>ENTOMOLOGY.</h3>
+<p>I have lately observed a curious fact, which I have never seen
+noticed in any book which has fallen in my way, viz. that it is the
+tail of the caterpillar which becomes the head of the butterfly. I
+found it hard to believe till I had convinced myself of it in a
+number of instances. The caterpillar weaves its web from its mouth,
+finishes with the head downwards, and the head, with the six front
+legs, are thrown off from the chrysalis, and may be found dried up,
+but quite distinguishable, at the bottom of the web. The butterfly
+comes out at the top. Is this fact generally
+known?&mdash;<i>Corresp. Mag. Nat. Hist.</i></p>
+<hr />
+<h3>THE RIVER TINTO.</h3>
+<p>The river Tinto rises in Sierra Morena, and empties itself into
+the Mediterranean, near Huelva, having the name of Tinto given it
+from the tinge of its waters, which are as yellow as a topaz,
+hardening the sand and petrifying it in a most surprising manner.
+If a stone happen to fall in, and rest on another, they both become
+in a year's time perfectly united and conglutiated. This river
+withers all the plants on its banks, as well as the roots of trees,
+which it dyes of the same hue as its waters. No kind of verdure
+will flourish where it reaches, nor any fish live in its stream. It
+kills worms in cattle, when given them to drink; but in general no
+animals will drink out of the river, except goats, whose flesh,
+nevertheless, has an excellent flavour. These singular properties
+continue till other rivulets run into it, and alter its nature; for
+when it passes by Niebla, it is not different from other rivers. It
+falls into the Mediterranean six leagues lower down, at the town of
+Huelva, where it is two leagues broad, and admits of large vessels,
+which may come up the river as high as San Juan del Puerto, three
+leagues above Huelva.&mdash;<i>From a Correspondent.</i></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>THE GALLEY SLAVES.</h3>
+<p>About a mile distant from one of the southern barriers of Paris,
+a palace was built during <i>our</i> Henry the Sixth's brief and
+precarious possession of French royalty, by the Bishop of
+Winchester. It was known by the name of Winchester, of which,
+however, the French kept continually clipping and changing the
+consonants, until the Anglo-Saxon Winchester dwindled into the
+French appellation of Bic&ecirc;tre. The Bishop's old palace was
+treated as unceremoniously as his name, being burnt in some of the
+civil wars. But there is this advantage in a sumptuous edifice,
+that its very ruins suggest the thought and supply the means of
+rebuilding it. Bic&ecirc;tre, accordingly, reared its head, and is
+now a straggling mass of building, containing a mad-house, a
+poor-house, an hospital, and a prison.</p>
+<p>To see it is a matter of trifling difficulty, except on one
+particular day&mdash;that devoted to the rivetting of the
+<i>chaine</i>. A surgeon, however, belonging to the establishment,
+promised to procure me admission, and on receiving his summons, I
+started one forenoon for Bic&ecirc;tre. Mortifying news awaited my
+arrival. The convicts had plotted a general insurrection and
+escape, which was to have taken place on the preceding night. It
+had been discovered in time, however, and such precautions taken,
+as completely prevented even the attempt. The chief of these
+precautions appeared in half a regiment of troops, that had
+bivouacked all night in the square adjoining the prison, and were
+still some lying, some loitering about. Strict orders had been
+issued, that no strangers should be admitted to witness the
+ceremony of rivetting; and the turnkeys and gaolers, in appearance
+not yet recovered from the alarm of the preceding evening, refused
+to listen to either bribe, menace, or solicitation. It was
+confoundedly vexatious. Whilst expostulating with the turnkey, I
+caught a glimpse through a barred window of the interior court,
+athwart which the chains lay extended, whilst in one railed off
+even from this the convicts were crowded, marching round and
+round&mdash;precaution forbade their remaining still&mdash;and
+uttering from time to time such yells and imprecations as might
+deafen and appal a Mohawk. "I have caught a glimpse at least,"
+thought I, as we were unceremoniously turned out.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page300" name="page300"></a>[pg
+300]</span>
+<p>My friend, the surgeon, bade us, however, not despair. When the
+man of influence arrived he hoped to prevail; and in the mean time
+he led us to view the other curiosities of Bic&ecirc;tre. There was
+the well, the kitchen, the anatomical theatre. The courts were
+crowded with aged paupers, who each well knew that his carcass
+would undergo what laceration the scalpel of my friend and his
+comrades chose to inflict upon it. But the thought seemed not to
+affect them so much as it did us. Methought the business of
+dissecting dead subjects might have been carried on more remote
+from the living candidates; but I was wrong, for mystery and
+secrecy always beget fear.</p>
+<p>The mad-house was another curiosity. It contains many whose
+brain the revolution of July, 1830, had turned. One man, a fine
+youth, had travelled on foot from a distant part of the kingdom, to
+shed his blood as a sacrifice to the memory of Napoleon. He gave
+his last franc to obtain admission within the pillar of the Place
+Vend&ocirc;me, and when there opened the veins of both his arms,
+crying out, "I offer the blood of the brave to the manes of
+Napoleon." His rolling black eye was now contrasted with a face
+pale as death. He had lost so much blood that few hopes were
+entertained of his recovery.</p>
+<p>But by far the most curious patient of the mad-house, was a
+young man who imagined himself to be a woman. He was handsome, but
+not feminine in appearance. He adored a little mirror, with which
+he was gratified. Rags of all colours were his delight; and he had
+made a precious collection. His coquetry was evident; and he
+answered pertinently all questions, never belying at the same time
+his fixed opinion, that he was endowed with a maiden's charms.</p>
+<p>We looked over the book of reports, and found seven-eighths of
+the female patients to have become deranged from love; whilst, with
+the majority of the males, the hallucination proceeded from
+disappointments of ambition. Surprised, I could make out no case of
+a religious maniac; glad, I could discover none of a student.</p>
+<p>We now returned to machinations for the purpose of entering the
+forbidden prison. Aprons were handed us, not unlike a barber's.
+They were surgeons' aprons, always worn by those of the
+establishment when on duty. Might not then the barbers' aprons be a
+tradition of the barber-surgeons? I refrained from asking the
+question in that company. The scheme was, that we should pass for
+<i>Carabins</i>&mdash;such is the nickname of French students in
+chirurgery&mdash;and in this quality demand admission. The Cerberus
+of the prison grinned at the deceit, but wearied and amused by our
+importunities, he actually opened the <i>quicket</i> and admitted
+us. There are two grated doors of this kind, one always locked
+whilst the other is opened. In an instant we were in
+Pandemonium.</p>
+<p>The buildings, which surrounded and formed the courts, evidently
+the oldest and strongest of Bic&ecirc;tre, harmonized in dinginess
+with the scene. At every barred window, and these were numerous,
+about a dozen ruffianly heads were thrust together, to regard the
+chains of their companions.&mdash;What a study of physiognomy! The
+murderer's scowl was there, by the side of the laughing countenance
+of the vagabond, whose shouts and jokes formed a kind of tenor to
+the muttered imprecations of the other. Here and there was
+protruded the fine, open, high-fronted head,&mdash;pale, striking,
+features, and dark looks, of some felon of intellect and natural
+superiority; whilst by his side, ignominy looked stupidly and
+maliciously on. A handsome little fellow at one of the grates, was
+dressing his hair unconsciously with most agitated fingers,
+evidently affected by the scene. Our question of "What are you in
+for?" aroused him. "False signing a billet of twenty thousand
+francs," replied he, with a shrug and a smile. "And he, your
+neighbour?" asked we cautiously, concerning one of a fine,
+thoughtful, philosophic, and passionate countenance. "Ha! you may
+ask&mdash;he gave his mistress a potion, for the purpose of merely
+seducing her, and it turned out to be poison&mdash;a <i>carabin</i>
+like yourselves." But these made no part of the <i>chaine</i>.</p>
+<p>The convicts destined for this operation were kept in movement
+round a post in an adjoining court, and were shouting, rarely in
+intelligible language, to their companions. Joy was the universal
+tone, and a sniveller ran imminent danger. One poor fellow I
+remarked holding down his head, when he was saluted with a kick
+from him who followed, and the objurgation, <i>Tu es for&ccedil;at,
+toi, heim?</i>&mdash;"You a convict, and durst be sad." These men
+were all unmanacled. Methought a general rush on their part both
+practicable and formidable. One half must have perished, and the
+other half might have escaped.</p>
+<p>They were now marched out from the inner court in batches of
+thirty at a time, drawn up in rank, stripped, and examined
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page301" name="page301"></a>[pg
+301]</span> with such rigid scrutiny as I dare not precise. They
+were then marched and placed along one of the extended chains, and
+made to sit down, resting it in their laps. A square fetter was
+then fitted and placed around the neck of each. In this, before,
+some detached links from the chain were placed, whilst a huge smith
+proceeded to rivet each from behind. Fixing a kind of movable anvil
+behind the convict's back, the fetter that encircled his neck was
+brought with its joint upon it, and half a dozen blows of the
+sledge riveted the captive inextricably to the main chain and to
+his twenty-nine comrades. The smith must be adroit at his task, and
+the convict steady in his position; for, as the fetter is tight
+round the neck, the hammer, in its blow, must pass within a quarter
+of an inch of his skull, and a wince on his part might prove fatal.
+This, indeed, is the trying moment, when the stoutest cheek is
+blanched. The sturdiest frame, shaken by the blows of the sledge,
+then betrays emotion, and tears of penitence are at that moment
+almost always seen to fall. On sitting down, each had in general an
+air of bravado, produced in a great measure by the regards of the
+seemingly more hardened ruffians from the windows. Under the
+riveting there was no smile; whilst after it, apathy was affected
+or resumed, each endeavouring to make his iron collar as
+supportable and comfortable as possible, by enveloping it in a
+handkerchief, and guaranteeing the neck from its chill or
+galling.</p>
+<p>When the <i>chaine</i> was completed, its wearers were made to
+stand up. They formed themselves in couples, the chain running
+betwixt two ranks, and they walked round the yard to take their
+first lesson in their galling exercise. They are thus fettered
+together till they reach Brest or Toulon. The choice is left to
+them of walking or being carried in carts, more provender being
+given to those who make the journey on foot.</p>
+<p>The only part of their habiliments, which seemed left to
+themselves to provide, was a covering for the head, the red or
+green cap being given them only upon entering the <i>bagne</i>. For
+their journey, some of the fellows had provided themselves with
+strange head-gear, mostly made of straw; one had a three-cocked
+hat; others, one of all kinds of <i>outr&eacute;</i> shapes. A
+prime vagabond had woven for himself a complete and magnificent
+tiara, precisely like the Roman Pontiff's in form, and surmounted
+by a cross. This was the <i>Pope</i>, the Pope of the
+<i>Chaine</i>, and I never heard a shout so appalling, as that with
+which his appearance was welcomed by the prisoners from the windows
+of the building. They danced, they yelled, tore and tumbled over
+each other in the most exuberant delight, thrusting their crowded
+heads and distorted features almost through the gratings. I have
+gleaned from it quite an idea of a scene of merriment and
+exultation <i>below</i>.</p>
+<p>The said Pope was a very extraordinary fellow: a slight fair
+form, pointed features, and eyes that were penetrating, despite
+their common shade of grey. He was called <i>Champenois</i>, his
+real name unknown, not more than three-and-twenty, and the
+Lieutenant of the <i>Chaine</i> said, one of the most talented and
+extraordinary characters that <i>he</i> had ever met with. He had
+been the prime mover of the intended insurrection, but without a
+proof against him, except his universal authority, unusual in so
+young a thief. His physiognomy was one, which it required not a
+second look in order to remember for ever.</p>
+<p>Another figure struck me, not so much as singular in itself, as
+in contrast with those around. It struck me as that of an English
+cabin-boy, a pale, freckled, ill-conditioned lad. On following the
+calling over of the register in roll, I found my conjecture too
+true. He was an unfortunate young sailor, a native of England,
+guilty of some misdemeanour, and by name Aikin. He understood not a
+word of French, but protested with a shake of his head against his
+being English; patriotism had in him outlived honesty and
+self-respect. I spoke to him in English: he wept, but would not
+reply, puckering up his poor lips in all the agony of his desolate
+condition. I was glad to remark the humanity with which he had been
+chained to a prisoner, pensive and downcast like himself.</p>
+<p>There were some cases certainly hard; one or two for resisting
+the <i>gen-d'armerie</i> in a riot at Rouen. To transport a rioter,
+unless under aggravated circumstances, is grievous enough; but
+after the revolution of July, that hallowed riot, to make a
+galley-slave of a <i>brave</i> for resisting the police, must have
+been at least surprising to him. The tribunal no doubt felt the
+necessity of severity; and we acknowledged it all in deploring the
+degradation of these poor devils for an act, which in so many
+thousand others was, at the moment, extolled to the skies as the
+acm&eacute; of heroism. But justice hath her lottery-wheel as well
+as fortune.</p>
+<p>As the last <i>chaine</i> was completing, an <span class=
+"pagenum"><a id="page302" name="page302"></a>[pg 302]</span>
+ecclesiastic went round to collect money of the visitors. But as
+there were few, so were the offerings. The convicts at the same
+time produced the fruits of their ingenuity in straw work-boxes,
+needle-cases, carved ivory and wood. The guardians, to do them
+justice, seemed humane.</p>
+<p>The <i>bagne</i> at Toulon, the destination of the members of
+the <i>chaine</i>, was respectably peopled when I visited it some
+years ago. It contained amongst others, Sarrazin, a famous general,
+who had deserted to us from Buonaparte, and whose works on the
+Spanish and other campaigns, are still read with interest. The
+general had caught the inexcusable habit of marrying a wife in each
+town wherein he was quartered, and was sent to the gallies for
+<i>trigintagamy</i>. They boasted a bishop too amongst the convicts
+at Toulon, a merry little fellow, that bore his fate gaily, and who
+still contrived to exercise a kind of spiritual supremacy over his
+unfortunate comrades.</p>
+<p>The ingenuity and hardihood of these men is surprising. Despite
+the vigilance, the ramparts, the fetters, and the logs, they escape
+hourly and daily;&mdash;at what risk is manifest from the
+regulations, by which three cannon shots always announce the
+disappearance of a convict, serving to warn the peasants, and call
+them to earn the handsome reward given to whoever arrests one of
+the branded fugitives. They are easily recognised by the halt in
+one limb; as they are wont to drag after them that which has been
+accustomed to the bullet.</p>
+<p>The only pursuits that seem to pervade the <i>bagne</i>, are
+those of <i>eating</i> and <i>dying</i>: with the exception of
+escape, all others are denied. And those who have given up the
+latter hope, confine their thoughts either to bettering their
+meagre fare of beans, or to getting rid of existence in the most
+advantageous way. It is remarkable and degrading to observe the
+utmost human ingenuity and industry employed, in order to procure a
+dish of potatoes fried in grease once in the week. Yet such is the
+luxury of a <i>for&ccedil;at</i>, and he must labour for it harder
+than even an Hibernian peasant, or a poet of the same line.</p>
+<p>The more philosophic, who scorn the luxury of potatoes, and with
+it the life that affords no other, meditate how best to get rid of
+existence; and this they effect almost ever in one way; viz., by
+killing their most obnoxious keeper, and thus earning the
+guillotine.</p>
+<p>It is a frequent scene in the <i>bagne</i>, that of an
+execution. It occurs every week or fortnight. All the convicts are
+obliged to attend, for the purpose of striking them with terror,
+and working contrition and good behaviour in them. Alas! it is a
+huge mistake. For these days are of all other days of
+<i>f&ecirc;te</i> to them. Their countenances are marked by
+universal joy, and they shout congratulations, not condolences, to
+their comrade about to perish. Death to them is indeed an escape.
+Its ceremony is to them a marriage feast: and decapitation, what a
+<i>black job</i> was to Lord Portsmouth,&mdash;the only variety and
+excitement that could give a spur to their heavy and painful
+existence.</p>
+<p>Speak as we may against the pains of death, this is worse, not
+only physically but morally; for it degrades humanity far lower
+than is conceiveable. The French have an idea that they can imitate
+the American mode of punishment by solitary confinement. This again
+will be still worse than the galleys; since religious consolation
+can alone redeem or ameliorate man in this state of durance; and as
+this makes no part of the French system, I cannot help thinking the
+<i>guillotine</i> more merciful, than either their <i>bagne</i> or
+their solitary cells.&mdash;<i>Monthly Magazine.</i></p>
+<hr />
+<h3>THE SEALS.</h3>
+<h4>Written at the suggestion of a Lover who inferred the decline,
+of his mistress's affections from her changing the seals of her
+letters.</h4>
+<h4>BY THE AUTHOR OF THE HUNCHBACK.</h4>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>You've changed the seal&mdash;you've changed it thrice:</p>
+<p class="i2">Your first implied you loved:</p>
+<p>How welcome was the dear device,</p>
+<p class="i2">A thousand kisses proved.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Your next was love&mdash;it spoke the flame,</p>
+<p class="i2">Yet scarce so plain methought&mdash;</p>
+<p>I kiss'd it, wishing it the same</p>
+<p class="i2">Your first sweet letter brought</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>The second change, was change indeed&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">To friendship&mdash;Judge my bliss&mdash;</p>
+<p>And did I kiss that seal&mdash;I did&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">But 'twas a farewell kiss.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>The third&mdash;nor love, nor friendship&mdash;There</p>
+<p class="i2">Indeed love's dream should end&mdash;</p>
+<p>As coldest stranger better far</p>
+<p class="i2">Than lover turn'd to friend.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>No kiss I gave that seal&mdash;no name&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">Still dear&mdash;of thine it bore&mdash;</p>
+<p>The signet, whence the impress came,</p>
+<p class="i2">Perhaps a rival wore.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>I smil'd to think 'twas so&mdash;'twas strange&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">And have such cause to sigh&mdash;</p>
+<p>How couldst thou&mdash;fairest creature&mdash;change?</p>
+<p class="i2">O, wherefore could not I.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><i>Monthly Mag.</i></p>
+<hr />
+<p>By a Parliamentary return it appears, that Kensington Palace
+cost the public in 1828, 2,412<i>l</i>. 8<i>s</i>. 11<i>d</i>.; in
+1829, 4,638<i>l</i>. 8<i>s</i>.; in 1830, 6,203<i>l</i>. 5<i>s</i>.
+11<i>d</i>.; and in 183l, 3,921<i>l</i>. 15<i>s</i>. Hampton Court
+in 1828, cost 4,430<i>l</i>. 19<i>s</i>. 5<i>d</i>.; in 1829,
+5,964<i>l</i>. 13<i>s</i>. 1<i>d</i>.; in 1830, 4,144<i>l</i>.
+2<i>s</i>. 4<i>d</i>.; and in 183l, 3,994<i>l</i>. 15<i>s</i>.
+11<i>d</i>.&mdash;<i>Times</i>.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page303" name="page303"></a>[pg
+303]</span>
+<h2>THE GATHERER.</h2>
+<hr />
+<p>Dr. Johnson has remarked that the French are fond of Young's
+<i>Night Thoughts</i>, a fact which is hard to be accounted for,
+that a nation so celebrated for their gaiety should have a regard
+for an author treating on such serious subjects.</p>
+<p><i>Wigs</i>.&mdash;In the reign of Queen Anne, enormous
+full-bottomed wigs often cost twenty or thirty guineas each.</p>
+<p>"<i>Capillary Attraction</i>."&mdash;When Charles II. was
+espoused to the Infanta of Portugal, a fleet was sent over to
+Lisbon, with proper attendants to bring her hither, but her majesty
+being informed that there were some particular customs in Portugal,
+with relation to the ladies, which the king would not easily
+dispense with, the fleet was detained six or seven weeks, at a
+great expense, till <i>her majesty's hair grew</i>.</p>
+<p>(Mr. Prince, with his Russia Oil, would have prospered under
+Royal Patronage in those days; and Mr. Rowland would not have
+needed immortality in Byron's verse: "incomparable <i>huile
+Macassar</i>.")</p>
+<p><i>The King of Kippen.</i>&mdash;When James V. of Scotland,
+travelled in disguise, he used a name which was known only to some
+of the principal nobility and attendants. He was called the Goodman
+(the tenant, that is) of Ballangiech. Ballangiech is a steep pass,
+which leads down behind the Castle of Stirling. Once, when he was
+feasting in Stirling, the king sent for some venison from the
+neighbouring hills. The deer were killed and put on horses' backs
+to be transported to Stirling. Unluckily, they had to pass the
+castle gates of Ampryor, belonging to a chief of the Buchanans, who
+had a considerable number of guests with him. It was late, and the
+company were rather short of victuals, though they had more than
+enough of liquor. The chief, seeing so much fat venison passing his
+very door, seized on it; and, to the expostulations of the keepers,
+who told him that it belonged to King James, he answered
+insolently, that if James was king in Scotland, he, Buchanan, was
+king in Kippen, being the name of the district in which the Castle
+of Ampryor lay. On hearing what had happened, the king got on
+horseback, and rode instantly from Stirling to Buchanan's house,
+where he found a strong, fierce-looking Highlander, with an axe on
+his shoulder, standing sentinel at the door. This grim warder
+refused the king admittance, saying that "the Laird of Arnpryor was
+at dinner, and would not be disturbed." "Yet go up to the company,
+my good friend," said the king, "and tell him that the good man of
+Ballangiech is come to feast with the King of Kippen." The porter
+went grumbling into the house, and told his master that there was a
+fellow with a red beard who called himself the good man of
+Ballangiech, at the gate, and said he was come to dine with the
+King of Kippen. As soon as Buchanan heard these words, he knew that
+the king was there in person, and hastened down to kneel at James's
+feet, and to ask forgiveness for his insolent behavour. But the
+king, who only meant to give him a fright, forgave him freely, and,
+going into the castle, feasted on his own venison, which Buchanan
+had intercepted. Buchanan of Arnpryor was ever afterwards called
+King of Kippen.</p>
+<p>W.G.C.</p>
+<p><i>Remarkable Murder</i>.&mdash;"Anno 1605: one William
+Calverly, of Calverly, in the county of York, esquire, murthered
+two of his own children at home at his own house, then stabbed his
+wife into the body, with full intent to have killed her, and then
+went out with intention to have killed his child, at nurse, but was
+prevented. He was pressed to death, at York, for this murther,
+because he stood mute, and would not plead."&mdash;<i>Old
+History</i>.</p>
+<p><i>Law respecting Caps</i>.&mdash;An old Law, enacted that every
+person above seven years of age, should wear on Sundays, and
+Holidays, a cap of wool, knit-made, thickened and dressed in
+England, by some of the trade of Cappers&mdash;under the forfeiture
+of three-farthings for every day's neglect; excepting <i>Maids,
+Ladies</i>, and <i>Gentlemen</i>, and every <i>Lord, Knight</i>,
+and Gentleman of <i>Twenty marks of land</i>, and their
+<i>heirs</i>, and such as had borne office of worship in any
+<i>City, Town</i>, or <i>Place</i>, and the Wardens of the London
+Companies.</p>
+<p>T. GILL.</p>
+<p><i>Splendid Biography</i>.&mdash;Richard Neville, the Great Earl
+of Warwick and Salisbury, was well known in history by the
+appellation of the King Maker. His biographer says, "He was a man
+whose hospitality was so abundant, that the ordinary consumption of
+a breakfast, at his house in London, was six oxen; whose popularity
+was so great, that his absence was accounted as the absence of the
+sun from the hemisphere; whose service was so courted, that men of
+all <span class="pagenum"><a id="page304" name="page304"></a>[pg
+304]</span> degrees were proud to wear the badges of his livery;
+and whose authority was so potent, that kings were raised, or
+deposed, as suited his humour."</p>
+<p>P.T.W.</p>
+<p><i>Character of England by Henry the Seventh.</i>&mdash;Henry
+the Seventh (whose breeding had been low and private) being once
+pressed by some of his council, to pursue his title to France,
+returned this answer: "That France was indeed a flourishing and
+gallant kingdom; but England, in his mind, was as fine a seat for a
+country gentleman as any that could be found in Europe."</p>
+<p>G.K.</p>
+<p><i>The Plough.</i></p>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>"Look how the purple flower, which the plough</p>
+<p>Hath shorn in sunder, languishing doth die."</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p><span style="margin-left:3em"><i>Peachum.</i></span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>This implement was known to the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans,
+and was invented at a very early period, being perhaps nearly
+coeval with the cultivation of the soil itself. Anciently, the
+tenants (in England) in some manors, were not allowed to have their
+rural implements sharpened by any but those whom the lord
+appointed; for which an acknowledgment was to be paid, called
+<i>agusa dura</i>; in some places <i>agusage</i>, a fee for
+sharpening plough-tackle, which some take to be the same with what
+was otherwise called <i>reillage</i>, from the ancient French
+<i>reille</i>, a <i>ploughshare</i>.</p>
+<p><i>Ancient F&ecirc;te at Gorhamlury.</i>&mdash;In the year 1577,
+Queen Elizabeth was entertained at Gorhambury, by Sir Nicholas
+Bacon, Lord Keeper, from Saturday, May the 18th, to the Wednesday
+following, at the expense of 577<i>l</i>. 6<i>s</i>. 7-1/4<i>d</i>.
+besides fifteen bucks and two stags. Among the dainties of the
+feathered kind, enumerated in this entertainment, Mr. Nichols
+mentions herons, bitterns, godwites, dotterels, shovelers, curlews,
+and knots. Sir Nicholas Bacon was frequently visited by the queen,
+who dated many of her state papers from Gorhambury.</p>
+<p>P.T.W.</p>
+<p><i>Adrian the Fourth.</i>&mdash;Adrian the Fourth was the only
+Englishman who ever filled the Papal chair. His name was Nicholas
+Breakspeare, and he was born at Abbot's Langley, a village in
+Herts. Such was the unbounded pride of this pontiff, that when the
+Emperor Frederick the First went to Rome, in 1155, to receive the
+imperial diadem, the Pope, after many difficulties concerning the
+ceremonial of investiture, insisted that the emperor should
+prostrate himself before him, kiss his feet, hold his stirrup, and
+lead the white palfrey on which the holy father rode. Frederick did
+not submit to this humiliation without reluctance; and as he took
+hold of the stirrup, he observed that "he had not yet been taught
+the profession of a groom." In a letter to his old friend, John of
+Salisbury, he says that St. Peter's Chair was the most uneasy seat
+in the world, and that his crown seemed to be clapped burning on
+his head. Yet did this haughty Pope (according to Dr. Cave) allow
+his mother to be maintained by the alms of the church of
+Canterbury.</p>
+<p>P.T.W.</p>
+<p><i>Quid pro quo.</i>&mdash;A peasant of Burgundy, whom Louis XI.
+had taken some notice of, while Dauphin, appeared before him when
+he ascended the throne, and presented him with an extraordinary
+large radish; Louis received it with much goodwill, and handsomely
+repaid the peasant. The great man of the place, to whom the
+countryman related his good fortune, imagined that if he were to
+offer Louis something, he would, at any rate, make him a prince.
+Accordingly he went to court, and presented his finest horse to the
+king. Louis received his present as graciously as he had before
+taken the radish, and after he had sufficiently praised the horse,
+"See here," said he, taking the radish in his hand, "here is a
+radish, which, like your horse, is one of the rarest of its kind; I
+present it to you with many thanks."</p>
+<p>Iota.</p>
+<p><i>Muswell Hill</i> derives its name from a famous well on the
+hill, where, formerly, the fraternity of St. John of Jerusalem, in
+Clerkenwell, had their dairy, with a large farm adjacent. Here they
+built a chapel for the benefit of some nuns, in which they fixed
+the image of our Lady of Muswell. These nuns had the sole
+management of the dairy: and it is singular, that the said well and
+farm do, at this time, belong to the parish of St. James,
+Clerkenwell. The water of this spring was then deemed a miraculous
+cure for scrofulous and cutaneous disorders. For that reason it was
+much resorted to; and, as tradition says, a king of Scotland made a
+pilgrimage hither, and was perfectly cured.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote1" name=
+"footnote1"></a> <b>Footnote 1</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+<p>St. Pancras was a young Phrygian nobleman, who suffered death
+under the Emperor Dioclesian, for his zealous adherence to the
+Christian faith.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote2" name=
+"footnote2"></a> <b>Footnote 2</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+<p>Lysons's Environs, 4to. vol. ii. part ii.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote3" name=
+"footnote3"></a> <b>Footnote 3</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag3">(return)</a>
+<p>The parish extends in this direction to the foot of Gray's Inn
+Lane, and includes part of a house in Queen's Square.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote4" name=
+"footnote4"></a> <b>Footnote 4</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag4">(return)</a>
+<p>Anciently Kentistonne, where William Bruges, Garter King at Arms
+in the reign of Henry V. had a country-house, at which he
+entertained the emperor Sigismund.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote5" name=
+"footnote5"></a> <b>Footnote 5</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag5">(return)</a>
+<p>The visitation of the church in the year 1251, mentions a very
+small tower, a good slope font, and a small marble stone ornamented
+with copper to carry the <i>Pax</i>.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote6" name=
+"footnote6"></a> <b>Footnote 6</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag6">(return)</a>
+<p>Strype, in his additions to Stowe, says, the Roman Catholics
+have of late <i>effected</i> to be buried at this place.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote7" name=
+"footnote7"></a> <b>Footnote 7</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag7">(return)</a>
+<p>One is stated to be on its way to England; our parliament has
+voted 10,000<i>l</i> to defray the expense. The other needle is
+destined for France.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote8" name=
+"footnote8"></a> <b>Footnote 8</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag8">(return)</a>
+<p>Mr. Colton used to say that he wrote his treasurable, "Lacon:
+or, many things in a few words," upon a small, rickety deal table.
+We perceive from Galignani's <i>Messenger</i>, that Mr. Colton put
+an end to his existence, a few days since, at Fontainbleau, it is
+stated in consequence of the dread of a surgical operation which it
+had become necessary that he should undergo.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote9" name=
+"footnote9"></a> <b>Footnote 9</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag9">(return)</a>
+<p>Abridged from printed extracts furnished by our correspondent,
+M.L.B.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p><i>Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, London;
+sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; and by all
+Newsmen and Booksellers.</i></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11551 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/11551-h/images/546-1.png b/11551-h/images/546-1.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..25079dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/11551-h/images/546-1.png
diff --git a/11551-h/images/546-2.png b/11551-h/images/546-2.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0dd9987
--- /dev/null
+++ b/11551-h/images/546-2.png
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7687269
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #11551 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11551)
diff --git a/old/11551-8.txt b/old/11551-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f4ae3df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/11551-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1907 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction
+       Vol. 19, Issue 546, May 12, 1832
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 12, 2004 [EBook #11551]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David King, and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. 19, NO. 546.]    SATURDAY, MAY 12, 1832.    [PRICE 2d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+ST. PANCRAS (OLD) CHURCH.
+
+
+[Illustration: ST. PANCRAS (OLD) CHURCH.]
+
+This humble village fane is situated to the north of London, somewhat
+more than a mile from Holborn Bars. Persons unacquainted with the site,
+may hitherto have considered it as part and parcel of this vast
+metropolis: but, lo! here it stands amidst much of its primitive,
+peaceful rusticity.
+
+Pancras is still, by courtesy, called a _village_, though its charms may
+be of the _rus-in-urbe_ description. It derives its name from the saint
+to whom the church is dedicated:[1] it was called St. Pancras when the
+Survey of Domesday was taken. The parish is of great extent. Mr. Lysons
+states it at 2,700 acres of land, including the site of buildings. It is
+bounded on the north by Islington, Hornsey, and Finchley; and on the
+west by Hampstead and Marybone. On the south it meets the parishes of
+St. Giles's in the Fields, St. George the Martyr, St. George,
+Bloomsbury, and St. Andrew's, Holborn.[2] On the east it is bounded by
+St. James's, Clerkenwell. Kentish Town, part of Highgate, Camden Town,
+and Somer's Town,[3] are comprised within this parish as hamlets. Mr.
+Lysons supposes it to have included the prebendal manor of Kentish
+Town,[4] or Cantelows, which now constitutes a stall in St. Paul's
+Cathedral. Among the prebendaries have been men eminent for their
+learning and piety: as Lancelot Andrews, bishop of Winchester, Dr.
+Sherlock, Archdeacon Paley, and the Rev. William Beloe, B.D. well known
+by his translation of Herodotus.
+
+    [1] St. Pancras was a young Phrygian nobleman, who suffered
+    death under the Emperor Dioclesian, for his zealous adherence to
+    the Christian faith.
+
+    [2] Lysons's Environs, 4to. vol. ii. part ii.
+
+    [3] The parish extends in this direction to the foot of Gray's
+    Inn Lane, and includes part of a house in Queen's Square.
+
+    [4] Anciently Kentistonne, where William Bruges, Garter King at
+    Arms in the reign of Henry V. had a country-house, at which he
+    entertained the emperor Sigismund.
+
+It would occupy too much space to detail the progressive increase of
+this district. When a visitation of the church was made in the year
+1251, there were only forty houses in the parish. The desolate situation
+of the village in the latter part of the sixteenth century is
+emphatically described by Norden, in his _Speculum Britanniæ_. After
+noticing the solitary condition of the church, he says, "yet about this
+structure have bin manie buildings now decaied, leaving poore Pancras
+without companie or comfort." In some manuscription additions to his
+work, the same writer has the following observations:--"Although this
+place be, as it were, forsaken of all; and true men seldom frequent the
+same, but upon devyne occasions; yet it is visyted by thieves, who
+assemble there not to pray, but to wait for praye; and manie fell into
+their handes, clothed, that are glad when they are escaped naked. Walk
+not there too late." Newcourt, whose work was published in 1700, says
+that houses had been built near the church. The first important increase
+of the parish took place in the neighbourhood of Tottenham Court Road.
+
+"Pancras Church," says Norden, "standeth all alone, as utterly forsaken,
+old and wether-beten, which, for the antiquity thereof, it is thought
+not to yield to Paules in London." It is of rude Gothic architecture,
+built of stones and flints, which are now covered with plaster. Mr.
+Lysons says, "It is certainly not older than the fourteenth century,
+perhaps in Norden's time it had the appearance of great decay; the same
+building, nevertheless, repaired from time to time, still remains; looks
+no longer 'old and wether-beten,' and may still exist perhaps to be
+spoken of by some antiquary of a future century. It is a very small
+structure, consisting only of a nave and chancel; at the west end is a
+low tower, with a kind of dome."[5] Mr. Lysons speaks of the
+disproportionate size of the church to the population of the parish; but
+since his time another church has been erected, the splendour and size
+of which in every respect accord with the increased wealth and numbers
+of the parish.
+
+    [5] The visitation of the church in the year 1251, mentions a
+    very small tower, a good slope font, and a small marble stone
+    ornamented with copper to carry the _Pax_.
+
+The church and churchyard of Pancras have long been noted as the
+burial-place of such Roman Catholics as die in London and its
+vicinity.[6] Many of the tombs exhibit a cross, and the initials R.I.P.
+(_Requiescat in pace_), which initials, or others analogous to them, are
+always used by the Catholics on their sepulchral monuments. Mr. Lysons
+heard it assigned by some of that persuasion, as a reason for this
+preference to Pancras as a burial-place, that masses were formerly said
+in a church in the south of France, dedicated to the same saint, for the
+souls of the deceased interred at St. Pancras in England. After the
+French revolution, a great number of ecclesiastics and other refugees,
+some of them of high rank, were buried in this churchyard; and in 1811,
+Mr. Lysons observed that probably about 30 of the French clergy had on
+an average been buried at Pancras for some years past: in 1801 there
+were 41, and in 1802, 32. Mr. Lysons's explanation of this preference to
+Pancras by the Catholics is, however, disputed by the author of
+_Ecclesiastical Topography_, who observes that a reason more generally
+given is, that "Pancras was the last church in England where mass was
+performed after the Reformation."
+
+    [6] Strype, in his additions to Stowe, says, the Roman Catholics
+    have of late _effected_ to be buried at this place.
+
+In the chancel are monuments of Daniel Clarke, Esq. who had been
+master-cook to Queen Elizabeth; and of Cooper the artist, whose style
+approached so near to that of Vandyke, that he has been called Vandyke
+in miniature: he taught the author of Hudibras to paint; his wife was
+sister to Pope's mother.
+
+In the churchyard are the tombs of Anthony Woodhead, 1678, who was in
+his day, the great champion of the Roman Catholic religion, and was
+reputed to have written the Whole Duty of Man; Lady Slingsby, whose name
+occurs as an actress in Dryden and Lee's plays, from 1681 to 1689;
+Jeremy Collier, 1726, the pertinacious non-juror, who repressed the
+immoralities of the stage; Ned Ward, author of the London Spy, 1731;
+Leoni, the architect, 1746; Lady Henrietta, wife of Beard, the vocalist,
+1753; Van Bleeck, the portrait-painter; Ravenet, the engraver, 1764;
+Mazzinghi, 1775, leader of the band at Marylebone Gardens, and father of
+Mazzinghi, the celebrated composer; Henry and Robert Rackett, Pope's
+nephews; Woollett, the engraver, 1785, to whose memory a monument has
+been placed in the cloisters of Westminster Abbey; Baron de Wenzel, the
+celebrated oculist, 1790; Mary Wollestonecraft Godwin, author of a
+Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1797; the Rev. Arthur O'Leary, or
+Father O'Leary, the amiable Franciscan friar, 1802; Paoli, the patriotic
+Corsican, 1807; Walker editor of the Pronouncing Dictionary; the
+Chevalier d'Eon, 1810, of epicene notoriety; and Packer, the comedian,
+1806, who is said to have performed 4,852 times, besides walking in
+processions; Edwards, professor of Perspective, 1806; Scheemakers, the
+statuary, 1808.
+
+In the _Beauties of England and Wales_, it is stated that 23 acres of
+land belong to the church; and the great increase of buildings renders
+these of considerable value; though it is not known to whom the church
+is indebted for this possession.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ELEGY.
+
+FROM THE GERMAN.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+  Through oak-woods green,
+    A silver sheen,
+  Sweet moon, from thee
+    Afforded me
+  A tranquil joy,
+    Me, _then_, a happy boy.
+  Still makes thy light
+    My window bright,
+  But can no more
+    Lost peace restore:
+  My brow is shaded,
+    My cheek with weeping faded.
+  Thy beams, O moon,
+    Will glitter soon,
+  As softly clear,
+    Upon my bier:
+  For soon, earth must
+    Conceal in youth my dust.
+
+  C.H.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CLEOPATRA'S NEEDLES.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+These remains of ancient art are destined to be removed to Europe.[7]
+The palace of Cleopatra was built upon the walls facing the port of
+Alexandria, Egypt, having a gallery on the outside, supported by several
+fine columns. Towards the eastern part of the palace are two obelisks,
+vulgarly called _Cleopatra's Needles_. They are of Thebaic stone, and
+covered with hieroglyphics; one is overturned, broken, and lying under
+the sand; the other is on its pedestal. These two obelisks, each of them
+of a single stone, are about sixty feet high, by seven feet square at
+the base. The Egyptian priests called these obelisks the sun's fingers,
+because they served as stiles or gnomons to mark the hours on the
+ground. In the first ages of the world they were made use of to transmit
+to posterity the principal precepts of philosophy, which were engraven
+on them in hieroglyphics.
+
+  "Between the statues, _Obelisks_ were placed:
+  And the learned walls with _hieroglyphics_ grac'd.
+                            _Pope._
+
+In after ages they were used to immortalize the actions of heroes, and
+the memory of persons beloved.
+
+    [7] One is stated to be on its way to England; our parliament
+    has voted 10,000_l_ to defray the expense. The other needle is
+    destined for France.
+
+The first obelisk we know of was that raised by Rameses, King of Egypt,
+in the time of the Trojan war. Augustus erected an obelisk at Rome, in
+the Campus Martius, which served to mark the hours on an horizontal
+dial, drawn on the pavement. This obelisk was brought from Egypt, and
+was said to have been formed by Sesostris, near a thousand years before
+Christ. It was used by Manlius for the same purpose for which it was
+originally destined, namely, to measure the height of the sun.
+
+P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE DYING MAIDEN'S PARDON TO HER FAITHLESS LOVER.
+
+FROM THE FRENCH.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+  If death's keen anguish thou would'st charm
+    Ere speeds his fatal dart,
+  Come, place thine hand--while yet 'tis warm,
+    Upon my breaking heart.
+
+  And though remorse--thou may'st not feel
+    When its last throb is o'er,
+  Thou'lt say--"that heart which lov'd so well,
+    Shall passion feel no more."
+
+  E'en love for thee forsakes my soul--
+    Thy work, relentless see,
+  Near as I am life's destin'd gaol,
+    I'm frozen--less than thee.
+
+  Yet take this heart--I ne'er had more
+    To give thee in thy need:
+  Search well--for at its inmost core,
+    Thy pardon thou may'st read.
+
+T.R.P.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+ANECDOTE GALLERY.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TRAITS OF IRISH CHARACTER.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+A gentleman residing in the vicinity of Dublin, found, notwithstanding
+the protection of a thick, and thorny hedge, that great depredations
+were committed on his garden and paddocks; so he inclosed them with a
+high, strong wall. As he kept cows, and had more milk than was
+sufficient for his family, he distributed the overplus amongst his poor
+neighbours. One day, inspecting in person, this distribution, he saw a
+woman attending with her pails, who, he was tolerably certain did not
+require such assistance. "You, here! my good friend," said he, "I
+thought you kept a cow?"
+
+"Ay, plase yer honour's honour, and _two_ it was that I _once_ kept, the
+craters!"
+
+"_Once_, why don't you keep them now?"
+
+"Ough! 'tis yeaself must answer that question, for why? the bastes did
+well enough afore your rav'rence run up that bit o' wall round your
+fields, seein' the cows lived off your grass; but sorra for me now, I've
+sold 'em both, by rason I couldn't _keep_ 'em no longer."
+
+An English gentleman, on a tour in Ireland, was beset at a fine
+waterfall by numerous beggars; one woman was particularly clamorous for
+relief, but Mr. R. instructed by his guide, said to her, "My good
+friend, you cannot possibly want relief, as you keep several cows, and
+have a very profitable farm; indeed I cannot bestow my charity upon
+you." The woman, looking sulky, and _detected_, immediately pointed to
+another, exclaiming, "Then give to _her_, for she's got _nothing_!" The
+stranger in Dublin is particularly requested to send all beggars to an
+institution in Copper Alley, for their relief. Being once much
+importuned by an old man for money, we desired him to go to this place.
+"I can't," said he.
+
+"Why not?"
+
+"Becase 'tis a bad place for the poor."
+
+"How so? don't they give you anything to eat?"
+
+"Ah, yes, yes, but the thing is, my jewel, they wont by no manes give a
+poor body _anything to drink_." The intelligent reader will not be at a
+loss to translate the complaint of thirsty Pat.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FRENCH CRUELTY.
+
+
+During the late French Revolution, one of the royalist soldiers having
+his horse shot under him by a pupil of the Polytechnic School, and
+finding when thus brought down, that he could not regain his feet and
+resume a posture of defence, but was entirely at the mercy of his
+ferocious young adversary, he immediately surrendered his sword,
+exclaiming, "I am your prisoner, and entreat of you mercy and life." To
+which the _generous_ and _heroic_ youth replied, "No prisoners, no
+mercy!" and taking from his pocket a pike-head or some similar rough
+weapon, deliberately drove it into the unfortunate soldier's heart!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+EFFRONTERY.
+
+
+A nobleman being, it is said, some years since, in the shop of a
+celebrated London shoemaker, saw, pass through it, a very handsome young
+woman, "Who is that fine girl?" said he.
+
+"My daughter," replied the _cord-wainer_, "with sixty thousand pounds at
+your lordship's service."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A BLUNDER.
+
+
+Literary topics came under discussion one evening in a small social
+circle, of which the writer made one, and particularly the
+autobiographical works, and personal memoirs, now so much in vogue. A
+gentleman then stated, that having seen much of the world, he thought he
+must follow the fashion, and one day favour it with his own life and
+adventures. Numerous ladies were to figure in his book, which was, in
+fact, as he modestly gave the present company to understand, to be a
+complete chronicle of the flirtations and conquests of himself, and male
+allies, with letters, portraits, &c. and _names_ in full. "But,"
+remarked a lady, humouring the jest, "if you _do_ render your book so
+very personal, are you not afraid of the consequences?"
+
+"Not at all," replied the embryo author very gravely, "for though I
+shall enjoy the remarks of the world, upon my _autobiography_, they
+cannot affect me, as it will of course be a _posthumous work_."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+COOL COURAGE.
+
+
+During the disastrous fire of the Kent East Indiaman, a lady on board
+exhibited a very singular instance of _sang froid_ and presence of mind.
+Being in one of the cabins, with a large, helpless, despairing, and of
+course, most troublesome party, chiefly of her own sex, "all hands" of
+the other being "turned up," we presume, to check the advances of the
+devouring element, she proposed, by way of keeping them quiet, _to make
+tea for them_, and we believe her proposal was accepted, and had the
+desired effect.
+
+_Great Marlow, Bucks_.
+
+M.L.B.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ABSTRACT STUDIES.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+Demosthenes to be the more removed from noise, and less subject to
+distraction, caused a small chamber to be made under ground, in which he
+shut himself up sometimes for whole months, shaving half his head and
+only half his face, that he might not be in a condition to go abroad. It
+was there, by the light of a small lamp, he composed his admirable
+Orations, which were said by those who envied him, to smell of the oil,
+to imply that they were too elaborate. He rose very early, and used to
+say, that he was sorry when any workman was at his business before him.
+He copied Thucydides' history eight times with his own hand, in order to
+render the style of that great man familiar to him.
+
+Adrian Turnebus, a French critic, was so indefatigable in his study,
+that it was said of him, as it was of Budaeus, that he spent some hours
+in study even on the day he was married.
+
+Frederick Morel had so strong an attachment to study, that when he was
+informed of his wife's being at the point of death, he would not lay
+down his pen, till he had finished what he was upon, and when she was
+dead, as she was before they could prevail on him to stir, he was only
+heard to reply coldly, "I am very sorry, she was a good woman."
+
+Sir Isaac Newton, when he had any mathematical problems or solutions in
+his mind, would never quit the subject on any account; dinner was often
+known to be three hours ready for him before he could be brought to
+table. His man often said, when he was getting up in the morning, and
+began to dress, he would, with one leg in his breeches, sit down again
+on the bed, and remain there for hours before he got his clothes on.
+
+Mr. Abraham Sharp, the astronomer, through his love of study, was very
+irregular as to his meals, which he frequently took in the following
+manner: a little square hole, something like a window, made a
+communication between the room where he usually studied, and another
+chamber in the house, where a servant could enter, and before this hole
+he had contrived a sliding board, the servant always placing his
+victuals in the hole, without speaking a word or making the least noise,
+and when he had leisure he visited it to see what it contained, and to
+satisfy his hunger or thirst. But it often happened that the breakfast,
+the dinner, and the supper remained untouched by him, so deeply was he
+engaged in his calculations and solemn musings. At one time after his
+provisions had been neglected for a long season, his family became
+uneasy, and resolved to break in upon his retirement; he complained, but
+with great mildness, that they had disconcerted his thoughts in a chain
+of calculations which had cost him intense application for three days
+successively. On an old oak table, where for a long course of years he
+used to write, cavities might easily be perceived, worn by the perpetual
+rubbing of his arms and elbows.[8]
+
+SWAINE.
+
+    [8] Mr. Colton used to say that he wrote his treasurable,
+    "Lacon: or, many things in a few words," upon a small, rickety
+    deal table. We perceive from Galignani's _Messenger_, that Mr.
+    Colton put an end to his existence, a few days since, at
+    Fontainbleau, it is stated in consequence of the dread of a
+    surgical operation which it had become necessary that he should
+    undergo.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE SELECTOR; AND LITERARY NOTICES OF _NEW WORKS_.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE CONTRAST.
+
+
+The title of Lord Mulgrave's clever novel is sufficiently explained by
+the hero, Lord Castleton, a man of high refinement, marrying an
+unsophisticated, uneducated peasant girl. The scenes and incidents of
+her introduction into the fashionable world are replete with humour, yet
+true to the life. Thus, how naturally are her new Ladyship's
+embarrassments told:--
+
+"There were some points on which she would even have endeavoured to
+extract knowledge from the servants; but dreading, from her former
+habits, nothing so much as too great a familiarity in this respect,
+Castleton had made it one of his first desires to her, that she would
+confine her communications with them, to asking for what she wanted. To
+this, as to every other desire of his, she yielded, as far as she could,
+implicit obedience; but it was often a great exertion on her part to do
+so. Of her own maid she had felt from the first a considerable awe; and
+to such a degree did this continue, that she could not conceive any
+fatigue from labour equal to the burthen of her assistance. Being
+naturally of a disposition both active and obliging, it was quite new to
+her to have any thing done for her which she could do for herself. For
+some time she had as great a horror of touching a bell-rope, as others
+have in touching the string of a shower-bath; and when services were
+obtruded on her by the domestics as a matter of course, she had much
+difficulty in checking the exuberance of her gratitude.
+
+"At home, Big Betsey, mentioned before as the maid of all work, never
+considered as any part of her multitudinous duties the waiting on Miss
+Lucy, who she not only said 'mought moind herself,' but sometimes called
+to her, almost authoritatively, 'to lend a hauping haund.' It was,
+probably, in consequence of the habit thus engendered, that Lady
+Castleton was one day caught 'lending a helping hand' to an over-loaded
+under laundry-maid, who had been sent by her superior with a
+wicker-bound snowy freight of her Ladyship's own superfine linen. But of
+all the irksome feelings caused by Lucy's new position, there was none
+from which she suffered more, than _waiting_ to be _waited on_. And it
+was hinted in the hall, that when my Lord was not in the room, my Lady
+got up to help herself to what she wanted from the sideboard!! And it
+was whispered in the female conclave of the housekeeper's room, that her
+Lady-ship seemed even to like to--lace her own stays!!"
+
+Again, after Lady Castleton receiving a visit from a ton-ish family, his
+Lordship asks:--
+
+And did they make many inquiries of you? ask many questions?"
+
+"Oh, such a many!"
+
+"So many, dearest love, you mean to say."
+
+"Well, so I do, thank you; and then the mamma asked me, as she had never
+seen me before, if I had not been much abroad; and I said, never at all
+till I married; and then she said, 'What! had I been to Paris since?'
+and I find she meant foreign parts by abroad. And she told me that we
+ought to go to London soon; that the season was advanced, and that the
+Pasta would come out soon this spring. What is the Pasta--a plant?"
+
+"A plant! no, love. Pasta is a singer's name, you could not be expected
+to know that; but I hope you didn't say any thing to show them your
+ignorance?"
+
+"Oh, no; you told me, whenever I was completely puzzled, that silence
+was best; so I said nothing. Pasta's the name of a singer, then! Oh,
+that accounts, for a moment after she the mamma said, that her daughter
+Arabella sang delightfully, and asked me if I would sing with her; so I
+said no, I'd much rather listen. That was right, warn't it? You see I
+knew you'd ask me all about it, so I recollected it for you. Arabella
+then asked me if I would accompany her? so I said, Wherever she
+liked,--where did she want to go? But, I suppose, she altered her mind,
+for she sat down to the grand instrument you had brought here for me to
+begin my lessons upon; and then she sang such an extraordinary song--all
+coming from her throat. And the sister asked me if I understood German?
+and I answered, No, nor French neither."
+
+"That was an unnecessary addition, my love."
+
+"Well, so it was. Then the youngest sister explained to me, that it was
+a song a Swiss peasant girl sang whilst she was milking her cow; and I
+said that must be very difficult, to sing while milking a cow. And then
+the mamma asked how I knew; and I said I had _tried_ very _often_."
+
+"How could you, dear Lucy, volunteer such an avowal?"
+
+"I thought you would be afraid of that; but it all did very well, for
+the mother said I was so amusing, had so much natural wit, and they all
+tried to persuade me I had said something clever."
+
+"Well, go on--and what then?"
+
+"And then the lady took me aside, and began saying so much in praise of
+you; and when she once got me on that subject, I was ready and glib
+enough, I warrant you. But somehow, though I then found it so much
+easier to speak, I find it more difficult to recollect exactly what I
+said. Is not that strange? And then she said that my happiness would
+excite so much envy in the great world; that you had been admired,
+courted, nay, even loved by rich, noble, clever ladies. Why was all
+this? and how could you ever think to leave all these, to seek out from
+her quiet home your poor little Lucy?"
+
+"Oh, that's a story of by-gone days. These were follies of my youth,
+which I thought I had lived to repent.
+
+  "'Nor knew, till seated by thy side,
+  My heart in all save hope the same.'"
+
+"Why, save hope, my dear Lord? What may you not only hope, but trust,
+from my constant devotion?"
+
+"I did not mean to tie myself precisely to every word I uttered. It was
+only a quotation."
+
+"And what is a quotation?"
+
+"A quotation is the vehicle in which imagination posts forward, when she
+only hires her Pegasus from memory. Or sometimes it is only a quit-rent,
+which the intellectual cultivator, who farms an idea, pays to the
+original proprietor; or rather,"--(seeing that he was not making the
+matter more intelligible by his explanation,)--"or rather, it is when we
+convey our own thoughts by the means of the more perfect expressions of
+some favourite author."
+
+"But then, surely _you_ need not be driven to borrow, whose own words
+always sound to me like a book. As for poor me, I wish I could talk in
+quotations for ever; then I need not fear to make these mistakes, which,
+as it is, I am afraid I am always like to do."
+
+(A scene at _the Opera_ is richer still: the performance _Semiramide_:)
+
+"Lady Gayland took the opportunity of inquiring of Lady Castleton, 'how
+the opera had amused her?' There was that unmistakable air of real
+interest in Lady Gayland's manner, whenever she addressed Lucy, which
+made her always reply in a tone of confidence, different from that which
+she felt towards any other member of the society in which she moved.
+
+"Why, to tell the honest truth," said she, leaning forwards towards her
+questioner, "I can't say that I could the least understand what it all
+meant. It's not likely that people should sing when they're in such
+sorrow; and then I can't guess why that young man should kill the queen
+that was so kind to him all along."
+
+"I don't wonder that that should surprise you, my dear; but he was not
+aware of what he was doing. It was in the dark."
+
+"In the dark! But I could see very well who it was, though I did not
+know her so well as he did, and was so much farther off."
+
+"I am afraid you are in the dark, too, a little as yet," said Lady
+Gayland, (tapping her gently with her fan.) "But, tell me, did you not
+admire the singing, though you could not understand the story."
+
+"Why, I should, perhaps, if I had known the language; but even then they
+seemed to me more like birds, than men and women singing words. I like a
+song that I can make out every word that's said."
+
+"The curtain then rose for the ballet; at first, Lucy was delighted with
+the scenery and pageantry, for the spectacle was grand and imposing. But
+at length the resounding plaudits announced the _entrée_ of the perfect
+Taglioni. Lucy was a little astonished at her costume upon her first
+appearance. She was attired as a goddess, and goddesses' gowns are
+somewhat of the shortest, and their legs rather _au naturel_; but when
+she came to elicit universal admiration by pointing her toe, and
+revolving in the slow _pirouette_, Lucy, from the situation in which she
+sat was overpowered with shame at the effect; and whilst Lady Gayland,
+with her _longnette_ fixed on the stage, ejaculated, 'Beautiful!
+inimitable!' the unpractised Lucy could not help exclaiming, 'O that is
+too bad! I cannot stay to see that!' and she turned her head away
+blushing deeply."
+
+"Is your ladyship ill?" exclaimed Lord Stayinmore. "Castleton, I am
+afraid Lady Castleton feels herself indisposed."
+
+"Would you like to go?" kindly inquired Castleton.
+
+"O so much!" she answered.
+
+"Are you ill, my dear?" asked Lady Gayland.
+
+"Oh, no!" she said.
+
+"Then you had better stay, it is so beautiful."
+
+"Thank you, Lord Castleton is kind enough to let me go."
+
+(They get into the carriage.)
+
+"And how do you find yourself now, my dear Lucy?" tenderly inquired
+Castleton, as the carriage drove off.
+
+"Oh, I am quite well, thank you."
+
+"Quite well! are you? What was it, then, that was the matter with you?"
+
+"There was nothing the matter with me, it was that woman."
+
+"What woman? what can you mean? Did you not say that you were ill; and
+was not that the reason that we hurried away?"
+
+"No! YOU said I was ill; and I did not contradict you, because you tell
+me that in the world, as you call it, it is not always right to give the
+real reason for what we do; and therefore I thought, perhaps, that
+though of course you wished me to come away, you liked to put it upon my
+being ill."
+
+"Of course I wished you to come away! I was never more unwilling to move
+in all my life; and nothing but consideration for your health would have
+induced me to stir. Why should I have wished you to come away?"
+
+"Why, the naked woman," stammered Lucy.
+
+"What can you mean?"
+
+"You couldn't surely wish me to sit by the side of those people, to see
+such a thing as that?"
+
+"As to being by the side of those people, I must remind you, that it was
+Lady Gayland's box in which you were; and that whatever she, with her
+acknowledged taste and refinement, sanctions with her presence, can only
+be objected to by ignorance or prejudice. You have still a great deal to
+learn, my dear Lucy," added he, more kindly; "and nothing can be so
+fatal to your progress in that respect, as your attempting to lead, or
+to find fault, with what you do not understand."
+
+"But surely I can understand that it is not right to do what I saw that
+woman do," interrupted Lucy, presuming a little more doggedly than she
+usually ventured to do on any subject with her husband; for this time
+she had been really shocked by what she had seen.
+
+"Wrong it certainly is not, if you mean moral wrong. As to such an
+exhibition being becoming or not in point of manners, that depends
+entirely upon custom. Many things at your father's might strike me as
+coarseness, which made no impression upon you from habit, though much
+worse in my opinion than this presumed indecorum. Those things probably
+arose from ignorance on your parts, which might be corrected. This, on
+the other hand, from conventional indifference, consequent on custom,
+which it is not in you to correct. Depend upon it you will only get
+yourself laughed at, and me too, if you preach about dancers'
+petticoats."
+
+"I don't want to preach to any body; and you know how much it fashes me
+to contend with you."
+
+"Don't say FASHES, say distresses, or annoys, not _fashes_, for heaven's
+sake, my dear Lucy."
+
+"Oh, dear, it was very stupid of me to forget it. That was one of the
+first things you taught me, and it is a many days since I said it last;
+but it is so strange to me to venture to differ with you, that I get
+confused, and don't say any thing as right as I could do. Even now I
+should like to ask, if modesty is a merit, whether nakedness ought to be
+a show; but I'll say no more, for I dare say you won't make me go there
+again."
+
+"No, that will be the best way to settle it."
+
+The plot of the Contrast is not, as the reader may perceive, one of
+fashionable life: it has more of the romance of nature in its
+composition: the characters are not the drawling bores that we find in
+fashionable novels, though their affected freaks are occasionally
+introduced to contrast with unsophisticated humility, and thus exhibit
+the deformities of high life. The whole work is, however, light as
+gossamer: we had almost said that a fly might read it through the
+meshes, without endangering his patience or liberty.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE LIBRARY OF ENTERTAINING KNOWLEDGE
+
+
+Maintains its rank in sober, we mean useful, literature. The volume
+before us contains such matter as is only to be found in large and
+expensive works, with a host of annotations from the journals of recent
+travellers and other volumes which bear upon the main subject. This part
+of the series, describing vegetable substances used for the food of man,
+is executed with considerable minuteness. A Pythagorean would gloat over
+its accuracy, and a vegetable diet man would become inflated with its
+success in establishing his eccentricities. The contents are the
+Corn-plants, Esculent Roots, Herbs, Spices, Tea, Coffee, &c. &c. In such
+a multiplicity of facts as the history of these plants must necessarily
+include, some misstatements may be expected. For example, the opinion
+that succory is superior to coffee, though supported by Drs. Howison and
+Duncan, is not entitled to notice. All over the continent, succory, or
+_chicorée_, is used to _adulterate_ coffee, notwithstanding which a few
+scheming persons have attempted to introduce it in this country as an
+improvement, by selling it at four times its worth. Why say "it is
+sometimes considered superior to the exotic berry," and in the same
+page, "it is not likely to gain much esteem, where economy is not the
+consideration." We looked in vain for mention of the President of the
+Horticultural Society under Celery; though we never eat a fine head of
+this delicious vegetable without grateful recollection of Mr. T.A.
+Knight. All preachment of the economy of the Potato is judiciously
+omitted, though we fear to the displeasure of Sir John Sinclair; nor is
+there more space devoted to this overpraised root than it deserves.
+Truffles are not only used "like mushrooms," but for stuffing game and
+poultry, especially in France: who does not remember the _perdrixaux
+truffes_, of the Parisian _carte_. The chapter on coffee, cacao, tea,
+and sugar, is brief but entertaining. We may observe, by the way, that
+one of the obstacles to the profitable cultivation of tea in this
+country is our ignorance of the modes of drying, &c. as practised in
+China.
+
+Another volume of the Entertaining Series, published since that just
+noticed, contains a selection of _Criminal Trials_, amongst which are
+those of Throckmorton and the Duke of Norfolk, for treason. They are, in
+the main, reprints from the State Trials, which the professional editor
+states to contain a large fund of instruction and _entertainment_. We
+have been deceived in the latter quality, though we must admit that in
+judicious hands, a volume of untiring interest might be wrought up from
+the State records. As they are, their dulness and prolixity are past
+endurance. As the present work proceeds in chronological order, it will
+doubtless improve in its entertaining character, since no class of
+literature has been more enriched by the publication of journals,
+diaries, &c., than historical biography, which will thus enable the
+editor to enliven his pages with characteristic traits of the principal
+actors. This has been done, to some extent, in the portion before us,
+and in like manner fits the volume for popular reading.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+MANNERS & CUSTOMS OF ALL NATIONS.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FIRE TEMPLES IN PERSIA.
+
+[Illustration: Persian Temple]
+
+
+These mystical relics are but a short journey from the celebrated ruins
+of Persepolis. Mr. Buckingham describes them in his usual picturesque
+language: "Having several villages in sight, as the sun rose, with
+cultivated land, flocks, trees, and water, we arrived at the foot of the
+mountain, which forms the northern boundary of the plain of Merdusht.
+The first object we saw on the west was a small rock, on which stood two
+fire altars of a peculiar form: their dimensions were five feet square
+at the base, and three at the top, and they were five feet high. There
+were pillars or pilasters at the corners, and arches in the sides. In
+the centre of each of these, near the top, was a square basin, about
+eight inches in diameter, and six in depth, for the reception of the
+fire, formerly used by the disciples of Zoroaster in their worship."
+
+Like Pythagoras, it may be here observed, Zoroaster, the inventer of
+Magic, or the doctrines of the Magi, admitted no visible object of
+devotion except fire, which he considered as the most proper emblem of a
+supreme being; these doctrines seem to have been preserved by Numa, in
+the worship and ceremonies which he instituted in honour of Vesta.
+According to some of the moderns, the doctrines, laws, and regulations
+of Zoroaster are still extant, and they have been lately introduced in
+Europe, in a French translation by M. Anquetil.
+
+Mr. Buckingham notices an existing custom, which he attributes to this
+reverence to fire. "Throughout all Persia, a custom prevails of giving
+the salute 'Salami Alaikom,' whenever the first lighted lamp or candle
+is brought into the room in the evening; and this is done between
+servants and masters as well as between equals. As this is not practised
+in any other Mahommedan country, it is probably a relic of the ancient
+reverence to fire, once so prevalent here, though the form of the salute
+is naturally that of the present religion."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE NATURALIST.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WHALE CHASE.
+
+
+A Scottish journal, the _Caledonian Mercury_, describes the following
+animated scene, which lately took place off the town of Stornoway, in
+the island of Lewis. An immense shoal of whales was, early in the
+morning, chased to the mouth of the harbour by two fishing-boats, which
+had met them in the offing.
+
+"The circumstance was immediately descried from the shore, and a host of
+boats, amounting to 30 or 40, and armed with every species of weapon,
+set off to join the others in pursuit. The chase soon became one of
+bustle and anxiety on the part both of man and fish. The boats arranged
+themselves in the form of a crescent, in the fold of which the whales
+were collected, and where they had to encounter incessant showers of
+stones, splashing of oars, with frequent gashes from a harpoon or spear,
+while the din created by the shouts of the boats' crews and the
+multitude on shore, was tremendous. On more than one occasion, however,
+the floating phalanx was broken, and it required the greatest activity
+and tact ere the breach could be repaired and possession of the
+fugitives regained. The shore was neared by degrees, the boats advancing
+and retreating by turns, till at length they succeeded in driving the
+captive monsters on a beach opposite to the town, and within a few yards
+of it. The gambols of the whales were now highly diverting, and, except
+when a fish became unmanageable and enraged while the harpoon was fixed,
+or the noose of a rope pulled tight round its tail, they were not at all
+dangerous to be approached. In the course of a few hours the capture was
+complete, the shore was strewed with their dead carcases, while the sea
+presented a bloody and troubled aspect, giving evident proofs that it
+was with no small effort they were subdued. For fear of contagion, the
+whole fish amounting to ninety-eight, some of them very large, were
+immediately towed to a spot distant from the town, where they were on
+Thursday sold by public roup, the proceeds to be divided among the
+captors. An annual visit is generally paid by the whales to the Lewis
+coast, and besides being profitable when caught, they generally furnish
+a source of considerable amusement. On the present occasion, the whole
+inhabitants of the place, male and female, repaired to the beach,
+opposite to the scene of slaughter, where they evidently were delighted
+spectators, and occasionally gave assistance. A young sailor received a
+stroke from the tail of one of the largest fish, which nearly killed
+him."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+AUDUBON.
+
+
+The Philadelphia journals communicate some particulars of the journey of
+this enterprising naturalist into E. Florida. He has discovered, shot,
+and drawn a new Ibis, which he has named _Tantalus fuscus_. In a letter,
+he says
+
+"I have discovered three different new species of Heath, one bearing a
+yellow blossom, the two others a red and purple one;--also, a beautiful
+new Kalmia, and several extraordinary parasitical plants, bearing some
+resemblance to the pineapple plant, growing on the _eastern_ side of the
+cyprus tree in swamps, about 6 or 10 feet above the water.
+
+"During my late excursion I almost became an amphibious being--spending
+the most of my days in the water, and by night pitching my tent on the
+barren sands. Whilst I remained at Spring Garden, the alligators were
+yet in full life; the white-headed eagles setting; the smaller resident
+birds paring; and strange to say, the warblers which migrate, moving
+easterly every warm day, and returning every cold day, a curious
+circumstance, tending to illustrate certain principles in natural
+economy."
+
+Six boxes of prepared skins of birds, &c. as well as a number of choice
+shells, seeds, roots, &c. the result of Audubon's researches, have been
+received in Charleston.
+
+"In this collection there are between four and five hundred skins of
+Birds, several of them rare in this part of the United States--some that
+are never found here, and a few that have not yet been described. Of
+these are two of the species of Pelican (Pelicanus) not described by
+Wilson. The Parrot (psittacus Carolinensis); the palm warbler of
+Buonaparte (Silvia palmerea), and the Florida Jay, a beautiful bird
+without the crest, so common in that genus.
+
+"Among the new discoveries of Audubon in Florida, we perceive a noble
+bird partaking of the appearance both of the Falcon and Vulture tribes,
+which would seem to be a connecting link between the two. His habits
+too, it is said, partake of his appearance, he being alternately a bird
+of prey, and feeding on the same food with the Vultures. This bird
+remains yet to be described, and will add not only a new species, but a
+new genus to the birds of the United States. We perceive also in Mr.
+Audubon's collection, a new species of Coot (Fulica).[9]
+
+    [9] Abridged from printed extracts furnished by our
+    correspondent, M.L.B.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+REMARKABLE JAY.
+
+
+A lady residing at Blackheath has in her possession a fine Jay, which
+displays instinct allied to reason and reflection in no ordinary degree.
+This bird is stated by a Correspondent, (A.T.) to repeat distinctly any
+word that may be uttered before. She can identify persons after having
+once seen them, and been told their names; the latter she will pronounce
+with surprising clearness. She has a strong affection for a goldfinch in
+the same apartment, the latter bird appearing to return this fondness by
+fluttering its wings and other demonstrations of delight. The Jay has
+also been seen playing with two kittens, while the old cat looked
+composedly on at their gambols. This bird is in beautiful plumage, and
+is about twenty years of age. She is well known to the residents of
+Blackheath and its vicinity.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ENTOMOLOGY.
+
+
+I have lately observed a curious fact, which I have never seen noticed
+in any book which has fallen in my way, viz. that it is the tail of the
+caterpillar which becomes the head of the butterfly. I found it hard to
+believe till I had convinced myself of it in a number of instances. The
+caterpillar weaves its web from its mouth, finishes with the head
+downwards, and the head, with the six front legs, are thrown off from
+the chrysalis, and may be found dried up, but quite distinguishable, at
+the bottom of the web. The butterfly comes out at the top. Is this fact
+generally known?--_Corresp. Mag. Nat. Hist._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE RIVER TINTO.
+
+
+The river Tinto rises in Sierra Morena, and empties itself into the
+Mediterranean, near Huelva, having the name of Tinto given it from the
+tinge of its waters, which are as yellow as a topaz, hardening the sand
+and petrifying it in a most surprising manner. If a stone happen to fall
+in, and rest on another, they both become in a year's time perfectly
+united and conglutiated. This river withers all the plants on its banks,
+as well as the roots of trees, which it dyes of the same hue as its
+waters. No kind of verdure will flourish where it reaches, nor any fish
+live in its stream. It kills worms in cattle, when given them to drink;
+but in general no animals will drink out of the river, except goats,
+whose flesh, nevertheless, has an excellent flavour. These singular
+properties continue till other rivulets run into it, and alter its
+nature; for when it passes by Niebla, it is not different from other
+rivers. It falls into the Mediterranean six leagues lower down, at the
+town of Huelva, where it is two leagues broad, and admits of large
+vessels, which may come up the river as high as San Juan del Puerto,
+three leagues above Huelva.--_From a Correspondent._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE GALLEY SLAVES.
+
+
+About a mile distant from one of the southern barriers of Paris, a
+palace was built during _our_ Henry the Sixth's brief and precarious
+possession of French royalty, by the Bishop of Winchester. It was known
+by the name of Winchester, of which, however, the French kept
+continually clipping and changing the consonants, until the Anglo-Saxon
+Winchester dwindled into the French appellation of Bicêtre. The Bishop's
+old palace was treated as unceremoniously as his name, being burnt in
+some of the civil wars. But there is this advantage in a sumptuous
+edifice, that its very ruins suggest the thought and supply the means of
+rebuilding it. Bicêtre, accordingly, reared its head, and is now a
+straggling mass of building, containing a mad-house, a poor-house, an
+hospital, and a prison.
+
+To see it is a matter of trifling difficulty, except on one particular
+day--that devoted to the rivetting of the _chaine_. A surgeon, however,
+belonging to the establishment, promised to procure me admission, and on
+receiving his summons, I started one forenoon for Bicêtre. Mortifying
+news awaited my arrival. The convicts had plotted a general insurrection
+and escape, which was to have taken place on the preceding night. It had
+been discovered in time, however, and such precautions taken, as
+completely prevented even the attempt. The chief of these precautions
+appeared in half a regiment of troops, that had bivouacked all night in
+the square adjoining the prison, and were still some lying, some
+loitering about. Strict orders had been issued, that no strangers should
+be admitted to witness the ceremony of rivetting; and the turnkeys and
+gaolers, in appearance not yet recovered from the alarm of the preceding
+evening, refused to listen to either bribe, menace, or solicitation. It
+was confoundedly vexatious. Whilst expostulating with the turnkey, I
+caught a glimpse through a barred window of the interior court, athwart
+which the chains lay extended, whilst in one railed off even from this
+the convicts were crowded, marching round and round--precaution forbade
+their remaining still--and uttering from time to time such yells and
+imprecations as might deafen and appal a Mohawk. "I have caught a
+glimpse at least," thought I, as we were unceremoniously turned out.
+
+My friend, the surgeon, bade us, however, not despair. When the man of
+influence arrived he hoped to prevail; and in the mean time he led us to
+view the other curiosities of Bicêtre. There was the well, the kitchen,
+the anatomical theatre. The courts were crowded with aged paupers, who
+each well knew that his carcass would undergo what laceration the
+scalpel of my friend and his comrades chose to inflict upon it. But the
+thought seemed not to affect them so much as it did us. Methought the
+business of dissecting dead subjects might have been carried on more
+remote from the living candidates; but I was wrong, for mystery and
+secrecy always beget fear.
+
+The mad-house was another curiosity. It contains many whose brain the
+revolution of July, 1830, had turned. One man, a fine youth, had
+travelled on foot from a distant part of the kingdom, to shed his blood
+as a sacrifice to the memory of Napoleon. He gave his last franc to
+obtain admission within the pillar of the Place Vendôme, and when there
+opened the veins of both his arms, crying out, "I offer the blood of the
+brave to the manes of Napoleon." His rolling black eye was now
+contrasted with a face pale as death. He had lost so much blood that few
+hopes were entertained of his recovery.
+
+But by far the most curious patient of the mad-house, was a young man
+who imagined himself to be a woman. He was handsome, but not feminine in
+appearance. He adored a little mirror, with which he was gratified. Rags
+of all colours were his delight; and he had made a precious collection.
+His coquetry was evident; and he answered pertinently all questions,
+never belying at the same time his fixed opinion, that he was endowed
+with a maiden's charms.
+
+We looked over the book of reports, and found seven-eighths of the
+female patients to have become deranged from love; whilst, with the
+majority of the males, the hallucination proceeded from disappointments
+of ambition. Surprised, I could make out no case of a religious maniac;
+glad, I could discover none of a student.
+
+We now returned to machinations for the purpose of entering the
+forbidden prison. Aprons were handed us, not unlike a barber's. They
+were surgeons' aprons, always worn by those of the establishment when on
+duty. Might not then the barbers' aprons be a tradition of the
+barber-surgeons? I refrained from asking the question in that company.
+The scheme was, that we should pass for _Carabins_--such is the nickname
+of French students in chirurgery--and in this quality demand admission.
+The Cerberus of the prison grinned at the deceit, but wearied and amused
+by our importunities, he actually opened the _quicket_ and admitted us.
+There are two grated doors of this kind, one always locked whilst the
+other is opened. In an instant we were in Pandemonium.
+
+The buildings, which surrounded and formed the courts, evidently the
+oldest and strongest of Bicêtre, harmonized in dinginess with the scene.
+At every barred window, and these were numerous, about a dozen ruffianly
+heads were thrust together, to regard the chains of their
+companions.--What a study of physiognomy! The murderer's scowl was
+there, by the side of the laughing countenance of the vagabond, whose
+shouts and jokes formed a kind of tenor to the muttered imprecations of
+the other. Here and there was protruded the fine, open, high-fronted
+head,--pale, striking, features, and dark looks, of some felon of
+intellect and natural superiority; whilst by his side, ignominy looked
+stupidly and maliciously on. A handsome little fellow at one of the
+grates, was dressing his hair unconsciously with most agitated fingers,
+evidently affected by the scene. Our question of "What are you in for?"
+aroused him. "False signing a billet of twenty thousand francs," replied
+he, with a shrug and a smile. "And he, your neighbour?" asked we
+cautiously, concerning one of a fine, thoughtful, philosophic, and
+passionate countenance. "Ha! you may ask--he gave his mistress a potion,
+for the purpose of merely seducing her, and it turned out to be
+poison--a _carabin_ like yourselves." But these made no part of the
+_chaine_.
+
+The convicts destined for this operation were kept in movement round a
+post in an adjoining court, and were shouting, rarely in intelligible
+language, to their companions. Joy was the universal tone, and a
+sniveller ran imminent danger. One poor fellow I remarked holding down
+his head, when he was saluted with a kick from him who followed, and the
+objurgation, _Tu es forçat, toi, heim?_--"You a convict, and durst be
+sad." These men were all unmanacled. Methought a general rush on their
+part both practicable and formidable. One half must have perished, and
+the other half might have escaped.
+
+They were now marched out from the inner court in batches of thirty at a
+time, drawn up in rank, stripped, and examined with such rigid scrutiny
+as I dare not precise. They were then marched and placed along one of
+the extended chains, and made to sit down, resting it in their laps. A
+square fetter was then fitted and placed around the neck of each. In
+this, before, some detached links from the chain were placed, whilst a
+huge smith proceeded to rivet each from behind. Fixing a kind of movable
+anvil behind the convict's back, the fetter that encircled his neck was
+brought with its joint upon it, and half a dozen blows of the sledge
+riveted the captive inextricably to the main chain and to his
+twenty-nine comrades. The smith must be adroit at his task, and the
+convict steady in his position; for, as the fetter is tight round the
+neck, the hammer, in its blow, must pass within a quarter of an inch of
+his skull, and a wince on his part might prove fatal. This, indeed, is
+the trying moment, when the stoutest cheek is blanched. The sturdiest
+frame, shaken by the blows of the sledge, then betrays emotion, and
+tears of penitence are at that moment almost always seen to fall. On
+sitting down, each had in general an air of bravado, produced in a great
+measure by the regards of the seemingly more hardened ruffians from the
+windows. Under the riveting there was no smile; whilst after it, apathy
+was affected or resumed, each endeavouring to make his iron collar as
+supportable and comfortable as possible, by enveloping it in a
+handkerchief, and guaranteeing the neck from its chill or galling.
+
+When the _chaine_ was completed, its wearers were made to stand up. They
+formed themselves in couples, the chain running betwixt two ranks, and
+they walked round the yard to take their first lesson in their galling
+exercise. They are thus fettered together till they reach Brest or
+Toulon. The choice is left to them of walking or being carried in carts,
+more provender being given to those who make the journey on foot.
+
+The only part of their habiliments, which seemed left to themselves to
+provide, was a covering for the head, the red or green cap being given
+them only upon entering the _bagne_. For their journey, some of the
+fellows had provided themselves with strange head-gear, mostly made of
+straw; one had a three-cocked hat; others, one of all kinds of _outré_
+shapes. A prime vagabond had woven for himself a complete and
+magnificent tiara, precisely like the Roman Pontiff's in form, and
+surmounted by a cross. This was the _Pope_, the Pope of the _Chaine_,
+and I never heard a shout so appalling, as that with which his
+appearance was welcomed by the prisoners from the windows of the
+building. They danced, they yelled, tore and tumbled over each other in
+the most exuberant delight, thrusting their crowded heads and distorted
+features almost through the gratings. I have gleaned from it quite an
+idea of a scene of merriment and exultation _below_.
+
+The said Pope was a very extraordinary fellow: a slight fair form,
+pointed features, and eyes that were penetrating, despite their common
+shade of grey. He was called _Champenois_, his real name unknown, not
+more than three-and-twenty, and the Lieutenant of the _Chaine_ said, one
+of the most talented and extraordinary characters that _he_ had ever met
+with. He had been the prime mover of the intended insurrection, but
+without a proof against him, except his universal authority, unusual in
+so young a thief. His physiognomy was one, which it required not a
+second look in order to remember for ever.
+
+Another figure struck me, not so much as singular in itself, as in
+contrast with those around. It struck me as that of an English
+cabin-boy, a pale, freckled, ill-conditioned lad. On following the
+calling over of the register in roll, I found my conjecture too true. He
+was an unfortunate young sailor, a native of England, guilty of some
+misdemeanour, and by name Aikin. He understood not a word of French, but
+protested with a shake of his head against his being English; patriotism
+had in him outlived honesty and self-respect. I spoke to him in English:
+he wept, but would not reply, puckering up his poor lips in all the
+agony of his desolate condition. I was glad to remark the humanity with
+which he had been chained to a prisoner, pensive and downcast like
+himself.
+
+There were some cases certainly hard; one or two for resisting the
+_gen-d'armerie_ in a riot at Rouen. To transport a rioter, unless under
+aggravated circumstances, is grievous enough; but after the revolution
+of July, that hallowed riot, to make a galley-slave of a _brave_ for
+resisting the police, must have been at least surprising to him. The
+tribunal no doubt felt the necessity of severity; and we acknowledged it
+all in deploring the degradation of these poor devils for an act, which
+in so many thousand others was, at the moment, extolled to the skies as
+the acmé of heroism. But justice hath her lottery-wheel as well as
+fortune.
+
+As the last _chaine_ was completing, an ecclesiastic went round to
+collect money of the visitors. But as there were few, so were the
+offerings. The convicts at the same time produced the fruits of their
+ingenuity in straw work-boxes, needle-cases, carved ivory and wood. The
+guardians, to do them justice, seemed humane.
+
+The _bagne_ at Toulon, the destination of the members of the _chaine_,
+was respectably peopled when I visited it some years ago. It contained
+amongst others, Sarrazin, a famous general, who had deserted to us from
+Buonaparte, and whose works on the Spanish and other campaigns, are
+still read with interest. The general had caught the inexcusable habit
+of marrying a wife in each town wherein he was quartered, and was sent
+to the gallies for _trigintagamy_. They boasted a bishop too amongst the
+convicts at Toulon, a merry little fellow, that bore his fate gaily, and
+who still contrived to exercise a kind of spiritual supremacy over his
+unfortunate comrades.
+
+The ingenuity and hardihood of these men is surprising. Despite the
+vigilance, the ramparts, the fetters, and the logs, they escape hourly
+and daily;--at what risk is manifest from the regulations, by which
+three cannon shots always announce the disappearance of a convict,
+serving to warn the peasants, and call them to earn the handsome reward
+given to whoever arrests one of the branded fugitives. They are easily
+recognised by the halt in one limb; as they are wont to drag after them
+that which has been accustomed to the bullet.
+
+The only pursuits that seem to pervade the _bagne_, are those of
+_eating_ and _dying_: with the exception of escape, all others are
+denied. And those who have given up the latter hope, confine their
+thoughts either to bettering their meagre fare of beans, or to getting
+rid of existence in the most advantageous way. It is remarkable and
+degrading to observe the utmost human ingenuity and industry employed,
+in order to procure a dish of potatoes fried in grease once in the week.
+Yet such is the luxury of a _forçat_, and he must labour for it harder
+than even an Hibernian peasant, or a poet of the same line.
+
+The more philosophic, who scorn the luxury of potatoes, and with it the
+life that affords no other, meditate how best to get rid of existence;
+and this they effect almost ever in one way; viz., by killing their most
+obnoxious keeper, and thus earning the guillotine.
+
+It is a frequent scene in the _bagne_, that of an execution. It occurs
+every week or fortnight. All the convicts are obliged to attend, for the
+purpose of striking them with terror, and working contrition and good
+behaviour in them. Alas! it is a huge mistake. For these days are of all
+other days of _fête_ to them. Their countenances are marked by universal
+joy, and they shout congratulations, not condolences, to their comrade
+about to perish. Death to them is indeed an escape. Its ceremony is to
+them a marriage feast: and decapitation, what a _black job_ was to Lord
+Portsmouth,--the only variety and excitement that could give a spur to
+their heavy and painful existence.
+
+Speak as we may against the pains of death, this is worse, not only
+physically but morally; for it degrades humanity far lower than is
+conceiveable. The French have an idea that they can imitate the American
+mode of punishment by solitary confinement. This again will be still
+worse than the galleys; since religious consolation can alone redeem or
+ameliorate man in this state of durance; and as this makes no part of
+the French system, I cannot help thinking the _guillotine_ more
+merciful, than either their _bagne_ or their solitary cells.--_Monthly
+Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE SEALS.
+
+Written at the suggestion of a Lover who inferred the decline, of his
+mistress's affections from her changing the seals of her letters.
+
+BY THE AUTHOR OF THE HUNCHBACK.
+
+
+  You've changed the seal--you've changed it thrice:
+    Your first implied you loved:
+  How welcome was the dear device,
+    A thousand kisses proved.
+
+  Your next was love--it spoke the flame,
+    Yet scarce so plain methought--
+  I kiss'd it, wishing it the same
+    Your first sweet letter brought
+
+  The second change, was change indeed--
+    To friendship--Judge my bliss--
+  And did I kiss that seal--I did--
+    But 'twas a farewell kiss.
+
+  The third--nor love, nor friendship--There
+    Indeed love's dream should end--
+  As coldest stranger better far
+    Than lover turn'd to friend.
+
+  No kiss I gave that seal--no name--
+    Still dear--of thine it bore--
+  The signet, whence the impress came,
+    Perhaps a rival wore.
+
+  I smil'd to think 'twas so--'twas strange--
+    And have such cause to sigh--
+  How couldst thou--fairest creature--change?
+    O, wherefore could not I.
+
+_Monthly Mag._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+By a Parliamentary return it appears, that Kensington Palace cost the
+public in 1828, 2,412_l_. 8_s_. 11_d_.; in 1829, 4,638_l_. 8_s_.; in
+1830, 6,203_l_. 5_s_. 11_d_.; and in 183l, 3,921_l_. 15_s_. Hampton
+Court in 1828, cost 4,430_l_. 19_s_. 5_d_.; in 1829, 5,964_l_. 13_s_.
+1_d_.; in 1830, 4,144_l_. 2_s_. 4_d_.; and in 183l, 3,994_l_. 15_s_.
+11_d_.--_Times_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Dr. Johnson has remarked that the French are fond of Young's _Night
+Thoughts_, a fact which is hard to be accounted for, that a nation so
+celebrated for their gaiety should have a regard for an author treating
+on such serious subjects.
+
+_Wigs_.--In the reign of Queen Anne, enormous full-bottomed wigs often
+cost twenty or thirty guineas each.
+
+"_Capillary Attraction_."--When Charles II. was espoused to the Infanta
+of Portugal, a fleet was sent over to Lisbon, with proper attendants to
+bring her hither, but her majesty being informed that there were some
+particular customs in Portugal, with relation to the ladies, which the
+king would not easily dispense with, the fleet was detained six or seven
+weeks, at a great expense, till _her majesty's hair grew_.
+
+(Mr. Prince, with his Russia Oil, would have prospered under Royal
+Patronage in those days; and Mr. Rowland would not have needed
+immortality in Byron's verse: "incomparable _huile Macassar_.")
+
+_The King of Kippen._--When James V. of Scotland, travelled in disguise,
+he used a name which was known only to some of the principal nobility
+and attendants. He was called the Goodman (the tenant, that is) of
+Ballangiech. Ballangiech is a steep pass, which leads down behind the
+Castle of Stirling. Once, when he was feasting in Stirling, the king
+sent for some venison from the neighbouring hills. The deer were killed
+and put on horses' backs to be transported to Stirling. Unluckily, they
+had to pass the castle gates of Ampryor, belonging to a chief of the
+Buchanans, who had a considerable number of guests with him. It was
+late, and the company were rather short of victuals, though they had
+more than enough of liquor. The chief, seeing so much fat venison
+passing his very door, seized on it; and, to the expostulations of the
+keepers, who told him that it belonged to King James, he answered
+insolently, that if James was king in Scotland, he, Buchanan, was king
+in Kippen, being the name of the district in which the Castle of Ampryor
+lay. On hearing what had happened, the king got on horseback, and rode
+instantly from Stirling to Buchanan's house, where he found a strong,
+fierce-looking Highlander, with an axe on his shoulder, standing
+sentinel at the door. This grim warder refused the king admittance,
+saying that "the Laird of Arnpryor was at dinner, and would not be
+disturbed." "Yet go up to the company, my good friend," said the king,
+"and tell him that the good man of Ballangiech is come to feast with the
+King of Kippen." The porter went grumbling into the house, and told his
+master that there was a fellow with a red beard who called himself the
+good man of Ballangiech, at the gate, and said he was come to dine with
+the King of Kippen. As soon as Buchanan heard these words, he knew that
+the king was there in person, and hastened down to kneel at James's
+feet, and to ask forgiveness for his insolent behaviour. But the king,
+who only meant to give him a fright, forgave him freely, and, going into
+the castle, feasted on his own venison, which Buchanan had intercepted.
+Buchanan of Arnpryor was ever afterwards called King of Kippen.
+
+W.G.C.
+
+_Remarkable Murder_.--"Anno 1605: one William Calverly, of Calverly, in
+the county of York, esquire, murthered two of his own children at home
+at his own house, then stabbed his wife into the body, with full intent
+to have killed her, and then went out with intention to have killed his
+child, at nurse, but was prevented. He was pressed to death, at York,
+for this murther, because he stood mute, and would not plead."--_Old
+History_.
+
+_Law respecting Caps_.--An old Law, enacted that every person above
+seven years of age, should wear on Sundays, and Holidays, a cap of wool,
+knit-made, thickened and dressed in England, by some of the trade of
+Cappers--under the forfeiture of three-farthings for every day's
+neglect; excepting _Maids, Ladies_, and _Gentlemen_, and every _Lord,
+Knight_, and Gentleman of _Twenty marks of land_, and their _heirs_, and
+such as had borne office of worship in any _City, Town_, or _Place_, and
+the Wardens of the London Companies.
+
+T. GILL.
+
+_Splendid Biography_.--Richard Neville, the Great Earl of Warwick and
+Salisbury, was well known in history by the appellation of the King
+Maker. His biographer says, "He was a man whose hospitality was so
+abundant, that the ordinary consumption of a breakfast, at his house in
+London, was six oxen; whose popularity was so great, that his absence
+was accounted as the absence of the sun from the hemisphere; whose
+service was so courted, that men of all degrees were proud to wear the
+badges of his livery; and whose authority was so potent, that kings were
+raised, or deposed, as suited his humour."
+
+P.T.W.
+
+_Character of England by Henry the Seventh._--Henry the Seventh (whose
+breeding had been low and private) being once pressed by some of his
+council, to pursue his title to France, returned this answer: "That
+France was indeed a flourishing and gallant kingdom; but England, in his
+mind, was as fine a seat for a country gentleman as any that could be
+found in Europe."
+
+G.K.
+
+_The Plough._
+
+  "Look how the purple flower, which the plough
+  Hath shorn in sunder, languishing doth die."
+
+                     _Peachum._
+
+This implement was known to the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, and was
+invented at a very early period, being perhaps nearly coeval with the
+cultivation of the soil itself. Anciently, the tenants (in England) in
+some manors, were not allowed to have their rural implements sharpened
+by any but those whom the lord appointed; for which an acknowledgment
+was to be paid, called _agusa dura_; in some places _agusage_, a fee for
+sharpening plough-tackle, which some take to be the same with what was
+otherwise called _reillage_, from the ancient French _reille_, a
+_ploughshare_.
+
+_Ancient Fête at Gorhamlury._--In the year 1577, Queen Elizabeth was
+entertained at Gorhambury, by Sir Nicholas Bacon, Lord Keeper, from
+Saturday, May the 18th, to the Wednesday following, at the expense of
+577_l_. 6_s_. 7-1/4_d_. besides fifteen bucks and two stags. Among the
+dainties of the feathered kind, enumerated in this entertainment, Mr.
+Nichols mentions herons, bitterns, godwites, dotterels, shovelers,
+curlews, and knots. Sir Nicholas Bacon was frequently visited by the
+queen, who dated many of her state papers from Gorhambury.
+
+P.T.W.
+
+_Adrian the Fourth._--Adrian the Fourth was the only Englishman who ever
+filled the Papal chair. His name was Nicholas Breakspeare, and he was
+born at Abbot's Langley, a village in Herts. Such was the unbounded
+pride of this pontiff, that when the Emperor Frederick the First went to
+Rome, in 1155, to receive the imperial diadem, the Pope, after many
+difficulties concerning the ceremonial of investiture, insisted that the
+emperor should prostrate himself before him, kiss his feet, hold his
+stirrup, and lead the white palfrey on which the holy father rode.
+Frederick did not submit to this humiliation without reluctance; and as
+he took hold of the stirrup, he observed that "he had not yet been
+taught the profession of a groom." In a letter to his old friend, John
+of Salisbury, he says that St. Peter's Chair was the most uneasy seat in
+the world, and that his crown seemed to be clapped burning on his head.
+Yet did this haughty Pope (according to Dr. Cave) allow his mother to be
+maintained by the alms of the church of Canterbury.
+
+P.T.W.
+
+_Quid pro quo._--A peasant of Burgundy, whom Louis XI. had taken some
+notice of, while Dauphin, appeared before him when he ascended the
+throne, and presented him with an extraordinary large radish; Louis
+received it with much goodwill, and handsomely repaid the peasant. The
+great man of the place, to whom the countryman related his good fortune,
+imagined that if he were to offer Louis something, he would, at any
+rate, make him a prince. Accordingly he went to court, and presented his
+finest horse to the king. Louis received his present as graciously as he
+had before taken the radish, and after he had sufficiently praised the
+horse, "See here," said he, taking the radish in his hand, "here is a
+radish, which, like your horse, is one of the rarest of its kind; I
+present it to you with many thanks."
+
+Iota.
+
+_Muswell Hill_ derives its name from a famous well on the hill, where,
+formerly, the fraternity of St. John of Jerusalem, in Clerkenwell, had
+their dairy, with a large farm adjacent. Here they built a chapel for
+the benefit of some nuns, in which they fixed the image of our Lady of
+Muswell. These nuns had the sole management of the dairy: and it is
+singular, that the said well and farm do, at this time, belong to the
+parish of St. James, Clerkenwell. The water of this spring was then
+deemed a miraculous cure for scrofulous and cutaneous disorders. For
+that reason it was much resorted to; and, as tradition says, a king of
+Scotland made a pilgrimage hither, and was perfectly cured.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, London; sold by
+ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; and by all Newsmen and
+Booksellers._
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE ***
+
+***** This file should be named 11551-8.txt or 11551-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/5/5/11551/
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David King, and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's
+eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII,
+compressed (zipped), HTML and others.
+
+Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks replace the old file and take over
+the old filename and etext number.  The replaced older file is renamed.
+VERSIONS based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving
+new filenames and etext numbers.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+EBooks posted prior to November 2003, with eBook numbers BELOW #10000,
+are filed in directories based on their release date.  If you want to
+download any of these eBooks directly, rather than using the regular
+search system you may utilize the following addresses and just
+download by the etext year. For example:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/etext06
+
+    (Or /etext 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99,
+     98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90)
+
+EBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are
+filed in a different way.  The year of a release date is no longer part
+of the directory path.  The path is based on the etext number (which is
+identical to the filename).  The path to the file is made up of single
+digits corresponding to all but the last digit in the filename.  For
+example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/1/0/2/3/10234
+
+or filename 24689 would be found at:
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/6/8/24689
+
+An alternative method of locating eBooks:
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/GUTINDEX.ALL
+
+
diff --git a/old/11551-8.zip b/old/11551-8.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c203a9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/11551-8.zip
diff --git a/old/11551-h.zip b/old/11551-h.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b68f8a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/11551-h.zip
diff --git a/old/11551-h/11551-h.htm b/old/11551-h/11551-h.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..271f3c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/11551-h/11551-h.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,1920 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+<head>
+<meta name="generator" content=
+"HTML Tidy for Solaris (vers 1st October 2003), see www.w3.org" />
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
+"text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
+<title>The Mirror of Literature, Issue 546.</title>
+
+<style type="text/css">
+/*<![CDATA[*/
+
+  <!--
+  body                 {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;}
+  p                    {text-align: justify;}
+  blockquote           {text-align: justify;}
+  h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6    {text-align: center;}
+  pre                  {font-size: 0.7em;}
+
+  hr                   {text-align: center; width: 50%;}
+  html>body hr         {margin-right: 25%; margin-left: 25%; width: 50%;}
+  hr.full              {width: 100%;}
+  html>body hr.full    {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;}
+  hr.short             {text-align: center; width: 20%;}
+  html>body hr.short   {margin-right: 40%; margin-left: 40%; width: 20%;}
+
+  .note, .footnote
+  {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;}
+
+  span.pagenum
+  {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt;}
+
+  .poem
+  {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;}
+  .poem .stanza        {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;}
+  .poem p              {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+  .poem p.i2           {margin-left: 1em;}
+  .poem p.i4           {margin-left: 2em;}
+  .poem p.i6           {margin-left: 3em;}
+  .poem p.i8           {margin-left: 4em;}
+  .poem p.i10          {margin-left: 5em;}
+
+  .figure
+  {padding: 1em; margin: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em; margin: auto;}
+  .figure img
+                       {border: none;}
+  .figure p
+
+  .side { float:right;
+          font-size: 75%;
+          width: 25%;
+          padding-left:10px;
+          border-left: dashed thin;
+          margin-left: 10px;
+          text-align: left;
+          text-indent: 0;
+          font-weight: bold;
+          font-style: italic;}
+  -->
+/*]]>*/
+</style>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction
+       Vol. 19, Issue 546, May 12, 1832
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 12, 2004 [EBook #11551]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David King, and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page289" name="page289"></a>[pg
+289]</span>
+<h1>THE MIRROR<br />
+OF<br />
+LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1>
+<hr class="full" />
+<table width="100%" summary="Volume, Number, and Date">
+<tr>
+<td align="left"><b>Vol. 19. No. 546.]</b></td>
+<td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, MAY 12, 1832</b></td>
+<td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>ST. PANCRAS (OLD) CHURCH.</h2>
+<div class="figure" style="width:80%;"><a href=
+"images/546-1.png"><img width="100%" src="images/546-1.png" alt=
+"" /></a> ST. PANCRAS (OLD) CHURCH.</div>
+<p>This humble village fane is situated to the north of London,
+somewhat more than a mile from Holborn Bars. Persons unacquainted
+with the site, may hitherto have considered it as part and parcel
+of this vast metropolis: but, lo! here it stands amidst much of its
+primitive, peaceful rusticity.</p>
+<p>Pancras is still, by courtesy, called a <i>village</i>, though
+its charms may be of the <i>rus-in-urbe</i> description. It derives
+its name from the saint to whom the church is dedicated:<a id=
+"footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a href=
+"#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a> it was called St. Pancras when the
+Survey of Domesday was taken. The parish is of great extent. Mr.
+Lysons states it at 2,700 acres of land, including the site of
+buildings. It is bounded on the north by Islington, Hornsey, and
+Finchley; and on the west by Hampstead and Marybone. On the south
+it meets the parishes of St. Giles's in the Fields, St. George the
+Martyr, St. George, Bloomsbury, and St. Andrew's, Holborn.<a id=
+"footnotetag2" name="footnotetag2"></a><a href=
+"#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> On the east it is bounded by St.
+James's, Clerkenwell. Kentish Town, part of Highgate, Camden Town,
+and Somer's Town,<a id="footnotetag3" name=
+"footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a> are
+comprised within this parish as hamlets. Mr. Lysons supposes it to
+have included the prebendal manor of Kentish Town,<a id=
+"footnotetag4" name="footnotetag4"></a><a href=
+"#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a> or Cantelows, which now constitutes a
+stall in St. Paul's Cathedral. Among the prebendaries have been men
+eminent for their learning and piety: as Lancelot Andrews, bishop
+of Winchester, Dr. Sherlock, Archdeacon Paley, and the Rev. William
+Beloe, B.D. well known by his translation of Herodotus.</p>
+<p>It would occupy too much space to detail the progressive
+increase of this district. When a visitation of the church
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page290" name="page290"></a>[pg
+290]</span> was made in the year 1251, there were only forty houses
+in the parish. The desolate situation of the village in the latter
+part of the sixteenth century is emphatically described by Norden,
+in his <i>Speculum Britanni&aelig;</i>. After noticing the solitary
+condition of the church, he says, "yet about this structure have
+bin manie buildings now decaied, leaving poore Pancras without
+companie or comfort." In some manuscription additions to his work,
+the same writer has the following observations:&mdash;"Although
+this place be, as it were, forsaken of all; and true men seldom
+frequent the same, but upon devyne occasions; yet it is visyted by
+thieves, who assemble there not to pray, but to wait for praye; and
+manie fell into their handes, clothed, that are glad when they are
+escaped naked. Walk not there too late." Newcourt, whose work was
+published in 1700, says that houses had been built near the church.
+The first important increase of the parish took place in the
+neighbourhood of Tottenham Court Road.</p>
+<p>"Pancras Church," says Norden, "standeth all alone, as utterly
+forsaken, old and wether-beten, which, for the antiquity thereof,
+it is thought not to yield to Paules in London." It is of rude
+Gothic architecture, built of stones and flints, which are now
+covered with plaster. Mr. Lysons says, "It is certainly not older
+than the fourteenth century, perhaps in Norden's time it had the
+appearance of great decay; the same building, nevertheless,
+repaired from time to time, still remains; looks no longer 'old and
+wether-beten,' and may still exist perhaps to be spoken of by some
+antiquary of a future century. It is a very small structure,
+consisting only of a nave and chancel; at the west end is a low
+tower, with a kind of dome."<a id="footnotetag5" name=
+"footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a> Mr. Lysons
+speaks of the disproportionate size of the church to the population
+of the parish; but since his time another church has been erected,
+the splendour and size of which in every respect accord with the
+increased wealth and numbers of the parish.</p>
+<p>The church and churchyard of Pancras have long been noted as the
+burial-place of such Roman Catholics as die in London and its
+vicinity.<a id="footnotetag6" name="footnotetag6"></a><a href=
+"#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a> Many of the tombs exhibit a cross,
+and the initials R.I.P. (<i>Requiescat in pace</i>), which
+initials, or others analogous to them, are always used by the
+Catholics on their sepulchral monuments. Mr. Lysons heard it
+assigned by some of that persuasion, as a reason for this
+preference to Pancras as a burial-place, that masses were formerly
+said in a church in the south of France, dedicated to the same
+saint, for the souls of the deceased interred at St. Pancras in
+England. After the French revolution, a great number of
+ecclesiastics and other refugees, some of them of high rank, were
+buried in this churchyard; and in 1811, Mr. Lysons observed that
+probably about 30 of the French clergy had on an average been
+buried at Pancras for some years past: in 1801 there were 41, and
+in 1802, 32. Mr. Lysons's explanation of this preference to Pancras
+by the Catholics is, however, disputed by the author of
+<i>Ecclesiastical Topography</i>, who observes that a reason more
+generally given is, that "Pancras was the last church in England
+where mass was performed after the Reformation."</p>
+<p>In the chancel are monuments of Daniel Clarke, Esq. who had been
+master-cook to Queen Elizabeth; and of Cooper the artist, whose
+style approached so near to that of Vandyke, that he has been
+called Vandyke in miniature: he taught the author of Hudibras to
+paint; his wife was sister to Pope's mother.</p>
+<p>In the churchyard are the tombs of Anthony Woodhead, 1678, who
+was in his day, the great champion of the Roman Catholic religion,
+and was reputed to have written the Whole Duty of Man; Lady
+Slingsby, whose name occurs as an actress in Dryden and Lee's
+plays, from 1681 to 1689; Jeremy Collier, 1726, the pertinacious
+non-juror, who repressed the immoralities of the stage; Ned Ward,
+author of the London Spy, 1731; Leoni, the architect, 1746; Lady
+Henrietta, wife of Beard, the vocalist, 1753; Van Bleeck, the
+portrait-painter; Ravenet, the engraver, 1764; Mazzinghi, 1775,
+leader of the band at Marylebone Gardens, and father of Mazzinghi,
+the celebrated composer; Henry and Robert Rackett, Pope's nephews;
+Woollett, the engraver, 1785, to whose memory a monument has been
+placed in the cloisters of Westminster Abbey; Baron de Wenzel, the
+celebrated oculist, 1790; Mary Wollestonecraft Godwin, author of a
+Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1797; the Rev. Arthur O'Leary,
+or Father O'Leary, the amiable Franciscan friar, 1802; Paoli, the
+patriotic Corsican, 1807; Walker editor of the Pronouncing
+Dictionary; the Chevalier d'Eon, 1810, of epicene notoriety; and
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page291" name="page291"></a>[pg
+291]</span> Packer, the comedian, 1806, who is said to have
+performed 4,852 times, besides walking in processions; Edwards,
+professor of Perspective, 1806; Scheemakers, the statuary,
+1808.</p>
+<p>In the <i>Beauties of England and Wales</i>, it is stated that
+23 acres of land belong to the church; and the great increase of
+buildings renders these of considerable value; though it is not
+known to whom the church is indebted for this possession.</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>ELEGY.</h3>
+<h4>FROM THE GERMAN.</h4>
+<h4>(<i>For the Mirror.</i>)</h4>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Through oak-woods green,</p>
+<p class="i2">A silver sheen,</p>
+<p>Sweet moon, from thee</p>
+<p class="i2">Afforded me</p>
+<p>A tranquil joy,</p>
+<p class="i2">Me, <i>then</i>, a happy boy.</p>
+<p>Still makes thy light</p>
+<p class="i2">My window bright,</p>
+<p>But can no more</p>
+<p class="i2">Lost peace restore:</p>
+<p>My brow is shaded,</p>
+<p class="i2">My cheek with weeping faded.</p>
+<p>Thy beams, O moon,</p>
+<p class="i2">Will glitter soon,</p>
+<p>As softly clear,</p>
+<p class="i2">Upon my bier:</p>
+<p>For soon, earth must</p>
+<p class="i2">Conceal in youth my dust.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p><span style="margin-left:3em">C.H.</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<hr />
+<h3>CLEOPATRA'S NEEDLES.</h3>
+<h4>(<i>For the Mirror.</i>)</h4>
+<p>These remains of ancient art are destined to be removed to
+Europe.<a id="footnotetag7" name="footnotetag7"></a><a href=
+"#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a> The palace of Cleopatra was built
+upon the walls facing the port of Alexandria, Egypt, having a
+gallery on the outside, supported by several fine columns. Towards
+the eastern part of the palace are two obelisks, vulgarly called
+<i>Cleopatra's Needles</i>. They are of Thebaic stone, and covered
+with hieroglyphics; one is overturned, broken, and lying under the
+sand; the other is on its pedestal. These two obelisks, each of
+them of a single stone, are about sixty feet high, by seven feet
+square at the base. The Egyptian priests called these obelisks the
+sun's fingers, because they served as stiles or gnomons to mark the
+hours on the ground. In the first ages of the world they were made
+use of to transmit to posterity the principal precepts of
+philosophy, which were engraven on them in hieroglyphics.</p>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>"Between the statues, <i>Obelisks</i> were placed:</p>
+<p>And the learned walls with <i>hieroglyphics</i> grac'd.</p>
+<p><span style="margin-left:3em"><i>Pope.</i></span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>In after ages they were used to immortalize the actions of
+heroes, and the memory of persons beloved.</p>
+<p>The first obelisk we know of was that raised by Rameses, King of
+Egypt, in the time of the Trojan war. Augustus erected an obelisk
+at Rome, in the Campus Martius, which served to mark the hours on
+an horizontal dial, drawn on the pavement. This obelisk was brought
+from Egypt, and was said to have been formed by Sesostris, near a
+thousand years before Christ. It was used by Manlius for the same
+purpose for which it was originally destined, namely, to measure
+the height of the sun.</p>
+<p>P.T.W.</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>THE DYING MAIDEN'S PARDON TO HER FAITHLESS LOVER.</h3>
+<h4>FROM THE FRENCH.</h4>
+<h4>(<i>For the Mirror.</i>)</h4>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>If death's keen anguish thou would'st charm</p>
+<p class="i2">Ere speeds his fatal dart,</p>
+<p>Come, place thine hand&mdash;while yet 'tis warm,</p>
+<p class="i2">Upon my breaking heart.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>And though remorse&mdash;thou may'st not feel</p>
+<p class="i2">When its last throb is o'er,</p>
+<p>Thou'lt say&mdash;"that heart which lov'd so well,</p>
+<p class="i2">Shall passion feel no more."</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>E'en love for thee forsakes my soul&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">Thy work, relentless see,</p>
+<p>Near as I am life's destin'd gaol,</p>
+<p class="i2">I'm frozen&mdash;less than thee.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Yet take this heart&mdash;I ne'er had more</p>
+<p class="i2">To give thee in thy need:</p>
+<p>Search well&mdash;for at its inmost core,</p>
+<p class="i2">Thy pardon thou may'st read.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p><span style="margin-left:3em">T.R.P.</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>ANECDOTE GALLERY.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>TRAITS OF IRISH CHARACTER.</h3>
+<h4>(<i>For the Mirror.</i>)</h4>
+<p>A gentleman residing in the vicinity of Dublin, found,
+notwithstanding the protection of a thick, and thorny hedge, that
+great depredations were committed on his garden and paddocks; so he
+inclosed them with a high, strong wall. As he kept cows, and had
+more milk than was sufficient for his family, he distributed the
+overplus amongst his poor neighbours. One day, inspecting in
+person, this distribution, he saw a woman attending with her pails,
+who, he was tolerably certain did not require such assistance.
+"You, here! my good friend," said he, "I thought you kept a
+cow?"</p>
+<p>"Ay, plase yer honour's honour, and <i>two</i> it was that I
+<i>once</i> kept, the craters!"</p>
+<p>"<i>Once</i>, why don't you keep them now?"</p>
+<p>"Ough! 'tis yeaself must answer that question, for why? the
+bastes did <span class="pagenum"><a id="page292" name=
+"page292"></a>[pg 292]</span> well enough afore your rav'rence run
+up that bit o' wall round your fields, seein' the cows lived off
+your grass; but sorra for me now, I've sold 'em both, by rason I
+couldn't <i>keep</i> 'em no longer."</p>
+<p>An English gentleman, on a tour in Ireland, was beset at a fine
+waterfall by numerous beggars; one woman was particularly clamorous
+for relief, but Mr. R. instructed by his guide, said to her, "My
+good friend, you cannot possibly want relief, as you keep several
+cows, and have a very profitable farm; indeed I cannot bestow my
+charity upon you." The woman, looking sulky, and <i>detected</i>,
+immediately pointed to another, exclaiming, "Then give to
+<i>her</i>, for she's got <i>nothing</i>!" The stranger in Dublin
+is particularly requested to send all beggars to an institution in
+Copper Alley, for their relief. Being once much importuned by an
+old man for money, we desired him to go to this place. "I can't,"
+said he.</p>
+<p>"Why not?"</p>
+<p>"Becase 'tis a bad place for the poor."</p>
+<p>"How so? don't they give you anything to eat?"</p>
+<p>"Ah, yes, yes, but the thing is, my jewel, they wont by no manes
+give a poor body <i>anything to drink</i>." The intelligent reader
+will not be at a loss to translate the complaint of thirsty
+Pat.</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>FRENCH CRUELTY.</h3>
+<p>During the late French Revolution, one of the royalist soldiers
+having his horse shot under him by a pupil of the Polytechnic
+School, and finding when thus brought down, that he could not
+regain his feet and resume a posture of defence, but was entirely
+at the mercy of his ferocious young adversary, he immediately
+surrendered his sword, exclaiming, "I am your prisoner, and entreat
+of you mercy and life." To which the <i>generous</i> and
+<i>heroic</i> youth replied, "No prisoners, no mercy!" and taking
+from his pocket a pike-head or some similar rough weapon,
+deliberately drove it into the unfortunate soldier's heart!</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>EFFRONTERY.</h3>
+<p>A nobleman being, it is said, some years since, in the shop of a
+celebrated London shoemaker, saw, pass through it, a very handsome
+young woman, "Who is that fine girl?" said he.</p>
+<p>"My daughter," replied the <i>cord-wainer</i>, "with sixty
+thousand pounds at your lordship's service."</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>A BLUNDER.</h3>
+<p>Literary topics came under discussion one evening in a small
+social circle, of which the writer made one, and particularly the
+autobiographical works, and personal memoirs, now so much in vogue.
+A gentleman then stated, that having seen much of the world, he
+thought he must follow the fashion, and one day favour it with his
+own life and adventures. Numerous ladies were to figure in his
+book, which was, in fact, as he modestly gave the present company
+to understand, to be a complete chronicle of the flirtations and
+conquests of himself, and male allies, with letters, portraits,
+&amp;c. and <i>names</i> in full. "But," remarked a lady, humouring
+the jest, "if you <i>do</i> render your book so very personal, are
+you not afraid of the consequences?"</p>
+<p>"Not at all," replied the embryo author very gravely, "for
+though I shall enjoy the remarks of the world, upon my
+<i>autobiography</i>, they cannot affect me, as it will of course
+be a <i>posthumous work</i>."</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>COOL COURAGE.</h3>
+<p>During the disastrous fire of the Kent East Indiaman, a lady on
+board exhibited a very singular instance of <i>sang froid</i> and
+presence of mind. Being in one of the cabins, with a large,
+helpless, despairing, and of course, most troublesome party,
+chiefly of her own sex, "all hands" of the other being "turned up,"
+we presume, to check the advances of the devouring element, she
+proposed, by way of keeping them quiet, <i>to make tea for
+them</i>, and we believe her proposal was accepted, and had the
+desired effect.</p>
+<p><i>Great Marlow, Bucks</i>.</p>
+<p>M.L.B.</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>ABSTRACT STUDIES.</h3>
+<h4>(<i>For the Mirror</i>.)</h4>
+<p>Demosthenes to be the more removed from noise, and less subject
+to distraction, caused a small chamber to be made under ground, in
+which he shut himself up sometimes for whole months, shaving half
+his head and only half his face, that he might not be in a
+condition to go abroad. It was there, by the light of a small lamp,
+he composed his admirable Orations, which were said by those who
+envied him, to smell of the oil, to imply that they were too
+elaborate. He rose very early, and used to say, that he was sorry
+when any workman was at his business before him. He copied
+Thucydides' history eight times with his own hand, in order to
+render the style of that great man familiar to him.</p>
+<p>Adrian Turnebus, a French critic, was so indefatigable in his
+study, that it <span class="pagenum"><a id="page293" name=
+"page293"></a>[pg 293]</span> was said of him, as it was of
+Budaeus, that he spent some hours in study even on the day he was
+married.</p>
+<p>Frederick Morel had so strong an attachment to study, that when
+he was informed of his wife's being at the point of death, he would
+not lay down his pen, till he had finished what he was upon, and
+when she was dead, as she was before they could prevail on him to
+stir, he was only heard to reply coldly, "I am very sorry, she was
+a good woman."</p>
+<p>Sir Isaac Newton, when he had any mathematical problems or
+solutions in his mind, would never quit the subject on any account;
+dinner was often known to be three hours ready for him before he
+could be brought to table. His man often said, when he was getting
+up in the morning, and began to dress, he would, with one leg in
+his breeches, sit down again on the bed, and remain there for hours
+before he got his clothes on.</p>
+<p>Mr. Abraham Sharp, the astronomer, through his love of study,
+was very irregular as to his meals, which he frequently took in the
+following manner: a little square hole, something like a window,
+made a communication between the room where he usually studied, and
+another chamber in the house, where a servant could enter, and
+before this hole he had contrived a sliding board, the servant
+always placing his victuals in the hole, without speaking a word or
+making the least noise, and when he had leisure he visited it to
+see what it contained, and to satisfy his hunger or thirst. But it
+often happened that the breakfast, the dinner, and the supper
+remained untouched by him, so deeply was he engaged in his
+calculations and solemn musings. At one time after his provisions
+had been neglected for a long season, his family became uneasy, and
+resolved to break in upon his retirement; he complained, but with
+great mildness, that they had disconcerted his thoughts in a chain
+of calculations which had cost him intense application for three
+days successively. On an old oak table, where for a long course of
+years he used to write, cavities might easily be perceived, worn by
+the perpetual rubbing of his arms and elbows.<a id="footnotetag8"
+name="footnotetag8"></a><a href="#footnote8"><sup>8</sup></a></p>
+<p>SWAINE.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>THE SELECTOR; AND LITERARY NOTICES OF <i>NEW WORKS</i>.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>THE CONTRAST.</h3>
+<p>The title of Lord Mulgrave's clever novel is sufficiently
+explained by the hero, Lord Castleton, a man of high refinement,
+marrying an unsophisticated, uneducated peasant girl. The scenes
+and incidents of her introduction into the fashionable world are
+replete with humour, yet true to the life. Thus, how naturally are
+her new Ladyship's embarrassments told:&mdash;</p>
+<p>"There were some points on which she would even have endeavoured
+to extract knowledge from the servants; but dreading, from her
+former habits, nothing so much as too great a familiarity in this
+respect, Castleton had made it one of his first desires to her,
+that she would confine her communications with them, to asking for
+what she wanted. To this, as to every other desire of his, she
+yielded, as far as she could, implicit obedience; but it was often
+a great exertion on her part to do so. Of her own maid she had felt
+from the first a considerable awe; and to such a degree did this
+continue, that she could not conceive any fatigue from labour equal
+to the burthen of her assistance. Being naturally of a disposition
+both active and obliging, it was quite new to her to have any thing
+done for her which she could do for herself. For some time she had
+as great a horror of touching a bell-rope, as others have in
+touching the string of a shower-bath; and when services were
+obtruded on her by the domestics as a matter of course, she had
+much difficulty in checking the exuberance of her gratitude.</p>
+<p>"At home, Big Betsey, mentioned before as the maid of all work,
+never considered as any part of her multitudinous duties the
+waiting on Miss Lucy, who she not only said 'mought moind herself,'
+but sometimes called to her, almost authoritatively, 'to lend a
+hauping haund.' It was, probably, in consequence of the habit thus
+engendered, that Lady Castleton was one day caught 'lending a
+helping hand' to an over-loaded under laundry-maid, who had been
+sent by her superior with a wicker-bound snowy freight of her
+Ladyship's own superfine linen. But of all the irksome feelings
+caused by Lucy's new position, there was none from which she
+suffered more, than <i>waiting</i> to be <span class=
+"pagenum"><a id="page294" name="page294"></a>[pg 294]</span>
+<i>waited on</i>. And it was hinted in the hall, that when my Lord
+was not in the room, my Lady got up to help herself to what she
+wanted from the sideboard!! And it was whispered in the female
+conclave of the housekeeper's room, that her Lady-ship seemed even
+to like to&mdash;lace her own stays!!"</p>
+<p>Again, after Lady Castleton receiving a visit from a ton-ish
+family, his Lordship asks:&mdash;</p>
+<p>And did they make many inquiries of you? ask many
+questions?"</p>
+<p>"Oh, such a many!"</p>
+<p>"So many, dearest love, you mean to say."</p>
+<p>"Well, so I do, thank you; and then the mamma asked me, as she
+had never seen me before, if I had not been much abroad; and I
+said, never at all till I married; and then she said, 'What! had I
+been to Paris since?' and I find she meant foreign parts by abroad.
+And she told me that we ought to go to London soon; that the season
+was advanced, and that the Pasta would come out soon this spring.
+What is the Pasta&mdash;a plant?"</p>
+<p>"A plant! no, love. Pasta is a singer's name, you could not be
+expected to know that; but I hope you didn't say any thing to show
+them your ignorance?"</p>
+<p>"Oh, no; you told me, whenever I was completely puzzled, that
+silence was best; so I said nothing. Pasta's the name of a singer,
+then! Oh, that accounts, for a moment after she the mamma said,
+that her daughter Arabella sang delightfully, and asked me if I
+would sing with her; so I said no, I'd much rather listen. That was
+right, warn't it? You see I knew you'd ask me all about it, so I
+recollected it for you. Arabella then asked me if I would accompany
+her? so I said, Wherever she liked,&mdash;where did she want to go?
+But, I suppose, she altered her mind, for she sat down to the grand
+instrument you had brought here for me to begin my lessons upon;
+and then she sang such an extraordinary song&mdash;all coming from
+her throat. And the sister asked me if I understood German? and I
+answered, No, nor French neither."</p>
+<p>"That was an unnecessary addition, my love."</p>
+<p>"Well, so it was. Then the youngest sister explained to me, that
+it was a song a Swiss peasant girl sang whilst she was milking her
+cow; and I said that must be very difficult, to sing while milking
+a cow. And then the mamma asked how I knew; and I said I had
+<i>tried</i> very <i>often</i>."</p>
+<p>"How could you, dear Lucy, volunteer such an avowal?"</p>
+<p>"I thought you would be afraid of that; but it all did very
+well, for the mother said I was so amusing, had so much natural
+wit, and they all tried to persuade me I had said something
+clever."</p>
+<p>"Well, go on&mdash;and what then?"</p>
+<p>"And then the lady took me aside, and began saying so much in
+praise of you; and when she once got me on that subject, I was
+ready and glib enough, I warrant you. But somehow, though I then
+found it so much easier to speak, I find it more difficult to
+recollect exactly what I said. Is not that strange? And then she
+said that my happiness would excite so much envy in the great
+world; that you had been admired, courted, nay, even loved by rich,
+noble, clever ladies. Why was all this? and how could you ever
+think to leave all these, to seek out from her quiet home your poor
+little Lucy?"</p>
+<p>"Oh, that's a story of by-gone days. These were follies of my
+youth, which I thought I had lived to repent.</p>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>"'Nor knew, till seated by thy side,</p>
+<p>My heart in all save hope the same.'"</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>"Why, save hope, my dear Lord? What may you not only hope, but
+trust, from my constant devotion?"</p>
+<p>"I did not mean to tie myself precisely to every word I uttered.
+It was only a quotation."</p>
+<p>"And what is a quotation?"</p>
+<p>"A quotation is the vehicle in which imagination posts forward,
+when she only hires her Pegasus from memory. Or sometimes it is
+only a quit-rent, which the intellectual cultivator, who farms an
+idea, pays to the original proprietor; or rather,"&mdash;(seeing
+that he was not making the matter more intelligible by his
+explanation,)&mdash;"or rather, it is when we convey our own
+thoughts by the means of the more perfect expressions of some
+favourite author."</p>
+<p>"But then, surely <i>you</i> need not be driven to borrow, whose
+own words always sound to me like a book. As for poor me, I wish I
+could talk in quotations for ever; then I need not fear to make
+these mistakes, which, as it is, I am afraid I am always like to
+do."</p>
+<p>(A scene at <i>the Opera</i> is richer still: the performance
+<i>Semiramide</i>:)</p>
+<p>"Lady Gayland took the opportunity of inquiring of Lady
+Castleton, 'how the opera had amused her?' There was that
+unmistakable air of real interest in Lady Gayland's manner,
+whenever she addressed Lucy, which made her always reply in a tone
+of confidence, different <span class="pagenum"><a id="page295"
+name="page295"></a>[pg 295]</span> from that which she felt towards
+any other member of the society in which she moved.</p>
+<p>"Why, to tell the honest truth," said she, leaning forwards
+towards her questioner, "I can't say that I could the least
+understand what it all meant. It's not likely that people should
+sing when they're in such sorrow; and then I can't guess why that
+young man should kill the queen that was so kind to him all
+along."</p>
+<p>"I don't wonder that that should surprise you, my dear; but he
+was not aware of what he was doing. It was in the dark."</p>
+<p>"In the dark! But I could see very well who it was, though I did
+not know her so well as he did, and was so much farther off."</p>
+<p>"I am afraid you are in the dark, too, a little as yet," said
+Lady Gayland, (tapping her gently with her fan.) "But, tell me, did
+you not admire the singing, though you could not understand the
+story."</p>
+<p>"Why, I should, perhaps, if I had known the language; but even
+then they seemed to me more like birds, than men and women singing
+words. I like a song that I can make out every word that's
+said."</p>
+<p>"The curtain then rose for the ballet; at first, Lucy was
+delighted with the scenery and pageantry, for the spectacle was
+grand and imposing. But at length the resounding plaudits announced
+the <i>entr&eacute;e</i> of the perfect Taglioni. Lucy was a little
+astonished at her costume upon her first appearance. She was
+attired as a goddess, and goddesses' gowns are somewhat of the
+shortest, and their legs rather <i>au naturel</i>; but when she
+came to elicit universal admiration by pointing her toe, and
+revolving in the slow <i>pirouette</i>, Lucy, from the situation in
+which she sat was overpowered with shame at the effect; and whilst
+Lady Gayland, with her <i>longnette</i> fixed on the stage,
+ejaculated, 'Beautiful! inimitable!' the unpractised Lucy could not
+help exclaiming, 'O that is too bad! I cannot stay to see that!'
+and she turned her head away blushing deeply."</p>
+<p>"Is your ladyship ill?" exclaimed Lord Stayinmore. "Castleton, I
+am afraid Lady Castleton feels herself indisposed."</p>
+<p>"Would you like to go?" kindly inquired Castleton.</p>
+<p>"O so much!" she answered.</p>
+<p>"Are you ill, my dear?" asked Lady Gayland.</p>
+<p>"Oh, no!" she said.</p>
+<p>"Then you had better stay, it is so beautiful."</p>
+<p>"Thank you, Lord Castleton is kind enough to let me go."</p>
+<p>(They get into the carriage.)</p>
+<p>"And how do you find yourself now, my dear Lucy?" tenderly
+inquired Castleton, as the carriage drove off.</p>
+<p>"Oh, I am quite well, thank you."</p>
+<p>"Quite well! are you? What was it, then, that was the matter
+with you?"</p>
+<p>"There was nothing the matter with me, it was that woman."</p>
+<p>"What woman? what can you mean? Did you not say that you were
+ill; and was not that the reason that we hurried away?"</p>
+<p>"No! YOU said I was ill; and I did not contradict you, because
+you tell me that in the world, as you call it, it is not always
+right to give the real reason for what we do; and therefore I
+thought, perhaps, that though of course you wished me to come away,
+you liked to put it upon my being ill."</p>
+<p>"Of course I wished you to come away! I was never more unwilling
+to move in all my life; and nothing but consideration for your
+health would have induced me to stir. Why should I have wished you
+to come away?"</p>
+<p>"Why, the naked woman," stammered Lucy.</p>
+<p>"What can you mean?"</p>
+<p>"You couldn't surely wish me to sit by the side of those people,
+to see such a thing as that?"</p>
+<p>"As to being by the side of those people, I must remind you,
+that it was Lady Gayland's box in which you were; and that whatever
+she, with her acknowledged taste and refinement, sanctions with her
+presence, can only be objected to by ignorance or prejudice. You
+have still a great deal to learn, my dear Lucy," added he, more
+kindly; "and nothing can be so fatal to your progress in that
+respect, as your attempting to lead, or to find fault, with what
+you do not understand."</p>
+<p>"But surely I can understand that it is not right to do what I
+saw that woman do," interrupted Lucy, presuming a little more
+doggedly than she usually ventured to do on any subject with her
+husband; for this time she had been really shocked by what she had
+seen.</p>
+<p>"Wrong it certainly is not, if you mean moral wrong. As to such
+an exhibition being becoming or not in point of manners, that
+depends entirely upon custom. Many things at your father's might
+strike me as coarseness, which made no impression upon you from
+habit, though much worse in my opinion than this presumed
+indecorum. Those <span class="pagenum"><a id="page296" name=
+"page296"></a>[pg 296]</span> things probably arose from ignorance
+on your parts, which might be corrected. This, on the other hand,
+from conventional indifference, consequent on custom, which it is
+not in you to correct. Depend upon it you will only get yourself
+laughed at, and me too, if you preach about dancers'
+petticoats."</p>
+<p>"I don't want to preach to any body; and you know how much it
+fashes me to contend with you."</p>
+<p>"Don't say FASHES, say distresses, or annoys, not <i>fashes</i>,
+for heaven's sake, my dear Lucy."</p>
+<p>"Oh, dear, it was very stupid of me to forget it. That was one
+of the first things you taught me, and it is a many days since I
+said it last; but it is so strange to me to venture to differ with
+you, that I get confused, and don't say any thing as right as I
+could do. Even now I should like to ask, if modesty is a merit,
+whether nakedness ought to be a show; but I'll say no more, for I
+dare say you won't make me go there again."</p>
+<p>"No, that will be the best way to settle it."</p>
+<p>The plot of the Contrast is not, as the reader may perceive, one
+of fashionable life: it has more of the romance of nature in its
+composition: the characters are not the drawling bores that we find
+in fashionable novels, though their affected freaks are
+occasionally introduced to contrast with unsophisticated humility,
+and thus exhibit the deformities of high life. The whole work is,
+however, light as gossamer: we had almost said that a fly might
+read it through the meshes, without endangering his patience or
+liberty.</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>THE LIBRARY OF ENTERTAINING KNOWLEDGE</h3>
+<p>Maintains its rank in sober, we mean useful, literature. The
+volume before us contains such matter as is only to be found in
+large and expensive works, with a host of annotations from the
+journals of recent travellers and other volumes which bear upon the
+main subject. This part of the series, describing vegetable
+substances used for the food of man, is executed with considerable
+minuteness. A Pythagorean would gloat over its accuracy, and a
+vegetable diet man would become inflated with its success in
+establishing his eccentricities. The contents are the Corn-plants,
+Esculent Roots, Herbs, Spices, Tea, Coffee, &amp;c. &amp;c. In such
+a multiplicity of facts as the history of these plants must
+necessarily include, some misstatements may be expected. For
+example, the opinion that succory is superior to coffee, though
+supported by Drs. Howison and Duncan, is not entitled to notice.
+All over the continent, succory, or <i>chicor&eacute;e</i>, is used
+to <i>adulterate</i> coffee, notwithstanding which a few scheming
+persons have attempted to introduce it in this country as an
+improvement, by selling it at four times its worth. Why say "it is
+sometimes considered superior to the exotic berry," and in the same
+page, "it is not likely to gain much esteem, where economy is not
+the consideration." We looked in vain for mention of the President
+of the Horticultural Society under Celery; though we never eat a
+fine head of this delicious vegetable without grateful recollection
+of Mr. T.A. Knight. All preachment of the economy of the Potato is
+judiciously omitted, though we fear to the displeasure of Sir John
+Sinclair; nor is there more space devoted to this overpraised root
+than it deserves. Truffles are not only used "like mushrooms," but
+for stuffing game and poultry, especially in France: who does not
+remember the <i>perdrixaux truffes</i>, of the Parisian
+<i>carte</i>. The chapter on coffee, cacao, tea, and sugar, is
+brief but entertaining. We may observe, by the way, that one of the
+obstacles to the profitable cultivation of tea in this country is
+our ignorance of the modes of drying, &amp;c. as practised in
+China.</p>
+<p>Another volume of the Entertaining Series, published since that
+just noticed, contains a selection of <i>Criminal Trials</i>,
+amongst which are those of Throckmorton and the Duke of Norfolk,
+for treason. They are, in the main, reprints from the State Trials,
+which the professional editor states to contain a large fund of
+instruction and <i>entertainment</i>. We have been deceived in the
+latter quality, though we must admit that in judicious hands, a
+volume of untiring interest might be wrought up from the State
+records. As they are, their dulness and prolixity are past
+endurance. As the present work proceeds in chronological order, it
+will doubtless improve in its entertaining character, since no
+class of literature has been more enriched by the publication of
+journals, diaries, &amp;c., than historical biography, which will
+thus enable the editor to enliven his pages with characteristic
+traits of the principal actors. This has been done, to some extent,
+in the portion before us, and in like manner fits the volume for
+popular reading.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page297" name="page297"></a>[pg
+297]</span>
+<h2>MANNERS &amp; CUSTOMS OF ALL NATIONS.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>FIRE TEMPLES IN PERSIA.</h3>
+<div class="figure" style="width:80%;"><a href=
+"images/546-2.png"><img width="100%" src="images/546-2.png" alt=
+"" /></a> Persian Temple</div>
+<p>These mystical relics are but a short journey from the
+celebrated ruins of Persepolis. Mr. Buckingham describes them in
+his usual picturesque language: "Having several villages in sight,
+as the sun rose, with cultivated land, flocks, trees, and water, we
+arrived at the foot of the mountain, which forms the northern
+boundary of the plain of Merdusht. The first object we saw on the
+west was a small rock, on which stood two fire altars of a peculiar
+form: their dimensions were five feet square at the base, and three
+at the top, and they were five feet high. There were pillars or
+pilasters at the corners, and arches in the sides. In the centre of
+each of these, near the top, was a square basin, about eight inches
+in diameter, and six in depth, for the reception of the fire,
+formerly used by the disciples of Zoroaster in their worship."</p>
+<p>Like Pythagoras, it may be here observed, Zoroaster, the
+inventer of Magic, or the doctrines of the Magi, admitted no
+visible object of devotion except fire, which he considered as the
+most proper emblem of a supreme being; these doctrines seem to have
+been preserved by Numa, in the worship and ceremonies which he
+instituted in honour of Vesta. According to some of the moderns,
+the doctrines, laws, and regulations of Zoroaster are still extant,
+and they have been lately introduced in Europe, in a French
+translation by M. Anquetil.</p>
+<p>Mr. Buckingham notices an existing custom, which he attributes
+to this reverence to fire. "Throughout all Persia, a custom
+prevails of giving the salute 'Salami Alaikom,' whenever the first
+lighted lamp or candle is brought into the room in the evening; and
+this is done between servants and masters as well as between
+equals. As this is not practised in any other Mahommedan country,
+it is probably a relic of the ancient reverence to fire, once so
+prevalent here, though the form of the salute is naturally that of
+the present religion."</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>THE NATURALIST.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>WHALE CHASE.</h3>
+<p>A Scottish journal, the <i>Caledonian Mercury</i>, describes the
+following animated scene, which lately took place off the town of
+Stornoway, in the island of Lewis. An immense shoal of whales was,
+early in the morning, chased to the mouth of the harbour by two
+fishing-boats, which had met them in the offing.</p>
+<p>"The circumstance was immediately descried from the shore, and a
+host of boats, amounting to 30 or 40, and armed with every species
+of weapon, set off to join the others in pursuit. The chase soon
+became one of bustle and anxiety on the part both of man and fish.
+The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page298" name="page298"></a>[pg
+298]</span> boats arranged themselves in the form of a crescent, in
+the fold of which the whales were collected, and where they had to
+encounter incessant showers of stones, splashing of oars, with
+frequent gashes from a harpoon or spear, while the din created by
+the shouts of the boats' crews and the multitude on shore, was
+tremendous. On more than one occasion, however, the floating
+phalanx was broken, and it required the greatest activity and tact
+ere the breach could be repaired and possession of the fugitives
+regained. The shore was neared by degrees, the boats advancing and
+retreating by turns, till at length they succeeded in driving the
+captive monsters on a beach opposite to the town, and within a few
+yards of it. The gambols of the whales were now highly diverting,
+and, except when a fish became unmanageable and enraged while the
+harpoon was fixed, or the noose of a rope pulled tight round its
+tail, they were not at all dangerous to be approached. In the
+course of a few hours the capture was complete, the shore was
+strewed with their dead carcases, while the sea presented a bloody
+and troubled aspect, giving evident proofs that it was with no
+small effort they were subdued. For fear of contagion, the whole
+fish amounting to ninety-eight, some of them very large, were
+immediately towed to a spot distant from the town, where they were
+on Thursday sold by public roup, the proceeds to be divided among
+the captors. An annual visit is generally paid by the whales to the
+Lewis coast, and besides being profitable when caught, they
+generally furnish a source of considerable amusement. On the
+present occasion, the whole inhabitants of the place, male and
+female, repaired to the beach, opposite to the scene of slaughter,
+where they evidently were delighted spectators, and occasionally
+gave assistance. A young sailor received a stroke from the tail of
+one of the largest fish, which nearly killed him."</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>AUDUBON.</h3>
+<p>The Philadelphia journals communicate some particulars of the
+journey of this enterprising naturalist into E. Florida. He has
+discovered, shot, and drawn a new Ibis, which he has named
+<i>Tantalus fuscus</i>. In a letter, he says</p>
+<p>"I have discovered three different new species of Heath, one
+bearing a yellow blossom, the two others a red and purple
+one;&mdash;also, a beautiful new Kalmia, and several extraordinary
+parasitical plants, bearing some resemblance to the pineapple
+plant, growing on the <i>eastern</i> side of the cyprus tree in
+swamps, about 6 or 10 feet above the water.</p>
+<p>"During my late excursion I almost became an amphibious
+being&mdash;spending the most of my days in the water, and by night
+pitching my tent on the barren sands. Whilst I remained at Spring
+Garden, the alligators were yet in full life; the white-headed
+eagles setting; the smaller resident birds paring; and strange to
+say, the warblers which migrate, moving easterly every warm day,
+and returning every cold day, a curious circumstance, tending to
+illustrate certain principles in natural economy."</p>
+<p>Six boxes of prepared skins of birds, &amp;c. as well as a
+number of choice shells, seeds, roots, &amp;c. the result of
+Audubon's researches, have been received in Charleston.</p>
+<p>"In this collection there are between four and five hundred
+skins of Birds, several of them rare in this part of the United
+States&mdash;some that are never found here, and a few that have
+not yet been described. Of these are two of the species of Pelican
+(Pelicanus) not described by Wilson. The Parrot (psittacus
+Carolinensis); the palm warbler of Buonaparte (Silvia palmerea),
+and the Florida Jay, a beautiful bird without the crest, so common
+in that genus.</p>
+<p>"Among the new discoveries of Audubon in Florida, we perceive a
+noble bird partaking of the appearance both of the Falcon and
+Vulture tribes, which would seem to be a connecting link between
+the two. His habits too, it is said, partake of his appearance, he
+being alternately a bird of prey, and feeding on the same food with
+the Vultures. This bird remains yet to be described, and will add
+not only a new species, but a new genus to the birds of the United
+States. We perceive also in Mr. Audubon's collection, a new species
+of Coot (Fulica).<a id="footnotetag9" name=
+"footnotetag9"></a><a href="#footnote9"><sup>9</sup></a></p>
+<hr />
+<h3>REMARKABLE JAY.</h3>
+<p>A lady residing at Blackheath has in her possession a fine Jay,
+which displays instinct allied to reason and reflection in no
+ordinary degree. This bird is stated by a Correspondent, (A.T.) to
+repeat distinctly any word that may be uttered before. She can
+identify persons after having once seen them, and been told their
+names; the latter she will pronounce with surprising clearness. She
+has a strong affection for a goldfinch in the same apartment, the
+latter bird appearing <span class="pagenum"><a id="page299" name=
+"page299"></a>[pg 299]</span> to return this fondness by fluttering
+its wings and other demonstrations of delight. The Jay has also
+been seen playing with two kittens, while the old cat looked
+composedly on at their gambols. This bird is in beautiful plumage,
+and is about twenty years of age. She is well known to the
+residents of Blackheath and its vicinity.</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>ENTOMOLOGY.</h3>
+<p>I have lately observed a curious fact, which I have never seen
+noticed in any book which has fallen in my way, viz. that it is the
+tail of the caterpillar which becomes the head of the butterfly. I
+found it hard to believe till I had convinced myself of it in a
+number of instances. The caterpillar weaves its web from its mouth,
+finishes with the head downwards, and the head, with the six front
+legs, are thrown off from the chrysalis, and may be found dried up,
+but quite distinguishable, at the bottom of the web. The butterfly
+comes out at the top. Is this fact generally
+known?&mdash;<i>Corresp. Mag. Nat. Hist.</i></p>
+<hr />
+<h3>THE RIVER TINTO.</h3>
+<p>The river Tinto rises in Sierra Morena, and empties itself into
+the Mediterranean, near Huelva, having the name of Tinto given it
+from the tinge of its waters, which are as yellow as a topaz,
+hardening the sand and petrifying it in a most surprising manner.
+If a stone happen to fall in, and rest on another, they both become
+in a year's time perfectly united and conglutiated. This river
+withers all the plants on its banks, as well as the roots of trees,
+which it dyes of the same hue as its waters. No kind of verdure
+will flourish where it reaches, nor any fish live in its stream. It
+kills worms in cattle, when given them to drink; but in general no
+animals will drink out of the river, except goats, whose flesh,
+nevertheless, has an excellent flavour. These singular properties
+continue till other rivulets run into it, and alter its nature; for
+when it passes by Niebla, it is not different from other rivers. It
+falls into the Mediterranean six leagues lower down, at the town of
+Huelva, where it is two leagues broad, and admits of large vessels,
+which may come up the river as high as San Juan del Puerto, three
+leagues above Huelva.&mdash;<i>From a Correspondent.</i></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>THE GALLEY SLAVES.</h3>
+<p>About a mile distant from one of the southern barriers of Paris,
+a palace was built during <i>our</i> Henry the Sixth's brief and
+precarious possession of French royalty, by the Bishop of
+Winchester. It was known by the name of Winchester, of which,
+however, the French kept continually clipping and changing the
+consonants, until the Anglo-Saxon Winchester dwindled into the
+French appellation of Bic&ecirc;tre. The Bishop's old palace was
+treated as unceremoniously as his name, being burnt in some of the
+civil wars. But there is this advantage in a sumptuous edifice,
+that its very ruins suggest the thought and supply the means of
+rebuilding it. Bic&ecirc;tre, accordingly, reared its head, and is
+now a straggling mass of building, containing a mad-house, a
+poor-house, an hospital, and a prison.</p>
+<p>To see it is a matter of trifling difficulty, except on one
+particular day&mdash;that devoted to the rivetting of the
+<i>chaine</i>. A surgeon, however, belonging to the establishment,
+promised to procure me admission, and on receiving his summons, I
+started one forenoon for Bic&ecirc;tre. Mortifying news awaited my
+arrival. The convicts had plotted a general insurrection and
+escape, which was to have taken place on the preceding night. It
+had been discovered in time, however, and such precautions taken,
+as completely prevented even the attempt. The chief of these
+precautions appeared in half a regiment of troops, that had
+bivouacked all night in the square adjoining the prison, and were
+still some lying, some loitering about. Strict orders had been
+issued, that no strangers should be admitted to witness the
+ceremony of rivetting; and the turnkeys and gaolers, in appearance
+not yet recovered from the alarm of the preceding evening, refused
+to listen to either bribe, menace, or solicitation. It was
+confoundedly vexatious. Whilst expostulating with the turnkey, I
+caught a glimpse through a barred window of the interior court,
+athwart which the chains lay extended, whilst in one railed off
+even from this the convicts were crowded, marching round and
+round&mdash;precaution forbade their remaining still&mdash;and
+uttering from time to time such yells and imprecations as might
+deafen and appal a Mohawk. "I have caught a glimpse at least,"
+thought I, as we were unceremoniously turned out.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page300" name="page300"></a>[pg
+300]</span>
+<p>My friend, the surgeon, bade us, however, not despair. When the
+man of influence arrived he hoped to prevail; and in the mean time
+he led us to view the other curiosities of Bic&ecirc;tre. There was
+the well, the kitchen, the anatomical theatre. The courts were
+crowded with aged paupers, who each well knew that his carcass
+would undergo what laceration the scalpel of my friend and his
+comrades chose to inflict upon it. But the thought seemed not to
+affect them so much as it did us. Methought the business of
+dissecting dead subjects might have been carried on more remote
+from the living candidates; but I was wrong, for mystery and
+secrecy always beget fear.</p>
+<p>The mad-house was another curiosity. It contains many whose
+brain the revolution of July, 1830, had turned. One man, a fine
+youth, had travelled on foot from a distant part of the kingdom, to
+shed his blood as a sacrifice to the memory of Napoleon. He gave
+his last franc to obtain admission within the pillar of the Place
+Vend&ocirc;me, and when there opened the veins of both his arms,
+crying out, "I offer the blood of the brave to the manes of
+Napoleon." His rolling black eye was now contrasted with a face
+pale as death. He had lost so much blood that few hopes were
+entertained of his recovery.</p>
+<p>But by far the most curious patient of the mad-house, was a
+young man who imagined himself to be a woman. He was handsome, but
+not feminine in appearance. He adored a little mirror, with which
+he was gratified. Rags of all colours were his delight; and he had
+made a precious collection. His coquetry was evident; and he
+answered pertinently all questions, never belying at the same time
+his fixed opinion, that he was endowed with a maiden's charms.</p>
+<p>We looked over the book of reports, and found seven-eighths of
+the female patients to have become deranged from love; whilst, with
+the majority of the males, the hallucination proceeded from
+disappointments of ambition. Surprised, I could make out no case of
+a religious maniac; glad, I could discover none of a student.</p>
+<p>We now returned to machinations for the purpose of entering the
+forbidden prison. Aprons were handed us, not unlike a barber's.
+They were surgeons' aprons, always worn by those of the
+establishment when on duty. Might not then the barbers' aprons be a
+tradition of the barber-surgeons? I refrained from asking the
+question in that company. The scheme was, that we should pass for
+<i>Carabins</i>&mdash;such is the nickname of French students in
+chirurgery&mdash;and in this quality demand admission. The Cerberus
+of the prison grinned at the deceit, but wearied and amused by our
+importunities, he actually opened the <i>quicket</i> and admitted
+us. There are two grated doors of this kind, one always locked
+whilst the other is opened. In an instant we were in
+Pandemonium.</p>
+<p>The buildings, which surrounded and formed the courts, evidently
+the oldest and strongest of Bic&ecirc;tre, harmonized in dinginess
+with the scene. At every barred window, and these were numerous,
+about a dozen ruffianly heads were thrust together, to regard the
+chains of their companions.&mdash;What a study of physiognomy! The
+murderer's scowl was there, by the side of the laughing countenance
+of the vagabond, whose shouts and jokes formed a kind of tenor to
+the muttered imprecations of the other. Here and there was
+protruded the fine, open, high-fronted head,&mdash;pale, striking,
+features, and dark looks, of some felon of intellect and natural
+superiority; whilst by his side, ignominy looked stupidly and
+maliciously on. A handsome little fellow at one of the grates, was
+dressing his hair unconsciously with most agitated fingers,
+evidently affected by the scene. Our question of "What are you in
+for?" aroused him. "False signing a billet of twenty thousand
+francs," replied he, with a shrug and a smile. "And he, your
+neighbour?" asked we cautiously, concerning one of a fine,
+thoughtful, philosophic, and passionate countenance. "Ha! you may
+ask&mdash;he gave his mistress a potion, for the purpose of merely
+seducing her, and it turned out to be poison&mdash;a <i>carabin</i>
+like yourselves." But these made no part of the <i>chaine</i>.</p>
+<p>The convicts destined for this operation were kept in movement
+round a post in an adjoining court, and were shouting, rarely in
+intelligible language, to their companions. Joy was the universal
+tone, and a sniveller ran imminent danger. One poor fellow I
+remarked holding down his head, when he was saluted with a kick
+from him who followed, and the objurgation, <i>Tu es for&ccedil;at,
+toi, heim?</i>&mdash;"You a convict, and durst be sad." These men
+were all unmanacled. Methought a general rush on their part both
+practicable and formidable. One half must have perished, and the
+other half might have escaped.</p>
+<p>They were now marched out from the inner court in batches of
+thirty at a time, drawn up in rank, stripped, and examined
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page301" name="page301"></a>[pg
+301]</span> with such rigid scrutiny as I dare not precise. They
+were then marched and placed along one of the extended chains, and
+made to sit down, resting it in their laps. A square fetter was
+then fitted and placed around the neck of each. In this, before,
+some detached links from the chain were placed, whilst a huge smith
+proceeded to rivet each from behind. Fixing a kind of movable anvil
+behind the convict's back, the fetter that encircled his neck was
+brought with its joint upon it, and half a dozen blows of the
+sledge riveted the captive inextricably to the main chain and to
+his twenty-nine comrades. The smith must be adroit at his task, and
+the convict steady in his position; for, as the fetter is tight
+round the neck, the hammer, in its blow, must pass within a quarter
+of an inch of his skull, and a wince on his part might prove fatal.
+This, indeed, is the trying moment, when the stoutest cheek is
+blanched. The sturdiest frame, shaken by the blows of the sledge,
+then betrays emotion, and tears of penitence are at that moment
+almost always seen to fall. On sitting down, each had in general an
+air of bravado, produced in a great measure by the regards of the
+seemingly more hardened ruffians from the windows. Under the
+riveting there was no smile; whilst after it, apathy was affected
+or resumed, each endeavouring to make his iron collar as
+supportable and comfortable as possible, by enveloping it in a
+handkerchief, and guaranteeing the neck from its chill or
+galling.</p>
+<p>When the <i>chaine</i> was completed, its wearers were made to
+stand up. They formed themselves in couples, the chain running
+betwixt two ranks, and they walked round the yard to take their
+first lesson in their galling exercise. They are thus fettered
+together till they reach Brest or Toulon. The choice is left to
+them of walking or being carried in carts, more provender being
+given to those who make the journey on foot.</p>
+<p>The only part of their habiliments, which seemed left to
+themselves to provide, was a covering for the head, the red or
+green cap being given them only upon entering the <i>bagne</i>. For
+their journey, some of the fellows had provided themselves with
+strange head-gear, mostly made of straw; one had a three-cocked
+hat; others, one of all kinds of <i>outr&eacute;</i> shapes. A
+prime vagabond had woven for himself a complete and magnificent
+tiara, precisely like the Roman Pontiff's in form, and surmounted
+by a cross. This was the <i>Pope</i>, the Pope of the
+<i>Chaine</i>, and I never heard a shout so appalling, as that with
+which his appearance was welcomed by the prisoners from the windows
+of the building. They danced, they yelled, tore and tumbled over
+each other in the most exuberant delight, thrusting their crowded
+heads and distorted features almost through the gratings. I have
+gleaned from it quite an idea of a scene of merriment and
+exultation <i>below</i>.</p>
+<p>The said Pope was a very extraordinary fellow: a slight fair
+form, pointed features, and eyes that were penetrating, despite
+their common shade of grey. He was called <i>Champenois</i>, his
+real name unknown, not more than three-and-twenty, and the
+Lieutenant of the <i>Chaine</i> said, one of the most talented and
+extraordinary characters that <i>he</i> had ever met with. He had
+been the prime mover of the intended insurrection, but without a
+proof against him, except his universal authority, unusual in so
+young a thief. His physiognomy was one, which it required not a
+second look in order to remember for ever.</p>
+<p>Another figure struck me, not so much as singular in itself, as
+in contrast with those around. It struck me as that of an English
+cabin-boy, a pale, freckled, ill-conditioned lad. On following the
+calling over of the register in roll, I found my conjecture too
+true. He was an unfortunate young sailor, a native of England,
+guilty of some misdemeanour, and by name Aikin. He understood not a
+word of French, but protested with a shake of his head against his
+being English; patriotism had in him outlived honesty and
+self-respect. I spoke to him in English: he wept, but would not
+reply, puckering up his poor lips in all the agony of his desolate
+condition. I was glad to remark the humanity with which he had been
+chained to a prisoner, pensive and downcast like himself.</p>
+<p>There were some cases certainly hard; one or two for resisting
+the <i>gen-d'armerie</i> in a riot at Rouen. To transport a rioter,
+unless under aggravated circumstances, is grievous enough; but
+after the revolution of July, that hallowed riot, to make a
+galley-slave of a <i>brave</i> for resisting the police, must have
+been at least surprising to him. The tribunal no doubt felt the
+necessity of severity; and we acknowledged it all in deploring the
+degradation of these poor devils for an act, which in so many
+thousand others was, at the moment, extolled to the skies as the
+acm&eacute; of heroism. But justice hath her lottery-wheel as well
+as fortune.</p>
+<p>As the last <i>chaine</i> was completing, an <span class=
+"pagenum"><a id="page302" name="page302"></a>[pg 302]</span>
+ecclesiastic went round to collect money of the visitors. But as
+there were few, so were the offerings. The convicts at the same
+time produced the fruits of their ingenuity in straw work-boxes,
+needle-cases, carved ivory and wood. The guardians, to do them
+justice, seemed humane.</p>
+<p>The <i>bagne</i> at Toulon, the destination of the members of
+the <i>chaine</i>, was respectably peopled when I visited it some
+years ago. It contained amongst others, Sarrazin, a famous general,
+who had deserted to us from Buonaparte, and whose works on the
+Spanish and other campaigns, are still read with interest. The
+general had caught the inexcusable habit of marrying a wife in each
+town wherein he was quartered, and was sent to the gallies for
+<i>trigintagamy</i>. They boasted a bishop too amongst the convicts
+at Toulon, a merry little fellow, that bore his fate gaily, and who
+still contrived to exercise a kind of spiritual supremacy over his
+unfortunate comrades.</p>
+<p>The ingenuity and hardihood of these men is surprising. Despite
+the vigilance, the ramparts, the fetters, and the logs, they escape
+hourly and daily;&mdash;at what risk is manifest from the
+regulations, by which three cannon shots always announce the
+disappearance of a convict, serving to warn the peasants, and call
+them to earn the handsome reward given to whoever arrests one of
+the branded fugitives. They are easily recognised by the halt in
+one limb; as they are wont to drag after them that which has been
+accustomed to the bullet.</p>
+<p>The only pursuits that seem to pervade the <i>bagne</i>, are
+those of <i>eating</i> and <i>dying</i>: with the exception of
+escape, all others are denied. And those who have given up the
+latter hope, confine their thoughts either to bettering their
+meagre fare of beans, or to getting rid of existence in the most
+advantageous way. It is remarkable and degrading to observe the
+utmost human ingenuity and industry employed, in order to procure a
+dish of potatoes fried in grease once in the week. Yet such is the
+luxury of a <i>for&ccedil;at</i>, and he must labour for it harder
+than even an Hibernian peasant, or a poet of the same line.</p>
+<p>The more philosophic, who scorn the luxury of potatoes, and with
+it the life that affords no other, meditate how best to get rid of
+existence; and this they effect almost ever in one way; viz., by
+killing their most obnoxious keeper, and thus earning the
+guillotine.</p>
+<p>It is a frequent scene in the <i>bagne</i>, that of an
+execution. It occurs every week or fortnight. All the convicts are
+obliged to attend, for the purpose of striking them with terror,
+and working contrition and good behaviour in them. Alas! it is a
+huge mistake. For these days are of all other days of
+<i>f&ecirc;te</i> to them. Their countenances are marked by
+universal joy, and they shout congratulations, not condolences, to
+their comrade about to perish. Death to them is indeed an escape.
+Its ceremony is to them a marriage feast: and decapitation, what a
+<i>black job</i> was to Lord Portsmouth,&mdash;the only variety and
+excitement that could give a spur to their heavy and painful
+existence.</p>
+<p>Speak as we may against the pains of death, this is worse, not
+only physically but morally; for it degrades humanity far lower
+than is conceiveable. The French have an idea that they can imitate
+the American mode of punishment by solitary confinement. This again
+will be still worse than the galleys; since religious consolation
+can alone redeem or ameliorate man in this state of durance; and as
+this makes no part of the French system, I cannot help thinking the
+<i>guillotine</i> more merciful, than either their <i>bagne</i> or
+their solitary cells.&mdash;<i>Monthly Magazine.</i></p>
+<hr />
+<h3>THE SEALS.</h3>
+<h4>Written at the suggestion of a Lover who inferred the decline,
+of his mistress's affections from her changing the seals of her
+letters.</h4>
+<h4>BY THE AUTHOR OF THE HUNCHBACK.</h4>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>You've changed the seal&mdash;you've changed it thrice:</p>
+<p class="i2">Your first implied you loved:</p>
+<p>How welcome was the dear device,</p>
+<p class="i2">A thousand kisses proved.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Your next was love&mdash;it spoke the flame,</p>
+<p class="i2">Yet scarce so plain methought&mdash;</p>
+<p>I kiss'd it, wishing it the same</p>
+<p class="i2">Your first sweet letter brought</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>The second change, was change indeed&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">To friendship&mdash;Judge my bliss&mdash;</p>
+<p>And did I kiss that seal&mdash;I did&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">But 'twas a farewell kiss.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>The third&mdash;nor love, nor friendship&mdash;There</p>
+<p class="i2">Indeed love's dream should end&mdash;</p>
+<p>As coldest stranger better far</p>
+<p class="i2">Than lover turn'd to friend.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>No kiss I gave that seal&mdash;no name&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">Still dear&mdash;of thine it bore&mdash;</p>
+<p>The signet, whence the impress came,</p>
+<p class="i2">Perhaps a rival wore.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>I smil'd to think 'twas so&mdash;'twas strange&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">And have such cause to sigh&mdash;</p>
+<p>How couldst thou&mdash;fairest creature&mdash;change?</p>
+<p class="i2">O, wherefore could not I.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><i>Monthly Mag.</i></p>
+<hr />
+<p>By a Parliamentary return it appears, that Kensington Palace
+cost the public in 1828, 2,412<i>l</i>. 8<i>s</i>. 11<i>d</i>.; in
+1829, 4,638<i>l</i>. 8<i>s</i>.; in 1830, 6,203<i>l</i>. 5<i>s</i>.
+11<i>d</i>.; and in 183l, 3,921<i>l</i>. 15<i>s</i>. Hampton Court
+in 1828, cost 4,430<i>l</i>. 19<i>s</i>. 5<i>d</i>.; in 1829,
+5,964<i>l</i>. 13<i>s</i>. 1<i>d</i>.; in 1830, 4,144<i>l</i>.
+2<i>s</i>. 4<i>d</i>.; and in 183l, 3,994<i>l</i>. 15<i>s</i>.
+11<i>d</i>.&mdash;<i>Times</i>.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page303" name="page303"></a>[pg
+303]</span>
+<h2>THE GATHERER.</h2>
+<hr />
+<p>Dr. Johnson has remarked that the French are fond of Young's
+<i>Night Thoughts</i>, a fact which is hard to be accounted for,
+that a nation so celebrated for their gaiety should have a regard
+for an author treating on such serious subjects.</p>
+<p><i>Wigs</i>.&mdash;In the reign of Queen Anne, enormous
+full-bottomed wigs often cost twenty or thirty guineas each.</p>
+<p>"<i>Capillary Attraction</i>."&mdash;When Charles II. was
+espoused to the Infanta of Portugal, a fleet was sent over to
+Lisbon, with proper attendants to bring her hither, but her majesty
+being informed that there were some particular customs in Portugal,
+with relation to the ladies, which the king would not easily
+dispense with, the fleet was detained six or seven weeks, at a
+great expense, till <i>her majesty's hair grew</i>.</p>
+<p>(Mr. Prince, with his Russia Oil, would have prospered under
+Royal Patronage in those days; and Mr. Rowland would not have
+needed immortality in Byron's verse: "incomparable <i>huile
+Macassar</i>.")</p>
+<p><i>The King of Kippen.</i>&mdash;When James V. of Scotland,
+travelled in disguise, he used a name which was known only to some
+of the principal nobility and attendants. He was called the Goodman
+(the tenant, that is) of Ballangiech. Ballangiech is a steep pass,
+which leads down behind the Castle of Stirling. Once, when he was
+feasting in Stirling, the king sent for some venison from the
+neighbouring hills. The deer were killed and put on horses' backs
+to be transported to Stirling. Unluckily, they had to pass the
+castle gates of Ampryor, belonging to a chief of the Buchanans, who
+had a considerable number of guests with him. It was late, and the
+company were rather short of victuals, though they had more than
+enough of liquor. The chief, seeing so much fat venison passing his
+very door, seized on it; and, to the expostulations of the keepers,
+who told him that it belonged to King James, he answered
+insolently, that if James was king in Scotland, he, Buchanan, was
+king in Kippen, being the name of the district in which the Castle
+of Ampryor lay. On hearing what had happened, the king got on
+horseback, and rode instantly from Stirling to Buchanan's house,
+where he found a strong, fierce-looking Highlander, with an axe on
+his shoulder, standing sentinel at the door. This grim warder
+refused the king admittance, saying that "the Laird of Arnpryor was
+at dinner, and would not be disturbed." "Yet go up to the company,
+my good friend," said the king, "and tell him that the good man of
+Ballangiech is come to feast with the King of Kippen." The porter
+went grumbling into the house, and told his master that there was a
+fellow with a red beard who called himself the good man of
+Ballangiech, at the gate, and said he was come to dine with the
+King of Kippen. As soon as Buchanan heard these words, he knew that
+the king was there in person, and hastened down to kneel at James's
+feet, and to ask forgiveness for his insolent behavour. But the
+king, who only meant to give him a fright, forgave him freely, and,
+going into the castle, feasted on his own venison, which Buchanan
+had intercepted. Buchanan of Arnpryor was ever afterwards called
+King of Kippen.</p>
+<p>W.G.C.</p>
+<p><i>Remarkable Murder</i>.&mdash;"Anno 1605: one William
+Calverly, of Calverly, in the county of York, esquire, murthered
+two of his own children at home at his own house, then stabbed his
+wife into the body, with full intent to have killed her, and then
+went out with intention to have killed his child, at nurse, but was
+prevented. He was pressed to death, at York, for this murther,
+because he stood mute, and would not plead."&mdash;<i>Old
+History</i>.</p>
+<p><i>Law respecting Caps</i>.&mdash;An old Law, enacted that every
+person above seven years of age, should wear on Sundays, and
+Holidays, a cap of wool, knit-made, thickened and dressed in
+England, by some of the trade of Cappers&mdash;under the forfeiture
+of three-farthings for every day's neglect; excepting <i>Maids,
+Ladies</i>, and <i>Gentlemen</i>, and every <i>Lord, Knight</i>,
+and Gentleman of <i>Twenty marks of land</i>, and their
+<i>heirs</i>, and such as had borne office of worship in any
+<i>City, Town</i>, or <i>Place</i>, and the Wardens of the London
+Companies.</p>
+<p>T. GILL.</p>
+<p><i>Splendid Biography</i>.&mdash;Richard Neville, the Great Earl
+of Warwick and Salisbury, was well known in history by the
+appellation of the King Maker. His biographer says, "He was a man
+whose hospitality was so abundant, that the ordinary consumption of
+a breakfast, at his house in London, was six oxen; whose popularity
+was so great, that his absence was accounted as the absence of the
+sun from the hemisphere; whose service was so courted, that men of
+all <span class="pagenum"><a id="page304" name="page304"></a>[pg
+304]</span> degrees were proud to wear the badges of his livery;
+and whose authority was so potent, that kings were raised, or
+deposed, as suited his humour."</p>
+<p>P.T.W.</p>
+<p><i>Character of England by Henry the Seventh.</i>&mdash;Henry
+the Seventh (whose breeding had been low and private) being once
+pressed by some of his council, to pursue his title to France,
+returned this answer: "That France was indeed a flourishing and
+gallant kingdom; but England, in his mind, was as fine a seat for a
+country gentleman as any that could be found in Europe."</p>
+<p>G.K.</p>
+<p><i>The Plough.</i></p>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>"Look how the purple flower, which the plough</p>
+<p>Hath shorn in sunder, languishing doth die."</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p><span style="margin-left:3em"><i>Peachum.</i></span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>This implement was known to the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans,
+and was invented at a very early period, being perhaps nearly
+coeval with the cultivation of the soil itself. Anciently, the
+tenants (in England) in some manors, were not allowed to have their
+rural implements sharpened by any but those whom the lord
+appointed; for which an acknowledgment was to be paid, called
+<i>agusa dura</i>; in some places <i>agusage</i>, a fee for
+sharpening plough-tackle, which some take to be the same with what
+was otherwise called <i>reillage</i>, from the ancient French
+<i>reille</i>, a <i>ploughshare</i>.</p>
+<p><i>Ancient F&ecirc;te at Gorhamlury.</i>&mdash;In the year 1577,
+Queen Elizabeth was entertained at Gorhambury, by Sir Nicholas
+Bacon, Lord Keeper, from Saturday, May the 18th, to the Wednesday
+following, at the expense of 577<i>l</i>. 6<i>s</i>. 7-1/4<i>d</i>.
+besides fifteen bucks and two stags. Among the dainties of the
+feathered kind, enumerated in this entertainment, Mr. Nichols
+mentions herons, bitterns, godwites, dotterels, shovelers, curlews,
+and knots. Sir Nicholas Bacon was frequently visited by the queen,
+who dated many of her state papers from Gorhambury.</p>
+<p>P.T.W.</p>
+<p><i>Adrian the Fourth.</i>&mdash;Adrian the Fourth was the only
+Englishman who ever filled the Papal chair. His name was Nicholas
+Breakspeare, and he was born at Abbot's Langley, a village in
+Herts. Such was the unbounded pride of this pontiff, that when the
+Emperor Frederick the First went to Rome, in 1155, to receive the
+imperial diadem, the Pope, after many difficulties concerning the
+ceremonial of investiture, insisted that the emperor should
+prostrate himself before him, kiss his feet, hold his stirrup, and
+lead the white palfrey on which the holy father rode. Frederick did
+not submit to this humiliation without reluctance; and as he took
+hold of the stirrup, he observed that "he had not yet been taught
+the profession of a groom." In a letter to his old friend, John of
+Salisbury, he says that St. Peter's Chair was the most uneasy seat
+in the world, and that his crown seemed to be clapped burning on
+his head. Yet did this haughty Pope (according to Dr. Cave) allow
+his mother to be maintained by the alms of the church of
+Canterbury.</p>
+<p>P.T.W.</p>
+<p><i>Quid pro quo.</i>&mdash;A peasant of Burgundy, whom Louis XI.
+had taken some notice of, while Dauphin, appeared before him when
+he ascended the throne, and presented him with an extraordinary
+large radish; Louis received it with much goodwill, and handsomely
+repaid the peasant. The great man of the place, to whom the
+countryman related his good fortune, imagined that if he were to
+offer Louis something, he would, at any rate, make him a prince.
+Accordingly he went to court, and presented his finest horse to the
+king. Louis received his present as graciously as he had before
+taken the radish, and after he had sufficiently praised the horse,
+"See here," said he, taking the radish in his hand, "here is a
+radish, which, like your horse, is one of the rarest of its kind; I
+present it to you with many thanks."</p>
+<p>Iota.</p>
+<p><i>Muswell Hill</i> derives its name from a famous well on the
+hill, where, formerly, the fraternity of St. John of Jerusalem, in
+Clerkenwell, had their dairy, with a large farm adjacent. Here they
+built a chapel for the benefit of some nuns, in which they fixed
+the image of our Lady of Muswell. These nuns had the sole
+management of the dairy: and it is singular, that the said well and
+farm do, at this time, belong to the parish of St. James,
+Clerkenwell. The water of this spring was then deemed a miraculous
+cure for scrofulous and cutaneous disorders. For that reason it was
+much resorted to; and, as tradition says, a king of Scotland made a
+pilgrimage hither, and was perfectly cured.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote1" name=
+"footnote1"></a> <b>Footnote 1</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+<p>St. Pancras was a young Phrygian nobleman, who suffered death
+under the Emperor Dioclesian, for his zealous adherence to the
+Christian faith.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote2" name=
+"footnote2"></a> <b>Footnote 2</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+<p>Lysons's Environs, 4to. vol. ii. part ii.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote3" name=
+"footnote3"></a> <b>Footnote 3</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag3">(return)</a>
+<p>The parish extends in this direction to the foot of Gray's Inn
+Lane, and includes part of a house in Queen's Square.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote4" name=
+"footnote4"></a> <b>Footnote 4</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag4">(return)</a>
+<p>Anciently Kentistonne, where William Bruges, Garter King at Arms
+in the reign of Henry V. had a country-house, at which he
+entertained the emperor Sigismund.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote5" name=
+"footnote5"></a> <b>Footnote 5</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag5">(return)</a>
+<p>The visitation of the church in the year 1251, mentions a very
+small tower, a good slope font, and a small marble stone ornamented
+with copper to carry the <i>Pax</i>.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote6" name=
+"footnote6"></a> <b>Footnote 6</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag6">(return)</a>
+<p>Strype, in his additions to Stowe, says, the Roman Catholics
+have of late <i>effected</i> to be buried at this place.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote7" name=
+"footnote7"></a> <b>Footnote 7</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag7">(return)</a>
+<p>One is stated to be on its way to England; our parliament has
+voted 10,000<i>l</i> to defray the expense. The other needle is
+destined for France.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote8" name=
+"footnote8"></a> <b>Footnote 8</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag8">(return)</a>
+<p>Mr. Colton used to say that he wrote his treasurable, "Lacon:
+or, many things in a few words," upon a small, rickety deal table.
+We perceive from Galignani's <i>Messenger</i>, that Mr. Colton put
+an end to his existence, a few days since, at Fontainbleau, it is
+stated in consequence of the dread of a surgical operation which it
+had become necessary that he should undergo.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote9" name=
+"footnote9"></a> <b>Footnote 9</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag9">(return)</a>
+<p>Abridged from printed extracts furnished by our correspondent,
+M.L.B.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p><i>Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, London;
+sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; and by all
+Newsmen and Booksellers.</i></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE ***
+
+***** This file should be named 11551-h.htm or 11551-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/5/5/11551/
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David King, and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's
+eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII,
+compressed (zipped), HTML and others.
+
+Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks replace the old file and take over
+the old filename and etext number.  The replaced older file is renamed.
+VERSIONS based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving
+new filenames and etext numbers.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+EBooks posted prior to November 2003, with eBook numbers BELOW #10000,
+are filed in directories based on their release date.  If you want to
+download any of these eBooks directly, rather than using the regular
+search system you may utilize the following addresses and just
+download by the etext year. For example:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/etext06
+
+    (Or /etext 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99,
+     98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90)
+
+EBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are
+filed in a different way.  The year of a release date is no longer part
+of the directory path.  The path is based on the etext number (which is
+identical to the filename).  The path to the file is made up of single
+digits corresponding to all but the last digit in the filename.  For
+example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/1/0/2/3/10234
+
+or filename 24689 would be found at:
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/6/8/24689
+
+An alternative method of locating eBooks:
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/GUTINDEX.ALL
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/old/11551-h/images/546-1.png b/old/11551-h/images/546-1.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..25079dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/11551-h/images/546-1.png
diff --git a/old/11551-h/images/546-2.png b/old/11551-h/images/546-2.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0dd9987
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/11551-h/images/546-2.png
diff --git a/old/11551.txt b/old/11551.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e06bd32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/11551.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1907 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction
+       Vol. 19, Issue 546, May 12, 1832
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 12, 2004 [EBook #11551]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David King, and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. 19, NO. 546.]    SATURDAY, MAY 12, 1832.    [PRICE 2d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+ST. PANCRAS (OLD) CHURCH.
+
+
+[Illustration: ST. PANCRAS (OLD) CHURCH.]
+
+This humble village fane is situated to the north of London, somewhat
+more than a mile from Holborn Bars. Persons unacquainted with the site,
+may hitherto have considered it as part and parcel of this vast
+metropolis: but, lo! here it stands amidst much of its primitive,
+peaceful rusticity.
+
+Pancras is still, by courtesy, called a _village_, though its charms may
+be of the _rus-in-urbe_ description. It derives its name from the saint
+to whom the church is dedicated:[1] it was called St. Pancras when the
+Survey of Domesday was taken. The parish is of great extent. Mr. Lysons
+states it at 2,700 acres of land, including the site of buildings. It is
+bounded on the north by Islington, Hornsey, and Finchley; and on the
+west by Hampstead and Marybone. On the south it meets the parishes of
+St. Giles's in the Fields, St. George the Martyr, St. George,
+Bloomsbury, and St. Andrew's, Holborn.[2] On the east it is bounded by
+St. James's, Clerkenwell. Kentish Town, part of Highgate, Camden Town,
+and Somer's Town,[3] are comprised within this parish as hamlets. Mr.
+Lysons supposes it to have included the prebendal manor of Kentish
+Town,[4] or Cantelows, which now constitutes a stall in St. Paul's
+Cathedral. Among the prebendaries have been men eminent for their
+learning and piety: as Lancelot Andrews, bishop of Winchester, Dr.
+Sherlock, Archdeacon Paley, and the Rev. William Beloe, B.D. well known
+by his translation of Herodotus.
+
+    [1] St. Pancras was a young Phrygian nobleman, who suffered
+    death under the Emperor Dioclesian, for his zealous adherence to
+    the Christian faith.
+
+    [2] Lysons's Environs, 4to. vol. ii. part ii.
+
+    [3] The parish extends in this direction to the foot of Gray's
+    Inn Lane, and includes part of a house in Queen's Square.
+
+    [4] Anciently Kentistonne, where William Bruges, Garter King at
+    Arms in the reign of Henry V. had a country-house, at which he
+    entertained the emperor Sigismund.
+
+It would occupy too much space to detail the progressive increase of
+this district. When a visitation of the church was made in the year
+1251, there were only forty houses in the parish. The desolate situation
+of the village in the latter part of the sixteenth century is
+emphatically described by Norden, in his _Speculum Britanniae_. After
+noticing the solitary condition of the church, he says, "yet about this
+structure have bin manie buildings now decaied, leaving poore Pancras
+without companie or comfort." In some manuscription additions to his
+work, the same writer has the following observations:--"Although this
+place be, as it were, forsaken of all; and true men seldom frequent the
+same, but upon devyne occasions; yet it is visyted by thieves, who
+assemble there not to pray, but to wait for praye; and manie fell into
+their handes, clothed, that are glad when they are escaped naked. Walk
+not there too late." Newcourt, whose work was published in 1700, says
+that houses had been built near the church. The first important increase
+of the parish took place in the neighbourhood of Tottenham Court Road.
+
+"Pancras Church," says Norden, "standeth all alone, as utterly forsaken,
+old and wether-beten, which, for the antiquity thereof, it is thought
+not to yield to Paules in London." It is of rude Gothic architecture,
+built of stones and flints, which are now covered with plaster. Mr.
+Lysons says, "It is certainly not older than the fourteenth century,
+perhaps in Norden's time it had the appearance of great decay; the same
+building, nevertheless, repaired from time to time, still remains; looks
+no longer 'old and wether-beten,' and may still exist perhaps to be
+spoken of by some antiquary of a future century. It is a very small
+structure, consisting only of a nave and chancel; at the west end is a
+low tower, with a kind of dome."[5] Mr. Lysons speaks of the
+disproportionate size of the church to the population of the parish; but
+since his time another church has been erected, the splendour and size
+of which in every respect accord with the increased wealth and numbers
+of the parish.
+
+    [5] The visitation of the church in the year 1251, mentions a
+    very small tower, a good slope font, and a small marble stone
+    ornamented with copper to carry the _Pax_.
+
+The church and churchyard of Pancras have long been noted as the
+burial-place of such Roman Catholics as die in London and its
+vicinity.[6] Many of the tombs exhibit a cross, and the initials R.I.P.
+(_Requiescat in pace_), which initials, or others analogous to them, are
+always used by the Catholics on their sepulchral monuments. Mr. Lysons
+heard it assigned by some of that persuasion, as a reason for this
+preference to Pancras as a burial-place, that masses were formerly said
+in a church in the south of France, dedicated to the same saint, for the
+souls of the deceased interred at St. Pancras in England. After the
+French revolution, a great number of ecclesiastics and other refugees,
+some of them of high rank, were buried in this churchyard; and in 1811,
+Mr. Lysons observed that probably about 30 of the French clergy had on
+an average been buried at Pancras for some years past: in 1801 there
+were 41, and in 1802, 32. Mr. Lysons's explanation of this preference to
+Pancras by the Catholics is, however, disputed by the author of
+_Ecclesiastical Topography_, who observes that a reason more generally
+given is, that "Pancras was the last church in England where mass was
+performed after the Reformation."
+
+    [6] Strype, in his additions to Stowe, says, the Roman Catholics
+    have of late _effected_ to be buried at this place.
+
+In the chancel are monuments of Daniel Clarke, Esq. who had been
+master-cook to Queen Elizabeth; and of Cooper the artist, whose style
+approached so near to that of Vandyke, that he has been called Vandyke
+in miniature: he taught the author of Hudibras to paint; his wife was
+sister to Pope's mother.
+
+In the churchyard are the tombs of Anthony Woodhead, 1678, who was in
+his day, the great champion of the Roman Catholic religion, and was
+reputed to have written the Whole Duty of Man; Lady Slingsby, whose name
+occurs as an actress in Dryden and Lee's plays, from 1681 to 1689;
+Jeremy Collier, 1726, the pertinacious non-juror, who repressed the
+immoralities of the stage; Ned Ward, author of the London Spy, 1731;
+Leoni, the architect, 1746; Lady Henrietta, wife of Beard, the vocalist,
+1753; Van Bleeck, the portrait-painter; Ravenet, the engraver, 1764;
+Mazzinghi, 1775, leader of the band at Marylebone Gardens, and father of
+Mazzinghi, the celebrated composer; Henry and Robert Rackett, Pope's
+nephews; Woollett, the engraver, 1785, to whose memory a monument has
+been placed in the cloisters of Westminster Abbey; Baron de Wenzel, the
+celebrated oculist, 1790; Mary Wollestonecraft Godwin, author of a
+Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1797; the Rev. Arthur O'Leary, or
+Father O'Leary, the amiable Franciscan friar, 1802; Paoli, the patriotic
+Corsican, 1807; Walker editor of the Pronouncing Dictionary; the
+Chevalier d'Eon, 1810, of epicene notoriety; and Packer, the comedian,
+1806, who is said to have performed 4,852 times, besides walking in
+processions; Edwards, professor of Perspective, 1806; Scheemakers, the
+statuary, 1808.
+
+In the _Beauties of England and Wales_, it is stated that 23 acres of
+land belong to the church; and the great increase of buildings renders
+these of considerable value; though it is not known to whom the church
+is indebted for this possession.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ELEGY.
+
+FROM THE GERMAN.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+  Through oak-woods green,
+    A silver sheen,
+  Sweet moon, from thee
+    Afforded me
+  A tranquil joy,
+    Me, _then_, a happy boy.
+  Still makes thy light
+    My window bright,
+  But can no more
+    Lost peace restore:
+  My brow is shaded,
+    My cheek with weeping faded.
+  Thy beams, O moon,
+    Will glitter soon,
+  As softly clear,
+    Upon my bier:
+  For soon, earth must
+    Conceal in youth my dust.
+
+  C.H.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CLEOPATRA'S NEEDLES.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+These remains of ancient art are destined to be removed to Europe.[7]
+The palace of Cleopatra was built upon the walls facing the port of
+Alexandria, Egypt, having a gallery on the outside, supported by several
+fine columns. Towards the eastern part of the palace are two obelisks,
+vulgarly called _Cleopatra's Needles_. They are of Thebaic stone, and
+covered with hieroglyphics; one is overturned, broken, and lying under
+the sand; the other is on its pedestal. These two obelisks, each of them
+of a single stone, are about sixty feet high, by seven feet square at
+the base. The Egyptian priests called these obelisks the sun's fingers,
+because they served as stiles or gnomons to mark the hours on the
+ground. In the first ages of the world they were made use of to transmit
+to posterity the principal precepts of philosophy, which were engraven
+on them in hieroglyphics.
+
+  "Between the statues, _Obelisks_ were placed:
+  And the learned walls with _hieroglyphics_ grac'd.
+                            _Pope._
+
+In after ages they were used to immortalize the actions of heroes, and
+the memory of persons beloved.
+
+    [7] One is stated to be on its way to England; our parliament
+    has voted 10,000_l_ to defray the expense. The other needle is
+    destined for France.
+
+The first obelisk we know of was that raised by Rameses, King of Egypt,
+in the time of the Trojan war. Augustus erected an obelisk at Rome, in
+the Campus Martius, which served to mark the hours on an horizontal
+dial, drawn on the pavement. This obelisk was brought from Egypt, and
+was said to have been formed by Sesostris, near a thousand years before
+Christ. It was used by Manlius for the same purpose for which it was
+originally destined, namely, to measure the height of the sun.
+
+P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE DYING MAIDEN'S PARDON TO HER FAITHLESS LOVER.
+
+FROM THE FRENCH.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+  If death's keen anguish thou would'st charm
+    Ere speeds his fatal dart,
+  Come, place thine hand--while yet 'tis warm,
+    Upon my breaking heart.
+
+  And though remorse--thou may'st not feel
+    When its last throb is o'er,
+  Thou'lt say--"that heart which lov'd so well,
+    Shall passion feel no more."
+
+  E'en love for thee forsakes my soul--
+    Thy work, relentless see,
+  Near as I am life's destin'd gaol,
+    I'm frozen--less than thee.
+
+  Yet take this heart--I ne'er had more
+    To give thee in thy need:
+  Search well--for at its inmost core,
+    Thy pardon thou may'st read.
+
+T.R.P.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+ANECDOTE GALLERY.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TRAITS OF IRISH CHARACTER.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+A gentleman residing in the vicinity of Dublin, found, notwithstanding
+the protection of a thick, and thorny hedge, that great depredations
+were committed on his garden and paddocks; so he inclosed them with a
+high, strong wall. As he kept cows, and had more milk than was
+sufficient for his family, he distributed the overplus amongst his poor
+neighbours. One day, inspecting in person, this distribution, he saw a
+woman attending with her pails, who, he was tolerably certain did not
+require such assistance. "You, here! my good friend," said he, "I
+thought you kept a cow?"
+
+"Ay, plase yer honour's honour, and _two_ it was that I _once_ kept, the
+craters!"
+
+"_Once_, why don't you keep them now?"
+
+"Ough! 'tis yeaself must answer that question, for why? the bastes did
+well enough afore your rav'rence run up that bit o' wall round your
+fields, seein' the cows lived off your grass; but sorra for me now, I've
+sold 'em both, by rason I couldn't _keep_ 'em no longer."
+
+An English gentleman, on a tour in Ireland, was beset at a fine
+waterfall by numerous beggars; one woman was particularly clamorous for
+relief, but Mr. R. instructed by his guide, said to her, "My good
+friend, you cannot possibly want relief, as you keep several cows, and
+have a very profitable farm; indeed I cannot bestow my charity upon
+you." The woman, looking sulky, and _detected_, immediately pointed to
+another, exclaiming, "Then give to _her_, for she's got _nothing_!" The
+stranger in Dublin is particularly requested to send all beggars to an
+institution in Copper Alley, for their relief. Being once much
+importuned by an old man for money, we desired him to go to this place.
+"I can't," said he.
+
+"Why not?"
+
+"Becase 'tis a bad place for the poor."
+
+"How so? don't they give you anything to eat?"
+
+"Ah, yes, yes, but the thing is, my jewel, they wont by no manes give a
+poor body _anything to drink_." The intelligent reader will not be at a
+loss to translate the complaint of thirsty Pat.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FRENCH CRUELTY.
+
+
+During the late French Revolution, one of the royalist soldiers having
+his horse shot under him by a pupil of the Polytechnic School, and
+finding when thus brought down, that he could not regain his feet and
+resume a posture of defence, but was entirely at the mercy of his
+ferocious young adversary, he immediately surrendered his sword,
+exclaiming, "I am your prisoner, and entreat of you mercy and life." To
+which the _generous_ and _heroic_ youth replied, "No prisoners, no
+mercy!" and taking from his pocket a pike-head or some similar rough
+weapon, deliberately drove it into the unfortunate soldier's heart!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+EFFRONTERY.
+
+
+A nobleman being, it is said, some years since, in the shop of a
+celebrated London shoemaker, saw, pass through it, a very handsome young
+woman, "Who is that fine girl?" said he.
+
+"My daughter," replied the _cord-wainer_, "with sixty thousand pounds at
+your lordship's service."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A BLUNDER.
+
+
+Literary topics came under discussion one evening in a small social
+circle, of which the writer made one, and particularly the
+autobiographical works, and personal memoirs, now so much in vogue. A
+gentleman then stated, that having seen much of the world, he thought he
+must follow the fashion, and one day favour it with his own life and
+adventures. Numerous ladies were to figure in his book, which was, in
+fact, as he modestly gave the present company to understand, to be a
+complete chronicle of the flirtations and conquests of himself, and male
+allies, with letters, portraits, &c. and _names_ in full. "But,"
+remarked a lady, humouring the jest, "if you _do_ render your book so
+very personal, are you not afraid of the consequences?"
+
+"Not at all," replied the embryo author very gravely, "for though I
+shall enjoy the remarks of the world, upon my _autobiography_, they
+cannot affect me, as it will of course be a _posthumous work_."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+COOL COURAGE.
+
+
+During the disastrous fire of the Kent East Indiaman, a lady on board
+exhibited a very singular instance of _sang froid_ and presence of mind.
+Being in one of the cabins, with a large, helpless, despairing, and of
+course, most troublesome party, chiefly of her own sex, "all hands" of
+the other being "turned up," we presume, to check the advances of the
+devouring element, she proposed, by way of keeping them quiet, _to make
+tea for them_, and we believe her proposal was accepted, and had the
+desired effect.
+
+_Great Marlow, Bucks_.
+
+M.L.B.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ABSTRACT STUDIES.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+Demosthenes to be the more removed from noise, and less subject to
+distraction, caused a small chamber to be made under ground, in which he
+shut himself up sometimes for whole months, shaving half his head and
+only half his face, that he might not be in a condition to go abroad. It
+was there, by the light of a small lamp, he composed his admirable
+Orations, which were said by those who envied him, to smell of the oil,
+to imply that they were too elaborate. He rose very early, and used to
+say, that he was sorry when any workman was at his business before him.
+He copied Thucydides' history eight times with his own hand, in order to
+render the style of that great man familiar to him.
+
+Adrian Turnebus, a French critic, was so indefatigable in his study,
+that it was said of him, as it was of Budaeus, that he spent some hours
+in study even on the day he was married.
+
+Frederick Morel had so strong an attachment to study, that when he was
+informed of his wife's being at the point of death, he would not lay
+down his pen, till he had finished what he was upon, and when she was
+dead, as she was before they could prevail on him to stir, he was only
+heard to reply coldly, "I am very sorry, she was a good woman."
+
+Sir Isaac Newton, when he had any mathematical problems or solutions in
+his mind, would never quit the subject on any account; dinner was often
+known to be three hours ready for him before he could be brought to
+table. His man often said, when he was getting up in the morning, and
+began to dress, he would, with one leg in his breeches, sit down again
+on the bed, and remain there for hours before he got his clothes on.
+
+Mr. Abraham Sharp, the astronomer, through his love of study, was very
+irregular as to his meals, which he frequently took in the following
+manner: a little square hole, something like a window, made a
+communication between the room where he usually studied, and another
+chamber in the house, where a servant could enter, and before this hole
+he had contrived a sliding board, the servant always placing his
+victuals in the hole, without speaking a word or making the least noise,
+and when he had leisure he visited it to see what it contained, and to
+satisfy his hunger or thirst. But it often happened that the breakfast,
+the dinner, and the supper remained untouched by him, so deeply was he
+engaged in his calculations and solemn musings. At one time after his
+provisions had been neglected for a long season, his family became
+uneasy, and resolved to break in upon his retirement; he complained, but
+with great mildness, that they had disconcerted his thoughts in a chain
+of calculations which had cost him intense application for three days
+successively. On an old oak table, where for a long course of years he
+used to write, cavities might easily be perceived, worn by the perpetual
+rubbing of his arms and elbows.[8]
+
+SWAINE.
+
+    [8] Mr. Colton used to say that he wrote his treasurable,
+    "Lacon: or, many things in a few words," upon a small, rickety
+    deal table. We perceive from Galignani's _Messenger_, that Mr.
+    Colton put an end to his existence, a few days since, at
+    Fontainbleau, it is stated in consequence of the dread of a
+    surgical operation which it had become necessary that he should
+    undergo.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE SELECTOR; AND LITERARY NOTICES OF _NEW WORKS_.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE CONTRAST.
+
+
+The title of Lord Mulgrave's clever novel is sufficiently explained by
+the hero, Lord Castleton, a man of high refinement, marrying an
+unsophisticated, uneducated peasant girl. The scenes and incidents of
+her introduction into the fashionable world are replete with humour, yet
+true to the life. Thus, how naturally are her new Ladyship's
+embarrassments told:--
+
+"There were some points on which she would even have endeavoured to
+extract knowledge from the servants; but dreading, from her former
+habits, nothing so much as too great a familiarity in this respect,
+Castleton had made it one of his first desires to her, that she would
+confine her communications with them, to asking for what she wanted. To
+this, as to every other desire of his, she yielded, as far as she could,
+implicit obedience; but it was often a great exertion on her part to do
+so. Of her own maid she had felt from the first a considerable awe; and
+to such a degree did this continue, that she could not conceive any
+fatigue from labour equal to the burthen of her assistance. Being
+naturally of a disposition both active and obliging, it was quite new to
+her to have any thing done for her which she could do for herself. For
+some time she had as great a horror of touching a bell-rope, as others
+have in touching the string of a shower-bath; and when services were
+obtruded on her by the domestics as a matter of course, she had much
+difficulty in checking the exuberance of her gratitude.
+
+"At home, Big Betsey, mentioned before as the maid of all work, never
+considered as any part of her multitudinous duties the waiting on Miss
+Lucy, who she not only said 'mought moind herself,' but sometimes called
+to her, almost authoritatively, 'to lend a hauping haund.' It was,
+probably, in consequence of the habit thus engendered, that Lady
+Castleton was one day caught 'lending a helping hand' to an over-loaded
+under laundry-maid, who had been sent by her superior with a
+wicker-bound snowy freight of her Ladyship's own superfine linen. But of
+all the irksome feelings caused by Lucy's new position, there was none
+from which she suffered more, than _waiting_ to be _waited on_. And it
+was hinted in the hall, that when my Lord was not in the room, my Lady
+got up to help herself to what she wanted from the sideboard!! And it
+was whispered in the female conclave of the housekeeper's room, that her
+Lady-ship seemed even to like to--lace her own stays!!"
+
+Again, after Lady Castleton receiving a visit from a ton-ish family, his
+Lordship asks:--
+
+And did they make many inquiries of you? ask many questions?"
+
+"Oh, such a many!"
+
+"So many, dearest love, you mean to say."
+
+"Well, so I do, thank you; and then the mamma asked me, as she had never
+seen me before, if I had not been much abroad; and I said, never at all
+till I married; and then she said, 'What! had I been to Paris since?'
+and I find she meant foreign parts by abroad. And she told me that we
+ought to go to London soon; that the season was advanced, and that the
+Pasta would come out soon this spring. What is the Pasta--a plant?"
+
+"A plant! no, love. Pasta is a singer's name, you could not be expected
+to know that; but I hope you didn't say any thing to show them your
+ignorance?"
+
+"Oh, no; you told me, whenever I was completely puzzled, that silence
+was best; so I said nothing. Pasta's the name of a singer, then! Oh,
+that accounts, for a moment after she the mamma said, that her daughter
+Arabella sang delightfully, and asked me if I would sing with her; so I
+said no, I'd much rather listen. That was right, warn't it? You see I
+knew you'd ask me all about it, so I recollected it for you. Arabella
+then asked me if I would accompany her? so I said, Wherever she
+liked,--where did she want to go? But, I suppose, she altered her mind,
+for she sat down to the grand instrument you had brought here for me to
+begin my lessons upon; and then she sang such an extraordinary song--all
+coming from her throat. And the sister asked me if I understood German?
+and I answered, No, nor French neither."
+
+"That was an unnecessary addition, my love."
+
+"Well, so it was. Then the youngest sister explained to me, that it was
+a song a Swiss peasant girl sang whilst she was milking her cow; and I
+said that must be very difficult, to sing while milking a cow. And then
+the mamma asked how I knew; and I said I had _tried_ very _often_."
+
+"How could you, dear Lucy, volunteer such an avowal?"
+
+"I thought you would be afraid of that; but it all did very well, for
+the mother said I was so amusing, had so much natural wit, and they all
+tried to persuade me I had said something clever."
+
+"Well, go on--and what then?"
+
+"And then the lady took me aside, and began saying so much in praise of
+you; and when she once got me on that subject, I was ready and glib
+enough, I warrant you. But somehow, though I then found it so much
+easier to speak, I find it more difficult to recollect exactly what I
+said. Is not that strange? And then she said that my happiness would
+excite so much envy in the great world; that you had been admired,
+courted, nay, even loved by rich, noble, clever ladies. Why was all
+this? and how could you ever think to leave all these, to seek out from
+her quiet home your poor little Lucy?"
+
+"Oh, that's a story of by-gone days. These were follies of my youth,
+which I thought I had lived to repent.
+
+  "'Nor knew, till seated by thy side,
+  My heart in all save hope the same.'"
+
+"Why, save hope, my dear Lord? What may you not only hope, but trust,
+from my constant devotion?"
+
+"I did not mean to tie myself precisely to every word I uttered. It was
+only a quotation."
+
+"And what is a quotation?"
+
+"A quotation is the vehicle in which imagination posts forward, when she
+only hires her Pegasus from memory. Or sometimes it is only a quit-rent,
+which the intellectual cultivator, who farms an idea, pays to the
+original proprietor; or rather,"--(seeing that he was not making the
+matter more intelligible by his explanation,)--"or rather, it is when we
+convey our own thoughts by the means of the more perfect expressions of
+some favourite author."
+
+"But then, surely _you_ need not be driven to borrow, whose own words
+always sound to me like a book. As for poor me, I wish I could talk in
+quotations for ever; then I need not fear to make these mistakes, which,
+as it is, I am afraid I am always like to do."
+
+(A scene at _the Opera_ is richer still: the performance _Semiramide_:)
+
+"Lady Gayland took the opportunity of inquiring of Lady Castleton, 'how
+the opera had amused her?' There was that unmistakable air of real
+interest in Lady Gayland's manner, whenever she addressed Lucy, which
+made her always reply in a tone of confidence, different from that which
+she felt towards any other member of the society in which she moved.
+
+"Why, to tell the honest truth," said she, leaning forwards towards her
+questioner, "I can't say that I could the least understand what it all
+meant. It's not likely that people should sing when they're in such
+sorrow; and then I can't guess why that young man should kill the queen
+that was so kind to him all along."
+
+"I don't wonder that that should surprise you, my dear; but he was not
+aware of what he was doing. It was in the dark."
+
+"In the dark! But I could see very well who it was, though I did not
+know her so well as he did, and was so much farther off."
+
+"I am afraid you are in the dark, too, a little as yet," said Lady
+Gayland, (tapping her gently with her fan.) "But, tell me, did you not
+admire the singing, though you could not understand the story."
+
+"Why, I should, perhaps, if I had known the language; but even then they
+seemed to me more like birds, than men and women singing words. I like a
+song that I can make out every word that's said."
+
+"The curtain then rose for the ballet; at first, Lucy was delighted with
+the scenery and pageantry, for the spectacle was grand and imposing. But
+at length the resounding plaudits announced the _entree_ of the perfect
+Taglioni. Lucy was a little astonished at her costume upon her first
+appearance. She was attired as a goddess, and goddesses' gowns are
+somewhat of the shortest, and their legs rather _au naturel_; but when
+she came to elicit universal admiration by pointing her toe, and
+revolving in the slow _pirouette_, Lucy, from the situation in which she
+sat was overpowered with shame at the effect; and whilst Lady Gayland,
+with her _longnette_ fixed on the stage, ejaculated, 'Beautiful!
+inimitable!' the unpractised Lucy could not help exclaiming, 'O that is
+too bad! I cannot stay to see that!' and she turned her head away
+blushing deeply."
+
+"Is your ladyship ill?" exclaimed Lord Stayinmore. "Castleton, I am
+afraid Lady Castleton feels herself indisposed."
+
+"Would you like to go?" kindly inquired Castleton.
+
+"O so much!" she answered.
+
+"Are you ill, my dear?" asked Lady Gayland.
+
+"Oh, no!" she said.
+
+"Then you had better stay, it is so beautiful."
+
+"Thank you, Lord Castleton is kind enough to let me go."
+
+(They get into the carriage.)
+
+"And how do you find yourself now, my dear Lucy?" tenderly inquired
+Castleton, as the carriage drove off.
+
+"Oh, I am quite well, thank you."
+
+"Quite well! are you? What was it, then, that was the matter with you?"
+
+"There was nothing the matter with me, it was that woman."
+
+"What woman? what can you mean? Did you not say that you were ill; and
+was not that the reason that we hurried away?"
+
+"No! YOU said I was ill; and I did not contradict you, because you tell
+me that in the world, as you call it, it is not always right to give the
+real reason for what we do; and therefore I thought, perhaps, that
+though of course you wished me to come away, you liked to put it upon my
+being ill."
+
+"Of course I wished you to come away! I was never more unwilling to move
+in all my life; and nothing but consideration for your health would have
+induced me to stir. Why should I have wished you to come away?"
+
+"Why, the naked woman," stammered Lucy.
+
+"What can you mean?"
+
+"You couldn't surely wish me to sit by the side of those people, to see
+such a thing as that?"
+
+"As to being by the side of those people, I must remind you, that it was
+Lady Gayland's box in which you were; and that whatever she, with her
+acknowledged taste and refinement, sanctions with her presence, can only
+be objected to by ignorance or prejudice. You have still a great deal to
+learn, my dear Lucy," added he, more kindly; "and nothing can be so
+fatal to your progress in that respect, as your attempting to lead, or
+to find fault, with what you do not understand."
+
+"But surely I can understand that it is not right to do what I saw that
+woman do," interrupted Lucy, presuming a little more doggedly than she
+usually ventured to do on any subject with her husband; for this time
+she had been really shocked by what she had seen.
+
+"Wrong it certainly is not, if you mean moral wrong. As to such an
+exhibition being becoming or not in point of manners, that depends
+entirely upon custom. Many things at your father's might strike me as
+coarseness, which made no impression upon you from habit, though much
+worse in my opinion than this presumed indecorum. Those things probably
+arose from ignorance on your parts, which might be corrected. This, on
+the other hand, from conventional indifference, consequent on custom,
+which it is not in you to correct. Depend upon it you will only get
+yourself laughed at, and me too, if you preach about dancers'
+petticoats."
+
+"I don't want to preach to any body; and you know how much it fashes me
+to contend with you."
+
+"Don't say FASHES, say distresses, or annoys, not _fashes_, for heaven's
+sake, my dear Lucy."
+
+"Oh, dear, it was very stupid of me to forget it. That was one of the
+first things you taught me, and it is a many days since I said it last;
+but it is so strange to me to venture to differ with you, that I get
+confused, and don't say any thing as right as I could do. Even now I
+should like to ask, if modesty is a merit, whether nakedness ought to be
+a show; but I'll say no more, for I dare say you won't make me go there
+again."
+
+"No, that will be the best way to settle it."
+
+The plot of the Contrast is not, as the reader may perceive, one of
+fashionable life: it has more of the romance of nature in its
+composition: the characters are not the drawling bores that we find in
+fashionable novels, though their affected freaks are occasionally
+introduced to contrast with unsophisticated humility, and thus exhibit
+the deformities of high life. The whole work is, however, light as
+gossamer: we had almost said that a fly might read it through the
+meshes, without endangering his patience or liberty.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE LIBRARY OF ENTERTAINING KNOWLEDGE
+
+
+Maintains its rank in sober, we mean useful, literature. The volume
+before us contains such matter as is only to be found in large and
+expensive works, with a host of annotations from the journals of recent
+travellers and other volumes which bear upon the main subject. This part
+of the series, describing vegetable substances used for the food of man,
+is executed with considerable minuteness. A Pythagorean would gloat over
+its accuracy, and a vegetable diet man would become inflated with its
+success in establishing his eccentricities. The contents are the
+Corn-plants, Esculent Roots, Herbs, Spices, Tea, Coffee, &c. &c. In such
+a multiplicity of facts as the history of these plants must necessarily
+include, some misstatements may be expected. For example, the opinion
+that succory is superior to coffee, though supported by Drs. Howison and
+Duncan, is not entitled to notice. All over the continent, succory, or
+_chicoree_, is used to _adulterate_ coffee, notwithstanding which a few
+scheming persons have attempted to introduce it in this country as an
+improvement, by selling it at four times its worth. Why say "it is
+sometimes considered superior to the exotic berry," and in the same
+page, "it is not likely to gain much esteem, where economy is not the
+consideration." We looked in vain for mention of the President of the
+Horticultural Society under Celery; though we never eat a fine head of
+this delicious vegetable without grateful recollection of Mr. T.A.
+Knight. All preachment of the economy of the Potato is judiciously
+omitted, though we fear to the displeasure of Sir John Sinclair; nor is
+there more space devoted to this overpraised root than it deserves.
+Truffles are not only used "like mushrooms," but for stuffing game and
+poultry, especially in France: who does not remember the _perdrixaux
+truffes_, of the Parisian _carte_. The chapter on coffee, cacao, tea,
+and sugar, is brief but entertaining. We may observe, by the way, that
+one of the obstacles to the profitable cultivation of tea in this
+country is our ignorance of the modes of drying, &c. as practised in
+China.
+
+Another volume of the Entertaining Series, published since that just
+noticed, contains a selection of _Criminal Trials_, amongst which are
+those of Throckmorton and the Duke of Norfolk, for treason. They are, in
+the main, reprints from the State Trials, which the professional editor
+states to contain a large fund of instruction and _entertainment_. We
+have been deceived in the latter quality, though we must admit that in
+judicious hands, a volume of untiring interest might be wrought up from
+the State records. As they are, their dulness and prolixity are past
+endurance. As the present work proceeds in chronological order, it will
+doubtless improve in its entertaining character, since no class of
+literature has been more enriched by the publication of journals,
+diaries, &c., than historical biography, which will thus enable the
+editor to enliven his pages with characteristic traits of the principal
+actors. This has been done, to some extent, in the portion before us,
+and in like manner fits the volume for popular reading.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+MANNERS & CUSTOMS OF ALL NATIONS.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FIRE TEMPLES IN PERSIA.
+
+[Illustration: Persian Temple]
+
+
+These mystical relics are but a short journey from the celebrated ruins
+of Persepolis. Mr. Buckingham describes them in his usual picturesque
+language: "Having several villages in sight, as the sun rose, with
+cultivated land, flocks, trees, and water, we arrived at the foot of the
+mountain, which forms the northern boundary of the plain of Merdusht.
+The first object we saw on the west was a small rock, on which stood two
+fire altars of a peculiar form: their dimensions were five feet square
+at the base, and three at the top, and they were five feet high. There
+were pillars or pilasters at the corners, and arches in the sides. In
+the centre of each of these, near the top, was a square basin, about
+eight inches in diameter, and six in depth, for the reception of the
+fire, formerly used by the disciples of Zoroaster in their worship."
+
+Like Pythagoras, it may be here observed, Zoroaster, the inventer of
+Magic, or the doctrines of the Magi, admitted no visible object of
+devotion except fire, which he considered as the most proper emblem of a
+supreme being; these doctrines seem to have been preserved by Numa, in
+the worship and ceremonies which he instituted in honour of Vesta.
+According to some of the moderns, the doctrines, laws, and regulations
+of Zoroaster are still extant, and they have been lately introduced in
+Europe, in a French translation by M. Anquetil.
+
+Mr. Buckingham notices an existing custom, which he attributes to this
+reverence to fire. "Throughout all Persia, a custom prevails of giving
+the salute 'Salami Alaikom,' whenever the first lighted lamp or candle
+is brought into the room in the evening; and this is done between
+servants and masters as well as between equals. As this is not practised
+in any other Mahommedan country, it is probably a relic of the ancient
+reverence to fire, once so prevalent here, though the form of the salute
+is naturally that of the present religion."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE NATURALIST.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WHALE CHASE.
+
+
+A Scottish journal, the _Caledonian Mercury_, describes the following
+animated scene, which lately took place off the town of Stornoway, in
+the island of Lewis. An immense shoal of whales was, early in the
+morning, chased to the mouth of the harbour by two fishing-boats, which
+had met them in the offing.
+
+"The circumstance was immediately descried from the shore, and a host of
+boats, amounting to 30 or 40, and armed with every species of weapon,
+set off to join the others in pursuit. The chase soon became one of
+bustle and anxiety on the part both of man and fish. The boats arranged
+themselves in the form of a crescent, in the fold of which the whales
+were collected, and where they had to encounter incessant showers of
+stones, splashing of oars, with frequent gashes from a harpoon or spear,
+while the din created by the shouts of the boats' crews and the
+multitude on shore, was tremendous. On more than one occasion, however,
+the floating phalanx was broken, and it required the greatest activity
+and tact ere the breach could be repaired and possession of the
+fugitives regained. The shore was neared by degrees, the boats advancing
+and retreating by turns, till at length they succeeded in driving the
+captive monsters on a beach opposite to the town, and within a few yards
+of it. The gambols of the whales were now highly diverting, and, except
+when a fish became unmanageable and enraged while the harpoon was fixed,
+or the noose of a rope pulled tight round its tail, they were not at all
+dangerous to be approached. In the course of a few hours the capture was
+complete, the shore was strewed with their dead carcases, while the sea
+presented a bloody and troubled aspect, giving evident proofs that it
+was with no small effort they were subdued. For fear of contagion, the
+whole fish amounting to ninety-eight, some of them very large, were
+immediately towed to a spot distant from the town, where they were on
+Thursday sold by public roup, the proceeds to be divided among the
+captors. An annual visit is generally paid by the whales to the Lewis
+coast, and besides being profitable when caught, they generally furnish
+a source of considerable amusement. On the present occasion, the whole
+inhabitants of the place, male and female, repaired to the beach,
+opposite to the scene of slaughter, where they evidently were delighted
+spectators, and occasionally gave assistance. A young sailor received a
+stroke from the tail of one of the largest fish, which nearly killed
+him."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+AUDUBON.
+
+
+The Philadelphia journals communicate some particulars of the journey of
+this enterprising naturalist into E. Florida. He has discovered, shot,
+and drawn a new Ibis, which he has named _Tantalus fuscus_. In a letter,
+he says
+
+"I have discovered three different new species of Heath, one bearing a
+yellow blossom, the two others a red and purple one;--also, a beautiful
+new Kalmia, and several extraordinary parasitical plants, bearing some
+resemblance to the pineapple plant, growing on the _eastern_ side of the
+cyprus tree in swamps, about 6 or 10 feet above the water.
+
+"During my late excursion I almost became an amphibious being--spending
+the most of my days in the water, and by night pitching my tent on the
+barren sands. Whilst I remained at Spring Garden, the alligators were
+yet in full life; the white-headed eagles setting; the smaller resident
+birds paring; and strange to say, the warblers which migrate, moving
+easterly every warm day, and returning every cold day, a curious
+circumstance, tending to illustrate certain principles in natural
+economy."
+
+Six boxes of prepared skins of birds, &c. as well as a number of choice
+shells, seeds, roots, &c. the result of Audubon's researches, have been
+received in Charleston.
+
+"In this collection there are between four and five hundred skins of
+Birds, several of them rare in this part of the United States--some that
+are never found here, and a few that have not yet been described. Of
+these are two of the species of Pelican (Pelicanus) not described by
+Wilson. The Parrot (psittacus Carolinensis); the palm warbler of
+Buonaparte (Silvia palmerea), and the Florida Jay, a beautiful bird
+without the crest, so common in that genus.
+
+"Among the new discoveries of Audubon in Florida, we perceive a noble
+bird partaking of the appearance both of the Falcon and Vulture tribes,
+which would seem to be a connecting link between the two. His habits
+too, it is said, partake of his appearance, he being alternately a bird
+of prey, and feeding on the same food with the Vultures. This bird
+remains yet to be described, and will add not only a new species, but a
+new genus to the birds of the United States. We perceive also in Mr.
+Audubon's collection, a new species of Coot (Fulica).[9]
+
+    [9] Abridged from printed extracts furnished by our
+    correspondent, M.L.B.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+REMARKABLE JAY.
+
+
+A lady residing at Blackheath has in her possession a fine Jay, which
+displays instinct allied to reason and reflection in no ordinary degree.
+This bird is stated by a Correspondent, (A.T.) to repeat distinctly any
+word that may be uttered before. She can identify persons after having
+once seen them, and been told their names; the latter she will pronounce
+with surprising clearness. She has a strong affection for a goldfinch in
+the same apartment, the latter bird appearing to return this fondness by
+fluttering its wings and other demonstrations of delight. The Jay has
+also been seen playing with two kittens, while the old cat looked
+composedly on at their gambols. This bird is in beautiful plumage, and
+is about twenty years of age. She is well known to the residents of
+Blackheath and its vicinity.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ENTOMOLOGY.
+
+
+I have lately observed a curious fact, which I have never seen noticed
+in any book which has fallen in my way, viz. that it is the tail of the
+caterpillar which becomes the head of the butterfly. I found it hard to
+believe till I had convinced myself of it in a number of instances. The
+caterpillar weaves its web from its mouth, finishes with the head
+downwards, and the head, with the six front legs, are thrown off from
+the chrysalis, and may be found dried up, but quite distinguishable, at
+the bottom of the web. The butterfly comes out at the top. Is this fact
+generally known?--_Corresp. Mag. Nat. Hist._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE RIVER TINTO.
+
+
+The river Tinto rises in Sierra Morena, and empties itself into the
+Mediterranean, near Huelva, having the name of Tinto given it from the
+tinge of its waters, which are as yellow as a topaz, hardening the sand
+and petrifying it in a most surprising manner. If a stone happen to fall
+in, and rest on another, they both become in a year's time perfectly
+united and conglutiated. This river withers all the plants on its banks,
+as well as the roots of trees, which it dyes of the same hue as its
+waters. No kind of verdure will flourish where it reaches, nor any fish
+live in its stream. It kills worms in cattle, when given them to drink;
+but in general no animals will drink out of the river, except goats,
+whose flesh, nevertheless, has an excellent flavour. These singular
+properties continue till other rivulets run into it, and alter its
+nature; for when it passes by Niebla, it is not different from other
+rivers. It falls into the Mediterranean six leagues lower down, at the
+town of Huelva, where it is two leagues broad, and admits of large
+vessels, which may come up the river as high as San Juan del Puerto,
+three leagues above Huelva.--_From a Correspondent._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE GALLEY SLAVES.
+
+
+About a mile distant from one of the southern barriers of Paris, a
+palace was built during _our_ Henry the Sixth's brief and precarious
+possession of French royalty, by the Bishop of Winchester. It was known
+by the name of Winchester, of which, however, the French kept
+continually clipping and changing the consonants, until the Anglo-Saxon
+Winchester dwindled into the French appellation of Bicetre. The Bishop's
+old palace was treated as unceremoniously as his name, being burnt in
+some of the civil wars. But there is this advantage in a sumptuous
+edifice, that its very ruins suggest the thought and supply the means of
+rebuilding it. Bicetre, accordingly, reared its head, and is now a
+straggling mass of building, containing a mad-house, a poor-house, an
+hospital, and a prison.
+
+To see it is a matter of trifling difficulty, except on one particular
+day--that devoted to the rivetting of the _chaine_. A surgeon, however,
+belonging to the establishment, promised to procure me admission, and on
+receiving his summons, I started one forenoon for Bicetre. Mortifying
+news awaited my arrival. The convicts had plotted a general insurrection
+and escape, which was to have taken place on the preceding night. It had
+been discovered in time, however, and such precautions taken, as
+completely prevented even the attempt. The chief of these precautions
+appeared in half a regiment of troops, that had bivouacked all night in
+the square adjoining the prison, and were still some lying, some
+loitering about. Strict orders had been issued, that no strangers should
+be admitted to witness the ceremony of rivetting; and the turnkeys and
+gaolers, in appearance not yet recovered from the alarm of the preceding
+evening, refused to listen to either bribe, menace, or solicitation. It
+was confoundedly vexatious. Whilst expostulating with the turnkey, I
+caught a glimpse through a barred window of the interior court, athwart
+which the chains lay extended, whilst in one railed off even from this
+the convicts were crowded, marching round and round--precaution forbade
+their remaining still--and uttering from time to time such yells and
+imprecations as might deafen and appal a Mohawk. "I have caught a
+glimpse at least," thought I, as we were unceremoniously turned out.
+
+My friend, the surgeon, bade us, however, not despair. When the man of
+influence arrived he hoped to prevail; and in the mean time he led us to
+view the other curiosities of Bicetre. There was the well, the kitchen,
+the anatomical theatre. The courts were crowded with aged paupers, who
+each well knew that his carcass would undergo what laceration the
+scalpel of my friend and his comrades chose to inflict upon it. But the
+thought seemed not to affect them so much as it did us. Methought the
+business of dissecting dead subjects might have been carried on more
+remote from the living candidates; but I was wrong, for mystery and
+secrecy always beget fear.
+
+The mad-house was another curiosity. It contains many whose brain the
+revolution of July, 1830, had turned. One man, a fine youth, had
+travelled on foot from a distant part of the kingdom, to shed his blood
+as a sacrifice to the memory of Napoleon. He gave his last franc to
+obtain admission within the pillar of the Place Vendome, and when there
+opened the veins of both his arms, crying out, "I offer the blood of the
+brave to the manes of Napoleon." His rolling black eye was now
+contrasted with a face pale as death. He had lost so much blood that few
+hopes were entertained of his recovery.
+
+But by far the most curious patient of the mad-house, was a young man
+who imagined himself to be a woman. He was handsome, but not feminine in
+appearance. He adored a little mirror, with which he was gratified. Rags
+of all colours were his delight; and he had made a precious collection.
+His coquetry was evident; and he answered pertinently all questions,
+never belying at the same time his fixed opinion, that he was endowed
+with a maiden's charms.
+
+We looked over the book of reports, and found seven-eighths of the
+female patients to have become deranged from love; whilst, with the
+majority of the males, the hallucination proceeded from disappointments
+of ambition. Surprised, I could make out no case of a religious maniac;
+glad, I could discover none of a student.
+
+We now returned to machinations for the purpose of entering the
+forbidden prison. Aprons were handed us, not unlike a barber's. They
+were surgeons' aprons, always worn by those of the establishment when on
+duty. Might not then the barbers' aprons be a tradition of the
+barber-surgeons? I refrained from asking the question in that company.
+The scheme was, that we should pass for _Carabins_--such is the nickname
+of French students in chirurgery--and in this quality demand admission.
+The Cerberus of the prison grinned at the deceit, but wearied and amused
+by our importunities, he actually opened the _quicket_ and admitted us.
+There are two grated doors of this kind, one always locked whilst the
+other is opened. In an instant we were in Pandemonium.
+
+The buildings, which surrounded and formed the courts, evidently the
+oldest and strongest of Bicetre, harmonized in dinginess with the scene.
+At every barred window, and these were numerous, about a dozen ruffianly
+heads were thrust together, to regard the chains of their
+companions.--What a study of physiognomy! The murderer's scowl was
+there, by the side of the laughing countenance of the vagabond, whose
+shouts and jokes formed a kind of tenor to the muttered imprecations of
+the other. Here and there was protruded the fine, open, high-fronted
+head,--pale, striking, features, and dark looks, of some felon of
+intellect and natural superiority; whilst by his side, ignominy looked
+stupidly and maliciously on. A handsome little fellow at one of the
+grates, was dressing his hair unconsciously with most agitated fingers,
+evidently affected by the scene. Our question of "What are you in for?"
+aroused him. "False signing a billet of twenty thousand francs," replied
+he, with a shrug and a smile. "And he, your neighbour?" asked we
+cautiously, concerning one of a fine, thoughtful, philosophic, and
+passionate countenance. "Ha! you may ask--he gave his mistress a potion,
+for the purpose of merely seducing her, and it turned out to be
+poison--a _carabin_ like yourselves." But these made no part of the
+_chaine_.
+
+The convicts destined for this operation were kept in movement round a
+post in an adjoining court, and were shouting, rarely in intelligible
+language, to their companions. Joy was the universal tone, and a
+sniveller ran imminent danger. One poor fellow I remarked holding down
+his head, when he was saluted with a kick from him who followed, and the
+objurgation, _Tu es forcat, toi, heim?_--"You a convict, and durst be
+sad." These men were all unmanacled. Methought a general rush on their
+part both practicable and formidable. One half must have perished, and
+the other half might have escaped.
+
+They were now marched out from the inner court in batches of thirty at a
+time, drawn up in rank, stripped, and examined with such rigid scrutiny
+as I dare not precise. They were then marched and placed along one of
+the extended chains, and made to sit down, resting it in their laps. A
+square fetter was then fitted and placed around the neck of each. In
+this, before, some detached links from the chain were placed, whilst a
+huge smith proceeded to rivet each from behind. Fixing a kind of movable
+anvil behind the convict's back, the fetter that encircled his neck was
+brought with its joint upon it, and half a dozen blows of the sledge
+riveted the captive inextricably to the main chain and to his
+twenty-nine comrades. The smith must be adroit at his task, and the
+convict steady in his position; for, as the fetter is tight round the
+neck, the hammer, in its blow, must pass within a quarter of an inch of
+his skull, and a wince on his part might prove fatal. This, indeed, is
+the trying moment, when the stoutest cheek is blanched. The sturdiest
+frame, shaken by the blows of the sledge, then betrays emotion, and
+tears of penitence are at that moment almost always seen to fall. On
+sitting down, each had in general an air of bravado, produced in a great
+measure by the regards of the seemingly more hardened ruffians from the
+windows. Under the riveting there was no smile; whilst after it, apathy
+was affected or resumed, each endeavouring to make his iron collar as
+supportable and comfortable as possible, by enveloping it in a
+handkerchief, and guaranteeing the neck from its chill or galling.
+
+When the _chaine_ was completed, its wearers were made to stand up. They
+formed themselves in couples, the chain running betwixt two ranks, and
+they walked round the yard to take their first lesson in their galling
+exercise. They are thus fettered together till they reach Brest or
+Toulon. The choice is left to them of walking or being carried in carts,
+more provender being given to those who make the journey on foot.
+
+The only part of their habiliments, which seemed left to themselves to
+provide, was a covering for the head, the red or green cap being given
+them only upon entering the _bagne_. For their journey, some of the
+fellows had provided themselves with strange head-gear, mostly made of
+straw; one had a three-cocked hat; others, one of all kinds of _outre_
+shapes. A prime vagabond had woven for himself a complete and
+magnificent tiara, precisely like the Roman Pontiff's in form, and
+surmounted by a cross. This was the _Pope_, the Pope of the _Chaine_,
+and I never heard a shout so appalling, as that with which his
+appearance was welcomed by the prisoners from the windows of the
+building. They danced, they yelled, tore and tumbled over each other in
+the most exuberant delight, thrusting their crowded heads and distorted
+features almost through the gratings. I have gleaned from it quite an
+idea of a scene of merriment and exultation _below_.
+
+The said Pope was a very extraordinary fellow: a slight fair form,
+pointed features, and eyes that were penetrating, despite their common
+shade of grey. He was called _Champenois_, his real name unknown, not
+more than three-and-twenty, and the Lieutenant of the _Chaine_ said, one
+of the most talented and extraordinary characters that _he_ had ever met
+with. He had been the prime mover of the intended insurrection, but
+without a proof against him, except his universal authority, unusual in
+so young a thief. His physiognomy was one, which it required not a
+second look in order to remember for ever.
+
+Another figure struck me, not so much as singular in itself, as in
+contrast with those around. It struck me as that of an English
+cabin-boy, a pale, freckled, ill-conditioned lad. On following the
+calling over of the register in roll, I found my conjecture too true. He
+was an unfortunate young sailor, a native of England, guilty of some
+misdemeanour, and by name Aikin. He understood not a word of French, but
+protested with a shake of his head against his being English; patriotism
+had in him outlived honesty and self-respect. I spoke to him in English:
+he wept, but would not reply, puckering up his poor lips in all the
+agony of his desolate condition. I was glad to remark the humanity with
+which he had been chained to a prisoner, pensive and downcast like
+himself.
+
+There were some cases certainly hard; one or two for resisting the
+_gen-d'armerie_ in a riot at Rouen. To transport a rioter, unless under
+aggravated circumstances, is grievous enough; but after the revolution
+of July, that hallowed riot, to make a galley-slave of a _brave_ for
+resisting the police, must have been at least surprising to him. The
+tribunal no doubt felt the necessity of severity; and we acknowledged it
+all in deploring the degradation of these poor devils for an act, which
+in so many thousand others was, at the moment, extolled to the skies as
+the acme of heroism. But justice hath her lottery-wheel as well as
+fortune.
+
+As the last _chaine_ was completing, an ecclesiastic went round to
+collect money of the visitors. But as there were few, so were the
+offerings. The convicts at the same time produced the fruits of their
+ingenuity in straw work-boxes, needle-cases, carved ivory and wood. The
+guardians, to do them justice, seemed humane.
+
+The _bagne_ at Toulon, the destination of the members of the _chaine_,
+was respectably peopled when I visited it some years ago. It contained
+amongst others, Sarrazin, a famous general, who had deserted to us from
+Buonaparte, and whose works on the Spanish and other campaigns, are
+still read with interest. The general had caught the inexcusable habit
+of marrying a wife in each town wherein he was quartered, and was sent
+to the gallies for _trigintagamy_. They boasted a bishop too amongst the
+convicts at Toulon, a merry little fellow, that bore his fate gaily, and
+who still contrived to exercise a kind of spiritual supremacy over his
+unfortunate comrades.
+
+The ingenuity and hardihood of these men is surprising. Despite the
+vigilance, the ramparts, the fetters, and the logs, they escape hourly
+and daily;--at what risk is manifest from the regulations, by which
+three cannon shots always announce the disappearance of a convict,
+serving to warn the peasants, and call them to earn the handsome reward
+given to whoever arrests one of the branded fugitives. They are easily
+recognised by the halt in one limb; as they are wont to drag after them
+that which has been accustomed to the bullet.
+
+The only pursuits that seem to pervade the _bagne_, are those of
+_eating_ and _dying_: with the exception of escape, all others are
+denied. And those who have given up the latter hope, confine their
+thoughts either to bettering their meagre fare of beans, or to getting
+rid of existence in the most advantageous way. It is remarkable and
+degrading to observe the utmost human ingenuity and industry employed,
+in order to procure a dish of potatoes fried in grease once in the week.
+Yet such is the luxury of a _forcat_, and he must labour for it harder
+than even an Hibernian peasant, or a poet of the same line.
+
+The more philosophic, who scorn the luxury of potatoes, and with it the
+life that affords no other, meditate how best to get rid of existence;
+and this they effect almost ever in one way; viz., by killing their most
+obnoxious keeper, and thus earning the guillotine.
+
+It is a frequent scene in the _bagne_, that of an execution. It occurs
+every week or fortnight. All the convicts are obliged to attend, for the
+purpose of striking them with terror, and working contrition and good
+behaviour in them. Alas! it is a huge mistake. For these days are of all
+other days of _fete_ to them. Their countenances are marked by universal
+joy, and they shout congratulations, not condolences, to their comrade
+about to perish. Death to them is indeed an escape. Its ceremony is to
+them a marriage feast: and decapitation, what a _black job_ was to Lord
+Portsmouth,--the only variety and excitement that could give a spur to
+their heavy and painful existence.
+
+Speak as we may against the pains of death, this is worse, not only
+physically but morally; for it degrades humanity far lower than is
+conceiveable. The French have an idea that they can imitate the American
+mode of punishment by solitary confinement. This again will be still
+worse than the galleys; since religious consolation can alone redeem or
+ameliorate man in this state of durance; and as this makes no part of
+the French system, I cannot help thinking the _guillotine_ more
+merciful, than either their _bagne_ or their solitary cells.--_Monthly
+Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE SEALS.
+
+Written at the suggestion of a Lover who inferred the decline, of his
+mistress's affections from her changing the seals of her letters.
+
+BY THE AUTHOR OF THE HUNCHBACK.
+
+
+  You've changed the seal--you've changed it thrice:
+    Your first implied you loved:
+  How welcome was the dear device,
+    A thousand kisses proved.
+
+  Your next was love--it spoke the flame,
+    Yet scarce so plain methought--
+  I kiss'd it, wishing it the same
+    Your first sweet letter brought
+
+  The second change, was change indeed--
+    To friendship--Judge my bliss--
+  And did I kiss that seal--I did--
+    But 'twas a farewell kiss.
+
+  The third--nor love, nor friendship--There
+    Indeed love's dream should end--
+  As coldest stranger better far
+    Than lover turn'd to friend.
+
+  No kiss I gave that seal--no name--
+    Still dear--of thine it bore--
+  The signet, whence the impress came,
+    Perhaps a rival wore.
+
+  I smil'd to think 'twas so--'twas strange--
+    And have such cause to sigh--
+  How couldst thou--fairest creature--change?
+    O, wherefore could not I.
+
+_Monthly Mag._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+By a Parliamentary return it appears, that Kensington Palace cost the
+public in 1828, 2,412_l_. 8_s_. 11_d_.; in 1829, 4,638_l_. 8_s_.; in
+1830, 6,203_l_. 5_s_. 11_d_.; and in 183l, 3,921_l_. 15_s_. Hampton
+Court in 1828, cost 4,430_l_. 19_s_. 5_d_.; in 1829, 5,964_l_. 13_s_.
+1_d_.; in 1830, 4,144_l_. 2_s_. 4_d_.; and in 183l, 3,994_l_. 15_s_.
+11_d_.--_Times_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Dr. Johnson has remarked that the French are fond of Young's _Night
+Thoughts_, a fact which is hard to be accounted for, that a nation so
+celebrated for their gaiety should have a regard for an author treating
+on such serious subjects.
+
+_Wigs_.--In the reign of Queen Anne, enormous full-bottomed wigs often
+cost twenty or thirty guineas each.
+
+"_Capillary Attraction_."--When Charles II. was espoused to the Infanta
+of Portugal, a fleet was sent over to Lisbon, with proper attendants to
+bring her hither, but her majesty being informed that there were some
+particular customs in Portugal, with relation to the ladies, which the
+king would not easily dispense with, the fleet was detained six or seven
+weeks, at a great expense, till _her majesty's hair grew_.
+
+(Mr. Prince, with his Russia Oil, would have prospered under Royal
+Patronage in those days; and Mr. Rowland would not have needed
+immortality in Byron's verse: "incomparable _huile Macassar_.")
+
+_The King of Kippen._--When James V. of Scotland, travelled in disguise,
+he used a name which was known only to some of the principal nobility
+and attendants. He was called the Goodman (the tenant, that is) of
+Ballangiech. Ballangiech is a steep pass, which leads down behind the
+Castle of Stirling. Once, when he was feasting in Stirling, the king
+sent for some venison from the neighbouring hills. The deer were killed
+and put on horses' backs to be transported to Stirling. Unluckily, they
+had to pass the castle gates of Ampryor, belonging to a chief of the
+Buchanans, who had a considerable number of guests with him. It was
+late, and the company were rather short of victuals, though they had
+more than enough of liquor. The chief, seeing so much fat venison
+passing his very door, seized on it; and, to the expostulations of the
+keepers, who told him that it belonged to King James, he answered
+insolently, that if James was king in Scotland, he, Buchanan, was king
+in Kippen, being the name of the district in which the Castle of Ampryor
+lay. On hearing what had happened, the king got on horseback, and rode
+instantly from Stirling to Buchanan's house, where he found a strong,
+fierce-looking Highlander, with an axe on his shoulder, standing
+sentinel at the door. This grim warder refused the king admittance,
+saying that "the Laird of Arnpryor was at dinner, and would not be
+disturbed." "Yet go up to the company, my good friend," said the king,
+"and tell him that the good man of Ballangiech is come to feast with the
+King of Kippen." The porter went grumbling into the house, and told his
+master that there was a fellow with a red beard who called himself the
+good man of Ballangiech, at the gate, and said he was come to dine with
+the King of Kippen. As soon as Buchanan heard these words, he knew that
+the king was there in person, and hastened down to kneel at James's
+feet, and to ask forgiveness for his insolent behaviour. But the king,
+who only meant to give him a fright, forgave him freely, and, going into
+the castle, feasted on his own venison, which Buchanan had intercepted.
+Buchanan of Arnpryor was ever afterwards called King of Kippen.
+
+W.G.C.
+
+_Remarkable Murder_.--"Anno 1605: one William Calverly, of Calverly, in
+the county of York, esquire, murthered two of his own children at home
+at his own house, then stabbed his wife into the body, with full intent
+to have killed her, and then went out with intention to have killed his
+child, at nurse, but was prevented. He was pressed to death, at York,
+for this murther, because he stood mute, and would not plead."--_Old
+History_.
+
+_Law respecting Caps_.--An old Law, enacted that every person above
+seven years of age, should wear on Sundays, and Holidays, a cap of wool,
+knit-made, thickened and dressed in England, by some of the trade of
+Cappers--under the forfeiture of three-farthings for every day's
+neglect; excepting _Maids, Ladies_, and _Gentlemen_, and every _Lord,
+Knight_, and Gentleman of _Twenty marks of land_, and their _heirs_, and
+such as had borne office of worship in any _City, Town_, or _Place_, and
+the Wardens of the London Companies.
+
+T. GILL.
+
+_Splendid Biography_.--Richard Neville, the Great Earl of Warwick and
+Salisbury, was well known in history by the appellation of the King
+Maker. His biographer says, "He was a man whose hospitality was so
+abundant, that the ordinary consumption of a breakfast, at his house in
+London, was six oxen; whose popularity was so great, that his absence
+was accounted as the absence of the sun from the hemisphere; whose
+service was so courted, that men of all degrees were proud to wear the
+badges of his livery; and whose authority was so potent, that kings were
+raised, or deposed, as suited his humour."
+
+P.T.W.
+
+_Character of England by Henry the Seventh._--Henry the Seventh (whose
+breeding had been low and private) being once pressed by some of his
+council, to pursue his title to France, returned this answer: "That
+France was indeed a flourishing and gallant kingdom; but England, in his
+mind, was as fine a seat for a country gentleman as any that could be
+found in Europe."
+
+G.K.
+
+_The Plough._
+
+  "Look how the purple flower, which the plough
+  Hath shorn in sunder, languishing doth die."
+
+                     _Peachum._
+
+This implement was known to the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, and was
+invented at a very early period, being perhaps nearly coeval with the
+cultivation of the soil itself. Anciently, the tenants (in England) in
+some manors, were not allowed to have their rural implements sharpened
+by any but those whom the lord appointed; for which an acknowledgment
+was to be paid, called _agusa dura_; in some places _agusage_, a fee for
+sharpening plough-tackle, which some take to be the same with what was
+otherwise called _reillage_, from the ancient French _reille_, a
+_ploughshare_.
+
+_Ancient Fete at Gorhamlury._--In the year 1577, Queen Elizabeth was
+entertained at Gorhambury, by Sir Nicholas Bacon, Lord Keeper, from
+Saturday, May the 18th, to the Wednesday following, at the expense of
+577_l_. 6_s_. 7-1/4_d_. besides fifteen bucks and two stags. Among the
+dainties of the feathered kind, enumerated in this entertainment, Mr.
+Nichols mentions herons, bitterns, godwites, dotterels, shovelers,
+curlews, and knots. Sir Nicholas Bacon was frequently visited by the
+queen, who dated many of her state papers from Gorhambury.
+
+P.T.W.
+
+_Adrian the Fourth._--Adrian the Fourth was the only Englishman who ever
+filled the Papal chair. His name was Nicholas Breakspeare, and he was
+born at Abbot's Langley, a village in Herts. Such was the unbounded
+pride of this pontiff, that when the Emperor Frederick the First went to
+Rome, in 1155, to receive the imperial diadem, the Pope, after many
+difficulties concerning the ceremonial of investiture, insisted that the
+emperor should prostrate himself before him, kiss his feet, hold his
+stirrup, and lead the white palfrey on which the holy father rode.
+Frederick did not submit to this humiliation without reluctance; and as
+he took hold of the stirrup, he observed that "he had not yet been
+taught the profession of a groom." In a letter to his old friend, John
+of Salisbury, he says that St. Peter's Chair was the most uneasy seat in
+the world, and that his crown seemed to be clapped burning on his head.
+Yet did this haughty Pope (according to Dr. Cave) allow his mother to be
+maintained by the alms of the church of Canterbury.
+
+P.T.W.
+
+_Quid pro quo._--A peasant of Burgundy, whom Louis XI. had taken some
+notice of, while Dauphin, appeared before him when he ascended the
+throne, and presented him with an extraordinary large radish; Louis
+received it with much goodwill, and handsomely repaid the peasant. The
+great man of the place, to whom the countryman related his good fortune,
+imagined that if he were to offer Louis something, he would, at any
+rate, make him a prince. Accordingly he went to court, and presented his
+finest horse to the king. Louis received his present as graciously as he
+had before taken the radish, and after he had sufficiently praised the
+horse, "See here," said he, taking the radish in his hand, "here is a
+radish, which, like your horse, is one of the rarest of its kind; I
+present it to you with many thanks."
+
+Iota.
+
+_Muswell Hill_ derives its name from a famous well on the hill, where,
+formerly, the fraternity of St. John of Jerusalem, in Clerkenwell, had
+their dairy, with a large farm adjacent. Here they built a chapel for
+the benefit of some nuns, in which they fixed the image of our Lady of
+Muswell. These nuns had the sole management of the dairy: and it is
+singular, that the said well and farm do, at this time, belong to the
+parish of St. James, Clerkenwell. The water of this spring was then
+deemed a miraculous cure for scrofulous and cutaneous disorders. For
+that reason it was much resorted to; and, as tradition says, a king of
+Scotland made a pilgrimage hither, and was perfectly cured.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, London; sold by
+ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; and by all Newsmen and
+Booksellers._
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE ***
+
+***** This file should be named 11551.txt or 11551.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/5/5/11551/
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David King, and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's
+eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII,
+compressed (zipped), HTML and others.
+
+Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks replace the old file and take over
+the old filename and etext number.  The replaced older file is renamed.
+VERSIONS based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving
+new filenames and etext numbers.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+EBooks posted prior to November 2003, with eBook numbers BELOW #10000,
+are filed in directories based on their release date.  If you want to
+download any of these eBooks directly, rather than using the regular
+search system you may utilize the following addresses and just
+download by the etext year. For example:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/etext06
+
+    (Or /etext 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99,
+     98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90)
+
+EBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are
+filed in a different way.  The year of a release date is no longer part
+of the directory path.  The path is based on the etext number (which is
+identical to the filename).  The path to the file is made up of single
+digits corresponding to all but the last digit in the filename.  For
+example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/1/0/2/3/10234
+
+or filename 24689 would be found at:
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/6/8/24689
+
+An alternative method of locating eBooks:
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/GUTINDEX.ALL
+
+
diff --git a/old/11551.zip b/old/11551.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..041b12f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/11551.zip